Format code

IPython/core/application.py

@@ -1,490 +1,490 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 An application for IPython.
 
 All top-level applications should use the classes in this module for
 handling configuration and creating configurables.
 
 The job of an :class:`Application` is to create the master configuration
 object and then create the configurable objects, passing the config to them.
 """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import atexit
 from copy import deepcopy
 import glob
 import logging
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from traitlets.config.application import Application, catch_config_error
 from traitlets.config.loader import ConfigFileNotFound, PyFileConfigLoader
 from IPython.core import release, crashhandler
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir, ProfileDirError
 from IPython.paths import get_ipython_dir, get_ipython_package_dir
 from IPython.utils.path import ensure_dir_exists
 from traitlets import (
     List, Unicode, Type, Bool, Set, Instance, Undefined,
     default, observe,
 )
 
 if os.name == "nt":
     programdata = os.environ.get("PROGRAMDATA", None)
     if programdata is not None:
         SYSTEM_CONFIG_DIRS = [str(Path(programdata) / "ipython")]
     else:  # PROGRAMDATA is not defined by default on XP.
         SYSTEM_CONFIG_DIRS = []
 else:
     SYSTEM_CONFIG_DIRS = [
         "/usr/local/etc/ipython",
         "/etc/ipython",
     ]
 
 
 ENV_CONFIG_DIRS = []
 _env_config_dir = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'etc', 'ipython')
 if _env_config_dir not in SYSTEM_CONFIG_DIRS:
     # only add ENV_CONFIG if sys.prefix is not already included
     ENV_CONFIG_DIRS.append(_env_config_dir)
 
 
 _envvar = os.environ.get('IPYTHON_SUPPRESS_CONFIG_ERRORS')
 if _envvar in {None, ''}:
     IPYTHON_SUPPRESS_CONFIG_ERRORS = None
 else:
     if _envvar.lower() in {'1','true'}:
         IPYTHON_SUPPRESS_CONFIG_ERRORS = True
     elif _envvar.lower() in {'0','false'} :
         IPYTHON_SUPPRESS_CONFIG_ERRORS = False
     else:
         sys.exit("Unsupported value for environment variable: 'IPYTHON_SUPPRESS_CONFIG_ERRORS' is set to '%s' which is none of  {'0', '1', 'false', 'true', ''}."% _envvar )
 
 # aliases and flags
 
 base_aliases = {}
 if isinstance(Application.aliases, dict):
     # traitlets 5
     base_aliases.update(Application.aliases)
 base_aliases.update(
     {
         "profile-dir": "ProfileDir.location",
         "profile": "BaseIPythonApplication.profile",
         "ipython-dir": "BaseIPythonApplication.ipython_dir",
         "log-level": "Application.log_level",
         "config": "BaseIPythonApplication.extra_config_file",
     }
 )
 
 base_flags = dict()
 if isinstance(Application.flags, dict):
     # traitlets 5
     base_flags.update(Application.flags)
 base_flags.update(
     dict(
         debug=(
             {"Application": {"log_level": logging.DEBUG}},
             "set log level to logging.DEBUG (maximize logging output)",
         ),
         quiet=(
             {"Application": {"log_level": logging.CRITICAL}},
             "set log level to logging.CRITICAL (minimize logging output)",
         ),
         init=(
             {
                 "BaseIPythonApplication": {
                     "copy_config_files": True,
                     "auto_create": True,
                 }
             },
             """Initialize profile with default config files.  This is equivalent
             to running `ipython profile create <profile>` prior to startup.
             """,
         ),
     )
 )
 
 
 class ProfileAwareConfigLoader(PyFileConfigLoader):
     """A Python file config loader that is aware of IPython profiles."""
     def load_subconfig(self, fname, path=None, profile=None):
         if profile is not None:
             try:
                 profile_dir = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir_by_name(
                         get_ipython_dir(),
                         profile,
                 )
             except ProfileDirError:
                 return
             path = profile_dir.location
         return super(ProfileAwareConfigLoader, self).load_subconfig(fname, path=path)
 
 class BaseIPythonApplication(Application):
 
     name = u'ipython'
     description = Unicode(u'IPython: an enhanced interactive Python shell.')
     version = Unicode(release.version)
 
     aliases = base_aliases
     flags = base_flags
     classes = List([ProfileDir])
     
     # enable `load_subconfig('cfg.py', profile='name')`
     python_config_loader_class = ProfileAwareConfigLoader
 
     # Track whether the config_file has changed,
     # because some logic happens only if we aren't using the default.
     config_file_specified = Set()
 
     config_file_name = Unicode()
     @default('config_file_name')
     def _config_file_name_default(self):
         return self.name.replace('-','_') + u'_config.py'
     @observe('config_file_name')
     def _config_file_name_changed(self, change):
         if change['new'] != change['old']:
             self.config_file_specified.add(change['new'])
 
     # The directory that contains IPython's builtin profiles.
     builtin_profile_dir = Unicode(
         os.path.join(get_ipython_package_dir(), u'config', u'profile', u'default')
     )
     
     config_file_paths = List(Unicode())
     @default('config_file_paths')
     def _config_file_paths_default(self):
         return []
 
     extra_config_file = Unicode(
     help="""Path to an extra config file to load.
     
     If specified, load this config file in addition to any other IPython config.
     """).tag(config=True)
     @observe('extra_config_file')
     def _extra_config_file_changed(self, change):
         old = change['old']
         new = change['new']
         try:
             self.config_files.remove(old)
         except ValueError:
             pass
         self.config_file_specified.add(new)
         self.config_files.append(new)
 
     profile = Unicode(u'default',
         help="""The IPython profile to use."""
     ).tag(config=True)
     
     @observe('profile')
     def _profile_changed(self, change):
         self.builtin_profile_dir = os.path.join(
                 get_ipython_package_dir(), u'config', u'profile', change['new']
         )
 
     add_ipython_dir_to_sys_path = Bool(
         False,
         """Should the IPython profile directory be added to sys path ?
 
         This option was non-existing before IPython 8.0, and ipython_dir was added to
         sys path to allow import of extensions present there. This was historical
         baggage from when pip did not exist. This now default to false,
         but can be set to true for legacy reasons.
         """,
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     ipython_dir = Unicode(
         help="""
         The name of the IPython directory. This directory is used for logging
         configuration (through profiles), history storage, etc. The default
         is usually $HOME/.ipython. This option can also be specified through
         the environment variable IPYTHONDIR.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     @default('ipython_dir')
     def _ipython_dir_default(self):
         d = get_ipython_dir()
         self._ipython_dir_changed({
             'name': 'ipython_dir',
             'old': d,
             'new': d,
         })
         return d
     
     _in_init_profile_dir = False
     profile_dir = Instance(ProfileDir, allow_none=True)
     @default('profile_dir')
     def _profile_dir_default(self):
         # avoid recursion
         if self._in_init_profile_dir:
             return
         # profile_dir requested early, force initialization
         self.init_profile_dir()
         return self.profile_dir
 
     overwrite = Bool(False,
         help="""Whether to overwrite existing config files when copying"""
     ).tag(config=True)
     auto_create = Bool(False,
         help="""Whether to create profile dir if it doesn't exist"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     config_files = List(Unicode())
     @default('config_files')
     def _config_files_default(self):
         return [self.config_file_name]
 
     copy_config_files = Bool(False,
         help="""Whether to install the default config files into the profile dir.
         If a new profile is being created, and IPython contains config files for that
         profile, then they will be staged into the new directory.  Otherwise,
         default config files will be automatically generated.
         """).tag(config=True)
     
     verbose_crash = Bool(False,
         help="""Create a massive crash report when IPython encounters what may be an
         internal error.  The default is to append a short message to the
         usual traceback""").tag(config=True)
 
     # The class to use as the crash handler.
     crash_handler_class = Type(crashhandler.CrashHandler)
 
     @catch_config_error
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         super(BaseIPythonApplication, self).__init__(**kwargs)
         # ensure current working directory exists
         try:
             os.getcwd()
         except:
             # exit if cwd doesn't exist
             self.log.error("Current working directory doesn't exist.")
             self.exit(1)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Various stages of Application creation
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
     def init_crash_handler(self):
         """Create a crash handler, typically setting sys.excepthook to it."""
         self.crash_handler = self.crash_handler_class(self)
         sys.excepthook = self.excepthook
         def unset_crashhandler():
             sys.excepthook = sys.__excepthook__
         atexit.register(unset_crashhandler)
     
     def excepthook(self, etype, evalue, tb):
         """this is sys.excepthook after init_crashhandler
 
         set self.verbose_crash=True to use our full crashhandler, instead of
         a regular traceback with a short message (crash_handler_lite)
         """
         
         if self.verbose_crash:
             return self.crash_handler(etype, evalue, tb)
         else:
             return crashhandler.crash_handler_lite(etype, evalue, tb)
 
     @observe('ipython_dir')
     def _ipython_dir_changed(self, change):
         old = change['old']
         new = change['new']
         if old is not Undefined:
             str_old = os.path.abspath(old)
             if str_old in sys.path:
                 sys.path.remove(str_old)
         if self.add_ipython_dir_to_sys_path:
             str_path = os.path.abspath(new)
             sys.path.append(str_path)
             ensure_dir_exists(new)
             readme = os.path.join(new, "README")
             readme_src = os.path.join(
                 get_ipython_package_dir(), "config", "profile", "README"
             )
             if not os.path.exists(readme) and os.path.exists(readme_src):
                 shutil.copy(readme_src, readme)
             for d in ("extensions", "nbextensions"):
                 path = os.path.join(new, d)
                 try:
                     ensure_dir_exists(path)
                 except OSError as e:
                     # this will not be EEXIST
                     self.log.error("couldn't create path %s: %s", path, e)
             self.log.debug("IPYTHONDIR set to: %s" % new)
 
     def load_config_file(self, suppress_errors=IPYTHON_SUPPRESS_CONFIG_ERRORS):
         """Load the config file.
 
         By default, errors in loading config are handled, and a warning
         printed on screen. For testing, the suppress_errors option is set
         to False, so errors will make tests fail.
 
         `suppress_errors` default value is to be `None` in which case the
         behavior default to the one of `traitlets.Application`.
 
         The default value can be set :
            - to `False` by setting 'IPYTHON_SUPPRESS_CONFIG_ERRORS' environment variable to '0', or 'false' (case insensitive).
            - to `True` by setting 'IPYTHON_SUPPRESS_CONFIG_ERRORS' environment variable to '1' or 'true' (case insensitive).
            - to `None` by setting 'IPYTHON_SUPPRESS_CONFIG_ERRORS' environment variable to '' (empty string) or leaving it unset.
 
         Any other value are invalid, and will make IPython exit with a non-zero return code.
         """
 
 
         self.log.debug("Searching path %s for config files", self.config_file_paths)
         base_config = 'ipython_config.py'
         self.log.debug("Attempting to load config file: %s" %
                        base_config)
         try:
             if suppress_errors is not None:
                 old_value = Application.raise_config_file_errors
                 Application.raise_config_file_errors = not suppress_errors;
             Application.load_config_file(
                 self,
                 base_config,
                 path=self.config_file_paths
             )
         except ConfigFileNotFound:
             # ignore errors loading parent
             self.log.debug("Config file %s not found", base_config)
             pass
         if suppress_errors is not None:
             Application.raise_config_file_errors = old_value
         
         for config_file_name in self.config_files:
             if not config_file_name or config_file_name == base_config:
                 continue
             self.log.debug("Attempting to load config file: %s" %
                            self.config_file_name)
             try:
                 Application.load_config_file(
                     self,
                     config_file_name,
                     path=self.config_file_paths
                 )
             except ConfigFileNotFound:
                 # Only warn if the default config file was NOT being used.
                 if config_file_name in self.config_file_specified:
                     msg = self.log.warning
                 else:
                     msg = self.log.debug
                 msg("Config file not found, skipping: %s", config_file_name)
             except Exception:
                 # For testing purposes.
                 if not suppress_errors:
                     raise
                 self.log.warning("Error loading config file: %s" %
                               self.config_file_name, exc_info=True)
 
     def init_profile_dir(self):
         """initialize the profile dir"""
         self._in_init_profile_dir = True
         if self.profile_dir is not None:
             # already ran
             return
         if 'ProfileDir.location' not in self.config:
             # location not specified, find by profile name
             try:
                 p = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir_by_name(self.ipython_dir, self.profile, self.config)
             except ProfileDirError:
                 # not found, maybe create it (always create default profile)
                 if self.auto_create or self.profile == 'default':
                     try:
                         p = ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(self.ipython_dir, self.profile, self.config)
                     except ProfileDirError:
                         self.log.fatal("Could not create profile: %r"%self.profile)
                         self.exit(1)
                     else:
                         self.log.info("Created profile dir: %r"%p.location)
                 else:
                     self.log.fatal("Profile %r not found."%self.profile)
                     self.exit(1)
             else:
                 self.log.debug(f"Using existing profile dir: {p.location!r}")
         else:
             location = self.config.ProfileDir.location
             # location is fully specified
             try:
                 p = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir(location, self.config)
             except ProfileDirError:
                 # not found, maybe create it
                 if self.auto_create:
                     try:
                         p = ProfileDir.create_profile_dir(location, self.config)
                     except ProfileDirError:
                         self.log.fatal("Could not create profile directory: %r"%location)
                         self.exit(1)
                     else:
                         self.log.debug("Creating new profile dir: %r"%location)
                 else:
                     self.log.fatal("Profile directory %r not found."%location)
                     self.exit(1)
             else:
                 self.log.debug(f"Using existing profile dir: {p.location!r}")
             # if profile_dir is specified explicitly, set profile name
             dir_name = os.path.basename(p.location)
             if dir_name.startswith('profile_'):
                 self.profile = dir_name[8:]
 
         self.profile_dir = p
         self.config_file_paths.append(p.location)
         self._in_init_profile_dir = False
 
     def init_config_files(self):
         """[optionally] copy default config files into profile dir."""
         self.config_file_paths.extend(ENV_CONFIG_DIRS)
         self.config_file_paths.extend(SYSTEM_CONFIG_DIRS)
         # copy config files
         path = Path(self.builtin_profile_dir)
         if self.copy_config_files:
             src = self.profile
 
             cfg = self.config_file_name
             if path and (path / cfg).exists():
                 self.log.warning(
                     "Staging %r from %s into %r [overwrite=%s]"
                     % (cfg, src, self.profile_dir.location, self.overwrite)
                 )
                 self.profile_dir.copy_config_file(cfg, path=path, overwrite=self.overwrite)
             else:
                 self.stage_default_config_file()
         else:
             # Still stage *bundled* config files, but not generated ones
             # This is necessary for `ipython profile=sympy` to load the profile
             # on the first go
             files = path.glob("*.py")
             for fullpath in files:
                 cfg = fullpath.name
                 if self.profile_dir.copy_config_file(cfg, path=path, overwrite=False):
                     # file was copied
                     self.log.warning("Staging bundled %s from %s into %r"%(
                             cfg, self.profile, self.profile_dir.location)
                     )
 
 
     def stage_default_config_file(self):
         """auto generate default config file, and stage it into the profile."""
         s = self.generate_config_file()
         config_file = Path(self.profile_dir.location) / self.config_file_name
         if self.overwrite or not config_file.exists():
             self.log.warning("Generating default config file: %r" % (config_file))
-            config_file.write_text(s, encoding='utf-8')
+            config_file.write_text(s, encoding="utf-8")
 
     @catch_config_error
     def initialize(self, argv=None):
         # don't hook up crash handler before parsing command-line
         self.parse_command_line(argv)
         self.init_crash_handler()
         if self.subapp is not None:
             # stop here if subapp is taking over
             return
         # save a copy of CLI config to re-load after config files
         # so that it has highest priority
         cl_config = deepcopy(self.config)
         self.init_profile_dir()
         self.init_config_files()
         self.load_config_file()
         # enforce cl-opts override configfile opts:
         self.update_config(cl_config)

IPython/core/crashhandler.py

@@ -1,237 +1,237 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """sys.excepthook for IPython itself, leaves a detailed report on disk.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Fernando Perez
 * Brian E. Granger
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import sys
 import traceback
 from pprint import pformat
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from IPython.core import ultratb
 from IPython.core.release import author_email
 from IPython.utils.sysinfo import sys_info
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import input
 
 from IPython.core.release import __version__ as version
 
 from typing import Optional
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Code
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Template for the user message.
 _default_message_template = """\
 Oops, {app_name} crashed. We do our best to make it stable, but...
 
 A crash report was automatically generated with the following information:
   - A verbatim copy of the crash traceback.
   - A copy of your input history during this session.
   - Data on your current {app_name} configuration.
 
 It was left in the file named:
 \t'{crash_report_fname}'
 If you can email this file to the developers, the information in it will help
 them in understanding and correcting the problem.
 
 You can mail it to: {contact_name} at {contact_email}
 with the subject '{app_name} Crash Report'.
 
 If you want to do it now, the following command will work (under Unix):
 mail -s '{app_name} Crash Report' {contact_email} < {crash_report_fname}
 
 In your email, please also include information about:
 - The operating system under which the crash happened: Linux, macOS, Windows,
   other, and which exact version (for example: Ubuntu 16.04.3, macOS 10.13.2,
   Windows 10 Pro), and whether it is 32-bit or 64-bit;
 - How {app_name} was installed: using pip or conda, from GitHub, as part of
   a Docker container, or other, providing more detail if possible;
 - How to reproduce the crash: what exact sequence of instructions can one
   input to get the same crash? Ideally, find a minimal yet complete sequence
   of instructions that yields the crash.
 
 To ensure accurate tracking of this issue, please file a report about it at:
 {bug_tracker}
 """
 
 _lite_message_template = """
 If you suspect this is an IPython {version} bug, please report it at:
     https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues
 or send an email to the mailing list at {email}
 
 You can print a more detailed traceback right now with "%tb", or use "%debug"
 to interactively debug it.
 
 Extra-detailed tracebacks for bug-reporting purposes can be enabled via:
     {config}Application.verbose_crash=True
 """
 
 
 class CrashHandler(object):
     """Customizable crash handlers for IPython applications.
 
     Instances of this class provide a :meth:`__call__` method which can be
     used as a ``sys.excepthook``.  The :meth:`__call__` signature is::
 
         def __call__(self, etype, evalue, etb)
     """
 
     message_template = _default_message_template
     section_sep = '\n\n'+'*'*75+'\n\n'
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         app,
         contact_name: Optional[str] = None,
         contact_email: Optional[str] = None,
         bug_tracker: Optional[str] = None,
         show_crash_traceback: bool = True,
         call_pdb: bool = False,
     ):
         """Create a new crash handler
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         app : Application
             A running :class:`Application` instance, which will be queried at
             crash time for internal information.
         contact_name : str
             A string with the name of the person to contact.
         contact_email : str
             A string with the email address of the contact.
         bug_tracker : str
             A string with the URL for your project's bug tracker.
         show_crash_traceback : bool
             If false, don't print the crash traceback on stderr, only generate
             the on-disk report
         call_pdb
             Whether to call pdb on crash
 
         Attributes
         ----------
         These instances contain some non-argument attributes which allow for
         further customization of the crash handler's behavior. Please see the
         source for further details.
 
         """
         self.crash_report_fname = "Crash_report_%s.txt" % app.name
         self.app = app
         self.call_pdb = call_pdb
         #self.call_pdb = True # dbg
         self.show_crash_traceback = show_crash_traceback
         self.info = dict(app_name = app.name,
                     contact_name = contact_name,
                     contact_email = contact_email,
                     bug_tracker = bug_tracker,
                     crash_report_fname = self.crash_report_fname)
 
 
     def __call__(self, etype, evalue, etb):
         """Handle an exception, call for compatible with sys.excepthook"""
         
         # do not allow the crash handler to be called twice without reinstalling it
         # this prevents unlikely errors in the crash handling from entering an
         # infinite loop.
         sys.excepthook = sys.__excepthook__
         
         # Report tracebacks shouldn't use color in general (safer for users)
         color_scheme = 'NoColor'
 
         # Use this ONLY for developer debugging (keep commented out for release)
         #color_scheme = 'Linux'   # dbg
         try:
             rptdir = self.app.ipython_dir
         except:
             rptdir = Path.cwd()
         if rptdir is None or not Path.is_dir(rptdir):
             rptdir = Path.cwd()
         report_name = rptdir / self.crash_report_fname
         # write the report filename into the instance dict so it can get
         # properly expanded out in the user message template
         self.crash_report_fname = report_name
         self.info['crash_report_fname'] = report_name
         TBhandler = ultratb.VerboseTB(
             color_scheme=color_scheme,
             long_header=1,
             call_pdb=self.call_pdb,
         )
         if self.call_pdb:
             TBhandler(etype,evalue,etb)
             return
         else:
             traceback = TBhandler.text(etype,evalue,etb,context=31)
 
         # print traceback to screen
         if self.show_crash_traceback:
             print(traceback, file=sys.stderr)
 
         # and generate a complete report on disk
         try:
-            report = open(report_name, 'w', encoding='utf-8')
+            report = open(report_name, "w", encoding="utf-8")
         except:
             print('Could not create crash report on disk.', file=sys.stderr)
             return
 
         with report:
             # Inform user on stderr of what happened
             print('\n'+'*'*70+'\n', file=sys.stderr)
             print(self.message_template.format(**self.info), file=sys.stderr)
 
             # Construct report on disk
             report.write(self.make_report(traceback))
 
         input("Hit <Enter> to quit (your terminal may close):")
 
     def make_report(self,traceback):
         """Return a string containing a crash report."""
 
         sec_sep = self.section_sep
 
         report = ['*'*75+'\n\n'+'IPython post-mortem report\n\n']
         rpt_add = report.append
         rpt_add(sys_info())
 
         try:
             config = pformat(self.app.config)
             rpt_add(sec_sep)
             rpt_add('Application name: %s\n\n' % self.app_name)
             rpt_add('Current user configuration structure:\n\n')
             rpt_add(config)
         except:
             pass
         rpt_add(sec_sep+'Crash traceback:\n\n' + traceback)
 
         return ''.join(report)
 
 
 def crash_handler_lite(etype, evalue, tb):
     """a light excepthook, adding a small message to the usual traceback"""
     traceback.print_exception(etype, evalue, tb)
     
     from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
     if InteractiveShell.initialized():
         # we are in a Shell environment, give %magic example
         config = "%config "
     else:
         # we are not in a shell, show generic config
         config = "c."
     print(_lite_message_template.format(email=author_email, config=config, version=version), file=sys.stderr)
 

IPython/core/display.py

@@ -1,1274 +1,1277 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Top-level display functions for displaying object in different formats."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 from binascii import b2a_base64, hexlify
 import html
 import json
 import mimetypes
 import os
 import struct
 import warnings
 from copy import deepcopy
 from os.path import splitext
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
 
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import cast_unicode
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from . import display_functions
 
 
 __all__ = ['display_pretty', 'display_html', 'display_markdown',
            'display_svg', 'display_png', 'display_jpeg', 'display_latex', 'display_json',
            'display_javascript', 'display_pdf', 'DisplayObject', 'TextDisplayObject',
            'Pretty', 'HTML', 'Markdown', 'Math', 'Latex', 'SVG', 'ProgressBar', 'JSON',
            'GeoJSON', 'Javascript', 'Image', 'set_matplotlib_formats',
            'set_matplotlib_close',
            'Video']
 
 _deprecated_names = ["display", "clear_output", "publish_display_data", "update_display", "DisplayHandle"]
 
 __all__ = __all__ + _deprecated_names
 
 
 # ----- warn to import from IPython.display -----
 
 from warnings import warn
 
 
 def __getattr__(name):
     if name in _deprecated_names:
         warn(f"Importing {name} from IPython.core.display is deprecated since IPython 7.14, please import from IPython display", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         return getattr(display_functions, name)
 
     if name in globals().keys():
         return globals()[name]
     else:
         raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__} has no attribute {name}")
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # utility functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def _safe_exists(path):
     """Check path, but don't let exceptions raise"""
     try:
         return os.path.exists(path)
     except Exception:
         return False
 
 
 def _display_mimetype(mimetype, objs, raw=False, metadata=None):
     """internal implementation of all display_foo methods
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     mimetype : str
         The mimetype to be published (e.g. 'image/png')
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw text data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     if metadata:
         metadata = {mimetype: metadata}
     if raw:
         # turn list of pngdata into list of { 'image/png': pngdata }
         objs = [ {mimetype: obj} for obj in objs ]
     display_functions.display(*objs, raw=raw, metadata=metadata, include=[mimetype])
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def display_pretty(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the pretty (default) representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw text data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('text/plain', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_html(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the HTML representation of an object.
 
     Note: If raw=False and the object does not have a HTML
     representation, no HTML will be shown.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw HTML data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('text/html', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_markdown(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Displays the Markdown representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw markdown data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
 
     _display_mimetype('text/markdown', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_svg(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the SVG representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw svg data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('image/svg+xml', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_png(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the PNG representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw png data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('image/png', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_jpeg(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the JPEG representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw JPEG data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('image/jpeg', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_latex(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the LaTeX representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw latex data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('text/latex', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_json(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the JSON representation of an object.
 
     Note that not many frontends support displaying JSON.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw json data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('application/json', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_javascript(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the Javascript representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw javascript data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('application/javascript', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_pdf(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the PDF representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw javascript data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('application/pdf', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Smart classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class DisplayObject(object):
     """An object that wraps data to be displayed."""
 
     _read_flags = 'r'
     _show_mem_addr = False
     metadata = None
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, metadata=None):
         """Create a display object given raw data.
 
         When this object is returned by an expression or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the data being displayed
         in the frontend. The MIME type of the data should match the
         subclasses used, so the Png subclass should be used for 'image/png'
         data. If the data is a URL, the data will first be downloaded
         and then displayed. If
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The raw data or a URL or file to load the data from
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         metadata : dict
             Dict of metadata associated to be the object when displayed
         """
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if data is not None and isinstance(data, str):
             if data.startswith('http') and url is None:
                 url = data
                 filename = None
                 data = None
             elif _safe_exists(data) and filename is None:
                 url = None
                 filename = data
                 data = None
 
         self.url = url
         self.filename = filename
         # because of @data.setter methods in
         # subclasses ensure url and filename are set
         # before assigning to self.data
         self.data = data
 
         if metadata is not None:
             self.metadata = metadata
         elif self.metadata is None:
             self.metadata = {}
 
         self.reload()
         self._check_data()
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if not self._show_mem_addr:
             cls = self.__class__
             r = "<%s.%s object>" % (cls.__module__, cls.__name__)
         else:
             r = super(DisplayObject, self).__repr__()
         return r
 
     def _check_data(self):
         """Override in subclasses if there's something to check."""
         pass
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self):
         """shortcut for returning metadata with shape information, if defined"""
         if self.metadata:
             return self.data, deepcopy(self.metadata)
         else:
             return self.data
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload the raw data from file or URL."""
         if self.filename is not None:
-            encoding = None if 'b' in self._read_flags else 'utf-8'
+            encoding = None if "b" in self._read_flags else "utf-8"
             with open(self.filename, self._read_flags, encoding=encoding) as f:
                 self.data = f.read()
         elif self.url is not None:
             # Deferred import
             from urllib.request import urlopen
             response = urlopen(self.url)
             data = response.read()
             # extract encoding from header, if there is one:
             encoding = None
             if 'content-type' in response.headers:
                 for sub in response.headers['content-type'].split(';'):
                     sub = sub.strip()
                     if sub.startswith('charset'):
                         encoding = sub.split('=')[-1].strip()
                         break
             if 'content-encoding' in response.headers:
                 # TODO: do deflate?
                 if 'gzip' in response.headers['content-encoding']:
                     import gzip
                     from io import BytesIO
+
                     # assume utf-8 if encoding is not specified
-                    with gzip.open(BytesIO(data), 'rt', encoding=encoding or 'utf-8') as fp:
+                    with gzip.open(
+                        BytesIO(data), "rt", encoding=encoding or "utf-8"
+                    ) as fp:
                         encoding = None
                         data = fp.read()
 
             # decode data, if an encoding was specified
             # We only touch self.data once since
             # subclasses such as SVG have @data.setter methods
             # that transform self.data into ... well svg.
             if encoding:
                 self.data = data.decode(encoding, 'replace')
             else:
                 self.data = data
 
 
 class TextDisplayObject(DisplayObject):
     """Validate that display data is text"""
     def _check_data(self):
         if self.data is not None and not isinstance(self.data, str):
             raise TypeError("%s expects text, not %r" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.data))
 
 class Pretty(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, pp, cycle):
         return pp.text(self.data)
 
 
 class HTML(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, metadata=None):
         def warn():
             if not data:
                 return False
 
             #
             # Avoid calling lower() on the entire data, because it could be a
             # long string and we're only interested in its beginning and end.
             #
             prefix = data[:10].lower()
             suffix = data[-10:].lower()
             return prefix.startswith("<iframe ") and suffix.endswith("</iframe>")
 
         if warn():
             warnings.warn("Consider using IPython.display.IFrame instead")
         super(HTML, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename, metadata=metadata)
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
     def __html__(self):
         """
         This method exists to inform other HTML-using modules (e.g. Markupsafe,
         htmltag, etc) that this object is HTML and does not need things like
         special characters (<>&) escaped.
         """
         return self._repr_html_()
 
 
 class Markdown(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_markdown_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 
 class Math(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_latex_(self):
         s = r"$\displaystyle %s$" % self.data.strip('$')
         if self.metadata:
             return s, deepcopy(self.metadata)
         else:
             return s
 
 
 class Latex(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_latex_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 
 class SVG(DisplayObject):
     """Embed an SVG into the display.
 
     Note if you just want to view a svg image via a URL use `:class:Image` with
     a url=URL keyword argument.
     """
 
     _read_flags = 'rb'
     # wrap data in a property, which extracts the <svg> tag, discarding
     # document headers
     _data = None
 
     @property
     def data(self):
         return self._data
 
     @data.setter
     def data(self, svg):
         if svg is None:
             self._data = None
             return
         # parse into dom object
         from xml.dom import minidom
         x = minidom.parseString(svg)
         # get svg tag (should be 1)
         found_svg = x.getElementsByTagName('svg')
         if found_svg:
             svg = found_svg[0].toxml()
         else:
             # fallback on the input, trust the user
             # but this is probably an error.
             pass
         svg = cast_unicode(svg)
         self._data = svg
 
     def _repr_svg_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 class ProgressBar(DisplayObject):
     """Progressbar supports displaying a progressbar like element
     """
     def __init__(self, total):
         """Creates a new progressbar
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         total : int
             maximum size of the progressbar
         """
         self.total = total
         self._progress = 0
         self.html_width = '60ex'
         self.text_width = 60
         self._display_id = hexlify(os.urandom(8)).decode('ascii')
 
     def __repr__(self):
         fraction = self.progress / self.total
         filled = '=' * int(fraction * self.text_width)
         rest = ' ' * (self.text_width - len(filled))
         return '[{}{}] {}/{}'.format(
             filled, rest,
             self.progress, self.total,
         )
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         return "<progress style='width:{}' max='{}' value='{}'></progress>".format(
             self.html_width, self.total, self.progress)
 
     def display(self):
         display_functions.display(self, display_id=self._display_id)
 
     def update(self):
         display_functions.display(self, display_id=self._display_id, update=True)
 
     @property
     def progress(self):
         return self._progress
 
     @progress.setter
     def progress(self, value):
         self._progress = value
         self.update()
 
     def __iter__(self):
         self.display()
         self._progress = -1 # First iteration is 0
         return self
 
     def __next__(self):
         """Returns current value and increments display by one."""
         self.progress += 1
         if self.progress < self.total:
             return self.progress
         else:
             raise StopIteration()
 
 class JSON(DisplayObject):
     """JSON expects a JSON-able dict or list
 
     not an already-serialized JSON string.
 
     Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict or list containers.
     """
     # wrap data in a property, which warns about passing already-serialized JSON
     _data = None
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, expanded=False, metadata=None, root='root', **kwargs):
         """Create a JSON display object given raw data.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : dict or list
             JSON data to display. Not an already-serialized JSON string.
             Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict
             or list containers.
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         expanded : boolean
             Metadata to control whether a JSON display component is expanded.
         metadata : dict
             Specify extra metadata to attach to the json display object.
         root : str
             The name of the root element of the JSON tree
         """
         self.metadata = {
             'expanded': expanded,
             'root': root,
         }
         if metadata:
             self.metadata.update(metadata)
         if kwargs:
             self.metadata.update(kwargs)
         super(JSON, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _check_data(self):
         if self.data is not None and not isinstance(self.data, (dict, list)):
             raise TypeError("%s expects JSONable dict or list, not %r" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.data))
 
     @property
     def data(self):
         return self._data
 
     @data.setter
     def data(self, data):
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if isinstance(data, str):
             if self.filename is None and self.url is None:
                 warnings.warn("JSON expects JSONable dict or list, not JSON strings")
             data = json.loads(data)
         self._data = data
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self):
         return self.data, self.metadata
 
     def _repr_json_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 _css_t = """var link = document.createElement("link");
 	link.ref = "stylesheet";
 	link.type = "text/css";
 	link.href = "%s";
 	document.head.appendChild(link);
 """
 
 _lib_t1 = """new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
 	var script = document.createElement("script");
 	script.onload = resolve;
 	script.onerror = reject;
 	script.src = "%s";
 	document.head.appendChild(script);
 }).then(() => {
 """
 
 _lib_t2 = """
 });"""
 
 class GeoJSON(JSON):
     """GeoJSON expects JSON-able dict
 
     not an already-serialized JSON string.
 
     Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict containers.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Create a GeoJSON display object given raw data.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : dict or list
             VegaLite data. Not an already-serialized JSON string.
             Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict
             or list containers.
         url_template : string
             Leaflet TileLayer URL template: http://leafletjs.com/reference.html#url-template
         layer_options : dict
             Leaflet TileLayer options: http://leafletjs.com/reference.html#tilelayer-options
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         metadata : dict
             Specify extra metadata to attach to the json display object.
 
         Examples
         --------
         The following will display an interactive map of Mars with a point of
         interest on frontend that do support GeoJSON display.
 
             >>> from IPython.display import GeoJSON
 
             >>> GeoJSON(data={
             ...     "type": "Feature",
             ...     "geometry": {
             ...         "type": "Point",
             ...         "coordinates": [-81.327, 296.038]
             ...     }
             ... },
             ... url_template="http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/whereonmars.cartodb.net/{basemap_id}/{z}/{x}/{y}.png",
             ... layer_options={
             ...     "basemap_id": "celestia_mars-shaded-16k_global",
             ...     "attribution" : "Celestia/praesepe",
             ...     "minZoom" : 0,
             ...     "maxZoom" : 18,
             ... })
             <IPython.core.display.GeoJSON object>
 
         In the terminal IPython, you will only see the text representation of
         the GeoJSON object.
 
         """
 
         super(GeoJSON, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
     def _ipython_display_(self):
         bundle = {
             'application/geo+json': self.data,
             'text/plain': '<IPython.display.GeoJSON object>'
         }
         metadata = {
             'application/geo+json': self.metadata
         }
         display_functions.display(bundle, metadata=metadata, raw=True)
 
 class Javascript(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, lib=None, css=None):
         """Create a Javascript display object given raw data.
 
         When this object is returned by an expression or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the data being displayed
         in the frontend. If the data is a URL, the data will first be
         downloaded and then displayed.
 
         In the Notebook, the containing element will be available as `element`,
         and jQuery will be available.  Content appended to `element` will be
         visible in the output area.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The Javascript source code or a URL to download it from.
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         lib : list or str
             A sequence of Javascript library URLs to load asynchronously before
             running the source code. The full URLs of the libraries should
             be given. A single Javascript library URL can also be given as a
             string.
         css : list or str
             A sequence of css files to load before running the source code.
             The full URLs of the css files should be given. A single css URL
             can also be given as a string.
         """
         if isinstance(lib, str):
             lib = [lib]
         elif lib is None:
             lib = []
         if isinstance(css, str):
             css = [css]
         elif css is None:
             css = []
         if not isinstance(lib, (list,tuple)):
             raise TypeError('expected sequence, got: %r' % lib)
         if not isinstance(css, (list,tuple)):
             raise TypeError('expected sequence, got: %r' % css)
         self.lib = lib
         self.css = css
         super(Javascript, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _repr_javascript_(self):
         r = ''
         for c in self.css:
             r += _css_t % c
         for l in self.lib:
             r += _lib_t1 % l
         r += self.data
         r += _lib_t2*len(self.lib)
         return r
 
 # constants for identifying png/jpeg data
 _PNG = b'\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n'
 _JPEG = b'\xff\xd8'
 
 def _pngxy(data):
     """read the (width, height) from a PNG header"""
     ihdr = data.index(b'IHDR')
     # next 8 bytes are width/height
     return struct.unpack('>ii', data[ihdr+4:ihdr+12])
 
 def _jpegxy(data):
     """read the (width, height) from a JPEG header"""
     # adapted from http://www.64lines.com/jpeg-width-height
 
     idx = 4
     while True:
         block_size = struct.unpack('>H', data[idx:idx+2])[0]
         idx = idx + block_size
         if data[idx:idx+2] == b'\xFF\xC0':
             # found Start of Frame
             iSOF = idx
             break
         else:
             # read another block
             idx += 2
 
     h, w = struct.unpack('>HH', data[iSOF+5:iSOF+9])
     return w, h
 
 def _gifxy(data):
     """read the (width, height) from a GIF header"""
     return struct.unpack('<HH', data[6:10])
 
 
 class Image(DisplayObject):
 
     _read_flags = 'rb'
     _FMT_JPEG = u'jpeg'
     _FMT_PNG = u'png'
     _FMT_GIF = u'gif'
     _ACCEPTABLE_EMBEDDINGS = [_FMT_JPEG, _FMT_PNG, _FMT_GIF]
     _MIMETYPES = {
         _FMT_PNG: 'image/png',
         _FMT_JPEG: 'image/jpeg',
         _FMT_GIF: 'image/gif',
     }
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         data=None,
         url=None,
         filename=None,
         format=None,
         embed=None,
         width=None,
         height=None,
         retina=False,
         unconfined=False,
         metadata=None,
         alt=None,
     ):
         """Create a PNG/JPEG/GIF image object given raw data.
 
         When this object is returned by an input cell or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the image being displayed
         in the frontend.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The raw image data or a URL or filename to load the data from.
             This always results in embedded image data.
 
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from. If you specify `url=`,
             the image data will not be embedded unless you also specify `embed=True`.
 
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
             Images from a file are always embedded.
 
         format : unicode
             The format of the image data (png/jpeg/jpg/gif). If a filename or URL is given
             for format will be inferred from the filename extension.
 
         embed : bool
             Should the image data be embedded using a data URI (True) or be
             loaded using an <img> tag. Set this to True if you want the image
             to be viewable later with no internet connection in the notebook.
 
             Default is `True`, unless the keyword argument `url` is set, then
             default value is `False`.
 
             Note that QtConsole is not able to display images if `embed` is set to `False`
 
         width : int
             Width in pixels to which to constrain the image in html
 
         height : int
             Height in pixels to which to constrain the image in html
 
         retina : bool
             Automatically set the width and height to half of the measured
             width and height.
             This only works for embedded images because it reads the width/height
             from image data.
             For non-embedded images, you can just set the desired display width
             and height directly.
 
         unconfined : bool
             Set unconfined=True to disable max-width confinement of the image.
 
         metadata : dict
             Specify extra metadata to attach to the image.
 
         alt : unicode
             Alternative text for the image, for use by screen readers.
 
         Examples
         --------
         embedded image data, works in qtconsole and notebook
         when passed positionally, the first arg can be any of raw image data,
         a URL, or a filename from which to load image data.
         The result is always embedding image data for inline images.
 
         >>> Image('http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png')
         <IPython.core.display.Image object>
 
         >>> Image('/path/to/image.jpg')
         <IPython.core.display.Image object>
 
         >>> Image(b'RAW_PNG_DATA...')
         <IPython.core.display.Image object>
 
         Specifying Image(url=...) does not embed the image data,
         it only generates ``<img>`` tag with a link to the source.
         This will not work in the qtconsole or offline.
 
         >>> Image(url='http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png')
         <IPython.core.display.Image object>
 
         """
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if filename is not None:
             ext = self._find_ext(filename)
         elif url is not None:
             ext = self._find_ext(url)
         elif data is None:
             raise ValueError("No image data found. Expecting filename, url, or data.")
         elif isinstance(data, str) and (
             data.startswith('http') or _safe_exists(data)
         ):
             ext = self._find_ext(data)
         else:
             ext = None
 
         if format is None:
             if ext is not None:
                 if ext == u'jpg' or ext == u'jpeg':
                     format = self._FMT_JPEG
                 elif ext == u'png':
                     format = self._FMT_PNG
                 elif ext == u'gif':
                     format = self._FMT_GIF
                 else:
                     format = ext.lower()
             elif isinstance(data, bytes):
                 # infer image type from image data header,
                 # only if format has not been specified.
                 if data[:2] == _JPEG:
                     format = self._FMT_JPEG
 
         # failed to detect format, default png
         if format is None:
             format = self._FMT_PNG
 
         if format.lower() == 'jpg':
             # jpg->jpeg
             format = self._FMT_JPEG
 
         self.format = format.lower()
         self.embed = embed if embed is not None else (url is None)
 
         if self.embed and self.format not in self._ACCEPTABLE_EMBEDDINGS:
             raise ValueError("Cannot embed the '%s' image format" % (self.format))
         if self.embed:
             self._mimetype = self._MIMETYPES.get(self.format)
 
         self.width = width
         self.height = height
         self.retina = retina
         self.unconfined = unconfined
         self.alt = alt
         super(Image, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename,
                 metadata=metadata)
 
         if self.width is None and self.metadata.get('width', {}):
             self.width = metadata['width']
 
         if self.height is None and self.metadata.get('height', {}):
             self.height = metadata['height']
 
         if self.alt is None and self.metadata.get("alt", {}):
             self.alt = metadata["alt"]
 
         if retina:
             self._retina_shape()
 
 
     def _retina_shape(self):
         """load pixel-doubled width and height from image data"""
         if not self.embed:
             return
         if self.format == self._FMT_PNG:
             w, h = _pngxy(self.data)
         elif self.format == self._FMT_JPEG:
             w, h = _jpegxy(self.data)
         elif self.format == self._FMT_GIF:
             w, h = _gifxy(self.data)
         else:
             # retina only supports png
             return
         self.width = w // 2
         self.height = h // 2
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload the raw data from file or URL."""
         if self.embed:
             super(Image,self).reload()
             if self.retina:
                 self._retina_shape()
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         if not self.embed:
             width = height = klass = alt = ""
             if self.width:
                 width = ' width="%d"' % self.width
             if self.height:
                 height = ' height="%d"' % self.height
             if self.unconfined:
                 klass = ' class="unconfined"'
             if self.alt:
                 alt = ' alt="%s"' % html.escape(self.alt)
             return '<img src="{url}"{width}{height}{klass}{alt}/>'.format(
                 url=self.url,
                 width=width,
                 height=height,
                 klass=klass,
                 alt=alt,
             )
 
     def _repr_mimebundle_(self, include=None, exclude=None):
         """Return the image as a mimebundle
 
         Any new mimetype support should be implemented here.
         """
         if self.embed:
             mimetype = self._mimetype
             data, metadata = self._data_and_metadata(always_both=True)
             if metadata:
                 metadata = {mimetype: metadata}
             return {mimetype: data}, metadata
         else:
             return {'text/html': self._repr_html_()}
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self, always_both=False):
         """shortcut for returning metadata with shape information, if defined"""
         try:
             b64_data = b2a_base64(self.data).decode('ascii')
         except TypeError as e:
             raise FileNotFoundError(
                 "No such file or directory: '%s'" % (self.data)) from e
         md = {}
         if self.metadata:
             md.update(self.metadata)
         if self.width:
             md['width'] = self.width
         if self.height:
             md['height'] = self.height
         if self.unconfined:
             md['unconfined'] = self.unconfined
         if self.alt:
             md["alt"] = self.alt
         if md or always_both:
             return b64_data, md
         else:
             return b64_data
 
     def _repr_png_(self):
         if self.embed and self.format == self._FMT_PNG:
             return self._data_and_metadata()
 
     def _repr_jpeg_(self):
         if self.embed and self.format == self._FMT_JPEG:
             return self._data_and_metadata()
 
     def _find_ext(self, s):
         base, ext = splitext(s)
 
         if not ext:
             return base
 
         # `splitext` includes leading period, so we skip it
         return ext[1:].lower()
 
 
 class Video(DisplayObject):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, embed=False,
                  mimetype=None, width=None, height=None, html_attributes="controls"):
         """Create a video object given raw data or an URL.
 
         When this object is returned by an input cell or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the video being displayed
         in the frontend.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The raw video data or a URL or filename to load the data from.
             Raw data will require passing ``embed=True``.
 
         url : unicode
             A URL for the video. If you specify ``url=``,
             the image data will not be embedded.
 
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file containing the video.
             Will be interpreted as a local URL unless ``embed=True``.
 
         embed : bool
             Should the video be embedded using a data URI (True) or be
             loaded using a <video> tag (False).
 
             Since videos are large, embedding them should be avoided, if possible.
             You must confirm embedding as your intention by passing ``embed=True``.
 
             Local files can be displayed with URLs without embedding the content, via::
 
                 Video('./video.mp4')
 
         mimetype : unicode
             Specify the mimetype for embedded videos.
             Default will be guessed from file extension, if available.
 
         width : int
             Width in pixels to which to constrain the video in HTML.
             If not supplied, defaults to the width of the video.
 
         height : int
             Height in pixels to which to constrain the video in html.
             If not supplied, defaults to the height of the video.
 
         html_attributes : str
             Attributes for the HTML ``<video>`` block.
             Default: ``"controls"`` to get video controls.
             Other examples: ``"controls muted"`` for muted video with controls,
             ``"loop autoplay"`` for looping autoplaying video without controls.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
             Video('https://archive.org/download/Sita_Sings_the_Blues/Sita_Sings_the_Blues_small.mp4')
             Video('path/to/video.mp4')
             Video('path/to/video.mp4', embed=True)
             Video('path/to/video.mp4', embed=True, html_attributes="controls muted autoplay")
             Video(b'raw-videodata', embed=True)
         """
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if url is None and isinstance(data, str) and data.startswith(('http:', 'https:')):
             url = data
             data = None
         elif data is not None and os.path.exists(data):
             filename = data
             data = None
 
         if data and not embed:
             msg = ''.join([
                 "To embed videos, you must pass embed=True ",
                 "(this may make your notebook files huge)\n",
                 "Consider passing Video(url='...')",
             ])
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
         self.mimetype = mimetype
         self.embed = embed
         self.width = width
         self.height = height
         self.html_attributes = html_attributes
         super(Video, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         width = height = ''
         if self.width:
             width = ' width="%d"' % self.width
         if self.height:
             height = ' height="%d"' % self.height
 
         # External URLs and potentially local files are not embedded into the
         # notebook output.
         if not self.embed:
             url = self.url if self.url is not None else self.filename
             output = """<video src="{0}" {1} {2} {3}>
       Your browser does not support the <code>video</code> element.
     </video>""".format(url, self.html_attributes, width, height)
             return output
 
         # Embedded videos are base64-encoded.
         mimetype = self.mimetype
         if self.filename is not None:
             if not mimetype:
                 mimetype, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(self.filename)
 
             with open(self.filename, 'rb') as f:
                 video = f.read()
         else:
             video = self.data
         if isinstance(video, str):
             # unicode input is already b64-encoded
             b64_video = video
         else:
             b64_video = b2a_base64(video).decode('ascii').rstrip()
 
         output = """<video {0} {1} {2}>
  <source src="data:{3};base64,{4}" type="{3}">
  Your browser does not support the video tag.
  </video>""".format(self.html_attributes, width, height, mimetype, b64_video)
         return output
 
     def reload(self):
         # TODO
         pass
 
 
 @skip_doctest
 def set_matplotlib_formats(*formats, **kwargs):
     """
     .. deprecated:: 7.23
 
        use `matplotlib_inline.backend_inline.set_matplotlib_formats()`
 
     Select figure formats for the inline backend. Optionally pass quality for JPEG.
 
     For example, this enables PNG and JPEG output with a JPEG quality of 90%::
 
         In [1]: set_matplotlib_formats('png', 'jpeg', quality=90)
 
     To set this in your config files use the following::
 
         c.InlineBackend.figure_formats = {'png', 'jpeg'}
         c.InlineBackend.print_figure_kwargs.update({'quality' : 90})
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *formats : strs
         One or more figure formats to enable: 'png', 'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'.
     **kwargs
         Keyword args will be relayed to ``figure.canvas.print_figure``.
     """
     warnings.warn(
         "`set_matplotlib_formats` is deprecated since IPython 7.23, directly "
         "use `matplotlib_inline.backend_inline.set_matplotlib_formats()`",
         DeprecationWarning,
         stacklevel=2,
     )
 
     from matplotlib_inline.backend_inline import (
         set_matplotlib_formats as set_matplotlib_formats_orig,
     )
 
     set_matplotlib_formats_orig(*formats, **kwargs)
 
 @skip_doctest
 def set_matplotlib_close(close=True):
     """
     .. deprecated:: 7.23
 
         use `matplotlib_inline.backend_inline.set_matplotlib_close()`
 
     Set whether the inline backend closes all figures automatically or not.
 
     By default, the inline backend used in the IPython Notebook will close all
     matplotlib figures automatically after each cell is run. This means that
     plots in different cells won't interfere. Sometimes, you may want to make
     a plot in one cell and then refine it in later cells. This can be accomplished
     by::
 
         In [1]: set_matplotlib_close(False)
 
     To set this in your config files use the following::
 
         c.InlineBackend.close_figures = False
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     close : bool
         Should all matplotlib figures be automatically closed after each cell is
         run?
     """
     warnings.warn(
         "`set_matplotlib_close` is deprecated since IPython 7.23, directly "
         "use `matplotlib_inline.backend_inline.set_matplotlib_close()`",
         DeprecationWarning,
         stacklevel=2,
     )
 
     from matplotlib_inline.backend_inline import (
         set_matplotlib_close as set_matplotlib_close_orig,
     )
 
     set_matplotlib_close_orig(close)

IPython/core/magics/code.py

@@ -1,755 +1,755 b''
 """Implementation of code management magic functions.
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (c) 2012 The IPython Development Team.
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Stdlib
 import inspect
 import io
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 import ast
 from itertools import chain
 from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
 from pathlib import Path
 
 # Our own packages
 from IPython.core.error import TryNext, StdinNotImplementedError, UsageError
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.magic import Magics, magics_class, line_magic
 from IPython.core.oinspect import find_file, find_source_lines
 from IPython.core.release import version
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.contexts import preserve_keys
 from IPython.utils.path import get_py_filename
 from warnings import warn
 from logging import error
 from IPython.utils.text import get_text_list
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Magic implementation classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Used for exception handling in magic_edit
 class MacroToEdit(ValueError): pass
 
 ipython_input_pat = re.compile(r"<ipython\-input\-(\d+)-[a-z\d]+>$")
 
 # To match, e.g. 8-10 1:5 :10 3-
 range_re = re.compile(r"""
 (?P<start>\d+)?
 ((?P<sep>[\-:])
  (?P<end>\d+)?)?
 $""", re.VERBOSE)
 
 
 def extract_code_ranges(ranges_str):
     """Turn a string of range for %%load into 2-tuples of (start, stop)
     ready to use as a slice of the content split by lines.
 
     Examples
     --------
     list(extract_input_ranges("5-10 2"))
     [(4, 10), (1, 2)]
     """
     for range_str in ranges_str.split():
         rmatch = range_re.match(range_str)
         if not rmatch:
             continue
         sep = rmatch.group("sep")
         start = rmatch.group("start")
         end = rmatch.group("end")
 
         if sep == '-':
             start = int(start) - 1 if start else None
             end = int(end) if end else None
         elif sep == ':':
             start = int(start) - 1 if start else None
             end = int(end) - 1 if end else None
         else:
             end = int(start)
             start = int(start) - 1
         yield (start, end)
 
 
 def extract_symbols(code, symbols):
     """
     Return a tuple  (blocks, not_found)
     where ``blocks`` is a list of code fragments
     for each symbol parsed from code, and ``not_found`` are
     symbols not found in the code.
 
     For example::
 
         In [1]: code = '''a = 10
            ...: def b(): return 42
            ...: class A: pass'''
 
         In [2]: extract_symbols(code, 'A,b,z')
         Out[2]: (['class A: pass\\n', 'def b(): return 42\\n'], ['z'])
     """
     symbols = symbols.split(',')
 
     # this will raise SyntaxError if code isn't valid Python
     py_code = ast.parse(code)
 
     marks = [(getattr(s, 'name', None), s.lineno) for s in py_code.body]
     code = code.split('\n')
 
     symbols_lines = {}
     
     # we already know the start_lineno of each symbol (marks). 
     # To find each end_lineno, we traverse in reverse order until each 
     # non-blank line
     end = len(code)  
     for name, start in reversed(marks):
         while not code[end - 1].strip():
             end -= 1
         if name:
             symbols_lines[name] = (start - 1, end)
         end = start - 1
 
     # Now symbols_lines is a map
     # {'symbol_name': (start_lineno, end_lineno), ...}
     
     # fill a list with chunks of codes for each requested symbol
     blocks = []
     not_found = []
     for symbol in symbols:
         if symbol in symbols_lines:
             start, end = symbols_lines[symbol]
             blocks.append('\n'.join(code[start:end]) + '\n')
         else:
             not_found.append(symbol)
 
     return blocks, not_found
 
 def strip_initial_indent(lines):
     """For %load, strip indent from lines until finding an unindented line.
 
     https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/9775
     """
     indent_re = re.compile(r'\s+')
 
     it = iter(lines)
     first_line = next(it)
     indent_match = indent_re.match(first_line)
 
     if indent_match:
         # First line was indented
         indent = indent_match.group()
         yield first_line[len(indent):]
 
         for line in it:
             if line.startswith(indent):
                 yield line[len(indent):]
             else:
                 # Less indented than the first line - stop dedenting
                 yield line
                 break
     else:
         yield first_line
 
     # Pass the remaining lines through without dedenting
     for line in it:
         yield line
 
 
 class InteractivelyDefined(Exception):
     """Exception for interactively defined variable in magic_edit"""
     def __init__(self, index):
         self.index = index
 
 
 @magics_class
 class CodeMagics(Magics):
     """Magics related to code management (loading, saving, editing, ...)."""
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self._knowntemps = set()
         super(CodeMagics, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     @line_magic
     def save(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Save a set of lines or a macro to a given filename.
 
         Usage:\\
           %save [options] filename [history]
 
         Options:
 
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
           command line is used instead.
           
           -f: force overwrite.  If file exists, %save will prompt for overwrite
           unless -f is given.
 
           -a: append to the file instead of overwriting it.
 
         The history argument uses the same syntax as %history for input ranges,
         then saves the lines to the filename you specify.
 
         If no ranges are specified, saves history of the current session up to
         this point.
 
         It adds a '.py' extension to the file if you don't do so yourself, and
         it asks for confirmation before overwriting existing files.
 
         If `-r` option is used, the default extension is `.ipy`.
         """
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'fra',mode='list')
         if not args:
             raise UsageError('Missing filename.')
         raw = 'r' in opts
         force = 'f' in opts
         append = 'a' in opts
         mode = 'a' if append else 'w'
         ext = '.ipy' if raw else '.py'
         fname, codefrom = args[0], " ".join(args[1:])
         if not fname.endswith(('.py','.ipy')):
             fname += ext
         fname = os.path.expanduser(fname)
         file_exists = os.path.isfile(fname)
         if file_exists and not force and not append:
             try:
                 overwrite = self.shell.ask_yes_no('File `%s` exists. Overwrite (y/[N])? ' % fname, default='n')
             except StdinNotImplementedError:
                 print("File `%s` exists. Use `%%save -f %s` to force overwrite" % (fname, parameter_s))
                 return
             if not overwrite :
                 print('Operation cancelled.')
                 return
         try:
             cmds = self.shell.find_user_code(codefrom,raw)
         except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
             print(e.args[0])
             return
         with io.open(fname, mode, encoding="utf-8") as f:
             if not file_exists or not append:
                 f.write("# coding: utf-8\n")
             f.write(cmds)
             # make sure we end on a newline
             if not cmds.endswith('\n'):
                 f.write('\n')
         print('The following commands were written to file `%s`:' % fname)
         print(cmds)
 
     @line_magic
     def pastebin(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Upload code to dpaste.com, returning the URL.
 
         Usage:\\
           %pastebin [-d "Custom description"][-e 24] 1-7
 
         The argument can be an input history range, a filename, or the name of a
         string or macro.
 
         If no arguments are given, uploads the history of this session up to
         this point.
 
         Options:
 
           -d: Pass a custom description. The default will say
               "Pasted from IPython".
           -e: Pass number of days for the link to be expired.
               The default will be 7 days.
         """
         opts, args = self.parse_options(parameter_s, "d:e:")
 
         try:
             code = self.shell.find_user_code(args)
         except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
             print(e.args[0])
             return
 
         expiry_days = 7
         try:
             expiry_days = int(opts.get("e", 7))
         except ValueError as e:
             print(e.args[0].capitalize())
             return
         if expiry_days < 1 or expiry_days > 365:
             print("Expiry days should be in range of 1 to 365")
             return
 
         post_data = urlencode(
             {
                 "title": opts.get("d", "Pasted from IPython"),
                 "syntax": "python",
                 "content": code,
                 "expiry_days": expiry_days,
             }
         ).encode("utf-8")
 
         request = Request(
             "https://dpaste.com/api/v2/",
             headers={"User-Agent": "IPython v{}".format(version)},
         )
         response = urlopen(request, post_data)
         return response.headers.get('Location')
 
     @line_magic
     def loadpy(self, arg_s):
         """Alias of `%load`
 
         `%loadpy` has gained some flexibility and dropped the requirement of a `.py`
         extension. So it has been renamed simply into %load. You can look at
         `%load`'s docstring for more info.
         """
         self.load(arg_s)
 
     @line_magic
     def load(self, arg_s):
         """Load code into the current frontend.
 
         Usage:\\
           %load [options] source
 
           where source can be a filename, URL, input history range, macro, or
           element in the user namespace
 
         If no arguments are given, loads the history of this session up to this
         point.
 
         Options:
 
           -r <lines>: Specify lines or ranges of lines to load from the source.
           Ranges could be specified as x-y (x..y) or in python-style x:y 
           (x..(y-1)). Both limits x and y can be left blank (meaning the 
           beginning and end of the file, respectively).
 
           -s <symbols>: Specify function or classes to load from python source. 
 
           -y : Don't ask confirmation for loading source above 200 000 characters.
 
           -n : Include the user's namespace when searching for source code.
 
         This magic command can either take a local filename, a URL, an history
         range (see %history) or a macro as argument, it will prompt for
         confirmation before loading source with more than 200 000 characters, unless
         -y flag is passed or if the frontend does not support raw_input::
 
         %load
         %load myscript.py
         %load 7-27
         %load myMacro
         %load http://www.example.com/myscript.py
         %load -r 5-10 myscript.py
         %load -r 10-20,30,40: foo.py
         %load -s MyClass,wonder_function myscript.py
         %load -n MyClass
         %load -n my_module.wonder_function
         """
         opts,args = self.parse_options(arg_s,'yns:r:')
         search_ns = 'n' in opts
         contents = self.shell.find_user_code(args, search_ns=search_ns)
 
         if 's' in opts:
             try:
                 blocks, not_found = extract_symbols(contents, opts['s'])
             except SyntaxError:
                 # non python code
                 error("Unable to parse the input as valid Python code")
                 return
 
             if len(not_found) == 1:
                 warn('The symbol `%s` was not found' % not_found[0])
             elif len(not_found) > 1:
                 warn('The symbols %s were not found' % get_text_list(not_found,
                                                                      wrap_item_with='`')
                 )
 
             contents = '\n'.join(blocks)
 
         if 'r' in opts:
             ranges = opts['r'].replace(',', ' ')
             lines = contents.split('\n')
             slices = extract_code_ranges(ranges)
             contents = [lines[slice(*slc)] for slc in slices]
             contents = '\n'.join(strip_initial_indent(chain.from_iterable(contents)))
 
         l = len(contents)
 
         # 200 000 is ~ 2500 full 80 character lines
         # so in average, more than 5000 lines
         if l > 200000 and 'y' not in opts:
             try:
                 ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(("The text you're trying to load seems pretty big"\
                 " (%d characters). Continue (y/[N]) ?" % l), default='n' )
             except StdinNotImplementedError:
                 #assume yes if raw input not implemented
                 ans = True
 
             if ans is False :
                 print('Operation cancelled.')
                 return
 
         contents = "# %load {}\n".format(arg_s) + contents
 
         self.shell.set_next_input(contents, replace=True)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _find_edit_target(shell, args, opts, last_call):
         """Utility method used by magic_edit to find what to edit."""
 
         def make_filename(arg):
             "Make a filename from the given args"
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(arg)
             except IOError:
                 # If it ends with .py but doesn't already exist, assume we want
                 # a new file.
                 if arg.endswith('.py'):
                     filename = arg
                 else:
                     filename = None
             return filename
 
         # Set a few locals from the options for convenience:
         opts_prev = 'p' in opts
         opts_raw = 'r' in opts
 
         # custom exceptions
         class DataIsObject(Exception): pass
 
         # Default line number value
         lineno = opts.get('n',None)
 
         if opts_prev:
             args = '_%s' % last_call[0]
             if args not in shell.user_ns:
                 args = last_call[1]
 
         # by default this is done with temp files, except when the given
         # arg is a filename
         use_temp = True
 
         data = ''
 
         # First, see if the arguments should be a filename.
         filename = make_filename(args)
         if filename:
             use_temp = False
         elif args:
             # Mode where user specifies ranges of lines, like in %macro.
             data = shell.extract_input_lines(args, opts_raw)
             if not data:
                 try:
                     # Load the parameter given as a variable. If not a string,
                     # process it as an object instead (below)
 
                     #print '*** args',args,'type',type(args)  # dbg
                     data = eval(args, shell.user_ns)
                     if not isinstance(data, str):
                         raise DataIsObject
 
                 except (NameError,SyntaxError):
                     # given argument is not a variable, try as a filename
                     filename = make_filename(args)
                     if filename is None:
                         warn("Argument given (%s) can't be found as a variable "
                              "or as a filename." % args)
                         return (None, None, None)
                     use_temp = False
 
                 except DataIsObject as e:
                     # macros have a special edit function
                     if isinstance(data, Macro):
                         raise MacroToEdit(data) from e
 
                     # For objects, try to edit the file where they are defined
                     filename = find_file(data)
                     if filename:
                         if 'fakemodule' in filename.lower() and \
                             inspect.isclass(data):
                             # class created by %edit? Try to find source
                             # by looking for method definitions instead, the
                             # __module__ in those classes is FakeModule.
                             attrs = [getattr(data, aname) for aname in dir(data)]
                             for attr in attrs:
                                 if not inspect.ismethod(attr):
                                     continue
                                 filename = find_file(attr)
                                 if filename and \
                                   'fakemodule' not in filename.lower():
                                     # change the attribute to be the edit
                                     # target instead
                                     data = attr
                                     break
                         
                         m = ipython_input_pat.match(os.path.basename(filename))
                         if m:
                             raise InteractivelyDefined(int(m.groups()[0])) from e
 
                         datafile = 1
                     if filename is None:
                         filename = make_filename(args)
                         datafile = 1
                         if filename is not None:
                             # only warn about this if we get a real name
                             warn('Could not find file where `%s` is defined.\n'
                              'Opening a file named `%s`' % (args, filename))
                     # Now, make sure we can actually read the source (if it was
                     # in a temp file it's gone by now).
                     if datafile:
                         if lineno is None:
                             lineno = find_source_lines(data)
                         if lineno is None:
                             filename = make_filename(args)
                             if filename is None:
                                 warn('The file where `%s` was defined '
                                      'cannot be read or found.' % data)
                                 return (None, None, None)
                     use_temp = False
 
         if use_temp:
             filename = shell.mktempfile(data)
             print('IPython will make a temporary file named:',filename)
 
         # use last_call to remember the state of the previous call, but don't
         # let it be clobbered by successive '-p' calls.
         try:
             last_call[0] = shell.displayhook.prompt_count
             if not opts_prev:
                 last_call[1] = args
         except:
             pass
 
 
         return filename, lineno, use_temp
 
     def _edit_macro(self,mname,macro):
         """open an editor with the macro data in a file"""
         filename = self.shell.mktempfile(macro.value)
         self.shell.hooks.editor(filename)
 
         # and make a new macro object, to replace the old one
-        mvalue = Path(filename).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        mvalue = Path(filename).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         self.shell.user_ns[mname] = Macro(mvalue)
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def edit(self, parameter_s='',last_call=['','']):
         """Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
 
         Usage:
           %edit [options] [args]
 
         %edit runs IPython's editor hook. The default version of this hook is
         set to call the editor specified by your $EDITOR environment variable.
         If this isn't found, it will default to vi under Linux/Unix and to
         notepad under Windows. See the end of this docstring for how to change
         the editor hook.
 
         You can also set the value of this editor via the
         ``TerminalInteractiveShell.editor`` option in your configuration file.
         This is useful if you wish to use a different editor from your typical
         default with IPython (and for Windows users who typically don't set
         environment variables).
 
         This command allows you to conveniently edit multi-line code right in
         your IPython session.
 
         If called without arguments, %edit opens up an empty editor with a
         temporary file and will execute the contents of this file when you
         close it (don't forget to save it!).
 
 
         Options:
 
         -n <number>: open the editor at a specified line number.  By default,
         the IPython editor hook uses the unix syntax 'editor +N filename', but
         you can configure this by providing your own modified hook if your
         favorite editor supports line-number specifications with a different
         syntax.
 
         -p: this will call the editor with the same data as the previous time
         it was used, regardless of how long ago (in your current session) it
         was.
 
         -r: use 'raw' input.  This option only applies to input taken from the
         user's history.  By default, the 'processed' history is used, so that
         magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python.  If
         this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is
         used instead.  When you exit the editor, it will be executed by
         IPython's own processor.
 
         -x: do not execute the edited code immediately upon exit. This is
         mainly useful if you are editing programs which need to be called with
         command line arguments, which you can then do using %run.
 
 
         Arguments:
 
         If arguments are given, the following possibilities exist:
 
         - If the argument is a filename, IPython will load that into the
           editor. It will execute its contents with execfile() when you exit,
           loading any code in the file into your interactive namespace.
 
         - The arguments are ranges of input history,  e.g. "7 ~1/4-6".
           The syntax is the same as in the %history magic.
 
         - If the argument is a string variable, its contents are loaded
           into the editor. You can thus edit any string which contains
           python code (including the result of previous edits).
 
         - If the argument is the name of an object (other than a string),
           IPython will try to locate the file where it was defined and open the
           editor at the point where it is defined. You can use `%edit function`
           to load an editor exactly at the point where 'function' is defined,
           edit it and have the file be executed automatically.
 
         - If the object is a macro (see %macro for details), this opens up your
           specified editor with a temporary file containing the macro's data.
           Upon exit, the macro is reloaded with the contents of the file.
 
         Note: opening at an exact line is only supported under Unix, and some
         editors (like kedit and gedit up to Gnome 2.8) do not understand the
         '+NUMBER' parameter necessary for this feature. Good editors like
         (X)Emacs, vi, jed, pico and joe all do.
 
         After executing your code, %edit will return as output the code you
         typed in the editor (except when it was an existing file). This way
         you can reload the code in further invocations of %edit as a variable,
         via _<NUMBER> or Out[<NUMBER>], where <NUMBER> is the prompt number of
         the output.
 
         Note that %edit is also available through the alias %ed.
 
         This is an example of creating a simple function inside the editor and
         then modifying it. First, start up the editor::
 
           In [1]: edit
           Editing... done. Executing edited code...
           Out[1]: 'def foo():\\n    print "foo() was defined in an editing
           session"\\n'
 
         We can then call the function foo()::
 
           In [2]: foo()
           foo() was defined in an editing session
 
         Now we edit foo.  IPython automatically loads the editor with the
         (temporary) file where foo() was previously defined::
 
           In [3]: edit foo
           Editing... done. Executing edited code...
 
         And if we call foo() again we get the modified version::
 
           In [4]: foo()
           foo() has now been changed!
 
         Here is an example of how to edit a code snippet successive
         times. First we call the editor::
 
           In [5]: edit
           Editing... done. Executing edited code...
           hello
           Out[5]: "print 'hello'\\n"
 
         Now we call it again with the previous output (stored in _)::
 
           In [6]: edit _
           Editing... done. Executing edited code...
           hello world
           Out[6]: "print 'hello world'\\n"
 
         Now we call it with the output #8 (stored in _8, also as Out[8])::
 
           In [7]: edit _8
           Editing... done. Executing edited code...
           hello again
           Out[7]: "print 'hello again'\\n"
 
 
         Changing the default editor hook:
 
         If you wish to write your own editor hook, you can put it in a
         configuration file which you load at startup time.  The default hook
         is defined in the IPython.core.hooks module, and you can use that as a
         starting example for further modifications.  That file also has
         general instructions on how to set a new hook for use once you've
         defined it."""
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'prxn:')
 
         try:
             filename, lineno, is_temp = self._find_edit_target(self.shell, 
                                                        args, opts, last_call)
         except MacroToEdit as e:
             self._edit_macro(args, e.args[0])
             return
         except InteractivelyDefined as e:
             print("Editing In[%i]" % e.index)
             args = str(e.index)
             filename, lineno, is_temp = self._find_edit_target(self.shell, 
                                                        args, opts, last_call)
         if filename is None:
             # nothing was found, warnings have already been issued,
             # just give up.
             return
 
         if is_temp:
             self._knowntemps.add(filename)
         elif (filename in self._knowntemps):
             is_temp = True
 
 
         # do actual editing here
         print('Editing...', end=' ')
         sys.stdout.flush()
         filepath = Path(filename)
         try:
             # Quote filenames that may have spaces in them when opening
             # the editor
             quoted = filename = str(filepath.absolute())
             if " " in quoted:
                 quoted = "'%s'" % quoted
             self.shell.hooks.editor(quoted, lineno)
         except TryNext:
             warn('Could not open editor')
             return
 
         # XXX TODO: should this be generalized for all string vars?
         # For now, this is special-cased to blocks created by cpaste
         if args.strip() == "pasted_block":
-            self.shell.user_ns["pasted_block"] = filepath.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+            self.shell.user_ns["pasted_block"] = filepath.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
         if 'x' in opts:  # -x prevents actual execution
             print()
         else:
             print('done. Executing edited code...')
             with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'):
                 if not is_temp:
-                    self.shell.user_ns['__file__'] = filename
-                if 'r' in opts:    # Untranslated IPython code
-                    source = filepath.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+                    self.shell.user_ns["__file__"] = filename
+                if "r" in opts:  # Untranslated IPython code
+                    source = filepath.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
                     self.shell.run_cell(source, store_history=False)
                 else:
                     self.shell.safe_execfile(filename, self.shell.user_ns,
                                              self.shell.user_ns)
 
         if is_temp:
             try:
-                return filepath.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+                return filepath.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
             except IOError as msg:
                 if Path(msg.filename) == filepath:
                     warn('File not found. Did you forget to save?')
                     return
                 else:
                     self.shell.showtraceback()

IPython/core/magics/execution.py

@@ -1,1510 +1,1510 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Implementation of execution-related magic functions."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 import ast
 import bdb
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import cProfile as profile
 import gc
 import itertools
 import math
 import os
 import pstats
 import re
 import shlex
 import sys
 import time
 import timeit
 from ast import Module
 from io import StringIO
 from logging import error
 from pathlib import Path
 from pdb import Restart
 from warnings import warn
 
 from IPython.core import magic_arguments, oinspect, page
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.magic import (
     Magics,
     cell_magic,
     line_cell_magic,
     line_magic,
     magics_class,
     needs_local_scope,
     no_var_expand,
     on_off,
 )
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.capture import capture_output
 from IPython.utils.contexts import preserve_keys
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.utils.module_paths import find_mod
 from IPython.utils.path import get_py_filename, shellglob
 from IPython.utils.timing import clock, clock2
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Magic implementation classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class TimeitResult(object):
     """
     Object returned by the timeit magic with info about the run.
 
     Contains the following attributes :
 
     loops: (int) number of loops done per measurement
     repeat: (int) number of times the measurement has been repeated
     best: (float) best execution time / number
     all_runs: (list of float) execution time of each run (in s)
     compile_time: (float) time of statement compilation (s)
 
     """
     def __init__(self, loops, repeat, best, worst, all_runs, compile_time, precision):
         self.loops = loops
         self.repeat = repeat
         self.best = best
         self.worst = worst
         self.all_runs = all_runs
         self.compile_time = compile_time
         self._precision = precision
         self.timings = [ dt / self.loops for dt in all_runs]
 
     @property
     def average(self):
         return math.fsum(self.timings) / len(self.timings)
 
     @property
     def stdev(self):
         mean = self.average
         return (math.fsum([(x - mean) ** 2 for x in self.timings]) / len(self.timings)) ** 0.5
 
     def __str__(self):
         pm = '+-'
         if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding') and sys.stdout.encoding:
             try:
                 u'\xb1'.encode(sys.stdout.encoding)
                 pm = u'\xb1'
             except:
                 pass
         return "{mean} {pm} {std} per loop (mean {pm} std. dev. of {runs} run{run_plural}, {loops:,} loop{loop_plural} each)".format(
             pm=pm,
             runs=self.repeat,
             loops=self.loops,
             loop_plural="" if self.loops == 1 else "s",
             run_plural="" if self.repeat == 1 else "s",
             mean=_format_time(self.average, self._precision),
             std=_format_time(self.stdev, self._precision),
         )
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p , cycle):
         unic = self.__str__()
         p.text(u'<TimeitResult : '+unic+u'>')
 
 
 class TimeitTemplateFiller(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Fill in the AST template for timing execution.
 
     This is quite closely tied to the template definition, which is in
     :meth:`ExecutionMagics.timeit`.
     """
     def __init__(self, ast_setup, ast_stmt):
         self.ast_setup = ast_setup
         self.ast_stmt = ast_stmt
 
     def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
         "Fill in the setup statement"
         self.generic_visit(node)
         if node.name == "inner":
             node.body[:1] = self.ast_setup.body
 
         return node
 
     def visit_For(self, node):
         "Fill in the statement to be timed"
         if getattr(getattr(node.body[0], 'value', None), 'id', None) == 'stmt':
             node.body = self.ast_stmt.body
         return node
 
 
 class Timer(timeit.Timer):
     """Timer class that explicitly uses self.inner
     
     which is an undocumented implementation detail of CPython,
     not shared by PyPy.
     """
     # Timer.timeit copied from CPython 3.4.2
     def timeit(self, number=timeit.default_number):
         """Time 'number' executions of the main statement.
 
         To be precise, this executes the setup statement once, and
         then returns the time it takes to execute the main statement
         a number of times, as a float measured in seconds.  The
         argument is the number of times through the loop, defaulting
         to one million.  The main statement, the setup statement and
         the timer function to be used are passed to the constructor.
         """
         it = itertools.repeat(None, number)
         gcold = gc.isenabled()
         gc.disable()
         try:
             timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
         finally:
             if gcold:
                 gc.enable()
         return timing
 
 
 @magics_class
 class ExecutionMagics(Magics):
     """Magics related to code execution, debugging, profiling, etc.
 
     """
 
     def __init__(self, shell):
         super(ExecutionMagics, self).__init__(shell)
         # Default execution function used to actually run user code.
         self.default_runner = None
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     def prun(self, parameter_s='', cell=None):
 
         """Run a statement through the python code profiler.
 
         Usage, in line mode:
           %prun [options] statement
 
         Usage, in cell mode:
           %%prun [options] [statement]
           code...
           code...
 
         In cell mode, the additional code lines are appended to the (possibly
         empty) statement in the first line.  Cell mode allows you to easily
         profile multiline blocks without having to put them in a separate
         function.
 
         The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
         python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
         Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
         cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
         namespaces which do not hold under IPython.
 
         Options:
 
         -l <limit>
           you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
           profile gets printed. The limit value can be:
 
              * A string: only information for function names containing this string
                is printed.
 
              * An integer: only these many lines are printed.
 
              * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
                (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).
 
           You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
           example, ``-l __init__ -l 5`` will print only the topmost 5 lines of
           information about class constructors.
 
         -r
           return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
           object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
           later use it for further analysis or in other functions.
 
         -s <key>
           sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
           by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
           default sorting key is 'time'.
 
           The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
           referenced below:
 
           When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
           secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
           before them.
 
           Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
           abbreviation is unambiguous.  The following are the keys currently
           defined:
 
           ============  =====================
           Valid Arg     Meaning
           ============  =====================
           "calls"       call count
           "cumulative"  cumulative time
           "file"        file name
           "module"      file name
           "pcalls"      primitive call count
           "line"        line number
           "name"        function name
           "nfl"         name/file/line
           "stdname"     standard name
           "time"        internal time
           ============  =====================
 
           Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
           most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
           searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
           distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
           sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
           numbers get compared in an odd way.  For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
           would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
           "20" "3" and "40".  In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
           line numbers.  In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
           sort_stats("name", "file", "line").
 
         -T <filename>
           save profile results as shown on screen to a text
           file. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -D <filename>
           save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given
           filename. This data is in a format understood by the pstats module, and
           is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile
           objects. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -q
           suppress output to the pager.  Best used with -T and/or -D above.
 
         If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use
         ``%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]`` where prof_opts
         contains profiler specific options as described here.
 
         You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with::
 
           In [1]: import profile; profile.help()
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         """
         opts, arg_str = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'D:l:rs:T:q',
                                            list_all=True, posix=False)
         if cell is not None:
             arg_str += '\n' + cell
         arg_str = self.shell.transform_cell(arg_str)
         return self._run_with_profiler(arg_str, opts, self.shell.user_ns)
 
     def _run_with_profiler(self, code, opts, namespace):
         """
         Run `code` with profiler.  Used by ``%prun`` and ``%run -p``.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : str
             Code to be executed.
         opts : Struct
             Options parsed by `self.parse_options`.
         namespace : dict
             A dictionary for Python namespace (e.g., `self.shell.user_ns`).
 
         """
 
         # Fill default values for unspecified options:
         opts.merge(Struct(D=[''], l=[], s=['time'], T=['']))
 
         prof = profile.Profile()
         try:
             prof = prof.runctx(code, namespace, namespace)
             sys_exit = ''
         except SystemExit:
             sys_exit = """*** SystemExit exception caught in code being profiled."""
 
         stats = pstats.Stats(prof).strip_dirs().sort_stats(*opts.s)
 
         lims = opts.l
         if lims:
             lims = []  # rebuild lims with ints/floats/strings
             for lim in opts.l:
                 try:
                     lims.append(int(lim))
                 except ValueError:
                     try:
                         lims.append(float(lim))
                     except ValueError:
                         lims.append(lim)
 
         # Trap output.
         stdout_trap = StringIO()
         stats_stream = stats.stream
         try:
             stats.stream = stdout_trap
             stats.print_stats(*lims)
         finally:
             stats.stream = stats_stream
 
         output = stdout_trap.getvalue()
         output = output.rstrip()
 
         if 'q' not in opts:
             page.page(output)
         print(sys_exit, end=' ')
 
         dump_file = opts.D[0]
         text_file = opts.T[0]
         if dump_file:
             prof.dump_stats(dump_file)
             print(
                 f"\n*** Profile stats marshalled to file {repr(dump_file)}.{sys_exit}"
             )
         if text_file:
             pfile = Path(text_file)
             pfile.touch(exist_ok=True)
-            pfile.write_text(output, encoding='utf-8')
+            pfile.write_text(output, encoding="utf-8")
 
             print(
                 f"\n*** Profile printout saved to text file {repr(text_file)}.{sys_exit}"
             )
 
         if 'r' in opts:
             return stats
 
         return None
 
     @line_magic
     def pdb(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
 
         Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
         argument it works as a toggle.
 
         When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
         interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
         this feature on and off.
 
         The initial state of this feature is set in your configuration
         file (the option is ``InteractiveShell.pdb``).
 
         If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired,
         without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use
         the %debug magic."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip().lower()
 
         if par:
             try:
                 new_pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par]
             except KeyError:
                 print ('Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0, '
                        'or nothing for a toggle.')
                 return
         else:
             # toggle
             new_pdb = not self.shell.call_pdb
 
         # set on the shell
         self.shell.call_pdb = new_pdb
         print('Automatic pdb calling has been turned',on_off(new_pdb))
 
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument('--breakpoint', '-b', metavar='FILE:LINE',
         help="""
         Set break point at LINE in FILE.
         """
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('statement', nargs='*',
         help="""
         Code to run in debugger.
         You can omit this in cell magic mode.
         """
     )
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     def debug(self, line='', cell=None):
         """Activate the interactive debugger.
 
         This magic command support two ways of activating debugger.
         One is to activate debugger before executing code.  This way, you
         can set a break point, to step through the code from the point.
         You can use this mode by giving statements to execute and optionally
         a breakpoint.
 
         The other one is to activate debugger in post-mortem mode.  You can
         activate this mode simply running %debug without any argument.
         If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
         frames interactively.  Note that this will always work only on the last
         traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
         exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
         occurs, it clobbers the previous one.
 
         If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
         the %pdb magic for more details.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             When running code, user variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         """
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.debug, line)
 
         if not (args.breakpoint or args.statement or cell):
             self._debug_post_mortem()
         elif not (args.breakpoint or cell):
             # If there is no breakpoints, the line is just code to execute
             self._debug_exec(line, None)
         else:
             # Here we try to reconstruct the code from the output of
             # parse_argstring. This might not work if the code has spaces
             # For example this fails for `print("a b")`
             code = "\n".join(args.statement)
             if cell:
                 code += "\n" + cell
             self._debug_exec(code, args.breakpoint)
 
     def _debug_post_mortem(self):
         self.shell.debugger(force=True)
 
     def _debug_exec(self, code, breakpoint):
         if breakpoint:
             (filename, bp_line) = breakpoint.rsplit(':', 1)
             bp_line = int(bp_line)
         else:
             (filename, bp_line) = (None, None)
         self._run_with_debugger(code, self.shell.user_ns, filename, bp_line)
 
     @line_magic
     def tb(self, s):
         """Print the last traceback.
 
         Optionally, specify an exception reporting mode, tuning the
         verbosity of the traceback. By default the currently-active exception
         mode is used. See %xmode for changing exception reporting modes.
 
         Valid modes: Plain, Context, Verbose, and Minimal.
         """
         interactive_tb = self.shell.InteractiveTB
         if s:
             # Switch exception reporting mode for this one call.
             # Ensure it is switched back.
             def xmode_switch_err(name):
                 warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' %
                     (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
 
             new_mode = s.strip().capitalize()
             original_mode = interactive_tb.mode
             try:
                 try:
                     interactive_tb.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
                 except Exception:
                     xmode_switch_err('user')
                 else:
                     self.shell.showtraceback()
             finally:
                 interactive_tb.set_mode(mode=original_mode)
         else:
             self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def run(self, parameter_s='', runner=None,
                   file_finder=get_py_filename):
         """Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
 
         Usage::
         
           %run [-n -i -e -G]
                [( -t [-N<N>] | -d [-b<N>] | -p [profile options] )]
                ( -m mod | filename ) [args]
 
         The filename argument should be either a pure Python script (with
         extension ``.py``), or a file with custom IPython syntax (such as
         magics). If the latter, the file can be either a script with ``.ipy``
         extension, or a Jupyter notebook with ``.ipynb`` extension. When running
         a Jupyter notebook, the output from print statements and other
         displayed objects will appear in the terminal (even matplotlib figures
         will open, if a terminal-compliant backend is being used). Note that,
         at the system command line, the ``jupyter run`` command offers similar
         functionality for executing notebooks (albeit currently with some
         differences in supported options).
 
         Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to
         the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's
         prompt.
 
         This is similar to running at a system prompt ``python file args``,
         but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of
         loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use
         (unless -p is used, see below).
 
         The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of
         ``__name__=='__main__'`` and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus
         sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program
         (except for sharing global objects such as previously imported
         modules). But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets
         updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__
         and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for
         interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in.
 
         Arguments are expanded using shell-like glob match.  Patterns
         '*', '?', '[seq]' and '[!seq]' can be used.  Additionally,
         tilde '~' will be expanded into user's home directory.  Unlike
         real shells, quotation does not suppress expansions.  Use
         *two* back slashes (e.g. ``\\\\*``) to suppress expansions.
         To completely disable these expansions, you can use -G flag.
 
         On Windows systems, the use of single quotes `'` when specifying 
         a file is not supported. Use double quotes `"`.
 
         Options:
 
         -n
           __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name
           without extension (as python does under import).  This allows running
           scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code
           protected by an ``if __name__ == "__main__"`` clause.
 
         -i
           run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This
           is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor
           which depends on variables defined interactively.
 
         -e
           ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script
           being run.  This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to
           run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call.  In such
           cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in
           seeing a traceback of the unittest module.
 
         -t
           print timing information at the end of the run.  IPython will give
           you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under
           Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of
           time.clock().  Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks
           is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).
 
         If -t is given, an additional ``-N<N>`` option can be given, where <N>
         must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to
         run.  The final timing report will include total and per run results.
 
         For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py)::
 
             In [1]: run -t uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):
               User  :    0.19597 s.
               System:        0.0 s.
 
             In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):
             Total runs performed: 5
               Times :      Total       Per run
               User  :   0.910862 s,  0.1821724 s.
               System:        0.0 s,        0.0 s.
 
         -d
           run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger.
           This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables,
           etc.  Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling::
 
               pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")')
 
           with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file.  You can change the line
           number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option
           (where N must be an integer). For example::
 
               %run -d -b40 myscript
 
           will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py.  Note that
           the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does
           something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.
 
           Or you can specify a breakpoint in a different file::
 
               %run -d -b myotherfile.py:20 myscript
 
           When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt.  You must
           first enter 'c' (without quotes) to start execution up to the first
           breakpoint.
 
           Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger.  You
           can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()"
           at a prompt.
 
         -p
           run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which
           prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).
 
           You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the
           profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.
 
           In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the
           IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace
           where the profiler executes them).
 
           Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for
           details on the options available specifically for profiling.
 
         There is one special usage for which the text above doesn't apply:
         if the filename ends with .ipy[nb], the file is run as ipython script,
         just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt.
 
         -m
           specify module name to load instead of script path. Similar to
           the -m option for the python interpreter. Use this option last if you
           want to combine with other %run options. Unlike the python interpreter
           only source modules are allowed no .pyc or .pyo files.
           For example::
 
               %run -m example
 
           will run the example module.
 
         -G
           disable shell-like glob expansion of arguments.
 
         """
 
         # Logic to handle issue #3664
         # Add '--' after '-m <module_name>' to ignore additional args passed to a module.
         if '-m' in parameter_s and '--' not in parameter_s:
             argv = shlex.split(parameter_s, posix=(os.name == 'posix'))
             for idx, arg in enumerate(argv):
                 if arg and arg.startswith('-') and arg != '-':
                     if arg == '-m':
                         argv.insert(idx + 2, '--')
                         break
                 else:
                     # Positional arg, break
                     break
             parameter_s = ' '.join(shlex.quote(arg) for arg in argv)
 
         # get arguments and set sys.argv for program to be run.
         opts, arg_lst = self.parse_options(parameter_s,
                                            'nidtN:b:pD:l:rs:T:em:G',
                                            mode='list', list_all=1)
         if "m" in opts:
             modulename = opts["m"][0]
             modpath = find_mod(modulename)
             if modpath is None:
                 msg = '%r is not a valid modulename on sys.path'%modulename
                 raise Exception(msg)
             arg_lst = [modpath] + arg_lst
         try:
             fpath = None # initialize to make sure fpath is in scope later
             fpath = arg_lst[0]
             filename = file_finder(fpath)
         except IndexError as e:
             msg = 'you must provide at least a filename.'
             raise Exception(msg) from e
         except IOError as e:
             try:
                 msg = str(e)
             except UnicodeError:
                 msg = e.message
             if os.name == 'nt' and re.match(r"^'.*'$",fpath):
                 warn('For Windows, use double quotes to wrap a filename: %run "mypath\\myfile.py"')
             raise Exception(msg) from e
         except TypeError:
             if fpath in sys.meta_path:
                 filename = ""
             else:
                 raise
 
         if filename.lower().endswith(('.ipy', '.ipynb')):
             with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'):
                 self.shell.user_ns['__file__'] = filename
                 self.shell.safe_execfile_ipy(filename, raise_exceptions=True)
             return
 
         # Control the response to exit() calls made by the script being run
         exit_ignore = 'e' in opts
 
         # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it
         # were run from a system shell.
         save_argv = sys.argv # save it for later restoring
 
         if 'G' in opts:
             args = arg_lst[1:]
         else:
             # tilde and glob expansion
             args = shellglob(map(os.path.expanduser,  arg_lst[1:]))
 
         sys.argv = [filename] + args  # put in the proper filename
 
         if 'n' in opts:
             name = Path(filename).stem
         else:
             name = '__main__'
 
         if 'i' in opts:
             # Run in user's interactive namespace
             prog_ns = self.shell.user_ns
             __name__save = self.shell.user_ns['__name__']
             prog_ns['__name__'] = name
             main_mod = self.shell.user_module
 
             # Since '%run foo' emulates 'python foo.py' at the cmd line, we must
             # set the __file__ global in the script's namespace
             # TK: Is this necessary in interactive mode?
             prog_ns['__file__'] = filename
         else:
             # Run in a fresh, empty namespace
 
             # The shell MUST hold a reference to prog_ns so after %run
             # exits, the python deletion mechanism doesn't zero it out
             # (leaving dangling references). See interactiveshell for details
             main_mod = self.shell.new_main_mod(filename, name)
             prog_ns = main_mod.__dict__
 
         # pickle fix.  See interactiveshell for an explanation.  But we need to
         # make sure that, if we overwrite __main__, we replace it at the end
         main_mod_name = prog_ns['__name__']
 
         if main_mod_name == '__main__':
             restore_main = sys.modules['__main__']
         else:
             restore_main = False
 
         # This needs to be undone at the end to prevent holding references to
         # every single object ever created.
         sys.modules[main_mod_name] = main_mod
 
         if 'p' in opts or 'd' in opts:
             if 'm' in opts:
                 code = 'run_module(modulename, prog_ns)'
                 code_ns = {
                     'run_module': self.shell.safe_run_module,
                     'prog_ns': prog_ns,
                     'modulename': modulename,
                 }
             else:
                 if 'd' in opts:
                     # allow exceptions to raise in debug mode
                     code = 'execfile(filename, prog_ns, raise_exceptions=True)'
                 else:
                     code = 'execfile(filename, prog_ns)'
                 code_ns = {
                     'execfile': self.shell.safe_execfile,
                     'prog_ns': prog_ns,
                     'filename': get_py_filename(filename),
                 }
 
         try:
             stats = None
             if 'p' in opts:
                 stats = self._run_with_profiler(code, opts, code_ns)
             else:
                 if 'd' in opts:
                     bp_file, bp_line = parse_breakpoint(
                         opts.get('b', ['1'])[0], filename)
                     self._run_with_debugger(
                         code, code_ns, filename, bp_line, bp_file)
                 else:
                     if 'm' in opts:
                         def run():
                             self.shell.safe_run_module(modulename, prog_ns)
                     else:
                         if runner is None:
                             runner = self.default_runner
                         if runner is None:
                             runner = self.shell.safe_execfile
 
                         def run():
                             runner(filename, prog_ns, prog_ns,
                                     exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
 
                     if 't' in opts:
                         # timed execution
                         try:
                             nruns = int(opts['N'][0])
                             if nruns < 1:
                                 error('Number of runs must be >=1')
                                 return
                         except (KeyError):
                             nruns = 1
                         self._run_with_timing(run, nruns)
                     else:
                         # regular execution
                         run()
 
             if 'i' in opts:
                 self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] = __name__save
             else:
                 # update IPython interactive namespace
 
                 # Some forms of read errors on the file may mean the
                 # __name__ key was never set; using pop we don't have to
                 # worry about a possible KeyError.
                 prog_ns.pop('__name__', None)
 
                 with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'):
                     self.shell.user_ns.update(prog_ns)
         finally:
             # It's a bit of a mystery why, but __builtins__ can change from
             # being a module to becoming a dict missing some key data after
             # %run.  As best I can see, this is NOT something IPython is doing
             # at all, and similar problems have been reported before:
             # http://coding.derkeiler.com/Archive/Python/comp.lang.python/2004-10/0188.html
             # Since this seems to be done by the interpreter itself, the best
             # we can do is to at least restore __builtins__ for the user on
             # exit.
             self.shell.user_ns['__builtins__'] = builtin_mod
 
             # Ensure key global structures are restored
             sys.argv = save_argv
             if restore_main:
                 sys.modules['__main__'] = restore_main
                 if '__mp_main__' in sys.modules:
                     sys.modules['__mp_main__'] = restore_main
             else:
                 # Remove from sys.modules the reference to main_mod we'd
                 # added.  Otherwise it will trap references to objects
                 # contained therein.
                 del sys.modules[main_mod_name]
 
         return stats
 
     def _run_with_debugger(self, code, code_ns, filename=None,
                            bp_line=None, bp_file=None):
         """
         Run `code` in debugger with a break point.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : str
             Code to execute.
         code_ns : dict
             A namespace in which `code` is executed.
         filename : str
             `code` is ran as if it is in `filename`.
         bp_line : int, optional
             Line number of the break point.
         bp_file : str, optional
             Path to the file in which break point is specified.
             `filename` is used if not given.
 
         Raises
         ------
         UsageError
             If the break point given by `bp_line` is not valid.
 
         """
         deb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb
         if not deb:
             self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.debugger_cls()
             deb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb
 
         # deb.checkline() fails if deb.curframe exists but is None; it can
         # handle it not existing. https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10028
         if hasattr(deb, 'curframe'):
             del deb.curframe
 
         # reset Breakpoint state, which is moronically kept
         # in a class
         bdb.Breakpoint.next = 1
         bdb.Breakpoint.bplist = {}
         bdb.Breakpoint.bpbynumber = [None]
         deb.clear_all_breaks()
         if bp_line is not None:
             # Set an initial breakpoint to stop execution
             maxtries = 10
             bp_file = bp_file or filename
             checkline = deb.checkline(bp_file, bp_line)
             if not checkline:
                 for bp in range(bp_line + 1, bp_line + maxtries + 1):
                     if deb.checkline(bp_file, bp):
                         break
                 else:
                     msg = ("\nI failed to find a valid line to set "
                            "a breakpoint\n"
                            "after trying up to line: %s.\n"
                            "Please set a valid breakpoint manually "
                            "with the -b option." % bp)
                     raise UsageError(msg)
             # if we find a good linenumber, set the breakpoint
             deb.do_break('%s:%s' % (bp_file, bp_line))
 
         if filename:
             # Mimic Pdb._runscript(...)
             deb._wait_for_mainpyfile = True
             deb.mainpyfile = deb.canonic(filename)
 
         # Start file run
         print("NOTE: Enter 'c' at the %s prompt to continue execution." % deb.prompt)
         try:
             if filename:
                 # save filename so it can be used by methods on the deb object
                 deb._exec_filename = filename
             while True:
                 try:
                     trace = sys.gettrace()
                     deb.run(code, code_ns)
                 except Restart:
                     print("Restarting")
                     if filename:
                         deb._wait_for_mainpyfile = True
                         deb.mainpyfile = deb.canonic(filename)
                     continue
                 else:
                     break
                 finally:
                     sys.settrace(trace)
             
 
         except:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             # Skip three frames in the traceback: the %run one,
             # one inside bdb.py, and the command-line typed by the
             # user (run by exec in pdb itself).
             self.shell.InteractiveTB(etype, value, tb, tb_offset=3)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _run_with_timing(run, nruns):
         """
         Run function `run` and print timing information.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         run : callable
             Any callable object which takes no argument.
         nruns : int
             Number of times to execute `run`.
 
         """
         twall0 = time.perf_counter()
         if nruns == 1:
             t0 = clock2()
             run()
             t1 = clock2()
             t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
             t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
             print("\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):")
             print("  User   : %10.2f s." % t_usr)
             print("  System : %10.2f s." % t_sys)
         else:
             runs = range(nruns)
             t0 = clock2()
             for nr in runs:
                 run()
             t1 = clock2()
             t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
             t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
             print("\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):")
             print("Total runs performed:", nruns)
             print("  Times  : %10s   %10s" % ('Total', 'Per run'))
             print("  User   : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_usr, t_usr / nruns))
             print("  System : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_sys, t_sys / nruns))
         twall1 = time.perf_counter()
         print("Wall time: %10.2f s." % (twall1 - twall0))
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     @needs_local_scope
     def timeit(self, line='', cell=None, local_ns=None):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression
 
         Usage, in line mode:
           %timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c] -q -p<P> -o] statement
         or in cell mode:
           %%timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c] -q -p<P> -o] setup_code
           code
           code...
 
         Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit
         module.  This function can be used both as a line and cell magic:
 
         - In line mode you can time a single-line statement (though multiple
           ones can be chained with using semicolons).
 
         - In cell mode, the statement in the first line is used as setup code
           (executed but not timed) and the body of the cell is timed.  The cell
           body has access to any variables created in the setup code.
 
         Options:
         -n<N>: execute the given statement <N> times in a loop. If <N> is not
         provided, <N> is determined so as to get sufficient accuracy.
 
         -r<R>: number of repeats <R>, each consisting of <N> loops, and take the
         best result.
         Default: 7
 
         -t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix.
         This function measures wall time.
 
         -c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on
         Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used
         instead and returns the CPU user time.
 
         -p<P>: use a precision of <P> digits to display the timing result.
         Default: 3
 
         -q: Quiet, do not print result.
 
         -o: return a TimeitResult that can be stored in a variable to inspect
             the result in more details.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: %timeit pass
           8.26 ns ± 0.12 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000000 loops each)
 
           In [2]: u = None
 
           In [3]: %timeit u is None
           29.9 ns ± 0.643 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000000 loops each)
 
           In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None
 
           In [5]: import time
 
           In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2)
 
         The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those
         reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is
         due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace
         of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup
         statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias
         does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with
         those from %timeit."""
 
         opts, stmt = self.parse_options(
             line, "n:r:tcp:qo", posix=False, strict=False, preserve_non_opts=True
         )
         if stmt == "" and cell is None:
             return
         
         timefunc = timeit.default_timer
         number = int(getattr(opts, "n", 0))
         default_repeat = 7 if timeit.default_repeat < 7 else timeit.default_repeat
         repeat = int(getattr(opts, "r", default_repeat))
         precision = int(getattr(opts, "p", 3))
         quiet = 'q' in opts
         return_result = 'o' in opts
         if hasattr(opts, "t"):
             timefunc = time.time
         if hasattr(opts, "c"):
             timefunc = clock
 
         timer = Timer(timer=timefunc)
         # this code has tight coupling to the inner workings of timeit.Timer,
         # but is there a better way to achieve that the code stmt has access
         # to the shell namespace?
         transform  = self.shell.transform_cell
 
         if cell is None:
             # called as line magic
             ast_setup = self.shell.compile.ast_parse("pass")
             ast_stmt = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(stmt))
         else:
             ast_setup = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(stmt))
             ast_stmt = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(cell))
 
         ast_setup = self.shell.transform_ast(ast_setup)
         ast_stmt = self.shell.transform_ast(ast_stmt)
 
         # Check that these compile to valid Python code *outside* the timer func
         # Invalid code may become valid when put inside the function & loop,
         # which messes up error messages.
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10636
         self.shell.compile(ast_setup, "<magic-timeit-setup>", "exec")
         self.shell.compile(ast_stmt, "<magic-timeit-stmt>", "exec")
 
         # This codestring is taken from timeit.template - we fill it in as an
         # AST, so that we can apply our AST transformations to the user code
         # without affecting the timing code.
         timeit_ast_template = ast.parse('def inner(_it, _timer):\n'
                                         '    setup\n'
                                         '    _t0 = _timer()\n'
                                         '    for _i in _it:\n'
                                         '        stmt\n'
                                         '    _t1 = _timer()\n'
                                         '    return _t1 - _t0\n')
 
         timeit_ast = TimeitTemplateFiller(ast_setup, ast_stmt).visit(timeit_ast_template)
         timeit_ast = ast.fix_missing_locations(timeit_ast)
 
         # Track compilation time so it can be reported if too long
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
 
         t0 = clock()
         code = self.shell.compile(timeit_ast, "<magic-timeit>", "exec")
         tc = clock()-t0
 
         ns = {}
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         # handles global vars with same name as local vars. We store them in conflict_globs.
         conflict_globs = {}
         if local_ns and cell is None:
             for var_name, var_val in glob.items():
                 if var_name in local_ns:
                     conflict_globs[var_name] = var_val
             glob.update(local_ns)
             
         exec(code, glob, ns)
         timer.inner = ns["inner"]
 
         # This is used to check if there is a huge difference between the
         # best and worst timings.
         # Issue: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/6471
         if number == 0:
             # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
             for index in range(0, 10):
                 number = 10 ** index
                 time_number = timer.timeit(number)
                 if time_number >= 0.2:
                     break
 
         all_runs = timer.repeat(repeat, number)
         best = min(all_runs) / number
         worst = max(all_runs) / number
         timeit_result = TimeitResult(number, repeat, best, worst, all_runs, tc, precision)
 
         # Restore global vars from conflict_globs
         if conflict_globs:
            glob.update(conflict_globs)
                 
         if not quiet :
             # Check best timing is greater than zero to avoid a
             # ZeroDivisionError.
             # In cases where the slowest timing is lesser than a microsecond
             # we assume that it does not really matter if the fastest
             # timing is 4 times faster than the slowest timing or not.
             if worst > 4 * best and best > 0 and worst > 1e-6:
                 print("The slowest run took %0.2f times longer than the "
                       "fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result "
                       "is being cached." % (worst / best))
            
             print( timeit_result )
 
             if tc > tc_min:
                 print("Compiler time: %.2f s" % tc)
         if return_result:
             return timeit_result
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @needs_local_scope
     @line_cell_magic
     def time(self,line='', cell=None, local_ns=None):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
 
         The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the
         expression (if any) is returned.  Note that under Win32, system time
         is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.
 
         This function can be used both as a line and cell magic:
 
         - In line mode you can time a single-line statement (though multiple
           ones can be chained with using semicolons).
 
         - In cell mode, you can time the cell body (a directly
           following statement raises an error).
 
         This function provides very basic timing functionality.  Use the timeit
         magic for more control over the measurement.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: %time 2**128
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
           Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
 
           In [2]: n = 1000000
 
           In [3]: %time sum(range(n))
           CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s
           Wall time: 1.37
           Out[3]: 499999500000L
 
           In [4]: %time print 'hello world'
           hello world
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
 
         .. note::
             The time needed by Python to compile the given expression will be
             reported if it is more than 0.1s.
 
             In the example below, the actual exponentiation is done by Python
             at compilation time, so while the expression can take a noticeable
             amount of time to compute, that time is purely due to the
             compilation::
 
                 In [5]: %time 3**9999;
                 CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
                 Wall time: 0.00 s
 
                 In [6]: %time 3**999999;
                 CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
                 Wall time: 0.00 s
                 Compiler : 0.78 s
         """
         # fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled
         
         if line and cell:
             raise UsageError("Can't use statement directly after '%%time'!")
         
         if cell:
             expr = self.shell.transform_cell(cell)
         else:
             expr = self.shell.transform_cell(line)
 
         # Minimum time above which parse time will be reported
         tp_min = 0.1
 
         t0 = clock()
         expr_ast = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(expr)
         tp = clock()-t0
 
         # Apply AST transformations
         expr_ast = self.shell.transform_ast(expr_ast)
 
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
 
         expr_val=None
         if len(expr_ast.body)==1 and isinstance(expr_ast.body[0], ast.Expr):
             mode = 'eval'
             source = '<timed eval>'
             expr_ast = ast.Expression(expr_ast.body[0].value)
         else:
             mode = 'exec'
             source = '<timed exec>'
             # multi-line %%time case
             if len(expr_ast.body) > 1 and isinstance(expr_ast.body[-1], ast.Expr):
                 expr_val= expr_ast.body[-1]
                 expr_ast = expr_ast.body[:-1]
                 expr_ast = Module(expr_ast, [])
                 expr_val = ast.Expression(expr_val.value)
 
         t0 = clock()
         code = self.shell.compile(expr_ast, source, mode)
         tc = clock()-t0
 
         # skew measurement as little as possible
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         wtime = time.time
         # time execution
         wall_st = wtime()
         if mode=='eval':
             st = clock2()
             try:
                 out = eval(code, glob, local_ns)
             except:
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
                 return
             end = clock2()
         else:
             st = clock2()
             try:
                 exec(code, glob, local_ns)
                 out=None
                 # multi-line %%time case
                 if expr_val is not None:
                     code_2 = self.shell.compile(expr_val, source, 'eval')
                     out = eval(code_2, glob, local_ns)
             except:
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
                 return
             end = clock2()
 
         wall_end = wtime()
         # Compute actual times and report
         wall_time = wall_end - wall_st
         cpu_user = end[0] - st[0]
         cpu_sys = end[1] - st[1]
         cpu_tot = cpu_user + cpu_sys
         # On windows cpu_sys is always zero, so only total is displayed
         if sys.platform != "win32":
             print(
                 f"CPU times: user {_format_time(cpu_user)}, sys: {_format_time(cpu_sys)}, total: {_format_time(cpu_tot)}"
             )
         else:
             print(f"CPU times: total: {_format_time(cpu_tot)}")
         print(f"Wall time: {_format_time(wall_time)}")
         if tc > tc_min:
             print(f"Compiler : {_format_time(tc)}")
         if tp > tp_min:
             print(f"Parser   : {_format_time(tp)}")
         return out
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def macro(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Define a macro for future re-execution. It accepts ranges of history,
         filenames or string objects.
 
         Usage:\\
           %macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
 
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed at the
           command line is used instead.
           
           -q: quiet macro definition.  By default, a tag line is printed 
           to indicate the macro has been created, and then the contents of 
           the macro are printed.  If this option is given, then no printout
           is produced once the macro is created.
 
         This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string
         made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers
         above) from your input history into a single string. This variable
         acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if
         you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code
         executes.
 
         The syntax for indicating input ranges is described in %history.
 
         Note: as a 'hidden' feature, you can also use traditional python slice
         notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1.
 
         For example, if your history contains (print using %hist -n )::
 
           44: x=1
           45: y=3
           46: z=x+y
           47: print x
           48: a=5
           49: print 'x',x,'y',y
 
         you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49
         called my_macro with::
 
           In [55]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49
 
         Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code
         in one pass.
 
         You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line
         number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any
         lines from your input history in any order.
 
         The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute,
         but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as
         code instead of printing them when you type their name.
 
         You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with::
 
           print macro_name
 
         """
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'rq',mode='list')
         if not args:   # List existing macros
             return sorted(k for k,v in self.shell.user_ns.items() if isinstance(v, Macro))
         if len(args) == 1:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%macro insufficient args; usage '%macro name n1-n2 n3-4...")
         name, codefrom = args[0], " ".join(args[1:])
 
         #print 'rng',ranges  # dbg
         try:
             lines = self.shell.find_user_code(codefrom, 'r' in opts)
         except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
             print(e.args[0])
             return
         macro = Macro(lines)
         self.shell.define_macro(name, macro)
         if not ( 'q' in opts) : 
             print('Macro `%s` created. To execute, type its name (without quotes).' % name)
             print('=== Macro contents: ===')
             print(macro, end=' ')
 
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument('output', type=str, default='', nargs='?',
         help="""The name of the variable in which to store output.
         This is a utils.io.CapturedIO object with stdout/err attributes
         for the text of the captured output.
 
         CapturedOutput also has a show() method for displaying the output,
         and __call__ as well, so you can use that to quickly display the
         output.
 
         If unspecified, captured output is discarded.
         """
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-stderr', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture stderr."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-stdout', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture stdout."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-display', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture IPython's rich display."""
     )
     @cell_magic
     def capture(self, line, cell):
         """run the cell, capturing stdout, stderr, and IPython's rich display() calls."""
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.capture, line)
         out = not args.no_stdout
         err = not args.no_stderr
         disp = not args.no_display
         with capture_output(out, err, disp) as io:
             self.shell.run_cell(cell)
         if args.output:
             self.shell.user_ns[args.output] = io
 
 def parse_breakpoint(text, current_file):
     '''Returns (file, line) for file:line and (current_file, line) for line'''
     colon = text.find(':')
     if colon == -1:
         return current_file, int(text)
     else:
         return text[:colon], int(text[colon+1:])
     
 def _format_time(timespan, precision=3):
     """Formats the timespan in a human readable form"""
 
     if timespan >= 60.0:
         # we have more than a minute, format that in a human readable form
         # Idea from http://snipplr.com/view/5713/
         parts = [("d", 60*60*24),("h", 60*60),("min", 60), ("s", 1)]
         time = []
         leftover = timespan
         for suffix, length in parts:
             value = int(leftover / length)
             if value > 0:
                 leftover = leftover % length
                 time.append(u'%s%s' % (str(value), suffix))
             if leftover < 1:
                 break
         return " ".join(time)
 
     
     # Unfortunately the unicode 'micro' symbol can cause problems in
     # certain terminals.  
     # See bug: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/348466
     # Try to prevent crashes by being more secure than it needs to
     # E.g. eclipse is able to print a µ, but has no sys.stdout.encoding set.
     units = [u"s", u"ms",u'us',"ns"] # the save value   
     if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding') and sys.stdout.encoding:
         try:
             u'\xb5'.encode(sys.stdout.encoding)
             units = [u"s", u"ms",u'\xb5s',"ns"]
         except:
             pass
     scaling = [1, 1e3, 1e6, 1e9]
         
     if timespan > 0.0:
         order = min(-int(math.floor(math.log10(timespan)) // 3), 3)
     else:
         order = 3
     return u"%.*g %s" % (precision, timespan * scaling[order], units[order])

IPython/core/magics/packaging.py

@@ -1,112 +1,112 b''
 """Implementation of packaging-related magic functions.
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (c) 2018 The IPython Development Team.
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import re
 import shlex
 import sys
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from IPython.core.magic import Magics, magics_class, line_magic
 
 
 def _is_conda_environment():
     """Return True if the current Python executable is in a conda env"""
     # TODO: does this need to change on windows?
     return Path(sys.prefix, "conda-meta", "history").exists()
 
 
 def _get_conda_executable():
     """Find the path to the conda executable"""
     # Check if there is a conda executable in the same directory as the Python executable.
     # This is the case within conda's root environment.
     conda = Path(sys.executable).parent / "conda"
     if conda.is_file():
         return str(conda)
 
     # Otherwise, attempt to extract the executable from conda history.
     # This applies in any conda environment.
-    history = Path(sys.prefix, "conda-meta", "history").read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+    history = Path(sys.prefix, "conda-meta", "history").read_text(encoding="utf-8")
     match = re.search(
         r"^#\s*cmd:\s*(?P<command>.*conda)\s[create|install]",
         history,
         flags=re.MULTILINE,
     )
     if match:
         return match.groupdict()["command"]
 
     # Fallback: assume conda is available on the system path.
     return "conda"
 
 
 CONDA_COMMANDS_REQUIRING_PREFIX = {
     'install', 'list', 'remove', 'uninstall', 'update', 'upgrade',
 }
 CONDA_COMMANDS_REQUIRING_YES = {
     'install', 'remove', 'uninstall', 'update', 'upgrade',
 }
 CONDA_ENV_FLAGS = {'-p', '--prefix', '-n', '--name'}
 CONDA_YES_FLAGS = {'-y', '--y'}
 
 
 @magics_class
 class PackagingMagics(Magics):
     """Magics related to packaging & installation"""
 
     @line_magic
     def pip(self, line):
         """Run the pip package manager within the current kernel.
 
         Usage:
           %pip install [pkgs]
         """
         python = sys.executable
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             python = '"' + python + '"'
         else:
             python = shlex.quote(python)
 
         self.shell.system(" ".join([python, "-m", "pip", line]))
 
         print("Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.")
 
     @line_magic
     def conda(self, line):
         """Run the conda package manager within the current kernel.
 
         Usage:
           %conda install [pkgs]
         """
         if not _is_conda_environment():
             raise ValueError("The python kernel does not appear to be a conda environment.  "
                              "Please use ``%pip install`` instead.")
 
         conda = _get_conda_executable()
         args = shlex.split(line)
         command = args[0] if len(args) > 0 else ""
         args = args[1:] if len(args) > 1 else [""]
 
         extra_args = []
 
         # When the subprocess does not allow us to respond "yes" during the installation,
         # we need to insert --yes in the argument list for some commands
         stdin_disabled = getattr(self.shell, 'kernel', None) is not None
         needs_yes = command in CONDA_COMMANDS_REQUIRING_YES
         has_yes = set(args).intersection(CONDA_YES_FLAGS)
         if stdin_disabled and needs_yes and not has_yes:
             extra_args.append("--yes")
 
         # Add --prefix to point conda installation to the current environment
         needs_prefix = command in CONDA_COMMANDS_REQUIRING_PREFIX
         has_prefix = set(args).intersection(CONDA_ENV_FLAGS)
         if needs_prefix and not has_prefix:
             extra_args.extend(["--prefix", sys.prefix])
 
         self.shell.system(' '.join([conda, command] + extra_args + args))
         print("\nNote: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.")

IPython/core/page.py

@@ -1,345 +1,348 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 Paging capabilities for IPython.core
 
 Notes
 -----
 
 For now this uses IPython hooks, so it can't be in IPython.utils.  If we can get
 rid of that dependency, we could move it there.
 -----
 """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 import os
 import io
 import re
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import subprocess
 
 from io import UnsupportedOperation
 from pathlib import Path
 
 from IPython import get_ipython
 from IPython.display import display
 from IPython.core.error import TryNext
 from IPython.utils.data import chop
 from IPython.utils.process import system
 from IPython.utils.terminal import get_terminal_size
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
 
 
 def display_page(strng, start=0, screen_lines=25):
     """Just display, no paging. screen_lines is ignored."""
     if isinstance(strng, dict):
         data = strng
     else:
         if start:
             strng = u'\n'.join(strng.splitlines()[start:])
         data = { 'text/plain': strng }
     display(data, raw=True)
 
 
 def as_hook(page_func):
     """Wrap a pager func to strip the `self` arg
 
     so it can be called as a hook.
     """
     return lambda self, *args, **kwargs: page_func(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
 esc_re = re.compile(r"(\x1b[^m]+m)")
 
 def page_dumb(strng, start=0, screen_lines=25):
     """Very dumb 'pager' in Python, for when nothing else works.
 
     Only moves forward, same interface as page(), except for pager_cmd and
     mode.
     """
     if isinstance(strng, dict):
         strng = strng.get('text/plain', '')
     out_ln  = strng.splitlines()[start:]
     screens = chop(out_ln,screen_lines-1)
     if len(screens) == 1:
         print(os.linesep.join(screens[0]))
     else:
         last_escape = ""
         for scr in screens[0:-1]:
             hunk = os.linesep.join(scr)
             print(last_escape + hunk)
             if not page_more():
                 return
             esc_list = esc_re.findall(hunk)
             if len(esc_list) > 0:
                 last_escape = esc_list[-1]
         print(last_escape + os.linesep.join(screens[-1]))
 
 def _detect_screen_size(screen_lines_def):
     """Attempt to work out the number of lines on the screen.
 
     This is called by page(). It can raise an error (e.g. when run in the
     test suite), so it's separated out so it can easily be called in a try block.
     """
     TERM = os.environ.get('TERM',None)
     if not((TERM=='xterm' or TERM=='xterm-color') and sys.platform != 'sunos5'):
         # curses causes problems on many terminals other than xterm, and
         # some termios calls lock up on Sun OS5.
         return screen_lines_def
     
     try:
         import termios
         import curses
     except ImportError:
         return screen_lines_def
     
     # There is a bug in curses, where *sometimes* it fails to properly
     # initialize, and then after the endwin() call is made, the
     # terminal is left in an unusable state.  Rather than trying to
     # check every time for this (by requesting and comparing termios
     # flags each time), we just save the initial terminal state and
     # unconditionally reset it every time.  It's cheaper than making
     # the checks.
     try:
         term_flags = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdout)
     except termios.error as err:
         # can fail on Linux 2.6, pager_page will catch the TypeError
         raise TypeError('termios error: {0}'.format(err)) from err
 
     try:
         scr = curses.initscr()
     except AttributeError:
         # Curses on Solaris may not be complete, so we can't use it there
         return screen_lines_def
     
     screen_lines_real,screen_cols = scr.getmaxyx()
     curses.endwin()
 
     # Restore terminal state in case endwin() didn't.
     termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdout,termios.TCSANOW,term_flags)
     # Now we have what we needed: the screen size in rows/columns
     return screen_lines_real
     #print '***Screen size:',screen_lines_real,'lines x',\
     #screen_cols,'columns.' # dbg
 
 def pager_page(strng, start=0, screen_lines=0, pager_cmd=None):
     """Display a string, piping through a pager after a certain length.
 
     strng can be a mime-bundle dict, supplying multiple representations,
     keyed by mime-type.
 
     The screen_lines parameter specifies the number of *usable* lines of your
     terminal screen (total lines minus lines you need to reserve to show other
     information).
 
     If you set screen_lines to a number <=0, page() will try to auto-determine
     your screen size and will only use up to (screen_size+screen_lines) for
     printing, paging after that. That is, if you want auto-detection but need
     to reserve the bottom 3 lines of the screen, use screen_lines = -3, and for
     auto-detection without any lines reserved simply use screen_lines = 0.
 
     If a string won't fit in the allowed lines, it is sent through the
     specified pager command. If none given, look for PAGER in the environment,
     and ultimately default to less.
 
     If no system pager works, the string is sent through a 'dumb pager'
     written in python, very simplistic.
     """
     
     # for compatibility with mime-bundle form:
     if isinstance(strng, dict):
         strng = strng['text/plain']
 
     # Ugly kludge, but calling curses.initscr() flat out crashes in emacs
     TERM = os.environ.get('TERM','dumb')
     if TERM in ['dumb','emacs'] and os.name != 'nt':
         print(strng)
         return
     # chop off the topmost part of the string we don't want to see
     str_lines = strng.splitlines()[start:]
     str_toprint = os.linesep.join(str_lines)
     num_newlines = len(str_lines)
     len_str = len(str_toprint)
 
     # Dumb heuristics to guesstimate number of on-screen lines the string
     # takes.  Very basic, but good enough for docstrings in reasonable
     # terminals. If someone later feels like refining it, it's not hard.
     numlines = max(num_newlines,int(len_str/80)+1)
 
     screen_lines_def = get_terminal_size()[1]
 
     # auto-determine screen size
     if screen_lines <= 0:
         try:
             screen_lines += _detect_screen_size(screen_lines_def)
         except (TypeError, UnsupportedOperation):
             print(str_toprint)
             return
 
     #print 'numlines',numlines,'screenlines',screen_lines  # dbg
     if numlines <= screen_lines :
         #print '*** normal print'  # dbg
         print(str_toprint)
     else:
         # Try to open pager and default to internal one if that fails.
         # All failure modes are tagged as 'retval=1', to match the return
         # value of a failed system command.  If any intermediate attempt
         # sets retval to 1, at the end we resort to our own page_dumb() pager.
         pager_cmd = get_pager_cmd(pager_cmd)
         pager_cmd += ' ' + get_pager_start(pager_cmd,start)
         if os.name == 'nt':
             if pager_cmd.startswith('type'):
                 # The default WinXP 'type' command is failing on complex strings.
                 retval = 1
             else:
                 fd, tmpname = tempfile.mkstemp('.txt')
                 tmppath = Path(tmpname)
                 try:
                     os.close(fd)
-                    with tmppath.open("wt", encoding='utf-8') as tmpfile:
+                    with tmppath.open("wt", encoding="utf-8") as tmpfile:
                         tmpfile.write(strng)
                         cmd = "%s < %s" % (pager_cmd, tmppath)
                     # tmpfile needs to be closed for windows
                     if os.system(cmd):
                         retval = 1
                     else:
                         retval = None
                 finally:
                     Path.unlink(tmppath)
         else:
             try:
                 retval = None
                 # Emulate os.popen, but redirect stderr
-                proc = subprocess.Popen(pager_cmd,
-                                shell=True,
-                                stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL
-                                )
-                pager = os._wrap_close(io.TextIOWrapper(proc.stdin, encoding='utf-8'), proc)
+                proc = subprocess.Popen(
+                    pager_cmd,
+                    shell=True,
+                    stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                    stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL,
+                )
+                pager = os._wrap_close(
+                    io.TextIOWrapper(proc.stdin, encoding="utf-8"), proc
+                )
                 try:
                     pager_encoding = pager.encoding or sys.stdout.encoding
                     pager.write(strng)
                 finally:
                     retval = pager.close()
             except IOError as msg:  # broken pipe when user quits
                 if msg.args == (32, 'Broken pipe'):
                     retval = None
                 else:
                     retval = 1
             except OSError:
                 # Other strange problems, sometimes seen in Win2k/cygwin
                 retval = 1
         if retval is not None:
             page_dumb(strng,screen_lines=screen_lines)
 
 
 def page(data, start=0, screen_lines=0, pager_cmd=None):
     """Display content in a pager, piping through a pager after a certain length.
 
     data can be a mime-bundle dict, supplying multiple representations,
     keyed by mime-type, or text.
 
     Pager is dispatched via the `show_in_pager` IPython hook.
     If no hook is registered, `pager_page` will be used.
     """
     # Some routines may auto-compute start offsets incorrectly and pass a
     # negative value.  Offset to 0 for robustness.
     start = max(0, start)
 
     # first, try the hook
     ip = get_ipython()
     if ip:
         try:
             ip.hooks.show_in_pager(data, start=start, screen_lines=screen_lines)
             return
         except TryNext:
             pass
     
     # fallback on default pager
     return pager_page(data, start, screen_lines, pager_cmd)
 
 
 def page_file(fname, start=0, pager_cmd=None):
     """Page a file, using an optional pager command and starting line.
     """
 
     pager_cmd = get_pager_cmd(pager_cmd)
     pager_cmd += ' ' + get_pager_start(pager_cmd,start)
 
     try:
         if os.environ['TERM'] in ['emacs','dumb']:
             raise EnvironmentError
         system(pager_cmd + ' ' + fname)
     except:
         try:
             if start > 0:
                 start -= 1
-            page(open(fname, encoding='utf-8').read(),start)
+            page(open(fname, encoding="utf-8").read(), start)
         except:
             print('Unable to show file',repr(fname))
 
 
 def get_pager_cmd(pager_cmd=None):
     """Return a pager command.
 
     Makes some attempts at finding an OS-correct one.
     """
     if os.name == 'posix':
         default_pager_cmd = 'less -R'  # -R for color control sequences
     elif os.name in ['nt','dos']:
         default_pager_cmd = 'type'
 
     if pager_cmd is None:
         try:
             pager_cmd = os.environ['PAGER']
         except:
             pager_cmd = default_pager_cmd
     
     if pager_cmd == 'less' and '-r' not in os.environ.get('LESS', '').lower():
         pager_cmd += ' -R'
     
     return pager_cmd
 
 
 def get_pager_start(pager, start):
     """Return the string for paging files with an offset.
 
     This is the '+N' argument which less and more (under Unix) accept.
     """
 
     if pager in ['less','more']:
         if start:
             start_string = '+' + str(start)
         else:
             start_string = ''
     else:
         start_string = ''
     return start_string
 
 
 # (X)emacs on win32 doesn't like to be bypassed with msvcrt.getch()
 if os.name == 'nt' and os.environ.get('TERM','dumb') != 'emacs':
     import msvcrt
     def page_more():
         """ Smart pausing between pages
 
         @return:    True if need print more lines, False if quit
         """
         sys.stdout.write('---Return to continue, q to quit--- ')
         ans = msvcrt.getwch()
         if ans in ("q", "Q"):
             result = False
         else:
             result = True
         sys.stdout.write("\b"*37 + " "*37 + "\b"*37)
         return result
 else:
     def page_more():
         ans = py3compat.input('---Return to continue, q to quit--- ')
         if ans.lower().startswith('q'):
             return False
         else:
             return True

IPython/core/tests/test_application.py

@@ -1,70 +1,70 b''
 # coding: utf-8
 """Tests for IPython.core.application"""
 
 import os
 import tempfile
 
 from traitlets import Unicode
 
 from IPython.core.application import BaseIPythonApplication
 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory
 
 
 @dec.onlyif_unicode_paths
 def test_unicode_cwd():
     """Check that IPython starts with non-ascii characters in the path."""
     wd = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix=u"€")
     
     old_wd = os.getcwd()
     os.chdir(wd)
     #raise Exception(repr(os.getcwd()))
     try:
         app = BaseIPythonApplication()
         # The lines below are copied from Application.initialize()
         app.init_profile_dir()
         app.init_config_files()
         app.load_config_file(suppress_errors=False)
     finally:
         os.chdir(old_wd)
 
 @dec.onlyif_unicode_paths
 def test_unicode_ipdir():
     """Check that IPython starts with non-ascii characters in the IP dir."""
     ipdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(suffix=u"€")
     
     # Create the config file, so it tries to load it.
-    with open(os.path.join(ipdir, 'ipython_config.py'), "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+    with open(os.path.join(ipdir, "ipython_config.py"), "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         pass
     
     old_ipdir1 = os.environ.pop("IPYTHONDIR", None)
     old_ipdir2 = os.environ.pop("IPYTHON_DIR", None)
     os.environ["IPYTHONDIR"] = ipdir
     try:
         app = BaseIPythonApplication()
         # The lines below are copied from Application.initialize()
         app.init_profile_dir()
         app.init_config_files()
         app.load_config_file(suppress_errors=False)
     finally:
         if old_ipdir1:
             os.environ["IPYTHONDIR"] = old_ipdir1
         if old_ipdir2:
             os.environ["IPYTHONDIR"] = old_ipdir2
 
 def test_cli_priority():
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
 
         class TestApp(BaseIPythonApplication):
             test = Unicode().tag(config=True)
 
         # Create the config file, so it tries to load it.
-        with open(os.path.join(td, 'ipython_config.py'), "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        with open(os.path.join(td, "ipython_config.py"), "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write("c.TestApp.test = 'config file'")
 
         app = TestApp()
         app.initialize(["--profile-dir", td])
         assert app.test == "config file"
         app = TestApp()
         app.initialize(["--profile-dir", td, "--TestApp.test=cli"])
         assert app.test == "cli"

IPython/core/tests/test_completer.py

@@ -1,1264 +1,1264 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """Tests for the IPython tab-completion machinery."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import os
 import pytest
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import unittest
 
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
 from traitlets.config.loader import Config
 from IPython import get_ipython
 from IPython.core import completer
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory, TemporaryWorkingDirectory
 from IPython.utils.generics import complete_object
 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
 
 from IPython.core.completer import (
     Completion,
     provisionalcompleter,
     match_dict_keys,
     _deduplicate_completions,
 )
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Test functions
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def recompute_unicode_ranges():
     """
     utility to recompute the largest unicode range without any characters
 
     use to recompute the gap in the global _UNICODE_RANGES of completer.py
     """
     import itertools
     import unicodedata
     valid = []
     for c in range(0,0x10FFFF + 1):
         try:
             unicodedata.name(chr(c))
         except ValueError:
             continue
         valid.append(c)
 
     def ranges(i):
         for a, b in itertools.groupby(enumerate(i), lambda pair: pair[1] - pair[0]):
             b = list(b)
             yield b[0][1], b[-1][1]
 
     rg = list(ranges(valid))
     lens = []
     gap_lens = []
     pstart, pstop = 0,0
     for start, stop in rg:
         lens.append(stop-start)
         gap_lens.append((start - pstop, hex(pstop), hex(start), f'{round((start - pstop)/0xe01f0*100)}%'))
         pstart, pstop = start, stop
 
     return sorted(gap_lens)[-1]
 
 
 
 def test_unicode_range():
     """
     Test that the ranges we test for unicode names give the same number of
     results than testing the full length.
     """
     from IPython.core.completer import  _unicode_name_compute, _UNICODE_RANGES
 
     expected_list = _unicode_name_compute([(0, 0x110000)])
     test = _unicode_name_compute(_UNICODE_RANGES)
     len_exp = len(expected_list)
     len_test = len(test)
 
     # do not inline the len() or on error pytest will try to print the 130 000 +
     # elements.
     message = None
     if len_exp != len_test or len_exp > 131808:
         size, start, stop, prct = recompute_unicode_ranges()
         message = f"""_UNICODE_RANGES likely wrong and need updating. This is
         likely due to a new release of Python. We've find that the biggest gap
         in unicode characters has reduces in size to be {size} characters
         ({prct}), from {start}, to {stop}. In completer.py likely update to
 
             _UNICODE_RANGES = [(32, {start}), ({stop}, 0xe01f0)]
 
         And update the assertion below to use
 
             len_exp <= {len_exp}
         """
     assert len_exp == len_test, message
 
     # fail if new unicode symbols have been added. 
     assert len_exp <= 138552, message
 
 
 @contextmanager
 def greedy_completion():
     ip = get_ipython()
     greedy_original = ip.Completer.greedy
     try:
         ip.Completer.greedy = True
         yield
     finally:
         ip.Completer.greedy = greedy_original
 
 
 def test_protect_filename():
     if sys.platform == "win32":
         pairs = [
             ("abc", "abc"),
             (" abc", '" abc"'),
             ("a bc", '"a bc"'),
             ("a  bc", '"a  bc"'),
             ("  bc", '"  bc"'),
         ]
     else:
         pairs = [
             ("abc", "abc"),
             (" abc", r"\ abc"),
             ("a bc", r"a\ bc"),
             ("a  bc", r"a\ \ bc"),
             ("  bc", r"\ \ bc"),
             # On posix, we also protect parens and other special characters.
             ("a(bc", r"a\(bc"),
             ("a)bc", r"a\)bc"),
             ("a( )bc", r"a\(\ \)bc"),
             ("a[1]bc", r"a\[1\]bc"),
             ("a{1}bc", r"a\{1\}bc"),
             ("a#bc", r"a\#bc"),
             ("a?bc", r"a\?bc"),
             ("a=bc", r"a\=bc"),
             ("a\\bc", r"a\\bc"),
             ("a|bc", r"a\|bc"),
             ("a;bc", r"a\;bc"),
             ("a:bc", r"a\:bc"),
             ("a'bc", r"a\'bc"),
             ("a*bc", r"a\*bc"),
             ('a"bc', r"a\"bc"),
             ("a^bc", r"a\^bc"),
             ("a&bc", r"a\&bc"),
         ]
     # run the actual tests
     for s1, s2 in pairs:
         s1p = completer.protect_filename(s1)
         assert s1p == s2
 
 
 def check_line_split(splitter, test_specs):
     for part1, part2, split in test_specs:
         cursor_pos = len(part1)
         line = part1 + part2
         out = splitter.split_line(line, cursor_pos)
         assert out == split
 
 
 def test_line_split():
     """Basic line splitter test with default specs."""
     sp = completer.CompletionSplitter()
     # The format of the test specs is: part1, part2, expected answer.  Parts 1
     # and 2 are joined into the 'line' sent to the splitter, as if the cursor
     # was at the end of part1.  So an empty part2 represents someone hitting
     # tab at the end of the line, the most common case.
     t = [
         ("run some/scrip", "", "some/scrip"),
         ("run scripts/er", "ror.py foo", "scripts/er"),
         ("echo $HOM", "", "HOM"),
         ("print sys.pa", "", "sys.pa"),
         ("print(sys.pa", "", "sys.pa"),
         ("execfile('scripts/er", "", "scripts/er"),
         ("a[x.", "", "x."),
         ("a[x.", "y", "x."),
         ('cd "some_file/', "", "some_file/"),
     ]
     check_line_split(sp, t)
     # Ensure splitting works OK with unicode by re-running the tests with
     # all inputs turned into unicode
     check_line_split(sp, [map(str, p) for p in t])
 
 
 class NamedInstanceClass:
     instances = {}
 
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.instances[name] = self
 
     @classmethod
     def _ipython_key_completions_(cls):
         return cls.instances.keys()
 
 
 class KeyCompletable:
     def __init__(self, things=()):
         self.things = things
 
     def _ipython_key_completions_(self):
         return list(self.things)
 
 
 class TestCompleter(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         """
         We want to silence all PendingDeprecationWarning when testing the completer
         """
         self._assertwarns = self.assertWarns(PendingDeprecationWarning)
         self._assertwarns.__enter__()
 
     def tearDown(self):
         try:
             self._assertwarns.__exit__(None, None, None)
         except AssertionError:
             pass
 
     def test_custom_completion_error(self):
         """Test that errors from custom attribute completers are silenced."""
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         class A:
             pass
 
         ip.user_ns["x"] = A()
 
         @complete_object.register(A)
         def complete_A(a, existing_completions):
             raise TypeError("this should be silenced")
 
         ip.complete("x.")
 
     def test_custom_completion_ordering(self):
         """Test that errors from custom attribute completers are silenced."""
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         _, matches = ip.complete('in')
         assert matches.index('input') < matches.index('int')
 
         def complete_example(a):
             return ['example2', 'example1']
 
         ip.Completer.custom_completers.add_re('ex*', complete_example)
         _, matches = ip.complete('ex')
         assert matches.index('example2') < matches.index('example1')
 
     def test_unicode_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         # Some strings that trigger different types of completion.  Check them both
         # in str and unicode forms
         s = ["ru", "%ru", "cd /", "floa", "float(x)/"]
         for t in s + list(map(str, s)):
             # We don't need to check exact completion values (they may change
             # depending on the state of the namespace, but at least no exceptions
             # should be thrown and the return value should be a pair of text, list
             # values.
             text, matches = ip.complete(t)
             self.assertIsInstance(text, str)
             self.assertIsInstance(matches, list)
 
     def test_latex_completions(self):
         from IPython.core.latex_symbols import latex_symbols
         import random
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         # Test some random unicode symbols
         keys = random.sample(sorted(latex_symbols), 10)
         for k in keys:
             text, matches = ip.complete(k)
             self.assertEqual(text, k)
             self.assertEqual(matches, [latex_symbols[k]])
         # Test a more complex line
         text, matches = ip.complete("print(\\alpha")
         self.assertEqual(text, "\\alpha")
         self.assertEqual(matches[0], latex_symbols["\\alpha"])
         # Test multiple matching latex symbols
         text, matches = ip.complete("\\al")
         self.assertIn("\\alpha", matches)
         self.assertIn("\\aleph", matches)
 
     def test_latex_no_results(self):
         """
         forward latex should really return nothing in either field if nothing is found.
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         text, matches = ip.Completer.latex_matches("\\really_i_should_match_nothing")
         self.assertEqual(text, "")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ())
 
     def test_back_latex_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         # do not return more than 1 matches for \beta, only the latex one.
         name, matches = ip.complete("\\β")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["\\beta"])
 
     def test_back_unicode_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         name, matches = ip.complete("\\Ⅴ")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ("\\ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE",))
 
     def test_forward_unicode_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         name, matches = ip.complete("\\ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["Ⅴ"])  # This is not a V
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["\u2164"])  # same as above but explicit.
 
     def test_delim_setting(self):
         sp = completer.CompletionSplitter()
         sp.delims = " "
         self.assertEqual(sp.delims, " ")
         self.assertEqual(sp._delim_expr, r"[\ ]")
 
     def test_spaces(self):
         """Test with only spaces as split chars."""
         sp = completer.CompletionSplitter()
         sp.delims = " "
         t = [("foo", "", "foo"), ("run foo", "", "foo"), ("run foo", "bar", "foo")]
         check_line_split(sp, t)
 
     def test_has_open_quotes1(self):
         for s in ["'", "'''", "'hi' '"]:
             self.assertEqual(completer.has_open_quotes(s), "'")
 
     def test_has_open_quotes2(self):
         for s in ['"', '"""', '"hi" "']:
             self.assertEqual(completer.has_open_quotes(s), '"')
 
     def test_has_open_quotes3(self):
         for s in ["''", "''' '''", "'hi' 'ipython'"]:
             self.assertFalse(completer.has_open_quotes(s))
 
     def test_has_open_quotes4(self):
         for s in ['""', '""" """', '"hi" "ipython"']:
             self.assertFalse(completer.has_open_quotes(s))
 
     @pytest.mark.xfail(
         sys.platform == "win32", reason="abspath completions fail on Windows"
     )
     def test_abspath_file_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
             prefix = os.path.join(tmpdir, "foo")
             suffixes = ["1", "2"]
             names = [prefix + s for s in suffixes]
             for n in names:
-                open(n, "w", encoding='utf-8').close()
+                open(n, "w", encoding="utf-8").close()
 
             # Check simple completion
             c = ip.complete(prefix)[1]
             self.assertEqual(c, names)
 
             # Now check with a function call
             cmd = 'a = f("%s' % prefix
             c = ip.complete(prefix, cmd)[1]
             comp = [prefix + s for s in suffixes]
             self.assertEqual(c, comp)
 
     def test_local_file_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         with TemporaryWorkingDirectory():
             prefix = "./foo"
             suffixes = ["1", "2"]
             names = [prefix + s for s in suffixes]
             for n in names:
-                open(n, "w", encoding='utf-8').close()
+                open(n, "w", encoding="utf-8").close()
 
             # Check simple completion
             c = ip.complete(prefix)[1]
             self.assertEqual(c, names)
 
             # Now check with a function call
             cmd = 'a = f("%s' % prefix
             c = ip.complete(prefix, cmd)[1]
             comp = {prefix + s for s in suffixes}
             self.assertTrue(comp.issubset(set(c)))
 
     def test_quoted_file_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         with TemporaryWorkingDirectory():
             name = "foo'bar"
-            open(name, "w", encoding='utf-8').close()
+            open(name, "w", encoding="utf-8").close()
 
             # Don't escape Windows
             escaped = name if sys.platform == "win32" else "foo\\'bar"
 
             # Single quote matches embedded single quote
             text = "open('foo"
             c = ip.Completer._complete(
                 cursor_line=0, cursor_pos=len(text), full_text=text
             )[1]
             self.assertEqual(c, [escaped])
 
             # Double quote requires no escape
             text = 'open("foo'
             c = ip.Completer._complete(
                 cursor_line=0, cursor_pos=len(text), full_text=text
             )[1]
             self.assertEqual(c, [name])
 
             # No quote requires an escape
             text = "%ls foo"
             c = ip.Completer._complete(
                 cursor_line=0, cursor_pos=len(text), full_text=text
             )[1]
             self.assertEqual(c, [escaped])
 
     def test_all_completions_dups(self):
         """
         Make sure the output of `IPCompleter.all_completions` does not have
         duplicated prefixes.
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         ip.ex("class TestClass():\n\ta=1\n\ta1=2")
         for jedi_status in [True, False]:
             with provisionalcompleter():
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = jedi_status
                 matches = c.all_completions("TestCl")
                 assert matches == ["TestClass"], (jedi_status, matches)
                 matches = c.all_completions("TestClass.")
                 assert len(matches) > 2, (jedi_status, matches)
                 matches = c.all_completions("TestClass.a")
                 assert matches == ['TestClass.a', 'TestClass.a1'], jedi_status
 
     def test_jedi(self):
         """
         A couple of issue we had with Jedi
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         def _test_complete(reason, s, comp, start=None, end=None):
             l = len(s)
             start = start if start is not None else l
             end = end if end is not None else l
             with provisionalcompleter():
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = True
                 completions = set(ip.Completer.completions(s, l))
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
                 assert Completion(start, end, comp) in completions, reason
 
         def _test_not_complete(reason, s, comp):
             l = len(s)
             with provisionalcompleter():
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = True
                 completions = set(ip.Completer.completions(s, l))
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
                 assert Completion(l, l, comp) not in completions, reason
 
         import jedi
 
         jedi_version = tuple(int(i) for i in jedi.__version__.split(".")[:3])
         if jedi_version > (0, 10):
             _test_complete("jedi >0.9 should complete and not crash", "a=1;a.", "real")
         _test_complete("can infer first argument", 'a=(1,"foo");a[0].', "real")
         _test_complete("can infer second argument", 'a=(1,"foo");a[1].', "capitalize")
         _test_complete("cover duplicate completions", "im", "import", 0, 2)
 
         _test_not_complete("does not mix types", 'a=(1,"foo");a[0].', "capitalize")
 
     def test_completion_have_signature(self):
         """
         Lets make sure jedi is capable of pulling out the signature of the function we are completing.
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         with provisionalcompleter():
             ip.Completer.use_jedi = True
             completions = ip.Completer.completions("ope", 3)
             c = next(completions)  # should be `open`
             ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
         assert "file" in c.signature, "Signature of function was not found by completer"
         assert (
             "encoding" in c.signature
         ), "Signature of function was not found by completer"
 
     @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Known failure on jedi<=0.18.0")
     def test_deduplicate_completions(self):
         """
         Test that completions are correctly deduplicated (even if ranges are not the same)
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.ex(
             textwrap.dedent(
                 """
         class Z:
             zoo = 1
         """
             )
         )
         with provisionalcompleter():
             ip.Completer.use_jedi = True
             l = list(
                 _deduplicate_completions("Z.z", ip.Completer.completions("Z.z", 3))
             )
             ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
 
         assert len(l) == 1, "Completions (Z.z<tab>) correctly deduplicate: %s " % l
         assert l[0].text == "zoo"  # and not `it.accumulate`
 
     def test_greedy_completions(self):
         """
         Test the capability of the Greedy completer. 
 
         Most of the test here does not really show off the greedy completer, for proof
         each of the text below now pass with Jedi. The greedy completer is capable of more. 
 
         See the :any:`test_dict_key_completion_contexts`
 
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.ex("a=list(range(5))")
         _, c = ip.complete(".", line="a[0].")
         self.assertFalse(".real" in c, "Shouldn't have completed on a[0]: %s" % c)
 
         def _(line, cursor_pos, expect, message, completion):
             with greedy_completion(), provisionalcompleter():
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
                 _, c = ip.complete(".", line=line, cursor_pos=cursor_pos)
                 self.assertIn(expect, c, message % c)
 
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = True
                 with provisionalcompleter():
                     completions = ip.Completer.completions(line, cursor_pos)
                 self.assertIn(completion, completions)
 
         with provisionalcompleter():
             _(
                 "a[0].",
                 5,
                 "a[0].real",
                 "Should have completed on a[0].: %s",
                 Completion(5, 5, "real"),
             )
             _(
                 "a[0].r",
                 6,
                 "a[0].real",
                 "Should have completed on a[0].r: %s",
                 Completion(5, 6, "real"),
             )
 
             _(
                 "a[0].from_",
                 10,
                 "a[0].from_bytes",
                 "Should have completed on a[0].from_: %s",
                 Completion(5, 10, "from_bytes"),
             )
 
     def test_omit__names(self):
         # also happens to test IPCompleter as a configurable
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip._hidden_attr = 1
         ip._x = {}
         c = ip.Completer
         ip.ex("ip=get_ipython()")
         cfg = Config()
         cfg.IPCompleter.omit__names = 0
         c.update_config(cfg)
         with provisionalcompleter():
             c.use_jedi = False
             s, matches = c.complete("ip.")
             self.assertIn("ip.__str__", matches)
             self.assertIn("ip._hidden_attr", matches)
 
             # c.use_jedi = True
             # completions = set(c.completions('ip.', 3))
             # self.assertIn(Completion(3, 3, '__str__'), completions)
             # self.assertIn(Completion(3,3, "_hidden_attr"), completions)
 
         cfg = Config()
         cfg.IPCompleter.omit__names = 1
         c.update_config(cfg)
         with provisionalcompleter():
             c.use_jedi = False
             s, matches = c.complete("ip.")
             self.assertNotIn("ip.__str__", matches)
             # self.assertIn('ip._hidden_attr', matches)
 
             # c.use_jedi = True
             # completions = set(c.completions('ip.', 3))
             # self.assertNotIn(Completion(3,3,'__str__'), completions)
             # self.assertIn(Completion(3,3, "_hidden_attr"), completions)
 
         cfg = Config()
         cfg.IPCompleter.omit__names = 2
         c.update_config(cfg)
         with provisionalcompleter():
             c.use_jedi = False
             s, matches = c.complete("ip.")
             self.assertNotIn("ip.__str__", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("ip._hidden_attr", matches)
 
             # c.use_jedi = True
             # completions = set(c.completions('ip.', 3))
             # self.assertNotIn(Completion(3,3,'__str__'), completions)
             # self.assertNotIn(Completion(3,3, "_hidden_attr"), completions)
 
         with provisionalcompleter():
             c.use_jedi = False
             s, matches = c.complete("ip._x.")
             self.assertIn("ip._x.keys", matches)
 
             # c.use_jedi = True
             # completions = set(c.completions('ip._x.', 6))
             # self.assertIn(Completion(6,6, "keys"), completions)
 
         del ip._hidden_attr
         del ip._x
 
     def test_limit_to__all__False_ok(self):
         """
         Limit to all is deprecated, once we remove it this test can go away. 
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         c.use_jedi = False
         ip.ex("class D: x=24")
         ip.ex("d=D()")
         cfg = Config()
         cfg.IPCompleter.limit_to__all__ = False
         c.update_config(cfg)
         s, matches = c.complete("d.")
         self.assertIn("d.x", matches)
 
     def test_get__all__entries_ok(self):
         class A:
             __all__ = ["x", 1]
 
         words = completer.get__all__entries(A())
         self.assertEqual(words, ["x"])
 
     def test_get__all__entries_no__all__ok(self):
         class A:
             pass
 
         words = completer.get__all__entries(A())
         self.assertEqual(words, [])
 
     def test_func_kw_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         c.use_jedi = False
         ip.ex("def myfunc(a=1,b=2): return a+b")
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "myfunc(1,b")
         self.assertIn("b=", matches)
         # Simulate completing with cursor right after b (pos==10):
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "myfunc(1,b)", 10)
         self.assertIn("b=", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, 'myfunc(a="escaped\\")string",b')
         self.assertIn("b=", matches)
         # builtin function
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "min(k, k")
         self.assertIn("key=", matches)
 
     def test_default_arguments_from_docstring(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         kwd = c._default_arguments_from_docstring("min(iterable[, key=func]) -> value")
         self.assertEqual(kwd, ["key"])
         # with cython type etc
         kwd = c._default_arguments_from_docstring(
             "Minuit.migrad(self, int ncall=10000, resume=True, int nsplit=1)\n"
         )
         self.assertEqual(kwd, ["ncall", "resume", "nsplit"])
         # white spaces
         kwd = c._default_arguments_from_docstring(
             "\n Minuit.migrad(self, int ncall=10000, resume=True, int nsplit=1)\n"
         )
         self.assertEqual(kwd, ["ncall", "resume", "nsplit"])
 
     def test_line_magics(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "lsmag")
         self.assertIn("%lsmagic", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%lsmag")
         self.assertIn("%lsmagic", matches)
 
     def test_cell_magics(self):
         from IPython.core.magic import register_cell_magic
 
         @register_cell_magic
         def _foo_cellm(line, cell):
             pass
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "_foo_ce")
         self.assertIn("%%_foo_cellm", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%%_foo_ce")
         self.assertIn("%%_foo_cellm", matches)
 
     def test_line_cell_magics(self):
         from IPython.core.magic import register_line_cell_magic
 
         @register_line_cell_magic
         def _bar_cellm(line, cell):
             pass
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         # The policy here is trickier, see comments in completion code.  The
         # returned values depend on whether the user passes %% or not explicitly,
         # and this will show a difference if the same name is both a line and cell
         # magic.
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "_bar_ce")
         self.assertIn("%_bar_cellm", matches)
         self.assertIn("%%_bar_cellm", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%_bar_ce")
         self.assertIn("%_bar_cellm", matches)
         self.assertIn("%%_bar_cellm", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%%_bar_ce")
         self.assertNotIn("%_bar_cellm", matches)
         self.assertIn("%%_bar_cellm", matches)
 
     def test_magic_completion_order(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         # Test ordering of line and cell magics.
         text, matches = c.complete("timeit")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["%timeit", "%%timeit"])
 
     def test_magic_completion_shadowing(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         c.use_jedi = False
 
         # Before importing matplotlib, %matplotlib magic should be the only option.
         text, matches = c.complete("mat")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["%matplotlib"])
 
         # The newly introduced name should shadow the magic.
         ip.run_cell("matplotlib = 1")
         text, matches = c.complete("mat")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["matplotlib"])
 
         # After removing matplotlib from namespace, the magic should again be
         # the only option.
         del ip.user_ns["matplotlib"]
         text, matches = c.complete("mat")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["%matplotlib"])
 
     def test_magic_completion_shadowing_explicit(self):
         """
         If the user try to complete a shadowed magic, and explicit % start should
         still return the completions.
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         # Before importing matplotlib, %matplotlib magic should be the only option.
         text, matches = c.complete("%mat")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["%matplotlib"])
 
         ip.run_cell("matplotlib = 1")
 
         # After removing matplotlib from namespace, the magic should still be
         # the only option.
         text, matches = c.complete("%mat")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["%matplotlib"])
 
     def test_magic_config(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "conf")
         self.assertIn("%config", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "conf")
         self.assertNotIn("AliasManager", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config ")
         self.assertIn("AliasManager", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%config ")
         self.assertIn("AliasManager", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config Ali")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%config Ali")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config AliasManager")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%config AliasManager")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config AliasManager.")
         self.assertIn("AliasManager.default_aliases", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%config AliasManager.")
         self.assertIn("AliasManager.default_aliases", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config AliasManager.de")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager.default_aliases"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config AliasManager.de")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager.default_aliases"], matches)
 
     def test_magic_color(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "colo")
         self.assertIn("%colors", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "colo")
         self.assertNotIn("NoColor", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%colors")  # No trailing space
         self.assertNotIn("NoColor", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "colors ")
         self.assertIn("NoColor", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%colors ")
         self.assertIn("NoColor", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "colors NoCo")
         self.assertListEqual(["NoColor"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%colors NoCo")
         self.assertListEqual(["NoColor"], matches)
 
     def test_match_dict_keys(self):
         """
         Test that match_dict_keys works on a couple of use case does return what
         expected, and does not crash
         """
         delims = " \t\n`!@#$^&*()=+[{]}\\|;:'\",<>?"
 
         keys = ["foo", b"far"]
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b'", delims=delims) == ("'", 2, ["far"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b'f", delims=delims) == ("'", 2, ["far"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, 'b"', delims=delims) == ('"', 2, ["far"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, 'b"f', delims=delims) == ('"', 2, ["far"])
 
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'", delims=delims) == ("'", 1, ["foo"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'f", delims=delims) == ("'", 1, ["foo"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, '"', delims=delims) == ('"', 1, ["foo"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, '"f', delims=delims) == ('"', 1, ["foo"])
 
         match_dict_keys
 
     def test_match_dict_keys_tuple(self):
         """
         Test that match_dict_keys called with extra prefix works on a couple of use case,
         does return what expected, and does not crash.
         """
         delims = " \t\n`!@#$^&*()=+[{]}\\|;:'\",<>?"
         
         keys = [("foo", "bar"), ("foo", "oof"), ("foo", b"bar"), ('other', 'test')]
 
         # Completion on first key == "foo"
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("'", 1, ["bar", "oof"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "\"", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("\"", 1, ["bar", "oof"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'o", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("'", 1, ["oof"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "\"o", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("\"", 1, ["oof"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b'", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("'", 2, ["bar"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b\"", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("\"", 2, ["bar"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b'b", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("'", 2, ["bar"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b\"b", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("\"", 2, ["bar"])
 
         # No Completion
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("no_foo",)) == ("'", 1, [])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("fo",)) == ("'", 1, [])
 
         keys = [('foo1', 'foo2', 'foo3', 'foo4'), ('foo1', 'foo2', 'bar', 'foo4')]
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'foo", delims=delims, extra_prefix=('foo1',)) == ("'", 1, ["foo2", "foo2"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'foo", delims=delims, extra_prefix=('foo1', 'foo2')) == ("'", 1, ["foo3"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'foo", delims=delims, extra_prefix=('foo1', 'foo2', 'foo3')) == ("'", 1, ["foo4"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'foo", delims=delims, extra_prefix=('foo1', 'foo2', 'foo3', 'foo4')) == ("'", 1, [])
 
     def test_dict_key_completion_string(self):
         """Test dictionary key completion for string keys"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
 
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {"abc": None}
 
         # check completion at different stages
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[")
         self.assertIn("'abc'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("'abc']", matches)
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['")
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abc']", matches)
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a")
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abc']", matches)
 
         # check use of different quoting
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer='d["')
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertNotIn('abc"]', matches)
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer='d["a')
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertNotIn('abc"]', matches)
 
         # check sensitivity to following context
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[]", cursor_pos=2)
         self.assertIn("'abc'", matches)
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['']", cursor_pos=3)
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abc'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abc']", matches)
 
         # check multiple solutions are correctly returned and that noise is not
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {
             "abc": None,
             "abd": None,
             "bad": None,
             object(): None,
             5: None,
             ("abe", None): None,
             (None, "abf"): None
         }
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a")
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertIn("abd", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("bad", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abe", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abf", matches)
         assert not any(m.endswith(("]", '"', "'")) for m in matches), matches
 
         # check escaping and whitespace
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {"a\nb": None, "a'b": None, 'a"b': None, "a word": None}
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a")
         self.assertIn("a\\nb", matches)
         self.assertIn("a\\'b", matches)
         self.assertIn('a"b', matches)
         self.assertIn("a word", matches)
         assert not any(m.endswith(("]", '"', "'")) for m in matches), matches
 
         # - can complete on non-initial word of the string
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a w")
         self.assertIn("word", matches)
 
         # - understands quote escaping
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a\\'")
         self.assertIn("b", matches)
 
         # - default quoting should work like repr
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[")
         self.assertIn('"a\'b"', matches)
 
         # - when opening quote with ", possible to match with unescaped apostrophe
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[\"a'")
         self.assertIn("b", matches)
 
         # need to not split at delims that readline won't split at
         if "-" not in ip.Completer.splitter.delims:
             ip.user_ns["d"] = {"before-after": None}
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['before-af")
             self.assertIn("before-after", matches)
 
         # check completion on tuple-of-string keys at different stage - on first key
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {('foo', 'bar'): None}
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[")
         self.assertIn("'foo'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("'foo']", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("'bar'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("bar", matches)
 
         # - match the prefix
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['f")
         self.assertIn("foo", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo']", matches)
         self.assertNotIn('foo"]', matches)
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo")
         self.assertIn("foo", matches)
 
         # - can complete on second key
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo', ")
         self.assertIn("'bar'", matches)
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo', 'b")
         self.assertIn("bar", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
 
         # - does not propose missing keys
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo', 'f")
         self.assertNotIn("bar", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
 
         # check sensitivity to following context
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo',]", cursor_pos=8)
         self.assertIn("'bar'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("bar", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("'foo'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['']", cursor_pos=3)
         self.assertIn("foo", matches)
         assert not any(m.endswith(("]", '"', "'")) for m in matches), matches
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer='d[""]', cursor_pos=3)
         self.assertIn("foo", matches)
         assert not any(m.endswith(("]", '"', "'")) for m in matches), matches
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer='d["foo","]', cursor_pos=9)
         self.assertIn("bar", matches)
         assert not any(m.endswith(("]", '"', "'")) for m in matches), matches
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer='d["foo",]', cursor_pos=8)
         self.assertIn("'bar'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("bar", matches)
 
         # Can complete with longer tuple keys
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {('foo', 'bar', 'foobar'): None}
 
         # - can complete second key
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo', 'b")
         self.assertIn("bar", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foobar", matches)
 
         # - can complete third key
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo', 'bar', 'fo")
         self.assertIn("foobar", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("bar", matches)
 
     def test_dict_key_completion_contexts(self):
         """Test expression contexts in which dict key completion occurs"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
         d = {"abc": None}
         ip.user_ns["d"] = d
 
         class C:
             data = d
 
         ip.user_ns["C"] = C
         ip.user_ns["get"] = lambda: d
 
         def assert_no_completion(**kwargs):
             _, matches = complete(**kwargs)
             self.assertNotIn("abc", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("abc'", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("abc']", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("'abc'", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("'abc']", matches)
 
         def assert_completion(**kwargs):
             _, matches = complete(**kwargs)
             self.assertIn("'abc'", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("'abc']", matches)
 
         # no completion after string closed, even if reopened
         assert_no_completion(line_buffer="d['a'")
         assert_no_completion(line_buffer='d["a"')
         assert_no_completion(line_buffer="d['a' + ")
         assert_no_completion(line_buffer="d['a' + '")
 
         # completion in non-trivial expressions
         assert_completion(line_buffer="+ d[")
         assert_completion(line_buffer="(d[")
         assert_completion(line_buffer="C.data[")
 
         # greedy flag
         def assert_completion(**kwargs):
             _, matches = complete(**kwargs)
             self.assertIn("get()['abc']", matches)
 
         assert_no_completion(line_buffer="get()[")
         with greedy_completion():
             assert_completion(line_buffer="get()[")
             assert_completion(line_buffer="get()['")
             assert_completion(line_buffer="get()['a")
             assert_completion(line_buffer="get()['ab")
             assert_completion(line_buffer="get()['abc")
 
     def test_dict_key_completion_bytes(self):
         """Test handling of bytes in dict key completion"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
 
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {"abc": None, b"abd": None}
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[")
         self.assertIn("'abc'", matches)
         self.assertIn("b'abd'", matches)
 
         if False:  # not currently implemented
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[b")
             self.assertIn("b'abd'", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("b'abc'", matches)
 
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[b'")
             self.assertIn("abd", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("abc", matches)
 
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[B'")
             self.assertIn("abd", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("abc", matches)
 
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['")
             self.assertIn("abc", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("abd", matches)
 
     def test_dict_key_completion_unicode_py3(self):
         """Test handling of unicode in dict key completion"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
 
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {"a\u05d0": None}
 
         # query using escape
         if sys.platform != "win32":
             # Known failure on Windows
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a\\u05d0")
             self.assertIn("u05d0", matches)  # tokenized after \\
 
         # query using character
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a\u05d0")
         self.assertIn("a\u05d0", matches)
 
         with greedy_completion():
             # query using escape
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a\\u05d0")
             self.assertIn("d['a\\u05d0']", matches)  # tokenized after \\
 
             # query using character
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a\u05d0")
             self.assertIn("d['a\u05d0']", matches)
 
     @dec.skip_without("numpy")
     def test_struct_array_key_completion(self):
         """Test dict key completion applies to numpy struct arrays"""
         import numpy
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
         ip.user_ns["d"] = numpy.array([], dtype=[("hello", "f"), ("world", "f")])
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['")
         self.assertIn("hello", matches)
         self.assertIn("world", matches)
         # complete on the numpy struct itself
         dt = numpy.dtype(
             [("my_head", [("my_dt", ">u4"), ("my_df", ">u4")]), ("my_data", ">f4", 5)]
         )
         x = numpy.zeros(2, dtype=dt)
         ip.user_ns["d"] = x[1]
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['")
         self.assertIn("my_head", matches)
         self.assertIn("my_data", matches)
         # complete on a nested level
         with greedy_completion():
             ip.user_ns["d"] = numpy.zeros(2, dtype=dt)
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[1]['my_head']['")
             self.assertTrue(any(["my_dt" in m for m in matches]))
             self.assertTrue(any(["my_df" in m for m in matches]))
 
     @dec.skip_without("pandas")
     def test_dataframe_key_completion(self):
         """Test dict key completion applies to pandas DataFrames"""
         import pandas
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
         ip.user_ns["d"] = pandas.DataFrame({"hello": [1], "world": [2]})
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['")
         self.assertIn("hello", matches)
         self.assertIn("world", matches)
 
     def test_dict_key_completion_invalids(self):
         """Smoke test cases dict key completion can't handle"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
 
         ip.user_ns["no_getitem"] = None
         ip.user_ns["no_keys"] = []
         ip.user_ns["cant_call_keys"] = dict
         ip.user_ns["empty"] = {}
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {"abc": 5}
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="no_getitem['")
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="no_keys['")
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="cant_call_keys['")
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="empty['")
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="name_error['")
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['\\")  # incomplete escape
 
     def test_object_key_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.user_ns["key_completable"] = KeyCompletable(["qwerty", "qwick"])
 
         _, matches = ip.Completer.complete(line_buffer="key_completable['qw")
         self.assertIn("qwerty", matches)
         self.assertIn("qwick", matches)
 
     def test_class_key_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         NamedInstanceClass("qwerty")
         NamedInstanceClass("qwick")
         ip.user_ns["named_instance_class"] = NamedInstanceClass
 
         _, matches = ip.Completer.complete(line_buffer="named_instance_class['qw")
         self.assertIn("qwerty", matches)
         self.assertIn("qwick", matches)
 
     def test_tryimport(self):
         """
         Test that try-import don't crash on trailing dot, and import modules before
         """
         from IPython.core.completerlib import try_import
 
         assert try_import("IPython.")
 
     def test_aimport_module_completer(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         _, matches = ip.complete("i", "%aimport i")
         self.assertIn("io", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("int", matches)
 
     def test_nested_import_module_completer(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         _, matches = ip.complete(None, "import IPython.co", 17)
         self.assertIn("IPython.core", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("import IPython.core", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("IPython.display", matches)
 
     def test_import_module_completer(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         _, matches = ip.complete("i", "import i")
         self.assertIn("io", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("int", matches)
 
     def test_from_module_completer(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         _, matches = ip.complete("B", "from io import B", 16)
         self.assertIn("BytesIO", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("BaseException", matches)
 
     def test_snake_case_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
         ip.user_ns["some_three"] = 3
         ip.user_ns["some_four"] = 4
         _, matches = ip.complete("s_", "print(s_f")
         self.assertIn("some_three", matches)
         self.assertIn("some_four", matches)
 
     def test_mix_terms(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         from textwrap import dedent
 
         ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
         ip.ex(
             dedent(
                 """
             class Test:
                 def meth(self, meth_arg1):
                     print("meth")
 
                 def meth_1(self, meth1_arg1, meth1_arg2):
                     print("meth1")
 
                 def meth_2(self, meth2_arg1, meth2_arg2):
                     print("meth2")
             test = Test()
             """
             )
         )
         _, matches = ip.complete(None, "test.meth(")
         self.assertIn("meth_arg1=", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("meth2_arg1=", matches)

IPython/core/tests/test_completerlib.py

@@ -1,192 +1,192 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Tests for completerlib.
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import unittest
 from os.path import join
 
 from IPython.core.completerlib import magic_run_completer, module_completion, try_import
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory
 from IPython.testing.decorators import onlyif_unicode_paths
 
 
 class MockEvent(object):
     def __init__(self, line):
         self.line = line
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Test functions begin
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class Test_magic_run_completer(unittest.TestCase):
     files = [u"aao.py", u"a.py", u"b.py", u"aao.txt"]
     dirs = [u"adir/", "bdir/"]
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.BASETESTDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         for fil in self.files:
-            with open(join(self.BASETESTDIR, fil), "w", encoding='utf-8') as sfile:
+            with open(join(self.BASETESTDIR, fil), "w", encoding="utf-8") as sfile:
                 sfile.write("pass\n")
         for d in self.dirs:
             os.mkdir(join(self.BASETESTDIR, d))
 
         self.oldpath = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         os.chdir(self.oldpath)
         shutil.rmtree(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     def test_1(self):
         """Test magic_run_completer, should match two alternatives
         """
         event = MockEvent(u"%run a")
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"a.py", u"aao.py", u"adir/"})
 
     def test_2(self):
         """Test magic_run_completer, should match one alternative
         """
         event = MockEvent(u"%run aa")
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"aao.py"})
 
     def test_3(self):
         """Test magic_run_completer with unterminated " """
         event = MockEvent(u'%run "a')
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"a.py", u"aao.py", u"adir/"})
 
     def test_completion_more_args(self):
         event = MockEvent(u'%run a.py ')
         match = set(magic_run_completer(None, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, set(self.files + self.dirs))
 
     def test_completion_in_dir(self):
         # Github issue #3459
         event = MockEvent(u'%run a.py {}'.format(join(self.BASETESTDIR, 'a')))
         print(repr(event.line))
         match = set(magic_run_completer(None, event))
         # We specifically use replace here rather than normpath, because
         # at one point there were duplicates 'adir' and 'adir/', and normpath
         # would hide the failure for that.
         self.assertEqual(match, {join(self.BASETESTDIR, f).replace('\\','/')
                             for f in (u'a.py', u'aao.py', u'aao.txt', u'adir/')})
 
 class Test_magic_run_completer_nonascii(unittest.TestCase):
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def setUp(self):
         self.BASETESTDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         for fil in [u"aaø.py", u"a.py", u"b.py"]:
-            with open(join(self.BASETESTDIR, fil), "w", encoding='utf-8') as sfile:
+            with open(join(self.BASETESTDIR, fil), "w", encoding="utf-8") as sfile:
                 sfile.write("pass\n")
         self.oldpath = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         os.chdir(self.oldpath)
         shutil.rmtree(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_1(self):
         """Test magic_run_completer, should match two alternatives
         """
         event = MockEvent(u"%run a")
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"a.py", u"aaø.py"})
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_2(self):
         """Test magic_run_completer, should match one alternative
         """
         event = MockEvent(u"%run aa")
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"aaø.py"})
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_3(self):
         """Test magic_run_completer with unterminated " """
         event = MockEvent(u'%run "a')
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"a.py", u"aaø.py"})
 
 # module_completer:
 
 def test_import_invalid_module():
     """Testing of issue https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1107"""
     invalid_module_names = {'foo-bar', 'foo:bar', '10foo'}
     valid_module_names = {'foobar'}
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         sys.path.insert( 0, tmpdir )
         for name in invalid_module_names | valid_module_names:
-            filename = os.path.join(tmpdir, name + '.py')
-            open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8').close()
+            filename = os.path.join(tmpdir, name + ".py")
+            open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8").close()
 
         s = set( module_completion('import foo') )
         intersection = s.intersection(invalid_module_names)
         assert intersection == set()
 
         assert valid_module_names.issubset(s), valid_module_names.intersection(s)
 
 
 def test_bad_module_all():
     """Test module with invalid __all__
 
     https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/9678
     """
     testsdir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
     sys.path.insert(0, testsdir)
     try:
         results = module_completion("from bad_all import ")
         assert "puppies" in results
         for r in results:
             assert isinstance(r, str)
 
         # bad_all doesn't contain submodules, but this completion
         # should finish without raising an exception:
         results = module_completion("import bad_all.")
         assert results == []
     finally:
         sys.path.remove(testsdir)
 
 
 def test_module_without_init():
     """
     Test module without __init__.py.
     
     https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/11226
     """
     fake_module_name = "foo"
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         sys.path.insert(0, tmpdir)
         try:
             os.makedirs(os.path.join(tmpdir, fake_module_name))
             s = try_import(mod=fake_module_name)
             assert s == []
         finally:
             sys.path.remove(tmpdir)
 
 
 def test_valid_exported_submodules():
     """
     Test checking exported (__all__) objects are submodules
     """
     results = module_completion("import os.pa")
     # ensure we get a valid submodule:
     assert "os.path" in results
     # ensure we don't get objects that aren't submodules:
     assert "os.pathconf" not in results

IPython/core/tests/test_extension.py

@@ -1,94 +1,94 b''
 import os.path
 
 import IPython.testing.tools as tt
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory
 
 ext1_content = """
 def load_ipython_extension(ip):
     print("Running ext1 load")
 
 def unload_ipython_extension(ip):
     print("Running ext1 unload")
 """
 
 ext2_content = """
 def load_ipython_extension(ip):
     print("Running ext2 load")
 """
 
 ext3_content = """
 def load_ipython_extension(ip):
     ip2 = get_ipython()
     print(ip is ip2)
 """
 
 def test_extension_loading():
     em = get_ipython().extension_manager
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
-        ext1 = os.path.join(td, 'ext1.py')
-        with open(ext1, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        ext1 = os.path.join(td, "ext1.py")
+        with open(ext1, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write(ext1_content)
-        
-        ext2 = os.path.join(td, 'ext2.py')
-        with open(ext2, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+
+        ext2 = os.path.join(td, "ext2.py")
+        with open(ext2, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write(ext2_content)
         
         with prepended_to_syspath(td):
             assert 'ext1' not in em.loaded
             assert 'ext2' not in em.loaded
             
             # Load extension
             with tt.AssertPrints("Running ext1 load"):
                 assert em.load_extension('ext1') is None
             assert 'ext1' in em.loaded
             
             # Should refuse to load it again
             with tt.AssertNotPrints("Running ext1 load"):
                 assert em.load_extension('ext1') == 'already loaded'
             
             # Reload
             with tt.AssertPrints("Running ext1 unload"):
                 with tt.AssertPrints("Running ext1 load", suppress=False):
                     em.reload_extension('ext1')
             
             # Unload
             with tt.AssertPrints("Running ext1 unload"):
                 assert em.unload_extension('ext1') is None
             
             # Can't unload again
             with tt.AssertNotPrints("Running ext1 unload"):
                 assert em.unload_extension('ext1') == 'not loaded'
             assert em.unload_extension('ext2') == 'not loaded'
             
             # Load extension 2
             with tt.AssertPrints("Running ext2 load"):
                 assert em.load_extension('ext2') is None
             
             # Can't unload this
             assert em.unload_extension('ext2') == 'no unload function'
             
             # But can reload it
             with tt.AssertPrints("Running ext2 load"):
                 em.reload_extension('ext2')
 
 
 def test_extension_builtins():
     em = get_ipython().extension_manager
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
-        ext3 = os.path.join(td, 'ext3.py')
-        with open(ext3, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        ext3 = os.path.join(td, "ext3.py")
+        with open(ext3, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write(ext3_content)
         
         assert 'ext3' not in em.loaded
         
         with prepended_to_syspath(td):
             # Load extension
             with tt.AssertPrints("True"):
                 assert em.load_extension('ext3') is None
             assert 'ext3' in em.loaded
 
 
 def test_non_extension():
     em = get_ipython().extension_manager
     assert em.load_extension("sys") == "no load function"

IPython/core/tests/test_interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,1098 +1,1100 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Tests for the key interactiveshell module.
 
 Historically the main classes in interactiveshell have been under-tested.  This
 module should grow as many single-method tests as possible to trap many of the
 recurring bugs we seem to encounter with high-level interaction.
 """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import asyncio
 import ast
 import os
 import signal
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import unittest
 from unittest import mock
 
 from os.path import join
 
 from IPython.core.error import InputRejected
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer import InputTransformer
 from IPython.core import interactiveshell
 from IPython.testing.decorators import (
     skipif, skip_win32, onlyif_unicode_paths, onlyif_cmds_exist,
 )
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 from IPython.utils.process import find_cmd
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # This is used by every single test, no point repeating it ad nauseam
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Tests
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class DerivedInterrupt(KeyboardInterrupt):
     pass
 
 class InteractiveShellTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_naked_string_cells(self):
         """Test that cells with only naked strings are fully executed"""
         # First, single-line inputs
         ip.run_cell('"a"\n')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_'], 'a')
         # And also multi-line cells
         ip.run_cell('"""a\nb"""\n')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_'], 'a\nb')
 
     def test_run_empty_cell(self):
         """Just make sure we don't get a horrible error with a blank
         cell of input. Yes, I did overlook that."""
         old_xc = ip.execution_count
         res = ip.run_cell('')
         self.assertEqual(ip.execution_count, old_xc)
         self.assertEqual(res.execution_count, None)
 
     def test_run_cell_multiline(self):
         """Multi-block, multi-line cells must execute correctly.
         """
         src = '\n'.join(["x=1",
                          "y=2",
                          "if 1:",
                          "    x += 1",
                          "    y += 1",])
         res = ip.run_cell(src)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['x'], 2)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['y'], 3)
         self.assertEqual(res.success, True)
         self.assertEqual(res.result, None)
 
     def test_multiline_string_cells(self):
         "Code sprinkled with multiline strings should execute (GH-306)"
         ip.run_cell('tmp=0')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['tmp'], 0)
         res = ip.run_cell('tmp=1;"""a\nb"""\n')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['tmp'], 1)
         self.assertEqual(res.success, True)
         self.assertEqual(res.result, "a\nb")
 
     def test_dont_cache_with_semicolon(self):
         "Ending a line with semicolon should not cache the returned object (GH-307)"
         oldlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
         for cell in ['1;', '1;1;']:
             res = ip.run_cell(cell, store_history=True)
             newlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
             self.assertEqual(oldlen, newlen)
             self.assertIsNone(res.result)
         i = 0
         #also test the default caching behavior
         for cell in ['1', '1;1']:
             ip.run_cell(cell, store_history=True)
             newlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
             i += 1
             self.assertEqual(oldlen+i, newlen)
 
     def test_syntax_error(self):
         res = ip.run_cell("raise = 3")
         self.assertIsInstance(res.error_before_exec, SyntaxError)
 
     def test_In_variable(self):
         "Verify that In variable grows with user input (GH-284)"
         oldlen = len(ip.user_ns['In'])
         ip.run_cell('1;', store_history=True)
         newlen = len(ip.user_ns['In'])
         self.assertEqual(oldlen+1, newlen)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['In'][-1],'1;')
         
     def test_magic_names_in_string(self):
         ip.run_cell('a = """\n%exit\n"""')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['a'], '\n%exit\n')
     
     def test_trailing_newline(self):
         """test that running !(command) does not raise a SyntaxError"""
         ip.run_cell('!(true)\n', False)
         ip.run_cell('!(true)\n\n\n', False)
     
     def test_gh_597(self):
         """Pretty-printing lists of objects with non-ascii reprs may cause
         problems."""
         class Spam(object):
             def __repr__(self):
                 return "\xe9"*50
         import IPython.core.formatters
         f = IPython.core.formatters.PlainTextFormatter()
         f([Spam(),Spam()])
     
 
     def test_future_flags(self):
         """Check that future flags are used for parsing code (gh-777)"""
         ip.run_cell('from __future__ import barry_as_FLUFL')
         try:
             ip.run_cell('prfunc_return_val = 1 <> 2')
             assert 'prfunc_return_val' in ip.user_ns
         finally:
             # Reset compiler flags so we don't mess up other tests.
             ip.compile.reset_compiler_flags()
 
     def test_can_pickle(self):
         "Can we pickle objects defined interactively (GH-29)"
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.reset()
         ip.run_cell(("class Mylist(list):\n"
                      "    def __init__(self,x=[]):\n"
                      "        list.__init__(self,x)"))
         ip.run_cell("w=Mylist([1,2,3])")
         
         from pickle import dumps
         
         # We need to swap in our main module - this is only necessary
         # inside the test framework, because IPython puts the interactive module
         # in place (but the test framework undoes this).
         _main = sys.modules['__main__']
         sys.modules['__main__'] = ip.user_module
         try:
             res = dumps(ip.user_ns["w"])
         finally:
             sys.modules['__main__'] = _main
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(res, bytes))
         
     def test_global_ns(self):
         "Code in functions must be able to access variables outside them."
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.run_cell("a = 10")
         ip.run_cell(("def f(x):\n"
                      "    return x + a"))
         ip.run_cell("b = f(12)")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["b"], 22)
 
     def test_bad_custom_tb(self):
         """Check that InteractiveShell is protected from bad custom exception handlers"""
         ip.set_custom_exc((IOError,), lambda etype,value,tb: 1/0)
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, (IOError,))
         with tt.AssertPrints("Custom TB Handler failed", channel='stderr'):
             ip.run_cell(u'raise IOError("foo")')
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, ())
 
     def test_bad_custom_tb_return(self):
         """Check that InteractiveShell is protected from bad return types in custom exception handlers"""
         ip.set_custom_exc((NameError,),lambda etype,value,tb, tb_offset=None: 1)
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, (NameError,))
         with tt.AssertPrints("Custom TB Handler failed", channel='stderr'):
             ip.run_cell(u'a=abracadabra')
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, ())
 
     def test_drop_by_id(self):
         myvars = {"a":object(), "b":object(), "c": object()}
         ip.push(myvars, interactive=False)
         for name in myvars:
             assert name in ip.user_ns, name
             assert name in ip.user_ns_hidden, name
         ip.user_ns['b'] = 12
         ip.drop_by_id(myvars)
         for name in ["a", "c"]:
             assert name not in ip.user_ns, name
             assert name not in ip.user_ns_hidden, name
         assert ip.user_ns['b'] == 12
         ip.reset()
 
     def test_var_expand(self):
         ip.user_ns['f'] = u'Ca\xf1o'
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo $f'), u'echo Ca\xf1o')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {f}'), u'echo Ca\xf1o')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {f[:-1]}'), u'echo Ca\xf1')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {1*2}'), u'echo 2')
         
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"grep x | awk '{print $1}'"), u"grep x | awk '{print $1}'")
 
         ip.user_ns['f'] = b'Ca\xc3\xb1o'
         # This should not raise any exception:
         ip.var_expand(u'echo $f')
    
     def test_var_expand_local(self):
         """Test local variable expansion in !system and %magic calls"""
         # !system
         ip.run_cell(
             "def test():\n"
             '    lvar = "ttt"\n'
             "    ret = !echo {lvar}\n"
             "    return ret[0]\n"
         )
         res = ip.user_ns["test"]()
         self.assertIn("ttt", res)
 
         # %magic
         ip.run_cell(
             "def makemacro():\n"
             '    macroname = "macro_var_expand_locals"\n'
             "    %macro {macroname} codestr\n"
         )
         ip.user_ns["codestr"] = "str(12)"
         ip.run_cell("makemacro()")
         self.assertIn("macro_var_expand_locals", ip.user_ns)
 
     def test_var_expand_self(self):
         """Test variable expansion with the name 'self', which was failing.
         
         See https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1878#issuecomment-7698218
         """
         ip.run_cell(
             "class cTest:\n"
             '  classvar="see me"\n'
             "  def test(self):\n"
             "    res = !echo Variable: {self.classvar}\n"
             "    return res[0]\n"
         )
         self.assertIn("see me", ip.user_ns["cTest"]().test())
 
     def test_bad_var_expand(self):
         """var_expand on invalid formats shouldn't raise"""
         # SyntaxError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{'a':5}"), u"{'a':5}")
         # NameError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{asdf}"), u"{asdf}")
         # ZeroDivisionError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{1/0}"), u"{1/0}")
     
     def test_silent_postexec(self):
         """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't invoke pre/post_run_cell callbacks"""
         pre_explicit = mock.Mock()
         pre_always = mock.Mock()
         post_explicit = mock.Mock()
         post_always = mock.Mock()
         all_mocks = [pre_explicit, pre_always, post_explicit, post_always]
         
         ip.events.register('pre_run_cell', pre_explicit)
         ip.events.register('pre_execute', pre_always)
         ip.events.register('post_run_cell', post_explicit)
         ip.events.register('post_execute', post_always)
         
         try:
             ip.run_cell("1", silent=True)
             assert pre_always.called
             assert not pre_explicit.called
             assert post_always.called
             assert not post_explicit.called
             # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
             # silent to avoid
             ip.run_cell("1")
             assert pre_explicit.called
             assert post_explicit.called
             info, = pre_explicit.call_args[0]
             result, = post_explicit.call_args[0]
             self.assertEqual(info, result.info)
             # check that post hooks are always called
             [m.reset_mock() for m in all_mocks]
             ip.run_cell("syntax error")
             assert pre_always.called
             assert pre_explicit.called
             assert post_always.called
             assert post_explicit.called
             info, = pre_explicit.call_args[0]
             result, = post_explicit.call_args[0]
             self.assertEqual(info, result.info)
         finally:
             # remove post-exec
             ip.events.unregister('pre_run_cell', pre_explicit)
             ip.events.unregister('pre_execute', pre_always)
             ip.events.unregister('post_run_cell', post_explicit)
             ip.events.unregister('post_execute', post_always)
     
     def test_silent_noadvance(self):
         """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't advance execution_count"""
         ec = ip.execution_count
         # silent should force store_history=False
         ip.run_cell("1", store_history=True, silent=True)
         
         self.assertEqual(ec, ip.execution_count)
         # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
         # silent to avoid
         ip.run_cell("1", store_history=True)
         self.assertEqual(ec+1, ip.execution_count)
     
     def test_silent_nodisplayhook(self):
         """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't trigger displayhook"""
         d = dict(called=False)
         
         trap = ip.display_trap
         save_hook = trap.hook
         
         def failing_hook(*args, **kwargs):
             d['called'] = True
         
         try:
             trap.hook = failing_hook
             res = ip.run_cell("1", silent=True)
             self.assertFalse(d['called'])
             self.assertIsNone(res.result)
             # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
             # silent to avoid
             ip.run_cell("1")
             self.assertTrue(d['called'])
         finally:
             trap.hook = save_hook
 
     def test_ofind_line_magic(self):
         from IPython.core.magic import register_line_magic
         
         @register_line_magic
         def lmagic(line):
             "A line magic"
 
         # Get info on line magic
         lfind = ip._ofind("lmagic")
         info = dict(
             found=True,
             isalias=False,
             ismagic=True,
             namespace="IPython internal",
             obj=lmagic,
             parent=None,
         )
         self.assertEqual(lfind, info)
         
     def test_ofind_cell_magic(self):
         from IPython.core.magic import register_cell_magic
         
         @register_cell_magic
         def cmagic(line, cell):
             "A cell magic"
 
         # Get info on cell magic
         find = ip._ofind("cmagic")
         info = dict(
             found=True,
             isalias=False,
             ismagic=True,
             namespace="IPython internal",
             obj=cmagic,
             parent=None,
         )
         self.assertEqual(find, info)
 
     def test_ofind_property_with_error(self):
         class A(object):
             @property
             def foo(self):
                 raise NotImplementedError()
         a = A()
 
         found = ip._ofind('a.foo', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace='locals', obj=A.foo, parent=a)
         self.assertEqual(found, info)
 
     def test_ofind_multiple_attribute_lookups(self):
         class A(object):
             @property
             def foo(self):
                 raise NotImplementedError()
 
         a = A()
         a.a = A()
         a.a.a = A()
 
         found = ip._ofind('a.a.a.foo', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace='locals', obj=A.foo, parent=a.a.a)
         self.assertEqual(found, info)
 
     def test_ofind_slotted_attributes(self):
         class A(object):
             __slots__ = ['foo']
             def __init__(self):
                 self.foo = 'bar'
 
         a = A()
         found = ip._ofind('a.foo', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace='locals', obj=a.foo, parent=a)
         self.assertEqual(found, info)
 
         found = ip._ofind('a.bar', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=False, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace=None, obj=None, parent=a)
         self.assertEqual(found, info)
 
     def test_ofind_prefers_property_to_instance_level_attribute(self):
         class A(object):
             @property
             def foo(self):
                 return 'bar'
         a = A()
         a.__dict__["foo"] = "baz"
         self.assertEqual(a.foo, "bar")
         found = ip._ofind("a.foo", [("locals", locals())])
         self.assertIs(found["obj"], A.foo)
 
     def test_custom_syntaxerror_exception(self):
         called = []
         def my_handler(shell, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             called.append(etype)
             shell.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=tb_offset)
 
         ip.set_custom_exc((SyntaxError,), my_handler)
         try:
             ip.run_cell("1f")
             # Check that this was called, and only once.
             self.assertEqual(called, [SyntaxError])
         finally:
             # Reset the custom exception hook
             ip.set_custom_exc((), None)
 
     def test_custom_exception(self):
         called = []
         def my_handler(shell, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             called.append(etype)
             shell.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=tb_offset)
         
         ip.set_custom_exc((ValueError,), my_handler)
         try:
             res = ip.run_cell("raise ValueError('test')")
             # Check that this was called, and only once.
             self.assertEqual(called, [ValueError])
             # Check that the error is on the result object
             self.assertIsInstance(res.error_in_exec, ValueError)
         finally:
             # Reset the custom exception hook
             ip.set_custom_exc((), None)
     
     @mock.patch("builtins.print")
     def test_showtraceback_with_surrogates(self, mocked_print):
         values = []
 
         def mock_print_func(value, sep=" ", end="\n", file=sys.stdout, flush=False):
             values.append(value)
             if value == chr(0xD8FF):
                 raise UnicodeEncodeError("utf-8", chr(0xD8FF), 0, 1, "")
 
         # mock builtins.print
         mocked_print.side_effect = mock_print_func
 
         # ip._showtraceback() is replaced in globalipapp.py.
         # Call original method to test.
         interactiveshell.InteractiveShell._showtraceback(ip, None, None, chr(0xD8FF))
 
         self.assertEqual(mocked_print.call_count, 2)
         self.assertEqual(values, [chr(0xD8FF), "\\ud8ff"])
 
     def test_mktempfile(self):
         filename = ip.mktempfile()
         # Check that we can open the file again on Windows
-        with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-            f.write('abc')
+        with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            f.write("abc")
 
-        filename = ip.mktempfile(data='blah')
-        with open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'blah')
+        filename = ip.mktempfile(data="blah")
+        with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), "blah")
 
     def test_new_main_mod(self):
         # Smoketest to check that this accepts a unicode module name
         name = u'jiefmw'
         mod = ip.new_main_mod(u'%s.py' % name, name)
         self.assertEqual(mod.__name__, name)
 
     def test_get_exception_only(self):
         try:
             raise KeyboardInterrupt
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             msg = ip.get_exception_only()
         self.assertEqual(msg, 'KeyboardInterrupt\n')
 
         try:
             raise DerivedInterrupt("foo")
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             msg = ip.get_exception_only()
         self.assertEqual(msg, 'IPython.core.tests.test_interactiveshell.DerivedInterrupt: foo\n')
 
     def test_inspect_text(self):
         ip.run_cell('a = 5')
         text = ip.object_inspect_text('a')
         self.assertIsInstance(text, str)
 
     def test_last_execution_result(self):
         """ Check that last execution result gets set correctly (GH-10702) """
         result = ip.run_cell('a = 5; a')
         self.assertTrue(ip.last_execution_succeeded)
         self.assertEqual(ip.last_execution_result.result, 5)
 
         result = ip.run_cell('a = x_invalid_id_x')
         self.assertFalse(ip.last_execution_succeeded)
         self.assertFalse(ip.last_execution_result.success)
         self.assertIsInstance(ip.last_execution_result.error_in_exec, NameError)
 
     def test_reset_aliasing(self):
         """ Check that standard posix aliases work after %reset. """
         if os.name != 'posix':
             return
 
         ip.reset()
         for cmd in ('clear', 'more', 'less', 'man'):
             res = ip.run_cell('%' + cmd)
             self.assertEqual(res.success, True)
 
 
 class TestSafeExecfileNonAsciiPath(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def setUp(self):
         self.BASETESTDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         self.TESTDIR = join(self.BASETESTDIR, u"åäö")
         os.mkdir(self.TESTDIR)
-        with open(join(self.TESTDIR, u"åäötestscript.py"), "w", encoding='utf-8') as sfile:
+        with open(
+            join(self.TESTDIR, u"åäötestscript.py"), "w", encoding="utf-8"
+        ) as sfile:
             sfile.write("pass\n")
         self.oldpath = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(self.TESTDIR)
         self.fname = u"åäötestscript.py"
 
     def tearDown(self):
         os.chdir(self.oldpath)
         shutil.rmtree(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_1(self):
         """Test safe_execfile with non-ascii path
         """
         ip.safe_execfile(self.fname, {}, raise_exceptions=True)
 
 class ExitCodeChecks(tt.TempFileMixin):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.system = ip.system_raw
 
     def test_exit_code_ok(self):
         self.system('exit 0')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_exit_code'], 0)
 
     def test_exit_code_error(self):
         self.system('exit 1')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_exit_code'], 1)
     
     @skipif(not hasattr(signal, 'SIGALRM'))
     def test_exit_code_signal(self):
         self.mktmp("import signal, time\n"
                    "signal.setitimer(signal.ITIMER_REAL, 0.1)\n"
                    "time.sleep(1)\n")
         self.system("%s %s" % (sys.executable, self.fname))
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_exit_code'], -signal.SIGALRM)
     
     @onlyif_cmds_exist("csh")
     def test_exit_code_signal_csh(self):
         SHELL = os.environ.get('SHELL', None)
         os.environ['SHELL'] = find_cmd("csh")
         try:
             self.test_exit_code_signal()
         finally:
             if SHELL is not None:
                 os.environ['SHELL'] = SHELL
             else:
                 del os.environ['SHELL']
 
 
 class TestSystemRaw(ExitCodeChecks):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.system = ip.system_raw
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_1(self):
         """Test system_raw with non-ascii cmd
         """
         cmd = u'''python -c "'åäö'"   '''
         ip.system_raw(cmd)
 
     @mock.patch('subprocess.call', side_effect=KeyboardInterrupt)
     @mock.patch('os.system', side_effect=KeyboardInterrupt)
     def test_control_c(self, *mocks):
         try:
             self.system("sleep 1 # wont happen")
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.fail(
                 "system call should intercept "
                 "keyboard interrupt from subprocess.call"
             )
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["_exit_code"], -signal.SIGINT)
 
     def test_magic_warnings(self):
         for magic_cmd in ("ls", "pip", "conda", "cd"):
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(Warning, "You executed the system command"):
                 ip.system_raw(magic_cmd)
 
 # TODO: Exit codes are currently ignored on Windows.
 class TestSystemPipedExitCode(ExitCodeChecks):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.system = ip.system_piped
 
     @skip_win32
     def test_exit_code_ok(self):
         ExitCodeChecks.test_exit_code_ok(self)
 
     @skip_win32
     def test_exit_code_error(self):
         ExitCodeChecks.test_exit_code_error(self)
 
     @skip_win32
     def test_exit_code_signal(self):
         ExitCodeChecks.test_exit_code_signal(self)
 
 class TestModules(tt.TempFileMixin):
     def test_extraneous_loads(self):
         """Test we're not loading modules on startup that we shouldn't.
         """
         self.mktmp("import sys\n"
                    "print('numpy' in sys.modules)\n"
                    "print('ipyparallel' in sys.modules)\n"
                    "print('ipykernel' in sys.modules)\n"
                    )
         out = "False\nFalse\nFalse\n"
         tt.ipexec_validate(self.fname, out)
 
 class Negator(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Negates all number literals in an AST."""
 
     # for python 3.7 and earlier
     def visit_Num(self, node):
         node.n = -node.n
         return node
 
     # for python 3.8+
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, int):
             return self.visit_Num(node)
         return node
 
 class TestAstTransform(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.negator = Negator()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(self.negator)
     
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.ast_transformers.remove(self.negator)
     
     def test_run_cell(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints('-34'):
             ip.run_cell('print (12 + 22)')
         
         # A named reference to a number shouldn't be transformed.
         ip.user_ns['n'] = 55
         with tt.AssertNotPrints('-55'):
             ip.run_cell('print (n)')
     
     def test_timeit(self):
         called = set()
         def f(x):
             called.add(x)
         ip.push({'f':f})
         
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_line_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(1)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {-1})
         called.clear()
 
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_cell_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(2)", "f(3)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {-2, -3})
     
     def test_time(self):
         called = []
         def f(x):
             called.append(x)
         ip.push({'f':f})
         
         # Test with an expression
         with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
             ip.run_line_magic("time", "f(5+9)")
         self.assertEqual(called, [-14])
         called[:] = []
         
         # Test with a statement (different code path)
         with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
             ip.run_line_magic("time", "a = f(-3 + -2)")
         self.assertEqual(called, [5])
     
     def test_macro(self):
         ip.push({'a':10})
         # The AST transformation makes this do a+=-1
         ip.define_macro("amacro", "a+=1\nprint(a)")
         
         with tt.AssertPrints("9"):
             ip.run_cell("amacro")
         with tt.AssertPrints("8"):
             ip.run_cell("amacro")
 
 class TestMiscTransform(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
     def test_transform_only_once(self):
         cleanup = 0
         line_t = 0
         def count_cleanup(lines):
             nonlocal cleanup
             cleanup += 1
             return lines
 
         def count_line_t(lines):
             nonlocal line_t
             line_t += 1
             return lines
 
         ip.input_transformer_manager.cleanup_transforms.append(count_cleanup)
         ip.input_transformer_manager.line_transforms.append(count_line_t)
 
         ip.run_cell('1')
 
         assert cleanup == 1
         assert line_t == 1
 
 class IntegerWrapper(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Wraps all integers in a call to Integer()"""
 
     # for Python 3.7 and earlier
 
     # for Python 3.7 and earlier
     def visit_Num(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.n, int):
             return ast.Call(func=ast.Name(id='Integer', ctx=ast.Load()),
                             args=[node], keywords=[])
         return node
 
     # For Python 3.8+
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, int):
             return self.visit_Num(node)
         return node
 
 
 class TestAstTransform2(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.intwrapper = IntegerWrapper()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(self.intwrapper)
         
         self.calls = []
         def Integer(*args):
             self.calls.append(args)
             return args
         ip.push({"Integer": Integer})
     
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.ast_transformers.remove(self.intwrapper)
         del ip.user_ns['Integer']
     
     def test_run_cell(self):
         ip.run_cell("n = 2")
         self.assertEqual(self.calls, [(2,)])
         
         # This shouldn't throw an error
         ip.run_cell("o = 2.0")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['o'], 2.0)
     
     def test_timeit(self):
         called = set()
         def f(x):
             called.add(x)
         ip.push({'f':f})
 
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_line_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(1)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {(1,)})
         called.clear()
 
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_cell_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(2)", "f(3)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {(2,), (3,)})
 
 class ErrorTransformer(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Throws an error when it sees a number."""
 
     # for Python 3.7 and earlier
     def visit_Num(self, node):
         raise ValueError("test")
 
     # for Python 3.8+
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, int):
             return self.visit_Num(node)
         return node
 
 
 class TestAstTransformError(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_unregistering(self):
         err_transformer = ErrorTransformer()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(err_transformer)
         
         with self.assertWarnsRegex(UserWarning, "It will be unregistered"):
             ip.run_cell("1 + 2")
         
         # This should have been removed.
         self.assertNotIn(err_transformer, ip.ast_transformers)
 
 
 class StringRejector(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Throws an InputRejected when it sees a string literal.
 
     Used to verify that NodeTransformers can signal that a piece of code should
     not be executed by throwing an InputRejected.
     """
     
     #for python 3.7 and earlier
     def visit_Str(self, node):
         raise InputRejected("test")
 
     # 3.8 only
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, str):
             raise InputRejected("test")
         return node
 
 
 class TestAstTransformInputRejection(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.transformer = StringRejector()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(self.transformer)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.ast_transformers.remove(self.transformer)
 
     def test_input_rejection(self):
         """Check that NodeTransformers can reject input."""
 
         expect_exception_tb = tt.AssertPrints("InputRejected: test")
         expect_no_cell_output = tt.AssertNotPrints("'unsafe'", suppress=False)
 
         # Run the same check twice to verify that the transformer is not
         # disabled after raising.
         with expect_exception_tb, expect_no_cell_output:
             ip.run_cell("'unsafe'")
 
         with expect_exception_tb, expect_no_cell_output:
             res = ip.run_cell("'unsafe'")
 
         self.assertIsInstance(res.error_before_exec, InputRejected)
 
 def test__IPYTHON__():
     # This shouldn't raise a NameError, that's all
     __IPYTHON__
 
 
 class DummyRepr(object):
     def __repr__(self):
         return "DummyRepr"
     
     def _repr_html_(self):
         return "<b>dummy</b>"
     
     def _repr_javascript_(self):
         return "console.log('hi');", {'key': 'value'}
     
 
 def test_user_variables():
     # enable all formatters
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ip.display_formatter.format_types
     
     ip.user_ns['dummy'] = d = DummyRepr()
     keys = {'dummy', 'doesnotexist'}
     r = ip.user_expressions({ key:key for key in keys})
 
     assert keys == set(r.keys())
     dummy = r["dummy"]
     assert {"status", "data", "metadata"} == set(dummy.keys())
     assert dummy["status"] == "ok"
     data = dummy["data"]
     metadata = dummy["metadata"]
     assert data.get("text/html") == d._repr_html_()
     js, jsmd = d._repr_javascript_()
     assert data.get("application/javascript") == js
     assert metadata.get("application/javascript") == jsmd
 
     dne = r["doesnotexist"]
     assert dne["status"] == "error"
     assert dne["ename"] == "NameError"
 
     # back to text only
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ['text/plain']
     
 def test_user_expression():
     # enable all formatters
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ip.display_formatter.format_types
     query = {
         'a' : '1 + 2',
         'b' : '1/0',
     }
     r = ip.user_expressions(query)
     import pprint
     pprint.pprint(r)
     assert set(r.keys()) == set(query.keys())
     a = r["a"]
     assert {"status", "data", "metadata"} == set(a.keys())
     assert a["status"] == "ok"
     data = a["data"]
     metadata = a["metadata"]
     assert data.get("text/plain") == "3"
 
     b = r["b"]
     assert b["status"] == "error"
     assert b["ename"] == "ZeroDivisionError"
 
     # back to text only
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ['text/plain']
 
 
 class TestSyntaxErrorTransformer(unittest.TestCase):
     """Check that SyntaxError raised by an input transformer is handled by run_cell()"""
 
     @staticmethod
     def transformer(lines):
         for line in lines:
             pos = line.find('syntaxerror')
             if pos >= 0:
                 e = SyntaxError('input contains "syntaxerror"')
                 e.text = line
                 e.offset = pos + 1
                 raise e
         return lines
 
     def setUp(self):
         ip.input_transformers_post.append(self.transformer)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.input_transformers_post.remove(self.transformer)
 
     def test_syntaxerror_input_transformer(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints('1234'):
             ip.run_cell('1234')
         with tt.AssertPrints('SyntaxError: invalid syntax'):
             ip.run_cell('1 2 3')   # plain python syntax error
         with tt.AssertPrints('SyntaxError: input contains "syntaxerror"'):
             ip.run_cell('2345  # syntaxerror')  # input transformer syntax error
         with tt.AssertPrints('3456'):
             ip.run_cell('3456')
 
 
 class TestWarningSuppression(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_warning_suppression(self):
         ip.run_cell("import warnings")
         try:
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(UserWarning, "asdf"):
                 ip.run_cell("warnings.warn('asdf')")
             # Here's the real test -- if we run that again, we should get the
             # warning again. Traditionally, each warning was only issued once per
             # IPython session (approximately), even if the user typed in new and
             # different code that should have also triggered the warning, leading
             # to much confusion.
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(UserWarning, "asdf"):
                 ip.run_cell("warnings.warn('asdf')")
         finally:
             ip.run_cell("del warnings")
 
 
     def test_deprecation_warning(self):
         ip.run_cell("""
 import warnings
 def wrn():
     warnings.warn(
         "I AM  A WARNING",
         DeprecationWarning
     )
         """)
         try:
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, "I AM  A WARNING"):
                 ip.run_cell("wrn()")
         finally:
             ip.run_cell("del warnings")
             ip.run_cell("del wrn")
 
 
 class TestImportNoDeprecate(tt.TempFileMixin):
 
     def setUp(self):
         """Make a valid python temp file."""
         self.mktmp("""
 import warnings
 def wrn():
     warnings.warn(
         "I AM  A WARNING",
         DeprecationWarning
     )
 """)
         super().setUp()
 
     def test_no_dep(self):
         """
         No deprecation warning should be raised from imported functions
         """
         ip.run_cell("from {} import wrn".format(self.fname))
 
         with tt.AssertNotPrints("I AM  A WARNING"):
             ip.run_cell("wrn()")
         ip.run_cell("del wrn")
 
 
 def test_custom_exc_count():
     hook = mock.Mock(return_value=None)
     ip.set_custom_exc((SyntaxError,), hook)
     before = ip.execution_count
     ip.run_cell("def foo()", store_history=True)
     # restore default excepthook
     ip.set_custom_exc((), None)
     assert hook.call_count == 1
     assert ip.execution_count == before + 1
 
 
 def test_run_cell_async():
     ip.run_cell("import asyncio")
     coro = ip.run_cell_async("await asyncio.sleep(0.01)\n5")
     assert asyncio.iscoroutine(coro)
     loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
     result = loop.run_until_complete(coro)
     assert isinstance(result, interactiveshell.ExecutionResult)
     assert result.result == 5
 
 
 def test_run_cell_await():
     ip.run_cell("import asyncio")
     result = ip.run_cell("await asyncio.sleep(0.01); 10")
     assert ip.user_ns["_"] == 10
 
 
 def test_run_cell_asyncio_run():
     ip.run_cell("import asyncio")
     result = ip.run_cell("await asyncio.sleep(0.01); 1")
     assert ip.user_ns["_"] == 1
     result = ip.run_cell("asyncio.run(asyncio.sleep(0.01)); 2")
     assert ip.user_ns["_"] == 2
     result = ip.run_cell("await asyncio.sleep(0.01); 3")
     assert ip.user_ns["_"] == 3
 
 
 def test_should_run_async():
     assert not ip.should_run_async("a = 5")
     assert ip.should_run_async("await x")
     assert ip.should_run_async("import asyncio; await asyncio.sleep(1)")
 
 
 def test_set_custom_completer():
     num_completers = len(ip.Completer.matchers)
 
     def foo(*args, **kwargs):
         return "I'm a completer!"
 
     ip.set_custom_completer(foo, 0)
 
     # check that we've really added a new completer
     assert len(ip.Completer.matchers) == num_completers + 1
 
     # check that the first completer is the function we defined
     assert ip.Completer.matchers[0]() == "I'm a completer!"
 
     # clean up
     ip.Completer.custom_matchers.pop()

IPython/core/tests/test_magic.py

@@ -1,1366 +1,1408 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Tests for various magic functions."""
 
 import asyncio
 import gc
 import io
 import os
 import re
 import shlex
 import sys
 import warnings
 from importlib import invalidate_caches
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
 from textwrap import dedent
 from unittest import TestCase, mock
 
 import pytest
 
 from IPython import get_ipython
 from IPython.core import magic
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.magic import (
     Magics,
     cell_magic,
     line_magic,
     magics_class,
     register_cell_magic,
     register_line_magic,
 )
 from IPython.core.magics import code, execution, logging, osm, script
 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 from IPython.utils.io import capture_output
 from IPython.utils.process import find_cmd
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory, TemporaryWorkingDirectory
 
 from .test_debugger import PdbTestInput
 
 
 @magic.magics_class
 class DummyMagics(magic.Magics): pass
 
 def test_extract_code_ranges():
     instr = "1 3 5-6 7-9 10:15 17: :10 10- -13 :"
     expected = [
         (0, 1),
         (2, 3),
         (4, 6),
         (6, 9),
         (9, 14),
         (16, None),
         (None, 9),
         (9, None),
         (None, 13),
         (None, None),
     ]
     actual = list(code.extract_code_ranges(instr))
     assert actual == expected
 
 def test_extract_symbols():
     source = """import foo\na = 10\ndef b():\n    return 42\n\n\nclass A: pass\n\n\n"""
     symbols_args = ["a", "b", "A", "A,b", "A,a", "z"]
     expected = [([], ['a']),
                 (["def b():\n    return 42\n"], []),
                 (["class A: pass\n"], []),
                 (["class A: pass\n", "def b():\n    return 42\n"], []),
                 (["class A: pass\n"], ['a']),
                 ([], ['z'])]
     for symbols, exp in zip(symbols_args, expected):
         assert code.extract_symbols(source, symbols) == exp
 
 
 def test_extract_symbols_raises_exception_with_non_python_code():
     source = ("=begin A Ruby program :)=end\n"
               "def hello\n"
               "puts 'Hello world'\n"
               "end")
     with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
         code.extract_symbols(source, "hello")
 
 
 def test_magic_not_found():
     # magic not found raises UsageError
     with pytest.raises(UsageError):
         _ip.magic('doesntexist')
 
     # ensure result isn't success when a magic isn't found
     result = _ip.run_cell('%doesntexist')
     assert isinstance(result.error_in_exec, UsageError)
 
 
 def test_cell_magic_not_found():
     # magic not found raises UsageError
     with pytest.raises(UsageError):
         _ip.run_cell_magic('doesntexist', 'line', 'cell')
 
     # ensure result isn't success when a magic isn't found
     result = _ip.run_cell('%%doesntexist')
     assert isinstance(result.error_in_exec, UsageError)
 
 
 def test_magic_error_status():
     def fail(shell):
         1/0
     _ip.register_magic_function(fail)
     result = _ip.run_cell('%fail')
     assert isinstance(result.error_in_exec, ZeroDivisionError)
 
 
 def test_config():
     """ test that config magic does not raise
     can happen if Configurable init is moved too early into
     Magics.__init__ as then a Config object will be registered as a
     magic.
     """
     ## should not raise.
     _ip.magic('config')
 
 def test_config_available_configs():
     """ test that config magic prints available configs in unique and
     sorted order. """
     with capture_output() as captured:
         _ip.magic('config')
 
     stdout = captured.stdout
     config_classes = stdout.strip().split('\n')[1:]
     assert config_classes == sorted(set(config_classes))
 
 def test_config_print_class():
     """ test that config with a classname prints the class's options. """
     with capture_output() as captured:
         _ip.magic('config TerminalInteractiveShell')
 
     stdout = captured.stdout
     assert re.match(
         "TerminalInteractiveShell.* options", stdout.splitlines()[0]
     ), f"{stdout}\n\n1st line of stdout not like 'TerminalInteractiveShell.* options'"
 
 
 def test_rehashx():
     # clear up everything
     _ip.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
     del _ip.db['syscmdlist']
 
     _ip.magic('rehashx')
     # Practically ALL ipython development systems will have more than 10 aliases
 
     assert len(_ip.alias_manager.aliases) > 10
     for name, cmd in _ip.alias_manager.aliases:
         # we must strip dots from alias names
         assert "." not in name
 
     # rehashx must fill up syscmdlist
     scoms = _ip.db['syscmdlist']
     assert len(scoms) > 10
 
 
 def test_magic_parse_options():
     """Test that we don't mangle paths when parsing magic options."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     path = 'c:\\x'
     m = DummyMagics(ip)
     opts = m.parse_options('-f %s' % path,'f:')[0]
     # argv splitting is os-dependent
     if os.name == 'posix':
         expected = 'c:x'
     else:
         expected = path
     assert opts["f"] == expected
 
 
 def test_magic_parse_long_options():
     """Magic.parse_options can handle --foo=bar long options"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     m = DummyMagics(ip)
     opts, _ = m.parse_options("--foo --bar=bubble", "a", "foo", "bar=")
     assert "foo" in opts
     assert "bar" in opts
     assert opts["bar"] == "bubble"
 
 
 def doctest_hist_f():
     """Test %hist -f with temporary filename.
 
     In [9]: import tempfile
 
     In [10]: tfile = tempfile.mktemp('.py','tmp-ipython-')
 
     In [11]: %hist -nl -f $tfile 3
 
     In [13]: import os; os.unlink(tfile)
     """
 
 
 def doctest_hist_op():
     """Test %hist -op
 
     In [1]: class b(float):
        ...:     pass
        ...:
 
     In [2]: class s(object):
        ...:     def __str__(self):
        ...:         return 's'
        ...:
 
     In [3]:
 
     In [4]: class r(b):
        ...:     def __repr__(self):
        ...:         return 'r'
        ...:
 
     In [5]: class sr(s,r): pass
        ...:
 
     In [6]:
 
     In [7]: bb=b()
 
     In [8]: ss=s()
 
     In [9]: rr=r()
 
     In [10]: ssrr=sr()
 
     In [11]: 4.5
     Out[11]: 4.5
 
     In [12]: str(ss)
     Out[12]: 's'
 
     In [13]:
 
     In [14]: %hist -op
     >>> class b:
     ...     pass
     ...
     >>> class s(b):
     ...     def __str__(self):
     ...         return 's'
     ...
     >>>
     >>> class r(b):
     ...     def __repr__(self):
     ...         return 'r'
     ...
     >>> class sr(s,r): pass
     >>>
     >>> bb=b()
     >>> ss=s()
     >>> rr=r()
     >>> ssrr=sr()
     >>> 4.5
     4.5
     >>> str(ss)
     's'
     >>>
     """
 
 def test_hist_pof():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell("1+2", store_history=True)
     #raise Exception(ip.history_manager.session_number)
     #raise Exception(list(ip.history_manager._get_range_session()))
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         tf = os.path.join(td, 'hist.py')
         ip.run_line_magic('history', '-pof %s' % tf)
         assert os.path.isfile(tf)
 
 
 def test_macro():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()   # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n  return a**2", "print(a,b())"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
     ip.magic("macro test 1-3")
     assert ip.user_ns["test"].value == "\n".join(cmds) + "\n"
 
     # List macros
     assert "test" in ip.magic("macro")
 
 
 def test_macro_run():
     """Test that we can run a multi-line macro successfully."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()
     cmds = ["a=10", "a+=1", "print(a)", "%macro test 2-3"]
     for cmd in cmds:
         ip.run_cell(cmd, store_history=True)
     assert ip.user_ns["test"].value == "a+=1\nprint(a)\n"
     with tt.AssertPrints("12"):
         ip.run_cell("test")
     with tt.AssertPrints("13"):
         ip.run_cell("test")
 
 
 def test_magic_magic():
     """Test %magic"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with capture_output() as captured:
         ip.magic("magic")
 
     stdout = captured.stdout
     assert "%magic" in stdout
     assert "IPython" in stdout
     assert "Available" in stdout
 
 
 @dec.skipif_not_numpy
 def test_numpy_reset_array_undec():
     "Test '%reset array' functionality"
     _ip.ex("import numpy as np")
     _ip.ex("a = np.empty(2)")
     assert "a" in _ip.user_ns
     _ip.magic("reset -f array")
     assert "a" not in _ip.user_ns
 
 
 def test_reset_out():
     "Test '%reset out' magic"
     _ip.run_cell("parrot = 'dead'", store_history=True)
     # test '%reset -f out', make an Out prompt
     _ip.run_cell("parrot", store_history=True)
     assert "dead" in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ("_", "__", "___")]
     _ip.magic("reset -f out")
     assert "dead" not in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ("_", "__", "___")]
     assert len(_ip.user_ns["Out"]) == 0
 
 
 def test_reset_in():
     "Test '%reset in' magic"
     # test '%reset -f in'
     _ip.run_cell("parrot", store_history=True)
     assert "parrot" in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ("_i", "_ii", "_iii")]
     _ip.magic("%reset -f in")
     assert "parrot" not in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ("_i", "_ii", "_iii")]
     assert len(set(_ip.user_ns["In"])) == 1
 
 
 def test_reset_dhist():
     "Test '%reset dhist' magic"
     _ip.run_cell("tmp = [d for d in _dh]")  # copy before clearing
     _ip.magic("cd " + os.path.dirname(pytest.__file__))
     _ip.magic("cd -")
     assert len(_ip.user_ns["_dh"]) > 0
     _ip.magic("reset -f dhist")
     assert len(_ip.user_ns["_dh"]) == 0
     _ip.run_cell("_dh = [d for d in tmp]")  # restore
 
 
 def test_reset_in_length():
     "Test that '%reset in' preserves In[] length"
     _ip.run_cell("print 'foo'")
     _ip.run_cell("reset -f in")
     assert len(_ip.user_ns["In"]) == _ip.displayhook.prompt_count + 1
 
 
 class TestResetErrors(TestCase):
 
     def test_reset_redefine(self):
 
         @magics_class
         class KernelMagics(Magics):
               @line_magic
               def less(self, shell): pass
 
         _ip.register_magics(KernelMagics)
 
         with self.assertLogs() as cm:
             # hack, we want to just capture logs, but assertLogs fails if not
             # logs get produce.
             # so log one things we ignore.
             import logging as log_mod
             log = log_mod.getLogger()
             log.info('Nothing')
             # end hack.
             _ip.run_cell("reset -f")
 
         assert len(cm.output) == 1
         for out in cm.output:
             assert "Invalid alias" not in out
 
 def test_tb_syntaxerror():
     """test %tb after a SyntaxError"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell("for")
 
     # trap and validate stdout
     save_stdout = sys.stdout
     try:
         sys.stdout = StringIO()
         ip.run_cell("%tb")
         out = sys.stdout.getvalue()
     finally:
         sys.stdout = save_stdout
     # trim output, and only check the last line
     last_line = out.rstrip().splitlines()[-1].strip()
     assert last_line == "SyntaxError: invalid syntax"
 
 
 def test_time():
     ip = get_ipython()
 
     with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
         ip.run_cell("%time None")
 
     ip.run_cell("def f(kmjy):\n"
                 "    %time print (2*kmjy)")
 
     with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
         with tt.AssertPrints("hihi", suppress=False):
             ip.run_cell("f('hi')")
 
 def test_time_last_not_expression():
     ip.run_cell("%%time\n"
                 "var_1 = 1\n"
                 "var_2 = 2\n")
     assert ip.user_ns['var_1'] == 1
     del ip.user_ns['var_1']
     assert ip.user_ns['var_2'] == 2
     del ip.user_ns['var_2']
 
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_time2():
     ip = get_ipython()
 
     with tt.AssertPrints("CPU times: user "):
         ip.run_cell("%time None")
 
 def test_time3():
     """Erroneous magic function calls, issue gh-3334"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.user_ns.pop('run', None)
 
     with tt.AssertNotPrints("not found", channel='stderr'):
         ip.run_cell("%%time\n"
                     "run = 0\n"
                     "run += 1")
 
 def test_multiline_time():
     """Make sure last statement from time return a value."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.user_ns.pop('run', None)
 
     ip.run_cell(dedent("""\
         %%time
         a = "ho"
         b = "hey"
         a+b
         """
         )
     )
     assert ip.user_ns_hidden["_"] == "hohey"
 
 
 def test_time_local_ns():
     """
     Test that local_ns is actually global_ns when running a cell magic
     """
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell("%%time\n" "myvar = 1")
     assert ip.user_ns["myvar"] == 1
     del ip.user_ns["myvar"]
 
 
 def test_doctest_mode():
     "Toggle doctest_mode twice, it should be a no-op and run without error"
     _ip.magic('doctest_mode')
     _ip.magic('doctest_mode')
 
 
 def test_parse_options():
     """Tests for basic options parsing in magics."""
     # These are only the most minimal of tests, more should be added later.  At
     # the very least we check that basic text/unicode calls work OK.
     m = DummyMagics(_ip)
     assert m.parse_options("foo", "")[1] == "foo"
     assert m.parse_options("foo", "")[1] == "foo"
 
 
 def test_parse_options_preserve_non_option_string():
     """Test to assert preservation of non-option part of magic-block, while parsing magic options."""
     m = DummyMagics(_ip)
     opts, stmt = m.parse_options(
         " -n1  -r 13 _ = 314 + foo", "n:r:", preserve_non_opts=True
     )
     assert opts == {"n": "1", "r": "13"}
     assert stmt == "_ = 314 + foo"
 
 
 def test_run_magic_preserve_code_block():
     """Test to assert preservation of non-option part of magic-block, while running magic."""
     _ip.user_ns["spaces"] = []
     _ip.magic("timeit -n1 -r1 spaces.append([s.count(' ') for s in ['document']])")
     assert _ip.user_ns["spaces"] == [[0]]
 
 
 def test_dirops():
     """Test various directory handling operations."""
     # curpath = lambda :os.path.splitdrive(os.getcwd())[1].replace('\\','/')
     curpath = os.getcwd
     startdir = os.getcwd()
     ipdir = os.path.realpath(_ip.ipython_dir)
     try:
         _ip.magic('cd "%s"' % ipdir)
         assert curpath() == ipdir
         _ip.magic('cd -')
         assert curpath() == startdir
         _ip.magic('pushd "%s"' % ipdir)
         assert curpath() == ipdir
         _ip.magic('popd')
         assert curpath() == startdir
     finally:
         os.chdir(startdir)
 
 
 def test_cd_force_quiet():
     """Test OSMagics.cd_force_quiet option"""
     _ip.config.OSMagics.cd_force_quiet = True
     osmagics = osm.OSMagics(shell=_ip)
 
     startdir = os.getcwd()
     ipdir = os.path.realpath(_ip.ipython_dir)
 
     try:
         with tt.AssertNotPrints(ipdir):
             osmagics.cd('"%s"' % ipdir)
         with tt.AssertNotPrints(startdir):
             osmagics.cd('-')
     finally:
         os.chdir(startdir)
 
 
 def test_xmode():
     # Calling xmode three times should be a no-op
     xmode = _ip.InteractiveTB.mode
     for i in range(4):
         _ip.magic("xmode")
     assert _ip.InteractiveTB.mode == xmode
 
 def test_reset_hard():
     monitor = []
     class A(object):
         def __del__(self):
             monitor.append(1)
         def __repr__(self):
             return "<A instance>"
 
     _ip.user_ns["a"] = A()
     _ip.run_cell("a")
 
     assert monitor == []
     _ip.magic("reset -f")
     assert monitor == [1]
 
 class TestXdel(tt.TempFileMixin):
     def test_xdel(self):
         """Test that references from %run are cleared by xdel."""
         src = ("class A(object):\n"
                "    monitor = []\n"
                "    def __del__(self):\n"
                "        self.monitor.append(1)\n"
                "a = A()\n")
         self.mktmp(src)
         # %run creates some hidden references...
         _ip.magic("run %s" % self.fname)
         # ... as does the displayhook.
         _ip.run_cell("a")
 
         monitor = _ip.user_ns["A"].monitor
         assert monitor == []
 
         _ip.magic("xdel a")
 
         # Check that a's __del__ method has been called.
         gc.collect(0)
         assert monitor == [1]
 
 def doctest_who():
     """doctest for %who
 
     In [1]: %reset -sf
 
     In [2]: alpha = 123
 
     In [3]: beta = 'beta'
 
     In [4]: %who int
     alpha
 
     In [5]: %who str
     beta
 
     In [6]: %whos
     Variable   Type    Data/Info
     ----------------------------
     alpha      int     123
     beta       str     beta
 
     In [7]: %who_ls
     Out[7]: ['alpha', 'beta']
     """
 
 def test_whos():
     """Check that whos is protected against objects where repr() fails."""
     class A(object):
         def __repr__(self):
             raise Exception()
     _ip.user_ns['a'] = A()
     _ip.magic("whos")
 
 def doctest_precision():
     """doctest for %precision
 
     In [1]: f = get_ipython().display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
 
     In [2]: %precision 5
     Out[2]: '%.5f'
 
     In [3]: f.float_format
     Out[3]: '%.5f'
 
     In [4]: %precision %e
     Out[4]: '%e'
 
     In [5]: f(3.1415927)
     Out[5]: '3.141593e+00'
     """
 
 def test_debug_magic():
     """Test debugging a small code with %debug
 
     In [1]: with PdbTestInput(['c']):
        ...:     %debug print("a b") #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
        ...:
     ...
     ipdb> c
     a b
     In [2]:
     """
 
 def test_psearch():
     with tt.AssertPrints("dict.fromkeys"):
         _ip.run_cell("dict.fr*?")
     with tt.AssertPrints("π.is_integer"):
         _ip.run_cell("π = 3.14;\nπ.is_integ*?")
 
 def test_timeit_shlex():
     """test shlex issues with timeit (#1109)"""
     _ip.ex("def f(*a,**kw): pass")
     _ip.magic('timeit -n1 "this is a bug".count(" ")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f(" ", 1)')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f(" ", 1, " ", 2, " ")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 ("a " + "b")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f("a " + "b")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f("a " + "b ")')
 
 
 def test_timeit_special_syntax():
     "Test %%timeit with IPython special syntax"
     @register_line_magic
     def lmagic(line):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.user_ns['lmagic_out'] = line
 
     # line mode test
     _ip.run_line_magic("timeit", "-n1 -r1 %lmagic my line")
     assert _ip.user_ns["lmagic_out"] == "my line"
     # cell mode test
     _ip.run_cell_magic("timeit", "-n1 -r1", "%lmagic my line2")
     assert _ip.user_ns["lmagic_out"] == "my line2"
 
 
 def test_timeit_return():
     """
     test whether timeit -o return object
     """
 
     res = _ip.run_line_magic('timeit','-n10 -r10 -o 1')
     assert(res is not None)
 
 def test_timeit_quiet():
     """
     test quiet option of timeit magic
     """
     with tt.AssertNotPrints("loops"):
         _ip.run_cell("%timeit -n1 -r1 -q 1")
 
 def test_timeit_return_quiet():
     with tt.AssertNotPrints("loops"):
         res = _ip.run_line_magic('timeit', '-n1 -r1 -q -o 1')
     assert (res is not None)
 
 def test_timeit_invalid_return():
     with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
         _ip.run_line_magic('timeit', 'return')
 
 @dec.skipif(execution.profile is None)
 def test_prun_special_syntax():
     "Test %%prun with IPython special syntax"
     @register_line_magic
     def lmagic(line):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.user_ns['lmagic_out'] = line
 
     # line mode test
     _ip.run_line_magic("prun", "-q %lmagic my line")
     assert _ip.user_ns["lmagic_out"] == "my line"
     # cell mode test
     _ip.run_cell_magic("prun", "-q", "%lmagic my line2")
     assert _ip.user_ns["lmagic_out"] == "my line2"
 
 
 @dec.skipif(execution.profile is None)
 def test_prun_quotes():
     "Test that prun does not clobber string escapes (GH #1302)"
     _ip.magic(r"prun -q x = '\t'")
     assert _ip.user_ns["x"] == "\t"
 
 
 def test_extension():
     # Debugging information for failures of this test
     print('sys.path:')
     for p in sys.path:
         print(' ', p)
     print('CWD', os.getcwd())
 
     pytest.raises(ImportError, _ip.magic, "load_ext daft_extension")
     daft_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "daft_extension")
     sys.path.insert(0, daft_path)
     try:
         _ip.user_ns.pop('arq', None)
         invalidate_caches()   # Clear import caches
         _ip.magic("load_ext daft_extension")
         assert _ip.user_ns["arq"] == 185
         _ip.magic("unload_ext daft_extension")
         assert 'arq' not in _ip.user_ns
     finally:
         sys.path.remove(daft_path)
 
 
 def test_notebook_export_json():
     pytest.importorskip("nbformat")
     _ip = get_ipython()
     _ip.history_manager.reset()   # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n  return a**2", "print('noël, été', b())"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         _ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         outfile = os.path.join(td, "nb.ipynb")
         _ip.magic("notebook %s" % outfile)
 
 
 class TestEnv(TestCase):
 
     def test_env(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env")
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(env, dict))
 
     def test_env_secret(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env")
         hidden = "<hidden>"
         with mock.patch.dict(
             os.environ,
             {
                 "API_KEY": "abc123",
                 "SECRET_THING": "ssshhh",
                 "JUPYTER_TOKEN": "",
                 "VAR": "abc"
             }
         ):
             env = _ip.magic("env")
         assert env["API_KEY"] == hidden
         assert env["SECRET_THING"] == hidden
         assert env["JUPYTER_TOKEN"] == hidden
         assert env["VAR"] == "abc"
 
     def test_env_get_set_simple(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env var val1")
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], 'val1')
         self.assertEqual(_ip.magic("env var"), 'val1')
         env = _ip.magic("env var=val2")
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], 'val2')
 
     def test_env_get_set_complex(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env var 'val1 '' 'val2")
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], "'val1 '' 'val2")
         self.assertEqual(_ip.magic("env var"), "'val1 '' 'val2")
         env = _ip.magic('env var=val2 val3="val4')
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], 'val2 val3="val4')
 
     def test_env_set_bad_input(self):
         self.assertRaises(UsageError, lambda: _ip.magic("set_env var"))
 
     def test_env_set_whitespace(self):
         self.assertRaises(UsageError, lambda: _ip.magic("env var A=B"))
 
 
 class CellMagicTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def check_ident(self, magic):
         # Manually called, we get the result
         out = _ip.run_cell_magic(magic, "a", "b")
         assert out == ("a", "b")
         # Via run_cell, it goes into the user's namespace via displayhook
         _ip.run_cell("%%" + magic + " c\nd\n")
         assert _ip.user_ns["_"] == ("c", "d\n")
 
     def test_cell_magic_func_deco(self):
         "Cell magic using simple decorator"
         @register_cell_magic
         def cellm(line, cell):
             return line, cell
 
         self.check_ident('cellm')
 
     def test_cell_magic_reg(self):
         "Cell magic manually registered"
         def cellm(line, cell):
             return line, cell
 
         _ip.register_magic_function(cellm, 'cell', 'cellm2')
         self.check_ident('cellm2')
 
     def test_cell_magic_class(self):
         "Cell magics declared via a class"
         @magics_class
         class MyMagics(Magics):
 
             @cell_magic
             def cellm3(self, line, cell):
                 return line, cell
 
         _ip.register_magics(MyMagics)
         self.check_ident('cellm3')
 
     def test_cell_magic_class2(self):
         "Cell magics declared via a class, #2"
         @magics_class
         class MyMagics2(Magics):
 
             @cell_magic('cellm4')
             def cellm33(self, line, cell):
                 return line, cell
 
         _ip.register_magics(MyMagics2)
         self.check_ident('cellm4')
         # Check that nothing is registered as 'cellm33'
         c33 = _ip.find_cell_magic('cellm33')
         assert c33 == None
 
 def test_file():
     """Basic %%writefile"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
-        fname = os.path.join(td, 'file1')
-        ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
-            'line1',
-            'line2',
-        ]))
-        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        fname = os.path.join(td, "file1")
+        ip.run_cell_magic(
+            "writefile",
+            fname,
+            "\n".join(
+                [
+                    "line1",
+                    "line2",
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line2" in s
 
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_file_single_quote():
     """Basic %%writefile with embedded single quotes"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
-        fname = os.path.join(td, '\'file1\'')
-        ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
-            'line1',
-            'line2',
-        ]))
-        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        fname = os.path.join(td, "'file1'")
+        ip.run_cell_magic(
+            "writefile",
+            fname,
+            "\n".join(
+                [
+                    "line1",
+                    "line2",
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line2" in s
 
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_file_double_quote():
     """Basic %%writefile with embedded double quotes"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, '"file1"')
-        ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
-            'line1',
-            'line2',
-        ]))
-        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        ip.run_cell_magic(
+            "writefile",
+            fname,
+            "\n".join(
+                [
+                    "line1",
+                    "line2",
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line2" in s
 
 
 def test_file_var_expand():
     """%%writefile $filename"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
-        fname = os.path.join(td, 'file1')
-        ip.user_ns['filename'] = fname
-        ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", '$filename', u'\n'.join([
-            'line1',
-            'line2',
-        ]))
-        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        fname = os.path.join(td, "file1")
+        ip.user_ns["filename"] = fname
+        ip.run_cell_magic(
+            "writefile",
+            "$filename",
+            "\n".join(
+                [
+                    "line1",
+                    "line2",
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line2" in s
 
 
 def test_file_unicode():
     """%%writefile with unicode cell"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, 'file1')
         ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
             u'liné1',
             u'liné2',
         ]))
         with io.open(fname, encoding='utf-8') as f:
             s = f.read()
         assert "liné1\n" in s
         assert "liné2" in s
 
 
 def test_file_amend():
     """%%writefile -a amends files"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
-        fname = os.path.join(td, 'file2')
-        ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
-            'line1',
-            'line2',
-        ]))
-        ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", "-a %s" % fname, u'\n'.join([
-            'line3',
-            'line4',
-        ]))
-        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        fname = os.path.join(td, "file2")
+        ip.run_cell_magic(
+            "writefile",
+            fname,
+            "\n".join(
+                [
+                    "line1",
+                    "line2",
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+        ip.run_cell_magic(
+            "writefile",
+            "-a %s" % fname,
+            "\n".join(
+                [
+                    "line3",
+                    "line4",
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line3\n" in s
 
 
 def test_file_spaces():
     """%%file with spaces in filename"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryWorkingDirectory() as td:
         fname = "file name"
-        ip.run_cell_magic("file", '"%s"'%fname, u'\n'.join([
-            'line1',
-            'line2',
-        ]))
-        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        ip.run_cell_magic(
+            "file",
+            '"%s"' % fname,
+            "\n".join(
+                [
+                    "line1",
+                    "line2",
+                ]
+            ),
+        )
+        s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line2" in s
 
 
 def test_script_config():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.config.ScriptMagics.script_magics = ['whoda']
     sm = script.ScriptMagics(shell=ip)
     assert "whoda" in sm.magics["cell"]
 
 
 def test_script_out():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic("script", f"--out output {sys.executable}", "print('hi')")
     assert ip.user_ns["output"].strip() == "hi"
 
 
 def test_script_err():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic(
         "script",
         f"--err error {sys.executable}",
         "import sys; print('hello', file=sys.stderr)",
     )
     assert ip.user_ns["error"].strip() == "hello"
 
 
 def test_script_out_err():
 
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic(
         "script",
         f"--out output --err error {sys.executable}",
         "\n".join(
             [
                 "import sys",
                 "print('hi')",
                 "print('hello', file=sys.stderr)",
             ]
         ),
     )
     assert ip.user_ns["output"].strip() == "hi"
     assert ip.user_ns["error"].strip() == "hello"
 
 
 async def test_script_bg_out():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic("script", f"--bg --out output {sys.executable}", "print('hi')")
     assert (await ip.user_ns["output"].read()).strip() == b"hi"
     assert ip.user_ns["output"].at_eof()
 
 
 async def test_script_bg_err():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic(
         "script",
         f"--bg --err error {sys.executable}",
         "import sys; print('hello', file=sys.stderr)",
     )
     assert (await ip.user_ns["error"].read()).strip() == b"hello"
     assert ip.user_ns["error"].at_eof()
 
 
 async def test_script_bg_out_err():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic(
         "script",
         f"--bg --out output --err error {sys.executable}",
         "\n".join(
             [
                 "import sys",
                 "print('hi')",
                 "print('hello', file=sys.stderr)",
             ]
         ),
     )
     assert (await ip.user_ns["output"].read()).strip() == b"hi"
     assert (await ip.user_ns["error"].read()).strip() == b"hello"
     assert ip.user_ns["output"].at_eof()
     assert ip.user_ns["error"].at_eof()
 
 
 async def test_script_bg_proc():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic(
         "script",
         f"--bg --out output --proc p {sys.executable}",
         "\n".join(
             [
                 "import sys",
                 "print('hi')",
                 "print('hello', file=sys.stderr)",
             ]
         ),
     )
     p = ip.user_ns["p"]
     await p.wait()
     assert p.returncode == 0
     assert (await p.stdout.read()).strip() == b"hi"
     # not captured, so empty
     assert (await p.stderr.read()) == b""
     assert p.stdout.at_eof()
     assert p.stderr.at_eof()
 
 
 def test_script_defaults():
     ip = get_ipython()
     for cmd in ['sh', 'bash', 'perl', 'ruby']:
         try:
             find_cmd(cmd)
         except Exception:
             pass
         else:
             assert cmd in ip.magics_manager.magics["cell"]
 
 
 @magics_class
 class FooFoo(Magics):
     """class with both %foo and %%foo magics"""
     @line_magic('foo')
     def line_foo(self, line):
         "I am line foo"
         pass
 
     @cell_magic("foo")
     def cell_foo(self, line, cell):
         "I am cell foo, not line foo"
         pass
 
 def test_line_cell_info():
     """%%foo and %foo magics are distinguishable to inspect"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.magics_manager.register(FooFoo)
     oinfo = ip.object_inspect("foo")
     assert oinfo["found"] is True
     assert oinfo["ismagic"] is True
 
     oinfo = ip.object_inspect("%%foo")
     assert oinfo["found"] is True
     assert oinfo["ismagic"] is True
     assert oinfo["docstring"] == FooFoo.cell_foo.__doc__
 
     oinfo = ip.object_inspect("%foo")
     assert oinfo["found"] is True
     assert oinfo["ismagic"] is True
     assert oinfo["docstring"] == FooFoo.line_foo.__doc__
 
 
 def test_multiple_magics():
     ip = get_ipython()
     foo1 = FooFoo(ip)
     foo2 = FooFoo(ip)
     mm = ip.magics_manager
     mm.register(foo1)
     assert mm.magics["line"]["foo"].__self__ is foo1
     mm.register(foo2)
     assert mm.magics["line"]["foo"].__self__ is foo2
 
 
 def test_alias_magic():
     """Test %alias_magic."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     mm = ip.magics_manager
 
     # Basic operation: both cell and line magics are created, if possible.
     ip.run_line_magic("alias_magic", "timeit_alias timeit")
     assert "timeit_alias" in mm.magics["line"]
     assert "timeit_alias" in mm.magics["cell"]
 
     # --cell is specified, line magic not created.
     ip.run_line_magic("alias_magic", "--cell timeit_cell_alias timeit")
     assert "timeit_cell_alias" not in mm.magics["line"]
     assert "timeit_cell_alias" in mm.magics["cell"]
 
     # Test that line alias is created successfully.
     ip.run_line_magic("alias_magic", "--line env_alias env")
     assert ip.run_line_magic("env", "") == ip.run_line_magic("env_alias", "")
 
     # Test that line alias with parameters passed in is created successfully.
     ip.run_line_magic(
         "alias_magic", "--line history_alias history --params " + shlex.quote("3")
     )
     assert "history_alias" in mm.magics["line"]
 
 
 def test_save():
     """Test %save."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()   # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n  return a**2", "print(a, b())"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         file = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testsave.py")
         ip.run_line_magic("save", "%s 1-10" % file)
-        content = Path(file).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        content = Path(file).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert content.count(cmds[0]) == 1
         assert "coding: utf-8" in content
         ip.run_line_magic("save", "-a %s 1-10" % file)
-        content = Path(file).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        content = Path(file).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert content.count(cmds[0]) == 2
         assert "coding: utf-8" in content
 
 
 def test_save_with_no_args():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()  # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n    return a**2", "print(a, b())", "%save"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
 
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testsave.py")
         ip.run_line_magic("save", path)
-        content = Path(path).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+        content = Path(path).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         expected_content = dedent(
             """\
             # coding: utf-8
             a=1
             def b():
                 return a**2
             print(a, b())
             """
         )
         assert content == expected_content
 
 
 def test_store():
     """Test %store."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_line_magic('load_ext', 'storemagic')
 
     # make sure the storage is empty
     ip.run_line_magic("store", "-z")
     ip.user_ns["var"] = 42
     ip.run_line_magic("store", "var")
     ip.user_ns["var"] = 39
     ip.run_line_magic("store", "-r")
     assert ip.user_ns["var"] == 42
 
     ip.run_line_magic("store", "-d var")
     ip.user_ns["var"] = 39
     ip.run_line_magic("store", "-r")
     assert ip.user_ns["var"] == 39
 
 
 def _run_edit_test(arg_s, exp_filename=None,
                         exp_lineno=-1,
                         exp_contents=None,
                         exp_is_temp=None):
     ip = get_ipython()
     M = code.CodeMagics(ip)
     last_call = ['','']
     opts,args = M.parse_options(arg_s,'prxn:')
     filename, lineno, is_temp = M._find_edit_target(ip, args, opts, last_call)
 
     if exp_filename is not None:
         assert exp_filename == filename
     if exp_contents is not None:
         with io.open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
             contents = f.read()
         assert exp_contents == contents
     if exp_lineno != -1:
         assert exp_lineno == lineno
     if exp_is_temp is not None:
         assert exp_is_temp == is_temp
 
 
 def test_edit_interactive():
     """%edit on interactively defined objects"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     n = ip.execution_count
     ip.run_cell("def foo(): return 1", store_history=True)
 
     with pytest.raises(code.InteractivelyDefined) as e:
         _run_edit_test("foo")
     assert e.value.index == n
 
 
 def test_edit_cell():
     """%edit [cell id]"""
     ip = get_ipython()
 
     ip.run_cell("def foo(): return 1", store_history=True)
 
     # test
     _run_edit_test("1", exp_contents=ip.user_ns['In'][1], exp_is_temp=True)
 
 def test_edit_fname():
     """%edit file"""
     # test
     _run_edit_test("test file.py", exp_filename="test file.py")
 
 def test_bookmark():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_line_magic('bookmark', 'bmname')
     with tt.AssertPrints('bmname'):
         ip.run_line_magic('bookmark', '-l')
     ip.run_line_magic('bookmark', '-d bmname')
 
 def test_ls_magic():
     ip = get_ipython()
     json_formatter = ip.display_formatter.formatters['application/json']
     json_formatter.enabled = True
     lsmagic = ip.magic('lsmagic')
     with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
         j = json_formatter(lsmagic)
     assert sorted(j) == ["cell", "line"]
     assert w == []  # no warnings
 
 
 def test_strip_initial_indent():
     def sii(s):
         lines = s.splitlines()
         return '\n'.join(code.strip_initial_indent(lines))
 
     assert sii("  a = 1\nb = 2") == "a = 1\nb = 2"
     assert sii("  a\n    b\nc") == "a\n  b\nc"
     assert sii("a\n  b") == "a\n  b"
 
 def test_logging_magic_quiet_from_arg():
     _ip.config.LoggingMagics.quiet = False
     lm = logging.LoggingMagics(shell=_ip)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         try:
             with tt.AssertNotPrints(re.compile("Activating.*")):
                 lm.logstart('-q {}'.format(
                         os.path.join(td, "quiet_from_arg.log")))
         finally:
             _ip.logger.logstop()
 
 def test_logging_magic_quiet_from_config():
     _ip.config.LoggingMagics.quiet = True
     lm = logging.LoggingMagics(shell=_ip)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         try:
             with tt.AssertNotPrints(re.compile("Activating.*")):
                 lm.logstart(os.path.join(td, "quiet_from_config.log"))
         finally:
             _ip.logger.logstop()
 
 
 def test_logging_magic_not_quiet():
     _ip.config.LoggingMagics.quiet = False
     lm = logging.LoggingMagics(shell=_ip)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         try:
             with tt.AssertPrints(re.compile("Activating.*")):
                 lm.logstart(os.path.join(td, "not_quiet.log"))
         finally:
             _ip.logger.logstop()
 
 
 def test_time_no_var_expand():
     _ip.user_ns['a'] = 5
     _ip.user_ns['b'] = []
     _ip.magic('time b.append("{a}")')
     assert _ip.user_ns['b'] == ['{a}']
 
 
 # this is slow, put at the end for local testing.
 def test_timeit_arguments():
     "Test valid timeit arguments, should not cause SyntaxError (GH #1269)"
     _ip.magic("timeit -n1 -r1 a=('#')")
 
 
 TEST_MODULE = """
 print('Loaded my_tmp')
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     print('I just ran a script')
 """
 
 
 def test_run_module_from_import_hook():
     "Test that a module can be loaded via an import hook"
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
-        fullpath = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'my_tmp.py')
-        Path(fullpath).write_text(TEST_MODULE, encoding='utf-8')
+        fullpath = os.path.join(tmpdir, "my_tmp.py")
+        Path(fullpath).write_text(TEST_MODULE, encoding="utf-8")
 
         import importlib.abc
         import importlib.util
 
         class MyTempImporter(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder, importlib.abc.SourceLoader):
             def find_spec(self, fullname, path, target=None):
                 if fullname == "my_tmp":
                     return importlib.util.spec_from_loader(fullname, self)
 
             def get_filename(self, fullname):
                 assert fullname == "my_tmp"
                 return fullpath
 
             def get_data(self, path):
                 assert Path(path).samefile(fullpath)
-                return Path(fullpath).read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+                return Path(fullpath).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
         sys.meta_path.insert(0, MyTempImporter())
 
         with capture_output() as captured:
             _ip.magic("run -m my_tmp")
             _ip.run_cell("import my_tmp")
 
         output = "Loaded my_tmp\nI just ran a script\nLoaded my_tmp\n"
         assert output == captured.stdout
 
         sys.meta_path.pop(0)

IPython/core/tests/test_profile.py

@@ -1,156 +1,156 b''
 # coding: utf-8
 """Tests for profile-related functions.
 
 Currently only the startup-dir functionality is tested, but more tests should
 be added for:
 
     * ipython profile create
     * ipython profile list
     * ipython profile create --parallel
     * security dir permissions
 
 Authors
 -------
 
 * MinRK
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
 
 from pathlib import Path
 from unittest import TestCase
 
 from IPython.core.profileapp import list_profiles_in, list_bundled_profiles
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 
 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 from IPython.utils.process import getoutput
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 TMP_TEST_DIR = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
 HOME_TEST_DIR = TMP_TEST_DIR / "home_test_dir"
 IP_TEST_DIR = HOME_TEST_DIR / ".ipython"
 
 #
 # Setup/teardown functions/decorators
 #
 
 def setup_module():
     """Setup test environment for the module:
 
             - Adds dummy home dir tree
     """
     # Do not mask exceptions here.  In particular, catching WindowsError is a
     # problem because that exception is only defined on Windows...
     (Path.cwd() / IP_TEST_DIR).mkdir(parents=True)
 
 
 def teardown_module():
     """Teardown test environment for the module:
 
             - Remove dummy home dir tree
     """
     # Note: we remove the parent test dir, which is the root of all test
     # subdirs we may have created.  Use shutil instead of os.removedirs, so
     # that non-empty directories are all recursively removed.
     shutil.rmtree(TMP_TEST_DIR)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Test functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class ProfileStartupTest(TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         # create profile dir
         self.pd = ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(IP_TEST_DIR, "test")
         self.options = ["--ipython-dir", IP_TEST_DIR, "--profile", "test"]
         self.fname = TMP_TEST_DIR / "test.py"
 
     def tearDown(self):
         # We must remove this profile right away so its presence doesn't
         # confuse other tests.
         shutil.rmtree(self.pd.location)
 
     def init(self, startup_file, startup, test):
         # write startup python file
-        with open(Path(self.pd.startup_dir) / startup_file, "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        with open(Path(self.pd.startup_dir) / startup_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write(startup)
         # write simple test file, to check that the startup file was run
-        with open(self.fname, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        with open(self.fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write(test)
 
     def validate(self, output):
         tt.ipexec_validate(self.fname, output, "", options=self.options)
 
     def test_startup_py(self):
         self.init('00-start.py', 'zzz=123\n', 'print(zzz)\n')
         self.validate('123')
 
     def test_startup_ipy(self):
         self.init('00-start.ipy', '%xmode plain\n', '')
         self.validate('Exception reporting mode: Plain')
 
 
 def test_list_profiles_in():
     # No need to remove these directories and files, as they will get nuked in
     # the module-level teardown.
     td = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=TMP_TEST_DIR))
     for name in ("profile_foo", "profile_hello", "not_a_profile"):
         Path(td / name).mkdir(parents=True)
     if dec.unicode_paths:
         Path(td / u"profile_ünicode").mkdir(parents=True)
 
-    with open(td / "profile_file", "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+    with open(td / "profile_file", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         f.write("I am not a profile directory")
     profiles = list_profiles_in(td)
 
     # unicode normalization can turn u'ünicode' into u'u\0308nicode',
     # so only check for *nicode, and that creating a ProfileDir from the
     # name remains valid
     found_unicode = False
     for p in list(profiles):
         if p.endswith('nicode'):
             pd = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir_by_name(td, p)
             profiles.remove(p)
             found_unicode = True
             break
     if dec.unicode_paths:
         assert found_unicode is True
     assert set(profiles) == {"foo", "hello"}
 
 
 def test_list_bundled_profiles():
     # This variable will need to be updated when a new profile gets bundled
     bundled = sorted(list_bundled_profiles())
     assert bundled == []
 
 
 def test_profile_create_ipython_dir():
     """ipython profile create respects --ipython-dir"""
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         getoutput(
             [
                 sys.executable,
                 "-m",
                 "IPython",
                 "profile",
                 "create",
                 "foo",
                 "--ipython-dir=%s" % td,
             ]
         )
         profile_dir = Path(td) / "profile_foo"
         assert Path(profile_dir).exists()
         ipython_config = profile_dir / "ipython_config.py"
         assert Path(ipython_config).exists()

IPython/core/tests/test_run.py

@@ -1,612 +1,620 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """Tests for code execution (%run and related), which is particularly tricky.
 
 Because of how %run manages namespaces, and the fact that we are trying here to
 verify subtle object deletion and reference counting issues, the %run tests
 will be kept in this separate file.  This makes it easier to aggregate in one
 place the tricks needed to handle it; most other magics are much easier to test
 and we do so in a common test_magic file.
 
 Note that any test using `run -i` should make sure to do a `reset` afterwards,
 as otherwise it may influence later tests.
 """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 
 import functools
 import os
 import platform
 from os.path import join as pjoin
 import random
 import string
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import unittest
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
 
 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 from IPython.utils.io import capture_output
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory
 from IPython.core import debugger
 
 def doctest_refbug():
     """Very nasty problem with references held by multiple runs of a script.
     See: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/141
 
     In [1]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
     # random
 
     In [2]: %run refbug
 
     In [3]: call_f()
     lowercased: hello
 
     In [4]: %run refbug
 
     In [5]: call_f()
     lowercased: hello
     lowercased: hello
     """
 
 
 def doctest_run_builtins():
     r"""Check that %run doesn't damage __builtins__.
 
     In [1]: import tempfile
 
     In [2]: bid1 = id(__builtins__)
 
     In [3]: fname = tempfile.mkstemp('.py')[1]
 
     In [3]: f = open(fname, 'w', encoding='utf-8')
 
     In [4]: dummy= f.write('pass\n')
 
     In [5]: f.flush()
 
     In [6]: t1 = type(__builtins__)
 
     In [7]: %run $fname
 
     In [7]: f.close()
 
     In [8]: bid2 = id(__builtins__)
 
     In [9]: t2 = type(__builtins__)
 
     In [10]: t1 == t2
     Out[10]: True
 
     In [10]: bid1 == bid2
     Out[10]: True
 
     In [12]: try:
        ....:     os.unlink(fname)
        ....: except:
        ....:     pass
        ....:
     """
 
 
 def doctest_run_option_parser():
     r"""Test option parser in %run.
 
     In [1]: %run print_argv.py
     []
 
     In [2]: %run print_argv.py print*.py
     ['print_argv.py']
 
     In [3]: %run -G print_argv.py print*.py
     ['print*.py']
 
     """
 
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def doctest_run_option_parser_for_posix():
     r"""Test option parser in %run (Linux/OSX specific).
 
     You need double quote to escape glob in POSIX systems:
 
     In [1]: %run print_argv.py print\\*.py
     ['print*.py']
 
     You can't use quote to escape glob in POSIX systems:
 
     In [2]: %run print_argv.py 'print*.py'
     ['print_argv.py']
 
     """
 
 
 doctest_run_option_parser_for_posix.__skip_doctest__ = sys.platform == "win32"
 
 
 @dec.skip_if_not_win32
 def doctest_run_option_parser_for_windows():
     r"""Test option parser in %run (Windows specific).
 
     In Windows, you can't escape ``*` `by backslash:
 
     In [1]: %run print_argv.py print\\*.py
     ['print\\\\*.py']
 
     You can use quote to escape glob:
 
     In [2]: %run print_argv.py 'print*.py'
     ["'print*.py'"]
 
     """
 
 
 doctest_run_option_parser_for_windows.__skip_doctest__ = sys.platform != "win32"
 
 
 def doctest_reset_del():
     """Test that resetting doesn't cause errors in __del__ methods.
 
     In [2]: class A(object):
        ...:     def __del__(self):
        ...:         print(str("Hi"))
        ...:
 
     In [3]: a = A()
 
     In [4]: get_ipython().reset(); import gc; x = gc.collect(0)
     Hi
 
     In [5]: 1+1
     Out[5]: 2
     """
 
 # For some tests, it will be handy to organize them in a class with a common
 # setup that makes a temp file
 
 class TestMagicRunPass(tt.TempFileMixin):
 
     def setUp(self):
         content = "a = [1,2,3]\nb = 1"
         self.mktmp(content)
 
     def run_tmpfile(self):
         _ip = get_ipython()
         # This fails on Windows if self.tmpfile.name has spaces or "~" in it.
         # See below and ticket https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/366353
         _ip.magic('run %s' % self.fname)
 
     def run_tmpfile_p(self):
         _ip = get_ipython()
         # This fails on Windows if self.tmpfile.name has spaces or "~" in it.
         # See below and ticket https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/366353
         _ip.magic('run -p %s' % self.fname)
 
     def test_builtins_id(self):
         """Check that %run doesn't damage __builtins__ """
         _ip = get_ipython()
         # Test that the id of __builtins__ is not modified by %run
         bid1 = id(_ip.user_ns['__builtins__'])
         self.run_tmpfile()
         bid2 = id(_ip.user_ns['__builtins__'])
         assert bid1 == bid2
 
     def test_builtins_type(self):
         """Check that the type of __builtins__ doesn't change with %run.
 
         However, the above could pass if __builtins__ was already modified to
         be a dict (it should be a module) by a previous use of %run.  So we
         also check explicitly that it really is a module:
         """
         _ip = get_ipython()
         self.run_tmpfile()
         assert type(_ip.user_ns["__builtins__"]) == type(sys)
 
     def test_run_profile(self):
         """Test that the option -p, which invokes the profiler, do not
         crash by invoking execfile"""
         self.run_tmpfile_p()
 
     def test_run_debug_twice(self):
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10028
         _ip = get_ipython()
         with tt.fake_input(['c']):
             _ip.magic('run -d %s' % self.fname)
         with tt.fake_input(['c']):
             _ip.magic('run -d %s' % self.fname)
 
     def test_run_debug_twice_with_breakpoint(self):
         """Make a valid python temp file."""
         _ip = get_ipython()
         with tt.fake_input(['b 2', 'c', 'c']):
             _ip.magic('run -d %s' % self.fname)
 
         with tt.fake_input(['c']):
             with tt.AssertNotPrints('KeyError'):
                 _ip.magic('run -d %s' % self.fname)
 
 
 class TestMagicRunSimple(tt.TempFileMixin):
 
     def test_simpledef(self):
         """Test that simple class definitions work."""
         src = ("class foo: pass\n"
                "def f(): return foo()")
         self.mktmp(src)
         _ip.magic("run %s" % self.fname)
         _ip.run_cell("t = isinstance(f(), foo)")
         assert _ip.user_ns["t"] is True
 
     @pytest.mark.xfail(
         platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy",
         reason="expecting __del__ call on exit is unreliable and doesn't happen on PyPy",
     )
     def test_obj_del(self):
         """Test that object's __del__ methods are called on exit."""
         src = ("class A(object):\n"
                "    def __del__(self):\n"
                "        print('object A deleted')\n"
                "a = A()\n")
         self.mktmp(src)
         err = None
         tt.ipexec_validate(self.fname, 'object A deleted', err)
 
     def test_aggressive_namespace_cleanup(self):
         """Test that namespace cleanup is not too aggressive GH-238
 
         Returning from another run magic deletes the namespace"""
         # see ticket https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/238
 
         with tt.TempFileMixin() as empty:
             empty.mktmp("")
             # On Windows, the filename will have \users in it, so we need to use the
             # repr so that the \u becomes \\u.
             src = (
                 "ip = get_ipython()\n"
                 "for i in range(5):\n"
                 "   try:\n"
                 "       ip.magic(%r)\n"
                 "   except NameError as e:\n"
                 "       print(i)\n"
                 "       break\n" % ("run " + empty.fname)
             )
             self.mktmp(src)
             _ip.magic("run %s" % self.fname)
             _ip.run_cell("ip == get_ipython()")
             assert _ip.user_ns["i"] == 4
 
     def test_run_second(self):
         """Test that running a second file doesn't clobber the first, gh-3547"""
         self.mktmp("avar = 1\n" "def afunc():\n" "  return avar\n")
 
         with tt.TempFileMixin() as empty:
             empty.mktmp("")
 
             _ip.magic("run %s" % self.fname)
             _ip.magic("run %s" % empty.fname)
             assert _ip.user_ns["afunc"]() == 1
 
     def test_tclass(self):
         mydir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
         tc = os.path.join(mydir, "tclass")
         src = f"""\
 import gc
 %run "{tc}" C-first
 gc.collect(0)
 %run "{tc}" C-second
 gc.collect(0)
 %run "{tc}" C-third
 gc.collect(0)
 %reset -f
 """
         self.mktmp(src, ".ipy")
         out = """\
 ARGV 1-: ['C-first']
 ARGV 1-: ['C-second']
 tclass.py: deleting object: C-first
 ARGV 1-: ['C-third']
 tclass.py: deleting object: C-second
 tclass.py: deleting object: C-third
 """
         err = None
         tt.ipexec_validate(self.fname, out, err)
 
     def test_run_i_after_reset(self):
         """Check that %run -i still works after %reset (gh-693)"""
         src = "yy = zz\n"
         self.mktmp(src)
         _ip.run_cell("zz = 23")
         try:
             _ip.magic("run -i %s" % self.fname)
             assert _ip.user_ns["yy"] == 23
         finally:
             _ip.magic('reset -f')
 
         _ip.run_cell("zz = 23")
         try:
             _ip.magic("run -i %s" % self.fname)
             assert _ip.user_ns["yy"] == 23
         finally:
             _ip.magic('reset -f')
 
     def test_unicode(self):
         """Check that files in odd encodings are accepted."""
         mydir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
         na = os.path.join(mydir, 'nonascii.py')
         _ip.magic('run "%s"' % na)
         assert _ip.user_ns["u"] == "Ўт№Ф"
 
     def test_run_py_file_attribute(self):
         """Test handling of `__file__` attribute in `%run <file>.py`."""
         src = "t = __file__\n"
         self.mktmp(src)
         _missing = object()
         file1 = _ip.user_ns.get('__file__', _missing)
         _ip.magic('run %s' % self.fname)
         file2 = _ip.user_ns.get('__file__', _missing)
 
         # Check that __file__ was equal to the filename in the script's
         # namespace.
         assert _ip.user_ns["t"] == self.fname
 
         # Check that __file__ was not leaked back into user_ns.
         assert file1 == file2
 
     def test_run_ipy_file_attribute(self):
         """Test handling of `__file__` attribute in `%run <file.ipy>`."""
         src = "t = __file__\n"
         self.mktmp(src, ext='.ipy')
         _missing = object()
         file1 = _ip.user_ns.get('__file__', _missing)
         _ip.magic('run %s' % self.fname)
         file2 = _ip.user_ns.get('__file__', _missing)
 
         # Check that __file__ was equal to the filename in the script's
         # namespace.
         assert _ip.user_ns["t"] == self.fname
 
         # Check that __file__ was not leaked back into user_ns.
         assert file1 == file2
 
     def test_run_formatting(self):
         """ Test that %run -t -N<N> does not raise a TypeError for N > 1."""
         src = "pass"
         self.mktmp(src)
         _ip.magic('run -t -N 1 %s' % self.fname)
         _ip.magic('run -t -N 10 %s' % self.fname)
 
     def test_ignore_sys_exit(self):
         """Test the -e option to ignore sys.exit()"""
         src = "import sys; sys.exit(1)"
         self.mktmp(src)
         with tt.AssertPrints('SystemExit'):
             _ip.magic('run %s' % self.fname)
 
         with tt.AssertNotPrints('SystemExit'):
             _ip.magic('run -e %s' % self.fname)
 
     def test_run_nb(self):
         """Test %run notebook.ipynb"""
         pytest.importorskip("nbformat")
         from nbformat import v4, writes
         nb = v4.new_notebook(
            cells=[
                 v4.new_markdown_cell("The Ultimate Question of Everything"),
                 v4.new_code_cell("answer=42")
             ]
         )
         src = writes(nb, version=4)
         self.mktmp(src, ext='.ipynb')
 
         _ip.magic("run %s" % self.fname)
 
         assert _ip.user_ns["answer"] == 42
 
     def test_run_nb_error(self):
         """Test %run notebook.ipynb error"""
         pytest.importorskip("nbformat")
         from nbformat import v4, writes
         # %run when a file name isn't provided
         pytest.raises(Exception, _ip.magic, "run")
 
         # %run when a file doesn't exist
         pytest.raises(Exception, _ip.magic, "run foobar.ipynb")
 
         # %run on a notebook with an error
         nb = v4.new_notebook(
            cells=[
                 v4.new_code_cell("0/0")
             ]
         )
         src = writes(nb, version=4)
         self.mktmp(src, ext='.ipynb')
         pytest.raises(Exception, _ip.magic, "run %s" % self.fname)
 
     def test_file_options(self):
         src = ('import sys\n'
                'a = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])\n')
         self.mktmp(src)
         test_opts = "-x 3 --verbose"
         _ip.run_line_magic("run", "{0} {1}".format(self.fname, test_opts))
         assert _ip.user_ns["a"] == test_opts
 
 
 class TestMagicRunWithPackage(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def writefile(self, name, content):
         path = os.path.join(self.tempdir.name, name)
         d = os.path.dirname(path)
         if not os.path.isdir(d):
             os.makedirs(d)
-        with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write(textwrap.dedent(content))
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.package = package = 'tmp{0}'.format(''.join([random.choice(string.ascii_letters) for i in range(10)]))
         """Temporary  (probably) valid python package name."""
 
         self.value = int(random.random() * 10000)
 
         self.tempdir = TemporaryDirectory()
         self.__orig_cwd = os.getcwd()
         sys.path.insert(0, self.tempdir.name)
 
         self.writefile(os.path.join(package, '__init__.py'), '')
         self.writefile(os.path.join(package, 'sub.py'), """
         x = {0!r}
         """.format(self.value))
         self.writefile(os.path.join(package, 'relative.py'), """
         from .sub import x
         """)
         self.writefile(os.path.join(package, 'absolute.py'), """
         from {0}.sub import x
         """.format(package))
         self.writefile(os.path.join(package, 'args.py'), """
         import sys
         a = " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
         """.format(package))
 
     def tearDown(self):
         os.chdir(self.__orig_cwd)
         sys.path[:] = [p for p in sys.path if p != self.tempdir.name]
         self.tempdir.cleanup()
 
     def check_run_submodule(self, submodule, opts=''):
         _ip.user_ns.pop('x', None)
         _ip.magic('run {2} -m {0}.{1}'.format(self.package, submodule, opts))
         self.assertEqual(_ip.user_ns['x'], self.value,
                          'Variable `x` is not loaded from module `{0}`.'
                          .format(submodule))
 
     def test_run_submodule_with_absolute_import(self):
         self.check_run_submodule('absolute')
 
     def test_run_submodule_with_relative_import(self):
         """Run submodule that has a relative import statement (#2727)."""
         self.check_run_submodule('relative')
 
     def test_prun_submodule_with_absolute_import(self):
         self.check_run_submodule('absolute', '-p')
 
     def test_prun_submodule_with_relative_import(self):
         self.check_run_submodule('relative', '-p')
 
     def with_fake_debugger(func):
         @functools.wraps(func)
         def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
             with patch.object(debugger.Pdb, 'run', staticmethod(eval)):
                 return func(*args, **kwds)
         return wrapper
 
     @with_fake_debugger
     def test_debug_run_submodule_with_absolute_import(self):
         self.check_run_submodule('absolute', '-d')
 
     @with_fake_debugger
     def test_debug_run_submodule_with_relative_import(self):
         self.check_run_submodule('relative', '-d')
 
     def test_module_options(self):
         _ip.user_ns.pop("a", None)
         test_opts = "-x abc -m test"
         _ip.run_line_magic("run", "-m {0}.args {1}".format(self.package, test_opts))
         assert _ip.user_ns["a"] == test_opts
 
     def test_module_options_with_separator(self):
         _ip.user_ns.pop("a", None)
         test_opts = "-x abc -m test"
         _ip.run_line_magic("run", "-m {0}.args -- {1}".format(self.package, test_opts))
         assert _ip.user_ns["a"] == test_opts
 
 
 def test_run__name__():
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
-        path = pjoin(td, 'foo.py')
-        with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        path = pjoin(td, "foo.py")
+        with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write("q = __name__")
 
         _ip.user_ns.pop("q", None)
         _ip.magic("run {}".format(path))
         assert _ip.user_ns.pop("q") == "__main__"
 
         _ip.magic("run -n {}".format(path))
         assert _ip.user_ns.pop("q") == "foo"
 
         try:
             _ip.magic("run -i -n {}".format(path))
             assert _ip.user_ns.pop("q") == "foo"
         finally:
             _ip.magic('reset -f')
 
 
 def test_run_tb():
     """Test traceback offset in %run"""
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
-        path = pjoin(td, 'foo.py')
-        with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-            f.write('\n'.join([
-                "def foo():",
-                "    return bar()",
-                "def bar():",
-                "    raise RuntimeError('hello!')",
-                "foo()",
-            ]))
+        path = pjoin(td, "foo.py")
+        with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            f.write(
+                "\n".join(
+                    [
+                        "def foo():",
+                        "    return bar()",
+                        "def bar():",
+                        "    raise RuntimeError('hello!')",
+                        "foo()",
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
         with capture_output() as io:
             _ip.magic('run {}'.format(path))
         out = io.stdout
         assert "execfile" not in out
         assert "RuntimeError" in out
         assert out.count("---->") == 3
         del ip.user_ns['bar']
         del ip.user_ns['foo']
 
 
 def test_multiprocessing_run():
     """Set we can run mutiprocesgin without messing up up main namespace
 
     Note that import `nose.tools as nt` mdify the value s
     sys.module['__mp_main__'] so we need to temporarily set it to None to test
     the issue.
     """
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         mpm = sys.modules.get('__mp_main__')
         sys.modules['__mp_main__'] = None
         try:
-            path = pjoin(td, 'test.py')
-            with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            path = pjoin(td, "test.py")
+            with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write("import multiprocessing\nprint('hoy')")
             with capture_output() as io:
                 _ip.run_line_magic('run', path)
                 _ip.run_cell("i_m_undefined")
             out = io.stdout
             assert "hoy" in out
             assert "AttributeError" not in out
             assert "NameError" in out
             assert out.count("---->") == 1
         except:
             raise
         finally:
             sys.modules['__mp_main__'] = mpm
 
 
 def test_script_tb():
     """Test traceback offset in `ipython script.py`"""
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
-        path = pjoin(td, 'foo.py')
-        with open(path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-            f.write('\n'.join([
-                "def foo():",
-                "    return bar()",
-                "def bar():",
-                "    raise RuntimeError('hello!')",
-                "foo()",
-            ]))
+        path = pjoin(td, "foo.py")
+        with open(path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            f.write(
+                "\n".join(
+                    [
+                        "def foo():",
+                        "    return bar()",
+                        "def bar():",
+                        "    raise RuntimeError('hello!')",
+                        "foo()",
+                    ]
+                )
+            )
         out, err = tt.ipexec(path)
         assert "execfile" not in out
         assert "RuntimeError" in out
         assert out.count("---->") == 3

IPython/core/tests/test_ultratb.py

@@ -1,410 +1,410 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """Tests for IPython.core.ultratb
 """
 import io
 import logging
 import platform
 import re
 import sys
 import os.path
 from textwrap import dedent
 import traceback
 import unittest
 
 from IPython.core.ultratb import ColorTB, VerboseTB
 
 
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 from IPython.testing.decorators import onlyif_unicode_paths
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory
 
 file_1 = """1
 2
 3
 def f():
   1/0
 """
 
 file_2 = """def f():
   1/0
 """
 
 
 def recursionlimit(frames):
     """
     decorator to set the recursion limit temporarily
     """
 
     def inner(test_function):
         def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
             rl = sys.getrecursionlimit()
             sys.setrecursionlimit(frames)
             try:
                 return test_function(*args, **kwargs)
             finally:
                 sys.setrecursionlimit(rl)
 
         return wrapper
 
     return inner
 
 
 class ChangedPyFileTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_changing_py_file(self):
         """Traceback produced if the line where the error occurred is missing?
         
         https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1456
         """
         with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
             fname = os.path.join(td, "foo.py")
-            with open(fname, "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(file_1)
             
             with prepended_to_syspath(td):
                 ip.run_cell("import foo")
             
             with tt.AssertPrints("ZeroDivisionError"):
                 ip.run_cell("foo.f()")
             
             # Make the file shorter, so the line of the error is missing.
-            with open(fname, "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(file_2)
             
             # For some reason, this was failing on the *second* call after
             # changing the file, so we call f() twice.
             with tt.AssertNotPrints("Internal Python error", channel='stderr'):
                 with tt.AssertPrints("ZeroDivisionError"):
                     ip.run_cell("foo.f()")
                 with tt.AssertPrints("ZeroDivisionError"):
                     ip.run_cell("foo.f()")
 
 iso_8859_5_file = u'''# coding: iso-8859-5
 
 def fail():
     """дбИЖ"""
     1/0     # дбИЖ
 '''
 
 class NonAsciiTest(unittest.TestCase):
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_nonascii_path(self):
         # Non-ascii directory name as well.
         with TemporaryDirectory(suffix=u'é') as td:
             fname = os.path.join(td, u"fooé.py")
-            with open(fname, "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(file_1)
             
             with prepended_to_syspath(td):
                 ip.run_cell("import foo")
             
             with tt.AssertPrints("ZeroDivisionError"):
                 ip.run_cell("foo.f()")
     
     def test_iso8859_5(self):
         with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
             fname = os.path.join(td, 'dfghjkl.py')
 
             with io.open(fname, 'w', encoding='iso-8859-5') as f:
                 f.write(iso_8859_5_file)
             
             with prepended_to_syspath(td):
                 ip.run_cell("from dfghjkl import fail")
             
             with tt.AssertPrints("ZeroDivisionError"):
                 with tt.AssertPrints(u'дбИЖ', suppress=False):
                     ip.run_cell('fail()')
     
     def test_nonascii_msg(self):
         cell = u"raise Exception('é')"
         expected = u"Exception('é')"
         ip.run_cell("%xmode plain")
         with tt.AssertPrints(expected):
             ip.run_cell(cell)
 
         ip.run_cell("%xmode verbose")
         with tt.AssertPrints(expected):
             ip.run_cell(cell)
 
         ip.run_cell("%xmode context")
         with tt.AssertPrints(expected):
             ip.run_cell(cell)
 
         ip.run_cell("%xmode minimal")
         with tt.AssertPrints(u"Exception: é"):
             ip.run_cell(cell)
 
         # Put this back into Context mode for later tests.
         ip.run_cell("%xmode context")
 
 class NestedGenExprTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     """
     Regression test for the following issues:
     https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/8293
     https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/8205
     """
     def test_nested_genexpr(self):
         code = dedent(
             """\
             class SpecificException(Exception):
                 pass
 
             def foo(x):
                 raise SpecificException("Success!")
 
             sum(sum(foo(x) for _ in [0]) for x in [0])
             """
         )
         with tt.AssertPrints('SpecificException: Success!', suppress=False):
             ip.run_cell(code)
 
 
 indentationerror_file = """if True:
 zoon()
 """
 
 class IndentationErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_indentationerror_shows_line(self):
         # See issue gh-2398
         with tt.AssertPrints("IndentationError"):
             with tt.AssertPrints("zoon()", suppress=False):
                 ip.run_cell(indentationerror_file)
         
         with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
             fname = os.path.join(td, "foo.py")
-            with open(fname, "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(indentationerror_file)
             
             with tt.AssertPrints("IndentationError"):
                 with tt.AssertPrints("zoon()", suppress=False):
                     ip.magic('run %s' % fname)
 
 se_file_1 = """1
 2
 7/
 """
 
 se_file_2 = """7/
 """
 
 class SyntaxErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_syntaxerror_no_stacktrace_at_compile_time(self):
         syntax_error_at_compile_time = """
 def foo():
     ..
 """
         with tt.AssertPrints("SyntaxError"):
             ip.run_cell(syntax_error_at_compile_time)
 
         with tt.AssertNotPrints("foo()"):
             ip.run_cell(syntax_error_at_compile_time)
 
     def test_syntaxerror_stacktrace_when_running_compiled_code(self):
         syntax_error_at_runtime = """
 def foo():
     eval("..")
 
 def bar():
     foo()
 
 bar()
 """
         with tt.AssertPrints("SyntaxError"):
             ip.run_cell(syntax_error_at_runtime)
         # Assert syntax error during runtime generate stacktrace
         with tt.AssertPrints(["foo()", "bar()"]):
             ip.run_cell(syntax_error_at_runtime)
         del ip.user_ns['bar']
         del ip.user_ns['foo']
 
     def test_changing_py_file(self):
         with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
             fname = os.path.join(td, "foo.py")
-            with open(fname, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(se_file_1)
 
             with tt.AssertPrints(["7/", "SyntaxError"]):
                 ip.magic("run " + fname)
 
             # Modify the file
-            with open(fname, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            with open(fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(se_file_2)
 
             # The SyntaxError should point to the correct line
             with tt.AssertPrints(["7/", "SyntaxError"]):
                 ip.magic("run " + fname)
 
     def test_non_syntaxerror(self):
         # SyntaxTB may be called with an error other than a SyntaxError
         # See e.g. gh-4361
         try:
             raise ValueError('QWERTY')
         except ValueError:
             with tt.AssertPrints('QWERTY'):
                 ip.showsyntaxerror()
 
 import sys
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 9) and platform.python_implementation() != "PyPy":
     """
     New 3.9 Pgen Parser does not raise Memory error, except on failed malloc.
     """
     class MemoryErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
         def test_memoryerror(self):
             memoryerror_code = "(" * 200 + ")" * 200
             with tt.AssertPrints("MemoryError"):
                 ip.run_cell(memoryerror_code)
 
 
 class Python3ChainedExceptionsTest(unittest.TestCase):
     DIRECT_CAUSE_ERROR_CODE = """
 try:
     x = 1 + 2
     print(not_defined_here)
 except Exception as e:
     x += 55
     x - 1
     y = {}
     raise KeyError('uh') from e
     """
 
     EXCEPTION_DURING_HANDLING_CODE = """
 try:
     x = 1 + 2
     print(not_defined_here)
 except Exception as e:
     x += 55
     x - 1
     y = {}
     raise KeyError('uh')
     """
 
     SUPPRESS_CHAINING_CODE = """
 try:
     1/0
 except Exception:
     raise ValueError("Yikes") from None
     """
 
     def test_direct_cause_error(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints(["KeyError", "NameError", "direct cause"]):
             ip.run_cell(self.DIRECT_CAUSE_ERROR_CODE)
 
     def test_exception_during_handling_error(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints(["KeyError", "NameError", "During handling"]):
             ip.run_cell(self.EXCEPTION_DURING_HANDLING_CODE)
 
     def test_suppress_exception_chaining(self):
         with tt.AssertNotPrints("ZeroDivisionError"), \
              tt.AssertPrints("ValueError", suppress=False):
             ip.run_cell(self.SUPPRESS_CHAINING_CODE)
 
     def test_plain_direct_cause_error(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints(["KeyError", "NameError", "direct cause"]):
             ip.run_cell("%xmode Plain")
             ip.run_cell(self.DIRECT_CAUSE_ERROR_CODE)
             ip.run_cell("%xmode Verbose")
 
     def test_plain_exception_during_handling_error(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints(["KeyError", "NameError", "During handling"]):
             ip.run_cell("%xmode Plain")
             ip.run_cell(self.EXCEPTION_DURING_HANDLING_CODE)
             ip.run_cell("%xmode Verbose")
 
     def test_plain_suppress_exception_chaining(self):
         with tt.AssertNotPrints("ZeroDivisionError"), \
              tt.AssertPrints("ValueError", suppress=False):
             ip.run_cell("%xmode Plain")
             ip.run_cell(self.SUPPRESS_CHAINING_CODE)
             ip.run_cell("%xmode Verbose")
 
 
 class RecursionTest(unittest.TestCase):
     DEFINITIONS = """
 def non_recurs():
     1/0
 
 def r1():
     r1()
 
 def r3a():
     r3b()
 
 def r3b():
     r3c()
 
 def r3c():
     r3a()
 
 def r3o1():
     r3a()
 
 def r3o2():
     r3o1()
 """
     def setUp(self):
         ip.run_cell(self.DEFINITIONS)
 
     def test_no_recursion(self):
         with tt.AssertNotPrints("skipping similar frames"):
             ip.run_cell("non_recurs()")
 
     @recursionlimit(200)
     def test_recursion_one_frame(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints(re.compile(
             r"\[\.\.\. skipping similar frames: r1 at line 5 \(\d{2,3} times\)\]")
         ):
             ip.run_cell("r1()")
 
     @recursionlimit(160)
     def test_recursion_three_frames(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints("[... skipping similar frames: "), \
                 tt.AssertPrints(re.compile(r"r3a at line 8 \(\d{2} times\)"), suppress=False), \
                 tt.AssertPrints(re.compile(r"r3b at line 11 \(\d{2} times\)"), suppress=False), \
                 tt.AssertPrints(re.compile(r"r3c at line 14 \(\d{2} times\)"), suppress=False):
             ip.run_cell("r3o2()")
 
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # module testing (minimal)
 def test_handlers():
     def spam(c, d_e):
         (d, e) = d_e
         x = c + d
         y = c * d
         foo(x, y)
 
     def foo(a, b, bar=1):
         eggs(a, b + bar)
 
     def eggs(f, g, z=globals()):
         h = f + g
         i = f - g
         return h / i
 
     buff = io.StringIO()
 
     buff.write('')
     buff.write('*** Before ***')
     try:
         buff.write(spam(1, (2, 3)))
     except:
         traceback.print_exc(file=buff)
 
     handler = ColorTB(ostream=buff)
     buff.write('*** ColorTB ***')
     try:
         buff.write(spam(1, (2, 3)))
     except:
         handler(*sys.exc_info())
     buff.write('')
 
     handler = VerboseTB(ostream=buff)
     buff.write('*** VerboseTB ***')
     try:
         buff.write(spam(1, (2, 3)))
     except:
         handler(*sys.exc_info())
     buff.write('')