IPython/parallel/tests/test_view.py

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""test View objects

Authors:

* Min RK
"""
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#  Copyright (C) 2011  The IPython Development Team
#
#  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
#  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Imports
#-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

import base64
import sys
import platform
import time
from collections import namedtuple
from tempfile import mktemp

import zmq
from nose.plugins.attrib import attr

from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
from IPython.utils.io import capture_output
from IPython.utils.py3compat import unicode_type

from IPython import parallel  as pmod
from IPython.parallel import error
from IPython.parallel import AsyncResult, AsyncHubResult, AsyncMapResult
from IPython.parallel.util import interactive

from IPython.parallel.tests import add_engines

from .clienttest import ClusterTestCase, crash, wait, skip_without

def setup():
    add_engines(3, total=True)

point = namedtuple("point", "x y")

class TestView(ClusterTestCase):
    
    def setUp(self):
        # On Win XP, wait for resource cleanup, else parallel test group fails
        if platform.system() == "Windows" and platform.win32_ver()[0] == "XP":
            # 1 sec fails. 1.5 sec seems ok. Using 2 sec for margin of safety
            time.sleep(2)
        super(TestView, self).setUp()

    @attr('crash')
    def test_z_crash_mux(self):
        """test graceful handling of engine death (direct)"""
        # self.add_engines(1)
        eid = self.client.ids[-1]
        ar = self.client[eid].apply_async(crash)
        self.assertRaisesRemote(error.EngineError, ar.get, 10)
        eid = ar.engine_id
        tic = time.time()
        while eid in self.client.ids and time.time()-tic < 5:
            time.sleep(.01)
            self.client.spin()
        self.assertFalse(eid in self.client.ids, "Engine should have died")
    
    def test_push_pull(self):
        """test pushing and pulling"""
        data = dict(a=10, b=1.05, c=list(range(10)), d={'e':(1,2),'f':'hi'})
        t = self.client.ids[-1]
        v = self.client[t]
        push = v.push
        pull = v.pull
        v.block=True
        nengines = len(self.client)
        push({'data':data})
        d = pull('data')
        self.assertEqual(d, data)
        self.client[:].push({'data':data})
        d = self.client[:].pull('data', block=True)
        self.assertEqual(d, nengines*[data])
        ar = push({'data':data}, block=False)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar, AsyncResult))
        r = ar.get()
        ar = self.client[:].pull('data', block=False)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar, AsyncResult))
        r = ar.get()
        self.assertEqual(r, nengines*[data])
        self.client[:].push(dict(a=10,b=20))
        r = self.client[:].pull(('a','b'), block=True)
        self.assertEqual(r, nengines*[[10,20]])
    
    def test_push_pull_function(self):
        "test pushing and pulling functions"
        def testf(x):
            return 2.0*x
        
        t = self.client.ids[-1]
        v = self.client[t]
        v.block=True
        push = v.push
        pull = v.pull
        execute = v.execute
        push({'testf':testf})
        r = pull('testf')
        self.assertEqual(r(1.0), testf(1.0))
        execute('r = testf(10)')
        r = pull('r')
        self.assertEqual(r, testf(10))
        ar = self.client[:].push({'testf':testf}, block=False)
        ar.get()
        ar = self.client[:].pull('testf', block=False)
        rlist = ar.get()
        for r in rlist:
            self.assertEqual(r(1.0), testf(1.0))
        execute("def g(x): return x*x")
        r = pull(('testf','g'))
        self.assertEqual((r[0](10),r[1](10)), (testf(10), 100))
    
    def test_push_function_globals(self):
        """test that pushed functions have access to globals"""
        @interactive
        def geta():
            return a
        # self.add_engines(1)
        v = self.client[-1]
        v.block=True
        v['f'] = geta
        self.assertRaisesRemote(NameError, v.execute, 'b=f()')
        v.execute('a=5')
        v.execute('b=f()')
        self.assertEqual(v['b'], 5)
    
    def test_push_function_defaults(self):
        """test that pushed functions preserve default args"""
        def echo(a=10):
            return a
        v = self.client[-1]
        v.block=True
        v['f'] = echo
        v.execute('b=f()')
        self.assertEqual(v['b'], 10)

    def test_get_result(self):
        """test getting results from the Hub."""
        c = pmod.Client(profile='iptest')
        # self.add_engines(1)
        t = c.ids[-1]
        v = c[t]
        v2 = self.client[t]
        ar = v.apply_async(wait, 1)
        # give the monitor time to notice the message
        time.sleep(.25)
        ahr = v2.get_result(ar.msg_ids[0])
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ahr, AsyncHubResult))
        self.assertEqual(ahr.get(), ar.get())
        ar2 = v2.get_result(ar.msg_ids[0])
        self.assertFalse(isinstance(ar2, AsyncHubResult))
        c.spin()
        c.close()
    
    def test_run_newline(self):
        """test that run appends newline to files"""
        tmpfile = mktemp()
        with open(tmpfile, 'w') as f:
            f.write("""def g():
                return 5
                """)
        v = self.client[-1]
        v.run(tmpfile, block=True)
        self.assertEqual(v.apply_sync(lambda f: f(), pmod.Reference('g')), 5)

    def test_apply_tracked(self):
        """test tracking for apply"""
        # self.add_engines(1)
        t = self.client.ids[-1]
        v = self.client[t]
        v.block=False
        def echo(n=1024*1024, **kwargs):
            with v.temp_flags(**kwargs):
                return v.apply(lambda x: x, 'x'*n)
        ar = echo(1, track=False)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar._tracker, zmq.MessageTracker))
        self.assertTrue(ar.sent)
        ar = echo(track=True)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar._tracker, zmq.MessageTracker))
        self.assertEqual(ar.sent, ar._tracker.done)
        ar._tracker.wait()
        self.assertTrue(ar.sent)
        
    def test_push_tracked(self):
        t = self.client.ids[-1]
        ns = dict(x='x'*1024*1024)
        v = self.client[t]
        ar = v.push(ns, block=False, track=False)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar._tracker, zmq.MessageTracker))
        self.assertTrue(ar.sent)
        
        ar = v.push(ns, block=False, track=True)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar._tracker, zmq.MessageTracker))
        ar._tracker.wait()
        self.assertEqual(ar.sent, ar._tracker.done)
        self.assertTrue(ar.sent)
        ar.get()
        
    def test_scatter_tracked(self):
        t = self.client.ids
        x='x'*1024*1024
        ar = self.client[t].scatter('x', x, block=False, track=False)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar._tracker, zmq.MessageTracker))
        self.assertTrue(ar.sent)
        
        ar = self.client[t].scatter('x', x, block=False, track=True)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar._tracker, zmq.MessageTracker))
        self.assertEqual(ar.sent, ar._tracker.done)
        ar._tracker.wait()
        self.assertTrue(ar.sent)
        ar.get()
    
    def test_remote_reference(self):
        v = self.client[-1]
        v['a'] = 123
        ra = pmod.Reference('a')
        b = v.apply_sync(lambda x: x, ra)
        self.assertEqual(b, 123)


    def test_scatter_gather(self):
        view = self.client[:]
        seq1 = list(range(16))
        view.scatter('a', seq1)
        seq2 = view.gather('a', block=True)
        self.assertEqual(seq2, seq1)
        self.assertRaisesRemote(NameError, view.gather, 'asdf', block=True)
    
    @skip_without('numpy')
    def test_scatter_gather_numpy(self):
        import numpy
        from numpy.testing.utils import assert_array_equal
        view = self.client[:]
        a = numpy.arange(64)
        view.scatter('a', a, block=True)
        b = view.gather('a', block=True)
        assert_array_equal(b, a)
    
    def test_scatter_gather_lazy(self):
        """scatter/gather with targets='all'"""
        view = self.client.direct_view(targets='all')
        x = list(range(64))
        view.scatter('x', x)
        gathered = view.gather('x', block=True)
        self.assertEqual(gathered, x)
        

    @dec.known_failure_py3
    @skip_without('numpy')
    def test_push_numpy_nocopy(self):
        import numpy
        view = self.client[:]
        a = numpy.arange(64)
        view['A'] = a
        @interactive
        def check_writeable(x):
            return x.flags.writeable
        
        for flag in view.apply_sync(check_writeable, pmod.Reference('A')):
            self.assertFalse(flag, "array is writeable, push shouldn't have pickled it")
        
        view.push(dict(B=a))
        for flag in view.apply_sync(check_writeable, pmod.Reference('B')):
            self.assertFalse(flag, "array is writeable, push shouldn't have pickled it")
    
    @skip_without('numpy')
    def test_apply_numpy(self):
        """view.apply(f, ndarray)"""
        import numpy
        from numpy.testing.utils import assert_array_equal
        
        A = numpy.random.random((100,100))
        view = self.client[-1]
        for dt in [ 'int32', 'uint8', 'float32', 'float64' ]:
            B = A.astype(dt)
            C = view.apply_sync(lambda x:x, B)
            assert_array_equal(B,C)
    
    @skip_without('numpy')
    def test_push_pull_recarray(self):
        """push/pull recarrays"""
        import numpy
        from numpy.testing.utils import assert_array_equal
        
        view = self.client[-1]
        
        R = numpy.array([
            (1, 'hi', 0.),
            (2**30, 'there', 2.5),
            (-99999, 'world', -12345.6789),
        ], [('n', int), ('s', '|S10'), ('f', float)])
        
        view['RR'] = R
        R2 = view['RR']
        
        r_dtype, r_shape = view.apply_sync(interactive(lambda : (RR.dtype, RR.shape)))
        self.assertEqual(r_dtype, R.dtype)
        self.assertEqual(r_shape, R.shape)
        self.assertEqual(R2.dtype, R.dtype)
        self.assertEqual(R2.shape, R.shape)
        assert_array_equal(R2, R)

    @skip_without('pandas')
    def test_push_pull_timeseries(self):
        """push/pull pandas.TimeSeries"""
        import pandas
        
        ts = pandas.TimeSeries(list(range(10)))
        
        view = self.client[-1]
        
        view.push(dict(ts=ts), block=True)
        rts = view['ts']
        
        self.assertEqual(type(rts), type(ts))
        self.assertTrue((ts == rts).all())
    
    def test_map(self):
        view = self.client[:]
        def f(x):
            return x**2
        data = list(range(16))
        r = view.map_sync(f, data)
        self.assertEqual(r, list(map(f, data)))
    
    def test_map_iterable(self):
        """test map on iterables (direct)"""
        view = self.client[:]
        # 101 is prime, so it won't be evenly distributed
        arr = range(101)
        # ensure it will be an iterator, even in Python 3
        it = iter(arr)
        r = view.map_sync(lambda x: x, it)
        self.assertEqual(r, list(arr))

    @skip_without('numpy')
    def test_map_numpy(self):
        """test map on numpy arrays (direct)"""
        import numpy
        from numpy.testing.utils import assert_array_equal

        view = self.client[:]
        # 101 is prime, so it won't be evenly distributed
        arr = numpy.arange(101)
        r = view.map_sync(lambda x: x, arr)
        assert_array_equal(r, arr)
    
    def test_scatter_gather_nonblocking(self):
        data = list(range(16))
        view = self.client[:]
        view.scatter('a', data, block=False)
        ar = view.gather('a', block=False)
        self.assertEqual(ar.get(), data)
    
    @skip_without('numpy')
    def test_scatter_gather_numpy_nonblocking(self):
        import numpy
        from numpy.testing.utils import assert_array_equal
        a = numpy.arange(64)
        view = self.client[:]
        ar = view.scatter('a', a, block=False)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar, AsyncResult))
        amr = view.gather('a', block=False)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(amr, AsyncMapResult))
        assert_array_equal(amr.get(), a)

    def test_execute(self):
        view = self.client[:]
        # self.client.debug=True
        execute = view.execute
        ar = execute('c=30', block=False)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar, AsyncResult))
        ar = execute('d=[0,1,2]', block=False)
        self.client.wait(ar, 1)
        self.assertEqual(len(ar.get()), len(self.client))
        for c in view['c']:
            self.assertEqual(c, 30)
    
    def test_abort(self):
        view = self.client[-1]
        ar = view.execute('import time; time.sleep(1)', block=False)
        ar2 = view.apply_async(lambda : 2)
        ar3 = view.apply_async(lambda : 3)
        view.abort(ar2)
        view.abort(ar3.msg_ids)
        self.assertRaises(error.TaskAborted, ar2.get)
        self.assertRaises(error.TaskAborted, ar3.get)
    
    def test_abort_all(self):
        """view.abort() aborts all outstanding tasks"""
        view = self.client[-1]
        ars = [ view.apply_async(time.sleep, 0.25) for i in range(10) ]
        view.abort()
        view.wait(timeout=5)
        for ar in ars[5:]:
            self.assertRaises(error.TaskAborted, ar.get)
    
    def test_temp_flags(self):
        view = self.client[-1]
        view.block=True
        with view.temp_flags(block=False):
            self.assertFalse(view.block)
        self.assertTrue(view.block)
    
    @dec.known_failure_py3
    def test_importer(self):
        view = self.client[-1]
        view.clear(block=True)
        with view.importer:
            import re
        
        @interactive
        def findall(pat, s):
            # this globals() step isn't necessary in real code
            # only to prevent a closure in the test
            re = globals()['re']
            return re.findall(pat, s)
        
        self.assertEqual(view.apply_sync(findall, '\w+', 'hello world'), 'hello world'.split())
    
    def test_unicode_execute(self):
        """test executing unicode strings"""
        v = self.client[-1]
        v.block=True
        if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
            code="a='é'"
        else:
            code=u"a=u'é'"
        v.execute(code)
        self.assertEqual(v['a'], u'é')
        
    def test_unicode_apply_result(self):
        """test unicode apply results"""
        v = self.client[-1]
        r = v.apply_sync(lambda : u'é')
        self.assertEqual(r, u'é')
    
    def test_unicode_apply_arg(self):
        """test passing unicode arguments to apply"""
        v = self.client[-1]
        
        @interactive
        def check_unicode(a, check):
            assert not isinstance(a, bytes), "%r is bytes, not unicode"%a
            assert isinstance(check, bytes), "%r is not bytes"%check
            assert a.encode('utf8') == check, "%s != %s"%(a,check)
        
        for s in [ u'é', u'ßø®∫',u'asdf' ]:
            try:
                v.apply_sync(check_unicode, s, s.encode('utf8'))
            except error.RemoteError as e:
                if e.ename == 'AssertionError':
                    self.fail(e.evalue)
                else:
                    raise e
    
    def test_map_reference(self):
        """view.map(<Reference>, *seqs) should work"""
        v = self.client[:]
        v.scatter('n', self.client.ids, flatten=True)
        v.execute("f = lambda x,y: x*y")
        rf = pmod.Reference('f')
        nlist = list(range(10))
        mlist = nlist[::-1]
        expected = [ m*n for m,n in zip(mlist, nlist) ]
        result = v.map_sync(rf, mlist, nlist)
        self.assertEqual(result, expected)

    def test_apply_reference(self):
        """view.apply(<Reference>, *args) should work"""
        v = self.client[:]
        v.scatter('n', self.client.ids, flatten=True)
        v.execute("f = lambda x: n*x")
        rf = pmod.Reference('f')
        result = v.apply_sync(rf, 5)
        expected = [ 5*id for id in self.client.ids ]
        self.assertEqual(result, expected)
    
    def test_eval_reference(self):
        v = self.client[self.client.ids[0]]
        v['g'] = list(range(5))
        rg = pmod.Reference('g[0]')
        echo = lambda x:x
        self.assertEqual(v.apply_sync(echo, rg), 0)
    
    def test_reference_nameerror(self):
        v = self.client[self.client.ids[0]]
        r = pmod.Reference('elvis_has_left')
        echo = lambda x:x
        self.assertRaisesRemote(NameError, v.apply_sync, echo, r)

    def test_single_engine_map(self):
        e0 = self.client[self.client.ids[0]]
        r = list(range(5))
        check = [ -1*i for i in r ]
        result = e0.map_sync(lambda x: -1*x, r)
        self.assertEqual(result, check)
    
    def test_len(self):
        """len(view) makes sense"""
        e0 = self.client[self.client.ids[0]]
        self.assertEqual(len(e0), 1)
        v = self.client[:]
        self.assertEqual(len(v), len(self.client.ids))
        v = self.client.direct_view('all')
        self.assertEqual(len(v), len(self.client.ids))
        v = self.client[:2]
        self.assertEqual(len(v), 2)
        v = self.client[:1]
        self.assertEqual(len(v), 1)
        v = self.client.load_balanced_view()
        self.assertEqual(len(v), len(self.client.ids))

    
    # begin execute tests
    
    def test_execute_reply(self):
        e0 = self.client[self.client.ids[0]]
        e0.block = True
        ar = e0.execute("5", silent=False)
        er = ar.get()
        self.assertEqual(str(er), "<ExecuteReply[%i]: 5>" % er.execution_count)
        self.assertEqual(er.pyout['data']['text/plain'], '5')

    def test_execute_reply_rich(self):
        e0 = self.client[self.client.ids[0]]
        e0.block = True
        e0.execute("from IPython.display import Image, HTML")
        ar = e0.execute("Image(data=b'garbage', format='png', width=10)", silent=False)
        er = ar.get()
        b64data = base64.encodestring(b'garbage').decode('ascii')
        self.assertEqual(er._repr_png_(), (b64data, dict(width=10)))
        ar = e0.execute("HTML('<b>bold</b>')", silent=False)
        er = ar.get()
        self.assertEqual(er._repr_html_(), "<b>bold</b>")

    def test_execute_reply_stdout(self):
        e0 = self.client[self.client.ids[0]]
        e0.block = True
        ar = e0.execute("print (5)", silent=False)
        er = ar.get()
        self.assertEqual(er.stdout.strip(), '5')
        
    def test_execute_pyout(self):
        """execute triggers pyout with silent=False"""
        view = self.client[:]
        ar = view.execute("5", silent=False, block=True)
        
        expected = [{'text/plain' : '5'}] * len(view)
        mimes = [ out['data'] for out in ar.pyout ]
        self.assertEqual(mimes, expected)
    
    def test_execute_silent(self):
        """execute does not trigger pyout with silent=True"""
        view = self.client[:]
        ar = view.execute("5", block=True)
        expected = [None] * len(view)
        self.assertEqual(ar.pyout, expected)
    
    def test_execute_magic(self):
        """execute accepts IPython commands"""
        view = self.client[:]
        view.execute("a = 5")
        ar = view.execute("%whos", block=True)
        # this will raise, if that failed
        ar.get(5)
        for stdout in ar.stdout:
            lines = stdout.splitlines()
            self.assertEqual(lines[0].split(), ['Variable', 'Type', 'Data/Info'])
            found = False
            for line in lines[2:]:
                split = line.split()
                if split == ['a', 'int', '5']:
                    found = True
                    break
            self.assertTrue(found, "whos output wrong: %s" % stdout)
    
    def test_execute_displaypub(self):
        """execute tracks display_pub output"""
        view = self.client[:]
        view.execute("from IPython.core.display import *")
        ar = view.execute("[ display(i) for i in range(5) ]", block=True)
        
        expected = [ {u'text/plain' : unicode_type(j)} for j in range(5) ]
        for outputs in ar.outputs:
            mimes = [ out['data'] for out in outputs ]
            self.assertEqual(mimes, expected)
    
    def test_apply_displaypub(self):
        """apply tracks display_pub output"""
        view = self.client[:]
        view.execute("from IPython.core.display import *")
        
        @interactive
        def publish():
            [ display(i) for i in range(5) ]
        
        ar = view.apply_async(publish)
        ar.get(5)
        expected = [ {u'text/plain' : unicode_type(j)} for j in range(5) ]
        for outputs in ar.outputs:
            mimes = [ out['data'] for out in outputs ]
            self.assertEqual(mimes, expected)
    
    def test_execute_raises(self):
        """exceptions in execute requests raise appropriately"""
        view = self.client[-1]
        ar = view.execute("1/0")
        self.assertRaisesRemote(ZeroDivisionError, ar.get, 2)
    
    def test_remoteerror_render_exception(self):
        """RemoteErrors get nice tracebacks"""
        view = self.client[-1]
        ar = view.execute("1/0")
        ip = get_ipython()
        ip.user_ns['ar'] = ar
        with capture_output() as io:
            ip.run_cell("ar.get(2)")
        
        self.assertTrue('ZeroDivisionError' in io.stdout, io.stdout)
    
    def test_compositeerror_render_exception(self):
        """CompositeErrors get nice tracebacks"""
        view = self.client[:]
        ar = view.execute("1/0")
        ip = get_ipython()
        ip.user_ns['ar'] = ar

        with capture_output() as io:
            ip.run_cell("ar.get(2)")
        
        count = min(error.CompositeError.tb_limit, len(view))
        
        self.assertEqual(io.stdout.count('ZeroDivisionError'), count * 2, io.stdout)
        self.assertEqual(io.stdout.count('by zero'), count, io.stdout)
        self.assertEqual(io.stdout.count(':execute'), count, io.stdout)
    
    def test_compositeerror_truncate(self):
        """Truncate CompositeErrors with many exceptions"""
        view = self.client[:]
        msg_ids = []
        for i in range(10):
            ar = view.execute("1/0")
            msg_ids.extend(ar.msg_ids)
        
        ar = self.client.get_result(msg_ids)
        try:
            ar.get()
        except error.CompositeError as _e:
            e = _e
        else:
            self.fail("Should have raised CompositeError")
        
        lines = e.render_traceback()
        with capture_output() as io:
            e.print_traceback()
        
        self.assertTrue("more exceptions" in lines[-1])
        count = e.tb_limit
        
        self.assertEqual(io.stdout.count('ZeroDivisionError'), 2 * count, io.stdout)
        self.assertEqual(io.stdout.count('by zero'), count, io.stdout)
        self.assertEqual(io.stdout.count(':execute'), count, io.stdout)
    
    @dec.skipif_not_matplotlib
    def test_magic_pylab(self):
        """%pylab works on engines"""
        view = self.client[-1]
        ar = view.execute("%pylab inline")
        # at least check if this raised:
        reply = ar.get(5)
        # include imports, in case user config
        ar = view.execute("plot(rand(100))", silent=False)
        reply = ar.get(5)
        self.assertEqual(len(reply.outputs), 1)
        output = reply.outputs[0]
        self.assertTrue("data" in output)
        data = output['data']
        self.assertTrue("image/png" in data)
    
    def test_func_default_func(self):
        """interactively defined function as apply func default"""
        def foo():
            return 'foo'
        
        def bar(f=foo):
            return f()
        
        view = self.client[-1]
        ar = view.apply_async(bar)
        r = ar.get(10)
        self.assertEqual(r, 'foo')
    def test_data_pub_single(self):
        view = self.client[-1]
        ar = view.execute('\n'.join([
            'from IPython.kernel.zmq.datapub import publish_data',
            'for i in range(5):',
            '  publish_data(dict(i=i))'
        ]), block=False)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(ar.data, dict))
        ar.get(5)
        self.assertEqual(ar.data, dict(i=4))

    def test_data_pub(self):
        view = self.client[:]
        ar = view.execute('\n'.join([
            'from IPython.kernel.zmq.datapub import publish_data',
            'for i in range(5):',
            '  publish_data(dict(i=i))'
        ]), block=False)
        self.assertTrue(all(isinstance(d, dict) for d in ar.data))
        ar.get(5)
        self.assertEqual(ar.data, [dict(i=4)] * len(ar))
    
    def test_can_list_arg(self):
        """args in lists are canned"""
        view = self.client[-1]
        view['a'] = 128
        rA = pmod.Reference('a')
        ar = view.apply_async(lambda x: x, [rA])
        r = ar.get(5)
        self.assertEqual(r, [128])

    def test_can_dict_arg(self):
        """args in dicts are canned"""
        view = self.client[-1]
        view['a'] = 128
        rA = pmod.Reference('a')
        ar = view.apply_async(lambda x: x, dict(foo=rA))
        r = ar.get(5)
        self.assertEqual(r, dict(foo=128))

    def test_can_list_kwarg(self):
        """kwargs in lists are canned"""
        view = self.client[-1]
        view['a'] = 128
        rA = pmod.Reference('a')
        ar = view.apply_async(lambda x=5: x, x=[rA])
        r = ar.get(5)
        self.assertEqual(r, [128])

    def test_can_dict_kwarg(self):
        """kwargs in dicts are canned"""
        view = self.client[-1]
        view['a'] = 128
        rA = pmod.Reference('a')
        ar = view.apply_async(lambda x=5: x, dict(foo=rA))
        r = ar.get(5)
        self.assertEqual(r, dict(foo=128))
    
    def test_map_ref(self):
        """view.map works with references"""
        view = self.client[:]
        ranks = sorted(self.client.ids)
        view.scatter('rank', ranks, flatten=True)
        rrank = pmod.Reference('rank')
        
        amr = view.map_async(lambda x: x*2, [rrank] * len(view))
        drank = amr.get(5)
        self.assertEqual(drank, [ r*2 for r in ranks ])
        
    def test_nested_getitem_setitem(self):
        """get and set with view['a.b']"""
        view = self.client[-1]
        view.execute('\n'.join([
            'class A(object): pass',
            'a = A()',
            'a.b = 128',
            ]), block=True)
        ra = pmod.Reference('a')

        r = view.apply_sync(lambda x: x.b, ra)
        self.assertEqual(r, 128)
        self.assertEqual(view['a.b'], 128)

        view['a.b'] = 0

        r = view.apply_sync(lambda x: x.b, ra)
        self.assertEqual(r, 0)
        self.assertEqual(view['a.b'], 0)
    
    def test_return_namedtuple(self):
        def namedtuplify(x, y):
            from IPython.parallel.tests.test_view import point
            return point(x, y)
        
        view = self.client[-1]
        p = view.apply_sync(namedtuplify, 1, 2)
        self.assertEqual(p.x, 1)
        self.assertEqual(p.y, 2)

    def test_apply_namedtuple(self):
        def echoxy(p):
            return p.y, p.x
        
        view = self.client[-1]
        tup = view.apply_sync(echoxy, point(1, 2))
        self.assertEqual(tup, (2,1))
    
    def test_sync_imports(self):
        view = self.client[-1]
        with capture_output() as io:
            with view.sync_imports():
                import IPython
        self.assertIn("IPython", io.stdout)
        
        @interactive
        def find_ipython():
            return 'IPython' in globals()
        
        assert view.apply_sync(find_ipython)

    def test_sync_imports_quiet(self):
        view = self.client[-1]
        with capture_output() as io:
            with view.sync_imports(quiet=True):
                import IPython
        self.assertEqual(io.stdout, '')
        
        @interactive
        def find_ipython():
            return 'IPython' in globals()
        
        assert view.apply_sync(find_ipython)