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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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# Copyright (C) 2010-2018 RhodeCode GmbH
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#
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# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License, version 3
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# (only), as published by the Free Software Foundation.
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#
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# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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# GNU General Public License for more details.
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#
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# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
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# along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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#
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# This program is dual-licensed. If you wish to learn more about the
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# RhodeCode Enterprise Edition, including its added features, Support services,
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# and proprietary license terms, please see https://rhodecode.com/licenses/
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"""
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Authentication modules
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"""
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import colander
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import copy
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import logging
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import time
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import traceback
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import warnings
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import functools
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from pyramid.threadlocal import get_current_registry
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from zope.cachedescriptors.property import Lazy as LazyProperty
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from rhodecode.authentication.interface import IAuthnPluginRegistry
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from rhodecode.authentication.schema import AuthnPluginSettingsSchemaBase
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from rhodecode.lib import caches
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from rhodecode.lib.auth import PasswordGenerator, _RhodeCodeCryptoBCrypt
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from rhodecode.lib.utils2 import safe_int
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from rhodecode.lib.utils2 import safe_str
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from rhodecode.model.db import User
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from rhodecode.model.meta import Session
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from rhodecode.model.settings import SettingsModel
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from rhodecode.model.user import UserModel
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from rhodecode.model.user_group import UserGroupModel
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log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
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# auth types that authenticate() function can receive
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VCS_TYPE = 'vcs'
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HTTP_TYPE = 'http'
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class hybrid_property(object):
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"""
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a property decorator that works both for instance and class
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"""
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def __init__(self, fget, fset=None, fdel=None, expr=None):
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self.fget = fget
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self.fset = fset
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self.fdel = fdel
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self.expr = expr or fget
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functools.update_wrapper(self, fget)
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def __get__(self, instance, owner):
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if instance is None:
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return self.expr(owner)
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else:
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return self.fget(instance)
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def __set__(self, instance, value):
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self.fset(instance, value)
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def __delete__(self, instance):
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self.fdel(instance)
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class LazyFormencode(object):
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def __init__(self, formencode_obj, *args, **kwargs):
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self.formencode_obj = formencode_obj
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self.args = args
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self.kwargs = kwargs
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def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
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from inspect import isfunction
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formencode_obj = self.formencode_obj
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if isfunction(formencode_obj):
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# case we wrap validators into functions
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formencode_obj = self.formencode_obj(*args, **kwargs)
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return formencode_obj(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
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class RhodeCodeAuthPluginBase(object):
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# cache the authentication request for N amount of seconds. Some kind
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# of authentication methods are very heavy and it's very efficient to cache
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# the result of a call. If it's set to None (default) cache is off
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AUTH_CACHE_TTL = None
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AUTH_CACHE = {}
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auth_func_attrs = {
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"username": "unique username",
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"firstname": "first name",
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"lastname": "last name",
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"email": "email address",
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"groups": '["list", "of", "groups"]',
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"user_group_sync":
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'True|False defines if returned user groups should be synced',
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"extern_name": "name in external source of record",
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"extern_type": "type of external source of record",
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"admin": 'True|False defines if user should be RhodeCode super admin',
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"active":
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'True|False defines active state of user internally for RhodeCode',
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"active_from_extern":
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"True|False\None, active state from the external auth, "
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"None means use definition from RhodeCode extern_type active value"
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}
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# set on authenticate() method and via set_auth_type func.
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auth_type = None
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# set on authenticate() method and via set_calling_scope_repo, this is a
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# calling scope repository when doing authentication most likely on VCS
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# operations
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acl_repo_name = None
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# List of setting names to store encrypted. Plugins may override this list
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# to store settings encrypted.
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_settings_encrypted = []
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# Mapping of python to DB settings model types. Plugins may override or
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# extend this mapping.
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_settings_type_map = {
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colander.String: 'unicode',
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colander.Integer: 'int',
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colander.Boolean: 'bool',
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colander.List: 'list',
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}
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# list of keys in settings that are unsafe to be logged, should be passwords
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# or other crucial credentials
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_settings_unsafe_keys = []
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def __init__(self, plugin_id):
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self._plugin_id = plugin_id
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def __str__(self):
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return self.get_id()
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def _get_setting_full_name(self, name):
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"""
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Return the full setting name used for storing values in the database.
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"""
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# TODO: johbo: Using the name here is problematic. It would be good to
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# introduce either new models in the database to hold Plugin and
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# PluginSetting or to use the plugin id here.
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return 'auth_{}_{}'.format(self.name, name)
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def _get_setting_type(self, name):
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"""
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Return the type of a setting. This type is defined by the SettingsModel
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and determines how the setting is stored in DB. Optionally the suffix
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`.encrypted` is appended to instruct SettingsModel to store it
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encrypted.
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"""
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schema_node = self.get_settings_schema().get(name)
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db_type = self._settings_type_map.get(
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type(schema_node.typ), 'unicode')
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if name in self._settings_encrypted:
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db_type = '{}.encrypted'.format(db_type)
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return db_type
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@LazyProperty
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def plugin_settings(self):
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settings = SettingsModel().get_all_settings()
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return settings
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def is_enabled(self):
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"""
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Returns true if this plugin is enabled. An enabled plugin can be
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configured in the admin interface but it is not consulted during
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authentication.
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"""
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auth_plugins = SettingsModel().get_auth_plugins()
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return self.get_id() in auth_plugins
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def is_active(self):
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"""
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Returns true if the plugin is activated. An activated plugin is
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consulted during authentication, assumed it is also enabled.
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"""
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return self.get_setting_by_name('enabled')
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def get_id(self):
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"""
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Returns the plugin id.
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"""
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return self._plugin_id
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def get_display_name(self):
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"""
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Returns a translation string for displaying purposes.
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"""
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raise NotImplementedError('Not implemented in base class')
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def get_settings_schema(self):
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"""
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Returns a colander schema, representing the plugin settings.
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"""
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return AuthnPluginSettingsSchemaBase()
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def get_setting_by_name(self, name, default=None, cache=True):
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"""
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Returns a plugin setting by name.
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"""
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full_name = 'rhodecode_{}'.format(self._get_setting_full_name(name))
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if cache:
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plugin_settings = self.plugin_settings
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else:
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plugin_settings = SettingsModel().get_all_settings()
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if full_name in plugin_settings:
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return plugin_settings[full_name]
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else:
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return default
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def create_or_update_setting(self, name, value):
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"""
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Create or update a setting for this plugin in the persistent storage.
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"""
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full_name = self._get_setting_full_name(name)
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type_ = self._get_setting_type(name)
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db_setting = SettingsModel().create_or_update_setting(
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full_name, value, type_)
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return db_setting.app_settings_value
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def get_settings(self):
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"""
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Returns the plugin settings as dictionary.
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"""
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settings = {}
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for node in self.get_settings_schema():
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settings[node.name] = self.get_setting_by_name(node.name)
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return settings
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def log_safe_settings(self, settings):
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"""
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returns a log safe representation of settings, without any secrets
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"""
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settings_copy = copy.deepcopy(settings)
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for k in self._settings_unsafe_keys:
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if k in settings_copy:
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del settings_copy[k]
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return settings_copy
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@hybrid_property
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def name(self):
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"""
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Returns the name of this authentication plugin.
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:returns: string
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"""
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raise NotImplementedError("Not implemented in base class")
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def get_url_slug(self):
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"""
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Returns a slug which should be used when constructing URLs which refer
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to this plugin. By default it returns the plugin name. If the name is
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not suitable for using it in an URL the plugin should override this
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method.
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"""
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return self.name
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@property
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def is_headers_auth(self):
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"""
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Returns True if this authentication plugin uses HTTP headers as
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authentication method.
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"""
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return False
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@hybrid_property
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def is_container_auth(self):
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"""
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Deprecated method that indicates if this authentication plugin uses
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HTTP headers as authentication method.
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"""
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warnings.warn(
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'Use is_headers_auth instead.', category=DeprecationWarning)
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return self.is_headers_auth
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@hybrid_property
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def allows_creating_users(self):
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"""
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Defines if Plugin allows users to be created on-the-fly when
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authentication is called. Controls how external plugins should behave
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in terms if they are allowed to create new users, or not. Base plugins
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should not be allowed to, but External ones should be !
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:return: bool
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"""
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return False
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def set_auth_type(self, auth_type):
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self.auth_type = auth_type
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def set_calling_scope_repo(self, acl_repo_name):
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self.acl_repo_name = acl_repo_name
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def allows_authentication_from(
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self, user, allows_non_existing_user=True,
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allowed_auth_plugins=None, allowed_auth_sources=None):
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"""
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Checks if this authentication module should accept a request for
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the current user.
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:param user: user object fetched using plugin's get_user() method.
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:param allows_non_existing_user: if True, don't allow the
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user to be empty, meaning not existing in our database
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:param allowed_auth_plugins: if provided, users extern_type will be
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checked against a list of provided extern types, which are plugin
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auth_names in the end
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:param allowed_auth_sources: authentication type allowed,
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`http` or `vcs` default is both.
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defines if plugin will accept only http authentication vcs
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authentication(git/hg) or both
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:returns: boolean
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"""
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if not user and not allows_non_existing_user:
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log.debug('User is empty but plugin does not allow empty users,'
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'not allowed to authenticate')
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return False
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expected_auth_plugins = allowed_auth_plugins or [self.name]
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if user and (user.extern_type and
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user.extern_type not in expected_auth_plugins):
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log.debug(
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'User `%s` is bound to `%s` auth type. Plugin allows only '
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'%s, skipping', user, user.extern_type, expected_auth_plugins)
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return False
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# by default accept both
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expected_auth_from = allowed_auth_sources or [HTTP_TYPE, VCS_TYPE]
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if self.auth_type not in expected_auth_from:
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log.debug('Current auth source is %s but plugin only allows %s',
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self.auth_type, expected_auth_from)
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return False
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return True
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def get_user(self, username=None, **kwargs):
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"""
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Helper method for user fetching in plugins, by default it's using
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simple fetch by username, but this method can be custimized in plugins
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eg. headers auth plugin to fetch user by environ params
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:param username: username if given to fetch from database
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:param kwargs: extra arguments needed for user fetching.
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"""
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user = None
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log.debug(
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'Trying to fetch user `%s` from RhodeCode database', username)
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if username:
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user = User.get_by_username(username)
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if not user:
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log.debug('User not found, fallback to fetch user in '
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'case insensitive mode')
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user = User.get_by_username(username, case_insensitive=True)
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else:
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log.debug('provided username:`%s` is empty skipping...', username)
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if not user:
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log.debug('User `%s` not found in database', username)
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else:
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log.debug('Got DB user:%s', user)
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return user
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def user_activation_state(self):
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"""
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Defines user activation state when creating new users
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:returns: boolean
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"""
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raise NotImplementedError("Not implemented in base class")
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def auth(self, userobj, username, passwd, settings, **kwargs):
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"""
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Given a user object (which may be null), username, a plaintext
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password, and a settings object (containing all the keys needed as
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listed in settings()), authenticate this user's login attempt.
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Return None on failure. On success, return a dictionary of the form:
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see: RhodeCodeAuthPluginBase.auth_func_attrs
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This is later validated for correctness
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"""
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raise NotImplementedError("not implemented in base class")
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def _authenticate(self, userobj, username, passwd, settings, **kwargs):
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"""
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Wrapper to call self.auth() that validates call on it
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:param userobj: userobj
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:param username: username
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:param passwd: plaintext password
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:param settings: plugin settings
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"""
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auth = self.auth(userobj, username, passwd, settings, **kwargs)
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if auth:
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auth['_plugin'] = self.name
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auth['_ttl_cache'] = self.get_ttl_cache(settings)
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# check if hash should be migrated ?
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new_hash = auth.get('_hash_migrate')
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if new_hash:
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self._migrate_hash_to_bcrypt(username, passwd, new_hash)
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if 'user_group_sync' not in auth:
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auth['user_group_sync'] = False
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return self._validate_auth_return(auth)
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return auth
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def _migrate_hash_to_bcrypt(self, username, password, new_hash):
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new_hash_cypher = _RhodeCodeCryptoBCrypt()
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# extra checks, so make sure new hash is correct.
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password_encoded = safe_str(password)
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if new_hash and new_hash_cypher.hash_check(
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password_encoded, new_hash):
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cur_user = User.get_by_username(username)
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cur_user.password = new_hash
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Session().add(cur_user)
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Session().flush()
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log.info('Migrated user %s hash to bcrypt', cur_user)
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def _validate_auth_return(self, ret):
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if not isinstance(ret, dict):
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raise Exception('returned value from auth must be a dict')
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for k in self.auth_func_attrs:
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if k not in ret:
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raise Exception('Missing %s attribute from returned data' % k)
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return ret
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def get_ttl_cache(self, settings=None):
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plugin_settings = settings or self.get_settings()
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cache_ttl = 0
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if isinstance(self.AUTH_CACHE_TTL, (int, long)):
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# plugin cache set inside is more important than the settings value
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|
|
cache_ttl = self.AUTH_CACHE_TTL
|
|
|
elif plugin_settings.get('cache_ttl'):
|
|
|
cache_ttl = safe_int(plugin_settings.get('cache_ttl'), 0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
plugin_cache_active = bool(cache_ttl and cache_ttl > 0)
|
|
|
return plugin_cache_active, cache_ttl
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
class RhodeCodeExternalAuthPlugin(RhodeCodeAuthPluginBase):
|
|
|
|
|
|
@hybrid_property
|
|
|
def allows_creating_users(self):
|
|
|
return True
|
|
|
|
|
|
def use_fake_password(self):
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
Return a boolean that indicates whether or not we should set the user's
|
|
|
password to a random value when it is authenticated by this plugin.
|
|
|
If your plugin provides authentication, then you will generally
|
|
|
want this.
|
|
|
|
|
|
:returns: boolean
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
raise NotImplementedError("Not implemented in base class")
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _authenticate(self, userobj, username, passwd, settings, **kwargs):
|
|
|
# at this point _authenticate calls plugin's `auth()` function
|
|
|
auth = super(RhodeCodeExternalAuthPlugin, self)._authenticate(
|
|
|
userobj, username, passwd, settings, **kwargs)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if auth:
|
|
|
# maybe plugin will clean the username ?
|
|
|
# we should use the return value
|
|
|
username = auth['username']
|
|
|
|
|
|
# if external source tells us that user is not active, we should
|
|
|
# skip rest of the process. This can prevent from creating users in
|
|
|
# RhodeCode when using external authentication, but if it's
|
|
|
# inactive user we shouldn't create that user anyway
|
|
|
if auth['active_from_extern'] is False:
|
|
|
log.warning(
|
|
|
"User %s authenticated against %s, but is inactive",
|
|
|
username, self.__module__)
|
|
|
return None
|
|
|
|
|
|
cur_user = User.get_by_username(username, case_insensitive=True)
|
|
|
is_user_existing = cur_user is not None
|
|
|
|
|
|
if is_user_existing:
|
|
|
log.debug('Syncing user `%s` from '
|
|
|
'`%s` plugin', username, self.name)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
log.debug('Creating non existing user `%s` from '
|
|
|
'`%s` plugin', username, self.name)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if self.allows_creating_users:
|
|
|
log.debug('Plugin `%s` allows to '
|
|
|
'create new users', self.name)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
log.debug('Plugin `%s` does not allow to '
|
|
|
'create new users', self.name)
|
|
|
|
|
|
user_parameters = {
|
|
|
'username': username,
|
|
|
'email': auth["email"],
|
|
|
'firstname': auth["firstname"],
|
|
|
'lastname': auth["lastname"],
|
|
|
'active': auth["active"],
|
|
|
'admin': auth["admin"],
|
|
|
'extern_name': auth["extern_name"],
|
|
|
'extern_type': self.name,
|
|
|
'plugin': self,
|
|
|
'allow_to_create_user': self.allows_creating_users,
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
if not is_user_existing:
|
|
|
if self.use_fake_password():
|
|
|
# Randomize the PW because we don't need it, but don't want
|
|
|
# them blank either
|
|
|
passwd = PasswordGenerator().gen_password(length=16)
|
|
|
user_parameters['password'] = passwd
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# Since the password is required by create_or_update method of
|
|
|
# UserModel, we need to set it explicitly.
|
|
|
# The create_or_update method is smart and recognises the
|
|
|
# password hashes as well.
|
|
|
user_parameters['password'] = cur_user.password
|
|
|
|
|
|
# we either create or update users, we also pass the flag
|
|
|
# that controls if this method can actually do that.
|
|
|
# raises NotAllowedToCreateUserError if it cannot, and we try to.
|
|
|
user = UserModel().create_or_update(**user_parameters)
|
|
|
Session().flush()
|
|
|
# enforce user is just in given groups, all of them has to be ones
|
|
|
# created from plugins. We store this info in _group_data JSON
|
|
|
# field
|
|
|
|
|
|
if auth['user_group_sync']:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
groups = auth['groups'] or []
|
|
|
log.debug(
|
|
|
'Performing user_group sync based on set `%s` '
|
|
|
'returned by `%s` plugin', groups, self.name)
|
|
|
UserGroupModel().enforce_groups(user, groups, self.name)
|
|
|
except Exception:
|
|
|
# for any reason group syncing fails, we should
|
|
|
# proceed with login
|
|
|
log.error(traceback.format_exc())
|
|
|
|
|
|
Session().commit()
|
|
|
return auth
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def loadplugin(plugin_id):
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
Loads and returns an instantiated authentication plugin.
|
|
|
Returns the RhodeCodeAuthPluginBase subclass on success,
|
|
|
or None on failure.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
# TODO: Disusing pyramids thread locals to retrieve the registry.
|
|
|
authn_registry = get_authn_registry()
|
|
|
plugin = authn_registry.get_plugin(plugin_id)
|
|
|
if plugin is None:
|
|
|
log.error('Authentication plugin not found: "%s"', plugin_id)
|
|
|
return plugin
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def get_authn_registry(registry=None):
|
|
|
registry = registry or get_current_registry()
|
|
|
authn_registry = registry.getUtility(IAuthnPluginRegistry)
|
|
|
return authn_registry
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def get_auth_cache_manager(custom_ttl=None, suffix=None):
|
|
|
cache_name = 'rhodecode.authentication'
|
|
|
if suffix:
|
|
|
cache_name = 'rhodecode.authentication.{}'.format(suffix)
|
|
|
return caches.get_cache_manager(
|
|
|
'auth_plugins', cache_name, custom_ttl)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def get_perms_cache_manager(custom_ttl=None, suffix=None):
|
|
|
cache_name = 'rhodecode.permissions'
|
|
|
if suffix:
|
|
|
cache_name = 'rhodecode.permissions.{}'.format(suffix)
|
|
|
return caches.get_cache_manager(
|
|
|
'auth_plugins', cache_name, custom_ttl)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def authenticate(username, password, environ=None, auth_type=None,
|
|
|
skip_missing=False, registry=None, acl_repo_name=None):
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
Authentication function used for access control,
|
|
|
It tries to authenticate based on enabled authentication modules.
|
|
|
|
|
|
:param username: username can be empty for headers auth
|
|
|
:param password: password can be empty for headers auth
|
|
|
:param environ: environ headers passed for headers auth
|
|
|
:param auth_type: type of authentication, either `HTTP_TYPE` or `VCS_TYPE`
|
|
|
:param skip_missing: ignores plugins that are in db but not in environment
|
|
|
:returns: None if auth failed, plugin_user dict if auth is correct
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
if not auth_type or auth_type not in [HTTP_TYPE, VCS_TYPE]:
|
|
|
raise ValueError('auth type must be on of http, vcs got "%s" instead'
|
|
|
% auth_type)
|
|
|
headers_only = environ and not (username and password)
|
|
|
|
|
|
authn_registry = get_authn_registry(registry)
|
|
|
plugins_to_check = authn_registry.get_plugins_for_authentication()
|
|
|
log.debug('Starting ordered authentication chain using %s plugins',
|
|
|
plugins_to_check)
|
|
|
for plugin in plugins_to_check:
|
|
|
plugin.set_auth_type(auth_type)
|
|
|
plugin.set_calling_scope_repo(acl_repo_name)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if headers_only and not plugin.is_headers_auth:
|
|
|
log.debug('Auth type is for headers only and plugin `%s` is not '
|
|
|
'headers plugin, skipping...', plugin.get_id())
|
|
|
continue
|
|
|
|
|
|
log.debug('Trying authentication using ** %s **', plugin.get_id())
|
|
|
|
|
|
# load plugin settings from RhodeCode database
|
|
|
plugin_settings = plugin.get_settings()
|
|
|
plugin_sanitized_settings = plugin.log_safe_settings(plugin_settings)
|
|
|
log.debug('Plugin `%s` settings:%s', plugin.get_id(), plugin_sanitized_settings)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# use plugin's method of user extraction.
|
|
|
user = plugin.get_user(username, environ=environ,
|
|
|
settings=plugin_settings)
|
|
|
display_user = user.username if user else username
|
|
|
log.debug(
|
|
|
'Plugin %s extracted user is `%s`', plugin.get_id(), display_user)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if not plugin.allows_authentication_from(user):
|
|
|
log.debug('Plugin %s does not accept user `%s` for authentication',
|
|
|
plugin.get_id(), display_user)
|
|
|
continue
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
log.debug('Plugin %s accepted user `%s` for authentication',
|
|
|
plugin.get_id(), display_user)
|
|
|
|
|
|
log.info('Authenticating user `%s` using %s plugin',
|
|
|
display_user, plugin.get_id())
|
|
|
|
|
|
plugin_cache_active, cache_ttl = plugin.get_ttl_cache(plugin_settings)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# get instance of cache manager configured for a namespace
|
|
|
cache_manager = get_auth_cache_manager(
|
|
|
custom_ttl=cache_ttl, suffix=user.user_id if user else '')
|
|
|
|
|
|
log.debug('AUTH_CACHE_TTL for plugin `%s` active: %s (TTL: %s)',
|
|
|
plugin.get_id(), plugin_cache_active, cache_ttl)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# for environ based password can be empty, but then the validation is
|
|
|
# on the server that fills in the env data needed for authentication
|
|
|
|
|
|
_password_hash = caches.compute_key_from_params(
|
|
|
plugin.name, username, (password or ''))
|
|
|
|
|
|
# _authenticate is a wrapper for .auth() method of plugin.
|
|
|
# it checks if .auth() sends proper data.
|
|
|
# For RhodeCodeExternalAuthPlugin it also maps users to
|
|
|
# Database and maps the attributes returned from .auth()
|
|
|
# to RhodeCode database. If this function returns data
|
|
|
# then auth is correct.
|
|
|
start = time.time()
|
|
|
log.debug('Running plugin `%s` _authenticate method', plugin.get_id())
|
|
|
|
|
|
def auth_func():
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
This function is used internally in Cache of Beaker to calculate
|
|
|
Results
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
log.debug('auth: calculating password access now...')
|
|
|
return plugin._authenticate(
|
|
|
user, username, password, plugin_settings,
|
|
|
environ=environ or {})
|
|
|
|
|
|
if plugin_cache_active:
|
|
|
log.debug('Trying to fetch cached auth by `...%s`', _password_hash[:6])
|
|
|
plugin_user = cache_manager.get(
|
|
|
_password_hash, createfunc=auth_func)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
plugin_user = auth_func()
|
|
|
|
|
|
auth_time = time.time() - start
|
|
|
log.debug('Authentication for plugin `%s` completed in %.3fs, '
|
|
|
'expiration time of fetched cache %.1fs.',
|
|
|
plugin.get_id(), auth_time, cache_ttl)
|
|
|
|
|
|
log.debug('PLUGIN USER DATA: %s', plugin_user)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if plugin_user:
|
|
|
log.debug('Plugin returned proper authentication data')
|
|
|
return plugin_user
|
|
|
# we failed to Auth because .auth() method didn't return proper user
|
|
|
log.debug("User `%s` failed to authenticate against %s",
|
|
|
display_user, plugin.get_id())
|
|
|
|
|
|
# case when we failed to authenticate against all defined plugins
|
|
|
return None
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def chop_at(s, sub, inclusive=False):
|
|
|
"""Truncate string ``s`` at the first occurrence of ``sub``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If ``inclusive`` is true, truncate just after ``sub`` rather than at it.
|
|
|
|
|
|
>>> chop_at("plutocratic brats", "rat")
|
|
|
'plutoc'
|
|
|
>>> chop_at("plutocratic brats", "rat", True)
|
|
|
'plutocrat'
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
pos = s.find(sub)
|
|
|
if pos == -1:
|
|
|
return s
|
|
|
if inclusive:
|
|
|
return s[:pos+len(sub)]
|
|
|
return s[:pos]
|
|
|
|
