more types, everywhere, and remove some ignored files from mypy. (#14325)

IPython/core/completerlib.py

@@ -1,374 +1,377 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """Implementations for various useful completers.
 
 These are all loaded by default by IPython.
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2010-2011 The IPython Development Team.
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Stdlib imports
 import glob
 import inspect
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 from importlib import import_module
 from importlib.machinery import all_suffixes
 
 
 # Third-party imports
 from time import time
 from zipimport import zipimporter
 
 # Our own imports
 from .completer import expand_user, compress_user
 from .error import TryNext
 from ..utils._process_common import arg_split
 
 # FIXME: this should be pulled in with the right call via the component system
 from IPython import get_ipython
 
 from typing import List
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals and constants
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 _suffixes = all_suffixes()
 
 # Time in seconds after which the rootmodules will be stored permanently in the
 # ipython ip.db database (kept in the user's .ipython dir).
 TIMEOUT_STORAGE = 2
 
 # Time in seconds after which we give up
 TIMEOUT_GIVEUP = 20
 
 # Regular expression for the python import statement
 import_re = re.compile(r'(?P<name>[^\W\d]\w*?)'
                        r'(?P<package>[/\\]__init__)?'
                        r'(?P<suffix>%s)$' %
                        r'|'.join(re.escape(s) for s in _suffixes))
 
 # RE for the ipython %run command (python + ipython scripts)
 magic_run_re = re.compile(r'.*(\.ipy|\.ipynb|\.py[w]?)$')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Local utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-def module_list(path):
+
+def module_list(path: str) -> List[str]:
     """
     Return the list containing the names of the modules available in the given
     folder.
     """
     # sys.path has the cwd as an empty string, but isdir/listdir need it as '.'
     if path == '':
         path = '.'
 
     # A few local constants to be used in loops below
     pjoin = os.path.join
 
     if os.path.isdir(path):
         # Build a list of all files in the directory and all files
         # in its subdirectories. For performance reasons, do not
         # recurse more than one level into subdirectories.
-        files = []
+        files: List[str] = []
         for root, dirs, nondirs in os.walk(path, followlinks=True):
             subdir = root[len(path)+1:]
             if subdir:
                 files.extend(pjoin(subdir, f) for f in nondirs)
                 dirs[:] = [] # Do not recurse into additional subdirectories.
             else:
                 files.extend(nondirs)
 
     else:
         try:
-            files = list(zipimporter(path)._files.keys())
-        except:
+            files = list(zipimporter(path)._files.keys())  # type: ignore
+        except Exception:
             files = []
 
     # Build a list of modules which match the import_re regex.
     modules = []
     for f in files:
         m = import_re.match(f)
         if m:
             modules.append(m.group('name'))
     return list(set(modules))
 
 
 def get_root_modules():
     """
     Returns a list containing the names of all the modules available in the
     folders of the pythonpath.
 
     ip.db['rootmodules_cache'] maps sys.path entries to list of modules.
     """
     ip = get_ipython()
     if ip is None:
         # No global shell instance to store cached list of modules.
         # Don't try to scan for modules every time.
         return list(sys.builtin_module_names)
 
     if getattr(ip.db, "_mock", False):
         rootmodules_cache = {}
     else:
         rootmodules_cache = ip.db.get("rootmodules_cache", {})
     rootmodules = list(sys.builtin_module_names)
     start_time = time()
     store = False
     for path in sys.path:
         try:
             modules = rootmodules_cache[path]
         except KeyError:
             modules = module_list(path)
             try:
                 modules.remove('__init__')
             except ValueError:
                 pass
             if path not in ('', '.'): # cwd modules should not be cached
                 rootmodules_cache[path] = modules
             if time() - start_time > TIMEOUT_STORAGE and not store:
                 store = True
                 print("\nCaching the list of root modules, please wait!")
                 print("(This will only be done once - type '%rehashx' to "
                       "reset cache!)\n")
                 sys.stdout.flush()
             if time() - start_time > TIMEOUT_GIVEUP:
                 print("This is taking too long, we give up.\n")
                 return []
         rootmodules.extend(modules)
     if store:
         ip.db['rootmodules_cache'] = rootmodules_cache
     rootmodules = list(set(rootmodules))
     return rootmodules
 
 
 def is_importable(module, attr, only_modules):
     if only_modules:
         return inspect.ismodule(getattr(module, attr))
     else:
         return not(attr[:2] == '__' and attr[-2:] == '__')
 
 def is_possible_submodule(module, attr):
     try:
         obj = getattr(module, attr)
     except AttributeError:
         # Is possilby an unimported submodule
         return True
     except TypeError:
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/9678
         return False
     return inspect.ismodule(obj)
 
 
 def try_import(mod: str, only_modules=False) -> List[str]:
     """
     Try to import given module and return list of potential completions.
     """
     mod = mod.rstrip('.')
     try:
         m = import_module(mod)
     except:
         return []
 
     m_is_init = '__init__' in (getattr(m, '__file__', '') or '')
 
     completions = []
     if (not hasattr(m, '__file__')) or (not only_modules) or m_is_init:
         completions.extend( [attr for attr in dir(m) if
                              is_importable(m, attr, only_modules)])
 
     m_all = getattr(m, "__all__", [])
     if only_modules:
         completions.extend(attr for attr in m_all if is_possible_submodule(m, attr))
     else:
         completions.extend(m_all)
 
     if m_is_init:
         file_ = m.__file__
-        completions.extend(module_list(os.path.dirname(file_)))
+        file_path = os.path.dirname(file_)  # type: ignore
+        if file_path is not None:
+            completions.extend(module_list(file_path))
     completions_set = {c for c in completions if isinstance(c, str)}
     completions_set.discard('__init__')
     return list(completions_set)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Completion-related functions.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def quick_completer(cmd, completions):
     r""" Easily create a trivial completer for a command.
 
     Takes either a list of completions, or all completions in string (that will
     be split on whitespace).
 
     Example::
 
         [d:\ipython]|1> import ipy_completers
         [d:\ipython]|2> ipy_completers.quick_completer('foo', ['bar','baz'])
         [d:\ipython]|3> foo b<TAB>
         bar baz
         [d:\ipython]|3> foo ba
     """
 
     if isinstance(completions, str):
         completions = completions.split()
 
     def do_complete(self, event):
         return completions
 
     get_ipython().set_hook('complete_command',do_complete, str_key = cmd)
 
 def module_completion(line):
     """
     Returns a list containing the completion possibilities for an import line.
 
     The line looks like this :
     'import xml.d'
     'from xml.dom import'
     """
 
     words = line.split(' ')
     nwords = len(words)
 
     # from whatever <tab> -> 'import '
     if nwords == 3 and words[0] == 'from':
         return ['import ']
 
     # 'from xy<tab>' or 'import xy<tab>'
     if nwords < 3 and (words[0] in {'%aimport', 'import', 'from'}) :
         if nwords == 1:
             return get_root_modules()
         mod = words[1].split('.')
         if len(mod) < 2:
             return get_root_modules()
         completion_list = try_import('.'.join(mod[:-1]), True)
         return ['.'.join(mod[:-1] + [el]) for el in completion_list]
 
     # 'from xyz import abc<tab>'
     if nwords >= 3 and words[0] == 'from':
         mod = words[1]
         return try_import(mod)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Completers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # These all have the func(self, event) signature to be used as custom
 # completers
 
 def module_completer(self,event):
     """Give completions after user has typed 'import ...' or 'from ...'"""
 
     # This works in all versions of python.  While 2.5 has
     # pkgutil.walk_packages(), that particular routine is fairly dangerous,
     # since it imports *EVERYTHING* on sys.path.  That is: a) very slow b) full
     # of possibly problematic side effects.
     # This search the folders in the sys.path for available modules.
 
     return module_completion(event.line)
 
 # FIXME: there's a lot of logic common to the run, cd and builtin file
 # completers, that is currently reimplemented in each.
 
 def magic_run_completer(self, event):
     """Complete files that end in .py or .ipy or .ipynb for the %run command.
     """
     comps = arg_split(event.line, strict=False)
     # relpath should be the current token that we need to complete.
     if (len(comps) > 1) and (not event.line.endswith(' ')):
         relpath = comps[-1].strip("'\"")
     else:
         relpath = ''
 
     #print("\nev=", event)  # dbg
     #print("rp=", relpath)  # dbg
     #print('comps=', comps)  # dbg
 
     lglob = glob.glob
     isdir = os.path.isdir
     relpath, tilde_expand, tilde_val = expand_user(relpath)
 
     # Find if the user has already typed the first filename, after which we
     # should complete on all files, since after the first one other files may
     # be arguments to the input script.
 
     if any(magic_run_re.match(c) for c in comps):
         matches =  [f.replace('\\','/') + ('/' if isdir(f) else '')
                             for f in lglob(relpath+'*')]
     else:
         dirs = [f.replace('\\','/') + "/" for f in lglob(relpath+'*') if isdir(f)]
         pys =  [f.replace('\\','/')
                 for f in lglob(relpath+'*.py') + lglob(relpath+'*.ipy') +
                 lglob(relpath+'*.ipynb') + lglob(relpath + '*.pyw')]
 
         matches = dirs + pys
 
     #print('run comp:', dirs+pys) # dbg
     return [compress_user(p, tilde_expand, tilde_val) for p in matches]
 
 
 def cd_completer(self, event):
     """Completer function for cd, which only returns directories."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     relpath = event.symbol
 
     #print(event) # dbg
     if event.line.endswith('-b') or ' -b ' in event.line:
         # return only bookmark completions
         bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks', None)
         if bkms:
             return bkms.keys()
         else:
             return []
 
     if event.symbol == '-':
         width_dh = str(len(str(len(ip.user_ns['_dh']) + 1)))
         # jump in directory history by number
         fmt = '-%0' + width_dh +'d [%s]'
         ents = [ fmt % (i,s) for i,s in enumerate(ip.user_ns['_dh'])]
         if len(ents) > 1:
             return ents
         return []
 
     if event.symbol.startswith('--'):
         return ["--" + os.path.basename(d) for d in ip.user_ns['_dh']]
 
     # Expand ~ in path and normalize directory separators.
     relpath, tilde_expand, tilde_val = expand_user(relpath)
     relpath = relpath.replace('\\','/')
 
     found = []
     for d in [f.replace('\\','/') + '/' for f in glob.glob(relpath+'*')
               if os.path.isdir(f)]:
         if ' ' in d:
             # we don't want to deal with any of that, complex code
             # for this is elsewhere
             raise TryNext
 
         found.append(d)
 
     if not found:
         if os.path.isdir(relpath):
             return [compress_user(relpath, tilde_expand, tilde_val)]
 
         # if no completions so far, try bookmarks
         bks = self.db.get('bookmarks',{})
         bkmatches = [s for s in bks if s.startswith(event.symbol)]
         if bkmatches:
             return bkmatches
 
         raise TryNext
 
     return [compress_user(p, tilde_expand, tilde_val) for p in found]
 
 def reset_completer(self, event):
     "A completer for %reset magic"
     return '-f -s in out array dhist'.split()

IPython/core/displaypub.py

@@ -1,138 +1,149 b''
 """An interface for publishing rich data to frontends.
 
 There are two components of the display system:
 
 * Display formatters, which take a Python object and compute the
   representation of the object in various formats (text, HTML, SVG, etc.).
 * The display publisher that is used to send the representation data to the
   various frontends.
 
 This module defines the logic display publishing. The display publisher uses
 the ``display_data`` message type that is defined in the IPython messaging
 spec.
 """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 import sys
 
 from traitlets.config.configurable import Configurable
 from traitlets import List
 
 # This used to be defined here - it is imported for backwards compatibility
 from .display_functions import publish_display_data
 
+import typing as t
+
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main payload class
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class DisplayPublisher(Configurable):
     """A traited class that publishes display data to frontends.
 
     Instances of this class are created by the main IPython object and should
     be accessed there.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, shell=None, *args, **kwargs):
         self.shell = shell
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def _validate_data(self, data, metadata=None):
         """Validate the display data.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : dict
             The formata data dictionary.
         metadata : dict
             Any metadata for the data.
         """
 
         if not isinstance(data, dict):
             raise TypeError('data must be a dict, got: %r' % data)
         if metadata is not None:
             if not isinstance(metadata, dict):
                 raise TypeError('metadata must be a dict, got: %r' % data)
 
     # use * to indicate transient, update are keyword-only
     def publish(self, data, metadata=None, source=None, *, transient=None, update=False, **kwargs) -> None:
         """Publish data and metadata to all frontends.
 
         See the ``display_data`` message in the messaging documentation for
         more details about this message type.
 
         The following MIME types are currently implemented:
 
         * text/plain
         * text/html
         * text/markdown
         * text/latex
         * application/json
         * application/javascript
         * image/png
         * image/jpeg
         * image/svg+xml
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : dict
             A dictionary having keys that are valid MIME types (like
             'text/plain' or 'image/svg+xml') and values that are the data for
             that MIME type. The data itself must be a JSON'able data
             structure. Minimally all data should have the 'text/plain' data,
             which can be displayed by all frontends. If more than the plain
             text is given, it is up to the frontend to decide which
             representation to use.
         metadata : dict
             A dictionary for metadata related to the data. This can contain
             arbitrary key, value pairs that frontends can use to interpret
             the data.  Metadata specific to each mime-type can be specified
             in the metadata dict with the same mime-type keys as
             the data itself.
         source : str, deprecated
             Unused.
         transient : dict, keyword-only
             A dictionary for transient data.
             Data in this dictionary should not be persisted as part of saving this output.
             Examples include 'display_id'.
         update : bool, keyword-only, default: False
             If True, only update existing outputs with the same display_id,
             rather than creating a new output.
         """
 
-        handlers = {}
+        handlers: t.Dict = {}
         if self.shell is not None:
-            handlers = getattr(self.shell, 'mime_renderers', {})
+            handlers = getattr(self.shell, "mime_renderers", {})
 
         for mime, handler in handlers.items():
             if mime in data:
                 handler(data[mime], metadata.get(mime, None))
                 return
 
         if 'text/plain' in data:
             print(data['text/plain'])
 
     def clear_output(self, wait=False):
         """Clear the output of the cell receiving output."""
         print('\033[2K\r', end='')
         sys.stdout.flush()
         print('\033[2K\r', end='')
         sys.stderr.flush()
 
 
 class CapturingDisplayPublisher(DisplayPublisher):
     """A DisplayPublisher that stores"""
-    outputs = List()
 
-    def publish(self, data, metadata=None, source=None, *, transient=None, update=False):
-        self.outputs.append({'data':data, 'metadata':metadata,
-                             'transient':transient, 'update':update})
+    outputs: List = List()
+
+    def publish(
+        self, data, metadata=None, source=None, *, transient=None, update=False
+    ):
+        self.outputs.append(
+            {
+                "data": data,
+                "metadata": metadata,
+                "transient": transient,
+                "update": update,
+            }
+        )
 
     def clear_output(self, wait=False):
         super(CapturingDisplayPublisher, self).clear_output(wait)
 
         # empty the list, *do not* reassign a new list
         self.outputs.clear()

IPython/core/historyapp.py

@@ -1,161 +1,156 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 An application for managing IPython history.
 
 To be invoked as the `ipython history` subcommand.
 """
 
 import sqlite3
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from traitlets.config.application import Application
 from .application import BaseIPythonApplication
 from traitlets import Bool, Int, Dict
 from ..utils.io import ask_yes_no
 
 trim_hist_help = """Trim the IPython history database to the last 1000 entries.
 
 This actually copies the last 1000 entries to a new database, and then replaces
 the old file with the new. Use the `--keep=` argument to specify a number
 other than 1000.
 """
 
 clear_hist_help = """Clear the IPython history database, deleting all entries.
 
 Because this is a destructive operation, IPython will prompt the user if they
 really want to do this. Passing a `-f` flag will force clearing without a
 prompt.
 
 This is an handy alias to `ipython history trim --keep=0`
 """
 
 
 class HistoryTrim(BaseIPythonApplication):
     description = trim_hist_help
     
-    backup = Bool(False,
-        help="Keep the old history file as history.sqlite.<N>"
-        ).tag(config=True)
+    backup = Bool(False, help="Keep the old history file as history.sqlite.<N>").tag(
+        config=True
+    )
     
-    keep = Int(1000,
-        help="Number of recent lines to keep in the database."
-        ).tag(config=True)
+    keep = Int(1000, help="Number of recent lines to keep in the database.").tag(
+        config=True
+    )
     
-    flags = Dict(dict(
-        backup = ({'HistoryTrim' : {'backup' : True}},
-            backup.help
+    flags = Dict(  # type: ignore
+        dict(backup=({"HistoryTrim": {"backup": True}}, backup.help))
         )
-    ))
 
-    aliases=Dict(dict(
-        keep = 'HistoryTrim.keep'
-    ))
+    aliases = Dict(dict(keep="HistoryTrim.keep"))  # type: ignore
     
     def start(self):
         profile_dir = Path(self.profile_dir.location)
         hist_file = profile_dir / "history.sqlite"
         con = sqlite3.connect(hist_file)
 
         # Grab the recent history from the current database.
         inputs = list(con.execute('SELECT session, line, source, source_raw FROM '
                                 'history ORDER BY session DESC, line DESC LIMIT ?', (self.keep+1,)))
         if len(inputs) <= self.keep:
             print("There are already at most %d entries in the history database." % self.keep)
             print("Not doing anything. Use --keep= argument to keep fewer entries")
             return
         
         print("Trimming history to the most recent %d entries." % self.keep)
         
         inputs.pop() # Remove the extra element we got to check the length.
         inputs.reverse()
         if inputs:
             first_session = inputs[0][0]
             outputs = list(con.execute('SELECT session, line, output FROM '
                                        'output_history WHERE session >= ?', (first_session,)))
             sessions = list(con.execute('SELECT session, start, end, num_cmds, remark FROM '
                                         'sessions WHERE session >= ?', (first_session,)))
         con.close()
         
         # Create the new history database.
         new_hist_file = profile_dir / "history.sqlite.new"
         i = 0
         while new_hist_file.exists():
             # Make sure we don't interfere with an existing file.
             i += 1
             new_hist_file = profile_dir / ("history.sqlite.new" + str(i))
         new_db = sqlite3.connect(new_hist_file)
         new_db.execute("""CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sessions (session integer
                             primary key autoincrement, start timestamp,
                             end timestamp, num_cmds integer, remark text)""")
         new_db.execute("""CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS history
                         (session integer, line integer, source text, source_raw text,
                         PRIMARY KEY (session, line))""")
         new_db.execute("""CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS output_history
                         (session integer, line integer, output text,
                         PRIMARY KEY (session, line))""")
         new_db.commit()
 
 
         if inputs:
             with new_db:
                 # Add the recent history into the new database.
                 new_db.executemany('insert into sessions values (?,?,?,?,?)', sessions)
                 new_db.executemany('insert into history values (?,?,?,?)', inputs)
                 new_db.executemany('insert into output_history values (?,?,?)', outputs)
         new_db.close()
 
         if self.backup:
             i = 1
             backup_hist_file = profile_dir / ("history.sqlite.old.%d" % i)
             while backup_hist_file.exists():
                 i += 1
                 backup_hist_file = profile_dir / ("history.sqlite.old.%d" % i)
             hist_file.rename(backup_hist_file)
             print("Backed up longer history file to", backup_hist_file)
         else:
             hist_file.unlink()
         
         new_hist_file.rename(hist_file)
 
+
 class HistoryClear(HistoryTrim):
     description = clear_hist_help
-    keep = Int(0,
-        help="Number of recent lines to keep in the database.")
-    
-    force = Bool(False,
-        help="Don't prompt user for confirmation"
-        ).tag(config=True)
-    
-    flags = Dict(dict(
-        force = ({'HistoryClear' : {'force' : True}},
-            force.help),
-        f = ({'HistoryTrim' : {'force' : True}},
-            force.help
+    keep = Int(0, help="Number of recent lines to keep in the database.")
+
+    force = Bool(False, help="Don't prompt user for confirmation").tag(config=True)
+
+    flags = Dict(  # type: ignore
+        dict(
+            force=({"HistoryClear": {"force": True}}, force.help),
+            f=({"HistoryTrim": {"force": True}}, force.help),
         )
-    ))
-    aliases = Dict()
+    )
+    aliases = Dict()  # type: ignore
 
     def start(self):
-        if self.force or ask_yes_no("Really delete all ipython history? ",
-                default="no", interrupt="no"):
+        if self.force or ask_yes_no(
+            "Really delete all ipython history? ", default="no", interrupt="no"
+        ):
             HistoryTrim.start(self)
 
+
 class HistoryApp(Application):
-    name = u'ipython-history'
+    name = "ipython-history"
     description = "Manage the IPython history database."
 
     subcommands = Dict(dict(
         trim = (HistoryTrim, HistoryTrim.description.splitlines()[0]),
         clear = (HistoryClear, HistoryClear.description.splitlines()[0]),
     ))
 
     def start(self):
         if self.subapp is None:
             print("No subcommand specified. Must specify one of: %s" % \
                                                     (self.subcommands.keys()))
             print()
             self.print_description()
             self.print_subcommands()
             self.exit(1)
         else:
             return self.subapp.start()

IPython/core/inputsplitter.py

@@ -1,795 +1,798 b''
 """DEPRECATED: Input handling and transformation machinery.
 
 This module was deprecated in IPython 7.0, in favour of inputtransformer2.
 
 The first class in this module, :class:`InputSplitter`, is designed to tell when
 input from a line-oriented frontend is complete and should be executed, and when
 the user should be prompted for another line of code instead. The name 'input
 splitter' is largely for historical reasons.
 
 A companion, :class:`IPythonInputSplitter`, provides the same functionality but
 with full support for the extended IPython syntax (magics, system calls, etc).
 The code to actually do these transformations is in :mod:`IPython.core.inputtransformer`.
 :class:`IPythonInputSplitter` feeds the raw code to the transformers in order
 and stores the results.
 
 For more details, see the class docstrings below.
 """
+from __future__ import annotations
 
 from warnings import warn
 
 warn('IPython.core.inputsplitter is deprecated since IPython 7 in favor of `IPython.core.inputtransformer2`',
      DeprecationWarning)
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import ast
 import codeop
 import io
 import re
 import sys
 import tokenize
 import warnings
 
-from typing import List, Tuple, Union, Optional
+from typing import List, Tuple, Union, Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
 from types import CodeType
 
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer import (leading_indent,
                                            classic_prompt,
                                            ipy_prompt,
                                            cellmagic,
                                            assemble_logical_lines,
                                            help_end,
                                            escaped_commands,
                                            assign_from_magic,
                                            assign_from_system,
                                            assemble_python_lines,
                                            )
 from IPython.utils import tokenutil
 
 # These are available in this module for backwards compatibility.
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer import (ESC_SHELL, ESC_SH_CAP, ESC_HELP,
                                         ESC_HELP2, ESC_MAGIC, ESC_MAGIC2,
                                         ESC_QUOTE, ESC_QUOTE2, ESC_PAREN, ESC_SEQUENCES)
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import Self
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # FIXME: These are general-purpose utilities that later can be moved to the
 # general ward.  Kept here for now because we're being very strict about test
 # coverage with this code, and this lets us ensure that we keep 100% coverage
 # while developing.
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile('|'.join([
     r'^\s+raise(\s.*)?$', # raise statement (+ space + other stuff, maybe)
     r'^\s+raise\([^\)]*\).*$', # wacky raise with immediate open paren
     r'^\s+return(\s.*)?$', # normal return (+ space + other stuff, maybe)
     r'^\s+return\([^\)]*\).*$', # wacky return with immediate open paren
     r'^\s+pass\s*$', # pass (optionally followed by trailing spaces)
     r'^\s+break\s*$', # break (optionally followed by trailing spaces)
     r'^\s+continue\s*$', # continue (optionally followed by trailing spaces)
 ]))
 ini_spaces_re = re.compile(r'^([ \t\r\f\v]+)')
 
 # regexp to match pure comment lines so we don't accidentally insert 'if 1:'
 # before pure comments
 comment_line_re = re.compile(r'^\s*\#')
 
 
 def num_ini_spaces(s):
     """Return the number of initial spaces in a string.
 
     Note that tabs are counted as a single space.  For now, we do *not* support
     mixing of tabs and spaces in the user's input.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     s : string
 
     Returns
     -------
     n : int
     """
     warnings.warn(
         "`num_ini_spaces` is Pending Deprecation since IPython 8.17."
         "It is considered fro removal in in future version. "
         "Please open an issue if you believe it should be kept.",
         stacklevel=2,
         category=PendingDeprecationWarning,
     )
     ini_spaces = ini_spaces_re.match(s)
     if ini_spaces:
         return ini_spaces.end()
     else:
         return 0
 
 # Fake token types for partial_tokenize:
 INCOMPLETE_STRING = tokenize.N_TOKENS
 IN_MULTILINE_STATEMENT = tokenize.N_TOKENS + 1
 
 # The 2 classes below have the same API as TokenInfo, but don't try to look up
 # a token type name that they won't find.
 class IncompleteString:
     type = exact_type = INCOMPLETE_STRING
     def __init__(self, s, start, end, line):
         self.s = s
         self.start = start
         self.end = end
         self.line = line
 
 class InMultilineStatement:
     type = exact_type = IN_MULTILINE_STATEMENT
     def __init__(self, pos, line):
         self.s = ''
         self.start = self.end = pos
         self.line = line
 
 def partial_tokens(s):
     """Iterate over tokens from a possibly-incomplete string of code.
 
     This adds two special token types: INCOMPLETE_STRING and
     IN_MULTILINE_STATEMENT. These can only occur as the last token yielded, and
     represent the two main ways for code to be incomplete.
     """
     readline = io.StringIO(s).readline
     token = tokenize.TokenInfo(tokenize.NEWLINE, '', (1, 0), (1, 0), '')
     try:
         for token in tokenutil.generate_tokens_catch_errors(readline):
             yield token
     except tokenize.TokenError as e:
         # catch EOF error
         lines = s.splitlines(keepends=True)
         end = len(lines), len(lines[-1])
         if 'multi-line string' in e.args[0]:
             l, c = start = token.end
             s = lines[l-1][c:] + ''.join(lines[l:])
             yield IncompleteString(s, start, end, lines[-1])
         elif 'multi-line statement' in e.args[0]:
             yield InMultilineStatement(end, lines[-1])
         else:
             raise
 
 def find_next_indent(code) -> int:
     """Find the number of spaces for the next line of indentation"""
     tokens = list(partial_tokens(code))
     if tokens[-1].type == tokenize.ENDMARKER:
         tokens.pop()
     if not tokens:
         return 0
 
     while tokens[-1].type in {
         tokenize.DEDENT,
         tokenize.NEWLINE,
         tokenize.COMMENT,
         tokenize.ERRORTOKEN,
     }:
         tokens.pop()
 
     # Starting in Python 3.12, the tokenize module adds implicit newlines at the end
     # of input. We need to remove those if we're in a multiline statement
     if tokens[-1].type == IN_MULTILINE_STATEMENT:
         while tokens[-2].type in {tokenize.NL}:
             tokens.pop(-2)
 
 
     if tokens[-1].type == INCOMPLETE_STRING:
         # Inside a multiline string
         return 0
 
     # Find the indents used before
     prev_indents = [0]
     def _add_indent(n):
         if n != prev_indents[-1]:
             prev_indents.append(n)
 
     tokiter = iter(tokens)
     for tok in tokiter:
         if tok.type in {tokenize.INDENT, tokenize.DEDENT}:
             _add_indent(tok.end[1])
         elif (tok.type == tokenize.NL):
             try:
                 _add_indent(next(tokiter).start[1])
             except StopIteration:
                 break
 
     last_indent = prev_indents.pop()
 
     # If we've just opened a multiline statement (e.g. 'a = ['), indent more
     if tokens[-1].type == IN_MULTILINE_STATEMENT:
         if tokens[-2].exact_type in {tokenize.LPAR, tokenize.LSQB, tokenize.LBRACE}:
             return last_indent + 4
         return last_indent
 
     if tokens[-1].exact_type == tokenize.COLON:
         # Line ends with colon - indent
         return last_indent + 4
 
     if last_indent:
         # Examine the last line for dedent cues - statements like return or
         # raise which normally end a block of code.
         last_line_starts = 0
         for i, tok in enumerate(tokens):
             if tok.type == tokenize.NEWLINE:
                 last_line_starts = i + 1
 
         last_line_tokens = tokens[last_line_starts:]
         names = [t.string for t in last_line_tokens if t.type == tokenize.NAME]
         if names and names[0] in {'raise', 'return', 'pass', 'break', 'continue'}:
             # Find the most recent indentation less than the current level
             for indent in reversed(prev_indents):
                 if indent < last_indent:
                     return indent
 
     return last_indent
 
 
 def last_blank(src):
     """Determine if the input source ends in a blank.
 
     A blank is either a newline or a line consisting of whitespace.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     src : string
         A single or multiline string.
     """
     if not src: return False
     ll  = src.splitlines()[-1]
     return (ll == '') or ll.isspace()
 
 
 last_two_blanks_re = re.compile(r'\n\s*\n\s*$', re.MULTILINE)
 last_two_blanks_re2 = re.compile(r'.+\n\s*\n\s+$', re.MULTILINE)
 
 def last_two_blanks(src):
     """Determine if the input source ends in two blanks.
 
     A blank is either a newline or a line consisting of whitespace.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     src : string
         A single or multiline string.
     """
     if not src: return False
     # The logic here is tricky: I couldn't get a regexp to work and pass all
     # the tests, so I took a different approach: split the source by lines,
     # grab the last two and prepend '###\n' as a stand-in for whatever was in
     # the body before the last two lines.  Then, with that structure, it's
     # possible to analyze with two regexps.  Not the most elegant solution, but
     # it works.  If anyone tries to change this logic, make sure to validate
     # the whole test suite first!
     new_src = '\n'.join(['###\n'] + src.splitlines()[-2:])
     return (bool(last_two_blanks_re.match(new_src)) or
             bool(last_two_blanks_re2.match(new_src)) )
 
 
 def remove_comments(src):
     """Remove all comments from input source.
 
     Note: comments are NOT recognized inside of strings!
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     src : string
         A single or multiline input string.
 
     Returns
     -------
     String with all Python comments removed.
     """
 
     return re.sub('#.*', '', src)
 
 
 def get_input_encoding():
     """Return the default standard input encoding.
 
     If sys.stdin has no encoding, 'ascii' is returned."""
     # There are strange environments for which sys.stdin.encoding is None. We
     # ensure that a valid encoding is returned.
     encoding = getattr(sys.stdin, 'encoding', None)
     if encoding is None:
         encoding = 'ascii'
     return encoding
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes and functions for normal Python syntax handling
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class InputSplitter(object):
     r"""An object that can accumulate lines of Python source before execution.
 
     This object is designed to be fed python source line-by-line, using
     :meth:`push`. It will return on each push whether the currently pushed
     code could be executed already. In addition, it provides a method called
     :meth:`push_accepts_more` that can be used to query whether more input
     can be pushed into a single interactive block.
 
     This is a simple example of how an interactive terminal-based client can use
     this tool::
 
         isp = InputSplitter()
         while isp.push_accepts_more():
             indent = ' '*isp.indent_spaces
             prompt = '>>> ' + indent
             line = indent + raw_input(prompt)
             isp.push(line)
         print 'Input source was:\n', isp.source_reset(),
     """
     # A cache for storing the current indentation
     # The first value stores the most recently processed source input
     # The second value is the number of spaces for the current indentation 
     # If self.source matches the first value, the second value is a valid
     # current indentation. Otherwise, the cache is invalid and the indentation
     # must be recalculated.
     _indent_spaces_cache: Union[Tuple[None, None], Tuple[str, int]] = None, None
     # String, indicating the default input encoding.  It is computed by default
     # at initialization time via get_input_encoding(), but it can be reset by a
     # client with specific knowledge of the encoding.
     encoding = ''
     # String where the current full source input is stored, properly encoded.
     # Reading this attribute is the normal way of querying the currently pushed
     # source code, that has been properly encoded.
     source: str = ""
     # Code object corresponding to the current source.  It is automatically
     # synced to the source, so it can be queried at any time to obtain the code
     # object; it will be None if the source doesn't compile to valid Python.
     code: Optional[CodeType] = None
 
     # Private attributes
 
     # List with lines of input accumulated so far
     _buffer: List[str]
     # Command compiler
     _compile: codeop.CommandCompiler
     # Boolean indicating whether the current block is complete
     _is_complete: Optional[bool] = None
     # Boolean indicating whether the current block has an unrecoverable syntax error
     _is_invalid: bool = False
 
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         """Create a new InputSplitter instance."""
         self._buffer = []
         self._compile = codeop.CommandCompiler()
         self.encoding = get_input_encoding()
 
     def reset(self):
         """Reset the input buffer and associated state."""
         self._buffer[:] = []
         self.source = ''
         self.code = None
         self._is_complete = False
         self._is_invalid = False
 
     def source_reset(self):
         """Return the input source and perform a full reset.
         """
         out = self.source
         self.reset()
         return out
 
     def check_complete(self, source):
         """Return whether a block of code is ready to execute, or should be continued
 
         This is a non-stateful API, and will reset the state of this InputSplitter.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         source : string
             Python input code, which can be multiline.
 
         Returns
         -------
         status : str
             One of 'complete', 'incomplete', or 'invalid' if source is not a
             prefix of valid code.
         indent_spaces : int or None
             The number of spaces by which to indent the next line of code. If
             status is not 'incomplete', this is None.
         """
         self.reset()
         try:
             self.push(source)
         except SyntaxError:
             # Transformers in IPythonInputSplitter can raise SyntaxError,
             # which push() will not catch.
             return 'invalid', None
         else:
             if self._is_invalid:
                 return 'invalid', None
             elif self.push_accepts_more():
                 return 'incomplete', self.get_indent_spaces()
             else:
                 return 'complete', None
         finally:
             self.reset()
 
     def push(self, lines:str) -> bool:
         """Push one or more lines of input.
 
         This stores the given lines and returns a status code indicating
         whether the code forms a complete Python block or not.
 
         Any exceptions generated in compilation are swallowed, but if an
         exception was produced, the method returns True.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         lines : string
             One or more lines of Python input.
 
         Returns
         -------
         is_complete : boolean
             True if the current input source (the result of the current input
             plus prior inputs) forms a complete Python execution block.  Note that
             this value is also stored as a private attribute (``_is_complete``), so it
             can be queried at any time.
         """
         assert isinstance(lines, str)
         self._store(lines)
         source = self.source
 
         # Before calling _compile(), reset the code object to None so that if an
         # exception is raised in compilation, we don't mislead by having
         # inconsistent code/source attributes.
         self.code, self._is_complete = None, None
         self._is_invalid = False
 
         # Honor termination lines properly
         if source.endswith('\\\n'):
             return False
 
         try:
             with warnings.catch_warnings():
                 warnings.simplefilter('error', SyntaxWarning)
                 self.code = self._compile(source, symbol="exec")
         # Invalid syntax can produce any of a number of different errors from
         # inside the compiler, so we have to catch them all.  Syntax errors
         # immediately produce a 'ready' block, so the invalid Python can be
         # sent to the kernel for evaluation with possible ipython
         # special-syntax conversion.
         except (SyntaxError, OverflowError, ValueError, TypeError,
                 MemoryError, SyntaxWarning):
             self._is_complete = True
             self._is_invalid = True
         else:
             # Compilation didn't produce any exceptions (though it may not have
             # given a complete code object)
             self._is_complete = self.code is not None
 
         return self._is_complete
 
     def push_accepts_more(self):
         """Return whether a block of interactive input can accept more input.
 
         This method is meant to be used by line-oriented frontends, who need to
         guess whether a block is complete or not based solely on prior and
         current input lines.  The InputSplitter considers it has a complete
         interactive block and will not accept more input when either:
 
         * A SyntaxError is raised
 
         * The code is complete and consists of a single line or a single
           non-compound statement
 
         * The code is complete and has a blank line at the end
 
         If the current input produces a syntax error, this method immediately
         returns False but does *not* raise the syntax error exception, as
         typically clients will want to send invalid syntax to an execution
         backend which might convert the invalid syntax into valid Python via
         one of the dynamic IPython mechanisms.
         """
 
         # With incomplete input, unconditionally accept more
         # A syntax error also sets _is_complete to True - see push()
         if not self._is_complete:
             #print("Not complete")  # debug
             return True
         
         # The user can make any (complete) input execute by leaving a blank line
         last_line = self.source.splitlines()[-1]
         if (not last_line) or last_line.isspace():
             #print("Blank line")  # debug
             return False
         
         # If there's just a single line or AST node, and we're flush left, as is
         # the case after a simple statement such as 'a=1', we want to execute it
         # straight away.
         if self.get_indent_spaces() == 0:
             if len(self.source.splitlines()) <= 1:
                 return False
             
             try:
                 code_ast = ast.parse("".join(self._buffer))
             except Exception:
                 #print("Can't parse AST")  # debug
                 return False
             else:
                 if len(code_ast.body) == 1 and \
                                     not hasattr(code_ast.body[0], 'body'):
                     #print("Simple statement")  # debug
                     return False
 
         # General fallback - accept more code
         return True
 
     def get_indent_spaces(self) -> int:
         sourcefor, n = self._indent_spaces_cache
         if sourcefor == self.source:
             assert n is not None
             return n
 
         # self.source always has a trailing newline
         n = find_next_indent(self.source[:-1])
         self._indent_spaces_cache = (self.source, n)
         return n
 
     # Backwards compatibility. I think all code that used .indent_spaces was
     # inside IPython, but we can leave this here until IPython 7 in case any
     # other modules are using it. -TK, November 2017
     indent_spaces = property(get_indent_spaces)
 
     def _store(self, lines, buffer=None, store='source'):
         """Store one or more lines of input.
 
         If input lines are not newline-terminated, a newline is automatically
         appended."""
 
         if buffer is None:
             buffer = self._buffer
 
         if lines.endswith('\n'):
             buffer.append(lines)
         else:
             buffer.append(lines+'\n')
         setattr(self, store, self._set_source(buffer))
 
     def _set_source(self, buffer):
         return u''.join(buffer)
 
 
 class IPythonInputSplitter(InputSplitter):
     """An input splitter that recognizes all of IPython's special syntax."""
 
     # String with raw, untransformed input.
     source_raw = ''
     
     # Flag to track when a transformer has stored input that it hasn't given
     # back yet.
     transformer_accumulating = False
     
     # Flag to track when assemble_python_lines has stored input that it hasn't
     # given back yet.
     within_python_line = False
 
     # Private attributes
 
     # List with lines of raw input accumulated so far.
     _buffer_raw: List[str]
 
     def __init__(self, line_input_checker=True, physical_line_transforms=None,
                     logical_line_transforms=None, python_line_transforms=None):
         super(IPythonInputSplitter, self).__init__()
         self._buffer_raw = []
         self._validate = True
         
         if physical_line_transforms is not None:
             self.physical_line_transforms = physical_line_transforms
         else:
             self.physical_line_transforms = [
                                              leading_indent(),
                                              classic_prompt(),
                                              ipy_prompt(),
                                              cellmagic(end_on_blank_line=line_input_checker),
                                             ]
         
         self.assemble_logical_lines = assemble_logical_lines()
         if logical_line_transforms is not None:
             self.logical_line_transforms = logical_line_transforms
         else:
             self.logical_line_transforms = [
                                             help_end(),
                                             escaped_commands(),
                                             assign_from_magic(),
                                             assign_from_system(),
                                            ]
         
         self.assemble_python_lines = assemble_python_lines()
         if python_line_transforms is not None:
             self.python_line_transforms = python_line_transforms
         else:
             # We don't use any of these at present
             self.python_line_transforms = []
     
     @property
     def transforms(self):
         "Quick access to all transformers."
         return self.physical_line_transforms + \
             [self.assemble_logical_lines] + self.logical_line_transforms + \
             [self.assemble_python_lines]  + self.python_line_transforms
     
     @property
     def transforms_in_use(self):
         """Transformers, excluding logical line transformers if we're in a
         Python line."""
         t = self.physical_line_transforms[:]
         if not self.within_python_line:
             t += [self.assemble_logical_lines] + self.logical_line_transforms
         return t + [self.assemble_python_lines] + self.python_line_transforms
 
     def reset(self):
         """Reset the input buffer and associated state."""
         super(IPythonInputSplitter, self).reset()
         self._buffer_raw[:] = []
         self.source_raw = ''
         self.transformer_accumulating = False
         self.within_python_line = False
 
         for t in self.transforms:
             try:
                 t.reset()
             except SyntaxError:
                 # Nothing that calls reset() expects to handle transformer
                 # errors
                 pass
     
-    def flush_transformers(self):
-        def _flush(transform, outs):
+    def flush_transformers(self: Self):
+        def _flush(transform, outs: List[str]):
             """yield transformed lines
 
             always strings, never None
 
             transform: the current transform
             outs: an iterable of previously transformed inputs.
                  Each may be multiline, which will be passed
                  one line at a time to transform.
             """
             for out in outs:
                 for line in out.splitlines():
                     # push one line at a time
                     tmp = transform.push(line)
                     if tmp is not None:
                         yield tmp
             
             # reset the transform
             tmp = transform.reset()
             if tmp is not None:
                 yield tmp
 
         out: List[str] = []
         for t in self.transforms_in_use:
             out = _flush(t, out)
         
         out = list(out)
         if out:
             self._store('\n'.join(out))
 
     def raw_reset(self):
         """Return raw input only and perform a full reset.
         """
         out = self.source_raw
         self.reset()
         return out
     
     def source_reset(self):
         try:
             self.flush_transformers()
             return self.source
         finally:
             self.reset()
 
     def push_accepts_more(self):
         if self.transformer_accumulating:
             return True
         else:
             return super(IPythonInputSplitter, self).push_accepts_more()
 
     def transform_cell(self, cell):
         """Process and translate a cell of input.
         """
         self.reset()
         try:
             self.push(cell)
             self.flush_transformers()
             return self.source
         finally:
             self.reset()
 
     def push(self, lines:str) -> bool:
         """Push one or more lines of IPython input.
 
         This stores the given lines and returns a status code indicating
         whether the code forms a complete Python block or not, after processing
         all input lines for special IPython syntax.
 
         Any exceptions generated in compilation are swallowed, but if an
         exception was produced, the method returns True.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         lines : string
             One or more lines of Python input.
 
         Returns
         -------
         is_complete : boolean
             True if the current input source (the result of the current input
             plus prior inputs) forms a complete Python execution block.  Note that
             this value is also stored as a private attribute (_is_complete), so it
             can be queried at any time.
         """
         assert isinstance(lines, str)
         # We must ensure all input is pure unicode
         # ''.splitlines() --> [], but we need to push the empty line to transformers
         lines_list = lines.splitlines()
         if not lines_list:
             lines_list = ['']
 
         # Store raw source before applying any transformations to it.  Note
         # that this must be done *after* the reset() call that would otherwise
         # flush the buffer.
         self._store(lines, self._buffer_raw, 'source_raw')
 
         transformed_lines_list = []
         for line in lines_list:
             transformed = self._transform_line(line)
             if transformed is not None:
                 transformed_lines_list.append(transformed)
 
         if transformed_lines_list:
             transformed_lines = '\n'.join(transformed_lines_list)
             return super(IPythonInputSplitter, self).push(transformed_lines)
         else:
             # Got nothing back from transformers - they must be waiting for
             # more input.
             return False
 
     def _transform_line(self, line):
         """Push a line of input code through the various transformers.
 
         Returns any output from the transformers, or None if a transformer
         is accumulating lines.
 
         Sets self.transformer_accumulating as a side effect.
         """
         def _accumulating(dbg):
             #print(dbg)
             self.transformer_accumulating = True
             return None
 
         for transformer in self.physical_line_transforms:
             line = transformer.push(line)
             if line is None:
                 return _accumulating(transformer)
 
         if not self.within_python_line:
             line = self.assemble_logical_lines.push(line)
             if line is None:
                 return _accumulating('acc logical line')
 
             for transformer in self.logical_line_transforms:
                 line = transformer.push(line)
                 if line is None:
                     return _accumulating(transformer)
 
         line = self.assemble_python_lines.push(line)
         if line is None:
             self.within_python_line = True
             return _accumulating('acc python line')
         else:
             self.within_python_line = False
 
         for transformer in self.python_line_transforms:
             line = transformer.push(line)
             if line is None:
                 return _accumulating(transformer)
 
         #print("transformers clear") #debug
         self.transformer_accumulating = False
         return line
 

IPython/core/interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,3976 +1,3979 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Main IPython class."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 import abc
 import ast
 import atexit
 import bdb
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import functools
 import inspect
 import os
 import re
 import runpy
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import traceback
 import types
 import warnings
 from ast import stmt
 from io import open as io_open
 from logging import error
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import List as ListType, Dict as DictType, Any as AnyType
 from typing import Optional, Sequence, Tuple
 from warnings import warn
 
 try:
     from pickleshare import PickleShareDB
 except ModuleNotFoundError:
 
     class PickleShareDB:  # type: ignore [no-redef]
         _mock = True
 
         def __init__(self, path):
             pass
 
         def get(self, key, default=None):
             warn(
                 f"This is now an optional IPython functionality, using {key} requires you to install the `pickleshare` library.",
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
             return default
 
         def __getitem__(self, key):
             warn(
                 f"This is now an optional IPython functionality, using {key} requires you to install the `pickleshare` library.",
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
             return None
 
         def __setitem__(self, key, value):
             warn(
                 f"This is now an optional IPython functionality, setting {key} requires you to install the `pickleshare` library.",
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
 
         def __delitem__(self, key):
             warn(
                 f"This is now an optional IPython functionality, deleting {key} requires you to install the `pickleshare` library.",
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
 
 
 from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
 from traitlets import (
     Any,
     Bool,
     CaselessStrEnum,
     Dict,
     Enum,
     Instance,
     Integer,
     List,
     Type,
     Unicode,
     default,
     observe,
     validate,
 )
 from traitlets.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
 from traitlets.utils.importstring import import_item
 
 import IPython.core.hooks
 from IPython.core import magic, oinspect, page, prefilter, ultratb
 from IPython.core.alias import Alias, AliasManager
 from IPython.core.autocall import ExitAutocall
 from IPython.core.builtin_trap import BuiltinTrap
 from IPython.core.compilerop import CachingCompiler
 from IPython.core.debugger import InterruptiblePdb
 from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.core.displayhook import DisplayHook
 from IPython.core.displaypub import DisplayPublisher
 from IPython.core.error import InputRejected, UsageError
 from IPython.core.events import EventManager, available_events
 from IPython.core.extensions import ExtensionManager
 from IPython.core.formatters import DisplayFormatter
 from IPython.core.history import HistoryManager
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer2 import ESC_MAGIC, ESC_MAGIC2
 from IPython.core.logger import Logger
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.payload import PayloadManager
 from IPython.core.prefilter import PrefilterManager
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.core.usage import default_banner
 from IPython.display import display
 from IPython.paths import get_ipython_dir
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize, io, openpy, py3compat
 from IPython.utils.decorators import undoc
 from IPython.utils.io import ask_yes_no
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.utils.path import ensure_dir_exists, get_home_dir, get_py_filename
 from IPython.utils.process import getoutput, system
 from IPython.utils.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.text import DollarFormatter, LSString, SList, format_screen
 from IPython.core.oinspect import OInfo
 
 
 sphinxify: Optional[Callable]
 
 try:
     import docrepr.sphinxify as sphx
 
     def sphinxify(oinfo):
         wrapped_docstring = sphx.wrap_main_docstring(oinfo)
 
         def sphinxify_docstring(docstring):
             with TemporaryDirectory() as dirname:
                 return {
                     "text/html": sphx.sphinxify(wrapped_docstring, dirname),
                     "text/plain": docstring,
                 }
 
         return sphinxify_docstring
 except ImportError:
     sphinxify = None
 
 if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 11):
     from exceptiongroup import BaseExceptionGroup
 
 class ProvisionalWarning(DeprecationWarning):
     """
     Warning class for unstable features
     """
     pass
 
 from ast import Module
 
 _assign_nodes = (ast.AugAssign, ast.AnnAssign, ast.Assign)
 _single_targets_nodes = (ast.AugAssign, ast.AnnAssign)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Await Helpers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # we still need to run things using the asyncio eventloop, but there is no
 # async integration
 from .async_helpers import (
     _asyncio_runner,
     _curio_runner,
     _pseudo_sync_runner,
     _should_be_async,
     _trio_runner,
 )
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def is_integer_string(s: str):
     """
     Variant of "str.isnumeric()" that allow negative values and other ints.
     """
     try:
         int(s)
         return True
     except ValueError:
         return False
     raise ValueError("Unexpected error")
 
 
 @undoc
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 @undoc
 def no_op(*a, **kw):
     pass
 
 
 class SpaceInInput(Exception): pass
 
 
 class SeparateUnicode(Unicode):
     r"""A Unicode subclass to validate separate_in, separate_out, etc.
 
     This is a Unicode based trait that converts '0'->'' and ``'\\n'->'\n'``.
     """
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if value == '0': value = ''
         value = value.replace('\\n','\n')
         return super(SeparateUnicode, self).validate(obj, value)
 
 
 @undoc
 class DummyMod(object):
     """A dummy module used for IPython's interactive module when
     a namespace must be assigned to the module's __dict__."""
     __spec__ = None
 
 
 class ExecutionInfo(object):
     """The arguments used for a call to :meth:`InteractiveShell.run_cell`
 
     Stores information about what is going to happen.
     """
     raw_cell = None
     store_history = False
     silent = False
     shell_futures = True
     cell_id = None
 
     def __init__(self, raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id):
         self.raw_cell = raw_cell
         self.store_history = store_history
         self.silent = silent
         self.shell_futures = shell_futures
         self.cell_id = cell_id
 
     def __repr__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__qualname__
         raw_cell = (
             (self.raw_cell[:50] + "..") if len(self.raw_cell) > 50 else self.raw_cell
         )
         return (
             '<%s object at %x, raw_cell="%s" store_history=%s silent=%s shell_futures=%s cell_id=%s>'
             % (
                 name,
                 id(self),
                 raw_cell,
                 self.store_history,
                 self.silent,
                 self.shell_futures,
                 self.cell_id,
             )
         )
 
 
-class ExecutionResult(object):
+class ExecutionResult:
     """The result of a call to :meth:`InteractiveShell.run_cell`
 
     Stores information about what took place.
     """
-    execution_count = None
-    error_before_exec = None
+
+    execution_count: Optional[int] = None
+    error_before_exec: Optional[bool] = None
     error_in_exec: Optional[BaseException] = None
     info = None
     result = None
 
     def __init__(self, info):
         self.info = info
 
     @property
     def success(self):
         return (self.error_before_exec is None) and (self.error_in_exec is None)
 
     def raise_error(self):
         """Reraises error if `success` is `False`, otherwise does nothing"""
         if self.error_before_exec is not None:
             raise self.error_before_exec
         if self.error_in_exec is not None:
             raise self.error_in_exec
 
     def __repr__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__qualname__
         return '<%s object at %x, execution_count=%s error_before_exec=%s error_in_exec=%s info=%s result=%s>' %\
                 (name, id(self), self.execution_count, self.error_before_exec, self.error_in_exec, repr(self.info), repr(self.result))
 
 @functools.wraps(io_open)
 def _modified_open(file, *args, **kwargs):
     if file in {0, 1, 2}:
         raise ValueError(
             f"IPython won't let you open fd={file} by default "
             "as it is likely to crash IPython. If you know what you are doing, "
             "you can use builtins' open."
         )
 
     return io_open(file, *args, **kwargs)
 
 class InteractiveShell(SingletonConfigurable):
     """An enhanced, interactive shell for Python."""
 
     _instance = None
 
     ast_transformers: List[ast.NodeTransformer] = List(
         [],
         help="""
         A list of ast.NodeTransformer subclass instances, which will be applied
         to user input before code is run.
         """,
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autocall = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0, help=
         """
         Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if you didn't
         type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes 'str(43)'
         automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature, '1' for
         'smart' autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more
         arguments on the line, and '2' for 'full' autocall, where all callable
         objects are automatically called (even if no arguments are present).
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autoindent = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Autoindent IPython code entered interactively.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autoawait = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Automatically run await statement in the top level repl.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     loop_runner_map ={
         'asyncio':(_asyncio_runner, True),
         'curio':(_curio_runner, True),
         'trio':(_trio_runner, True),
         'sync': (_pseudo_sync_runner, False)
     }
 
     loop_runner = Any(default_value="IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner",
         allow_none=True,
         help="""Select the loop runner that will be used to execute top-level asynchronous code"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     @default('loop_runner')
     def _default_loop_runner(self):
         return import_item("IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner")
 
     @validate('loop_runner')
     def _import_runner(self, proposal):
         if isinstance(proposal.value, str):
             if proposal.value in self.loop_runner_map:
                 runner, autoawait = self.loop_runner_map[proposal.value]
                 self.autoawait = autoawait
                 return runner
             runner = import_item(proposal.value)
             if not callable(runner):
                 raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
             return runner
         if not callable(proposal.value):
             raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
         return proposal.value
 
     automagic = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Enable magic commands to be called without the leading %.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     banner1 = Unicode(default_banner,
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed before the profile"""
     ).tag(config=True)
     banner2 = Unicode('',
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed after the profile"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     cache_size = Integer(1000, help=
         """
         Set the size of the output cache.  The default is 1000, you can
         change it permanently in your config file.  Setting it to 0 completely
         disables the caching system, and the minimum value accepted is 3 (if
         you provide a value less than 3, it is reset to 0 and a warning is
         issued).  This limit is defined because otherwise you'll spend more
         time re-flushing a too small cache than working
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     color_info = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Use colors for displaying information about objects. Because this
         information is passed through a pager (like 'less'), and some pagers
         get confused with color codes, this capability can be turned off.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     colors = CaselessStrEnum(('Neutral', 'NoColor','LightBG','Linux'),
                              default_value='Neutral',
         help="Set the color scheme (NoColor, Neutral, Linux, or LightBG)."
     ).tag(config=True)
     debug = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
     disable_failing_post_execute = Bool(False,
         help="Don't call post-execute functions that have failed in the past."
     ).tag(config=True)
     display_formatter = Instance(DisplayFormatter, allow_none=True)
     displayhook_class = Type(DisplayHook)
     display_pub_class = Type(DisplayPublisher)
     compiler_class = Type(CachingCompiler)
     inspector_class = Type(
         oinspect.Inspector, help="Class to use to instantiate the shell inspector"
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     sphinxify_docstring = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Enables rich html representation of docstrings. (This requires the
         docrepr module).
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe("sphinxify_docstring")
     def _sphinxify_docstring_changed(self, change):
         if change['new']:
             warn("`sphinxify_docstring` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions." , ProvisionalWarning)
 
     enable_html_pager = Bool(False, help=
         """
         (Provisional API) enables html representation in mime bundles sent
         to pagers.
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe("enable_html_pager")
     def _enable_html_pager_changed(self, change):
         if change['new']:
             warn("`enable_html_pager` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions.", ProvisionalWarning)
 
     data_pub_class = None
 
     exit_now = Bool(False)
     exiter = Instance(ExitAutocall)
     @default('exiter')
     def _exiter_default(self):
         return ExitAutocall(self)
     # Monotonically increasing execution counter
     execution_count = Integer(1)
     filename = Unicode("<ipython console>")
     ipython_dir= Unicode('').tag(config=True) # Set to get_ipython_dir() in __init__
 
     # Used to transform cells before running them, and check whether code is complete
     input_transformer_manager = Instance('IPython.core.inputtransformer2.TransformerManager',
                                          ())
 
     @property
     def input_transformers_cleanup(self):
         return self.input_transformer_manager.cleanup_transforms
 
-    input_transformers_post = List([],
+    input_transformers_post: List = List(
+        [],
         help="A list of string input transformers, to be applied after IPython's "
              "own input transformations."
     )
 
     @property
     def input_splitter(self):
         """Make this available for backward compatibility (pre-7.0 release) with existing code.
 
         For example, ipykernel ipykernel currently uses
         `shell.input_splitter.check_complete`
         """
         from warnings import warn
         warn("`input_splitter` is deprecated since IPython 7.0, prefer `input_transformer_manager`.",
              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
         )
         return self.input_transformer_manager
 
     logstart = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Start logging to the default log file in overwrite mode.
         Use `logappend` to specify a log file to **append** logs to.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     logfile = Unicode('', help=
         """
         The name of the logfile to use.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     logappend = Unicode('', help=
         """
         Start logging to the given file in append mode.
         Use `logfile` to specify a log file to **overwrite** logs to.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     object_info_string_level = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0,
     ).tag(config=True)
     pdb = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Automatically call the pdb debugger after every exception.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     display_page = Bool(False,
         help="""If True, anything that would be passed to the pager
         will be displayed as regular output instead."""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
 
     show_rewritten_input = Bool(True,
         help="Show rewritten input, e.g. for autocall."
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     quiet = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
 
     history_length = Integer(10000,
         help='Total length of command history'
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     history_load_length = Integer(1000, help=
         """
         The number of saved history entries to be loaded
         into the history buffer at startup.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     ast_node_interactivity = Enum(['all', 'last', 'last_expr', 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign'],
                                   default_value='last_expr',
                                   help="""
         'all', 'last', 'last_expr' or 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign' specifying
         which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output from expressions).
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     warn_venv = Bool(
         True,
         help="Warn if running in a virtual environment with no IPython installed (so IPython from the global environment is used).",
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     # TODO: this part of prompt management should be moved to the frontends.
     # Use custom TraitTypes that convert '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'
     separate_in = SeparateUnicode('\n').tag(config=True)
     separate_out = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
     separate_out2 = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
     wildcards_case_sensitive = Bool(True).tag(config=True)
     xmode = CaselessStrEnum(('Context', 'Plain', 'Verbose', 'Minimal'),
                             default_value='Context',
                             help="Switch modes for the IPython exception handlers."
                             ).tag(config=True)
 
     # Subcomponents of InteractiveShell
     alias_manager = Instance("IPython.core.alias.AliasManager", allow_none=True)
     prefilter_manager = Instance(
         "IPython.core.prefilter.PrefilterManager", allow_none=True
     )
     builtin_trap = Instance("IPython.core.builtin_trap.BuiltinTrap")
     display_trap = Instance("IPython.core.display_trap.DisplayTrap")
     extension_manager = Instance(
         "IPython.core.extensions.ExtensionManager", allow_none=True
     )
     payload_manager = Instance("IPython.core.payload.PayloadManager", allow_none=True)
     history_manager = Instance(
         "IPython.core.history.HistoryAccessorBase", allow_none=True
     )
     magics_manager = Instance("IPython.core.magic.MagicsManager")
 
     profile_dir = Instance('IPython.core.application.ProfileDir', allow_none=True)
     @property
     def profile(self):
         if self.profile_dir is not None:
             name = os.path.basename(self.profile_dir.location)
             return name.replace('profile_','')
 
 
     # Private interface
     _post_execute = Dict()
 
     # Tracks any GUI loop loaded for pylab
     pylab_gui_select = None
 
     last_execution_succeeded = Bool(True, help='Did last executed command succeeded')
 
     last_execution_result = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.ExecutionResult', help='Result of executing the last command', allow_none=True)
 
     def __init__(self, ipython_dir=None, profile_dir=None,
                  user_module=None, user_ns=None,
                  custom_exceptions=((), None), **kwargs):
         # This is where traits with a config_key argument are updated
         # from the values on config.
         super(InteractiveShell, self).__init__(**kwargs)
         if 'PromptManager' in self.config:
             warn('As of IPython 5.0 `PromptManager` config will have no effect'
                  ' and has been replaced by TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts_class')
         self.configurables = [self]
 
         # These are relatively independent and stateless
         self.init_ipython_dir(ipython_dir)
         self.init_profile_dir(profile_dir)
         self.init_instance_attrs()
         self.init_environment()
 
         # Check if we're in a virtualenv, and set up sys.path.
         self.init_virtualenv()
 
         # Create namespaces (user_ns, user_global_ns, etc.)
         self.init_create_namespaces(user_module, user_ns)
         # This has to be done after init_create_namespaces because it uses
         # something in self.user_ns, but before init_sys_modules, which
         # is the first thing to modify sys.
         # TODO: When we override sys.stdout and sys.stderr before this class
         # is created, we are saving the overridden ones here. Not sure if this
         # is what we want to do.
         self.save_sys_module_state()
         self.init_sys_modules()
 
         # While we're trying to have each part of the code directly access what
         # it needs without keeping redundant references to objects, we have too
         # much legacy code that expects ip.db to exist.
         self.db = PickleShareDB(os.path.join(self.profile_dir.location, 'db'))
 
         self.init_history()
         self.init_encoding()
         self.init_prefilter()
 
         self.init_syntax_highlighting()
         self.init_hooks()
         self.init_events()
         self.init_pushd_popd_magic()
         self.init_user_ns()
         self.init_logger()
         self.init_builtins()
 
         # The following was in post_config_initialization
         self.init_inspector()
         self.raw_input_original = input
         self.init_completer()
         # TODO: init_io() needs to happen before init_traceback handlers
         # because the traceback handlers hardcode the stdout/stderr streams.
         # This logic in in debugger.Pdb and should eventually be changed.
         self.init_io()
         self.init_traceback_handlers(custom_exceptions)
         self.init_prompts()
         self.init_display_formatter()
         self.init_display_pub()
         self.init_data_pub()
         self.init_displayhook()
         self.init_magics()
         self.init_alias()
         self.init_logstart()
         self.init_pdb()
         self.init_extension_manager()
         self.init_payload()
         self.events.trigger('shell_initialized', self)
         atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
 
         # The trio runner is used for running Trio in the foreground thread. It
         # is different from `_trio_runner(async_fn)` in `async_helpers.py`
         # which calls `trio.run()` for every cell. This runner runs all cells
         # inside a single Trio event loop. If used, it is set from
         # `ipykernel.kernelapp`.
         self.trio_runner = None
 
     def get_ipython(self):
         """Return the currently running IPython instance."""
         return self
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Trait changed handlers
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     @observe('ipython_dir')
     def _ipython_dir_changed(self, change):
         ensure_dir_exists(change['new'])
 
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     def set_trio_runner(self, tr):
         self.trio_runner = tr
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # init_* methods called by __init__
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_ipython_dir(self, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is not None:
             self.ipython_dir = ipython_dir
             return
 
         self.ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
 
     def init_profile_dir(self, profile_dir):
         if profile_dir is not None:
             self.profile_dir = profile_dir
             return
         self.profile_dir = ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(
             self.ipython_dir, "default"
         )
 
     def init_instance_attrs(self):
         self.more = False
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = self.compiler_class()
 
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         # The files here are stored with Path from Pathlib
         self.tempfiles = []
         self.tempdirs = []
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         # This is not being used anywhere currently.
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Indentation management
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
         # Dict to track post-execution functions that have been registered
         self._post_execute = {}
 
     def init_environment(self):
         """Any changes we need to make to the user's environment."""
         pass
 
     def init_encoding(self):
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
 
     @observe('colors')
     def init_syntax_highlighting(self, changes=None):
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser(style=self.colors, parent=self).format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str')
 
     def refresh_style(self):
         # No-op here, used in subclass
         pass
 
     def init_pushd_popd_magic(self):
         # for pushd/popd management
         self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
     def init_logger(self):
         self.logger = Logger(self.home_dir, logfname='ipython_log.py',
                              logmode='rotate')
 
     def init_logstart(self):
         """Initialize logging in case it was requested at the command line.
         """
         if self.logappend:
             self.magic('logstart %s append' % self.logappend)
         elif self.logfile:
             self.magic('logstart %s' % self.logfile)
         elif self.logstart:
             self.magic('logstart')
 
 
     def init_builtins(self):
         # A single, static flag that we set to True.  Its presence indicates
         # that an IPython shell has been created, and we make no attempts at
         # removing on exit or representing the existence of more than one
         # IPython at a time.
         builtin_mod.__dict__['__IPYTHON__'] = True
         builtin_mod.__dict__['display'] = display
 
         self.builtin_trap = BuiltinTrap(shell=self)
 
     @observe('colors')
     def init_inspector(self, changes=None):
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = self.inspector_class(
             oinspect.InspectColors,
             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
             self.colors,
             self.object_info_string_level,
         )
 
     def init_io(self):
         # implemented in subclasses, TerminalInteractiveShell does call
         # colorama.init().
         pass
 
     def init_prompts(self):
         # Set system prompts, so that scripts can decide if they are running
         # interactively.
         sys.ps1 = 'In : '
         sys.ps2 = '...: '
         sys.ps3 = 'Out: '
 
     def init_display_formatter(self):
         self.display_formatter = DisplayFormatter(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_formatter)
 
     def init_display_pub(self):
         self.display_pub = self.display_pub_class(parent=self, shell=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_pub)
 
     def init_data_pub(self):
         if not self.data_pub_class:
             self.data_pub = None
             return
         self.data_pub = self.data_pub_class(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.data_pub)
 
     def init_displayhook(self):
         # Initialize displayhook, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.displayhook = self.displayhook_class(
             parent=self,
             shell=self,
             cache_size=self.cache_size,
         )
         self.configurables.append(self.displayhook)
         # This is a context manager that installs/revmoes the displayhook at
         # the appropriate time.
         self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=self.displayhook)
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_path_links(p: Path):
         """Gets path links including all symlinks
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [1]: from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
 
         In [2]: import sys, pathlib
 
         In [3]: paths = InteractiveShell.get_path_links(pathlib.Path(sys.executable))
 
         In [4]: len(paths) == len(set(paths))
         Out[4]: True
 
         In [5]: bool(paths)
         Out[5]: True
         """
         paths = [p]
         while p.is_symlink():
             new_path = Path(os.readlink(p))
             if not new_path.is_absolute():
                 new_path = p.parent / new_path
             p = new_path
             paths.append(p)
         return paths
 
     def init_virtualenv(self):
         """Add the current virtualenv to sys.path so the user can import modules from it.
         This isn't perfect: it doesn't use the Python interpreter with which the
         virtualenv was built, and it ignores the --no-site-packages option. A
         warning will appear suggesting the user installs IPython in the
         virtualenv, but for many cases, it probably works well enough.
 
         Adapted from code snippets online.
 
         http://blog.ufsoft.org/2009/1/29/ipython-and-virtualenv
         """
         if 'VIRTUAL_ENV' not in os.environ:
             # Not in a virtualenv
             return
         elif os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"] == "":
             warn("Virtual env path set to '', please check if this is intended.")
             return
 
         p = Path(sys.executable)
         p_venv = Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"])
 
         # fallback venv detection:
         # stdlib venv may symlink sys.executable, so we can't use realpath.
         # but others can symlink *to* the venv Python, so we can't just use sys.executable.
         # So we just check every item in the symlink tree (generally <= 3)
         paths = self.get_path_links(p)
 
         # In Cygwin paths like "c:\..." and '\cygdrive\c\...' are possible
         if p_venv.parts[1] == "cygdrive":
             drive_name = p_venv.parts[2]
             p_venv = (drive_name + ":/") / Path(*p_venv.parts[3:])
 
         if any(p_venv == p.parents[1] for p in paths):
             # Our exe is inside or has access to the virtualenv, don't need to do anything.
             return
 
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             virtual_env = str(Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"], "Lib", "site-packages"))
         else:
             virtual_env_path = Path(
                 os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"], "lib", "python{}.{}", "site-packages"
             )
             p_ver = sys.version_info[:2]
 
             # Predict version from py[thon]-x.x in the $VIRTUAL_ENV
             re_m = re.search(r"\bpy(?:thon)?([23])\.(\d+)\b", os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"])
             if re_m:
                 predicted_path = Path(str(virtual_env_path).format(*re_m.groups()))
                 if predicted_path.exists():
                     p_ver = re_m.groups()
 
             virtual_env = str(virtual_env_path).format(*p_ver)
         if self.warn_venv:
             warn(
                 "Attempting to work in a virtualenv. If you encounter problems, "
                 "please install IPython inside the virtualenv."
             )
         import site
         sys.path.insert(0, virtual_env)
         site.addsitedir(virtual_env)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to injections into the sys module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def save_sys_module_state(self):
         """Save the state of hooks in the sys module.
 
         This has to be called after self.user_module is created.
         """
         self._orig_sys_module_state = {'stdin': sys.stdin,
                                        'stdout': sys.stdout,
                                        'stderr': sys.stderr,
                                        'excepthook': sys.excepthook}
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod = sys.modules.get(self.user_module.__name__)
 
     def restore_sys_module_state(self):
         """Restore the state of the sys module."""
         try:
             for k, v in self._orig_sys_module_state.items():
                 setattr(sys, k, v)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         # Reset what what done in self.init_sys_modules
         if self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod is not None:
             sys.modules[self._orig_sys_modules_main_name] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the banner
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @property
     def banner(self):
         banner = self.banner1
         if self.profile and self.profile != 'default':
             banner += '\nIPython profile: %s\n' % self.profile
         if self.banner2:
             banner += '\n' + self.banner2
         return banner
 
     def show_banner(self, banner=None):
         if banner is None:
             banner = self.banner
         sys.stdout.write(banner)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to hooks
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_hooks(self):
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
 
         self.strdispatchers = {}
 
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.core.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name, getattr(hooks, hook_name), 100)
 
         if self.display_page:
             self.set_hook('show_in_pager', page.as_hook(page.display_page), 90)
 
     def set_hook(self, name, hook, priority=50, str_key=None, re_key=None):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
 
         f = types.MethodType(hook,self)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
 
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
             print("Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % \
                   (name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ ))
 
         if name in IPython.core.hooks.deprecated:
             alternative = IPython.core.hooks.deprecated[name]
             raise ValueError(
                 "Hook {} has been deprecated since IPython 5.0. Use {} instead.".format(
                     name, alternative
                 )
             )
 
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
 
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to events
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_events(self):
         self.events = EventManager(self, available_events)
 
         self.events.register("pre_execute", self._clear_warning_registry)
 
     def register_post_execute(self, func):
         """DEPRECATED: Use ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func)
 
         Register a function for calling after code execution.
         """
         raise ValueError(
             "ip.register_post_execute is deprecated since IPython 1.0, use "
             "ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func) instead."
         )
 
     def _clear_warning_registry(self):
         # clear the warning registry, so that different code blocks with
         # overlapping line number ranges don't cause spurious suppression of
         # warnings (see gh-6611 for details)
         if "__warningregistry__" in self.user_global_ns:
             del self.user_global_ns["__warningregistry__"]
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the "main" module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def new_main_mod(self, filename, modname):
         """Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
 
         ``filename`` should be the path of the script which will be run in the
         module. Requests with the same filename will get the same module, with
         its namespace cleared.
 
         ``modname`` should be the module name - normally either '__main__' or
         the basename of the file without the extension.
 
         When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to their
         __main__ module around so that Python doesn't
         clear it, rendering references to module globals useless.
 
         This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
         absolute path of the script. This way, for multiple executions of the
         same script we only keep one copy of the namespace (the last one),
         thus preventing memory leaks from old references while allowing the
         objects from the last execution to be accessible.
         """
         filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
         try:
             main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename]
         except KeyError:
             main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename] = types.ModuleType(
                         modname,
                         doc="Module created for script run in IPython")
         else:
             main_mod.__dict__.clear()
             main_mod.__name__ = modname
 
         main_mod.__file__ = filename
         # It seems pydoc (and perhaps others) needs any module instance to
         # implement a __nonzero__ method
         main_mod.__nonzero__ = lambda : True
 
         return main_mod
 
     def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
         """Clear the cache of main modules.
 
         Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [15]: import IPython
 
         In [16]: m = _ip.new_main_mod(IPython.__file__, 'IPython')
 
         In [17]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) > 0
         Out[17]: True
 
         In [18]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         In [19]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) == 0
         Out[19]: True
         """
         self._main_mod_cache.clear()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to debugging
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_pdb(self):
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         # self.call_pdb is a property
         self.call_pdb = self.pdb
 
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError('new call_pdb value must be boolean')
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
             flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
             The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
             is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython's various namespaces
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     default_user_namespaces = True
 
     def init_create_namespaces(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return a properly built module and dict as needed by
         # the rest of the code, and can also be used by extension writers to
         # generate properly initialized namespaces.
         if (user_ns is not None) or (user_module is not None):
             self.default_user_namespaces = False
         self.user_module, self.user_ns = self.prepare_user_module(user_module, user_ns)
 
         # A record of hidden variables we have added to the user namespace, so
         # we can list later only variables defined in actual interactive use.
         self.user_ns_hidden = {}
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so doctest and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  Top-level references to objects from the
         # script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them.  However,
         # calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
         # the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
         # to the original objects, which are now all None.  So we must protect
         # these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
         #
         # To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
         # last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
         # only the last version of the module is held in the cache.  Note,
         # however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
         # __dict__).  Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
         # (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
         # those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
         #
         # The %reset command will flush this cache.  See the cache_main_mod()
         # and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
 
         # This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
         self._main_mod_cache = {}
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user_global':self.user_module.__dict__,
                          'user_local':self.user_ns,
                          'builtin':builtin_mod.__dict__
                          }
 
     @property
     def user_global_ns(self):
         return self.user_module.__dict__
 
     def prepare_user_module(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         """Prepare the module and namespace in which user code will be run.
 
         When IPython is started normally, both parameters are None: a new module
         is created automatically, and its __dict__ used as the namespace.
 
         If only user_module is provided, its __dict__ is used as the namespace.
         If only user_ns is provided, a dummy module is created, and user_ns
         becomes the global namespace. If both are provided (as they may be
         when embedding), user_ns is the local namespace, and user_module
         provides the global namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         user_module : module, optional
             The current user module in which IPython is being run. If None,
             a clean module will be created.
         user_ns : dict, optional
             A namespace in which to run interactive commands.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A tuple of user_module and user_ns, each properly initialised.
         """
         if user_module is None and user_ns is not None:
             user_ns.setdefault("__name__", "__main__")
             user_module = DummyMod()
             user_module.__dict__ = user_ns
 
         if user_module is None:
             user_module = types.ModuleType("__main__",
                 doc="Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment")
 
         # We must ensure that __builtin__ (without the final 's') is always
         # available and pointing to the __builtin__ *module*.  For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtin__', builtin_mod)
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtins__', builtin_mod)
 
         if user_ns is None:
             user_ns = user_module.__dict__
 
         return user_module, user_ns
 
     def init_sys_modules(self):
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         # This is overridden in the InteractiveShellEmbed subclass to a no-op.
         main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         sys.modules[main_name] = self.user_module
 
     def init_user_ns(self):
         """Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
 
         Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
         act as user namespaces.
 
         Notes
         -----
         All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
         method.  If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
         them.
         """
         # This function works in two parts: first we put a few things in
         # user_ns, and we sync that contents into user_ns_hidden so that these
         # initial variables aren't shown by %who.  After the sync, we add the
         # rest of what we *do* want the user to see with %who even on a new
         # session (probably nothing, so they really only see their own stuff)
 
         # The user dict must *always* have a __builtin__ reference to the
         # Python standard __builtin__ namespace,  which must be imported.
         # This is so that certain operations in prompt evaluation can be
         # reliably executed with builtins.  Note that we can NOT use
         # __builtins__ (note the 's'),  because that can either be a dict or a
         # module, and can even mutate at runtime, depending on the context
         # (Python makes no guarantees on it).  In contrast, __builtin__ is
         # always a module object, though it must be explicitly imported.
 
         # For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         ns = {}
 
         # make global variables for user access to the histories
         ns['_ih'] = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['_oh'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
         ns['_dh'] = self.history_manager.dir_hist
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories.  These shouldn't show up
         # in %who, as they can have very large reprs.
         ns['In']  = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['Out'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
 
         # Store myself as the public api!!!
         ns['get_ipython'] = self.get_ipython
 
         ns['exit'] = self.exiter
         ns['quit'] = self.exiter
         ns["open"] = _modified_open
 
         # Sync what we've added so far to user_ns_hidden so these aren't seen
         # by %who
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
 
         # Anything put into ns now would show up in %who.  Think twice before
         # putting anything here, as we really want %who to show the user their
         # stuff, not our variables.
 
         # Finally, update the real user's namespace
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
 
     @property
     def all_ns_refs(self):
         """Get a list of references to all the namespace dictionaries in which
         IPython might store a user-created object.
 
         Note that this does not include the displayhook, which also caches
         objects from the output."""
         return [self.user_ns, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns_hidden] + \
                [m.__dict__ for m in self._main_mod_cache.values()]
 
     def reset(self, new_session=True, aggressive=False):
         """Clear all internal namespaces, and attempt to release references to
         user objects.
 
         If new_session is True, a new history session will be opened.
         """
         # Clear histories
         assert self.history_manager is not None
         self.history_manager.reset(new_session)
         # Reset counter used to index all histories
         if new_session:
             self.execution_count = 1
 
         # Reset last execution result
         self.last_execution_succeeded = True
         self.last_execution_result = None
 
         # Flush cached output items
         if self.displayhook.do_full_cache:
             self.displayhook.flush()
 
         # The main execution namespaces must be cleared very carefully,
         # skipping the deletion of the builtin-related keys, because doing so
         # would cause errors in many object's __del__ methods.
         if self.user_ns is not self.user_global_ns:
             self.user_ns.clear()
         ns = self.user_global_ns
         drop_keys = set(ns.keys())
         drop_keys.discard('__builtin__')
         drop_keys.discard('__builtins__')
         drop_keys.discard('__name__')
         for k in drop_keys:
             del ns[k]
 
         self.user_ns_hidden.clear()
 
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         self.init_user_ns()
         if aggressive and not hasattr(self, "_sys_modules_keys"):
             print("Cannot restore sys.module, no snapshot")
         elif aggressive:
             print("culling sys module...")
             current_keys = set(sys.modules.keys())
             for k in current_keys - self._sys_modules_keys:
                 if k.startswith("multiprocessing"):
                     continue
                 del sys.modules[k]
 
         # Restore the default and user aliases
         self.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
         self.alias_manager.init_aliases()
 
         # Now define aliases that only make sense on the terminal, because they
         # need direct access to the console in a way that we can't emulate in
         # GUI or web frontend
         if os.name == 'posix':
             for cmd in ('clear', 'more', 'less', 'man'):
                 if cmd not in self.magics_manager.magics['line']:
                     self.alias_manager.soft_define_alias(cmd, cmd)
 
         # Flush the private list of module references kept for script
         # execution protection
         self.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
     def del_var(self, varname, by_name=False):
         """Delete a variable from the various namespaces, so that, as
         far as possible, we're not keeping any hidden references to it.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         varname : str
             The name of the variable to delete.
         by_name : bool
             If True, delete variables with the given name in each
             namespace. If False (default), find the variable in the user
             namespace, and delete references to it.
         """
         if varname in ('__builtin__', '__builtins__'):
             raise ValueError("Refusing to delete %s" % varname)
 
         ns_refs = self.all_ns_refs
 
         if by_name:                    # Delete by name
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 try:
                     del ns[varname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
         else:                         # Delete by object
             try:
                 obj = self.user_ns[varname]
             except KeyError as e:
                 raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % varname) from e
             # Also check in output history
             assert self.history_manager is not None
             ns_refs.append(self.history_manager.output_hist)
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 to_delete = [n for n, o in ns.items() if o is obj]
                 for name in to_delete:
                     del ns[name]
 
             # Ensure it is removed from the last execution result
             if self.last_execution_result.result is obj:
                 self.last_execution_result = None
 
             # displayhook keeps extra references, but not in a dictionary
             for name in ('_', '__', '___'):
                 if getattr(self.displayhook, name) is obj:
                     setattr(self.displayhook, name, None)
 
     def reset_selective(self, regex=None):
         """Clear selective variables from internal namespaces based on a
         specified regular expression.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         regex : string or compiled pattern, optional
             A regular expression pattern that will be used in searching
             variable names in the users namespaces.
         """
         if regex is not None:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError as e:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern') from e
             # Search for keys in each namespace that match the given regex
             # If a match is found, delete the key/value pair.
             for ns in self.all_ns_refs:
                 for var in ns:
                     if m.search(var):
                         del ns[var]
 
     def push(self, variables, interactive=True):
         """Inject a group of variables into the IPython user namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict, str or list/tuple of str
             The variables to inject into the user's namespace.  If a dict, a
             simple update is done.  If a str, the string is assumed to have
             variable names separated by spaces.  A list/tuple of str can also
             be used to give the variable names.  If just the variable names are
             give (list/tuple/str) then the variable values looked up in the
             callers frame.
         interactive : bool
             If True (default), the variables will be listed with the ``who``
             magic.
         """
         vdict = None
 
         # We need a dict of name/value pairs to do namespace updates.
         if isinstance(variables, dict):
             vdict = variables
         elif isinstance(variables, (str, list, tuple)):
             if isinstance(variables, str):
                 vlist = variables.split()
             else:
                 vlist = variables
             vdict = {}
             cf = sys._getframe(1)
             for name in vlist:
                 try:
                     vdict[name] = eval(name, cf.f_globals, cf.f_locals)
                 except:
                     print('Could not get variable %s from %s' %
                            (name,cf.f_code.co_name))
         else:
             raise ValueError('variables must be a dict/str/list/tuple')
 
         # Propagate variables to user namespace
         self.user_ns.update(vdict)
 
         # And configure interactive visibility
         user_ns_hidden = self.user_ns_hidden
         if interactive:
             for name in vdict:
                 user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
         else:
             user_ns_hidden.update(vdict)
 
     def drop_by_id(self, variables):
         """Remove a dict of variables from the user namespace, if they are the
         same as the values in the dictionary.
 
         This is intended for use by extensions: variables that they've added can
         be taken back out if they are unloaded, without removing any that the
         user has overwritten.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict
             A dictionary mapping object names (as strings) to the objects.
         """
         for name, obj in variables.items():
             if name in self.user_ns and self.user_ns[name] is obj:
                 del self.user_ns[name]
                 self.user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to object introspection
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     @staticmethod
     def _find_parts(oname: str) -> Tuple[bool, ListType[str]]:
         """
         Given an object name, return a list of parts of this object name.
 
         Basically split on docs when using attribute access,
         and extract the value when using square bracket.
 
 
         For example foo.bar[3].baz[x] -> foo, bar, 3, baz, x
 
 
         Returns
         -------
         parts_ok: bool
             wether we were properly able to parse parts.
         parts: list of str
             extracted parts
 
 
 
         """
         raw_parts = oname.split(".")
         parts = []
         parts_ok = True
         for p in raw_parts:
             if p.endswith("]"):
                 var, *indices = p.split("[")
                 if not var.isidentifier():
                     parts_ok = False
                     break
                 parts.append(var)
                 for ind in indices:
                     if ind[-1] != "]" and not is_integer_string(ind[:-1]):
                         parts_ok = False
                         break
                     parts.append(ind[:-1])
                 continue
 
             if not p.isidentifier():
                 parts_ok = False
             parts.append(p)
 
         return parts_ok, parts
 
     def _ofind(
         self, oname: str, namespaces: Optional[Sequence[Tuple[str, AnyType]]] = None
     ) -> OInfo:
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
 
         Returns
         -------
         OInfo with fields:
           - ismagic
           - isalias
           - found
           - obj
           - namespac
           - parent
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         oname = oname.strip()
         parts_ok, parts = self._find_parts(oname)
 
         if (
             not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC)
             and not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2)
             and not parts_ok
         ):
             return OInfo(
                 ismagic=False,
                 isalias=False,
                 found=False,
                 obj=None,
                 namespace=None,
                 parent=None,
             )
 
         if namespaces is None:
             # Namespaces to search in:
             # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
             # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
             namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.user_ns),
                            ('Interactive (global)', self.user_global_ns),
                            ('Python builtin', builtin_mod.__dict__),
                            ]
 
         ismagic = False
         isalias = False
         found = False
         ospace = None
         parent = None
         obj = None
 
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
         oname_parts = parts
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 for idx, part in enumerate(oname_rest):
                     try:
                         parent = obj
                         # The last part is looked up in a special way to avoid
                         # descriptor invocation as it may raise or have side
                         # effects.
                         if idx == len(oname_rest) - 1:
                             obj = self._getattr_property(obj, part)
                         else:
                             if is_integer_string(part):
                                 obj = obj[int(part)]
                             else:
                                 obj = getattr(obj, part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = True
                     ospace = nsname
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             obj = None
             if oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2):
                 oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC2)
                 obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
             elif oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC)
                 obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
             else:
                 # search without prefix, so run? will find %run?
                 obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
                 if obj is None:
                     obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = True
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = True
                 isalias = isinstance(obj, Alias)
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = True
             ospace = 'Interactive'
 
         return OInfo(
             obj=obj,
             found=found,
             parent=parent,
             ismagic=ismagic,
             isalias=isalias,
             namespace=ospace,
         )
 
     @staticmethod
     def _getattr_property(obj, attrname):
         """Property-aware getattr to use in object finding.
 
         If attrname represents a property, return it unevaluated (in case it has
         side effects or raises an error.
 
         """
         if not isinstance(obj, type):
             try:
                 # `getattr(type(obj), attrname)` is not guaranteed to return
                 # `obj`, but does so for property:
                 #
                 # property.__get__(self, None, cls) -> self
                 #
                 # The universal alternative is to traverse the mro manually
                 # searching for attrname in class dicts.
                 if is_integer_string(attrname):
                     return obj[int(attrname)]
                 else:
                     attr = getattr(type(obj), attrname)
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             else:
                 # This relies on the fact that data descriptors (with both
                 # __get__ & __set__ magic methods) take precedence over
                 # instance-level attributes:
                 #
                 #    class A(object):
                 #        @property
                 #        def foobar(self): return 123
                 #    a = A()
                 #    a.__dict__['foobar'] = 345
                 #    a.foobar  # == 123
                 #
                 # So, a property may be returned right away.
                 if isinstance(attr, property):
                     return attr
 
         # Nothing helped, fall back.
         return getattr(obj, attrname)
 
     def _object_find(self, oname, namespaces=None) -> OInfo:
         """Find an object and return a struct with info about it."""
         return self._ofind(oname, namespaces)
 
     def _inspect(self, meth, oname: str, namespaces=None, **kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends.
         """
         info: OInfo = self._object_find(oname, namespaces)
         if self.sphinxify_docstring:
             if sphinxify is None:
                 raise ImportError("Module ``docrepr`` required but missing")
             docformat = sphinxify(self.object_inspect(oname))
         else:
             docformat = None
         if info.found or hasattr(info.parent, oinspect.HOOK_NAME):
             pmethod = getattr(self.inspector, meth)
             # TODO: only apply format_screen to the plain/text repr of the mime
             # bundle.
             formatter = format_screen if info.ismagic else docformat
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(
                     info.obj,
                     oname,
                     formatter,
                     info,
                     enable_html_pager=self.enable_html_pager,
                     **kw,
                 )
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname)
         else:
             print('Object `%s` not found.' % oname)
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
 
     def object_inspect(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info about oname"""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 return self.inspector.info(info.obj, oname, info=info,
                             detail_level=detail_level
                 )
             else:
                 return oinspect.object_info(name=oname, found=False)
 
     def object_inspect_text(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info as formatted text"""
         return self.object_inspect_mime(oname, detail_level)['text/plain']
 
     def object_inspect_mime(self, oname, detail_level=0, omit_sections=()):
         """Get object info as a mimebundle of formatted representations.
 
         A mimebundle is a dictionary, keyed by mime-type.
         It must always have the key `'text/plain'`.
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 docformat = (
                     sphinxify(self.object_inspect(oname))
                     if self.sphinxify_docstring
                     else None
                 )
                 return self.inspector._get_info(
                     info.obj,
                     oname,
                     info=info,
                     detail_level=detail_level,
                     formatter=docformat,
                     omit_sections=omit_sections,
                 )
             else:
                 raise KeyError(oname)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to history management
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_history(self):
         """Sets up the command history, and starts regular autosaves."""
         self.history_manager = HistoryManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.history_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to exception handling and tracebacks (not debugging)
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     debugger_cls = InterruptiblePdb
 
     def init_traceback_handlers(self, custom_exceptions):
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultratb.SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor', parent=self)
 
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose','Minimal']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1,
                                    debugger_cls=self.debugger_cls, parent=self)
 
         # The instance will store a pointer to the system-wide exception hook,
         # so that runtime code (such as magics) can access it.  This is because
         # during the read-eval loop, it may get temporarily overwritten.
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Set the exception mode
         self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=self.xmode)
 
     def set_custom_exc(self, exc_tuple, handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple, handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         run_code() method).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         exc_tuple : tuple of exception classes
             A *tuple* of exception classes, for which to call the defined
             handler.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
             LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
             you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple::
 
                 exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
         handler : callable
             handler must have the following signature::
 
                 def my_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
                     ...
                     return structured_traceback
 
             Your handler must return a structured traceback (a list of strings),
             or None.
 
             This will be made into an instance method (via types.MethodType)
             of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
             listed in the exc_tuple are caught. If the handler is None, an
             internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
             To protect IPython from crashes, if your handler ever raises an
             exception or returns an invalid result, it will be immediately
             disabled.
 
         Notes
         -----
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing.
         """
 
         if not isinstance(exc_tuple, tuple):
             raise TypeError("The custom exceptions must be given as a tuple.")
 
         def dummy_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             print('*** Simple custom exception handler ***')
             print('Exception type :', etype)
             print('Exception value:', value)
             print('Traceback      :', tb)
 
         def validate_stb(stb):
             """validate structured traceback return type
 
             return type of CustomTB *should* be a list of strings, but allow
             single strings or None, which are harmless.
 
             This function will *always* return a list of strings,
             and will raise a TypeError if stb is inappropriate.
             """
             msg = "CustomTB must return list of strings, not %r" % stb
             if stb is None:
                 return []
             elif isinstance(stb, str):
                 return [stb]
             elif not isinstance(stb, list):
                 raise TypeError(msg)
             # it's a list
             for line in stb:
                 # check every element
                 if not isinstance(line, str):
                     raise TypeError(msg)
             return stb
 
         if handler is None:
             wrapped = dummy_handler
         else:
             def wrapped(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=None):
                 """wrap CustomTB handler, to protect IPython from user code
 
                 This makes it harder (but not impossible) for custom exception
                 handlers to crash IPython.
                 """
                 try:
                     stb = handler(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=tb_offset)
                     return validate_stb(stb)
                 except:
                     # clear custom handler immediately
                     self.set_custom_exc((), None)
                     print("Custom TB Handler failed, unregistering", file=sys.stderr)
                     # show the exception in handler first
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(*sys.exc_info())
                     print(self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb))
                     print("The original exception:")
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
                                             (etype,value,tb), tb_offset=tb_offset
                     )
                 return stb
 
         self.CustomTB = types.MethodType(wrapped,self)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
         """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
         GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
         sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
         enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
         otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
         which expects to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
         except: statement.
 
         Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
         any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
         IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
         CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
         regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
         call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
         IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
         crashes.
 
         This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
         to be true IPython errors.
         """
         self.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=0)
 
     def _get_exc_info(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """get exc_info from a given tuple, sys.exc_info() or sys.last_type etc.
 
         Ensures sys.last_type,value,traceback hold the exc_info we found,
         from whichever source.
 
         raises ValueError if none of these contain any information
         """
         if exc_tuple is None:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         else:
             etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
 
         if etype is None:
             if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
                 etype, value, tb = sys.last_type, sys.last_value, \
                                    sys.last_traceback
 
         if etype is None:
             raise ValueError("No exception to find")
 
         # Now store the exception info in sys.last_type etc.
         # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
         # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
         # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
         # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = tb
 
         return etype, value, tb
 
     def show_usage_error(self, exc):
         """Show a short message for UsageErrors
 
         These are special exceptions that shouldn't show a traceback.
         """
         print("UsageError: %s" % exc, file=sys.stderr)
 
     def get_exception_only(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """
         Return as a string (ending with a newline) the exception that
         just occurred, without any traceback.
         """
         etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
         msg = traceback.format_exception_only(etype, value)
         return ''.join(msg)
 
     def showtraceback(self, exc_tuple=None, filename=None, tb_offset=None,
                       exception_only=False, running_compiled_code=False):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
 
         try:
             try:
                 etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
             except ValueError:
                 print('No traceback available to show.', file=sys.stderr)
                 return
 
             if issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
                 # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input
                 # line, there may be SyntaxError cases with imported code.
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename, running_compiled_code)
             elif etype is UsageError:
                 self.show_usage_error(value)
             else:
                 if exception_only:
                     stb = ['An exception has occurred, use %tb to see '
                            'the full traceback.\n']
                     stb.extend(self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype,
                                                                      value))
                 else:
 
                     def contains_exceptiongroup(val):
                         if val is None:
                             return False
                         return isinstance(
                             val, BaseExceptionGroup
                         ) or contains_exceptiongroup(val.__context__)
 
                     if contains_exceptiongroup(value):
                         # fall back to native exception formatting until ultratb
                         # supports exception groups
                         traceback.print_exc()
                     else:
                         try:
                             # Exception classes can customise their traceback - we
                             # use this in IPython.parallel for exceptions occurring
                             # in the engines. This should return a list of strings.
                             if hasattr(value, "_render_traceback_"):
                                 stb = value._render_traceback_()
                             else:
                                 stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
                                     etype, value, tb, tb_offset=tb_offset
                                 )
 
                         except Exception:
                             print(
                                 "Unexpected exception formatting exception. Falling back to standard exception"
                             )
                             traceback.print_exc()
                             return None
 
                         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
                     if self.call_pdb:
                         # drop into debugger
                         self.debugger(force=True)
                     return
 
                 # Actually show the traceback
                 self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
 
     def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb: str):
         """Actually show a traceback.
 
         Subclasses may override this method to put the traceback on a different
         place, like a side channel.
         """
         val = self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb)
         try:
             print(val)
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print(val.encode("utf-8", "backslashreplace").decode())
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None, running_compiled_code=False):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
 
         If the syntax error occurred when running a compiled code (i.e. running_compile_code=True),
         longer stack trace will be displayed.
         """
         etype, value, last_traceback = self._get_exc_info()
 
         if filename and issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
             try:
                 value.filename = filename
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
 
         # If the error occurred when executing compiled code, we should provide full stacktrace.
         elist = traceback.extract_tb(last_traceback) if running_compiled_code else []
         stb = self.SyntaxTB.structured_traceback(etype, value, elist)
         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
     # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
     # the %paste magic.
     def showindentationerror(self):
         """Called by _run_cell when there's an IndentationError in code entered
         at the prompt.
 
         This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
         the %paste magic."""
         self.showsyntaxerror()
 
     @skip_doctest
     def set_next_input(self, s, replace=False):
         """ Sets the 'default' input string for the next command line.
 
         Example::
 
             In [1]: _ip.set_next_input("Hello Word")
             In [2]: Hello Word_  # cursor is here
         """
         self.rl_next_input = s
 
     def _indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.input_splitter.get_indent_spaces() * ' '
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to text completion
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_completer(self):
         """Initialize the completion machinery.
 
         This creates completion machinery that can be used by client code,
         either interactively in-process (typically triggered by the readline
         library), programmatically (such as in test suites) or out-of-process
         (typically over the network by remote frontends).
         """
         from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
         from IPython.core.completerlib import (
             cd_completer,
             magic_run_completer,
             module_completer,
             reset_completer,
         )
 
         self.Completer = IPCompleter(shell=self,
                                      namespace=self.user_ns,
                                      global_namespace=self.user_global_ns,
                                      parent=self,
                                      )
         self.configurables.append(self.Completer)
 
         # Add custom completers to the basic ones built into IPCompleter
         sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
         self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
         self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
 
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'import')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'from')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = '%aimport')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', magic_run_completer, str_key = '%run')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', cd_completer, str_key = '%cd')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', reset_completer, str_key = '%reset')
 
     @skip_doctest
     def complete(self, text, line=None, cursor_pos=None):
         """Return the completed text and a list of completions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         text : string
             A string of text to be completed on.  It can be given as empty and
             instead a line/position pair are given.  In this case, the
             completer itself will split the line like readline does.
         line : string, optional
             The complete line that text is part of.
         cursor_pos : int, optional
             The position of the cursor on the input line.
 
         Returns
         -------
         text : string
             The actual text that was completed.
         matches : list
             A sorted list with all possible completions.
 
         Notes
         -----
         The optional arguments allow the completion to take more context into
         account, and are part of the low-level completion API.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: _ip.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ('x.l', ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip'])
         """
 
         # Inject names into __builtin__ so we can complete on the added names.
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return self.Completer.complete(text, line, cursor_pos)
 
     def set_custom_completer(self, completer, pos=0) -> None:
         """Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted.
 
         `completer` should have the following signature::
 
             def completion(self: Completer, text: string) -> List[str]:
                 raise NotImplementedError
 
         It will be bound to the current Completer instance and pass some text
         and return a list with current completions to suggest to the user.
         """
 
         newcomp = types.MethodType(completer, self.Completer)
         self.Completer.custom_matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         """Set the frame of the completer."""
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to magics
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_magics(self):
         from IPython.core import magics as m
         self.magics_manager = magic.MagicsManager(shell=self,
                                    parent=self,
                                    user_magics=m.UserMagics(self))
         self.configurables.append(self.magics_manager)
 
         # Expose as public API from the magics manager
         self.register_magics = self.magics_manager.register
 
         self.register_magics(m.AutoMagics, m.BasicMagics, m.CodeMagics,
             m.ConfigMagics, m.DisplayMagics, m.ExecutionMagics,
             m.ExtensionMagics, m.HistoryMagics, m.LoggingMagics,
             m.NamespaceMagics, m.OSMagics, m.PackagingMagics,
             m.PylabMagics, m.ScriptMagics,
         )
         self.register_magics(m.AsyncMagics)
 
         # Register Magic Aliases
         mman = self.magics_manager
         # FIXME: magic aliases should be defined by the Magics classes
         # or in MagicsManager, not here
         mman.register_alias('ed', 'edit')
         mman.register_alias('hist', 'history')
         mman.register_alias('rep', 'recall')
         mman.register_alias('SVG', 'svg', 'cell')
         mman.register_alias('HTML', 'html', 'cell')
         mman.register_alias('file', 'writefile', 'cell')
 
         # FIXME: Move the color initialization to the DisplayHook, which
         # should be split into a prompt manager and displayhook. We probably
         # even need a centralize colors management object.
         self.run_line_magic('colors', self.colors)
 
     # Defined here so that it's included in the documentation
     @functools.wraps(magic.MagicsManager.register_function)
     def register_magic_function(self, func, magic_kind='line', magic_name=None):
         self.magics_manager.register_function(
             func, magic_kind=magic_kind, magic_name=magic_name
         )
 
     def _find_with_lazy_load(self, /, type_, magic_name: str):
         """
         Try to find a magic potentially lazy-loading it.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         type_: "line"|"cell"
             the type of magics we are trying to find/lazy load.
         magic_name: str
             The name of the magic we are trying to find/lazy load
 
 
         Note that this may have any side effects
         """
         finder = {"line": self.find_line_magic, "cell": self.find_cell_magic}[type_]
         fn = finder(magic_name)
         if fn is not None:
             return fn
         lazy = self.magics_manager.lazy_magics.get(magic_name)
         if lazy is None:
             return None
 
         self.run_line_magic("load_ext", lazy)
         res = finder(magic_name)
         return res
 
     def run_line_magic(self, magic_name: str, line: str, _stack_depth=1):
         """Execute the given line magic.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic_name : str
             Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
         line : str
             The rest of the input line as a single string.
         _stack_depth : int
             If run_line_magic() is called from magic() then _stack_depth=2.
             This is added to ensure backward compatibility for use of 'get_ipython().magic()'
         """
         fn = self._find_with_lazy_load("line", magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             lazy = self.magics_manager.lazy_magics.get(magic_name)
             if lazy:
                 self.run_line_magic("load_ext", lazy)
                 fn = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             cm = self.find_cell_magic(magic_name)
             etpl = "Line magic function `%%%s` not found%s."
             extra = '' if cm is None else (' (But cell magic `%%%%%s` exists, '
                                     'did you mean that instead?)' % magic_name )
             raise UsageError(etpl % (magic_name, extra))
         else:
             # Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
             # This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
             # refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
 
             # Determine stack_depth depending on where run_line_magic() has been called
             stack_depth = _stack_depth
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
                 # magic has opted out of var_expand
                 magic_arg_s = line
             else:
                 magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
             # Put magic args in a list so we can call with f(*a) syntax
             args = [magic_arg_s]
             kwargs = {}
             # Grab local namespace if we need it:
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 kwargs['local_ns'] = self.get_local_scope(stack_depth)
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
 
             # The code below prevents the output from being displayed
             # when using magics with decorator @output_can_be_silenced
             # when the last Python token in the expression is a ';'.
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_OUTPUT_CAN_BE_SILENCED, False):
                 if DisplayHook.semicolon_at_end_of_expression(magic_arg_s):
                     return None
 
             return result
 
     def get_local_scope(self, stack_depth):
         """Get local scope at given stack depth.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         stack_depth : int
             Depth relative to calling frame
         """
         return sys._getframe(stack_depth + 1).f_locals
 
     def run_cell_magic(self, magic_name, line, cell):
         """Execute the given cell magic.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic_name : str
             Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
         line : str
             The rest of the first input line as a single string.
         cell : str
             The body of the cell as a (possibly multiline) string.
         """
         fn = self._find_with_lazy_load("cell", magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             lm = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
             etpl = "Cell magic `%%{0}` not found{1}."
             extra = '' if lm is None else (' (But line magic `%{0}` exists, '
                             'did you mean that instead?)'.format(magic_name))
             raise UsageError(etpl.format(magic_name, extra))
         elif cell == '':
             message = '%%{0} is a cell magic, but the cell body is empty.'.format(magic_name)
             if self.find_line_magic(magic_name) is not None:
                 message += ' Did you mean the line magic %{0} (single %)?'.format(magic_name)
             raise UsageError(message)
         else:
             # Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
             # This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
             # refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
             stack_depth = 2
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
                 # magic has opted out of var_expand
                 magic_arg_s = line
             else:
                 magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
             kwargs = {}
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 kwargs['local_ns'] = self.user_ns
 
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 args = (magic_arg_s, cell)
                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
 
             # The code below prevents the output from being displayed
             # when using magics with decorator @output_can_be_silenced
             # when the last Python token in the expression is a ';'.
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_OUTPUT_CAN_BE_SILENCED, False):
                 if DisplayHook.semicolon_at_end_of_expression(cell):
                     return None
 
             return result
 
     def find_line_magic(self, magic_name):
         """Find and return a line magic by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics['line'].get(magic_name)
 
     def find_cell_magic(self, magic_name):
         """Find and return a cell magic by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics['cell'].get(magic_name)
 
     def find_magic(self, magic_name, magic_kind='line'):
         """Find and return a magic of the given type by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics[magic_kind].get(magic_name)
 
     def magic(self, arg_s):
         """
         DEPRECATED
 
         Deprecated since IPython 0.13 (warning added in
         8.1), use run_line_magic(magic_name, parameter_s).
 
         Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and
         any additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         magic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use magic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.
         """
         warnings.warn(
             "`magic(...)` is deprecated since IPython 0.13 (warning added in "
             "8.1), use run_line_magic(magic_name, parameter_s).",
             DeprecationWarning,
             stacklevel=2,
         )
         # TODO: should we issue a loud deprecation warning here?
         magic_name, _, magic_arg_s = arg_s.partition(' ')
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(prefilter.ESC_MAGIC)
         return self.run_line_magic(magic_name, magic_arg_s, _stack_depth=2)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to macros
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def define_macro(self, name, themacro):
         """Define a new macro
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str
             The name of the macro.
         themacro : str or Macro
             The action to do upon invoking the macro.  If a string, a new
             Macro object is created by passing the string to it.
         """
 
         from IPython.core import macro
 
         if isinstance(themacro, str):
             themacro = macro.Macro(themacro)
         if not isinstance(themacro, macro.Macro):
             raise ValueError('A macro must be a string or a Macro instance.')
         self.user_ns[name] = themacro
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of system commands
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def system_piped(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess, piping stdout/err
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
             Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
             not supported.  Should not be a command that expects input
             other than simple text.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             # We do not support backgrounding processes because we either use
             # pexpect or pipes to read from.  Users can always just call
             # os.system() or use ip.system=ip.system_raw
             # if they really want a background process.
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
 
         # we explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = system(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1))
 
     def system_raw(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess using os.system on Windows or
         subprocess.call using the system shell on other platforms.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
             Command to execute.
         """
         cmd = self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1)
         # warn if there is an IPython magic alternative.
         if cmd == "":
             main_cmd = ""
         else:
             main_cmd = cmd.split()[0]
         has_magic_alternatives = ("pip", "conda", "cd")
 
         if main_cmd in has_magic_alternatives:
             warnings.warn(
                 (
                     "You executed the system command !{0} which may not work "
                     "as expected. Try the IPython magic %{0} instead."
                 ).format(main_cmd)
             )
 
         # protect os.system from UNC paths on Windows, which it can't handle:
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             from IPython.utils._process_win32 import AvoidUNCPath
             with AvoidUNCPath() as path:
                 if path is not None:
                     cmd = '"pushd %s &&"%s' % (path, cmd)
                 try:
                     ec = os.system(cmd)
                 except KeyboardInterrupt:
                     print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
                     ec = -2
         else:
             # For posix the result of the subprocess.call() below is an exit
             # code, which by convention is zero for success, positive for
             # program failure.  Exit codes above 128 are reserved for signals,
             # and the formula for converting a signal to an exit code is usually
             # signal_number+128.  To more easily differentiate between exit
             # codes and signals, ipython uses negative numbers.  For instance
             # since control-c is signal 2 but exit code 130, ipython's
             # _exit_code variable will read -2.  Note that some shells like
             # csh and fish don't follow sh/bash conventions for exit codes.
             executable = os.environ.get('SHELL', None)
             try:
                 # Use env shell instead of default /bin/sh
                 ec = subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True, executable=executable)
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 # intercept control-C; a long traceback is not useful here
                 print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
                 ec = 130
             if ec > 128:
                 ec = -(ec - 128)
 
         # We explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.  Note the semantics
         # of _exit_code: for control-c, _exit_code == -signal.SIGNIT,
         # but raising SystemExit(_exit_code) will give status 254!
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = ec
 
     # use piped system by default, because it is better behaved
     system = system_piped
 
     def getoutput(self, cmd, split=True, depth=0):
         """Get output (possibly including stderr) from a subprocess.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
             Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
             not supported.
         split : bool, optional
             If True, split the output into an IPython SList.  Otherwise, an
             IPython LSString is returned.  These are objects similar to normal
             lists and strings, with a few convenience attributes for easier
             manipulation of line-based output.  You can use '?' on them for
             details.
         depth : int, optional
             How many frames above the caller are the local variables which should
             be expanded in the command string? The default (0) assumes that the
             expansion variables are in the stack frame calling this function.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
         out = getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=depth+1))
         if split:
             out = SList(out.splitlines())
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to aliases
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_alias(self):
         self.alias_manager = AliasManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.alias_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extensions
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_extension_manager(self):
         self.extension_manager = ExtensionManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.extension_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to payloads
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_payload(self):
         self.payload_manager = PayloadManager(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.payload_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the prefilter
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_prefilter(self):
         self.prefilter_manager = PrefilterManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.prefilter_manager)
         # Ultimately this will be refactored in the new interpreter code, but
         # for now, we should expose the main prefilter method (there's legacy
         # code out there that may rely on this).
         self.prefilter = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines
 
     def auto_rewrite_input(self, cmd):
         """Print to the screen the rewritten form of the user's command.
 
         This shows visual feedback by rewriting input lines that cause
         automatic calling to kick in, like::
 
           /f x
 
         into::
 
           ------> f(x)
 
         after the user's input prompt.  This helps the user understand that the
         input line was transformed automatically by IPython.
         """
         if not self.show_rewritten_input:
             return
 
         # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to use fancy prompts
         print("------> " + cmd)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extracting values/expressions from kernel and user_ns
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _user_obj_error(self):
         """return simple exception dict
 
         for use in user_expressions
         """
 
         etype, evalue, tb = self._get_exc_info()
         stb = self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype, evalue)
 
         exc_info = {
             "status": "error",
             "traceback": stb,
             "ename": etype.__name__,
             "evalue": py3compat.safe_unicode(evalue),
         }
 
         return exc_info
 
     def _format_user_obj(self, obj):
         """format a user object to display dict
 
         for use in user_expressions
         """
 
         data, md = self.display_formatter.format(obj)
         value = {
             'status' : 'ok',
             'data' : data,
             'metadata' : md,
         }
         return value
 
     def user_expressions(self, expressions):
         """Evaluate a dict of expressions in the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         expressions : dict
             A dict with string keys and string values.  The expression values
             should be valid Python expressions, each of which will be evaluated
             in the user namespace.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed like the input expressions dict, with the rich mime-typed
         display_data of each value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         global_ns = self.user_global_ns
 
         for key, expr in expressions.items():
             try:
                 value = self._format_user_obj(eval(expr, global_ns, user_ns))
             except:
                 value = self._user_obj_error()
             out[key] = value
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of code
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def ex(self, cmd):
         """Execute a normal python statement in user namespace."""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             exec(cmd, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def ev(self, expr):
         """Evaluate python expression expr in user namespace.
 
         Returns the result of evaluation
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return eval(expr, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def safe_execfile(self, fname, *where, exit_ignore=False, raise_exceptions=False, shell_futures=False):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.  This only works on pure
         Python files with the .py extension.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : string
             The name of the file to be executed.
         *where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
         exit_ignore : bool (False)
             If True, then silence SystemExit for non-zero status (it is always
             silenced for zero status, as it is so common).
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere. Meant for testing.
         shell_futures : bool (False)
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         """
         fname = Path(fname).expanduser().resolve()
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with fname.open("rb"):
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = str(fname.parent)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname), self.builtin_trap:
             try:
                 glob, loc = (where + (None, ))[:2]
                 py3compat.execfile(
                     fname, glob, loc,
                     self.compile if shell_futures else None)
             except SystemExit as status:
                 # If the call was made with 0 or None exit status (sys.exit(0)
                 # or sys.exit() ), don't bother showing a traceback, as both of
                 # these are considered normal by the OS:
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit(0)'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit()'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # For other exit status, we show the exception unless
                 # explicitly silenced, but only in short form.
                 if status.code:
                     if raise_exceptions:
                         raise
                     if not exit_ignore:
                         self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             except:
                 if raise_exceptions:
                     raise
                 # tb offset is 2 because we wrap execfile
                 self.showtraceback(tb_offset=2)
 
     def safe_execfile_ipy(self, fname, shell_futures=False, raise_exceptions=False):
         """Like safe_execfile, but for .ipy or .ipynb files with IPython syntax.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : str
             The name of the file to execute.  The filename must have a
             .ipy or .ipynb extension.
         shell_futures : bool (False)
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere.  Meant for testing.
         """
         fname = Path(fname).expanduser().resolve()
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with fname.open("rb"):
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = str(fname.parent)
 
         def get_cells():
             """generator for sequence of code blocks to run"""
             if fname.suffix == ".ipynb":
                 from nbformat import read
                 nb = read(fname, as_version=4)
                 if not nb.cells:
                     return
                 for cell in nb.cells:
                     if cell.cell_type == 'code':
                         yield cell.source
             else:
                 yield fname.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 for cell in get_cells():
                     result = self.run_cell(cell, silent=True, shell_futures=shell_futures)
                     if raise_exceptions:
                         result.raise_error()
                     elif not result.success:
                         break
             except:
                 if raise_exceptions:
                     raise
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Unknown failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
     def safe_run_module(self, mod_name, where):
         """A safe version of runpy.run_module().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.
 
         `SystemExit` exceptions with status code 0 or None are ignored.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         mod_name : string
             The name of the module to be executed.
         where : dict
             The globals namespace.
         """
         try:
             try:
                 where.update(
                     runpy.run_module(str(mod_name), run_name="__main__",
                                      alter_sys=True)
                             )
             except SystemExit as status:
                 if status.code:
                     raise
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
             warn('Unknown failure executing module: <%s>' % mod_name)
 
     def run_cell(
         self,
         raw_cell,
         store_history=False,
         silent=False,
         shell_futures=True,
         cell_id=None,
     ):
         """Run a complete IPython cell.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
             The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
             If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
             history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
             should be set to False.
         silent : bool
             If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
             and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         shell_futures : bool
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         Returns
         -------
         result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
         """
         result = None
         try:
             result = self._run_cell(
                 raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id
             )
         finally:
             self.events.trigger('post_execute')
             if not silent:
                 self.events.trigger('post_run_cell', result)
         return result
 
     def _run_cell(
         self,
         raw_cell: str,
         store_history: bool,
         silent: bool,
         shell_futures: bool,
         cell_id: str,
     ) -> ExecutionResult:
         """Internal method to run a complete IPython cell."""
 
         # we need to avoid calling self.transform_cell multiple time on the same thing
         # so we need to store some results:
         preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
         try:
             transformed_cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
         except Exception:
             transformed_cell = raw_cell
             preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
 
         assert transformed_cell is not None
         coro = self.run_cell_async(
             raw_cell,
             store_history=store_history,
             silent=silent,
             shell_futures=shell_futures,
             transformed_cell=transformed_cell,
             preprocessing_exc_tuple=preprocessing_exc_tuple,
             cell_id=cell_id,
         )
 
         # run_cell_async is async, but may not actually need an eventloop.
         # when this is the case, we want to run it using the pseudo_sync_runner
         # so that code can invoke eventloops (for example via the %run , and
         # `%paste` magic.
         if self.trio_runner:
             runner = self.trio_runner
         elif self.should_run_async(
             raw_cell,
             transformed_cell=transformed_cell,
             preprocessing_exc_tuple=preprocessing_exc_tuple,
         ):
             runner = self.loop_runner
         else:
             runner = _pseudo_sync_runner
 
         try:
             result = runner(coro)
         except BaseException as e:
             info = ExecutionInfo(
                 raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id
             )
             result = ExecutionResult(info)
             result.error_in_exec = e
             self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
         finally:
             return result
 
     def should_run_async(
         self, raw_cell: str, *, transformed_cell=None, preprocessing_exc_tuple=None
     ) -> bool:
         """Return whether a cell should be run asynchronously via a coroutine runner
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
             The code to be executed
 
         Returns
         -------
         result: bool
             Whether the code needs to be run with a coroutine runner or not
         .. versionadded:: 7.0
         """
         if not self.autoawait:
             return False
         if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
             return False
         assert preprocessing_exc_tuple is None
         if transformed_cell is None:
             warnings.warn(
                 "`should_run_async` will not call `transform_cell`"
                 " automatically in the future. Please pass the result to"
                 " `transformed_cell` argument and any exception that happen"
                 " during the"
                 "transform in `preprocessing_exc_tuple` in"
                 " IPython 7.17 and above.",
                 DeprecationWarning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
             try:
                 cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
             except Exception:
                 # any exception during transform will be raised
                 # prior to execution
                 return False
         else:
             cell = transformed_cell
         return _should_be_async(cell)
 
     async def run_cell_async(
         self,
         raw_cell: str,
         store_history=False,
         silent=False,
         shell_futures=True,
         *,
         transformed_cell: Optional[str] = None,
         preprocessing_exc_tuple: Optional[AnyType] = None,
         cell_id=None,
     ) -> ExecutionResult:
         """Run a complete IPython cell asynchronously.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
           The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
           If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
           history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
           should be set to False.
         silent : bool
           If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
           and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         shell_futures : bool
           If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
           shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
           any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
           __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
         transformed_cell: str
           cell that was passed through transformers
         preprocessing_exc_tuple:
           trace if the transformation failed.
 
         Returns
         -------
         result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
 
         .. versionadded:: 7.0
         """
         info = ExecutionInfo(raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id)
         result = ExecutionResult(info)
 
         if (not raw_cell) or raw_cell.isspace():
             self.last_execution_succeeded = True
             self.last_execution_result = result
             return result
 
         if silent:
             store_history = False
 
         if store_history:
             result.execution_count = self.execution_count
 
         def error_before_exec(value):
             if store_history:
                 self.execution_count += 1
             result.error_before_exec = value
             self.last_execution_succeeded = False
             self.last_execution_result = result
             return result
 
         self.events.trigger('pre_execute')
         if not silent:
             self.events.trigger('pre_run_cell', info)
 
         if transformed_cell is None:
             warnings.warn(
                 "`run_cell_async` will not call `transform_cell`"
                 " automatically in the future. Please pass the result to"
                 " `transformed_cell` argument and any exception that happen"
                 " during the"
                 "transform in `preprocessing_exc_tuple` in"
                 " IPython 7.17 and above.",
                 DeprecationWarning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
             # If any of our input transformation (input_transformer_manager or
             # prefilter_manager) raises an exception, we store it in this variable
             # so that we can display the error after logging the input and storing
             # it in the history.
             try:
                 cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
             except Exception:
                 preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
                 cell = raw_cell  # cell has to exist so it can be stored/logged
             else:
                 preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
         else:
             if preprocessing_exc_tuple is None:
                 cell = transformed_cell
             else:
                 cell = raw_cell
 
         # Do NOT store paste/cpaste magic history
         if "get_ipython().run_line_magic(" in cell and "paste" in cell:
             store_history = False
 
         # Store raw and processed history
         if store_history:
             assert self.history_manager is not None
             self.history_manager.store_inputs(self.execution_count, cell, raw_cell)
         if not silent:
             self.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
 
         # Display the exception if input processing failed.
         if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
             self.showtraceback(preprocessing_exc_tuple)
             if store_history:
                 self.execution_count += 1
             return error_before_exec(preprocessing_exc_tuple[1])
 
         # Our own compiler remembers the __future__ environment. If we want to
         # run code with a separate __future__ environment, use the default
         # compiler
         compiler = self.compile if shell_futures else self.compiler_class()
 
         with self.builtin_trap:
             cell_name = compiler.cache(cell, self.execution_count, raw_code=raw_cell)
 
             with self.display_trap:
                 # Compile to bytecode
                 try:
                     code_ast = compiler.ast_parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
                 except self.custom_exceptions as e:
                     etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                     self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
                     return error_before_exec(e)
                 except IndentationError as e:
                     self.showindentationerror()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
                 except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError,
                         MemoryError) as e:
                     self.showsyntaxerror()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
 
                 # Apply AST transformations
                 try:
                     code_ast = self.transform_ast(code_ast)
                 except InputRejected as e:
                     self.showtraceback()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
 
                 # Give the displayhook a reference to our ExecutionResult so it
                 # can fill in the output value.
                 self.displayhook.exec_result = result
 
                 # Execute the user code
                 interactivity = "none" if silent else self.ast_node_interactivity
 
 
                 has_raised = await self.run_ast_nodes(code_ast.body, cell_name,
                        interactivity=interactivity, compiler=compiler, result=result)
 
                 self.last_execution_succeeded = not has_raised
                 self.last_execution_result = result
 
                 # Reset this so later displayed values do not modify the
                 # ExecutionResult
                 self.displayhook.exec_result = None
 
         if store_history:
+            assert self.history_manager is not None
             # Write output to the database. Does nothing unless
             # history output logging is enabled.
             self.history_manager.store_output(self.execution_count)
             # Each cell is a *single* input, regardless of how many lines it has
             self.execution_count += 1
 
         return result
 
     def transform_cell(self, raw_cell):
         """Transform an input cell before parsing it.
 
         Static transformations, implemented in IPython.core.inputtransformer2,
         deal with things like ``%magic`` and ``!system`` commands.
         These run on all input.
         Dynamic transformations, for things like unescaped magics and the exit
         autocall, depend on the state of the interpreter.
         These only apply to single line inputs.
 
         These string-based transformations are followed by AST transformations;
         see :meth:`transform_ast`.
         """
         # Static input transformations
         cell = self.input_transformer_manager.transform_cell(raw_cell)
 
         if len(cell.splitlines()) == 1:
             # Dynamic transformations - only applied for single line commands
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 # use prefilter_lines to handle trailing newlines
                 # restore trailing newline for ast.parse
                 cell = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(cell) + '\n'
 
         lines = cell.splitlines(keepends=True)
         for transform in self.input_transformers_post:
             lines = transform(lines)
         cell = ''.join(lines)
 
         return cell
 
     def transform_ast(self, node):
         """Apply the AST transformations from self.ast_transformers
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         node : ast.Node
             The root node to be transformed. Typically called with the ast.Module
             produced by parsing user input.
 
         Returns
         -------
         An ast.Node corresponding to the node it was called with. Note that it
         may also modify the passed object, so don't rely on references to the
         original AST.
         """
         for transformer in self.ast_transformers:
             try:
                 node = transformer.visit(node)
             except InputRejected:
                 # User-supplied AST transformers can reject an input by raising
                 # an InputRejected.  Short-circuit in this case so that we
                 # don't unregister the transform.
                 raise
             except Exception as e:
                 warn(
                     "AST transformer %r threw an error. It will be unregistered. %s"
                     % (transformer, e)
                 )
                 self.ast_transformers.remove(transformer)
 
         if self.ast_transformers:
             ast.fix_missing_locations(node)
         return node
 
     async def run_ast_nodes(
         self,
         nodelist: ListType[stmt],
         cell_name: str,
         interactivity="last_expr",
         compiler=compile,
         result=None,
     ):
         """Run a sequence of AST nodes. The execution mode depends on the
         interactivity parameter.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         nodelist : list
           A sequence of AST nodes to run.
         cell_name : str
           Will be passed to the compiler as the filename of the cell. Typically
           the value returned by ip.compile.cache(cell).
         interactivity : str
           'all', 'last', 'last_expr' , 'last_expr_or_assign' or 'none',
           specifying which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output
           from expressions). 'last_expr' will run the last node interactively
           only if it is an expression (i.e. expressions in loops or other blocks
           are not displayed) 'last_expr_or_assign' will run the last expression
           or the last assignment. Other values for this parameter will raise a
           ValueError.
 
         compiler : callable
           A function with the same interface as the built-in compile(), to turn
           the AST nodes into code objects. Default is the built-in compile().
         result : ExecutionResult, optional
           An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
 
         Returns
         -------
         True if an exception occurred while running code, False if it finished
         running.
         """
         if not nodelist:
             return
 
 
         if interactivity == 'last_expr_or_assign':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], _assign_nodes):
                 asg = nodelist[-1]
                 if isinstance(asg, ast.Assign) and len(asg.targets) == 1:
                     target = asg.targets[0]
                 elif isinstance(asg, _single_targets_nodes):
                     target = asg.target
                 else:
                     target = None
                 if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
                     nnode = ast.Expr(ast.Name(target.id, ast.Load()))
                     ast.fix_missing_locations(nnode)
                     nodelist.append(nnode)
             interactivity = 'last_expr'
 
         _async = False
         if interactivity == 'last_expr':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], ast.Expr):
                 interactivity = "last"
             else:
                 interactivity = "none"
 
         if interactivity == 'none':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist, []
         elif interactivity == 'last':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist[:-1], nodelist[-1:]
         elif interactivity == 'all':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
         else:
             raise ValueError("Interactivity was %r" % interactivity)
 
         try:
 
             def compare(code):
                 is_async = inspect.CO_COROUTINE & code.co_flags == inspect.CO_COROUTINE
                 return is_async
 
             # refactor that to just change the mod constructor.
             to_run = []
             for node in to_run_exec:
                 to_run.append((node, "exec"))
 
             for node in to_run_interactive:
                 to_run.append((node, "single"))
 
             for node, mode in to_run:
                 if mode == "exec":
                     mod = Module([node], [])
                 elif mode == "single":
                     mod = ast.Interactive([node])  # type: ignore
                 with compiler.extra_flags(
                     getattr(ast, "PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT", 0x0)
                     if self.autoawait
                     else 0x0
                 ):
                     code = compiler(mod, cell_name, mode)
                     asy = compare(code)
                 if await self.run_code(code, result, async_=asy):
                     return True
 
             # Flush softspace
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print()
 
         except:
             # It's possible to have exceptions raised here, typically by
             # compilation of odd code (such as a naked 'return' outside a
             # function) that did parse but isn't valid. Typically the exception
             # is a SyntaxError, but it's safest just to catch anything and show
             # the user a traceback.
 
             # We do only one try/except outside the loop to minimize the impact
             # on runtime, and also because if any node in the node list is
             # broken, we should stop execution completely.
             if result:
                 result.error_before_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
             self.showtraceback()
             return True
 
         return False
 
     async def run_code(self, code_obj, result=None, *, async_=False):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code_obj : code object
           A compiled code object, to be executed
         result : ExecutionResult, optional
           An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
         async_ :  Bool (Experimental)
           Attempt to run top-level asynchronous code in a default loop.
 
         Returns
         -------
         False : successful execution.
         True : an error occurred.
         """
         # special value to say that anything above is IPython and should be
         # hidden.
         __tracebackhide__ = "__ipython_bottom__"
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook, sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = True  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 if async_:
                     await eval(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
                 else:
                     exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit as e:
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = e
             self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             warn("To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.", stacklevel=1)
         except bdb.BdbQuit:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = value
             # the BdbQuit stops here
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = value
             self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
         except:
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
             self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
         else:
             outflag = False
         return outflag
 
     # For backwards compatibility
     runcode = run_code
 
     def check_complete(self, code: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
         """Return whether a block of code is ready to execute, or should be continued
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : string
             Python input code, which can be multiline.
 
         Returns
         -------
         status : str
             One of 'complete', 'incomplete', or 'invalid' if source is not a
             prefix of valid code.
         indent : str
             When status is 'incomplete', this is some whitespace to insert on
             the next line of the prompt.
         """
         status, nspaces = self.input_transformer_manager.check_complete(code)
         return status, ' ' * (nspaces or 0)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to GUI support and pylab
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     active_eventloop: Optional[str] = None
 
     def enable_gui(self, gui=None):
         raise NotImplementedError('Implement enable_gui in a subclass')
 
     def enable_matplotlib(self, gui=None):
         """Enable interactive matplotlib and inline figure support.
 
         This takes the following steps:
 
         1. select the appropriate eventloop and matplotlib backend
         2. set up matplotlib for interactive use with that backend
         3. configure formatters for inline figure display
         4. enable the selected gui eventloop
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
             If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
             (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
             'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
             matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
             user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
             make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
             display figures inline.
         """
         from matplotlib_inline.backend_inline import configure_inline_support
 
         from IPython.core import pylabtools as pt
         gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(gui, self.pylab_gui_select)
 
         if gui != 'inline':
             # If we have our first gui selection, store it
             if self.pylab_gui_select is None:
                 self.pylab_gui_select = gui
             # Otherwise if they are different
             elif gui != self.pylab_gui_select:
                 print('Warning: Cannot change to a different GUI toolkit: %s.'
                         ' Using %s instead.' % (gui, self.pylab_gui_select))
                 gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(self.pylab_gui_select)
 
         pt.activate_matplotlib(backend)
         configure_inline_support(self, backend)
 
         # Now we must activate the gui pylab wants to use, and fix %run to take
         # plot updates into account
         self.enable_gui(gui)
         self.magics_manager.registry['ExecutionMagics'].default_runner = \
             pt.mpl_runner(self.safe_execfile)
 
         return gui, backend
 
     def enable_pylab(self, gui=None, import_all=True, welcome_message=False):
         """Activate pylab support at runtime.
 
         This turns on support for matplotlib, preloads into the interactive
         namespace all of numpy and pylab, and configures IPython to correctly
         interact with the GUI event loop.  The GUI backend to be used can be
         optionally selected with the optional ``gui`` argument.
 
         This method only adds preloading the namespace to InteractiveShell.enable_matplotlib.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
             If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
             (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
             'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
             matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
             user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
             make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
             display figures inline.
         import_all : optional, bool, default: True
             Whether to do `from numpy import *` and `from pylab import *`
             in addition to module imports.
         welcome_message : deprecated
             This argument is ignored, no welcome message will be displayed.
         """
         from IPython.core.pylabtools import import_pylab
 
         gui, backend = self.enable_matplotlib(gui)
 
         # We want to prevent the loading of pylab to pollute the user's
         # namespace as shown by the %who* magics, so we execute the activation
         # code in an empty namespace, and we update *both* user_ns and
         # user_ns_hidden with this information.
         ns = {}
         import_pylab(ns, import_all)
         # warn about clobbered names
         ignored = {"__builtins__"}
         both = set(ns).intersection(self.user_ns).difference(ignored)
         clobbered = [ name for name in both if self.user_ns[name] is not ns[name] ]
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
         return gui, backend, clobbered
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Utilities
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def var_expand(self, cmd, depth=0, formatter=DollarFormatter()):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
         ns = self.user_ns.copy()
         try:
             frame = sys._getframe(depth+1)
         except ValueError:
             # This is thrown if there aren't that many frames on the stack,
             # e.g. if a script called run_line_magic() directly.
             pass
         else:
             ns.update(frame.f_locals)
 
         try:
             # We have to use .vformat() here, because 'self' is a valid and common
             # name, and expanding **ns for .format() would make it collide with
             # the 'self' argument of the method.
             cmd = formatter.vformat(cmd, args=[], kwargs=ns)
         except Exception:
             # if formatter couldn't format, just let it go untransformed
             pass
         return cmd
 
     def mktempfile(self, data=None, prefix='ipython_edit_'):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mkstemp (created in a tempfile.mkdtemp),
         but it registers the created filename internally so ipython cleans it up
         at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
             immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
         dir_path = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix))
         self.tempdirs.append(dir_path)
 
         handle, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(".py", prefix, dir=str(dir_path))
         os.close(handle)  # On Windows, there can only be one open handle on a file
 
         file_path = Path(filename)
         self.tempfiles.append(file_path)
 
         if data:
             file_path.write_text(data, encoding="utf-8")
         return filename
 
     def ask_yes_no(self, prompt, default=None, interrupt=None):
         if self.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default,interrupt)
 
     def show_usage(self):
         """Show a usage message"""
         page.page(IPython.core.usage.interactive_usage)
 
     def extract_input_lines(self, range_str, raw=False):
         """Return as a string a set of input history slices.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         range_str : str
             The set of slices is given as a string, like "~5/6-~4/2 4:8 9",
             since this function is for use by magic functions which get their
             arguments as strings. The number before the / is the session
             number: ~n goes n back from the current session.
 
             If empty string is given, returns history of current session
             without the last input.
 
         raw : bool, optional
             By default, the processed input is used.  If this is true, the raw
             input history is used instead.
 
         Notes
         -----
         Slices can be described with two notations:
 
         * ``N:M`` -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).
         * ``N-M`` -> include items N..M (closed endpoint).
         """
         lines = self.history_manager.get_range_by_str(range_str, raw=raw)
         text = "\n".join(x for _, _, x in lines)
 
         # Skip the last line, as it's probably the magic that called this
         if not range_str:
             if "\n" not in text:
                 text = ""
             else:
                 text = text[: text.rfind("\n")]
 
         return text
 
     def find_user_code(self, target, raw=True, py_only=False, skip_encoding_cookie=True, search_ns=False):
         """Get a code string from history, file, url, or a string or macro.
 
         This is mainly used by magic functions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         target : str
             A string specifying code to retrieve. This will be tried respectively
             as: ranges of input history (see %history for syntax), url,
             corresponding .py file, filename, or an expression evaluating to a
             string or Macro in the user namespace.
 
             If empty string is given, returns complete history of current
             session, without the last line.
 
         raw : bool
             If true (default), retrieve raw history. Has no effect on the other
             retrieval mechanisms.
 
         py_only : bool (default False)
             Only try to fetch python code, do not try alternative methods to decode file
             if unicode fails.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A string of code.
         ValueError is raised if nothing is found, and TypeError if it evaluates
         to an object of another type. In each case, .args[0] is a printable
         message.
         """
         code = self.extract_input_lines(target, raw=raw)  # Grab history
         if code:
             return code
         try:
             if target.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
                 return openpy.read_py_url(target, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
         except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
             if not py_only :
                 # Deferred import
                 from urllib.request import urlopen
                 response = urlopen(target)
                 return response.read().decode('latin1')
             raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target) from e
 
         potential_target = [target]
         try :
             potential_target.insert(0,get_py_filename(target))
         except IOError:
             pass
 
         for tgt in potential_target :
             if os.path.isfile(tgt):                        # Read file
                 try :
                     return openpy.read_py_file(tgt, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
                 except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
                     if not py_only :
                         with io_open(tgt,'r', encoding='latin1') as f :
                             return f.read()
                     raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target) from e
             elif os.path.isdir(os.path.expanduser(tgt)):
                 raise ValueError("'%s' is a directory, not a regular file." % target)
 
         if search_ns:
             # Inspect namespace to load object source
             object_info = self.object_inspect(target, detail_level=1)
             if object_info['found'] and object_info['source']:
                 return object_info['source']
 
         try:                                              # User namespace
             codeobj = eval(target, self.user_ns)
         except Exception as e:
             raise ValueError(("'%s' was not found in history, as a file, url, "
                                 "nor in the user namespace.") % target) from e
 
         if isinstance(codeobj, str):
             return codeobj
         elif isinstance(codeobj, Macro):
             return codeobj.value
 
         raise TypeError("%s is neither a string nor a macro." % target,
                         codeobj)
 
     def _atexit_once(self):
         """
         At exist operation that need to be called at most once.
         Second call to this function per instance will do nothing.
         """
 
         if not getattr(self, "_atexit_once_called", False):
             self._atexit_once_called = True
             # Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
             self.reset(new_session=False)
             # Close the history session (this stores the end time and line count)
             # this must be *before* the tempfile cleanup, in case of temporary
             # history db
             self.history_manager.end_session()
             self.history_manager = None
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython exiting
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Cleanup operations and saving of persistent data that is done
         unconditionally by IPython should be performed here.
 
         For things that may depend on startup flags or platform specifics (such
         as having readline or not), register a separate atexit function in the
         code that has the appropriate information, rather than trying to
         clutter
         """
         self._atexit_once()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles and folders left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 tfile.unlink()
                 self.tempfiles.remove(tfile)
             except FileNotFoundError:
                 pass
         del self.tempfiles
         for tdir in self.tempdirs:
             try:
                 shutil.rmtree(tdir)
                 self.tempdirs.remove(tdir)
             except FileNotFoundError:
                 pass
         del self.tempdirs
 
         # Restore user's cursor
         if hasattr(self, "editing_mode") and self.editing_mode == "vi":
             sys.stdout.write("\x1b[0 q")
             sys.stdout.flush()
 
     def cleanup(self):
         self.restore_sys_module_state()
 
 
     # Overridden in terminal subclass to change prompts
     def switch_doctest_mode(self, mode):
         pass
 
 
 class InteractiveShellABC(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """An abstract base class for InteractiveShell."""
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(InteractiveShell)

IPython/core/magic.py

@@ -1,757 +1,759 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008 The IPython Development Team
 
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 from getopt import getopt, GetoptError
 
 from traitlets.config.configurable import Configurable
 from . import oinspect
 from .error import UsageError
 from .inputtransformer2 import ESC_MAGIC, ESC_MAGIC2
 from ..utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from ..utils.process import arg_split
 from ..utils.text import dedent
 from traitlets import Bool, Dict, Instance, observe
 from logging import error
 
+import typing as t
+
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # A dict we'll use for each class that has magics, used as temporary storage to
 # pass information between the @line/cell_magic method decorators and the
 # @magics_class class decorator, because the method decorators have no
 # access to the class when they run.  See for more details:
 # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2366713/can-a-python-decorator-of-an-instance-method-access-the-class
 
-magics = dict(line={}, cell={})
+magics: t.Dict = dict(line={}, cell={})
 
 magic_kinds = ('line', 'cell')
 magic_spec = ('line', 'cell', 'line_cell')
 magic_escapes = dict(line=ESC_MAGIC, cell=ESC_MAGIC2)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utility classes and functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class Bunch: pass
 
 
 def on_off(tag):
     """Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function."""
     return ['OFF','ON'][tag]
 
 
 def compress_dhist(dh):
     """Compress a directory history into a new one with at most 20 entries.
 
     Return a new list made from the first and last 10 elements of dhist after
     removal of duplicates.
     """
     head, tail = dh[:-10], dh[-10:]
 
     newhead = []
     done = set()
     for h in head:
         if h in done:
             continue
         newhead.append(h)
         done.add(h)
 
     return newhead + tail
 
 
 def needs_local_scope(func):
     """Decorator to mark magic functions which need to local scope to run."""
     func.needs_local_scope = True
     return func
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Class and method decorators for registering magics
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def magics_class(cls):
     """Class decorator for all subclasses of the main Magics class.
 
     Any class that subclasses Magics *must* also apply this decorator, to
     ensure that all the methods that have been decorated as line/cell magics
     get correctly registered in the class instance.  This is necessary because
     when method decorators run, the class does not exist yet, so they
     temporarily store their information into a module global.  Application of
     this class decorator copies that global data to the class instance and
     clears the global.
 
     Obviously, this mechanism is not thread-safe, which means that the
     *creation* of subclasses of Magic should only be done in a single-thread
     context.  Instantiation of the classes has no restrictions.  Given that
     these classes are typically created at IPython startup time and before user
     application code becomes active, in practice this should not pose any
     problems.
     """
     cls.registered = True
     cls.magics = dict(line = magics['line'],
                       cell = magics['cell'])
     magics['line'] = {}
     magics['cell'] = {}
     return cls
 
 
 def record_magic(dct, magic_kind, magic_name, func):
     """Utility function to store a function as a magic of a specific kind.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     dct : dict
         A dictionary with 'line' and 'cell' subdicts.
     magic_kind : str
         Kind of magic to be stored.
     magic_name : str
         Key to store the magic as.
     func : function
         Callable object to store.
     """
     if magic_kind == 'line_cell':
         dct['line'][magic_name] = dct['cell'][magic_name] = func
     else:
         dct[magic_kind][magic_name] = func
 
 
 def validate_type(magic_kind):
     """Ensure that the given magic_kind is valid.
 
     Check that the given magic_kind is one of the accepted spec types (stored
     in the global `magic_spec`), raise ValueError otherwise.
     """
     if magic_kind not in magic_spec:
         raise ValueError('magic_kind must be one of %s, %s given' %
                          magic_kinds, magic_kind)
 
 
 # The docstrings for the decorator below will be fairly similar for the two
 # types (method and function), so we generate them here once and reuse the
 # templates below.
 _docstring_template = \
 """Decorate the given {0} as {1} magic.
 
 The decorator can be used with or without arguments, as follows.
 
 i) without arguments: it will create a {1} magic named as the {0} being
 decorated::
 
     @deco
     def foo(...)
 
 will create a {1} magic named `foo`.
 
 ii) with one string argument: which will be used as the actual name of the
 resulting magic::
 
     @deco('bar')
     def foo(...)
 
 will create a {1} magic named `bar`.
 
 To register a class magic use ``Interactiveshell.register_magic(class or instance)``.
 """
 
 # These two are decorator factories.  While they are conceptually very similar,
 # there are enough differences in the details that it's simpler to have them
 # written as completely standalone functions rather than trying to share code
 # and make a single one with convoluted logic.
 
 def _method_magic_marker(magic_kind):
     """Decorator factory for methods in Magics subclasses.
     """
 
     validate_type(magic_kind)
 
     # This is a closure to capture the magic_kind.  We could also use a class,
     # but it's overkill for just that one bit of state.
     def magic_deco(arg):
         if callable(arg):
             # "Naked" decorator call (just @foo, no args)
             func = arg
             name = func.__name__
             retval = arg
             record_magic(magics, magic_kind, name, name)
         elif isinstance(arg, str):
             # Decorator called with arguments (@foo('bar'))
             name = arg
             def mark(func, *a, **kw):
                 record_magic(magics, magic_kind, name, func.__name__)
                 return func
             retval = mark
         else:
             raise TypeError("Decorator can only be called with "
                             "string or function")
         return retval
 
     # Ensure the resulting decorator has a usable docstring
     magic_deco.__doc__ = _docstring_template.format('method', magic_kind)
     return magic_deco
 
 
 def _function_magic_marker(magic_kind):
     """Decorator factory for standalone functions.
     """
     validate_type(magic_kind)
     
     # This is a closure to capture the magic_kind.  We could also use a class,
     # but it's overkill for just that one bit of state.
     def magic_deco(arg):
         # Find get_ipython() in the caller's namespace
         caller = sys._getframe(1)
         for ns in ['f_locals', 'f_globals', 'f_builtins']:
             get_ipython = getattr(caller, ns).get('get_ipython')
             if get_ipython is not None:
                 break
         else:
             raise NameError('Decorator can only run in context where '
                             '`get_ipython` exists')
 
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         if callable(arg):
             # "Naked" decorator call (just @foo, no args)
             func = arg
             name = func.__name__
             ip.register_magic_function(func, magic_kind, name)
             retval = arg
         elif isinstance(arg, str):
             # Decorator called with arguments (@foo('bar'))
             name = arg
             def mark(func, *a, **kw):
                 ip.register_magic_function(func, magic_kind, name)
                 return func
             retval = mark
         else:
             raise TypeError("Decorator can only be called with "
                              "string or function")
         return retval
 
     # Ensure the resulting decorator has a usable docstring
     ds = _docstring_template.format('function', magic_kind)
 
     ds += dedent("""
     Note: this decorator can only be used in a context where IPython is already
     active, so that the `get_ipython()` call succeeds.  You can therefore use
     it in your startup files loaded after IPython initializes, but *not* in the
     IPython configuration file itself, which is executed before IPython is
     fully up and running.  Any file located in the `startup` subdirectory of
     your configuration profile will be OK in this sense.
     """)
     
     magic_deco.__doc__ = ds
     return magic_deco
 
 
 MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR = "_ipython_magic_no_var_expand"
 MAGIC_OUTPUT_CAN_BE_SILENCED = "_ipython_magic_output_can_be_silenced"
 
 
 def no_var_expand(magic_func):
     """Mark a magic function as not needing variable expansion
 
     By default, IPython interprets `{a}` or `$a` in the line passed to magics
     as variables that should be interpolated from the interactive namespace
     before passing the line to the magic function.
     This is not always desirable, e.g. when the magic executes Python code
     (%timeit, %time, etc.).
     Decorate magics with `@no_var_expand` to opt-out of variable expansion.
 
     .. versionadded:: 7.3
     """
     setattr(magic_func, MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, True)
     return magic_func
 
 
 def output_can_be_silenced(magic_func):
     """Mark a magic function so its output may be silenced.
 
     The output is silenced if the Python code used as a parameter of
     the magic ends in a semicolon, not counting a Python comment that can
     follow it.
     """
     setattr(magic_func, MAGIC_OUTPUT_CAN_BE_SILENCED, True)
     return magic_func
 
 # Create the actual decorators for public use
 
 # These three are used to decorate methods in class definitions
 line_magic = _method_magic_marker('line')
 cell_magic = _method_magic_marker('cell')
 line_cell_magic = _method_magic_marker('line_cell')
 
 # These three decorate standalone functions and perform the decoration
 # immediately.  They can only run where get_ipython() works
 register_line_magic = _function_magic_marker('line')
 register_cell_magic = _function_magic_marker('cell')
 register_line_cell_magic = _function_magic_marker('line_cell')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Core Magic classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class MagicsManager(Configurable):
     """Object that handles all magic-related functionality for IPython.
     """
     # Non-configurable class attributes
 
     # A two-level dict, first keyed by magic type, then by magic function, and
     # holding the actual callable object as value.  This is the dict used for
     # magic function dispatch
     magics = Dict()
     lazy_magics = Dict(
         help="""
     Mapping from magic names to modules to load.
 
     This can be used in IPython/IPykernel configuration to declare lazy magics
     that will only be imported/registered on first use.
 
     For example::
 
         c.MagicsManager.lazy_magics = {
           "my_magic": "slow.to.import",
           "my_other_magic": "also.slow",
         }
 
     On first invocation of `%my_magic`, `%%my_magic`, `%%my_other_magic` or
     `%%my_other_magic`, the corresponding module will be loaded as an ipython
     extensions as if you had previously done `%load_ext ipython`.
 
     Magics names should be without percent(s) as magics can be both cell
     and line magics.
 
     Lazy loading happen relatively late in execution process, and
     complex extensions that manipulate Python/IPython internal state or global state
     might not support lazy loading.
     """
     ).tag(
         config=True,
     )
 
     # A registry of the original objects that we've been given holding magics.
     registry = Dict()
 
     shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC', allow_none=True)
 
     auto_magic = Bool(True, help=
         "Automatically call line magics without requiring explicit % prefix"
     ).tag(config=True)
     @observe('auto_magic')
     def _auto_magic_changed(self, change):
         self.shell.automagic = change['new']
     
     _auto_status = [
         'Automagic is OFF, % prefix IS needed for line magics.',
         'Automagic is ON, % prefix IS NOT needed for line magics.']
 
     user_magics = Instance('IPython.core.magics.UserMagics', allow_none=True)
 
     def __init__(self, shell=None, config=None, user_magics=None, **traits):
 
         super(MagicsManager, self).__init__(shell=shell, config=config,
                                            user_magics=user_magics, **traits)
         self.magics = dict(line={}, cell={})
         # Let's add the user_magics to the registry for uniformity, so *all*
         # registered magic containers can be found there.
         self.registry[user_magics.__class__.__name__] = user_magics
 
     def auto_status(self):
         """Return descriptive string with automagic status."""
         return self._auto_status[self.auto_magic]
     
     def lsmagic(self):
         """Return a dict of currently available magic functions.
 
         The return dict has the keys 'line' and 'cell', corresponding to the
         two types of magics we support.  Each value is a list of names.
         """
         return self.magics
 
     def lsmagic_docs(self, brief=False, missing=''):
         """Return dict of documentation of magic functions.
 
         The return dict has the keys 'line' and 'cell', corresponding to the
         two types of magics we support. Each value is a dict keyed by magic
         name whose value is the function docstring. If a docstring is
         unavailable, the value of `missing` is used instead.
 
         If brief is True, only the first line of each docstring will be returned.
         """
         docs = {}
         for m_type in self.magics:
             m_docs = {}
             for m_name, m_func in self.magics[m_type].items():
                 if m_func.__doc__:
                     if brief:
                         m_docs[m_name] = m_func.__doc__.split('\n', 1)[0]
                     else:
                         m_docs[m_name] = m_func.__doc__.rstrip()
                 else:
                     m_docs[m_name] = missing
             docs[m_type] = m_docs
         return docs
 
     def register_lazy(self, name: str, fully_qualified_name: str):
         """
         Lazily register a magic via an extension.
 
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str
             Name of the magic you wish to register.
         fully_qualified_name :
             Fully qualified name of the module/submodule that should be loaded
             as an extensions when the magic is first called.
             It is assumed that loading this extensions will register the given
             magic.
         """
 
         self.lazy_magics[name] = fully_qualified_name
 
     def register(self, *magic_objects):
         """Register one or more instances of Magics.
 
         Take one or more classes or instances of classes that subclass the main
         `core.Magic` class, and register them with IPython to use the magic
         functions they provide.  The registration process will then ensure that
         any methods that have decorated to provide line and/or cell magics will
         be recognized with the `%x`/`%%x` syntax as a line/cell magic
         respectively.
 
         If classes are given, they will be instantiated with the default
         constructor.  If your classes need a custom constructor, you should
         instanitate them first and pass the instance.
 
         The provided arguments can be an arbitrary mix of classes and instances.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         *magic_objects : one or more classes or instances
         """
         # Start by validating them to ensure they have all had their magic
         # methods registered at the instance level
         for m in magic_objects:
             if not m.registered:
                 raise ValueError("Class of magics %r was constructed without "
                                  "the @register_magics class decorator")
             if isinstance(m, type):
                 # If we're given an uninstantiated class
                 m = m(shell=self.shell)
 
             # Now that we have an instance, we can register it and update the
             # table of callables
             self.registry[m.__class__.__name__] = m
             for mtype in magic_kinds:
                 self.magics[mtype].update(m.magics[mtype])
 
     def register_function(self, func, magic_kind='line', magic_name=None):
         """Expose a standalone function as magic function for IPython.
 
         This will create an IPython magic (line, cell or both) from a
         standalone function.  The functions should have the following
         signatures:
 
         * For line magics: `def f(line)`
         * For cell magics: `def f(line, cell)`
         * For a function that does both: `def f(line, cell=None)`
 
         In the latter case, the function will be called with `cell==None` when
         invoked as `%f`, and with cell as a string when invoked as `%%f`.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         func : callable
             Function to be registered as a magic.
         magic_kind : str
             Kind of magic, one of 'line', 'cell' or 'line_cell'
         magic_name : optional str
             If given, the name the magic will have in the IPython namespace.  By
             default, the name of the function itself is used.
         """
 
         # Create the new method in the user_magics and register it in the
         # global table
         validate_type(magic_kind)
         magic_name = func.__name__ if magic_name is None else magic_name
         setattr(self.user_magics, magic_name, func)
         record_magic(self.magics, magic_kind, magic_name, func)
 
     def register_alias(self, alias_name, magic_name, magic_kind='line', magic_params=None):
         """Register an alias to a magic function.
 
         The alias is an instance of :class:`MagicAlias`, which holds the
         name and kind of the magic it should call. Binding is done at
         call time, so if the underlying magic function is changed the alias
         will call the new function.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         alias_name : str
             The name of the magic to be registered.
         magic_name : str
             The name of an existing magic.
         magic_kind : str
             Kind of magic, one of 'line' or 'cell'
         """
 
         # `validate_type` is too permissive, as it allows 'line_cell'
         # which we do not handle.
         if magic_kind not in magic_kinds:
             raise ValueError('magic_kind must be one of %s, %s given' %
                              magic_kinds, magic_kind)
 
         alias = MagicAlias(self.shell, magic_name, magic_kind, magic_params)
         setattr(self.user_magics, alias_name, alias)
         record_magic(self.magics, magic_kind, alias_name, alias)
 
 # Key base class that provides the central functionality for magics.
 
 
 class Magics(Configurable):
     """Base class for implementing magic functions.
 
     Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic
     functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own
     needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg `%cd ../`
     vs. `%cd("../")`
 
     Classes providing magic functions need to subclass this class, and they
     MUST:
 
     - Use the method decorators `@line_magic` and `@cell_magic` to decorate
       individual methods as magic functions, AND
 
     - Use the class decorator `@magics_class` to ensure that the magic
       methods are properly registered at the instance level upon instance
       initialization.
 
     See :mod:`magic_functions` for examples of actual implementation classes.
     """
     # Dict holding all command-line options for each magic.
     options_table = None
     # Dict for the mapping of magic names to methods, set by class decorator
     magics = None
     # Flag to check that the class decorator was properly applied
     registered = False
     # Instance of IPython shell
     shell = None
 
     def __init__(self, shell=None, **kwargs):
         if not(self.__class__.registered):
             raise ValueError('Magics subclass without registration - '
                              'did you forget to apply @magics_class?')
         if shell is not None:
             if hasattr(shell, 'configurables'):
                 shell.configurables.append(self)
             if hasattr(shell, 'config'):
                 kwargs.setdefault('parent', shell)
 
         self.shell = shell
         self.options_table = {}
         # The method decorators are run when the instance doesn't exist yet, so
         # they can only record the names of the methods they are supposed to
         # grab.  Only now, that the instance exists, can we create the proper
         # mapping to bound methods.  So we read the info off the original names
         # table and replace each method name by the actual bound method.
         # But we mustn't clobber the *class* mapping, in case of multiple instances.
         class_magics = self.magics
         self.magics = {}
         for mtype in magic_kinds:
             tab = self.magics[mtype] = {}
             cls_tab = class_magics[mtype]
             for magic_name, meth_name in cls_tab.items():
                 if isinstance(meth_name, str):
                     # it's a method name, grab it
                     tab[magic_name] = getattr(self, meth_name)
                 else:
                     # it's the real thing
                     tab[magic_name] = meth_name
         # Configurable **needs** to be initiated at the end or the config
         # magics get screwed up.
         super(Magics, self).__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def arg_err(self,func):
         """Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed"""
         print('Error in arguments:')
         print(oinspect.getdoc(func))
 
     def format_latex(self, strng):
         """Format a string for latex inclusion."""
 
         # Characters that need to be escaped for latex:
         escape_re = re.compile(r'(%|_|\$|#|&)',re.MULTILINE)
         # Magic command names as headers:
         cmd_name_re = re.compile(r'^(%s.*?):' % ESC_MAGIC,
                                  re.MULTILINE)
         # Magic commands
         cmd_re = re.compile(r'(?P<cmd>%s.+?\b)(?!\}\}:)' % ESC_MAGIC,
                             re.MULTILINE)
         # Paragraph continue
         par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
 
         # The "\n" symbol
         newline_re = re.compile(r'\\n')
 
         # Now build the string for output:
         #strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\texttt{\\textsl{\\large \1}}:',strng)
         strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\bigskip\n\\texttt{\\textbf{ \1}}:',
                                 strng)
         strng = cmd_re.sub(r'\\texttt{\g<cmd>}',strng)
         strng = par_re.sub(r'\\\\',strng)
         strng = escape_re.sub(r'\\\1',strng)
         strng = newline_re.sub(r'\\textbackslash{}n',strng)
         return strng
 
     def parse_options(self, arg_str, opt_str, *long_opts, **kw):
         """Parse options passed to an argument string.
 
         The interface is similar to that of :func:`getopt.getopt`, but it
         returns a :class:`~IPython.utils.struct.Struct` with the options as keys
         and the stripped argument string still as a string.
 
         arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split.
         This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote
         arguments, etc.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         arg_str : str
             The arguments to parse.
         opt_str : str
             The options specification.
         mode : str, default 'string'
             If given as 'list', the argument string is returned as a list (split
             on whitespace) instead of a string.
         list_all : bool, default False
             Put all option values in lists. Normally only options
             appearing more than once are put in a list.
         posix : bool, default True
             Whether to split the input line in POSIX mode or not, as per the
             conventions outlined in the :mod:`shlex` module from the standard
             library.
         """
 
         # inject default options at the beginning of the input line
         caller = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name
         arg_str = '%s %s' % (self.options_table.get(caller,''),arg_str)
 
         mode = kw.get('mode','string')
         if mode not in ['string','list']:
             raise ValueError('incorrect mode given: %s' % mode)
         # Get options
         list_all = kw.get('list_all',0)
         posix = kw.get('posix', os.name == 'posix')
         strict = kw.get('strict', True)
 
         preserve_non_opts = kw.get("preserve_non_opts", False)
         remainder_arg_str = arg_str
 
         # Check if we have more than one argument to warrant extra processing:
         odict = {}  # Dictionary with options
         args = arg_str.split()
         if len(args) >= 1:
             # If the list of inputs only has 0 or 1 thing in it, there's no
             # need to look for options
             argv = arg_split(arg_str, posix, strict)
             # Do regular option processing
             try:
                 opts,args = getopt(argv, opt_str, long_opts)
             except GetoptError as e:
                 raise UsageError(
                     '%s ( allowed: "%s" %s)' % (e.msg, opt_str, " ".join(long_opts))
                 ) from e
             for o, a in opts:
                 if mode == "string" and preserve_non_opts:
                     # remove option-parts from the original args-string and preserve remaining-part.
                     # This relies on the arg_split(...) and getopt(...)'s impl spec, that the parsed options are
                     # returned in the original order.
                     remainder_arg_str = remainder_arg_str.replace(o, "", 1).replace(
                         a, "", 1
                     )
                 if o.startswith("--"):
                     o = o[2:]
                 else:
                     o = o[1:]
                 try:
                     odict[o].append(a)
                 except AttributeError:
                     odict[o] = [odict[o],a]
                 except KeyError:
                     if list_all:
                         odict[o] = [a]
                     else:
                         odict[o] = a
 
         # Prepare opts,args for return
         opts = Struct(odict)
         if mode == 'string':
             if preserve_non_opts:
                 args = remainder_arg_str.lstrip()
             else:
                 args = " ".join(args)
 
         return opts,args
 
     def default_option(self, fn, optstr):
         """Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr"""
 
         if fn not in self.lsmagic():
             error("%s is not a magic function" % fn)
         self.options_table[fn] = optstr
 
 
 class MagicAlias(object):
     """An alias to another magic function.
 
     An alias is determined by its magic name and magic kind. Lookup
     is done at call time, so if the underlying magic changes the alias
     will call the new function.
 
     Use the :meth:`MagicsManager.register_alias` method or the
     `%alias_magic` magic function to create and register a new alias.
     """
     def __init__(self, shell, magic_name, magic_kind, magic_params=None):
         self.shell = shell
         self.magic_name = magic_name
         self.magic_params = magic_params
         self.magic_kind = magic_kind
 
         self.pretty_target = '%s%s' % (magic_escapes[self.magic_kind], self.magic_name)
         self.__doc__ = "Alias for `%s`." % self.pretty_target
 
         self._in_call = False
 
     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Call the magic alias."""
         fn = self.shell.find_magic(self.magic_name, self.magic_kind)
         if fn is None:
             raise UsageError("Magic `%s` not found." % self.pretty_target)
 
         # Protect against infinite recursion.
         if self._in_call:
             raise UsageError("Infinite recursion detected; "
                              "magic aliases cannot call themselves.")
         self._in_call = True
         try:
             if self.magic_params:
                 args_list = list(args)
                 args_list[0] = self.magic_params + " " + args[0]
                 args = tuple(args_list)
             return fn(*args, **kwargs)
         finally:
             self._in_call = False

IPython/lib/pretty.py

@@ -1,944 +1,946 b''
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Python advanced pretty printer.  This pretty printer is intended to
 replace the old `pprint` python module which does not allow developers
 to provide their own pretty print callbacks.
 
 This module is based on ruby's `prettyprint.rb` library by `Tanaka Akira`.
 
 
 Example Usage
 -------------
 
 To directly print the representation of an object use `pprint`::
 
     from pretty import pprint
     pprint(complex_object)
 
 To get a string of the output use `pretty`::
 
     from pretty import pretty
     string = pretty(complex_object)
 
 
 Extending
 ---------
 
 The pretty library allows developers to add pretty printing rules for their
 own objects.  This process is straightforward.  All you have to do is to
 add a `_repr_pretty_` method to your object and call the methods on the
 pretty printer passed::
 
     class MyObject(object):
 
         def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
             ...
 
 Here's an example for a class with a simple constructor::
 
     class MySimpleObject:
 
         def __init__(self, a, b, *, c=None):
             self.a = a
             self.b = b
             self.c = c
 
         def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
             ctor = CallExpression.factory(self.__class__.__name__)
             if self.c is None:
                 p.pretty(ctor(a, b))
             else:
                 p.pretty(ctor(a, b, c=c))
 
 Here is an example implementation of a `_repr_pretty_` method for a list
 subclass::
 
     class MyList(list):
 
         def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
             if cycle:
                 p.text('MyList(...)')
             else:
                 with p.group(8, 'MyList([', '])'):
                     for idx, item in enumerate(self):
                         if idx:
                             p.text(',')
                             p.breakable()
                         p.pretty(item)
 
 The `cycle` parameter is `True` if pretty detected a cycle.  You *have* to
 react to that or the result is an infinite loop.  `p.text()` just adds
 non breaking text to the output, `p.breakable()` either adds a whitespace
 or breaks here.  If you pass it an argument it's used instead of the
 default space.  `p.pretty` prettyprints another object using the pretty print
 method.
 
 The first parameter to the `group` function specifies the extra indentation
 of the next line.  In this example the next item will either be on the same
 line (if the items are short enough) or aligned with the right edge of the
 opening bracket of `MyList`.
 
 If you just want to indent something you can use the group function
 without open / close parameters.  You can also use this code::
 
     with p.indent(2):
         ...
 
 Inheritance diagram:
 
 .. inheritance-diagram:: IPython.lib.pretty
    :parts: 3
 
 :copyright: 2007 by Armin Ronacher.
             Portions (c) 2009 by Robert Kern.
 :license: BSD License.
 """
 
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 import datetime
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 import types
 from collections import deque
 from inspect import signature
 from io import StringIO
 from warnings import warn
 
 from IPython.utils.decorators import undoc
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import PYPY
 
+from typing import Dict
+
 __all__ = ['pretty', 'pprint', 'PrettyPrinter', 'RepresentationPrinter',
     'for_type', 'for_type_by_name', 'RawText', 'RawStringLiteral', 'CallExpression']
 
 
 MAX_SEQ_LENGTH = 1000
 _re_pattern_type = type(re.compile(''))
 
 def _safe_getattr(obj, attr, default=None):
     """Safe version of getattr.
 
     Same as getattr, but will return ``default`` on any Exception,
     rather than raising.
     """
     try:
         return getattr(obj, attr, default)
     except Exception:
         return default
 
 @undoc
 class CUnicodeIO(StringIO):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         warn(("CUnicodeIO is deprecated since IPython 6.0. "
               "Please use io.StringIO instead."),
              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
 
 def _sorted_for_pprint(items):
     """
     Sort the given items for pretty printing. Since some predictable
     sorting is better than no sorting at all, we sort on the string
     representation if normal sorting fails.
     """
     items = list(items)
     try:
         return sorted(items)
     except Exception:
         try:
             return sorted(items, key=str)
         except Exception:
             return items
 
 def pretty(obj, verbose=False, max_width=79, newline='\n', max_seq_length=MAX_SEQ_LENGTH):
     """
     Pretty print the object's representation.
     """
     stream = StringIO()
     printer = RepresentationPrinter(stream, verbose, max_width, newline, max_seq_length=max_seq_length)
     printer.pretty(obj)
     printer.flush()
     return stream.getvalue()
 
 
 def pprint(obj, verbose=False, max_width=79, newline='\n', max_seq_length=MAX_SEQ_LENGTH):
     """
     Like `pretty` but print to stdout.
     """
     printer = RepresentationPrinter(sys.stdout, verbose, max_width, newline, max_seq_length=max_seq_length)
     printer.pretty(obj)
     printer.flush()
     sys.stdout.write(newline)
     sys.stdout.flush()
 
 class _PrettyPrinterBase(object):
 
     @contextmanager
     def indent(self, indent):
         """with statement support for indenting/dedenting."""
         self.indentation += indent
         try:
             yield
         finally:
             self.indentation -= indent
 
     @contextmanager
     def group(self, indent=0, open='', close=''):
         """like begin_group / end_group but for the with statement."""
         self.begin_group(indent, open)
         try:
             yield
         finally:
             self.end_group(indent, close)
 
 class PrettyPrinter(_PrettyPrinterBase):
     """
     Baseclass for the `RepresentationPrinter` prettyprinter that is used to
     generate pretty reprs of objects.  Contrary to the `RepresentationPrinter`
     this printer knows nothing about the default pprinters or the `_repr_pretty_`
     callback method.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, output, max_width=79, newline='\n', max_seq_length=MAX_SEQ_LENGTH):
         self.output = output
         self.max_width = max_width
         self.newline = newline
         self.max_seq_length = max_seq_length
         self.output_width = 0
         self.buffer_width = 0
         self.buffer = deque()
 
         root_group = Group(0)
         self.group_stack = [root_group]
         self.group_queue = GroupQueue(root_group)
         self.indentation = 0
 
     def _break_one_group(self, group):
         while group.breakables:
             x = self.buffer.popleft()
             self.output_width = x.output(self.output, self.output_width)
             self.buffer_width -= x.width
         while self.buffer and isinstance(self.buffer[0], Text):
             x = self.buffer.popleft()
             self.output_width = x.output(self.output, self.output_width)
             self.buffer_width -= x.width
 
     def _break_outer_groups(self):
         while self.max_width < self.output_width + self.buffer_width:
             group = self.group_queue.deq()
             if not group:
                 return
             self._break_one_group(group)
 
     def text(self, obj):
         """Add literal text to the output."""
         width = len(obj)
         if self.buffer:
             text = self.buffer[-1]
             if not isinstance(text, Text):
                 text = Text()
                 self.buffer.append(text)
             text.add(obj, width)
             self.buffer_width += width
             self._break_outer_groups()
         else:
             self.output.write(obj)
             self.output_width += width
 
     def breakable(self, sep=' '):
         """
         Add a breakable separator to the output.  This does not mean that it
         will automatically break here.  If no breaking on this position takes
         place the `sep` is inserted which default to one space.
         """
         width = len(sep)
         group = self.group_stack[-1]
         if group.want_break:
             self.flush()
             self.output.write(self.newline)
             self.output.write(' ' * self.indentation)
             self.output_width = self.indentation
             self.buffer_width = 0
         else:
             self.buffer.append(Breakable(sep, width, self))
             self.buffer_width += width
             self._break_outer_groups()
 
     def break_(self):
         """
         Explicitly insert a newline into the output, maintaining correct indentation.
         """
         group = self.group_queue.deq()
         if group:
             self._break_one_group(group)
         self.flush()
         self.output.write(self.newline)
         self.output.write(' ' * self.indentation)
         self.output_width = self.indentation
         self.buffer_width = 0
 
 
     def begin_group(self, indent=0, open=''):
         """
         Begin a group.
         The first parameter specifies the indentation for the next line (usually
         the width of the opening text), the second the opening text.  All
         parameters are optional.
         """
         if open:
             self.text(open)
         group = Group(self.group_stack[-1].depth + 1)
         self.group_stack.append(group)
         self.group_queue.enq(group)
         self.indentation += indent
 
     def _enumerate(self, seq):
         """like enumerate, but with an upper limit on the number of items"""
         for idx, x in enumerate(seq):
             if self.max_seq_length and idx >= self.max_seq_length:
                 self.text(',')
                 self.breakable()
                 self.text('...')
                 return
             yield idx, x
 
     def end_group(self, dedent=0, close=''):
         """End a group. See `begin_group` for more details."""
         self.indentation -= dedent
         group = self.group_stack.pop()
         if not group.breakables:
             self.group_queue.remove(group)
         if close:
             self.text(close)
 
     def flush(self):
         """Flush data that is left in the buffer."""
         for data in self.buffer:
             self.output_width += data.output(self.output, self.output_width)
         self.buffer.clear()
         self.buffer_width = 0
 
 
 def _get_mro(obj_class):
     """ Get a reasonable method resolution order of a class and its superclasses
     for both old-style and new-style classes.
     """
     if not hasattr(obj_class, '__mro__'):
         # Old-style class. Mix in object to make a fake new-style class.
         try:
             obj_class = type(obj_class.__name__, (obj_class, object), {})
         except TypeError:
             # Old-style extension type that does not descend from object.
             # FIXME: try to construct a more thorough MRO.
             mro = [obj_class]
         else:
             mro = obj_class.__mro__[1:-1]
     else:
         mro = obj_class.__mro__
     return mro
 
 
 class RepresentationPrinter(PrettyPrinter):
     """
     Special pretty printer that has a `pretty` method that calls the pretty
     printer for a python object.
 
     This class stores processing data on `self` so you must *never* use
     this class in a threaded environment.  Always lock it or reinstanciate
     it.
 
     Instances also have a verbose flag callbacks can access to control their
     output.  For example the default instance repr prints all attributes and
     methods that are not prefixed by an underscore if the printer is in
     verbose mode.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, output, verbose=False, max_width=79, newline='\n',
         singleton_pprinters=None, type_pprinters=None, deferred_pprinters=None,
         max_seq_length=MAX_SEQ_LENGTH):
 
         PrettyPrinter.__init__(self, output, max_width, newline, max_seq_length=max_seq_length)
         self.verbose = verbose
         self.stack = []
         if singleton_pprinters is None:
             singleton_pprinters = _singleton_pprinters.copy()
         self.singleton_pprinters = singleton_pprinters
         if type_pprinters is None:
             type_pprinters = _type_pprinters.copy()
         self.type_pprinters = type_pprinters
         if deferred_pprinters is None:
             deferred_pprinters = _deferred_type_pprinters.copy()
         self.deferred_pprinters = deferred_pprinters
 
     def pretty(self, obj):
         """Pretty print the given object."""
         obj_id = id(obj)
         cycle = obj_id in self.stack
         self.stack.append(obj_id)
         self.begin_group()
         try:
             obj_class = _safe_getattr(obj, '__class__', None) or type(obj)
             # First try to find registered singleton printers for the type.
             try:
                 printer = self.singleton_pprinters[obj_id]
             except (TypeError, KeyError):
                 pass
             else:
                 return printer(obj, self, cycle)
             # Next walk the mro and check for either:
             #   1) a registered printer
             #   2) a _repr_pretty_ method
             for cls in _get_mro(obj_class):
                 if cls in self.type_pprinters:
                     # printer registered in self.type_pprinters
                     return self.type_pprinters[cls](obj, self, cycle)
                 else:
                     # deferred printer
                     printer = self._in_deferred_types(cls)
                     if printer is not None:
                         return printer(obj, self, cycle)
                     else:
                         # Finally look for special method names.
                         # Some objects automatically create any requested
                         # attribute. Try to ignore most of them by checking for
                         # callability.
                         if '_repr_pretty_' in cls.__dict__:
                             meth = cls._repr_pretty_
                             if callable(meth):
                                 return meth(obj, self, cycle)
                         if cls is not object \
                                 and callable(cls.__dict__.get('__repr__')):
                             return _repr_pprint(obj, self, cycle)
 
             return _default_pprint(obj, self, cycle)
         finally:
             self.end_group()
             self.stack.pop()
 
     def _in_deferred_types(self, cls):
         """
         Check if the given class is specified in the deferred type registry.
 
         Returns the printer from the registry if it exists, and None if the
         class is not in the registry. Successful matches will be moved to the
         regular type registry for future use.
         """
         mod = _safe_getattr(cls, '__module__', None)
         name = _safe_getattr(cls, '__name__', None)
         key = (mod, name)
         printer = None
         if key in self.deferred_pprinters:
             # Move the printer over to the regular registry.
             printer = self.deferred_pprinters.pop(key)
             self.type_pprinters[cls] = printer
         return printer
 
 
 class Printable(object):
 
     def output(self, stream, output_width):
         return output_width
 
 
 class Text(Printable):
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.objs = []
         self.width = 0
 
     def output(self, stream, output_width):
         for obj in self.objs:
             stream.write(obj)
         return output_width + self.width
 
     def add(self, obj, width):
         self.objs.append(obj)
         self.width += width
 
 
 class Breakable(Printable):
 
     def __init__(self, seq, width, pretty):
         self.obj = seq
         self.width = width
         self.pretty = pretty
         self.indentation = pretty.indentation
         self.group = pretty.group_stack[-1]
         self.group.breakables.append(self)
 
     def output(self, stream, output_width):
         self.group.breakables.popleft()
         if self.group.want_break:
             stream.write(self.pretty.newline)
             stream.write(' ' * self.indentation)
             return self.indentation
         if not self.group.breakables:
             self.pretty.group_queue.remove(self.group)
         stream.write(self.obj)
         return output_width + self.width
 
 
 class Group(Printable):
 
     def __init__(self, depth):
         self.depth = depth
         self.breakables = deque()
         self.want_break = False
 
 
 class GroupQueue(object):
 
     def __init__(self, *groups):
         self.queue = []
         for group in groups:
             self.enq(group)
 
     def enq(self, group):
         depth = group.depth
         while depth > len(self.queue) - 1:
             self.queue.append([])
         self.queue[depth].append(group)
 
     def deq(self):
         for stack in self.queue:
             for idx, group in enumerate(reversed(stack)):
                 if group.breakables:
                     del stack[idx]
                     group.want_break = True
                     return group
             for group in stack:
                 group.want_break = True
             del stack[:]
 
     def remove(self, group):
         try:
             self.queue[group.depth].remove(group)
         except ValueError:
             pass
 
 
 class RawText:
     """ Object such that ``p.pretty(RawText(value))`` is the same as ``p.text(value)``.
 
     An example usage of this would be to show a list as binary numbers, using
     ``p.pretty([RawText(bin(i)) for i in integers])``.
     """
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.value = value
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
         p.text(self.value)
 
 
 class CallExpression:
     """ Object which emits a line-wrapped call expression in the form `__name(*args, **kwargs)` """
     def __init__(__self, __name, *args, **kwargs):
         # dunders are to avoid clashes with kwargs, as python's name manging
         # will kick in.
         self = __self
         self.name = __name
         self.args = args
         self.kwargs = kwargs
 
     @classmethod
     def factory(cls, name):
         def inner(*args, **kwargs):
             return cls(name, *args, **kwargs)
         return inner
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
         # dunders are to avoid clashes with kwargs, as python's name manging
         # will kick in.
 
         started = False
         def new_item():
             nonlocal started
             if started:
                 p.text(",")
                 p.breakable()
             started = True
 
         prefix = self.name + "("
         with p.group(len(prefix), prefix, ")"):
             for arg in self.args:
                 new_item()
                 p.pretty(arg)
             for arg_name, arg in self.kwargs.items():
                 new_item()
                 arg_prefix = arg_name + "="
                 with p.group(len(arg_prefix), arg_prefix):
                     p.pretty(arg)
 
 
 class RawStringLiteral:
     """ Wrapper that shows a string with a `r` prefix """
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.value = value
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
         base_repr = repr(self.value)
         if base_repr[:1] in 'uU':
             base_repr = base_repr[1:]
             prefix = 'ur'
         else:
             prefix = 'r'
         base_repr = prefix + base_repr.replace('\\\\', '\\')
         p.text(base_repr)
 
 
 def _default_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     """
     The default print function.  Used if an object does not provide one and
     it's none of the builtin objects.
     """
     klass = _safe_getattr(obj, '__class__', None) or type(obj)
     if _safe_getattr(klass, '__repr__', None) is not object.__repr__:
         # A user-provided repr. Find newlines and replace them with p.break_()
         _repr_pprint(obj, p, cycle)
         return
     p.begin_group(1, '<')
     p.pretty(klass)
     p.text(' at 0x%x' % id(obj))
     if cycle:
         p.text(' ...')
     elif p.verbose:
         first = True
         for key in dir(obj):
             if not key.startswith('_'):
                 try:
                     value = getattr(obj, key)
                 except AttributeError:
                     continue
                 if isinstance(value, types.MethodType):
                     continue
                 if not first:
                     p.text(',')
                 p.breakable()
                 p.text(key)
                 p.text('=')
                 step = len(key) + 1
                 p.indentation += step
                 p.pretty(value)
                 p.indentation -= step
                 first = False
     p.end_group(1, '>')
 
 
 def _seq_pprinter_factory(start, end):
     """
     Factory that returns a pprint function useful for sequences.  Used by
     the default pprint for tuples and lists.
     """
     def inner(obj, p, cycle):
         if cycle:
             return p.text(start + '...' + end)
         step = len(start)
         p.begin_group(step, start)
         for idx, x in p._enumerate(obj):
             if idx:
                 p.text(',')
                 p.breakable()
             p.pretty(x)
         if len(obj) == 1 and isinstance(obj, tuple):
             # Special case for 1-item tuples.
             p.text(',')
         p.end_group(step, end)
     return inner
 
 
 def _set_pprinter_factory(start, end):
     """
     Factory that returns a pprint function useful for sets and frozensets.
     """
     def inner(obj, p, cycle):
         if cycle:
             return p.text(start + '...' + end)
         if len(obj) == 0:
             # Special case.
             p.text(type(obj).__name__ + '()')
         else:
             step = len(start)
             p.begin_group(step, start)
             # Like dictionary keys, we will try to sort the items if there aren't too many
             if not (p.max_seq_length and len(obj) >= p.max_seq_length):
                 items = _sorted_for_pprint(obj)
             else:
                 items = obj
             for idx, x in p._enumerate(items):
                 if idx:
                     p.text(',')
                     p.breakable()
                 p.pretty(x)
             p.end_group(step, end)
     return inner
 
 
 def _dict_pprinter_factory(start, end):
     """
     Factory that returns a pprint function used by the default pprint of
     dicts and dict proxies.
     """
     def inner(obj, p, cycle):
         if cycle:
             return p.text('{...}')
         step = len(start)
         p.begin_group(step, start)
         keys = obj.keys()
         for idx, key in p._enumerate(keys):
             if idx:
                 p.text(',')
                 p.breakable()
             p.pretty(key)
             p.text(': ')
             p.pretty(obj[key])
         p.end_group(step, end)
     return inner
 
 
 def _super_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     """The pprint for the super type."""
     p.begin_group(8, '<super: ')
     p.pretty(obj.__thisclass__)
     p.text(',')
     p.breakable()
     if PYPY: # In PyPy, super() objects don't have __self__ attributes
         dself = obj.__repr__.__self__
         p.pretty(None if dself is obj else dself)
     else:
         p.pretty(obj.__self__)
     p.end_group(8, '>')
 
 
 
 class _ReFlags:
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.value = value
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
         done_one = False
         for flag in ('TEMPLATE', 'IGNORECASE', 'LOCALE', 'MULTILINE', 'DOTALL',
             'UNICODE', 'VERBOSE', 'DEBUG'):
             if self.value & getattr(re, flag):
                 if done_one:
                     p.text('|')
                 p.text('re.' + flag)
                 done_one = True
 
 
 def _re_pattern_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     """The pprint function for regular expression patterns."""
     re_compile = CallExpression.factory('re.compile')
     if obj.flags:
         p.pretty(re_compile(RawStringLiteral(obj.pattern), _ReFlags(obj.flags)))
     else:
         p.pretty(re_compile(RawStringLiteral(obj.pattern)))
 
 
 def _types_simplenamespace_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     """The pprint function for types.SimpleNamespace."""
     namespace = CallExpression.factory('namespace')
     if cycle:
         p.pretty(namespace(RawText("...")))
     else:
         p.pretty(namespace(**obj.__dict__))
 
 
 def _type_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     """The pprint for classes and types."""
     # Heap allocated types might not have the module attribute,
     # and others may set it to None.
 
     # Checks for a __repr__ override in the metaclass. Can't compare the
     # type(obj).__repr__ directly because in PyPy the representation function
     # inherited from type isn't the same type.__repr__
     if [m for m in _get_mro(type(obj)) if "__repr__" in vars(m)][:1] != [type]:
         _repr_pprint(obj, p, cycle)
         return
 
     mod = _safe_getattr(obj, '__module__', None)
     try:
         name = obj.__qualname__
         if not isinstance(name, str):
             # This can happen if the type implements __qualname__ as a property
             # or other descriptor in Python 2.
             raise Exception("Try __name__")
     except Exception:
         name = obj.__name__
         if not isinstance(name, str):
             name = '<unknown type>'
 
     if mod in (None, '__builtin__', 'builtins', 'exceptions'):
         p.text(name)
     else:
         p.text(mod + '.' + name)
 
 
 def _repr_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     """A pprint that just redirects to the normal repr function."""
     # Find newlines and replace them with p.break_()
     output = repr(obj)
     lines = output.splitlines()
     with p.group():
         for idx, output_line in enumerate(lines):
             if idx:
                 p.break_()
             p.text(output_line)
 
 
 def _function_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     """Base pprint for all functions and builtin functions."""
     name = _safe_getattr(obj, '__qualname__', obj.__name__)
     mod = obj.__module__
     if mod and mod not in ('__builtin__', 'builtins', 'exceptions'):
         name = mod + '.' + name
     try:
        func_def = name + str(signature(obj))
     except ValueError:
        func_def = name
     p.text('<function %s>' % func_def)
 
 
 def _exception_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     """Base pprint for all exceptions."""
     name = getattr(obj.__class__, '__qualname__', obj.__class__.__name__)
     if obj.__class__.__module__ not in ('exceptions', 'builtins'):
         name = '%s.%s' % (obj.__class__.__module__, name)
 
     p.pretty(CallExpression(name, *getattr(obj, 'args', ())))
 
 
 #: the exception base
+_exception_base: type
 try:
     _exception_base = BaseException
 except NameError:
     _exception_base = Exception
 
 
 #: printers for builtin types
 _type_pprinters = {
     int:                        _repr_pprint,
     float:                      _repr_pprint,
     str:                        _repr_pprint,
     tuple:                      _seq_pprinter_factory('(', ')'),
     list:                       _seq_pprinter_factory('[', ']'),
     dict:                       _dict_pprinter_factory('{', '}'),
     set:                        _set_pprinter_factory('{', '}'),
     frozenset:                  _set_pprinter_factory('frozenset({', '})'),
     super:                      _super_pprint,
     _re_pattern_type:           _re_pattern_pprint,
     type:                       _type_pprint,
     types.FunctionType:         _function_pprint,
     types.BuiltinFunctionType:  _function_pprint,
     types.MethodType:           _repr_pprint,
     types.SimpleNamespace:      _types_simplenamespace_pprint,
     datetime.datetime:          _repr_pprint,
     datetime.timedelta:         _repr_pprint,
     _exception_base:            _exception_pprint
 }
 
 # render os.environ like a dict
 _env_type = type(os.environ)
 # future-proof in case os.environ becomes a plain dict?
 if _env_type is not dict:
     _type_pprinters[_env_type] = _dict_pprinter_factory('environ{', '}')
 
 _type_pprinters[types.MappingProxyType] = _dict_pprinter_factory("mappingproxy({", "})")
 _type_pprinters[slice] = _repr_pprint
 
 _type_pprinters[range] = _repr_pprint
 _type_pprinters[bytes] = _repr_pprint
 
 #: printers for types specified by name
-_deferred_type_pprinters = {
-}
+_deferred_type_pprinters: Dict = {}
+
 
 def for_type(typ, func):
     """
     Add a pretty printer for a given type.
     """
     oldfunc = _type_pprinters.get(typ, None)
     if func is not None:
         # To support easy restoration of old pprinters, we need to ignore Nones.
         _type_pprinters[typ] = func
     return oldfunc
 
 def for_type_by_name(type_module, type_name, func):
     """
     Add a pretty printer for a type specified by the module and name of a type
     rather than the type object itself.
     """
     key = (type_module, type_name)
     oldfunc = _deferred_type_pprinters.get(key, None)
     if func is not None:
         # To support easy restoration of old pprinters, we need to ignore Nones.
         _deferred_type_pprinters[key] = func
     return oldfunc
 
 
 #: printers for the default singletons
 _singleton_pprinters = dict.fromkeys(map(id, [None, True, False, Ellipsis,
                                       NotImplemented]), _repr_pprint)
 
 
 def _defaultdict_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     cls_ctor = CallExpression.factory(obj.__class__.__name__)
     if cycle:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(RawText("...")))
     else:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(obj.default_factory, dict(obj)))
 
 def _ordereddict_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     cls_ctor = CallExpression.factory(obj.__class__.__name__)
     if cycle:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(RawText("...")))
     elif len(obj):
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(list(obj.items())))
     else:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor())
 
 def _deque_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     cls_ctor = CallExpression.factory(obj.__class__.__name__)
     if cycle:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(RawText("...")))
     elif obj.maxlen is not None:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(list(obj), maxlen=obj.maxlen))
     else:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(list(obj)))
 
 def _counter_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     cls_ctor = CallExpression.factory(obj.__class__.__name__)
     if cycle:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(RawText("...")))
     elif len(obj):
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(dict(obj.most_common())))
     else:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor())
 
 
 def _userlist_pprint(obj, p, cycle):
     cls_ctor = CallExpression.factory(obj.__class__.__name__)
     if cycle:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(RawText("...")))
     else:
         p.pretty(cls_ctor(obj.data))
 
 
 for_type_by_name('collections', 'defaultdict', _defaultdict_pprint)
 for_type_by_name('collections', 'OrderedDict', _ordereddict_pprint)
 for_type_by_name('collections', 'deque', _deque_pprint)
 for_type_by_name('collections', 'Counter', _counter_pprint)
 for_type_by_name("collections", "UserList", _userlist_pprint)
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     from random import randrange
     class Foo(object):
         def __init__(self):
             self.foo = 1
             self.bar = re.compile(r'\s+')
             self.blub = dict.fromkeys(range(30), randrange(1, 40))
             self.hehe = 23424.234234
             self.list = ["blub", "blah", self]
 
         def get_foo(self):
             print("foo")
 
     pprint(Foo(), verbose=True)

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,87 +1,78 b''
 [build-system]
 requires = ["setuptools >= 51.0.0"]
 # We need access to the 'setupbase' module at build time.
 # Hence we declare a custom build backend.
 build-backend = "_build_meta"  # just re-exports setuptools.build_meta definitions
 backend-path = ["."]
 
 [tool.mypy]
 python_version = "3.10"
 ignore_missing_imports = true
 follow_imports = 'silent'
 exclude = [
    'test_\.+\.py',
    'IPython.utils.tests.test_wildcard',
    'testing',
    'tests',
    'PyColorize.py',
    '_process_win32_controller.py',
    'IPython/core/application.py',
-   'IPython/core/completerlib.py',
-   'IPython/core/displaypub.py',
-   'IPython/core/historyapp.py',
-   #'IPython/core/interactiveshell.py',
-   'IPython/core/magic.py',
    'IPython/core/profileapp.py',
-   # 'IPython/core/ultratb.py',
    'IPython/lib/deepreload.py',
-   'IPython/lib/pretty.py',
    'IPython/sphinxext/ipython_directive.py',
    'IPython/terminal/ipapp.py',
    'IPython/utils/_process_win32.py',
    'IPython/utils/path.py',
-   'IPython/utils/timing.py',
-   'IPython/utils/text.py'
 ]
 
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 addopts = [
    "--durations=10",
    "-pIPython.testing.plugin.pytest_ipdoctest",
    "--ipdoctest-modules",
    "--ignore=docs",
    "--ignore=examples",
    "--ignore=htmlcov",
    "--ignore=ipython_kernel",
    "--ignore=ipython_parallel",
    "--ignore=results",
    "--ignore=tmp",
    "--ignore=tools",
    "--ignore=traitlets",
    "--ignore=IPython/core/tests/daft_extension",
    "--ignore=IPython/sphinxext",
    "--ignore=IPython/terminal/pt_inputhooks",
    "--ignore=IPython/__main__.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/external/qt_for_kernel.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/html/widgets/widget_link.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/html/widgets/widget_output.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/terminal/console.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/_process_cli.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/_process_posix.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/_process_win32.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/_process_win32_controller.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/daemonize.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/eventful.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/kernel",
    "--ignore=IPython/consoleapp.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/core/inputsplitter.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/lib/kernel.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/jsonutil.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/localinterfaces.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/log.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/signatures.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/traitlets.py",
    "--ignore=IPython/utils/version.py"
 ]
 doctest_optionflags = [
    "NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE",
    "ELLIPSIS"
 ]
 ipdoctest_optionflags = [
    "NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE",
    "ELLIPSIS"
 ]
 asyncio_mode = "strict"
 
 [tool.pyright]
 pythonPlatform="All"