Merge pull request #1606 from Carreau/loadpycat

Share code for %pycat and %loadpy, make %pycat aware of URLs

IPython/core/interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,2827 +1,2853 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Main IPython class."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from __future__ import with_statement
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 import __builtin__ as builtin_mod
 import __future__
 import abc
 import ast
 import atexit
-import codeop
-import inspect
 import os
 import re
 import runpy
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import types
-
-try:
-    from contextlib import nested
-except:
-    from IPython.utils.nested_context import nested
+import urllib
+from io import open as io_open
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
 from IPython.core import debugger, oinspect
-from IPython.core import history as ipcorehist
 from IPython.core import page
 from IPython.core import prefilter
 from IPython.core import shadowns
 from IPython.core import ultratb
 from IPython.core.alias import AliasManager, AliasError
 from IPython.core.autocall import ExitAutocall
 from IPython.core.builtin_trap import BuiltinTrap
 from IPython.core.compilerop import CachingCompiler
 from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.core.displayhook import DisplayHook
 from IPython.core.displaypub import DisplayPublisher
-from IPython.core.error import TryNext, UsageError
+from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.extensions import ExtensionManager
 from IPython.core.fakemodule import FakeModule, init_fakemod_dict
 from IPython.core.formatters import DisplayFormatter
 from IPython.core.history import HistoryManager
 from IPython.core.inputsplitter import IPythonInputSplitter
 from IPython.core.logger import Logger
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.magic import Magic
 from IPython.core.payload import PayloadManager
 from IPython.core.plugin import PluginManager
 from IPython.core.prefilter import PrefilterManager, ESC_MAGIC
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.core.pylabtools import pylab_activate
 from IPython.core.prompts import PromptManager
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize
 from IPython.utils import io
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
+from IPython.utils import openpy
 from IPython.utils.doctestreload import doctest_reload
-from IPython.utils.io import ask_yes_no, rprint
+from IPython.utils.io import ask_yes_no
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
-from IPython.utils.path import get_home_dir, get_ipython_dir, HomeDirError
+from IPython.utils.path import get_home_dir, get_ipython_dir, get_py_filename, unquote_filename
 from IPython.utils.pickleshare import PickleShareDB
 from IPython.utils.process import system, getoutput
 from IPython.utils.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
-from IPython.utils.text import (num_ini_spaces, format_screen, LSString, SList,
+from IPython.utils.text import (format_screen, LSString, SList,
                                 DollarFormatter)
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (Integer, CBool, CaselessStrEnum, Enum,
                                      List, Unicode, Instance, Type)
-from IPython.utils.warn import warn, error, fatal
+from IPython.utils.warn import warn, error
 import IPython.core.hooks
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 
 def no_op(*a, **kw): pass
 
 class NoOpContext(object):
     def __enter__(self): pass
     def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): pass
 no_op_context = NoOpContext()
 
 class SpaceInInput(Exception): pass
 
 class Bunch: pass
 
 
 def get_default_colors():
     if sys.platform=='darwin':
         return "LightBG"
     elif os.name=='nt':
         return 'Linux'
     else:
         return 'Linux'
 
 
 class SeparateUnicode(Unicode):
     """A Unicode subclass to validate separate_in, separate_out, etc.
 
     This is a Unicode based trait that converts '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'.
     """
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if value == '0': value = ''
         value = value.replace('\\n','\n')
         return super(SeparateUnicode, self).validate(obj, value)
 
 
 class ReadlineNoRecord(object):
     """Context manager to execute some code, then reload readline history
     so that interactive input to the code doesn't appear when pressing up."""
     def __init__(self, shell):
         self.shell = shell
         self._nested_level = 0
 
     def __enter__(self):
         if self._nested_level == 0:
             try:
                 self.orig_length = self.current_length()
                 self.readline_tail = self.get_readline_tail()
             except (AttributeError, IndexError):   # Can fail with pyreadline
                 self.orig_length, self.readline_tail = 999999, []
         self._nested_level += 1
 
     def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
         self._nested_level -= 1
         if self._nested_level == 0:
             # Try clipping the end if it's got longer
             try:
                 e = self.current_length() - self.orig_length
                 if e > 0:
                     for _ in range(e):
                         self.shell.readline.remove_history_item(self.orig_length)
 
                 # If it still doesn't match, just reload readline history.
                 if self.current_length() != self.orig_length \
                     or self.get_readline_tail() != self.readline_tail:
                     self.shell.refill_readline_hist()
             except (AttributeError, IndexError):
                 pass
         # Returning False will cause exceptions to propagate
         return False
 
     def current_length(self):
         return self.shell.readline.get_current_history_length()
 
     def get_readline_tail(self, n=10):
         """Get the last n items in readline history."""
         end = self.shell.readline.get_current_history_length() + 1
         start = max(end-n, 1)
         ghi = self.shell.readline.get_history_item
         return [ghi(x) for x in range(start, end)]
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main IPython class
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class InteractiveShell(SingletonConfigurable, Magic):
     """An enhanced, interactive shell for Python."""
 
     _instance = None
 
     autocall = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0, config=True, help=
         """
         Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if you didn't
         type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes 'str(43)'
         automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature, '1' for
         'smart' autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more
         arguments on the line, and '2' for 'full' autocall, where all callable
         objects are automatically called (even if no arguments are present).
         """
     )
     # TODO: remove all autoindent logic and put into frontends.
     # We can't do this yet because even runlines uses the autoindent.
     autoindent = CBool(True, config=True, help=
         """
         Autoindent IPython code entered interactively.
         """
     )
     automagic = CBool(True, config=True, help=
         """
         Enable magic commands to be called without the leading %.
         """
     )
     cache_size = Integer(1000, config=True, help=
         """
         Set the size of the output cache.  The default is 1000, you can
         change it permanently in your config file.  Setting it to 0 completely
         disables the caching system, and the minimum value accepted is 20 (if
         you provide a value less than 20, it is reset to 0 and a warning is
         issued).  This limit is defined because otherwise you'll spend more
         time re-flushing a too small cache than working
         """
     )
     color_info = CBool(True, config=True, help=
         """
         Use colors for displaying information about objects. Because this
         information is passed through a pager (like 'less'), and some pagers
         get confused with color codes, this capability can be turned off.
         """
     )
     colors = CaselessStrEnum(('NoColor','LightBG','Linux'),
                              default_value=get_default_colors(), config=True,
         help="Set the color scheme (NoColor, Linux, or LightBG)."
     )
     colors_force = CBool(False, help=
         """
         Force use of ANSI color codes, regardless of OS and readline
         availability.
         """
         # FIXME: This is essentially a hack to allow ZMQShell to show colors
         # without readline on Win32. When the ZMQ formatting system is
         # refactored, this should be removed.
     )
     debug = CBool(False, config=True)
     deep_reload = CBool(False, config=True, help=
         """
         Enable deep (recursive) reloading by default. IPython can use the
         deep_reload module which reloads changes in modules recursively (it
         replaces the reload() function, so you don't need to change anything to
         use it). deep_reload() forces a full reload of modules whose code may
         have changed, which the default reload() function does not.  When
         deep_reload is off, IPython will use the normal reload(), but
         deep_reload will still be available as dreload().
         """
     )
     disable_failing_post_execute = CBool(False, config=True,
         help="Don't call post-execute functions that have failed in the past."""
     )
     display_formatter = Instance(DisplayFormatter)
     displayhook_class = Type(DisplayHook)
     display_pub_class = Type(DisplayPublisher)
 
     exit_now = CBool(False)
     exiter = Instance(ExitAutocall)
     def _exiter_default(self):
         return ExitAutocall(self)
     # Monotonically increasing execution counter
     execution_count = Integer(1)
     filename = Unicode("<ipython console>")
     ipython_dir= Unicode('', config=True) # Set to get_ipython_dir() in __init__
 
     # Input splitter, to split entire cells of input into either individual
     # interactive statements or whole blocks.
     input_splitter = Instance('IPython.core.inputsplitter.IPythonInputSplitter',
                               (), {})
     logstart = CBool(False, config=True, help=
         """
         Start logging to the default log file.
         """
     )
     logfile = Unicode('', config=True, help=
         """
         The name of the logfile to use.
         """
     )
     logappend = Unicode('', config=True, help=
         """
         Start logging to the given file in append mode.
         """
     )
     object_info_string_level = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0,
                                     config=True)
     pdb = CBool(False, config=True, help=
         """
         Automatically call the pdb debugger after every exception.
         """
     )
     multiline_history = CBool(sys.platform != 'win32', config=True,
         help="Save multi-line entries as one entry in readline history"
     )
 
     # deprecated prompt traits:
     
     prompt_in1 = Unicode('In [\\#]: ', config=True,
         help="Deprecated, use PromptManager.in_template")
     prompt_in2 = Unicode('   .\\D.: ', config=True,
         help="Deprecated, use PromptManager.in2_template")
     prompt_out = Unicode('Out[\\#]: ', config=True,
         help="Deprecated, use PromptManager.out_template")
     prompts_pad_left = CBool(True, config=True,
         help="Deprecated, use PromptManager.justify")
     
     def _prompt_trait_changed(self, name, old, new):
         table = {
             'prompt_in1' : 'in_template',
             'prompt_in2' : 'in2_template',
             'prompt_out' : 'out_template',
             'prompts_pad_left' : 'justify',
         }
         warn("InteractiveShell.{name} is deprecated, use PromptManager.{newname}\n".format(
                 name=name, newname=table[name])
         )
         # protect against weird cases where self.config may not exist:
         if self.config is not None:
             # propagate to corresponding PromptManager trait
             setattr(self.config.PromptManager, table[name], new)
     
     _prompt_in1_changed = _prompt_trait_changed
     _prompt_in2_changed = _prompt_trait_changed
     _prompt_out_changed = _prompt_trait_changed
     _prompt_pad_left_changed = _prompt_trait_changed
     
     show_rewritten_input = CBool(True, config=True,
         help="Show rewritten input, e.g. for autocall."
     )
     
     quiet = CBool(False, config=True)
 
     history_length = Integer(10000, config=True)
 
     # The readline stuff will eventually be moved to the terminal subclass
     # but for now, we can't do that as readline is welded in everywhere.
     readline_use = CBool(True, config=True)
     readline_remove_delims = Unicode('-/~', config=True)
     # don't use \M- bindings by default, because they
     # conflict with 8-bit encodings. See gh-58,gh-88
     readline_parse_and_bind = List([
             'tab: complete',
             '"\C-l": clear-screen',
             'set show-all-if-ambiguous on',
             '"\C-o": tab-insert',
             '"\C-r": reverse-search-history',
             '"\C-s": forward-search-history',
             '"\C-p": history-search-backward',
             '"\C-n": history-search-forward',
             '"\e[A": history-search-backward',
             '"\e[B": history-search-forward',
             '"\C-k": kill-line',
             '"\C-u": unix-line-discard',
         ], allow_none=False, config=True)
 
     # TODO: this part of prompt management should be moved to the frontends.
     # Use custom TraitTypes that convert '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'
     separate_in = SeparateUnicode('\n', config=True)
     separate_out = SeparateUnicode('', config=True)
     separate_out2 = SeparateUnicode('', config=True)
     wildcards_case_sensitive = CBool(True, config=True)
     xmode = CaselessStrEnum(('Context','Plain', 'Verbose'),
                             default_value='Context', config=True)
 
     # Subcomponents of InteractiveShell
     alias_manager = Instance('IPython.core.alias.AliasManager')
     prefilter_manager = Instance('IPython.core.prefilter.PrefilterManager')
     builtin_trap = Instance('IPython.core.builtin_trap.BuiltinTrap')
     display_trap = Instance('IPython.core.display_trap.DisplayTrap')
     extension_manager = Instance('IPython.core.extensions.ExtensionManager')
     plugin_manager = Instance('IPython.core.plugin.PluginManager')
     payload_manager = Instance('IPython.core.payload.PayloadManager')
     history_manager = Instance('IPython.core.history.HistoryManager')
 
     profile_dir = Instance('IPython.core.application.ProfileDir')
     @property
     def profile(self):
         if self.profile_dir is not None:
             name = os.path.basename(self.profile_dir.location)
             return name.replace('profile_','')
 
 
     # Private interface
     _post_execute = Instance(dict)
 
     def __init__(self, config=None, ipython_dir=None, profile_dir=None,
                  user_module=None, user_ns=None,
                  custom_exceptions=((), None)):
 
         # This is where traits with a config_key argument are updated
         # from the values on config.
         super(InteractiveShell, self).__init__(config=config)
         self.configurables = [self]
 
         # These are relatively independent and stateless
         self.init_ipython_dir(ipython_dir)
         self.init_profile_dir(profile_dir)
         self.init_instance_attrs()
         self.init_environment()
         
         # Check if we're in a virtualenv, and set up sys.path.
         self.init_virtualenv()
 
         # Create namespaces (user_ns, user_global_ns, etc.)
         self.init_create_namespaces(user_module, user_ns)
         # This has to be done after init_create_namespaces because it uses
         # something in self.user_ns, but before init_sys_modules, which
         # is the first thing to modify sys.
         # TODO: When we override sys.stdout and sys.stderr before this class
         # is created, we are saving the overridden ones here. Not sure if this
         # is what we want to do.
         self.save_sys_module_state()
         self.init_sys_modules()
 
         # While we're trying to have each part of the code directly access what
         # it needs without keeping redundant references to objects, we have too
         # much legacy code that expects ip.db to exist.
         self.db = PickleShareDB(os.path.join(self.profile_dir.location, 'db'))
 
         self.init_history()
         self.init_encoding()
         self.init_prefilter()
 
         Magic.__init__(self, self)
 
         self.init_syntax_highlighting()
         self.init_hooks()
         self.init_pushd_popd_magic()
         # self.init_traceback_handlers use to be here, but we moved it below
         # because it and init_io have to come after init_readline.
         self.init_user_ns()
         self.init_logger()
         self.init_alias()
         self.init_builtins()
 
         # pre_config_initialization
 
         # The next section should contain everything that was in ipmaker.
         self.init_logstart()
 
         # The following was in post_config_initialization
         self.init_inspector()
         # init_readline() must come before init_io(), because init_io uses
         # readline related things.
         self.init_readline()
         # We save this here in case user code replaces raw_input, but it needs
         # to be after init_readline(), because PyPy's readline works by replacing
         # raw_input.
         if py3compat.PY3:
             self.raw_input_original = input
         else:
             self.raw_input_original = raw_input
         # init_completer must come after init_readline, because it needs to
         # know whether readline is present or not system-wide to configure the
         # completers, since the completion machinery can now operate
         # independently of readline (e.g. over the network)
         self.init_completer()
         # TODO: init_io() needs to happen before init_traceback handlers
         # because the traceback handlers hardcode the stdout/stderr streams.
         # This logic in in debugger.Pdb and should eventually be changed.
         self.init_io()
         self.init_traceback_handlers(custom_exceptions)
         self.init_prompts()
         self.init_display_formatter()
         self.init_display_pub()
         self.init_displayhook()
         self.init_reload_doctest()
         self.init_magics()
         self.init_pdb()
         self.init_extension_manager()
         self.init_plugin_manager()
         self.init_payload()
         self.hooks.late_startup_hook()
         atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
 
     def get_ipython(self):
         """Return the currently running IPython instance."""
         return self
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Trait changed handlers
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ipython_dir_changed(self, name, new):
         if not os.path.isdir(new):
             os.makedirs(new, mode = 0777)
 
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag, checking for readline support.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
 
         if value != 0 and not self.has_readline:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn("The auto-indent feature requires the readline library")
             self.autoindent = 0
             return
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # init_* methods called by __init__
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_ipython_dir(self, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is not None:
             self.ipython_dir = ipython_dir
             return
 
         self.ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
 
     def init_profile_dir(self, profile_dir):
         if profile_dir is not None:
             self.profile_dir = profile_dir
             return
         self.profile_dir =\
             ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(self.ipython_dir, 'default')
 
     def init_instance_attrs(self):
         self.more = False
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = CachingCompiler()
 
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         self.tempfiles = []
 
         # Keep track of readline usage (later set by init_readline)
         self.has_readline = False
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         # This is not being used anywhere currently.
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwdu()
 
         # Indentation management
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
         # Dict to track post-execution functions that have been registered
         self._post_execute = {}
 
     def init_environment(self):
         """Any changes we need to make to the user's environment."""
         pass
 
     def init_encoding(self):
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
     def init_syntax_highlighting(self):
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser().format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str',self.colors)
 
     def init_pushd_popd_magic(self):
         # for pushd/popd management
         self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
     def init_logger(self):
         self.logger = Logger(self.home_dir, logfname='ipython_log.py',
                              logmode='rotate')
 
     def init_logstart(self):
         """Initialize logging in case it was requested at the command line.
         """
         if self.logappend:
             self.magic_logstart(self.logappend + ' append')
         elif self.logfile:
             self.magic_logstart(self.logfile)
         elif self.logstart:
             self.magic_logstart()
 
     def init_builtins(self):
         # A single, static flag that we set to True.  Its presence indicates
         # that an IPython shell has been created, and we make no attempts at
         # removing on exit or representing the existence of more than one
         # IPython at a time.
         builtin_mod.__dict__['__IPYTHON__'] = True
 
         # In 0.11 we introduced '__IPYTHON__active' as an integer we'd try to
         # manage on enter/exit, but with all our shells it's virtually
         # impossible to get all the cases right.  We're leaving the name in for
         # those who adapted their codes to check for this flag, but will
         # eventually remove it after a few more releases.
         builtin_mod.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] = \
                                           'Deprecated, check for __IPYTHON__'
 
         self.builtin_trap = BuiltinTrap(shell=self)
 
     def init_inspector(self):
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = oinspect.Inspector(oinspect.InspectColors,
                                             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
                                             'NoColor',
                                             self.object_info_string_level)
 
     def init_io(self):
         # This will just use sys.stdout and sys.stderr. If you want to
         # override sys.stdout and sys.stderr themselves, you need to do that
         # *before* instantiating this class, because io holds onto
         # references to the underlying streams.
         if sys.platform == 'win32' and self.has_readline:
             io.stdout = io.stderr = io.IOStream(self.readline._outputfile)
         else:
             io.stdout = io.IOStream(sys.stdout)
             io.stderr = io.IOStream(sys.stderr)
 
     def init_prompts(self):
         self.prompt_manager = PromptManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.prompt_manager)
         # Set system prompts, so that scripts can decide if they are running
         # interactively.
         sys.ps1 = 'In : '
         sys.ps2 = '...: '
         sys.ps3 = 'Out: '
 
     def init_display_formatter(self):
         self.display_formatter = DisplayFormatter(config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_formatter)
 
     def init_display_pub(self):
         self.display_pub = self.display_pub_class(config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_pub)
 
     def init_displayhook(self):
         # Initialize displayhook, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.displayhook = self.displayhook_class(
             config=self.config,
             shell=self,
             cache_size=self.cache_size,
         )
         self.configurables.append(self.displayhook)
         # This is a context manager that installs/revmoes the displayhook at
         # the appropriate time.
         self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=self.displayhook)
 
     def init_reload_doctest(self):
         # Do a proper resetting of doctest, including the necessary displayhook
         # monkeypatching
         try:
             doctest_reload()
         except ImportError:
             warn("doctest module does not exist.")
     
     def init_virtualenv(self):
         """Add a virtualenv to sys.path so the user can import modules from it.
         This isn't perfect: it doesn't use the Python interpreter with which the
         virtualenv was built, and it ignores the --no-site-packages option. A
         warning will appear suggesting the user installs IPython in the
         virtualenv, but for many cases, it probably works well enough.
         
         Adapted from code snippets online.
         
         http://blog.ufsoft.org/2009/1/29/ipython-and-virtualenv
         """
         if 'VIRTUAL_ENV' not in os.environ:
             # Not in a virtualenv
             return
         
         if sys.executable.startswith(os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV']):
             # Running properly in the virtualenv, don't need to do anything
             return
         
         warn("Attempting to work in a virtualenv. If you encounter problems, please "
              "install IPython inside the virtualenv.\n")
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             virtual_env = os.path.join(os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'], 'Lib', 'site-packages') 
         else:
             virtual_env = os.path.join(os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'], 'lib',
                        'python%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2], 'site-packages')
         
         import site
         sys.path.insert(0, virtual_env)
         site.addsitedir(virtual_env)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to injections into the sys module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def save_sys_module_state(self):
         """Save the state of hooks in the sys module.
 
         This has to be called after self.user_module is created.
         """
         self._orig_sys_module_state = {}
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stdin'] = sys.stdin
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stdout'] = sys.stdout
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stderr'] = sys.stderr
         self._orig_sys_module_state['excepthook'] = sys.excepthook
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_name = self.user_module.__name__
 
     def restore_sys_module_state(self):
         """Restore the state of the sys module."""
         try:
             for k, v in self._orig_sys_module_state.iteritems():
                 setattr(sys, k, v)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         # Reset what what done in self.init_sys_modules
         sys.modules[self.user_module.__name__] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_name
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to hooks
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_hooks(self):
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
 
         self.strdispatchers = {}
 
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.core.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name), 100)
 
     def set_hook(self,name,hook, priority = 50, str_key = None, re_key = None):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
 
         f = types.MethodType(hook,self)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
 
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
             print "Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % \
                   (name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ )
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
 
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
 
     def register_post_execute(self, func):
         """Register a function for calling after code execution.
         """
         if not callable(func):
             raise ValueError('argument %s must be callable' % func)
         self._post_execute[func] = True
     
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the "main" module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def new_main_mod(self,ns=None):
         """Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
         """
         main_mod = self._user_main_module
         init_fakemod_dict(main_mod,ns)
         return main_mod
 
     def cache_main_mod(self,ns,fname):
         """Cache a main module's namespace.
 
         When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to the
         namespace of their __main__ module (a FakeModule instance) around so
         that Python doesn't clear it, rendering objects defined therein
         useless.
 
         This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
         absolute path of the module object (which corresponds to the script
         path).  This way, for multiple executions of the same script we only
         keep one copy of the namespace (the last one), thus preventing memory
         leaks from old references while allowing the objects from the last
         execution to be accessible.
 
         Note: we can not allow the actual FakeModule instances to be deleted,
         because of how Python tears down modules (it hard-sets all their
         references to None without regard for reference counts).  This method
         must therefore make a *copy* of the given namespace, to allow the
         original module's __dict__ to be cleared and reused.
 
 
         Parameters
         ----------
           ns : a namespace (a dict, typically)
 
           fname : str
             Filename associated with the namespace.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [10]: import IPython
 
         In [11]: _ip.cache_main_mod(IPython.__dict__,IPython.__file__)
 
         In [12]: IPython.__file__ in _ip._main_ns_cache
         Out[12]: True
         """
         self._main_ns_cache[os.path.abspath(fname)] = ns.copy()
 
     def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
         """Clear the cache of main modules.
 
         Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [15]: import IPython
 
         In [16]: _ip.cache_main_mod(IPython.__dict__,IPython.__file__)
 
         In [17]: len(_ip._main_ns_cache) > 0
         Out[17]: True
 
         In [18]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         In [19]: len(_ip._main_ns_cache) == 0
         Out[19]: True
         """
         self._main_ns_cache.clear()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to debugging
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_pdb(self):
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         # self.call_pdb is a property
         self.call_pdb = self.pdb
 
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError,'new call_pdb value must be boolean'
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pydb/pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
           flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
           The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
           is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         # use pydb if available
         if debugger.has_pydb:
             from pydb import pm
         else:
             # fallback to our internal debugger
             pm = lambda : self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
 
         with self.readline_no_record:
             pm()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython's various namespaces
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     default_user_namespaces = True
 
     def init_create_namespaces(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return a properly built module and dict as needed by
         # the rest of the code, and can also be used by extension writers to
         # generate properly initialized namespaces.
         if (user_ns is not None) or (user_module is not None):
             self.default_user_namespaces = False
         self.user_module, self.user_ns = self.prepare_user_module(user_module, user_ns)
 
         # A record of hidden variables we have added to the user namespace, so
         # we can list later only variables defined in actual interactive use.
         self.user_ns_hidden = set()
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so docetst and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  Top-level references to objects from the
         # script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them.  However,
         # calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
         # the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
         # to the original objects, which are now all None.  So we must protect
         # these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
         #
         # To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
         # last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
         # only the last version of the module is held in the cache.  Note,
         # however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
         # __dict__).  Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
         # (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
         # those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
         #
         # The %reset command will flush this cache.  See the cache_main_mod()
         # and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
 
         # This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
         self._main_ns_cache = {}
         # And this is the single instance of FakeModule whose __dict__ we keep
         # copying and clearing for reuse on each %run
         self._user_main_module = FakeModule()
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user_global':self.user_module.__dict__,
                          'user_local':self.user_ns,
                          'builtin':builtin_mod.__dict__
                          }
     
     @property
     def user_global_ns(self):
         return self.user_module.__dict__
 
     def prepare_user_module(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         """Prepare the module and namespace in which user code will be run.
         
         When IPython is started normally, both parameters are None: a new module
         is created automatically, and its __dict__ used as the namespace.
         
         If only user_module is provided, its __dict__ is used as the namespace.
         If only user_ns is provided, a dummy module is created, and user_ns
         becomes the global namespace. If both are provided (as they may be
         when embedding), user_ns is the local namespace, and user_module
         provides the global namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         user_module : module, optional
             The current user module in which IPython is being run. If None,
             a clean module will be created.
         user_ns : dict, optional
             A namespace in which to run interactive commands.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A tuple of user_module and user_ns, each properly initialised.
         """
         if user_module is None and user_ns is not None:
             user_ns.setdefault("__name__", "__main__")
             class DummyMod(object):
                 "A dummy module used for IPython's interactive namespace."
                 pass
             user_module = DummyMod()
             user_module.__dict__ = user_ns
             
         if user_module is None:
             user_module = types.ModuleType("__main__",
                 doc="Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment")
         
         # We must ensure that __builtin__ (without the final 's') is always
         # available and pointing to the __builtin__ *module*.  For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtin__', builtin_mod)
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtins__', builtin_mod)
         
         if user_ns is None:
             user_ns = user_module.__dict__
 
         return user_module, user_ns
 
     def init_sys_modules(self):
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         # This is overridden in the InteractiveShellEmbed subclass to a no-op.
         main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         sys.modules[main_name] = self.user_module
 
     def init_user_ns(self):
         """Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
 
         Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
         act as user namespaces.
 
         Notes
         -----
         All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
         method.  If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
         therm.
         """
         # This function works in two parts: first we put a few things in
         # user_ns, and we sync that contents into user_ns_hidden so that these
         # initial variables aren't shown by %who.  After the sync, we add the
         # rest of what we *do* want the user to see with %who even on a new
         # session (probably nothing, so theye really only see their own stuff)
 
         # The user dict must *always* have a __builtin__ reference to the
         # Python standard __builtin__ namespace,  which must be imported.
         # This is so that certain operations in prompt evaluation can be
         # reliably executed with builtins.  Note that we can NOT use
         # __builtins__ (note the 's'),  because that can either be a dict or a
         # module, and can even mutate at runtime, depending on the context
         # (Python makes no guarantees on it).  In contrast, __builtin__ is
         # always a module object, though it must be explicitly imported.
 
         # For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         ns = dict()
         
         # Put 'help' in the user namespace
         try:
             from site import _Helper
             ns['help'] = _Helper()
         except ImportError:
             warn('help() not available - check site.py')
 
         # make global variables for user access to the histories
         ns['_ih'] = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['_oh'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
         ns['_dh'] = self.history_manager.dir_hist
 
         ns['_sh'] = shadowns
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories.  These shouldn't show up
         # in %who, as they can have very large reprs.
         ns['In']  = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['Out'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
 
         # Store myself as the public api!!!
         ns['get_ipython'] = self.get_ipython
         
         ns['exit'] = self.exiter
         ns['quit'] = self.exiter
 
         # Sync what we've added so far to user_ns_hidden so these aren't seen
         # by %who
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
 
         # Anything put into ns now would show up in %who.  Think twice before
         # putting anything here, as we really want %who to show the user their
         # stuff, not our variables.
 
         # Finally, update the real user's namespace
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
     
     @property
     def all_ns_refs(self):
         """Get a list of references to all the namespace dictionaries in which
         IPython might store a user-created object.
         
         Note that this does not include the displayhook, which also caches
         objects from the output."""
         return [self.user_ns, self.user_global_ns,
                 self._user_main_module.__dict__] + self._main_ns_cache.values()
 
     def reset(self, new_session=True):
         """Clear all internal namespaces, and attempt to release references to
         user objects.
 
         If new_session is True, a new history session will be opened.
         """
         # Clear histories
         self.history_manager.reset(new_session)
         # Reset counter used to index all histories
         if new_session:
             self.execution_count = 1
 
         # Flush cached output items
         if self.displayhook.do_full_cache:
             self.displayhook.flush()
 
         # The main execution namespaces must be cleared very carefully,
         # skipping the deletion of the builtin-related keys, because doing so
         # would cause errors in many object's __del__ methods.
         if self.user_ns is not self.user_global_ns:
             self.user_ns.clear()
         ns = self.user_global_ns
         drop_keys = set(ns.keys())
         drop_keys.discard('__builtin__')
         drop_keys.discard('__builtins__')
         drop_keys.discard('__name__')
         for k in drop_keys:
             del ns[k]
         
         self.user_ns_hidden.clear()
         
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         self.init_user_ns()
 
         # Restore the default and user aliases
         self.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
         self.alias_manager.init_aliases()
 
         # Flush the private list of module references kept for script
         # execution protection
         self.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         # Clear out the namespace from the last %run
         self.new_main_mod()
 
     def del_var(self, varname, by_name=False):
         """Delete a variable from the various namespaces, so that, as
         far as possible, we're not keeping any hidden references to it.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         varname : str
             The name of the variable to delete.
         by_name : bool
             If True, delete variables with the given name in each
             namespace. If False (default), find the variable in the user
             namespace, and delete references to it.
         """
         if varname in ('__builtin__', '__builtins__'):
             raise ValueError("Refusing to delete %s" % varname)
 
         ns_refs = self.all_ns_refs
         
         if by_name:                    # Delete by name
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 try:
                     del ns[varname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
         else:                         # Delete by object
             try:
                 obj = self.user_ns[varname]
             except KeyError:
                 raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % varname)
             # Also check in output history
             ns_refs.append(self.history_manager.output_hist)
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 to_delete = [n for n, o in ns.iteritems() if o is obj]
                 for name in to_delete:
                     del ns[name]
 
             # displayhook keeps extra references, but not in a dictionary
             for name in ('_', '__', '___'):
                 if getattr(self.displayhook, name) is obj:
                     setattr(self.displayhook, name, None)
 
     def reset_selective(self, regex=None):
         """Clear selective variables from internal namespaces based on a
         specified regular expression.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         regex : string or compiled pattern, optional
             A regular expression pattern that will be used in searching
             variable names in the users namespaces.
         """
         if regex is not None:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern')
             # Search for keys in each namespace that match the given regex
             # If a match is found, delete the key/value pair.
             for ns in self.all_ns_refs:
                 for var in ns:
                     if m.search(var):
                         del ns[var]
 
     def push(self, variables, interactive=True):
         """Inject a group of variables into the IPython user namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict, str or list/tuple of str
             The variables to inject into the user's namespace.  If a dict, a
             simple update is done.  If a str, the string is assumed to have
             variable names separated by spaces.  A list/tuple of str can also
             be used to give the variable names.  If just the variable names are
             give (list/tuple/str) then the variable values looked up in the
             callers frame.
         interactive : bool
             If True (default), the variables will be listed with the ``who``
             magic.
         """
         vdict = None
 
         # We need a dict of name/value pairs to do namespace updates.
         if isinstance(variables, dict):
             vdict = variables
         elif isinstance(variables, (basestring, list, tuple)):
             if isinstance(variables, basestring):
                 vlist = variables.split()
             else:
                 vlist = variables
             vdict = {}
             cf = sys._getframe(1)
             for name in vlist:
                 try:
                     vdict[name] = eval(name, cf.f_globals, cf.f_locals)
                 except:
                     print ('Could not get variable %s from %s' %
                            (name,cf.f_code.co_name))
         else:
             raise ValueError('variables must be a dict/str/list/tuple')
 
         # Propagate variables to user namespace
         self.user_ns.update(vdict)
 
         # And configure interactive visibility
         user_ns_hidden = self.user_ns_hidden
         if interactive:
             user_ns_hidden.difference_update(vdict)
         else:
             user_ns_hidden.update(vdict)
     
     def drop_by_id(self, variables):
         """Remove a dict of variables from the user namespace, if they are the
         same as the values in the dictionary.
         
         This is intended for use by extensions: variables that they've added can
         be taken back out if they are unloaded, without removing any that the
         user has overwritten.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict
           A dictionary mapping object names (as strings) to the objects.
         """
         for name, obj in variables.iteritems():
             if name in self.user_ns and self.user_ns[name] is obj:
                 del self.user_ns[name]
                 self.user_ns_hidden.discard(name)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to object introspection
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
         self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         oname = oname.strip()
         #print '1- oname: <%r>' % oname  # dbg
         if not py3compat.isidentifier(oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC), dotted=True):
             return dict(found=False)
 
         alias_ns = None
         if namespaces is None:
             # Namespaces to search in:
             # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
             # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
             namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.user_ns),
                            ('Interactive (global)', self.user_global_ns),
                            ('Python builtin', builtin_mod.__dict__),
                            ('Alias', self.alias_manager.alias_table),
                            ]
             alias_ns = self.alias_manager.alias_table
 
         # initialize results to 'null'
         found = False; obj = None;  ospace = None;  ds = None;
         ismagic = False; isalias = False; parent = None
 
         # We need to special-case 'print', which as of python2.6 registers as a
         # function but should only be treated as one if print_function was
         # loaded with a future import.  In this case, just bail.
         if (oname == 'print' and not py3compat.PY3 and not \
             (self.compile.compiler_flags & __future__.CO_FUTURE_PRINT_FUNCTION)):
             return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace,
                     'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias, 'parent':parent}
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
         oname_parts = oname.split('.')
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 #print 'oname_rest:', oname_rest  # dbg
                 for part in oname_rest:
                     try:
                         parent = obj
                         obj = getattr(obj,part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = True
                     ospace = nsname
                     if ns == alias_ns:
                         isalias = True
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             if oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname[1:]
             obj = getattr(self,'magic_'+oname,None)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = True
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = True
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = True
             ospace = 'Interactive'
 
         return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace,
                 'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias, 'parent':parent}
 
     def _ofind_property(self, oname, info):
         """Second part of object finding, to look for property details."""
         if info.found:
             # Get the docstring of the class property if it exists.
             path = oname.split('.')
             root = '.'.join(path[:-1])
             if info.parent is not None:
                 try:
                     target = getattr(info.parent, '__class__')
                     # The object belongs to a class instance.
                     try:
                         target = getattr(target, path[-1])
                         # The class defines the object.
                         if isinstance(target, property):
                             oname = root + '.__class__.' + path[-1]
                             info = Struct(self._ofind(oname))
                     except AttributeError: pass
                 except AttributeError: pass
 
         # We return either the new info or the unmodified input if the object
         # hadn't been found
         return info
 
     def _object_find(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object and return a struct with info about it."""
         inf = Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces))
         return Struct(self._ofind_property(oname, inf))
 
     def _inspect(self, meth, oname, namespaces=None, **kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends."""
         info = self._object_find(oname)
         if info.found:
             pmethod = getattr(self.inspector, meth)
             formatter = format_screen if info.ismagic else None
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter, info, **kw)
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname)
         else:
             print 'Object `%s` not found.' % oname
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
 
     def object_inspect(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 return self.inspector.info(info.obj, oname, info=info,
                             detail_level=detail_level
                 )
             else:
                 return oinspect.object_info(name=oname, found=False)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to history management
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_history(self):
         """Sets up the command history, and starts regular autosaves."""
         self.history_manager = HistoryManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.history_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to exception handling and tracebacks (not debugging)
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_traceback_handlers(self, custom_exceptions):
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultratb.SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor')
 
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1,
                                    check_cache=self.compile.check_cache)
 
         # The instance will store a pointer to the system-wide exception hook,
         # so that runtime code (such as magics) can access it.  This is because
         # during the read-eval loop, it may get temporarily overwritten.
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Set the exception mode
         self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=self.xmode)
 
     def set_custom_exc(self, exc_tuple, handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple,handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         run_code() method).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         exc_tuple : tuple of exception classes
             A *tuple* of exception classes, for which to call the defined
             handler.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
             LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
             you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple::
 
                 exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
         handler : callable
             handler must have the following signature::
 
                 def my_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
                     ...
                     return structured_traceback
 
             Your handler must return a structured traceback (a list of strings),
             or None.
 
             This will be made into an instance method (via types.MethodType)
             of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
             listed in the exc_tuple are caught. If the handler is None, an
             internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
             To protect IPython from crashes, if your handler ever raises an
             exception or returns an invalid result, it will be immediately
             disabled.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
 
         assert type(exc_tuple)==type(()) , \
                "The custom exceptions must be given AS A TUPLE."
 
         def dummy_handler(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=None):
             print '*** Simple custom exception handler ***'
             print 'Exception type :',etype
             print 'Exception value:',value
             print 'Traceback      :',tb
             #print 'Source code    :','\n'.join(self.buffer)
         
         def validate_stb(stb):
             """validate structured traceback return type
             
             return type of CustomTB *should* be a list of strings, but allow
             single strings or None, which are harmless.
             
             This function will *always* return a list of strings,
             and will raise a TypeError if stb is inappropriate.
             """
             msg = "CustomTB must return list of strings, not %r" % stb
             if stb is None:
                 return []
             elif isinstance(stb, basestring):
                 return [stb]
             elif not isinstance(stb, list):
                 raise TypeError(msg)
             # it's a list
             for line in stb:
                 # check every element
                 if not isinstance(line, basestring):
                     raise TypeError(msg)
             return stb
 
         if handler is None:
             wrapped = dummy_handler
         else:
             def wrapped(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=None):
                 """wrap CustomTB handler, to protect IPython from user code
                 
                 This makes it harder (but not impossible) for custom exception
                 handlers to crash IPython.
                 """
                 try:
                     stb = handler(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=tb_offset)
                     return validate_stb(stb)
                 except:
                     # clear custom handler immediately
                     self.set_custom_exc((), None)
                     print >> io.stderr, "Custom TB Handler failed, unregistering"
                     # show the exception in handler first
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(*sys.exc_info())
                     print >> io.stdout, self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb)
                     print >> io.stdout, "The original exception:"
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
                                             (etype,value,tb), tb_offset=tb_offset
                     )
                 return stb
 
         self.CustomTB = types.MethodType(wrapped,self)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
       """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
       GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
       sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
       enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
       otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
       which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
       except: statement.
 
       Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
       any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
       IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
       CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
       regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
       call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
       IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
       crashes.
 
       This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
       to be true IPython errors.
       """
       self.showtraceback((etype,value,tb),tb_offset=0)
 
     def _get_exc_info(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """get exc_info from a given tuple, sys.exc_info() or sys.last_type etc.
         
         Ensures sys.last_type,value,traceback hold the exc_info we found,
         from whichever source.
         
         raises ValueError if none of these contain any information
         """
         if exc_tuple is None:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         else:
             etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
 
         if etype is None:
             if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
                 etype, value, tb = sys.last_type, sys.last_value, \
                                    sys.last_traceback
         
         if etype is None:
             raise ValueError("No exception to find")
         
         # Now store the exception info in sys.last_type etc.
         # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
         # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
         # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
         # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = tb
         
         return etype, value, tb
     
 
     def showtraceback(self,exc_tuple = None,filename=None,tb_offset=None,
                       exception_only=False):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
 
         try:
             try:
                 etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
             except ValueError:
                 self.write_err('No traceback available to show.\n')
                 return
 
             if etype is SyntaxError:
                 # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input
                 # line, there may be SyntaxError cases with imported code.
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             elif etype is UsageError:
                 self.write_err("UsageError: %s" % value)
             else:
                 if etype in self.custom_exceptions:
                     stb = self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb, tb_offset)
                 else:
                     if exception_only:
                         stb = ['An exception has occurred, use %tb to see '
                                'the full traceback.\n']
                         stb.extend(self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype,
                                                                          value))
                     else:
                         stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(etype,
                                                 value, tb, tb_offset=tb_offset)
 
                         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
                         if self.call_pdb:
                             # drop into debugger
                             self.debugger(force=True)
                         return
 
                 # Actually show the traceback
                 self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.write_err("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
 
     def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb):
         """Actually show a traceback.
 
         Subclasses may override this method to put the traceback on a different
         place, like a side channel.
         """
         print >> io.stdout, self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb)
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
         """
         etype, value, last_traceback = self._get_exc_info()
 
         if filename and etype is SyntaxError:
             try:
                 value.filename = filename
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
         
         stb = self.SyntaxTB.structured_traceback(etype, value, [])
         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
     # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
     # the %paste magic.
     def showindentationerror(self):
         """Called by run_cell when there's an IndentationError in code entered
         at the prompt.
 
         This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
         the %paste magic."""
         self.showsyntaxerror()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to readline
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """Command history completion/saving/reloading."""
 
         if self.readline_use:
             import IPython.utils.rlineimpl as readline
 
         self.rl_next_input = None
         self.rl_do_indent = False
 
         if not self.readline_use or not readline.have_readline:
             self.has_readline = False
             self.readline = None
             # Set a number of methods that depend on readline to be no-op
             self.readline_no_record = no_op_context
             self.set_readline_completer = no_op
             self.set_custom_completer = no_op
             self.set_completer_frame = no_op
             if self.readline_use:
                 warn('Readline services not available or not loaded.')
         else:
             self.has_readline = True
             self.readline = readline
             sys.modules['readline'] = readline
 
             # Platform-specific configuration
             if os.name == 'nt':
                 # FIXME - check with Frederick to see if we can harmonize
                 # naming conventions with pyreadline to avoid this
                 # platform-dependent check
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_pre_input_hook
             else:
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_startup_hook
 
             # Load user's initrc file (readline config)
             # Or if libedit is used, load editrc.
             inputrc_name = os.environ.get('INPUTRC')
             if inputrc_name is None:
                 inputrc_name = '.inputrc'
                 if readline.uses_libedit:
                     inputrc_name = '.editrc'
                 inputrc_name = os.path.join(self.home_dir, inputrc_name)
             if os.path.isfile(inputrc_name):
                 try:
                     readline.read_init_file(inputrc_name)
                 except:
                     warn('Problems reading readline initialization file <%s>'
                          % inputrc_name)
 
             # Configure readline according to user's prefs
             # This is only done if GNU readline is being used.  If libedit
             # is being used (as on Leopard) the readline config is
             # not run as the syntax for libedit is different.
             if not readline.uses_libedit:
                 for rlcommand in self.readline_parse_and_bind:
                     #print "loading rl:",rlcommand  # dbg
                     readline.parse_and_bind(rlcommand)
 
             # Remove some chars from the delimiters list.  If we encounter
             # unicode chars, discard them.
             delims = readline.get_completer_delims()
             if not py3compat.PY3:
                 delims = delims.encode("ascii", "ignore")
             for d in self.readline_remove_delims:
                 delims = delims.replace(d, "")
             delims = delims.replace(ESC_MAGIC, '')
             readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             # otherwise we end up with a monster history after a while:
             readline.set_history_length(self.history_length)
 
             self.refill_readline_hist()
             self.readline_no_record = ReadlineNoRecord(self)
 
         # Configure auto-indent for all platforms
         self.set_autoindent(self.autoindent)
 
     def refill_readline_hist(self):
         # Load the last 1000 lines from history
         self.readline.clear_history()
         stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or "utf-8"
         last_cell = u""
         for _, _, cell in self.history_manager.get_tail(1000,
                                                         include_latest=True):
             # Ignore blank lines and consecutive duplicates
             cell = cell.rstrip()
             if cell and (cell != last_cell):
                 if self.multiline_history:
                       self.readline.add_history(py3compat.unicode_to_str(cell,
                                                                 stdin_encoding))
                 else:
                     for line in cell.splitlines():
                         self.readline.add_history(py3compat.unicode_to_str(line,
                                                                 stdin_encoding))
                 last_cell = cell
 
     def set_next_input(self, s):
         """ Sets the 'default' input string for the next command line.
 
         Requires readline.
 
         Example:
 
         [D:\ipython]|1> _ip.set_next_input("Hello Word")
         [D:\ipython]|2> Hello Word_  # cursor is here
         """
         self.rl_next_input = py3compat.cast_bytes_py2(s)
 
     # Maybe move this to the terminal subclass?
     def pre_readline(self):
         """readline hook to be used at the start of each line.
 
         Currently it handles auto-indent only."""
 
         if self.rl_do_indent:
             self.readline.insert_text(self._indent_current_str())
         if self.rl_next_input is not None:
             self.readline.insert_text(self.rl_next_input)
             self.rl_next_input = None
 
     def _indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.input_splitter.indent_spaces * ' '
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to text completion
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_completer(self):
         """Initialize the completion machinery.
 
         This creates completion machinery that can be used by client code,
         either interactively in-process (typically triggered by the readline
         library), programatically (such as in test suites) or out-of-prcess
         (typically over the network by remote frontends).
         """
         from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
         from IPython.core.completerlib import (module_completer,
                 magic_run_completer, cd_completer, reset_completer)
 
         self.Completer = IPCompleter(shell=self,
                                      namespace=self.user_ns,
                                      global_namespace=self.user_global_ns,
                                      alias_table=self.alias_manager.alias_table,
                                      use_readline=self.has_readline,
                                      config=self.config,
                                      )
         self.configurables.append(self.Completer)
 
         # Add custom completers to the basic ones built into IPCompleter
         sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
         self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
         self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
 
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'import')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'from')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', magic_run_completer, str_key = '%run')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', cd_completer, str_key = '%cd')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', reset_completer, str_key = '%reset')
 
         # Only configure readline if we truly are using readline.  IPython can
         # do tab-completion over the network, in GUIs, etc, where readline
         # itself may be absent
         if self.has_readline:
             self.set_readline_completer()
 
     def complete(self, text, line=None, cursor_pos=None):
         """Return the completed text and a list of completions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
            text : string
              A string of text to be completed on.  It can be given as empty and
              instead a line/position pair are given.  In this case, the
              completer itself will split the line like readline does.
 
            line : string, optional
              The complete line that text is part of.
 
            cursor_pos : int, optional
              The position of the cursor on the input line.
 
         Returns
         -------
           text : string
             The actual text that was completed.
 
           matches : list
             A sorted list with all possible completions.
 
         The optional arguments allow the completion to take more context into
         account, and are part of the low-level completion API.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: _ip.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ('x.l', ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip'])
         """
 
         # Inject names into __builtin__ so we can complete on the added names.
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return self.Completer.complete(text, line, cursor_pos)
 
     def set_custom_completer(self, completer, pos=0):
         """Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted."""
 
         newcomp = types.MethodType(completer,self.Completer)
         self.Completer.matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_readline_completer(self):
         """Reset readline's completer to be our own."""
         self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.rlcomplete)
 
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         """Set the frame of the completer."""
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to magics
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_magics(self):
         # FIXME: Move the color initialization to the DisplayHook, which
         # should be split into a prompt manager and displayhook. We probably
         # even need a centralize colors management object.
         self.magic_colors(self.colors)
         # History was moved to a separate module
         from IPython.core import history
         history.init_ipython(self)
 
     def magic(self, arg_s, next_input=None):
         """Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and
         any additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         magic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use magic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.
         """
         # Allow setting the next input - this is used if the user does `a=abs?`.
         # We do this first so that magic functions can override it.
         if next_input:
             self.set_next_input(next_input)
 
         magic_name, _, magic_args = arg_s.partition(' ')
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(prefilter.ESC_MAGIC)
 
         fn = getattr(self,'magic_'+magic_name,None)
         if fn is None:
             error("Magic function `%s` not found." % magic_name)
         else:
             magic_args = self.var_expand(magic_args,1)
             # Grab local namespace if we need it:
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 self._magic_locals = sys._getframe(1).f_locals
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 result = fn(magic_args)
             # Ensure we're not keeping object references around:
             self._magic_locals = {}
             return result
 
     def define_magic(self, magicname, func):
         """Expose own function as magic function for ipython
         
         Example::
 
           def foo_impl(self,parameter_s=''):
               'My very own magic!. (Use docstrings, IPython reads them).'
               print 'Magic function. Passed parameter is between < >:'
               print '<%s>' % parameter_s
               print 'The self object is:', self
 
           ip.define_magic('foo',foo_impl)
         """
         im = types.MethodType(func,self)
         old = getattr(self, "magic_" + magicname, None)
         setattr(self, "magic_" + magicname, im)
         return old
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to macros
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def define_macro(self, name, themacro):
         """Define a new macro
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str
             The name of the macro.
         themacro : str or Macro
             The action to do upon invoking the macro.  If a string, a new
             Macro object is created by passing the string to it.
         """
 
         from IPython.core import macro
 
         if isinstance(themacro, basestring):
             themacro = macro.Macro(themacro)
         if not isinstance(themacro, macro.Macro):
             raise ValueError('A macro must be a string or a Macro instance.')
         self.user_ns[name] = themacro
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of system commands
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def system_piped(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess, piping stdout/err
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
           not supported.  Should not be a command that expects input
           other than simple text.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             # We do not support backgrounding processes because we either use
             # pexpect or pipes to read from.  Users can always just call
             # os.system() or use ip.system=ip.system_raw
             # if they really want a background process.
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
 
         # we explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = system(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2))
 
     def system_raw(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess using os.system
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute.
         """
         cmd = self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2)
         # protect os.system from UNC paths on Windows, which it can't handle:
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             from IPython.utils._process_win32 import AvoidUNCPath
             with AvoidUNCPath() as path:
                 if path is not None:
                     cmd = '"pushd %s &&"%s' % (path, cmd)
                 cmd = py3compat.unicode_to_str(cmd)
                 ec = os.system(cmd)
         else:
             cmd = py3compat.unicode_to_str(cmd)
             ec = os.system(cmd)
         
         # We explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = ec
 
     # use piped system by default, because it is better behaved
     system = system_piped
 
     def getoutput(self, cmd, split=True):
         """Get output (possibly including stderr) from a subprocess.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
           not supported.
         split : bool, optional
 
           If True, split the output into an IPython SList.  Otherwise, an
           IPython LSString is returned.  These are objects similar to normal
           lists and strings, with a few convenience attributes for easier
           manipulation of line-based output.  You can use '?' on them for
           details.
           """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
         out = getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2))
         if split:
             out = SList(out.splitlines())
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to aliases
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_alias(self):
         self.alias_manager = AliasManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.alias_manager)
         self.ns_table['alias'] = self.alias_manager.alias_table,
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extensions and plugins
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_extension_manager(self):
         self.extension_manager = ExtensionManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.extension_manager)
 
     def init_plugin_manager(self):
         self.plugin_manager = PluginManager(config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.plugin_manager)
         
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to payloads
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_payload(self):
         self.payload_manager = PayloadManager(config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.payload_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the prefilter
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_prefilter(self):
         self.prefilter_manager = PrefilterManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.prefilter_manager)
         # Ultimately this will be refactored in the new interpreter code, but
         # for now, we should expose the main prefilter method (there's legacy
         # code out there that may rely on this).
         self.prefilter = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines
 
     def auto_rewrite_input(self, cmd):
         """Print to the screen the rewritten form of the user's command.
 
         This shows visual feedback by rewriting input lines that cause
         automatic calling to kick in, like::
 
           /f x
 
         into::
 
           ------> f(x)
 
         after the user's input prompt.  This helps the user understand that the
         input line was transformed automatically by IPython.
         """
         if not self.show_rewritten_input:
             return
         
         rw = self.prompt_manager.render('rewrite') + cmd
 
         try:
             # plain ascii works better w/ pyreadline, on some machines, so
             # we use it and only print uncolored rewrite if we have unicode
             rw = str(rw)
             print >> io.stdout, rw
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print "------> " + cmd
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extracting values/expressions from kernel and user_ns
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _simple_error(self):
         etype, value = sys.exc_info()[:2]
         return u'[ERROR] {e.__name__}: {v}'.format(e=etype, v=value)
 
     def user_variables(self, names):
         """Get a list of variable names from the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         names : list of strings
           A list of names of variables to be read from the user namespace.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed by the input names and with the repr() of each value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         for varname in names:
             try:
                 value = repr(user_ns[varname])
             except:
                 value = self._simple_error()
             out[varname] = value
         return out
 
     def user_expressions(self, expressions):
         """Evaluate a dict of expressions in the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         expressions : dict
           A dict with string keys and string values.  The expression values
           should be valid Python expressions, each of which will be evaluated
           in the user namespace.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed like the input expressions dict, with the repr() of each
         value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         global_ns = self.user_global_ns
         for key, expr in expressions.iteritems():
             try:
                 value = repr(eval(expr, global_ns, user_ns))
             except:
                 value = self._simple_error()
             out[key] = value
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of code
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def ex(self, cmd):
         """Execute a normal python statement in user namespace."""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             exec cmd in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
 
     def ev(self, expr):
         """Evaluate python expression expr in user namespace.
 
         Returns the result of evaluation
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return eval(expr, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def safe_execfile(self, fname, *where, **kw):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.  This only works on pure
         Python files with the .py extension.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : string
             The name of the file to be executed.
         where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
         exit_ignore : bool (False)
             If True, then silence SystemExit for non-zero status (it is always
             silenced for zero status, as it is so common).
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere. Meant for testing.
 
         """
         kw.setdefault('exit_ignore', False)
         kw.setdefault('raise_exceptions', False)
 
         fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(fname))
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with open(fname) as thefile:
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 py3compat.execfile(fname,*where)
             except SystemExit, status:
                 # If the call was made with 0 or None exit status (sys.exit(0)
                 # or sys.exit() ), don't bother showing a traceback, as both of
                 # these are considered normal by the OS:
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit(0)'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit()'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # For other exit status, we show the exception unless
                 # explicitly silenced, but only in short form.
                 if kw['raise_exceptions']:
                     raise
                 if status.code not in (0, None) and not kw['exit_ignore']:
                     self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             except:
                 if kw['raise_exceptions']:
                     raise
                 self.showtraceback()
 
     def safe_execfile_ipy(self, fname):
         """Like safe_execfile, but for .ipy files with IPython syntax.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : str
             The name of the file to execute.  The filename must have a
             .ipy extension.
         """
         fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(fname))
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with open(fname) as thefile:
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 with open(fname) as thefile:
                     # self.run_cell currently captures all exceptions
                     # raised in user code.  It would be nice if there were
                     # versions of runlines, execfile that did raise, so
                     # we could catch the errors.
                     self.run_cell(thefile.read(), store_history=False)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Unknown failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
     def safe_run_module(self, mod_name, where):
         """A safe version of runpy.run_module().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         mod_name : string
             The name of the module to be executed.
         where : dict
             The globals namespace.
         """
         try:
             where.update(
                 runpy.run_module(str(mod_name), run_name="__main__",
                                  alter_sys=True)
                 )
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
             warn('Unknown failure executing module: <%s>' % mod_name)
 
     def run_cell(self, raw_cell, store_history=False):
         """Run a complete IPython cell.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
           The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
           If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
           history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
           should be set to False.
         """
         if (not raw_cell) or raw_cell.isspace():
             return
 
         for line in raw_cell.splitlines():
             self.input_splitter.push(line)
         cell = self.input_splitter.source_reset()
 
         with self.builtin_trap:
             prefilter_failed = False
             if len(cell.splitlines()) == 1:
                 try:
                     # use prefilter_lines to handle trailing newlines
                     # restore trailing newline for ast.parse
                     cell = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(cell) + '\n'
                 except AliasError as e:
                     error(e)
                     prefilter_failed = True
                 except Exception:
                     # don't allow prefilter errors to crash IPython
                     self.showtraceback()
                     prefilter_failed = True
 
             # Store raw and processed history
             if store_history:
                 self.history_manager.store_inputs(self.execution_count,
                                                   cell, raw_cell)
 
             self.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
 
             if not prefilter_failed:
                 # don't run if prefilter failed
                 cell_name = self.compile.cache(cell, self.execution_count)
 
                 with self.display_trap:
                     try:
                         code_ast = self.compile.ast_parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
                     except IndentationError:
                         self.showindentationerror()
                         if store_history:
                             self.execution_count += 1
                         return None
                     except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError,
                             MemoryError):
                         self.showsyntaxerror()
                         if store_history:
                             self.execution_count += 1
                         return None
 
                     self.run_ast_nodes(code_ast.body, cell_name,
                                        interactivity="last_expr")
 
                     # Execute any registered post-execution functions.
                     for func, status in self._post_execute.iteritems():
                         if self.disable_failing_post_execute and not status:
                             continue
                         try:
                             func()
                         except KeyboardInterrupt:
                             print >> io.stderr, "\nKeyboardInterrupt"
                         except Exception:
                             # register as failing:
                             self._post_execute[func] = False
                             self.showtraceback()
                             print >> io.stderr, '\n'.join([
                                 "post-execution function %r produced an error." % func,
                                 "If this problem persists, you can disable failing post-exec functions with:",
                                 "",
                                 "    get_ipython().disable_failing_post_execute = True"
                             ])
 
         if store_history:
             # Write output to the database. Does nothing unless
             # history output logging is enabled.
             self.history_manager.store_output(self.execution_count)
             # Each cell is a *single* input, regardless of how many lines it has
             self.execution_count += 1
 
     def run_ast_nodes(self, nodelist, cell_name, interactivity='last_expr'):
         """Run a sequence of AST nodes. The execution mode depends on the
         interactivity parameter.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         nodelist : list
           A sequence of AST nodes to run.
         cell_name : str
           Will be passed to the compiler as the filename of the cell. Typically
           the value returned by ip.compile.cache(cell).
         interactivity : str
           'all', 'last', 'last_expr' or 'none', specifying which nodes should be
           run interactively (displaying output from expressions). 'last_expr'
           will run the last node interactively only if it is an expression (i.e.
           expressions in loops or other blocks are not displayed. Other values
           for this parameter will raise a ValueError.
         """
         if not nodelist:
             return
 
         if interactivity == 'last_expr':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], ast.Expr):
                 interactivity = "last"
             else:
                 interactivity = "none"
 
         if interactivity == 'none':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist, []
         elif interactivity == 'last':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist[:-1], nodelist[-1:]
         elif interactivity == 'all':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
         else:
             raise ValueError("Interactivity was %r" % interactivity)
 
         exec_count = self.execution_count
 
         try:
             for i, node in enumerate(to_run_exec):
                 mod = ast.Module([node])
                 code = self.compile(mod, cell_name, "exec")
                 if self.run_code(code):
                     return True
 
             for i, node in enumerate(to_run_interactive):
                 mod = ast.Interactive([node])
                 code = self.compile(mod, cell_name, "single")
                 if self.run_code(code):
                     return True
 
             # Flush softspace
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print
 
         except:
             # It's possible to have exceptions raised here, typically by
             # compilation of odd code (such as a naked 'return' outside a
             # function) that did parse but isn't valid. Typically the exception
             # is a SyntaxError, but it's safest just to catch anything and show
             # the user a traceback.
 
             # We do only one try/except outside the loop to minimize the impact
             # on runtime, and also because if any node in the node list is
             # broken, we should stop execution completely.
             self.showtraceback()
 
         return False
 
     def run_code(self, code_obj):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code_obj : code object
           A compiled code object, to be executed
 
         Returns
         -------
         False : successful execution.
         True : an error occurred.
         """
 
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook,sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = 1  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 self.hooks.pre_run_code_hook()
                 #rprint('Running code', repr(code_obj)) # dbg
                 exec code_obj in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit:
             self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             warn("To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.", level=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype,value,tb = sys.exc_info()
             self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
         else:
             outflag = 0
         return outflag
 
     # For backwards compatibility
     runcode = run_code
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to GUI support and pylab
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def enable_gui(self, gui=None):
         raise NotImplementedError('Implement enable_gui in a subclass')
 
     def enable_pylab(self, gui=None, import_all=True):
         """Activate pylab support at runtime.
 
         This turns on support for matplotlib, preloads into the interactive
         namespace all of numpy and pylab, and configures IPython to correctly
         interact with the GUI event loop.  The GUI backend to be used can be
         optionally selected with the optional :param:`gui` argument.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
 
           If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
           (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
           'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
           matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
           user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
           make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
           display figures inline.
         """
 
         # We want to prevent the loading of pylab to pollute the user's
         # namespace as shown by the %who* magics, so we execute the activation
         # code in an empty namespace, and we update *both* user_ns and
         # user_ns_hidden with this information.
         ns = {}
         try:
             gui = pylab_activate(ns, gui, import_all, self)
         except KeyError:
             error("Backend %r not supported" % gui)
             return
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
         # Now we must activate the gui pylab wants to use, and fix %run to take
         # plot updates into account
         self.enable_gui(gui)
         self.magic_run = self._pylab_magic_run
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Utilities
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def var_expand(self, cmd, depth=0, formatter=DollarFormatter()):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
         ns = self.user_ns.copy()
         ns.update(sys._getframe(depth+1).f_locals)
         ns.pop('self', None)
         try:
             cmd = formatter.format(cmd, **ns)
         except Exception:
             # if formatter couldn't format, just let it go untransformed
             pass
         return cmd
 
     def mktempfile(self, data=None, prefix='ipython_edit_'):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mktemp, but it registers the created
         filename internally so ipython cleans it up at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
           immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
         filename = tempfile.mktemp('.py', prefix)
         self.tempfiles.append(filename)
 
         if data:
             tmp_file = open(filename,'w')
             tmp_file.write(data)
             tmp_file.close()
         return filename
 
     # TODO:  This should be removed when Term is refactored.
     def write(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default output"""
         io.stdout.write(data)
 
     # TODO:  This should be removed when Term is refactored.
     def write_err(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default error output"""
         io.stderr.write(data)
 
     def ask_yes_no(self, prompt, default=None):
         if self.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default)
 
     def show_usage(self):
         """Show a usage message"""
         page.page(IPython.core.usage.interactive_usage)
 
-    def find_user_code(self, target, raw=True):
-        """Get a code string from history, file, or a string or macro.
+    def find_user_code(self, target, raw=True, py_only=False):
+        """Get a code string from history, file, url, or a string or macro.
 
         This is mainly used by magic functions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
+
         target : str
+
           A string specifying code to retrieve. This will be tried respectively
-          as: ranges of input history (see %history for syntax), a filename, or
-          an expression evaluating to a string or Macro in the user namespace.
+          as: ranges of input history (see %history for syntax), url,
+          correspnding .py file, filename, or an expression evaluating to a
+          string or Macro in the user namespace.
+
         raw : bool
           If true (default), retrieve raw history. Has no effect on the other
           retrieval mechanisms.
 
+        py_only : bool (default False)
+          Only try to fetch python code, do not try alternative methods to decode file
+          if unicode fails.
+
         Returns
         -------
         A string of code.
 
         ValueError is raised if nothing is found, and TypeError if it evaluates
         to an object of another type. In each case, .args[0] is a printable
         message.
         """
         code = self.extract_input_lines(target, raw=raw)  # Grab history
         if code:
             return code
-        if os.path.isfile(target):                        # Read file
-            return open(target, "r").read()
+        utarget = unquote_filename(target)
+        try:
+            if utarget.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
+                return openpy.read_py_url(utarget, skip_encoding_cookie=True)
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            if not py_only :
+                response = urllib.urlopen(target)
+                return response.read().decode('latin1')
+            raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % utarget)
+
+        potential_target = [target]
+        try :
+            potential_target.insert(0,get_py_filename(target))
+        except IOError:
+            pass
+
+        for tgt in potential_target :
+            if os.path.isfile(tgt):                        # Read file
+                try :
+                    return openpy.read_py_file(tgt, skip_encoding_cookie=True)
+                except UnicodeDecodeError :
+                    if not py_only :
+                        with io_open(tgt,'r', encoding='latin1') as f :
+                            return f.read()
+                    raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target)
 
         try:                                              # User namespace
             codeobj = eval(target, self.user_ns)
         except Exception:
-            raise ValueError(("'%s' was not found in history, as a file, nor in"
-                                " the user namespace.") % target)
+            raise ValueError(("'%s' was not found in history, as a file, url, "
+                                "nor in the user namespace.") % target)
         if isinstance(codeobj, basestring):
             return codeobj
         elif isinstance(codeobj, Macro):
             return codeobj.value
 
         raise TypeError("%s is neither a string nor a macro." % target,
                         codeobj)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython exiting
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Cleanup operations and saving of persistent data that is done
         unconditionally by IPython should be performed here.
 
         For things that may depend on startup flags or platform specifics (such
         as having readline or not), register a separate atexit function in the
         code that has the appropriate information, rather than trying to
         clutter
         """
         # Close the history session (this stores the end time and line count)
         # this must be *before* the tempfile cleanup, in case of temporary
         # history db
         self.history_manager.end_session()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 os.unlink(tfile)
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
         # Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
         self.reset(new_session=False)
 
         # Run user hooks
         self.hooks.shutdown_hook()
 
     def cleanup(self):
         self.restore_sys_module_state()
 
 
 class InteractiveShellABC(object):
     """An abstract base class for InteractiveShell."""
     __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(InteractiveShell)

IPython/core/magic.py

@@ -1,3827 +1,3852 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import __builtin__ as builtin_mod
 import __future__
 import bdb
 import inspect
-import imp
 import io
 import json
 import os
 import sys
-import shutil
 import re
 import time
 import gc
 from StringIO import StringIO
 from getopt import getopt,GetoptError
 from pprint import pformat
 from urllib2 import urlopen
 
 # cProfile was added in Python2.5
 try:
     import cProfile as profile
     import pstats
 except ImportError:
     # profile isn't bundled by default in Debian for license reasons
     try:
         import profile,pstats
     except ImportError:
         profile = pstats = None
 
-import IPython
 from IPython.core import debugger, oinspect
 from IPython.core.error import TryNext
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.error import StdinNotImplementedError
-from IPython.core.fakemodule import FakeModule
-from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core import magic_arguments, page
 from IPython.core.prefilter import ESC_MAGIC
 from IPython.core.pylabtools import mpl_runner
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
-from IPython.utils import openpy
 from IPython.utils.encoding import DEFAULT_ENCODING
 from IPython.utils.io import file_read, nlprint
 from IPython.utils.module_paths import find_mod
 from IPython.utils.path import get_py_filename, unquote_filename
 from IPython.utils.process import arg_split, abbrev_cwd
 from IPython.utils.terminal import set_term_title
-from IPython.utils.text import LSString, SList, format_screen
+from IPython.utils.text import format_screen
 from IPython.utils.timing import clock, clock2
 from IPython.utils.warn import warn, error
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.config.application import Application
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utility functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def on_off(tag):
     """Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function."""
     return ['OFF','ON'][tag]
 
 class Bunch: pass
 
 def compress_dhist(dh):
     head, tail = dh[:-10], dh[-10:]
 
     newhead = []
     done = set()
     for h in head:
         if h in done:
             continue
         newhead.append(h)
         done.add(h)
 
     return newhead + tail
 
 def needs_local_scope(func):
     """Decorator to mark magic functions which need to local scope to run."""
     func.needs_local_scope = True
     return func
 
     
 # Used for exception handling in magic_edit
 class MacroToEdit(ValueError): pass
 
 #***************************************************************************
 # Main class implementing Magic functionality
 
 # XXX - for some odd reason, if Magic is made a new-style class, we get errors
 # on construction of the main InteractiveShell object.  Something odd is going
 # on with super() calls, Configurable and the MRO... For now leave it as-is, but
 # eventually this needs to be clarified.
 # BG: This is because InteractiveShell inherits from this, but is itself a
 # Configurable. This messes up the MRO in some way. The fix is that we need to
 # make Magic a configurable that InteractiveShell does not subclass.
 
 class Magic:
     """Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
 
     Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic
     functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own
     needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg `%cd ../`
     vs. `%cd("../")`
 
     ALL definitions MUST begin with the prefix magic_. The user won't need it
     at the command line, but it is is needed in the definition. """
 
     # class globals
     auto_status = ['Automagic is OFF, % prefix IS needed for magic functions.',
                    'Automagic is ON, % prefix NOT needed for magic functions.']
 
 
     configurables = None
     #......................................................................
     # some utility functions
 
     def __init__(self,shell):
 
         self.options_table = {}
         if profile is None:
             self.magic_prun = self.profile_missing_notice
         self.shell = shell
         if self.configurables is None:
             self.configurables = []
 
         # namespace for holding state we may need
         self._magic_state = Bunch()
 
     def profile_missing_notice(self, *args, **kwargs):
         error("""\
 The profile module could not be found. It has been removed from the standard
 python packages because of its non-free license. To use profiling, install the
 python-profiler package from non-free.""")
 
     def default_option(self,fn,optstr):
         """Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr"""
 
         if fn not in self.lsmagic():
             error("%s is not a magic function" % fn)
         self.options_table[fn] = optstr
 
     def lsmagic(self):
         """Return a list of currently available magic functions.
 
         Gives a list of the bare names after mangling (['ls','cd', ...], not
         ['magic_ls','magic_cd',...]"""
 
         # FIXME. This needs a cleanup, in the way the magics list is built.
 
         # magics in class definition
         class_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                       callable(Magic.__dict__[fn])
         # in instance namespace (run-time user additions)
         inst_magic =  lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                      callable(self.__dict__[fn])
         # and bound magics by user (so they can access self):
         inst_bound_magic =  lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                            callable(self.__class__.__dict__[fn])
         magics = filter(class_magic,Magic.__dict__.keys()) + \
                  filter(inst_magic,self.__dict__.keys()) + \
                  filter(inst_bound_magic,self.__class__.__dict__.keys())
         out = []
         for fn in set(magics):
             out.append(fn.replace('magic_','',1))
         out.sort()
         return out
 
     def extract_input_lines(self, range_str, raw=False):
         """Return as a string a set of input history slices.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         range_str : string
             The set of slices is given as a string, like "~5/6-~4/2 4:8 9",
             since this function is for use by magic functions which get their
             arguments as strings. The number before the / is the session
             number: ~n goes n back from the current session.
 
         Optional Parameters:
           - raw(False): by default, the processed input is used.  If this is
           true, the raw input history is used instead.
 
         Note that slices can be called with two notations:
 
         N:M -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).
 
         N-M -> include items N..M (closed endpoint)."""
         lines = self.shell.history_manager.\
                                     get_range_by_str(range_str, raw=raw)
         return "\n".join(x for _, _, x in lines)
 
     def arg_err(self,func):
         """Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed"""
         print 'Error in arguments:'
         print oinspect.getdoc(func)
 
     def format_latex(self,strng):
         """Format a string for latex inclusion."""
 
         # Characters that need to be escaped for latex:
         escape_re = re.compile(r'(%|_|\$|#|&)',re.MULTILINE)
         # Magic command names as headers:
         cmd_name_re = re.compile(r'^(%s.*?):' % ESC_MAGIC,
                                  re.MULTILINE)
         # Magic commands
         cmd_re = re.compile(r'(?P<cmd>%s.+?\b)(?!\}\}:)' % ESC_MAGIC,
                             re.MULTILINE)
         # Paragraph continue
         par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
 
         # The "\n" symbol
         newline_re = re.compile(r'\\n')
 
         # Now build the string for output:
         #strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\texttt{\\textsl{\\large \1}}:',strng)
         strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\bigskip\n\\texttt{\\textbf{ \1}}:',
                                 strng)
         strng = cmd_re.sub(r'\\texttt{\g<cmd>}',strng)
         strng = par_re.sub(r'\\\\',strng)
         strng = escape_re.sub(r'\\\1',strng)
         strng = newline_re.sub(r'\\textbackslash{}n',strng)
         return strng
 
     def parse_options(self,arg_str,opt_str,*long_opts,**kw):
         """Parse options passed to an argument string.
 
         The interface is similar to that of getopt(), but it returns back a
         Struct with the options as keys and the stripped argument string still
         as a string.
 
         arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split.
         This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote
         arguments, etc.
 
         Options:
           -mode: default 'string'. If given as 'list', the argument string is
           returned as a list (split on whitespace) instead of a string.
 
           -list_all: put all option values in lists. Normally only options
           appearing more than once are put in a list.
 
           -posix (True): whether to split the input line in POSIX mode or not,
           as per the conventions outlined in the shlex module from the
           standard library."""
 
         # inject default options at the beginning of the input line
         caller = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name.replace('magic_','')
         arg_str = '%s %s' % (self.options_table.get(caller,''),arg_str)
 
         mode = kw.get('mode','string')
         if mode not in ['string','list']:
             raise ValueError,'incorrect mode given: %s' % mode
         # Get options
         list_all = kw.get('list_all',0)
         posix = kw.get('posix', os.name == 'posix')
         strict = kw.get('strict', True)
 
         # Check if we have more than one argument to warrant extra processing:
         odict = {}  # Dictionary with options
         args = arg_str.split()
         if len(args) >= 1:
             # If the list of inputs only has 0 or 1 thing in it, there's no
             # need to look for options
             argv = arg_split(arg_str, posix, strict)
             # Do regular option processing
             try:
                 opts,args = getopt(argv,opt_str,*long_opts)
             except GetoptError,e:
                 raise UsageError('%s ( allowed: "%s" %s)' % (e.msg,opt_str,
                                         " ".join(long_opts)))
             for o,a in opts:
                 if o.startswith('--'):
                     o = o[2:]
                 else:
                     o = o[1:]
                 try:
                     odict[o].append(a)
                 except AttributeError:
                     odict[o] = [odict[o],a]
                 except KeyError:
                     if list_all:
                         odict[o] = [a]
                     else:
                         odict[o] = a
 
         # Prepare opts,args for return
         opts = Struct(odict)
         if mode == 'string':
             args = ' '.join(args)
 
         return opts,args
 
     #......................................................................
     # And now the actual magic functions
 
     # Functions for IPython shell work (vars,funcs, config, etc)
     def magic_lsmagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """List currently available magic functions."""
         mesc = ESC_MAGIC
         print 'Available magic functions:\n'+mesc+\
               ('  '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic())
         print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[self.shell.automagic]
         return None
 
     def magic_magic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Print information about the magic function system.
 
         Supported formats: -latex, -brief, -rest
         """
 
         mode = ''
         try:
             if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-latex':
                 mode = 'latex'
             if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-brief':
                 mode = 'brief'
             if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-rest':
                 mode = 'rest'
                 rest_docs = []
         except:
             pass
 
         magic_docs = []
         for fname in self.lsmagic():
             mname = 'magic_' + fname
             for space in (Magic,self,self.__class__):
                 try:
                     fn = space.__dict__[mname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
                 else:
                     break
             if mode == 'brief':
                 # only first line
                 if fn.__doc__:
                     fndoc = fn.__doc__.split('\n',1)[0]
                 else:
                     fndoc = 'No documentation'
             else:
                 if fn.__doc__:
                     fndoc = fn.__doc__.rstrip()
                 else:
                     fndoc = 'No documentation'
 
 
             if mode == 'rest':
                 rest_docs.append('**%s%s**::\n\n\t%s\n\n' %(ESC_MAGIC,
                                                     fname,fndoc))
 
             else:
                 magic_docs.append('%s%s:\n\t%s\n' %(ESC_MAGIC,
                                                     fname,fndoc))
 
         magic_docs = ''.join(magic_docs)
 
         if mode == 'rest':
             return "".join(rest_docs)
 
         if mode == 'latex':
             print self.format_latex(magic_docs)
             return
         else:
             magic_docs = format_screen(magic_docs)
         if mode == 'brief':
             return magic_docs
 
         outmsg = """
 IPython's 'magic' functions
 ===========================
 
 The magic function system provides a series of functions which allow you to
 control the behavior of IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type
 features. All these functions are prefixed with a % character, but parameters
 are given without parentheses or quotes.
 
 NOTE: If you have 'automagic' enabled (via the command line option or with the
 %automagic function), you don't need to type in the % explicitly.  By default,
 IPython ships with automagic on, so you should only rarely need the % escape.
 
 Example: typing '%cd mydir' (without the quotes) changes you working directory
 to 'mydir', if it exists.
 
 For a list of the available magic functions, use %lsmagic. For a description
 of any of them, type %magic_name?, e.g. '%cd?'.
 
 Currently the magic system has the following functions:\n"""
 
         mesc = ESC_MAGIC
         outmsg = ("%s\n%s\n\nSummary of magic functions (from %slsmagic):"
                   "\n\n%s%s\n\n%s" % (outmsg,
                                      magic_docs,mesc,mesc,
                                      ('  '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic()),
                                      Magic.auto_status[self.shell.automagic] ) )
         page.page(outmsg)
 
     def magic_automagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.
 
         Without argumentsl toggles on/off (when off, you must call it as
         %automagic, of course).  With arguments it sets the value, and you can
         use any of (case insensitive):
 
          - on,1,True: to activate
 
          - off,0,False: to deactivate.
 
         Note that magic functions have lowest priority, so if there's a
         variable whose name collides with that of a magic fn, automagic won't
         work for that function (you get the variable instead). However, if you
         delete the variable (del var), the previously shadowed magic function
         becomes visible to automagic again."""
 
         arg = parameter_s.lower()
         if parameter_s in ('on','1','true'):
             self.shell.automagic = True
         elif parameter_s in ('off','0','false'):
             self.shell.automagic = False
         else:
             self.shell.automagic = not self.shell.automagic
         print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[self.shell.automagic]
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_autocall(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.
 
         Usage:
 
            %autocall [mode]
 
         The mode can be one of: 0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full.  If not given, the
         value is toggled on and off (remembering the previous state).
 
         In more detail, these values mean:
 
         0 -> fully disabled
 
         1 -> active, but do not apply if there are no arguments on the line.
 
         In this mode, you get::
 
           In [1]: callable
           Out[1]: <built-in function callable>
 
           In [2]: callable 'hello'
           ------> callable('hello')
           Out[2]: False
 
         2 -> Active always.  Even if no arguments are present, the callable
         object is called::
 
           In [2]: float
           ------> float()
           Out[2]: 0.0
 
         Note that even with autocall off, you can still use '/' at the start of
         a line to treat the first argument on the command line as a function
         and add parentheses to it::
 
           In [8]: /str 43
           ------> str(43)
           Out[8]: '43'
 
         # all-random (note for auto-testing)
         """
 
         if parameter_s:
             arg = int(parameter_s)
         else:
             arg = 'toggle'
 
         if not arg in (0,1,2,'toggle'):
             error('Valid modes: (0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full')
             return
 
         if arg in (0,1,2):
             self.shell.autocall = arg
         else: # toggle
             if self.shell.autocall:
                 self._magic_state.autocall_save = self.shell.autocall
                 self.shell.autocall = 0
             else:
                 try:
                     self.shell.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save
                 except AttributeError:
                     self.shell.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save = 1
 
         print "Automatic calling is:",['OFF','Smart','Full'][self.shell.autocall]
 
 
     def magic_page(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
 
         %page [options] OBJECT
 
         If no object is given, use _ (last output).
 
         Options:
 
           -r: page str(object), don't pretty-print it."""
 
         # After a function contributed by Olivier Aubert, slightly modified.
 
         # Process options/args
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r')
         raw = 'r' in opts
 
         oname = args and args or '_'
         info = self._ofind(oname)
         if info['found']:
             txt = (raw and str or pformat)( info['obj'] )
             page.page(txt)
         else:
             print 'Object `%s` not found' % oname
 
     def magic_profile(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print your currently active IPython profile."""
         from IPython.core.application import BaseIPythonApplication
         if BaseIPythonApplication.initialized():
             print BaseIPythonApplication.instance().profile
         else:
             error("profile is an application-level value, but you don't appear to be in an IPython application")
 
     def magic_pinfo(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Provide detailed information about an object.
 
         '%pinfo object' is just a synonym for object? or ?object."""
 
         #print 'pinfo par: <%s>' % parameter_s  # dbg
 
 
         # detail_level: 0 -> obj? , 1 -> obj??
         detail_level = 0
         # We need to detect if we got called as 'pinfo pinfo foo', which can
         # happen if the user types 'pinfo foo?' at the cmd line.
         pinfo,qmark1,oname,qmark2 = \
                re.match('(pinfo )?(\?*)(.*?)(\??$)',parameter_s).groups()
         if pinfo or qmark1 or qmark2:
             detail_level = 1
         if "*" in oname:
             self.magic_psearch(oname)
         else:
             self.shell._inspect('pinfo', oname, detail_level=detail_level,
                                 namespaces=namespaces)
 
     def magic_pinfo2(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Provide extra detailed information about an object.
 
         '%pinfo2 object' is just a synonym for object?? or ??object."""
         self.shell._inspect('pinfo', parameter_s, detail_level=1,
                             namespaces=namespaces)
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_pdef(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print the definition header for any callable object.
 
         If the object is a class, print the constructor information.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [3]: %pdef urllib.urlopen
           urllib.urlopen(url, data=None, proxies=None)
         """
         self._inspect('pdef',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     def magic_pdoc(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print the docstring for an object.
 
         If the given object is a class, it will print both the class and the
         constructor docstrings."""
         self._inspect('pdoc',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     def magic_psource(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object."""
         self._inspect('psource',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     def magic_pfile(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
 
         The file opens at the line where the object definition begins. IPython
         will honor the environment variable PAGER if set, and otherwise will
         do its best to print the file in a convenient form.
 
         If the given argument is not an object currently defined, IPython will
         try to interpret it as a filename (automatically adding a .py extension
         if needed). You can thus use %pfile as a syntax highlighting code
         viewer."""
 
         # first interpret argument as an object name
         out = self._inspect('pfile',parameter_s)
         # if not, try the input as a filename
         if out == 'not found':
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
             except IOError,msg:
                 print msg
                 return
             page.page(self.shell.inspector.format(open(filename).read()))
 
     def magic_psearch(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.
 
         %psearch [options] PATTERN [OBJECT TYPE]
 
         Note: ? can be used as a synonym for %psearch, at the beginning or at
         the end: both a*? and ?a* are equivalent to '%psearch a*'.  Still, the
         rest of the command line must be unchanged (options come first), so
         for example the following forms are equivalent
 
         %psearch -i a* function
         -i a* function?
         ?-i a* function
 
         Arguments:
 
           PATTERN
 
           where PATTERN is a string containing * as a wildcard similar to its
           use in a shell.  The pattern is matched in all namespaces on the
           search path. By default objects starting with a single _ are not
           matched, many IPython generated objects have a single
           underscore. The default is case insensitive matching. Matching is
           also done on the attributes of objects and not only on the objects
           in a module.
 
           [OBJECT TYPE]
 
           Is the name of a python type from the types module. The name is
           given in lowercase without the ending type, ex. StringType is
           written string. By adding a type here only objects matching the
           given type are matched. Using all here makes the pattern match all
           types (this is the default).
 
         Options:
 
           -a: makes the pattern match even objects whose names start with a
           single underscore.  These names are normally omitted from the
           search.
 
           -i/-c: make the pattern case insensitive/sensitive.  If neither of
           these options are given, the default is read from your configuration
           file, with the option ``InteractiveShell.wildcards_case_sensitive``.
           If this option is not specified in your configuration file, IPython's
           internal default is to do a case sensitive search.
 
           -e/-s NAMESPACE: exclude/search a given namespace.  The pattern you
           specify can be searched in any of the following namespaces:
           'builtin', 'user', 'user_global','internal', 'alias', where
           'builtin' and 'user' are the search defaults.  Note that you should
           not use quotes when specifying namespaces.
 
           'Builtin' contains the python module builtin, 'user' contains all
           user data, 'alias' only contain the shell aliases and no python
           objects, 'internal' contains objects used by IPython.  The
           'user_global' namespace is only used by embedded IPython instances,
           and it contains module-level globals.  You can add namespaces to the
           search with -s or exclude them with -e (these options can be given
           more than once).
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           %psearch a*            -> objects beginning with an a
           %psearch -e builtin a* -> objects NOT in the builtin space starting in a
           %psearch a* function   -> all functions beginning with an a
           %psearch re.e*         -> objects beginning with an e in module re
           %psearch r*.e*         -> objects that start with e in modules starting in r
           %psearch r*.* string   -> all strings in modules beginning with r
 
         Case sensitive search::
 
           %psearch -c a*         list all object beginning with lower case a
 
         Show objects beginning with a single _::
 
           %psearch -a _*         list objects beginning with a single underscore"""
         try:
             parameter_s.encode('ascii')
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.'
             return
 
         # default namespaces to be searched
         def_search = ['user_local', 'user_global', 'builtin']
 
         # Process options/args
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'cias:e:',list_all=True)
         opt = opts.get
         shell = self.shell
         psearch = shell.inspector.psearch
 
         # select case options
         if opts.has_key('i'):
             ignore_case = True
         elif opts.has_key('c'):
             ignore_case = False
         else:
             ignore_case = not shell.wildcards_case_sensitive
 
         # Build list of namespaces to search from user options
         def_search.extend(opt('s',[]))
         ns_exclude = ns_exclude=opt('e',[])
         ns_search = [nm for nm in def_search if nm not in ns_exclude]
 
         # Call the actual search
         try:
             psearch(args,shell.ns_table,ns_search,
                     show_all=opt('a'),ignore_case=ignore_case)
         except:
             shell.showtraceback()
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_who_ls(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.
 
         If arguments are given, only variables of types matching these
         arguments are returned.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         Define two variables and list them with who_ls::
 
           In [1]: alpha = 123
 
           In [2]: beta = 'test'
 
           In [3]: %who_ls
           Out[3]: ['alpha', 'beta']
 
           In [4]: %who_ls int
           Out[4]: ['alpha']
 
           In [5]: %who_ls str
           Out[5]: ['beta']
         """
 
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
         user_ns_hidden = self.shell.user_ns_hidden
         out = [ i for i in user_ns
                 if not i.startswith('_') \
                 and not i in user_ns_hidden ]
 
         typelist = parameter_s.split()
         if typelist:
             typeset = set(typelist)
             out = [i for i in out if type(user_ns[i]).__name__ in typeset]
 
         out.sort()
         return out
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_who(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.
 
         If any arguments are given, only variables whose type matches one of
         these are printed.  For example::
 
           %who function str
 
         will only list functions and strings, excluding all other types of
         variables.  To find the proper type names, simply use type(var) at a
         command line to see how python prints type names.  For example:
 
         ::
 
           In [1]: type('hello')\\
           Out[1]: <type 'str'>
 
         indicates that the type name for strings is 'str'.
 
         ``%who`` always excludes executed names loaded through your configuration
         file and things which are internal to IPython.
 
         This is deliberate, as typically you may load many modules and the
         purpose of %who is to show you only what you've manually defined.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         Define two variables and list them with who::
 
           In [1]: alpha = 123
 
           In [2]: beta = 'test'
 
           In [3]: %who
           alpha   beta
 
           In [4]: %who int
           alpha
 
           In [5]: %who str
           beta
         """
 
         varlist = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
         if not varlist:
             if parameter_s:
                 print 'No variables match your requested type.'
             else:
                 print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
             return
 
         # if we have variables, move on...
         count = 0
         for i in varlist:
             print i+'\t',
             count += 1
             if count > 8:
                 count = 0
                 print
         print
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_whos(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.
 
         The same type filtering of %who can be applied here.
 
         For all variables, the type is printed. Additionally it prints:
 
           - For {},[],(): their length.
 
           - For numpy arrays, a summary with shape, number of
           elements, typecode and size in memory.
 
           - Everything else: a string representation, snipping their middle if
           too long.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         Define two variables and list them with whos::
 
           In [1]: alpha = 123
 
           In [2]: beta = 'test'
 
           In [3]: %whos
           Variable   Type        Data/Info
           --------------------------------
           alpha      int         123
           beta       str         test
         """
 
         varnames = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
         if not varnames:
             if parameter_s:
                 print 'No variables match your requested type.'
             else:
                 print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
             return
 
         # if we have variables, move on...
 
         # for these types, show len() instead of data:
         seq_types = ['dict', 'list', 'tuple']
 
         # for numpy arrays, display summary info
         ndarray_type = None
         if 'numpy' in sys.modules:
             try:
                 from numpy import ndarray
             except ImportError:
                 pass
             else:
                 ndarray_type = ndarray.__name__
 
         # Find all variable names and types so we can figure out column sizes
         def get_vars(i):
             return self.shell.user_ns[i]
 
         # some types are well known and can be shorter
         abbrevs = {'IPython.core.macro.Macro' : 'Macro'}
         def type_name(v):
             tn = type(v).__name__
             return abbrevs.get(tn,tn)
 
         varlist = map(get_vars,varnames)
 
         typelist = []
         for vv in varlist:
             tt = type_name(vv)
 
             if tt=='instance':
                 typelist.append( abbrevs.get(str(vv.__class__),
                                              str(vv.__class__)))
             else:
                 typelist.append(tt)
 
         # column labels and # of spaces as separator
         varlabel = 'Variable'
         typelabel = 'Type'
         datalabel = 'Data/Info'
         colsep = 3
         # variable format strings
         vformat    = "{0:<{varwidth}}{1:<{typewidth}}"
         aformat    = "%s: %s elems, type `%s`, %s bytes"
         # find the size of the columns to format the output nicely
         varwidth = max(max(map(len,varnames)), len(varlabel)) + colsep
         typewidth = max(max(map(len,typelist)), len(typelabel)) + colsep
         # table header
         print varlabel.ljust(varwidth) + typelabel.ljust(typewidth) + \
               ' '+datalabel+'\n' + '-'*(varwidth+typewidth+len(datalabel)+1)
         # and the table itself
         kb = 1024
         Mb = 1048576  # kb**2
         for vname,var,vtype in zip(varnames,varlist,typelist):
             print vformat.format(vname, vtype, varwidth=varwidth, typewidth=typewidth),
             if vtype in seq_types:
                 print "n="+str(len(var))
             elif vtype == ndarray_type:
                 vshape = str(var.shape).replace(',','').replace(' ','x')[1:-1]
                 if vtype==ndarray_type:
                     # numpy
                     vsize  = var.size
                     vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize
                     vdtype = var.dtype
 
                 if vbytes < 100000:
                     print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes)
                 else:
                     print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes),
                     if vbytes < Mb:
                         print '(%s kb)' % (vbytes/kb,)
                     else:
                         print '(%s Mb)' % (vbytes/Mb,)
             else:
                 try:
                     vstr = str(var)
                 except UnicodeEncodeError:
                     vstr = unicode(var).encode(DEFAULT_ENCODING,
                                                'backslashreplace')
                 except:
                     vstr = "<object with id %d (str() failed)>" % id(var)
                 vstr = vstr.replace('\n','\\n')
                 if len(vstr) < 50:
                     print vstr
                 else:
                     print vstr[:25] + "<...>" + vstr[-25:]
 
     def magic_reset(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user, if
         called without arguments, or by removing some types of objects, such
         as everything currently in IPython's In[] and Out[] containers (see
         the parameters for details).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         -f : force reset without asking for confirmation.
 
         -s : 'Soft' reset: Only clears your namespace, leaving history intact.
             References to objects may be kept. By default (without this option),
             we do a 'hard' reset, giving you a new session and removing all
             references to objects from the current session.
 
         in : reset input history
        
         out : reset output history
        
         dhist : reset directory history
         
         array : reset only variables that are NumPy arrays
 
         See Also
         --------
         magic_reset_selective : invoked as ``%reset_selective``
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [6]: a = 1
 
           In [7]: a
           Out[7]: 1
 
           In [8]: 'a' in _ip.user_ns
           Out[8]: True
 
           In [9]: %reset -f
 
           In [1]: 'a' in _ip.user_ns
           Out[1]: False
 
           In [2]: %reset -f in
           Flushing input history
 
           In [3]: %reset -f dhist in
           Flushing directory history
           Flushing input history
 
         Notes
         -----
         Calling this magic from clients that do not implement standard input,
         such as the ipython notebook interface, will reset the namespace
         without confirmation.
         """
         opts, args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'sf', mode='list')
         if 'f' in opts:
             ans = True
         else:
             try:
                 ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(
                 "Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])? ", default='n')
             except StdinNotImplementedError:
                 ans = True
         if not ans:
             print 'Nothing done.'
             return
 
         if 's' in opts:                     # Soft reset
             user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
             for i in self.magic_who_ls():
                 del(user_ns[i])
         elif len(args) == 0:                # Hard reset
             self.shell.reset(new_session = False)
         
         # reset in/out/dhist/array: previously extensinions/clearcmd.py
         ip = self.shell
         user_ns = self.user_ns  # local lookup, heavily used
 
         for target in args:
             target = target.lower() # make matches case insensitive
             if target == 'out':
                 print "Flushing output cache (%d entries)" % len(user_ns['_oh'])
                 self.displayhook.flush()
 
             elif target == 'in':
                 print "Flushing input history"
                 pc = self.displayhook.prompt_count + 1
                 for n in range(1, pc):
                     key = '_i'+repr(n)
                     user_ns.pop(key,None)
                 user_ns.update(dict(_i=u'',_ii=u'',_iii=u''))
                 hm = ip.history_manager
                 # don't delete these, as %save and %macro depending on the length
                 # of these lists to be preserved
                 hm.input_hist_parsed[:] = [''] * pc
                 hm.input_hist_raw[:] = [''] * pc
                 # hm has internal machinery for _i,_ii,_iii, clear it out
                 hm._i = hm._ii = hm._iii = hm._i00 =  u''
 
             elif target == 'array':
                 # Support cleaning up numpy arrays
                 try:
                     from numpy import ndarray
                     # This must be done with items and not iteritems because we're
                     # going to modify the dict in-place.
                     for x,val in user_ns.items():
                         if isinstance(val,ndarray):
                             del user_ns[x]
                 except ImportError:
                     print "reset array only works if Numpy is available."
 
             elif target == 'dhist':
                 print "Flushing directory history"
                 del user_ns['_dh'][:]
 
             else:
                 print "Don't know how to reset ",
                 print target + ", please run `%reset?` for details"
 
         gc.collect()
 
     def magic_reset_selective(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Resets the namespace by removing names defined by the user.
 
         Input/Output history are left around in case you need them.
 
         %reset_selective [-f] regex
 
         No action is taken if regex is not included
 
         Options
           -f : force reset without asking for confirmation.
 
         See Also
         --------
         magic_reset : invoked as ``%reset``
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         We first fully reset the namespace so your output looks identical to
         this example for pedagogical reasons; in practice you do not need a
         full reset::
 
           In [1]: %reset -f
 
         Now, with a clean namespace we can make a few variables and use
         ``%reset_selective`` to only delete names that match our regexp::
 
           In [2]: a=1; b=2; c=3; b1m=4; b2m=5; b3m=6; b4m=7; b2s=8
 
           In [3]: who_ls
           Out[3]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2m', 'b2s', 'b3m', 'b4m', 'c']
 
           In [4]: %reset_selective -f b[2-3]m
 
           In [5]: who_ls
           Out[5]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2s', 'b4m', 'c']
 
           In [6]: %reset_selective -f d
 
           In [7]: who_ls
           Out[7]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2s', 'b4m', 'c']
 
           In [8]: %reset_selective -f c
 
           In [9]: who_ls
           Out[9]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2s', 'b4m']
 
           In [10]: %reset_selective -f b
 
           In [11]: who_ls
           Out[11]: ['a']
 
         Notes
         -----
         Calling this magic from clients that do not implement standard input,
         such as the ipython notebook interface, will reset the namespace
         without confirmation.
         """
 
         opts, regex = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'f')
 
         if opts.has_key('f'):
             ans = True
         else:
             try:
                 ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(
                 "Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])? ",
                 default='n')
             except StdinNotImplementedError:
                 ans = True
         if not ans:
             print 'Nothing done.'
             return
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
         if not regex:
             print 'No regex pattern specified. Nothing done.'
             return
         else:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern')
             for i in self.magic_who_ls():
                 if m.search(i):
                     del(user_ns[i])
 
     def magic_xdel(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Delete a variable, trying to clear it from anywhere that
         IPython's machinery has references to it. By default, this uses
         the identity of the named object in the user namespace to remove
         references held under other names. The object is also removed
         from the output history.
 
         Options
           -n : Delete the specified name from all namespaces, without
           checking their identity.
         """
         opts, varname = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'n')
         try:
             self.shell.del_var(varname, ('n' in opts))
         except (NameError, ValueError) as e:
             print type(e).__name__ +": "+ str(e)
 
     def magic_logstart(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Start logging anywhere in a session.
 
         %logstart [-o|-r|-t] [log_name [log_mode]]
 
         If no name is given, it defaults to a file named 'ipython_log.py' in your
         current directory, in 'rotate' mode (see below).
 
         '%logstart name' saves to file 'name' in 'backup' mode.  It saves your
         history up to that point and then continues logging.
 
         %logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be one
         of (note that the modes are given unquoted):\\
           append: well, that says it.\\
           backup: rename (if exists) to name~ and start name.\\
           global: single logfile in your home dir, appended to.\\
           over  : overwrite existing log.\\
           rotate: create rotating logs name.1~, name.2~, etc.
 
         Options:
 
           -o: log also IPython's output.  In this mode, all commands which
           generate an Out[NN] prompt are recorded to the logfile, right after
           their corresponding input line.  The output lines are always
           prepended with a '#[Out]# ' marker, so that the log remains valid
           Python code.
 
           Since this marker is always the same, filtering only the output from
           a log is very easy, using for example a simple awk call::
 
             awk -F'#\\[Out\\]# ' '{if($2) {print $2}}' ipython_log.py
 
           -r: log 'raw' input.  Normally, IPython's logs contain the processed
           input, so that user lines are logged in their final form, converted
           into valid Python.  For example, %Exit is logged as
           _ip.magic("Exit").  If the -r flag is given, all input is logged
           exactly as typed, with no transformations applied.
 
           -t: put timestamps before each input line logged (these are put in
           comments)."""
 
         opts,par = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'ort')
         log_output = 'o' in opts
         log_raw_input = 'r' in opts
         timestamp = 't' in opts
 
         logger = self.shell.logger
 
         # if no args are given, the defaults set in the logger constructor by
         # ipython remain valid
         if par:
             try:
                 logfname,logmode = par.split()
             except:
                 logfname = par
                 logmode = 'backup'
         else:
             logfname = logger.logfname
             logmode = logger.logmode
         # put logfname into rc struct as if it had been called on the command
         # line, so it ends up saved in the log header Save it in case we need
         # to restore it...
         old_logfile = self.shell.logfile
         if logfname:
             logfname = os.path.expanduser(logfname)
         self.shell.logfile = logfname
 
         loghead = '# IPython log file\n\n'
         try:
             started  = logger.logstart(logfname,loghead,logmode,
                                        log_output,timestamp,log_raw_input)
         except:
             self.shell.logfile = old_logfile
             warn("Couldn't start log: %s" % sys.exc_info()[1])
         else:
             # log input history up to this point, optionally interleaving
             # output if requested
 
             if timestamp:
                 # disable timestamping for the previous history, since we've
                 # lost those already (no time machine here).
                 logger.timestamp = False
 
             if log_raw_input:
                 input_hist = self.shell.history_manager.input_hist_raw
             else:
                 input_hist = self.shell.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
 
             if log_output:
                 log_write = logger.log_write
                 output_hist = self.shell.history_manager.output_hist
                 for n in range(1,len(input_hist)-1):
                     log_write(input_hist[n].rstrip() + '\n')
                     if n in output_hist:
                         log_write(repr(output_hist[n]),'output')
             else:
                 logger.log_write('\n'.join(input_hist[1:]))
                 logger.log_write('\n')
             if timestamp:
                 # re-enable timestamping
                 logger.timestamp = True
 
             print ('Activating auto-logging. '
                    'Current session state plus future input saved.')
             logger.logstate()
 
     def magic_logstop(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Fully stop logging and close log file.
 
         In order to start logging again, a new %logstart call needs to be made,
         possibly (though not necessarily) with a new filename, mode and other
         options."""
         self.logger.logstop()
 
     def magic_logoff(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Temporarily stop logging.
 
         You must have previously started logging."""
         self.shell.logger.switch_log(0)
 
     def magic_logon(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Restart logging.
 
         This function is for restarting logging which you've temporarily
         stopped with %logoff. For starting logging for the first time, you
         must use the %logstart function, which allows you to specify an
         optional log filename."""
 
         self.shell.logger.switch_log(1)
 
     def magic_logstate(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Print the status of the logging system."""
 
         self.shell.logger.logstate()
 
     def magic_pdb(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
 
         Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
         argument it works as a toggle.
 
         When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
         interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
         this feature on and off.
 
         The initial state of this feature is set in your configuration
         file (the option is ``InteractiveShell.pdb``).
 
         If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired,
         without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use
         the %debug magic."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip().lower()
 
         if par:
             try:
                 new_pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par]
             except KeyError:
                 print ('Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0, '
                        'or nothing for a toggle.')
                 return
         else:
             # toggle
             new_pdb = not self.shell.call_pdb
 
         # set on the shell
         self.shell.call_pdb = new_pdb
         print 'Automatic pdb calling has been turned',on_off(new_pdb)
 
     def magic_debug(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Activate the interactive debugger in post-mortem mode.
 
         If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
         frames interactively.  Note that this will always work only on the last
         traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
         exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
         occurs, it clobbers the previous one.
 
         If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
         the %pdb magic for more details.
         """
         self.shell.debugger(force=True)
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_prun(self, parameter_s ='',user_mode=1,
                    opts=None,arg_lst=None,prog_ns=None):
 
         """Run a statement through the python code profiler.
 
         Usage:
           %prun [options] statement
 
         The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
         python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
         Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
         cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
         namespaces which do not hold under IPython.
 
         Options:
 
         -l <limit>: you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
         profile gets printed. The limit value can be:
 
           * A string: only information for function names containing this string
           is printed.
 
           * An integer: only these many lines are printed.
 
           * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
           (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).
 
         You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
         example, '-l __init__ -l 5' will print only the topmost 5 lines of
         information about class constructors.
 
         -r: return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
         object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
         later use it for further analysis or in other functions.
 
        -s <key>: sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
         by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
         default sorting key is 'time'.
 
         The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
         referenced below:
 
         When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
         secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
         before them.
 
         Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
         abbreviation is unambiguous.  The following are the keys currently
         defined:
 
                 Valid Arg       Meaning
                   "calls"      call count
                   "cumulative" cumulative time
                   "file"       file name
                   "module"     file name
                   "pcalls"     primitive call count
                   "line"       line number
                   "name"       function name
                   "nfl"        name/file/line
                   "stdname"    standard name
                   "time"       internal time
 
         Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
         most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
         searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
         distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
         sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
         numbers get compared in an odd way.  For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
         would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
         "20" "3" and "40".  In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
         line numbers.  In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
         sort_stats("name", "file", "line").
 
         -T <filename>: save profile results as shown on screen to a text
         file. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -D <filename>: save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given
         filename. This data is in a format understood by the pstats module, and
         is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile
         objects. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -q: suppress output to the pager.  Best used with -T and/or -D above.
 
         If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use
         '%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]' where prof_opts
         contains profiler specific options as described here.
 
         You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with::
 
           In [1]: import profile; profile.help()
         """
 
         opts_def = Struct(D=[''],l=[],s=['time'],T=[''])
 
         if user_mode:  # regular user call
             opts,arg_str = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'D:l:rs:T:q',
                                               list_all=1, posix=False)
             namespace = self.shell.user_ns
         else:  # called to run a program by %run -p
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(arg_lst[0])
             except IOError as e:
                 try:
                     msg = str(e)
                 except UnicodeError:
                     msg = e.message
                 error(msg)
                 return
 
             arg_str = 'execfile(filename,prog_ns)'
             namespace = {
                 'execfile': self.shell.safe_execfile,
                 'prog_ns': prog_ns,
                 'filename': filename
                 }
 
         opts.merge(opts_def)
 
         prof = profile.Profile()
         try:
             prof = prof.runctx(arg_str,namespace,namespace)
             sys_exit = ''
         except SystemExit:
             sys_exit = """*** SystemExit exception caught in code being profiled."""
 
         stats = pstats.Stats(prof).strip_dirs().sort_stats(*opts.s)
 
         lims = opts.l
         if lims:
             lims = []  # rebuild lims with ints/floats/strings
             for lim in opts.l:
                 try:
                     lims.append(int(lim))
                 except ValueError:
                     try:
                         lims.append(float(lim))
                     except ValueError:
                         lims.append(lim)
 
         # Trap output.
         stdout_trap = StringIO()
 
         if hasattr(stats,'stream'):
             # In newer versions of python, the stats object has a 'stream'
             # attribute to write into.
             stats.stream = stdout_trap
             stats.print_stats(*lims)
         else:
             # For older versions, we manually redirect stdout during printing
             sys_stdout = sys.stdout
             try:
                 sys.stdout = stdout_trap
                 stats.print_stats(*lims)
             finally:
                 sys.stdout = sys_stdout
 
         output = stdout_trap.getvalue()
         output = output.rstrip()
 
         if 'q' not in opts:
             page.page(output)
         print sys_exit,
 
         dump_file = opts.D[0]
         text_file = opts.T[0]
         if dump_file:
             dump_file = unquote_filename(dump_file)
             prof.dump_stats(dump_file)
             print '\n*** Profile stats marshalled to file',\
                   `dump_file`+'.',sys_exit
         if text_file:
             text_file = unquote_filename(text_file)
             pfile = open(text_file,'w')
             pfile.write(output)
             pfile.close()
             print '\n*** Profile printout saved to text file',\
                   `text_file`+'.',sys_exit
 
         if opts.has_key('r'):
             return stats
         else:
             return None
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_run(self, parameter_s ='', runner=None,
                   file_finder=get_py_filename):
         """Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
 
         Usage:\\
           %run [-n -i -t [-N<N>] -d [-b<N>] -p [profile options]] file [args]
 
         Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to
         the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's
         prompt.
 
         This is similar to running at a system prompt:\\
           $ python file args\\
         but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of
         loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use
         (unless -p is used, see below).
 
         The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of
         __name__=='__main__' and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus
         sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program
         (except for sharing global objects such as previously imported
         modules). But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets
         updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__
         and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for
         interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in.
 
         Options:
 
         -n: __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name
         without extension (as python does under import).  This allows running
         scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code
         protected by an ' if __name__ == "__main__" ' clause.
 
         -i: run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This
         is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor
         which depends on variables defined interactively.
 
         -e: ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script
         being run.  This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to
         run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call.  In such
         cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in
         seeing a traceback of the unittest module.
 
         -t: print timing information at the end of the run.  IPython will give
         you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under
         Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of
         time.clock().  Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks
         is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).
 
         If -t is given, an additional -N<N> option can be given, where <N>
         must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to
         run.  The final timing report will include total and per run results.
 
         For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py)::
 
             In [1]: run -t uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\
               User  :    0.19597 s.\\
               System:        0.0 s.\\
 
             In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\
             Total runs performed: 5\\
               Times :      Total       Per run\\
               User  :   0.910862 s,  0.1821724 s.\\
               System:        0.0 s,        0.0 s.
 
         -d: run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger.
         This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables,
         etc.  Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling:
 
           pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")')
 
         with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file.  You can change the line
         number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option
         (where N must be an integer).  For example::
 
           %run -d -b40 myscript
 
         will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py.  Note that
         the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does
         something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.
 
         When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt.  You must
         first enter 'c' (without quotes) to start execution up to the first
         breakpoint.
 
         Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger.  You
         can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()"
         at a prompt.
 
         -p: run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which
         prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).
 
         You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the
         profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.
 
         In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the
         IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace
         where the profiler executes them).
 
         Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for
         details on the options available specifically for profiling.
 
         There is one special usage for which the text above doesn't apply:
         if the filename ends with .ipy, the file is run as ipython script,
         just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt.
 
         -m: specify module name to load instead of script path. Similar to
         the -m option for the python interpreter. Use this option last if you
         want to combine with other %run options. Unlike the python interpreter
         only source modules are allowed no .pyc or .pyo files.
         For example::
 
             %run -m example
 
         will run the example module.
 
         """
 
         # get arguments and set sys.argv for program to be run.
         opts, arg_lst = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'nidtN:b:pD:l:rs:T:em:',
                                            mode='list', list_all=1)
         if "m" in opts:
             modulename = opts["m"][0]
             modpath = find_mod(modulename)
             if modpath is None:
                 warn('%r is not a valid modulename on sys.path'%modulename)
                 return
             arg_lst = [modpath] + arg_lst
         try:
             filename = file_finder(arg_lst[0])
         except IndexError:
             warn('you must provide at least a filename.')
             print '\n%run:\n', oinspect.getdoc(self.magic_run)
             return
         except IOError as e:
             try:
                 msg = str(e)
             except UnicodeError:
                 msg = e.message
             error(msg)
             return
 
         if filename.lower().endswith('.ipy'):
             self.shell.safe_execfile_ipy(filename)
             return
 
         # Control the response to exit() calls made by the script being run
         exit_ignore = 'e' in opts
 
         # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it
         # were run from a system shell.
         save_argv = sys.argv # save it for later restoring
 
         # simulate shell expansion on arguments, at least tilde expansion
         args = [ os.path.expanduser(a) for a in arg_lst[1:] ]
 
         sys.argv = [filename] + args  # put in the proper filename
         # protect sys.argv from potential unicode strings on Python 2:
         if not py3compat.PY3:
             sys.argv = [ py3compat.cast_bytes(a) for a in sys.argv ]
 
         if 'i' in opts:
             # Run in user's interactive namespace
             prog_ns = self.shell.user_ns
             __name__save = self.shell.user_ns['__name__']
             prog_ns['__name__'] = '__main__'
             main_mod = self.shell.new_main_mod(prog_ns)
         else:
             # Run in a fresh, empty namespace
             if 'n' in opts:
                 name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0]
             else:
                 name = '__main__'
 
             main_mod = self.shell.new_main_mod()
             prog_ns = main_mod.__dict__
             prog_ns['__name__'] = name
 
         # Since '%run foo' emulates 'python foo.py' at the cmd line, we must
         # set the __file__ global in the script's namespace
         prog_ns['__file__'] = filename
 
         # pickle fix.  See interactiveshell for an explanation.  But we need to make sure
         # that, if we overwrite __main__, we replace it at the end
         main_mod_name = prog_ns['__name__']
 
         if main_mod_name == '__main__':
             restore_main = sys.modules['__main__']
         else:
             restore_main = False
 
         # This needs to be undone at the end to prevent holding references to
         # every single object ever created.
         sys.modules[main_mod_name] = main_mod
 
         try:
             stats = None
             with self.readline_no_record:
                 if 'p' in opts:
                     stats = self.magic_prun('', 0, opts, arg_lst, prog_ns)
                 else:
                     if 'd' in opts:
                         deb = debugger.Pdb(self.shell.colors)
                         # reset Breakpoint state, which is moronically kept
                         # in a class
                         bdb.Breakpoint.next = 1
                         bdb.Breakpoint.bplist = {}
                         bdb.Breakpoint.bpbynumber = [None]
                         # Set an initial breakpoint to stop execution
                         maxtries = 10
                         bp = int(opts.get('b', [1])[0])
                         checkline = deb.checkline(filename, bp)
                         if not checkline:
                             for bp in range(bp + 1, bp + maxtries + 1):
                                 if deb.checkline(filename, bp):
                                     break
                             else:
                                 msg = ("\nI failed to find a valid line to set "
                                        "a breakpoint\n"
                                        "after trying up to line: %s.\n"
                                        "Please set a valid breakpoint manually "
                                        "with the -b option." % bp)
                                 error(msg)
                                 return
                         # if we find a good linenumber, set the breakpoint
                         deb.do_break('%s:%s' % (filename, bp))
                         # Start file run
                         print "NOTE: Enter 'c' at the",
                         print "%s prompt to start your script." % deb.prompt
                         ns = {'execfile': py3compat.execfile, 'prog_ns': prog_ns}
                         try:
                             deb.run('execfile("%s", prog_ns)' % filename, ns)
 
                         except:
                             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                             # Skip three frames in the traceback: the %run one,
                             # one inside bdb.py, and the command-line typed by the
                             # user (run by exec in pdb itself).
                             self.shell.InteractiveTB(etype, value, tb, tb_offset=3)
                     else:
                         if runner is None:
                             runner = self.shell.safe_execfile
                         if 't' in opts:
                             # timed execution
                             try:
                                 nruns = int(opts['N'][0])
                                 if nruns < 1:
                                     error('Number of runs must be >=1')
                                     return
                             except (KeyError):
                                 nruns = 1
                             twall0 = time.time()
                             if nruns == 1:
                                 t0 = clock2()
                                 runner(filename, prog_ns, prog_ns,
                                        exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
                                 t1 = clock2()
                                 t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
                                 t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
                                 print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):"
                                 print "  User   : %10.2f s." % t_usr
                                 print "  System : %10.2f s." % t_sys
                             else:
                                 runs = range(nruns)
                                 t0 = clock2()
                                 for nr in runs:
                                     runner(filename, prog_ns, prog_ns,
                                            exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
                                 t1 = clock2()
                                 t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
                                 t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
                                 print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):"
                                 print "Total runs performed:", nruns
                                 print "  Times  : %10.2f    %10.2f" % ('Total', 'Per run')
                                 print "  User   : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_usr, t_usr / nruns)
                                 print "  System : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_sys, t_sys / nruns)
                             twall1 = time.time()
                             print "Wall time: %10.2f s." % (twall1 - twall0)
 
                         else:
                             # regular execution
                             runner(filename, prog_ns, prog_ns, exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
 
                 if 'i' in opts:
                     self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] = __name__save
                 else:
                     # The shell MUST hold a reference to prog_ns so after %run
                     # exits, the python deletion mechanism doesn't zero it out
                     # (leaving dangling references).
                     self.shell.cache_main_mod(prog_ns, filename)
                     # update IPython interactive namespace
 
                     # Some forms of read errors on the file may mean the
                     # __name__ key was never set; using pop we don't have to
                     # worry about a possible KeyError.
                     prog_ns.pop('__name__', None)
 
                     self.shell.user_ns.update(prog_ns)
         finally:
             # It's a bit of a mystery why, but __builtins__ can change from
             # being a module to becoming a dict missing some key data after
             # %run.  As best I can see, this is NOT something IPython is doing
             # at all, and similar problems have been reported before:
             # http://coding.derkeiler.com/Archive/Python/comp.lang.python/2004-10/0188.html
             # Since this seems to be done by the interpreter itself, the best
             # we can do is to at least restore __builtins__ for the user on
             # exit.
             self.shell.user_ns['__builtins__'] = builtin_mod
 
             # Ensure key global structures are restored
             sys.argv = save_argv
             if restore_main:
                 sys.modules['__main__'] = restore_main
             else:
                 # Remove from sys.modules the reference to main_mod we'd
                 # added.  Otherwise it will trap references to objects
                 # contained therein.
                 del sys.modules[main_mod_name]
 
         return stats
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_timeit(self, parameter_s =''):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression
 
         Usage:\\
           %timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c]] statement
 
         Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit
         module.
 
         Options:
         -n<N>: execute the given statement <N> times in a loop. If this value
         is not given, a fitting value is chosen.
 
         -r<R>: repeat the loop iteration <R> times and take the best result.
         Default: 3
 
         -t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix.
         This function measures wall time.
 
         -c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on
         Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used
         instead and returns the CPU user time.
 
         -p<P>: use a precision of <P> digits to display the timing result.
         Default: 3
 
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: %timeit pass
           10000000 loops, best of 3: 53.3 ns per loop
 
           In [2]: u = None
 
           In [3]: %timeit u is None
           10000000 loops, best of 3: 184 ns per loop
 
           In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None
           1000000 loops, best of 4: 242 ns per loop
 
           In [5]: import time
 
           In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2)
           1 loops, best of 3: 2 s per loop
 
 
         The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those
         reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is
         due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace
         of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup
         statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias
         does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with
         those from %timeit."""
 
         import timeit
         import math
 
         # XXX: Unfortunately the unicode 'micro' symbol can cause problems in
         # certain terminals.  Until we figure out a robust way of
         # auto-detecting if the terminal can deal with it, use plain 'us' for
         # microseconds.  I am really NOT happy about disabling the proper
         # 'micro' prefix, but crashing is worse... If anyone knows what the
         # right solution for this is, I'm all ears...
         #
         # Note: using
         #
         # s = u'\xb5'
         # s.encode(sys.getdefaultencoding())
         #
         # is not sufficient, as I've seen terminals where that fails but
         # print s
         #
         # succeeds
         #
         # See bug: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/348466
 
         #units = [u"s", u"ms",u'\xb5',"ns"]
         units = [u"s", u"ms",u'us',"ns"]
 
         scaling = [1, 1e3, 1e6, 1e9]
 
         opts, stmt = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'n:r:tcp:',
                                         posix=False, strict=False)
         if stmt == "":
             return
         timefunc = timeit.default_timer
         number = int(getattr(opts, "n", 0))
         repeat = int(getattr(opts, "r", timeit.default_repeat))
         precision = int(getattr(opts, "p", 3))
         if hasattr(opts, "t"):
             timefunc = time.time
         if hasattr(opts, "c"):
             timefunc = clock
 
         timer = timeit.Timer(timer=timefunc)
         # this code has tight coupling to the inner workings of timeit.Timer,
         # but is there a better way to achieve that the code stmt has access
         # to the shell namespace?
 
         src = timeit.template % {'stmt': timeit.reindent(stmt, 8),
                                  'setup': "pass"}
         # Track compilation time so it can be reported if too long
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
 
         t0 = clock()
         code = compile(src, "<magic-timeit>", "exec")
         tc = clock()-t0
 
         ns = {}
         exec code in self.shell.user_ns, ns
         timer.inner = ns["inner"]
 
         if number == 0:
             # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
             number = 1
             for i in range(1, 10):
                 if timer.timeit(number) >= 0.2:
                     break
                 number *= 10
 
         best = min(timer.repeat(repeat, number)) / number
 
         if best > 0.0 and best < 1000.0:
             order = min(-int(math.floor(math.log10(best)) // 3), 3)
         elif best >= 1000.0:
             order = 0
         else:
             order = 3
         print u"%d loops, best of %d: %.*g %s per loop" % (number, repeat,
                                                           precision,
                                                           best * scaling[order],
                                                           units[order])
         if tc > tc_min:
             print "Compiler time: %.2f s" % tc
 
     @skip_doctest
     @needs_local_scope
     def magic_time(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
 
         The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the
         expression (if any) is returned.  Note that under Win32, system time
         is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.
 
         This function provides very basic timing functionality.  In Python
         2.3, the timeit module offers more control and sophistication, so this
         could be rewritten to use it (patches welcome).
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: time 2**128
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
           Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
 
           In [2]: n = 1000000
 
           In [3]: time sum(range(n))
           CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s
           Wall time: 1.37
           Out[3]: 499999500000L
 
           In [4]: time print 'hello world'
           hello world
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
 
           Note that the time needed by Python to compile the given expression
           will be reported if it is more than 0.1s.  In this example, the
           actual exponentiation is done by Python at compilation time, so while
           the expression can take a noticeable amount of time to compute, that
           time is purely due to the compilation:
 
           In [5]: time 3**9999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
 
           In [6]: time 3**999999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
           Compiler : 0.78 s
           """
 
         # fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled
 
         expr = self.shell.prefilter(parameter_s,False)
 
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
 
         try:
             mode = 'eval'
             t0 = clock()
             code = compile(expr,'<timed eval>',mode)
             tc = clock()-t0
         except SyntaxError:
             mode = 'exec'
             t0 = clock()
             code = compile(expr,'<timed exec>',mode)
             tc = clock()-t0
         # skew measurement as little as possible
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         locs = self._magic_locals
         clk = clock2
         wtime = time.time
         # time execution
         wall_st = wtime()
         if mode=='eval':
             st = clk()
             out = eval(code, glob, locs)
             end = clk()
         else:
             st = clk()
             exec code in glob, locs
             end = clk()
             out = None
         wall_end = wtime()
         # Compute actual times and report
         wall_time = wall_end-wall_st
         cpu_user = end[0]-st[0]
         cpu_sys = end[1]-st[1]
         cpu_tot = cpu_user+cpu_sys
         print "CPU times: user %.2f s, sys: %.2f s, total: %.2f s" % \
               (cpu_user,cpu_sys,cpu_tot)
         print "Wall time: %.2f s" % wall_time
         if tc > tc_min:
             print "Compiler : %.2f s" % tc
         return out
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_macro(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Define a macro for future re-execution. It accepts ranges of history,
         filenames or string objects.
 
         Usage:\\
           %macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
 
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
           command line is used instead.
 
         This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string
         made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers
         above) from your input history into a single string. This variable
         acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if
         you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code
         executes.
 
         The syntax for indicating input ranges is described in %history.
 
         Note: as a 'hidden' feature, you can also use traditional python slice
         notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1.
 
         For example, if your history contains (%hist prints it)::
 
           44: x=1
           45: y=3
           46: z=x+y
           47: print x
           48: a=5
           49: print 'x',x,'y',y
 
         you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49
         called my_macro with::
 
           In [55]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49
 
         Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code
         in one pass.
 
         You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line
         number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any
         lines from your input history in any order.
 
         The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute,
         but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as
         code instead of printing them when you type their name.
 
         You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with::
 
           print macro_name
 
         """
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r',mode='list')
         if not args:   # List existing macros
             return sorted(k for k,v in self.shell.user_ns.iteritems() if\
                                                         isinstance(v, Macro))
         if len(args) == 1:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%macro insufficient args; usage '%macro name n1-n2 n3-4...")
         name, codefrom = args[0], " ".join(args[1:])
 
         #print 'rng',ranges  # dbg
         try:
             lines = self.shell.find_user_code(codefrom, 'r' in opts)
         except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
             print e.args[0]
             return
         macro = Macro(lines)
         self.shell.define_macro(name, macro)
         print 'Macro `%s` created. To execute, type its name (without quotes).' % name
         print '=== Macro contents: ==='
         print macro,
 
     def magic_save(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Save a set of lines or a macro to a given filename.
 
         Usage:\\
           %save [options] filename n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
 
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
           command line is used instead.
 
         This function uses the same syntax as %history for input ranges,
         then saves the lines to the filename you specify.
 
         It adds a '.py' extension to the file if you don't do so yourself, and
         it asks for confirmation before overwriting existing files."""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r',mode='list')
         fname, codefrom = unquote_filename(args[0]), " ".join(args[1:])
         if not fname.endswith('.py'):
             fname += '.py'
         if os.path.isfile(fname):
-            ans = raw_input('File `%s` exists. Overwrite (y/[N])? ' % fname)
-            if ans.lower() not in ['y','yes']:
+            overwrite = self.shell.ask_yes_no('File `%s` exists. Overwrite (y/[N])? ' % fname, default='n')
+            if not overwrite :
                 print 'Operation cancelled.'
                 return
         try:
             cmds = self.shell.find_user_code(codefrom, 'r' in opts)
         except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
             print e.args[0]
             return
         with io.open(fname,'w', encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write(u"# coding: utf-8\n")
             f.write(py3compat.cast_unicode(cmds))
         print 'The following commands were written to file `%s`:' % fname
         print cmds
 
     def magic_pastebin(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Upload code to Github's Gist paste bin, returning the URL.
         
         Usage:\\
           %pastebin [-d "Custom description"] 1-7
           
         The argument can be an input history range, a filename, or the name of a
         string or macro.
         
         Options:
         
           -d: Pass a custom description for the gist. The default will say
               "Pasted from IPython".
         """
         opts, args = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'd:')
         
         try:
             code = self.shell.find_user_code(args)
         except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
             print e.args[0]
             return
         
         post_data = json.dumps({
           "description": opts.get('d', "Pasted from IPython"),
           "public": True,
           "files": {
             "file1.py": {
               "content": code
             }
           }
         }).encode('utf-8')
         
         response = urlopen("https://api.github.com/gists", post_data)
         response_data = json.loads(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
         return response_data['html_url']
 
     def magic_loadpy(self, arg_s):
-        """Load a .py python script into the GUI console.
+        """Alias of `%load`
+        
+        `%loadpy` has gained some flexibility and droped the requirement of a `.py`
+        extension. So it has been renamed simply into %load. You can look at
+        `%load`'s docstring for more info.
+        """
+        self.magic_load(arg_s)
+
+    def magic_load(self, arg_s):
+        """Load code into the current frontend.
+
+        Usage:\\
+          %load [options] source
+
+          where source can be a filename, URL, input history range or macro
+
+        Options:
+        --------
+          -y : Don't ask confirmation for loading source above 200 000 characters.
 
-        This magic command can either take a local filename or a url::
+        This magic command can either take a local filename, a URL, an history
+        range (see %history) or a macro as argument, it will prompt for
+        confirmation before loading source with more than 200 000 characters, unless
+        -y flag is passed or if the frontend does not support raw_input::
 
-        %loadpy myscript.py
-        %loadpy http://www.example.com/myscript.py
+        %load myscript.py
+        %load 7-27
+        %load myMacro
+        %load http://www.example.com/myscript.py
         """
-        arg_s = unquote_filename(arg_s)
-        remote_url = arg_s.startswith(('http://', 'https://'))
-        local_url = not remote_url
-        if local_url and not arg_s.endswith('.py'):
-            # Local files must be .py; for remote URLs it's possible that the
-            # fetch URL doesn't have a .py in it (many servers have an opaque
-            # URL, such as scipy-central.org).
-            raise ValueError('%%loadpy only works with .py files: %s' % arg_s)
-        
-        # openpy takes care of finding the source encoding (per PEP 263)
-        if remote_url:
-            contents = openpy.read_py_url(arg_s, skip_encoding_cookie=True)
-        else:
-            contents = openpy.read_py_file(arg_s, skip_encoding_cookie=True)
-        
+        opts,args = self.parse_options(arg_s,'y')
+
+        contents = self.shell.find_user_code(args)
+        l = len(contents)
+
+        # 200 000 is ~ 2500 full 80 caracter lines
+        # so in average, more than 5000 lines
+        if l > 200000 and 'y' not in opts:
+            try:
+                ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(("The text you're trying to load seems pretty big"\
+                " (%d characters). Continue (y/[N]) ?" % l), default='n' )
+            except StdinNotImplementedError:
+                #asume yes if raw input not implemented
+                ans = True
+
+            if ans is False :
+                print 'Operation cancelled.'
+                return
+
         self.set_next_input(contents)
 
     def _find_edit_target(self, args, opts, last_call):
         """Utility method used by magic_edit to find what to edit."""
 
         def make_filename(arg):
             "Make a filename from the given args"
             arg = unquote_filename(arg)
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(arg)
             except IOError:
                 # If it ends with .py but doesn't already exist, assume we want
                 # a new file.
                 if arg.endswith('.py'):
                     filename = arg
                 else:
                     filename = None
             return filename
 
         # Set a few locals from the options for convenience:
         opts_prev = 'p' in opts
         opts_raw = 'r' in opts
 
         # custom exceptions
         class DataIsObject(Exception): pass
 
         # Default line number value
         lineno = opts.get('n',None)
 
         if opts_prev:
             args = '_%s' % last_call[0]
             if not self.shell.user_ns.has_key(args):
                 args = last_call[1]
 
         # use last_call to remember the state of the previous call, but don't
         # let it be clobbered by successive '-p' calls.
         try:
             last_call[0] = self.shell.displayhook.prompt_count
             if not opts_prev:
                 last_call[1] = args
         except:
             pass
 
         # by default this is done with temp files, except when the given
         # arg is a filename
         use_temp = True
 
         data = ''
 
         # First, see if the arguments should be a filename.
         filename = make_filename(args)
         if filename:
             use_temp = False
         elif args:
             # Mode where user specifies ranges of lines, like in %macro.
             data = self.extract_input_lines(args, opts_raw)
             if not data:
                 try:
                     # Load the parameter given as a variable. If not a string,
                     # process it as an object instead (below)
 
                     #print '*** args',args,'type',type(args)  # dbg
                     data = eval(args, self.shell.user_ns)
                     if not isinstance(data, basestring):
                         raise DataIsObject
 
                 except (NameError,SyntaxError):
                     # given argument is not a variable, try as a filename
                     filename = make_filename(args)
                     if filename is None:
                         warn("Argument given (%s) can't be found as a variable "
                              "or as a filename." % args)
                         return
                     use_temp = False
 
                 except DataIsObject:
                     # macros have a special edit function
                     if isinstance(data, Macro):
                         raise MacroToEdit(data)
 
                     # For objects, try to edit the file where they are defined
                     try:
                         filename = inspect.getabsfile(data)
                         if 'fakemodule' in filename.lower() and inspect.isclass(data):
                             # class created by %edit? Try to find source
                             # by looking for method definitions instead, the
                             # __module__ in those classes is FakeModule.
                             attrs = [getattr(data, aname) for aname in dir(data)]
                             for attr in attrs:
                                 if not inspect.ismethod(attr):
                                     continue
                                 filename = inspect.getabsfile(attr)
                                 if filename and 'fakemodule' not in filename.lower():
                                     # change the attribute to be the edit target instead
                                     data = attr
                                     break
 
                         datafile = 1
                     except TypeError:
                         filename = make_filename(args)
                         datafile = 1
                         warn('Could not find file where `%s` is defined.\n'
                              'Opening a file named `%s`' % (args,filename))
                     # Now, make sure we can actually read the source (if it was in
                     # a temp file it's gone by now).
                     if datafile:
                         try:
                             if lineno is None:
                                 lineno = inspect.getsourcelines(data)[1]
                         except IOError:
                             filename = make_filename(args)
                             if filename is None:
                                 warn('The file `%s` where `%s` was defined cannot '
                                      'be read.' % (filename,data))
                                 return
                     use_temp = False
 
         if use_temp:
             filename = self.shell.mktempfile(data)
             print 'IPython will make a temporary file named:',filename
 
         return filename, lineno, use_temp
 
     def _edit_macro(self,mname,macro):
         """open an editor with the macro data in a file"""
         filename = self.shell.mktempfile(macro.value)
         self.shell.hooks.editor(filename)
 
         # and make a new macro object, to replace the old one
         mfile = open(filename)
         mvalue = mfile.read()
         mfile.close()
         self.shell.user_ns[mname] = Macro(mvalue)
 
     def magic_ed(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Alias to %edit."""
         return self.magic_edit(parameter_s)
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_edit(self,parameter_s='',last_call=['','']):
         """Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
 
         Usage:
           %edit [options] [args]
 
         %edit runs IPython's editor hook. The default version of this hook is
         set to call the editor specified by your $EDITOR environment variable.
         If this isn't found, it will default to vi under Linux/Unix and to
         notepad under Windows. See the end of this docstring for how to change
         the editor hook.
 
         You can also set the value of this editor via the
         ``TerminalInteractiveShell.editor`` option in your configuration file.
         This is useful if you wish to use a different editor from your typical
         default with IPython (and for Windows users who typically don't set
         environment variables).
 
         This command allows you to conveniently edit multi-line code right in
         your IPython session.
 
         If called without arguments, %edit opens up an empty editor with a
         temporary file and will execute the contents of this file when you
         close it (don't forget to save it!).
 
 
         Options:
 
         -n <number>: open the editor at a specified line number.  By default,
         the IPython editor hook uses the unix syntax 'editor +N filename', but
         you can configure this by providing your own modified hook if your
         favorite editor supports line-number specifications with a different
         syntax.
 
         -p: this will call the editor with the same data as the previous time
         it was used, regardless of how long ago (in your current session) it
         was.
 
         -r: use 'raw' input.  This option only applies to input taken from the
         user's history.  By default, the 'processed' history is used, so that
         magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python.  If
         this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is
         used instead.  When you exit the editor, it will be executed by
         IPython's own processor.
 
         -x: do not execute the edited code immediately upon exit. This is
         mainly useful if you are editing programs which need to be called with
         command line arguments, which you can then do using %run.
 
 
         Arguments:
 
         If arguments are given, the following possibilities exist:
 
         - If the argument is a filename, IPython will load that into the
           editor. It will execute its contents with execfile() when you exit,
           loading any code in the file into your interactive namespace.
 
         - The arguments are ranges of input history,  e.g. "7 ~1/4-6".
           The syntax is the same as in the %history magic.
 
         - If the argument is a string variable, its contents are loaded
           into the editor. You can thus edit any string which contains
           python code (including the result of previous edits).
 
         - If the argument is the name of an object (other than a string),
           IPython will try to locate the file where it was defined and open the
           editor at the point where it is defined. You can use `%edit function`
           to load an editor exactly at the point where 'function' is defined,
           edit it and have the file be executed automatically.
 
         - If the object is a macro (see %macro for details), this opens up your
           specified editor with a temporary file containing the macro's data.
           Upon exit, the macro is reloaded with the contents of the file.
 
         Note: opening at an exact line is only supported under Unix, and some
         editors (like kedit and gedit up to Gnome 2.8) do not understand the
         '+NUMBER' parameter necessary for this feature. Good editors like
         (X)Emacs, vi, jed, pico and joe all do.
 
         After executing your code, %edit will return as output the code you
         typed in the editor (except when it was an existing file). This way
         you can reload the code in further invocations of %edit as a variable,
         via _<NUMBER> or Out[<NUMBER>], where <NUMBER> is the prompt number of
         the output.
 
         Note that %edit is also available through the alias %ed.
 
         This is an example of creating a simple function inside the editor and
         then modifying it. First, start up the editor::
 
           In [1]: ed
           Editing... done. Executing edited code...
           Out[1]: 'def foo():\\n    print "foo() was defined in an editing
           session"\\n'
 
         We can then call the function foo()::
 
           In [2]: foo()
           foo() was defined in an editing session
 
         Now we edit foo.  IPython automatically loads the editor with the
         (temporary) file where foo() was previously defined::
 
           In [3]: ed foo
           Editing... done. Executing edited code...
 
         And if we call foo() again we get the modified version::
 
           In [4]: foo()
           foo() has now been changed!
 
         Here is an example of how to edit a code snippet successive
         times. First we call the editor::
 
           In [5]: ed
           Editing... done. Executing edited code...
           hello
           Out[5]: "print 'hello'\\n"
 
         Now we call it again with the previous output (stored in _)::
 
           In [6]: ed _
           Editing... done. Executing edited code...
           hello world
           Out[6]: "print 'hello world'\\n"
 
         Now we call it with the output #8 (stored in _8, also as Out[8])::
 
           In [7]: ed _8
           Editing... done. Executing edited code...
           hello again
           Out[7]: "print 'hello again'\\n"
 
 
         Changing the default editor hook:
 
         If you wish to write your own editor hook, you can put it in a
         configuration file which you load at startup time.  The default hook
         is defined in the IPython.core.hooks module, and you can use that as a
         starting example for further modifications.  That file also has
         general instructions on how to set a new hook for use once you've
         defined it."""
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'prxn:')
 
         try:
             filename, lineno, is_temp = self._find_edit_target(args, opts, last_call)
         except MacroToEdit as e:
             self._edit_macro(args, e.args[0])
             return
 
         # do actual editing here
         print 'Editing...',
         sys.stdout.flush()
         try:
             # Quote filenames that may have spaces in them
             if ' ' in filename:
                 filename = "'%s'" % filename
             self.shell.hooks.editor(filename,lineno)
         except TryNext:
             warn('Could not open editor')
             return
 
         # XXX TODO: should this be generalized for all string vars?
         # For now, this is special-cased to blocks created by cpaste
         if args.strip() == 'pasted_block':
             self.shell.user_ns['pasted_block'] = file_read(filename)
 
         if 'x' in opts:  # -x prevents actual execution
             print
         else:
             print 'done. Executing edited code...'
             if 'r' in opts:    # Untranslated IPython code
                 self.shell.run_cell(file_read(filename),
                                                     store_history=False)
             else:
                 self.shell.safe_execfile(filename,self.shell.user_ns,
                                          self.shell.user_ns)
 
         if is_temp:
             try:
                 return open(filename).read()
             except IOError,msg:
                 if msg.filename == filename:
                     warn('File not found. Did you forget to save?')
                     return
                 else:
                     self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     def magic_xmode(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Switch modes for the exception handlers.
 
         Valid modes: Plain, Context and Verbose.
 
         If called without arguments, acts as a toggle."""
 
         def xmode_switch_err(name):
             warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' %
                  (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
 
         shell = self.shell
         new_mode = parameter_s.strip().capitalize()
         try:
             shell.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
             print 'Exception reporting mode:',shell.InteractiveTB.mode
         except:
             xmode_switch_err('user')
 
     def magic_colors(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
 
         Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
 
         Color scheme names are not case-sensitive.
 
         Examples
         --------
         To get a plain black and white terminal::
 
           %colors nocolor
         """
 
         def color_switch_err(name):
             warn('Error changing %s color schemes.\n%s' %
                  (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
 
 
         new_scheme = parameter_s.strip()
         if not new_scheme:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%colors: you must specify a color scheme. See '%colors?'")
             return
         # local shortcut
         shell = self.shell
 
         import IPython.utils.rlineimpl as readline
 
         if not shell.colors_force and \
                 not readline.have_readline and sys.platform == "win32":
             msg = """\
 Proper color support under MS Windows requires the pyreadline library.
 You can find it at:
 http://ipython.org/pyreadline.html
 Gary's readline needs the ctypes module, from:
 http://starship.python.net/crew/theller/ctypes
 (Note that ctypes is already part of Python versions 2.5 and newer).
 
 Defaulting color scheme to 'NoColor'"""
             new_scheme = 'NoColor'
             warn(msg)
 
         # readline option is 0
         if not shell.colors_force and not shell.has_readline:
             new_scheme = 'NoColor'
 
         # Set prompt colors
         try:
             shell.prompt_manager.color_scheme = new_scheme
         except:
             color_switch_err('prompt')
         else:
             shell.colors = \
                    shell.prompt_manager.color_scheme_table.active_scheme_name
         # Set exception colors
         try:
             shell.InteractiveTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
             shell.SyntaxTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
         except:
             color_switch_err('exception')
 
         # Set info (for 'object?') colors
         if shell.color_info:
             try:
                 shell.inspector.set_active_scheme(new_scheme)
             except:
                 color_switch_err('object inspector')
         else:
             shell.inspector.set_active_scheme('NoColor')
 
     def magic_pprint(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Toggle pretty printing on/off."""
         ptformatter = self.shell.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
         ptformatter.pprint = bool(1 - ptformatter.pprint)
         print 'Pretty printing has been turned', \
               ['OFF','ON'][ptformatter.pprint]
 
     #......................................................................
     # Functions to implement unix shell-type things
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_alias(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Define an alias for a system command.
 
         '%alias alias_name cmd' defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd'
 
         Then, typing 'alias_name params' will execute the system command 'cmd
         params' (from your underlying operating system).
 
         Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal
         variables, so if 'foo' is both a Python variable and an alias, the
         alias can not be executed until 'del foo' removes the Python variable.
 
         You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the
         whole line when the alias is called.  For example::
 
           In [2]: alias bracket echo "Input in brackets: <%l>"
           In [3]: bracket hello world
           Input in brackets: <hello world>
 
         You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one
         per parameter)::
 
           In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s
           In [2]: %parts A B
           first A second B
           In [3]: %parts A
           Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.
           parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s'
 
         Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive.  You can only use one or
         the other in your aliases.
 
         Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !!
         do: all expressions prefixed with '$' get expanded.  For details of
         the semantic rules, see PEP-215:
         http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html.  This is the library used by
         IPython for variable expansion.  If you want to access a true shell
         variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by
         IPython::
 
           In [6]: alias show echo
           In [7]: PATH='A Python string'
           In [8]: show $PATH
           A Python string
           In [9]: show $$PATH
           /usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:...
 
         You can use the alias facility to acess all of $PATH.  See the %rehash
         and %rehashx functions, which automatically create aliases for the
         contents of your $PATH.
 
         If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip()
         if not par:
             stored = self.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
             aliases = sorted(self.shell.alias_manager.aliases)
             # for k, v in stored:
             #     atab.append(k, v[0])
 
             print "Total number of aliases:", len(aliases)
             sys.stdout.flush()
             return aliases
 
         # Now try to define a new one
         try:
             alias,cmd = par.split(None, 1)
         except:
             print oinspect.getdoc(self.magic_alias)
         else:
             self.shell.alias_manager.soft_define_alias(alias, cmd)
     # end magic_alias
 
     def magic_unalias(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Remove an alias"""
 
         aname = parameter_s.strip()
         self.shell.alias_manager.undefine_alias(aname)
         stored = self.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
         if aname in stored:
             print "Removing %stored alias",aname
             del stored[aname]
             self.db['stored_aliases'] = stored
 
     def magic_rehashx(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
 
         This version explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file
         with execute access (os.X_OK), so it is much slower than %rehash.
 
         Under Windows, it checks executability as a match against a
         '|'-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config
         variable win_exec_ext.  This defaults to 'exe|com|bat'.
 
         This function also resets the root module cache of module completer,
         used on slow filesystems.
         """
         from IPython.core.alias import InvalidAliasError
 
         # for the benefit of module completer in ipy_completers.py
         del self.shell.db['rootmodules']
 
         path = [os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(p)) for p in
             os.environ.get('PATH','').split(os.pathsep)]
         path = filter(os.path.isdir,path)
 
         syscmdlist = []
         # Now define isexec in a cross platform manner.
         if os.name == 'posix':
             isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and \
                      os.access(fname,os.X_OK)
         else:
             try:
                 winext = os.environ['pathext'].replace(';','|').replace('.','')
             except KeyError:
                 winext = 'exe|com|bat|py'
             if 'py' not in winext:
                 winext += '|py'
             execre = re.compile(r'(.*)\.(%s)$' % winext,re.IGNORECASE)
             isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and execre.match(fname)
         savedir = os.getcwdu()
 
         # Now walk the paths looking for executables to alias.
         try:
             # write the whole loop for posix/Windows so we don't have an if in
             # the innermost part
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 for pdir in path:
                     os.chdir(pdir)
                     for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                         if isexec(ff):
                             try:
                                 # Removes dots from the name since ipython
                                 # will assume names with dots to be python.
                                 self.shell.alias_manager.define_alias(
                                     ff.replace('.',''), ff)
                             except InvalidAliasError:
                                 pass
                             else:
                                 syscmdlist.append(ff)
             else:
                 no_alias = self.shell.alias_manager.no_alias
                 for pdir in path:
                     os.chdir(pdir)
                     for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                         base, ext = os.path.splitext(ff)
                         if isexec(ff) and base.lower() not in no_alias:
                             if ext.lower() == '.exe':
                                 ff = base
                                 try:
                                     # Removes dots from the name since ipython
                                     # will assume names with dots to be python.
                                     self.shell.alias_manager.define_alias(
                                         base.lower().replace('.',''), ff)
                                 except InvalidAliasError:
                                     pass
                                 syscmdlist.append(ff)
             self.shell.db['syscmdlist'] = syscmdlist
         finally:
             os.chdir(savedir)
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_pwd(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Return the current working directory path.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [9]: pwd
           Out[9]: '/home/tsuser/sprint/ipython'
         """
         return os.getcwdu()
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_cd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change the current working directory.
 
         This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories
         you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The
         command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted. You can also
         do 'cd -<tab>' to see directory history conveniently.
 
         Usage:
 
           cd 'dir': changes to directory 'dir'.
 
           cd -: changes to the last visited directory.
 
           cd -<n>: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history.
 
           cd --foo: change to directory that matches 'foo' in history
 
           cd -b <bookmark_name>: jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark
              (note: cd <bookmark_name> is enough if there is no
               directory <bookmark_name>, but a bookmark with the name exists.)
               'cd -b <tab>' allows you to tab-complete bookmark names.
 
         Options:
 
         -q: quiet.  Do not print the working directory after the cd command is
         executed.  By default IPython's cd command does print this directory,
         since the default prompts do not display path information.
 
         Note that !cd doesn't work for this purpose because the shell where
         !command runs is immediately discarded after executing 'command'.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [10]: cd parent/child
           /home/tsuser/parent/child
         """
 
         parameter_s = parameter_s.strip()
         #bkms = self.shell.persist.get("bookmarks",{})
 
         oldcwd = os.getcwdu()
         numcd = re.match(r'(-)(\d+)$',parameter_s)
         # jump in directory history by number
         if numcd:
             nn = int(numcd.group(2))
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][nn]
             except IndexError:
                 print 'The requested directory does not exist in history.'
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
         elif parameter_s.startswith('--'):
             ps = None
             fallback = None
             pat = parameter_s[2:]
             dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
             # first search only by basename (last component)
             for ent in reversed(dh):
                 if pat in os.path.basename(ent) and os.path.isdir(ent):
                     ps = ent
                     break
 
                 if fallback is None and pat in ent and os.path.isdir(ent):
                     fallback = ent
 
             # if we have no last part match, pick the first full path match
             if ps is None:
                 ps = fallback
 
             if ps is None:
                 print "No matching entry in directory history"
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
 
 
         else:
             #turn all non-space-escaping backslashes to slashes,
             # for c:\windows\directory\names\
             parameter_s = re.sub(r'\\(?! )','/', parameter_s)
             opts,ps = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'qb',mode='string')
         # jump to previous
         if ps == '-':
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-2]
             except IndexError:
                 raise UsageError('%cd -: No previous directory to change to.')
         # jump to bookmark if needed
         else:
             if not os.path.isdir(ps) or opts.has_key('b'):
                 bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks', {})
 
                 if bkms.has_key(ps):
                     target = bkms[ps]
                     print '(bookmark:%s) -> %s' % (ps,target)
                     ps = target
                 else:
                     if opts.has_key('b'):
                         raise UsageError("Bookmark '%s' not found.  "
                               "Use '%%bookmark -l' to see your bookmarks." % ps)
 
         # strip extra quotes on Windows, because os.chdir doesn't like them
         ps = unquote_filename(ps)
         # at this point ps should point to the target dir
         if ps:
             try:
                 os.chdir(os.path.expanduser(ps))
                 if hasattr(self.shell, 'term_title') and self.shell.term_title:
                     set_term_title('IPython: ' + abbrev_cwd())
             except OSError:
                 print sys.exc_info()[1]
             else:
                 cwd = os.getcwdu()
                 dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
                 if oldcwd != cwd:
                     dhist.append(cwd)
                     self.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
 
         else:
             os.chdir(self.shell.home_dir)
             if hasattr(self.shell, 'term_title') and self.shell.term_title:
                 set_term_title('IPython: ' + '~')
             cwd = os.getcwdu()
             dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
 
             if oldcwd != cwd:
                 dhist.append(cwd)
                 self.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
         if not 'q' in opts and self.shell.user_ns['_dh']:
             print self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-1]
 
 
     def magic_env(self, parameter_s=''):
         """List environment variables."""
 
         return dict(os.environ)
 
     def magic_pushd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
 
         Usage:\\
           %pushd ['dirname']
         """
 
         dir_s = self.shell.dir_stack
         tgt = os.path.expanduser(unquote_filename(parameter_s))
         cwd = os.getcwdu().replace(self.home_dir,'~')
         if tgt:
             self.magic_cd(parameter_s)
         dir_s.insert(0,cwd)
         return self.magic_dirs()
 
     def magic_popd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
         """
         if not self.shell.dir_stack:
             raise UsageError("%popd on empty stack")
         top = self.shell.dir_stack.pop(0)
         self.magic_cd(top)
         print "popd ->",top
 
     def magic_dirs(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return the current directory stack."""
 
         return self.shell.dir_stack
 
     def magic_dhist(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print your history of visited directories.
 
         %dhist       -> print full history\\
         %dhist n     -> print last n entries only\\
         %dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n1 not included)\\
 
         This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and
         always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd -<n>
         to go to directory number <n>.
 
         Note that most of time, you should view directory history by entering
         cd -<TAB>.
 
         """
 
         dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
         if parameter_s:
             try:
                 args = map(int,parameter_s.split())
             except:
                 self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist)
                 return
             if len(args) == 1:
                 ini,fin = max(len(dh)-(args[0]),0),len(dh)
             elif len(args) == 2:
                 ini,fin = args
             else:
                 self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist)
                 return
         else:
             ini,fin = 0,len(dh)
         nlprint(dh,
                 header = 'Directory history (kept in _dh)',
                 start=ini,stop=fin)
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_sc(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Shell capture - execute a shell command and capture its output.
 
         DEPRECATED. Suboptimal, retained for backwards compatibility.
 
         You should use the form 'var = !command' instead. Example:
 
          "%sc -l myfiles = ls ~" should now be written as
 
          "myfiles = !ls ~"
 
         myfiles.s, myfiles.l and myfiles.n still apply as documented
         below.
 
         --
         %sc [options] varname=command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         will then update the user's interactive namespace with a variable
         called varname, containing the value of the call.  Your command can
         contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc.
 
         The '=' sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you
         supply must follow Python's standard conventions for valid names.
 
         (A special format without variable name exists for internal use)
 
         Options:
 
           -l: list output.  Split the output on newlines into a list before
           assigning it to the given variable.  By default the output is stored
           as a single string.
 
           -v: verbose.  Print the contents of the variable.
 
         In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the
         returned value is a special type of string which can automatically
         provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a
         space-separated string.  These are convenient, respectively, either
         for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command.
 
         For example::
 
             # Capture into variable a
             In [1]: sc a=ls *py
 
             # a is a string with embedded newlines
             In [2]: a
             Out[2]: 'setup.py\\nwin32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # which can be seen as a list:
             In [3]: a.l
             Out[3]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             # or as a whitespace-separated string:
             In [4]: a.s
             Out[4]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # a.s is useful to pass as a single command line:
             In [5]: !wc -l $a.s
               146 setup.py
               130 win32_manual_post_install.py
               276 total
 
             # while the list form is useful to loop over:
             In [6]: for f in a.l:
               ...:      !wc -l $f
               ...:
             146 setup.py
             130 win32_manual_post_install.py
 
         Similarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in
         the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to
         automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents::
 
             In [7]: sc -l b=ls *py
 
             In [8]: b
             Out[8]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             In [9]: b.s
             Out[9]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
         In summary, both the lists and strings used for output capture have
         the following special attributes::
 
             .l (or .list) : value as list.
             .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
             .s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string.
         """
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'lv')
         # Try to get a variable name and command to run
         try:
             # the variable name must be obtained from the parse_options
             # output, which uses shlex.split to strip options out.
             var,_ = args.split('=',1)
             var = var.strip()
             # But the command has to be extracted from the original input
             # parameter_s, not on what parse_options returns, to avoid the
             # quote stripping which shlex.split performs on it.
             _,cmd = parameter_s.split('=',1)
         except ValueError:
             var,cmd = '',''
         # If all looks ok, proceed
         split = 'l' in opts
         out = self.shell.getoutput(cmd, split=split)
         if opts.has_key('v'):
             print '%s ==\n%s' % (var,pformat(out))
         if var:
             self.shell.user_ns.update({var:out})
         else:
             return out
 
     def magic_sx(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Shell execute - run a shell command and capture its output.
 
         %sx command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         return the result formatted as a list (split on '\\n').  Since the
         output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython's regular output
         cache Out[N] and in the '_N' automatic variables.
 
         Notes:
 
         1) If an input line begins with '!!', then %sx is automatically
         invoked.  That is, while::
 
           !ls
 
         causes ipython to simply issue system('ls'), typing::
 
           !!ls
 
         is a shorthand equivalent to::
 
           %sx ls
 
         2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
         like '%sc -l'.  The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
         to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
         %sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
         typing.
 
         3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:
         ::
 
           .l (or .list) : value as list.
           .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
           .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
 
         This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
         system commands."""
 
         if parameter_s:
             return self.shell.getoutput(parameter_s)
 
 
     def magic_bookmark(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Manage IPython's bookmark system.
 
         %bookmark <name>       - set bookmark to current dir
         %bookmark <name> <dir> - set bookmark to <dir>
         %bookmark -l           - list all bookmarks
         %bookmark -d <name>    - remove bookmark
         %bookmark -r           - remove all bookmarks
 
         You can later on access a bookmarked folder with::
 
           %cd -b <name>
 
         or simply '%cd <name>' if there is no directory called <name> AND
         there is such a bookmark defined.
 
         Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are
         associated with each profile."""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'drl',mode='list')
         if len(args) > 2:
             raise UsageError("%bookmark: too many arguments")
 
         bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks',{})
 
         if opts.has_key('d'):
             try:
                 todel = args[0]
             except IndexError:
                 raise UsageError(
                     "%bookmark -d: must provide a bookmark to delete")
             else:
                 try:
                     del bkms[todel]
                 except KeyError:
                     raise UsageError(
                         "%%bookmark -d: Can't delete bookmark '%s'" % todel)
 
         elif opts.has_key('r'):
             bkms = {}
         elif opts.has_key('l'):
             bks = bkms.keys()
             bks.sort()
             if bks:
                 size = max(map(len,bks))
             else:
                 size = 0
             fmt = '%-'+str(size)+'s -> %s'
             print 'Current bookmarks:'
             for bk in bks:
                 print fmt % (bk,bkms[bk])
         else:
             if not args:
                 raise UsageError("%bookmark: You must specify the bookmark name")
             elif len(args)==1:
                 bkms[args[0]] = os.getcwdu()
             elif len(args)==2:
                 bkms[args[0]] = args[1]
         self.db['bookmarks'] = bkms
 
+
     def magic_pycat(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
 
         This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file
-        to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting. """
+        to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting.
 
-        try:
-            filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
-            cont = file_read(filename)
-        except IOError:
-            try:
-                cont = eval(parameter_s,self.user_ns)
-            except NameError:
-                cont = None
-        if cont is None:
-            print "Error: no such file or variable"
+        This magic command can either take a local filename, an url,
+        an history range (see %history) or a macro as argument ::
+
+        %pycat myscript.py
+        %pycat 7-27
+        %pycat myMacro
+        %pycat http://www.example.com/myscript.py
+        """
+
+        try :
+            cont = self.shell.find_user_code(parameter_s)
+        except ValueError, IOError:
+            print "Error: no such file, variable, URL, history range or macro"
             return
 
         page.page(self.shell.pycolorize(cont))
 
     def magic_quickref(self,arg):
         """ Show a quick reference sheet """
         import IPython.core.usage
         qr = IPython.core.usage.quick_reference + self.magic_magic('-brief')
 
         page.page(qr)
 
     def magic_doctest_mode(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Toggle doctest mode on and off.
 
         This mode is intended to make IPython behave as much as possible like a
         plain Python shell, from the perspective of how its prompts, exceptions
         and output look.  This makes it easy to copy and paste parts of a
         session into doctests.  It does so by:
 
         - Changing the prompts to the classic ``>>>`` ones.
         - Changing the exception reporting mode to 'Plain'.
         - Disabling pretty-printing of output.
 
         Note that IPython also supports the pasting of code snippets that have
         leading '>>>' and '...' prompts in them.  This means that you can paste
         doctests from files or docstrings (even if they have leading
         whitespace), and the code will execute correctly.  You can then use
         '%history -t' to see the translated history; this will give you the
         input after removal of all the leading prompts and whitespace, which
         can be pasted back into an editor.
 
         With these features, you can switch into this mode easily whenever you
         need to do testing and changes to doctests, without having to leave
         your existing IPython session.
         """
 
         from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 
         # Shorthands
         shell = self.shell
         pm = shell.prompt_manager
         meta = shell.meta
         disp_formatter = self.shell.display_formatter
         ptformatter = disp_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
         # dstore is a data store kept in the instance metadata bag to track any
         # changes we make, so we can undo them later.
         dstore = meta.setdefault('doctest_mode',Struct())
         save_dstore = dstore.setdefault
 
         # save a few values we'll need to recover later
         mode = save_dstore('mode',False)
         save_dstore('rc_pprint',ptformatter.pprint)
         save_dstore('xmode',shell.InteractiveTB.mode)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_out',shell.separate_out)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_out2',shell.separate_out2)
         save_dstore('rc_prompts_pad_left',pm.justify)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_in',shell.separate_in)
         save_dstore('rc_plain_text_only',disp_formatter.plain_text_only)
         save_dstore('prompt_templates',(pm.in_template, pm.in2_template, pm.out_template))
 
         if mode == False:
             # turn on
             pm.in_template = '>>> '
             pm.in2_template = '... '
             pm.out_template = ''
 
             # Prompt separators like plain python
             shell.separate_in = ''
             shell.separate_out = ''
             shell.separate_out2 = ''
 
             pm.justify = False
 
             ptformatter.pprint = False
             disp_formatter.plain_text_only = True
 
             shell.magic_xmode('Plain')
         else:
             # turn off
             pm.in_template, pm.in2_template, pm.out_template = dstore.prompt_templates
 
             shell.separate_in = dstore.rc_separate_in
 
             shell.separate_out = dstore.rc_separate_out
             shell.separate_out2 = dstore.rc_separate_out2
 
             pm.justify = dstore.rc_prompts_pad_left
 
             ptformatter.pprint = dstore.rc_pprint
             disp_formatter.plain_text_only = dstore.rc_plain_text_only
 
             shell.magic_xmode(dstore.xmode)
 
         # Store new mode and inform
         dstore.mode = bool(1-int(mode))
         mode_label = ['OFF','ON'][dstore.mode]
         print 'Doctest mode is:', mode_label
 
     def magic_gui(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Enable or disable IPython GUI event loop integration.
 
         %gui [GUINAME]
 
         This magic replaces IPython's threaded shells that were activated
         using the (pylab/wthread/etc.) command line flags.  GUI toolkits
         can now be enabled at runtime and keyboard
         interrupts should work without any problems.  The following toolkits
         are supported:  wxPython, PyQt4, PyGTK, Tk and Cocoa (OSX)::
 
             %gui wx      # enable wxPython event loop integration
             %gui qt4|qt  # enable PyQt4 event loop integration
             %gui gtk     # enable PyGTK event loop integration
             %gui gtk3    # enable Gtk3 event loop integration
             %gui tk      # enable Tk event loop integration
             %gui OSX     # enable Cocoa event loop integration
                          # (requires %matplotlib 1.1) 
             %gui         # disable all event loop integration
 
         WARNING:  after any of these has been called you can simply create
         an application object, but DO NOT start the event loop yourself, as
         we have already handled that.
         """
         opts, arg = self.parse_options(parameter_s, '')
         if arg=='': arg = None
         try:
             return self.enable_gui(arg)
         except Exception as e:
             # print simple error message, rather than traceback if we can't
             # hook up the GUI
             error(str(e))
     
     def magic_install_ext(self, parameter_s):
         """Download and install an extension from a URL, e.g.::
         
             %install_ext https://bitbucket.org/birkenfeld/ipython-physics/raw/d1310a2ab15d/physics.py
         
         The URL should point to an importable Python module - either a .py file
         or a .zip file.
         
         Parameters:
         
           -n filename : Specify a name for the file, rather than taking it from
                         the URL.
         """
         opts, args = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'n:')
         try:
             filename = self.extension_manager.install_extension(args, opts.get('n'))
         except ValueError as e:
             print e
             return
         
         filename = os.path.basename(filename)
         print "Installed %s. To use it, type:" % filename
         print "  %%load_ext %s" % os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
         
 
     def magic_load_ext(self, module_str):
         """Load an IPython extension by its module name."""
         return self.extension_manager.load_extension(module_str)
 
     def magic_unload_ext(self, module_str):
         """Unload an IPython extension by its module name."""
         self.extension_manager.unload_extension(module_str)
 
     def magic_reload_ext(self, module_str):
         """Reload an IPython extension by its module name."""
         self.extension_manager.reload_extension(module_str)
 
     def magic_install_profiles(self, s):
         """%install_profiles has been deprecated."""
         print '\n'.join([
             "%install_profiles has been deprecated.",
             "Use `ipython profile list` to view available profiles.",
             "Requesting a profile with `ipython profile create <name>`",
             "or `ipython --profile=<name>` will start with the bundled",
             "profile of that name if it exists." 
         ])
 
     def magic_install_default_config(self, s):
         """%install_default_config has been deprecated."""
         print '\n'.join([
             "%install_default_config has been deprecated.",
             "Use `ipython profile create <name>` to initialize a profile",
             "with the default config files.",
             "Add `--reset` to overwrite already existing config files with defaults."
         ])
 
     # Pylab support: simple wrappers that activate pylab, load gui input
     # handling and modify slightly %run
 
     @skip_doctest
     def _pylab_magic_run(self, parameter_s=''):
         Magic.magic_run(self, parameter_s,
                         runner=mpl_runner(self.shell.safe_execfile))
 
     _pylab_magic_run.__doc__ = magic_run.__doc__
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_pylab(self, s):
         """Load numpy and matplotlib to work interactively.
 
         %pylab [GUINAME]
 
         This function lets you activate pylab (matplotlib, numpy and
         interactive support) at any point during an IPython session.
 
         It will import at the top level numpy as np, pyplot as plt, matplotlib,
         pylab and mlab, as well as all names from numpy and pylab.
 
         If you are using the inline matplotlib backend for embedded figures,
         you can adjust its behavior via the %config magic::
 
             # enable SVG figures, necessary for SVG+XHTML export in the qtconsole
             In [1]: %config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
             
             # change the behavior of closing all figures at the end of each
             # execution (cell), or allowing reuse of active figures across
             # cells:
             In [2]: %config InlineBackend.close_figures = False
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         guiname : optional
           One of the valid arguments to the %gui magic ('qt', 'wx', 'gtk',
           'osx' or 'tk').  If given, the corresponding Matplotlib backend is
           used, otherwise matplotlib's default (which you can override in your
           matplotlib config file) is used.
 
         Examples
         --------
         In this case, where the MPL default is TkAgg::
 
             In [2]: %pylab
 
             Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment.
             Backend in use: TkAgg
             For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.
 
         But you can explicitly request a different backend::
 
             In [3]: %pylab qt
 
             Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment.
             Backend in use: Qt4Agg
             For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.
         """
 
         if Application.initialized():
             app = Application.instance()
             try:
                 import_all_status = app.pylab_import_all
             except AttributeError:
                 import_all_status = True
         else:
             import_all_status = True
 
         self.shell.enable_pylab(s, import_all=import_all_status)
 
     def magic_tb(self, s):
         """Print the last traceback with the currently active exception mode.
 
         See %xmode for changing exception reporting modes."""
         self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_precision(self, s=''):
         """Set floating point precision for pretty printing.
 
         Can set either integer precision or a format string.
 
         If numpy has been imported and precision is an int,
         numpy display precision will also be set, via ``numpy.set_printoptions``.
 
         If no argument is given, defaults will be restored.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
             In [1]: from math import pi
 
             In [2]: %precision 3
             Out[2]: u'%.3f'
 
             In [3]: pi
             Out[3]: 3.142
 
             In [4]: %precision %i
             Out[4]: u'%i'
 
             In [5]: pi
             Out[5]: 3
 
             In [6]: %precision %e
             Out[6]: u'%e'
 
             In [7]: pi**10
             Out[7]: 9.364805e+04
 
             In [8]: %precision
             Out[8]: u'%r'
 
             In [9]: pi**10
             Out[9]: 93648.047476082982
 
         """
 
         ptformatter = self.shell.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
         ptformatter.float_precision = s
         return ptformatter.float_format
 
 
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         '-e', '--export', action='store_true', default=False,
         help='Export IPython history as a notebook. The filename argument '
              'is used to specify the notebook name and format. For example '
              'a filename of notebook.ipynb will result in a notebook name '
              'of "notebook" and a format of "xml". Likewise using a ".json" '
              'or ".py" file extension will write the notebook in the json '
              'or py formats.'
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         '-f', '--format',
         help='Convert an existing IPython notebook to a new format. This option '
              'specifies the new format and can have the values: xml, json, py. '
              'The target filename is chosen automatically based on the new '
              'format. The filename argument gives the name of the source file.'
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         'filename', type=unicode,
         help='Notebook name or filename'
     )
     def magic_notebook(self, s):
         """Export and convert IPython notebooks.
 
         This function can export the current IPython history to a notebook file
         or can convert an existing notebook file into a different format. For
         example, to export the history to "foo.ipynb" do "%notebook -e foo.ipynb".
         To export the history to "foo.py" do "%notebook -e foo.py". To convert
         "foo.ipynb" to "foo.json" do "%notebook -f json foo.ipynb". Possible
         formats include (json/ipynb, py).
         """
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.magic_notebook, s)
 
         from IPython.nbformat import current
         args.filename = unquote_filename(args.filename)
         if args.export:
             fname, name, format = current.parse_filename(args.filename)
             cells = []
             hist = list(self.history_manager.get_range())
             for session, prompt_number, input in hist[:-1]:
                 cells.append(current.new_code_cell(prompt_number=prompt_number, input=input))
             worksheet = current.new_worksheet(cells=cells)
             nb = current.new_notebook(name=name,worksheets=[worksheet])
             with io.open(fname, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 current.write(nb, f, format);
         elif args.format is not None:
             old_fname, old_name, old_format = current.parse_filename(args.filename)
             new_format = args.format
             if new_format == u'xml':
                 raise ValueError('Notebooks cannot be written as xml.')
             elif new_format == u'ipynb' or new_format == u'json':
                 new_fname = old_name + u'.ipynb'
                 new_format = u'json'
             elif new_format == u'py':
                 new_fname = old_name + u'.py'
             else:
                 raise ValueError('Invalid notebook format: %s' % new_format)
             with io.open(old_fname, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 nb = current.read(f, old_format)
             with io.open(new_fname, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 current.write(nb, f, new_format)
 
     def magic_config(self, s):
         """configure IPython
         
             %config Class[.trait=value]
         
         This magic exposes most of the IPython config system. Any
         Configurable class should be able to be configured with the simple
         line::
         
             %config Class.trait=value
         
         Where `value` will be resolved in the user's namespace, if it is an
         expression or variable name.
         
         Examples
         --------
         
         To see what classes are available for config, pass no arguments::
 
             In [1]: %config
             Available objects for config:
                 TerminalInteractiveShell
                 HistoryManager
                 PrefilterManager
                 AliasManager
                 IPCompleter
                 PromptManager
                 DisplayFormatter
 
         To view what is configurable on a given class, just pass the class
         name::
 
             In [2]: %config IPCompleter
             IPCompleter options
             -----------------
             IPCompleter.omit__names=<Enum>
                 Current: 2
                 Choices: (0, 1, 2)
                 Instruct the completer to omit private method names
                 Specifically, when completing on ``object.<tab>``.
                 When 2 [default]: all names that start with '_' will be excluded.
                 When 1: all 'magic' names (``__foo__``) will be excluded.
                 When 0: nothing will be excluded.
             IPCompleter.merge_completions=<CBool>
                 Current: True
                 Whether to merge completion results into a single list
                 If False, only the completion results from the first non-empty completer
                 will be returned.
             IPCompleter.limit_to__all__=<CBool>
                 Current: False
                 Instruct the completer to use __all__ for the completion
                 Specifically, when completing on ``object.<tab>``.
                 When True: only those names in obj.__all__ will be included.
                 When False [default]: the __all__ attribute is ignored
             IPCompleter.greedy=<CBool>
                 Current: False
                 Activate greedy completion
                 This will enable completion on elements of lists, results of function calls,
                 etc., but can be unsafe because the code is actually evaluated on TAB.
 
         but the real use is in setting values::
 
             In [3]: %config IPCompleter.greedy = True
 
         and these values are read from the user_ns if they are variables::
 
             In [4]: feeling_greedy=False
 
             In [5]: %config IPCompleter.greedy = feeling_greedy
 
         """
         from IPython.config.loader import Config
         # some IPython objects are Configurable, but do not yet have
         # any configurable traits.  Exclude them from the effects of
         # this magic, as their presence is just noise:
         configurables = [ c for c in self.configurables if c.__class__.class_traits(config=True) ]
         classnames = [ c.__class__.__name__ for c in configurables ]
         
         line = s.strip()
         if not line:
             # print available configurable names
             print "Available objects for config:"
             for name in classnames:
                 print "    ", name
             return
         elif line in classnames:
             # `%config TerminalInteractiveShell` will print trait info for
             # TerminalInteractiveShell
             c = configurables[classnames.index(line)]
             cls = c.__class__
             help = cls.class_get_help(c)
             # strip leading '--' from cl-args:
             help = re.sub(re.compile(r'^--', re.MULTILINE), '', help)
             print help
             return
         elif '=' not in line:
             raise UsageError("Invalid config statement: %r, should be Class.trait = value" % line)
             
         
         # otherwise, assume we are setting configurables.
         # leave quotes on args when splitting, because we want
         # unquoted args to eval in user_ns
         cfg = Config()
         exec "cfg."+line in locals(), self.user_ns
         
         for configurable in configurables:
             try:
                 configurable.update_config(cfg)
             except Exception as e:
                 error(e)
 
 # end Magic

IPython/frontend/html/notebook/notebookmanager.py

@@ -1,275 +1,275 b''
 """A notebook manager that uses the local file system for storage.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Brian Granger
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import datetime
 import io
 import os
 import uuid
 import glob
 
 from tornado import web
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import LoggingConfigurable
 from IPython.nbformat import current
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Unicode, List, Dict, Bool
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class NotebookManager(LoggingConfigurable):
 
     notebook_dir = Unicode(os.getcwdu(), config=True, help="""
         The directory to use for notebooks.
     """)
     
     save_script = Bool(False, config=True,
         help="""Automatically create a Python script when saving the notebook.
         
-        For easier use of import, %run and %loadpy across notebooks, a
+        For easier use of import, %run and %load across notebooks, a
         <notebook-name>.py script will be created next to any
         <notebook-name>.ipynb on each save.  This can also be set with the
         short `--script` flag.
         """
     )
     
     filename_ext = Unicode(u'.ipynb')
     allowed_formats = List([u'json',u'py'])
 
     # Map notebook_ids to notebook names
     mapping = Dict()
     # Map notebook names to notebook_ids
     rev_mapping = Dict()
 
     def list_notebooks(self):
         """List all notebooks in the notebook dir.
 
         This returns a list of dicts of the form::
 
             dict(notebook_id=notebook,name=name)
         """
         names = glob.glob(os.path.join(self.notebook_dir,
                                        '*' + self.filename_ext))
         names = [os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(name))[0]
                  for name in names]
 
         data = []
         for name in names:
             if name not in self.rev_mapping:
                 notebook_id = self.new_notebook_id(name)
             else:
                 notebook_id = self.rev_mapping[name]
             data.append(dict(notebook_id=notebook_id,name=name))
         data = sorted(data, key=lambda item: item['name'])
         return data
 
     def new_notebook_id(self, name):
         """Generate a new notebook_id for a name and store its mappings."""
         # TODO: the following will give stable urls for notebooks, but unless
         # the notebooks are immediately redirected to their new urls when their
         # filemname changes, nasty inconsistencies result.  So for now it's
         # disabled and instead we use a random uuid4() call.  But we leave the
         # logic here so that we can later reactivate it, whhen the necessary
         # url redirection code is written.
         #notebook_id = unicode(uuid.uuid5(uuid.NAMESPACE_URL,
         #                 'file://'+self.get_path_by_name(name).encode('utf-8')))
         
         notebook_id = unicode(uuid.uuid4())
         
         self.mapping[notebook_id] = name
         self.rev_mapping[name] = notebook_id
         return notebook_id
 
     def delete_notebook_id(self, notebook_id):
         """Delete a notebook's id only. This doesn't delete the actual notebook."""
         name = self.mapping[notebook_id]
         del self.mapping[notebook_id]
         del self.rev_mapping[name]
 
     def notebook_exists(self, notebook_id):
         """Does a notebook exist?"""
         if notebook_id not in self.mapping:
             return False
         path = self.get_path_by_name(self.mapping[notebook_id])
         return os.path.isfile(path)
 
     def find_path(self, notebook_id):
         """Return a full path to a notebook given its notebook_id."""
         try:
             name = self.mapping[notebook_id]
         except KeyError:
             raise web.HTTPError(404, u'Notebook does not exist: %s' % notebook_id)
         return self.get_path_by_name(name)
 
     def get_path_by_name(self, name):
         """Return a full path to a notebook given its name."""
         filename = name + self.filename_ext
         path = os.path.join(self.notebook_dir, filename)
         return path       
 
     def get_notebook(self, notebook_id, format=u'json'):
         """Get the representation of a notebook in format by notebook_id."""
         format = unicode(format)
         if format not in self.allowed_formats:
             raise web.HTTPError(415, u'Invalid notebook format: %s' % format)
         last_modified, nb = self.get_notebook_object(notebook_id)
         kwargs = {}
         if format == 'json':
             # don't split lines for sending over the wire, because it
             # should match the Python in-memory format.
             kwargs['split_lines'] = False
         data = current.writes(nb, format, **kwargs)
         name = nb.get('name','notebook')
         return last_modified, name, data
 
     def get_notebook_object(self, notebook_id):
         """Get the NotebookNode representation of a notebook by notebook_id."""
         path = self.find_path(notebook_id)
         if not os.path.isfile(path):
             raise web.HTTPError(404, u'Notebook does not exist: %s' % notebook_id)
         info = os.stat(path)
         last_modified = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(info.st_mtime)
         with open(path,'r') as f:
             s = f.read()
             try:
                 # v1 and v2 and json in the .ipynb files.
                 nb = current.reads(s, u'json')
             except:
                 raise web.HTTPError(500, u'Unreadable JSON notebook.')
         if 'name' not in nb:
             nb.name = os.path.split(path)[-1].split(u'.')[0]
         return last_modified, nb
 
     def save_new_notebook(self, data, name=None, format=u'json'):
         """Save a new notebook and return its notebook_id.
 
         If a name is passed in, it overrides any values in the notebook data
         and the value in the data is updated to use that value.
         """
         if format not in self.allowed_formats:
             raise web.HTTPError(415, u'Invalid notebook format: %s' % format)
 
         try:
             nb = current.reads(data.decode('utf-8'), format)
         except:
             raise web.HTTPError(400, u'Invalid JSON data')
 
         if name is None:
             try:
                 name = nb.metadata.name
             except AttributeError:
                 raise web.HTTPError(400, u'Missing notebook name')
         nb.metadata.name = name
 
         notebook_id = self.new_notebook_id(name)
         self.save_notebook_object(notebook_id, nb)
         return notebook_id
 
     def save_notebook(self, notebook_id, data, name=None, format=u'json'):
         """Save an existing notebook by notebook_id."""
         if format not in self.allowed_formats:
             raise web.HTTPError(415, u'Invalid notebook format: %s' % format)
 
         try:
             nb = current.reads(data.decode('utf-8'), format)
         except:
             raise web.HTTPError(400, u'Invalid JSON data')
 
         if name is not None:
             nb.metadata.name = name
         self.save_notebook_object(notebook_id, nb)
 
     def save_notebook_object(self, notebook_id, nb):
         """Save an existing notebook object by notebook_id."""
         if notebook_id not in self.mapping:
             raise web.HTTPError(404, u'Notebook does not exist: %s' % notebook_id)
         old_name = self.mapping[notebook_id]
         try:
             new_name = nb.metadata.name
         except AttributeError:
             raise web.HTTPError(400, u'Missing notebook name')
         path = self.get_path_by_name(new_name)
         try:
             with open(path,'w') as f:
                 current.write(nb, f, u'json')
         except Exception as e:
             raise web.HTTPError(400, u'Unexpected error while saving notebook: %s' % e)
         # save .py script as well
         if self.save_script:
             pypath = os.path.splitext(path)[0] + '.py'
             try:
                 with io.open(pypath,'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                     current.write(nb, f, u'py')
             except Exception as e:
                 raise web.HTTPError(400, u'Unexpected error while saving notebook as script: %s' % e)
         
         if old_name != new_name:
             old_path = self.get_path_by_name(old_name)
             if os.path.isfile(old_path):
                 os.unlink(old_path)
             if self.save_script:
                 old_pypath = os.path.splitext(old_path)[0] + '.py'
                 if os.path.isfile(old_pypath):
                     os.unlink(old_pypath)
             self.mapping[notebook_id] = new_name
             self.rev_mapping[new_name] = notebook_id
 
     def delete_notebook(self, notebook_id):
         """Delete notebook by notebook_id."""
         path = self.find_path(notebook_id)
         if not os.path.isfile(path):
             raise web.HTTPError(404, u'Notebook does not exist: %s' % notebook_id)
         os.unlink(path)
         self.delete_notebook_id(notebook_id)
 
     def increment_filename(self, basename):
         """Return a non-used filename of the form basename<int>.
         
         This searches through the filenames (basename0, basename1, ...)
         until is find one that is not already being used. It is used to
         create Untitled and Copy names that are unique.
         """
         i = 0
         while True:
             name = u'%s%i' % (basename,i)
             path = self.get_path_by_name(name)
             if not os.path.isfile(path):
                 break
             else:
                 i = i+1
         return path, name
 
     def new_notebook(self):
         """Create a new notebook and return its notebook_id."""
         path, name = self.increment_filename('Untitled')
         notebook_id = self.new_notebook_id(name)
         metadata = current.new_metadata(name=name)
         nb = current.new_notebook(metadata=metadata)
         with open(path,'w') as f:
             current.write(nb, f, u'json')
         return notebook_id
 
     def copy_notebook(self, notebook_id):
         """Copy an existing notebook and return its notebook_id."""
         last_mod, nb = self.get_notebook_object(notebook_id)
         name = nb.metadata.name + '-Copy'
         path, name = self.increment_filename(name)
         nb.metadata.name = name
         notebook_id = self.new_notebook_id(name)
         self.save_notebook_object(notebook_id, nb)
         return notebook_id

IPython/frontend/qt/console/mainwindow.py

@@ -1,910 +1,910 b''
 """The Qt MainWindow for the QtConsole
 
 This is a tabbed pseudo-terminal of IPython sessions, with a menu bar for
 common actions.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Evan Patterson
 * Min RK
 * Erik Tollerud
 * Fernando Perez
 * Bussonnier Matthias
 * Thomas Kluyver
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # stdlib imports
 import sys
 import re
 import webbrowser
 from threading import Thread
 
 # System library imports
 from IPython.external.qt import QtGui,QtCore
 
 def background(f):
     """call a function in a simple thread, to prevent blocking"""
     t = Thread(target=f)
     t.start()
     return t
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class MainWindow(QtGui.QMainWindow):
 
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # 'object' interface
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def __init__(self, app,
                     confirm_exit=True,
                     new_frontend_factory=None, slave_frontend_factory=None,
                 ):
         """ Create a tabbed MainWindow for managing IPython FrontendWidgets
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         
         app : reference to QApplication parent
         confirm_exit : bool, optional
             Whether we should prompt on close of tabs
         new_frontend_factory : callable
             A callable that returns a new IPythonWidget instance, attached to
             its own running kernel.
         slave_frontend_factory : callable
             A callable that takes an existing IPythonWidget, and  returns a new 
             IPythonWidget instance, attached to the same kernel.
         """
 
         super(MainWindow, self).__init__()
         self._kernel_counter = 0
         self._app = app
         self.confirm_exit = confirm_exit
         self.new_frontend_factory = new_frontend_factory
         self.slave_frontend_factory = slave_frontend_factory
 
         self.tab_widget = QtGui.QTabWidget(self)
         self.tab_widget.setDocumentMode(True)
         self.tab_widget.setTabsClosable(True)
         self.tab_widget.tabCloseRequested[int].connect(self.close_tab)
 
         self.setCentralWidget(self.tab_widget)
         # hide tab bar at first, since we have no tabs:
         self.tab_widget.tabBar().setVisible(False)
         # prevent focus in tab bar
         self.tab_widget.setFocusPolicy(QtCore.Qt.NoFocus)
 
     def update_tab_bar_visibility(self):
         """ update visibility of the tabBar depending of the number of tab
 
         0 or 1 tab, tabBar hidden
         2+ tabs, tabBar visible
 
         send a self.close if number of tab ==0
 
         need to be called explicitely, or be connected to tabInserted/tabRemoved
         """
         if self.tab_widget.count() <= 1:
             self.tab_widget.tabBar().setVisible(False)
         else:
             self.tab_widget.tabBar().setVisible(True)
         if self.tab_widget.count()==0 :
             self.close()
 
     @property
     def next_kernel_id(self):
         """constantly increasing counter for kernel IDs"""
         c = self._kernel_counter
         self._kernel_counter += 1
         return c
 
     @property
     def active_frontend(self):
         return self.tab_widget.currentWidget()
     
     def create_tab_with_new_frontend(self):
         """create a new frontend and attach it to a new tab"""
         widget = self.new_frontend_factory()
         self.add_tab_with_frontend(widget)
     
     def create_tab_with_current_kernel(self):
         """create a new frontend attached to the same kernel as the current tab"""
         current_widget = self.tab_widget.currentWidget()
         current_widget_index = self.tab_widget.indexOf(current_widget)
         current_widget_name = self.tab_widget.tabText(current_widget_index)
         widget = self.slave_frontend_factory(current_widget)
         if 'slave' in current_widget_name:
             # don't keep stacking slaves
             name = current_widget_name
         else:
             name = '(%s) slave' % current_widget_name
         self.add_tab_with_frontend(widget,name=name)
 
     def close_tab(self,current_tab):
         """ Called when you need to try to close a tab.
 
         It takes the number of the tab to be closed as argument, or a referece
         to the wiget insite this tab
         """
 
         # let's be sure "tab" and "closing widget are respectivey the index of the tab to close
         # and a reference to the trontend to close
         if type(current_tab) is not int :
             current_tab = self.tab_widget.indexOf(current_tab)
         closing_widget=self.tab_widget.widget(current_tab)
 
 
         # when trying to be closed, widget might re-send a request to be closed again, but will
         # be deleted when event will be processed. So need to check that widget still exist and
         # skip if not. One example of this is when 'exit' is send in a slave tab. 'exit' will be
         # re-send by this fonction on the master widget, which ask all slaves widget to exit
         if closing_widget==None:
             return
 
         #get a list of all slave widgets on the same kernel.
         slave_tabs = self.find_slave_widgets(closing_widget)
 
         keepkernel = None #Use the prompt by default
         if hasattr(closing_widget,'_keep_kernel_on_exit'): #set by exit magic
             keepkernel = closing_widget._keep_kernel_on_exit
             # If signal sent by exit magic (_keep_kernel_on_exit, exist and not None)
             # we set local slave tabs._hidden to True to avoid prompting for kernel
             # restart when they get the signal. and then "forward" the 'exit'
             # to the main window
             if keepkernel is not None:
                 for tab in slave_tabs:
                     tab._hidden = True
                 if closing_widget in slave_tabs:
                     try :
                         self.find_master_tab(closing_widget).execute('exit')
                     except AttributeError:
                         self.log.info("Master already closed or not local, closing only current tab")
                         self.tab_widget.removeTab(current_tab)
                     self.update_tab_bar_visibility()
                     return
 
         kernel_manager = closing_widget.kernel_manager
 
         if keepkernel is None and not closing_widget._confirm_exit:
             # don't prompt, just terminate the kernel if we own it
             # or leave it alone if we don't
             keepkernel = closing_widget._existing
         if keepkernel is None: #show prompt
             if kernel_manager and kernel_manager.channels_running:
                 title = self.window().windowTitle()
                 cancel = QtGui.QMessageBox.Cancel
                 okay = QtGui.QMessageBox.Ok
                 if closing_widget._may_close:
                     msg = "You are closing the tab : "+'"'+self.tab_widget.tabText(current_tab)+'"'
                     info = "Would you like to quit the Kernel and close all attached Consoles as well?"
                     justthis = QtGui.QPushButton("&No, just this Tab", self)
                     justthis.setShortcut('N')
                     closeall = QtGui.QPushButton("&Yes, close all", self)
                     closeall.setShortcut('Y')
                     # allow ctrl-d ctrl-d exit, like in terminal
                     closeall.setShortcut('Ctrl+D')
                     box = QtGui.QMessageBox(QtGui.QMessageBox.Question,
                                             title, msg)
                     box.setInformativeText(info)
                     box.addButton(cancel)
                     box.addButton(justthis, QtGui.QMessageBox.NoRole)
                     box.addButton(closeall, QtGui.QMessageBox.YesRole)
                     box.setDefaultButton(closeall)
                     box.setEscapeButton(cancel)
                     pixmap = QtGui.QPixmap(self._app.icon.pixmap(QtCore.QSize(64,64)))
                     box.setIconPixmap(pixmap)
                     reply = box.exec_()
                     if reply == 1: # close All
                         for slave in slave_tabs:
                             background(slave.kernel_manager.stop_channels)
                             self.tab_widget.removeTab(self.tab_widget.indexOf(slave))
                         closing_widget.execute("exit")
                         self.tab_widget.removeTab(current_tab)
                         background(kernel_manager.stop_channels)
                     elif reply == 0: # close Console
                         if not closing_widget._existing:
                             # Have kernel: don't quit, just close the tab
                             closing_widget.execute("exit True")
                         self.tab_widget.removeTab(current_tab)
                         background(kernel_manager.stop_channels)
                 else:
                     reply = QtGui.QMessageBox.question(self, title,
                         "Are you sure you want to close this Console?"+
                         "\nThe Kernel and other Consoles will remain active.",
                         okay|cancel,
                         defaultButton=okay
                         )
                     if reply == okay:
                         self.tab_widget.removeTab(current_tab)
         elif keepkernel: #close console but leave kernel running (no prompt)
             self.tab_widget.removeTab(current_tab)
             background(kernel_manager.stop_channels)
         else: #close console and kernel (no prompt)
             self.tab_widget.removeTab(current_tab)
             if kernel_manager and kernel_manager.channels_running:
                 for slave in slave_tabs:
                     background(slave.kernel_manager.stop_channels)
                     self.tab_widget.removeTab(self.tab_widget.indexOf(slave))
                 kernel_manager.shutdown_kernel()
                 background(kernel_manager.stop_channels)
         
         self.update_tab_bar_visibility()
 
     def add_tab_with_frontend(self,frontend,name=None):
         """ insert a tab with a given frontend in the tab bar, and give it a name
 
         """
         if not name:
             name = 'kernel %i' % self.next_kernel_id
         self.tab_widget.addTab(frontend,name)
         self.update_tab_bar_visibility()
         self.make_frontend_visible(frontend)
         frontend.exit_requested.connect(self.close_tab)
 
     def next_tab(self):
         self.tab_widget.setCurrentIndex((self.tab_widget.currentIndex()+1))
 
     def prev_tab(self):
         self.tab_widget.setCurrentIndex((self.tab_widget.currentIndex()-1))
 
     def make_frontend_visible(self,frontend):
         widget_index=self.tab_widget.indexOf(frontend)
         if widget_index > 0 :
             self.tab_widget.setCurrentIndex(widget_index)
 
     def find_master_tab(self,tab,as_list=False):
         """
         Try to return the frontend that own the kernel attached to the given widget/tab.
 
             Only find frontend owed by the current application. Selection
             based on port of the kernel, might be inacurate if several kernel
             on different ip use same port number.
 
             This fonction does the conversion tabNumber/widget if needed.
             Might return None if no master widget (non local kernel)
             Will crash IPython if more than 1 masterWidget
 
             When asList set to True, always return a list of widget(s) owning
             the kernel. The list might be empty or containing several Widget.
         """
 
         #convert from/to int/richIpythonWidget if needed
         if isinstance(tab, int):
             tab = self.tab_widget.widget(tab)
         km=tab.kernel_manager
 
         #build list of all widgets
         widget_list = [self.tab_widget.widget(i) for i in range(self.tab_widget.count())]
 
         # widget that are candidate to be the owner of the kernel does have all the same port of the curent widget
         # And should have a _may_close attribute
         filtered_widget_list = [ widget for widget in widget_list if
                                 widget.kernel_manager.connection_file == km.connection_file and
                                 hasattr(widget,'_may_close') ]
         # the master widget is the one that may close the kernel
         master_widget= [ widget for widget in filtered_widget_list if widget._may_close]
         if as_list:
             return master_widget
         assert(len(master_widget)<=1 )
         if len(master_widget)==0:
             return None
 
         return master_widget[0]
 
     def find_slave_widgets(self,tab):
         """return all the frontends that do not own the kernel attached to the given widget/tab.
 
             Only find frontends owned by the current application. Selection
             based on connection file of the kernel.
 
             This function does the conversion tabNumber/widget if needed.
         """
         #convert from/to int/richIpythonWidget if needed
         if isinstance(tab, int):
             tab = self.tab_widget.widget(tab)
         km=tab.kernel_manager
 
         #build list of all widgets
         widget_list = [self.tab_widget.widget(i) for i in range(self.tab_widget.count())]
 
         # widget that are candidate not to be the owner of the kernel does have all the same port of the curent widget
         filtered_widget_list = ( widget for widget in widget_list if
                                 widget.kernel_manager.connection_file == km.connection_file)
         # Get a list of all widget owning the same kernel and removed it from
         # the previous cadidate. (better using sets ?)
         master_widget_list = self.find_master_tab(tab, as_list=True)
         slave_list = [widget for widget in filtered_widget_list if widget not in master_widget_list]
 
         return slave_list
 
     # Populate the menu bar with common actions and shortcuts
     def add_menu_action(self, menu, action, defer_shortcut=False):
         """Add action to menu as well as self
         
         So that when the menu bar is invisible, its actions are still available.
         
         If defer_shortcut is True, set the shortcut context to widget-only,
         where it will avoid conflict with shortcuts already bound to the
         widgets themselves.
         """
         menu.addAction(action)
         self.addAction(action)
 
         if defer_shortcut:
             action.setShortcutContext(QtCore.Qt.WidgetShortcut)
     
     def init_menu_bar(self):
         #create menu in the order they should appear in the menu bar
         self.init_file_menu()
         self.init_edit_menu()
         self.init_view_menu()
         self.init_kernel_menu()
         self.init_magic_menu()
         self.init_window_menu()
         self.init_help_menu()
     
     def init_file_menu(self):
         self.file_menu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&File")
         
         self.new_kernel_tab_act = QtGui.QAction("New Tab with &New kernel",
             self,
             shortcut="Ctrl+T",
             triggered=self.create_tab_with_new_frontend)
         self.add_menu_action(self.file_menu, self.new_kernel_tab_act)
 
         self.slave_kernel_tab_act = QtGui.QAction("New Tab with Sa&me kernel",
             self,
             shortcut="Ctrl+Shift+T",
             triggered=self.create_tab_with_current_kernel)
         self.add_menu_action(self.file_menu, self.slave_kernel_tab_act)
         
         self.file_menu.addSeparator()
 
         self.close_action=QtGui.QAction("&Close Tab",
             self,
             shortcut=QtGui.QKeySequence.Close,
             triggered=self.close_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.file_menu, self.close_action)
 
         self.export_action=QtGui.QAction("&Save to HTML/XHTML",
             self,
             shortcut=QtGui.QKeySequence.Save,
             triggered=self.export_action_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.file_menu, self.export_action, True)
 
         self.file_menu.addSeparator()
         
         printkey = QtGui.QKeySequence(QtGui.QKeySequence.Print)
         if printkey.matches("Ctrl+P") and sys.platform != 'darwin':
             # Only override the default if there is a collision.
             # Qt ctrl = cmd on OSX, so the match gets a false positive on OSX.
             printkey = "Ctrl+Shift+P"
         self.print_action = QtGui.QAction("&Print",
             self,
             shortcut=printkey,
             triggered=self.print_action_active_frontend)
         self.add_menu_action(self.file_menu, self.print_action, True)
         
         if sys.platform != 'darwin':
             # OSX always has Quit in the Application menu, only add it
             # to the File menu elsewhere.
 
             self.file_menu.addSeparator()
 
             self.quit_action = QtGui.QAction("&Quit",
                 self,
                 shortcut=QtGui.QKeySequence.Quit,
                 triggered=self.close,
             )
             self.add_menu_action(self.file_menu, self.quit_action)
 
     
     def init_edit_menu(self):
         self.edit_menu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&Edit")
         
         self.undo_action = QtGui.QAction("&Undo",
             self,
             shortcut=QtGui.QKeySequence.Undo,
             statusTip="Undo last action if possible",
             triggered=self.undo_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.edit_menu, self.undo_action)
 
         self.redo_action = QtGui.QAction("&Redo",
             self,
             shortcut=QtGui.QKeySequence.Redo,
             statusTip="Redo last action if possible",
             triggered=self.redo_active_frontend)
         self.add_menu_action(self.edit_menu, self.redo_action)
 
         self.edit_menu.addSeparator()
 
         self.cut_action = QtGui.QAction("&Cut",
             self,
             shortcut=QtGui.QKeySequence.Cut,
             triggered=self.cut_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.edit_menu, self.cut_action, True)
 
         self.copy_action = QtGui.QAction("&Copy",
             self,
             shortcut=QtGui.QKeySequence.Copy,
             triggered=self.copy_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.edit_menu, self.copy_action, True)
 
         self.copy_raw_action = QtGui.QAction("Copy (&Raw Text)",
             self,
             shortcut="Ctrl+Shift+C",
             triggered=self.copy_raw_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.edit_menu, self.copy_raw_action, True)
 
         self.paste_action = QtGui.QAction("&Paste",
             self,
             shortcut=QtGui.QKeySequence.Paste,
             triggered=self.paste_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.edit_menu, self.paste_action, True)
 
         self.edit_menu.addSeparator()
         
         selectall = QtGui.QKeySequence(QtGui.QKeySequence.SelectAll)
         if selectall.matches("Ctrl+A") and sys.platform != 'darwin':
             # Only override the default if there is a collision.
             # Qt ctrl = cmd on OSX, so the match gets a false positive on OSX.
             selectall = "Ctrl+Shift+A"
         self.select_all_action = QtGui.QAction("Select &All",
             self,
             shortcut=selectall,
             triggered=self.select_all_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.edit_menu, self.select_all_action, True)
 
     
     def init_view_menu(self):
         self.view_menu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&View")
 
         if sys.platform != 'darwin':
             # disable on OSX, where there is always a menu bar
             self.toggle_menu_bar_act = QtGui.QAction("Toggle &Menu Bar",
                 self,
                 shortcut="Ctrl+Shift+M",
                 statusTip="Toggle visibility of menubar",
                 triggered=self.toggle_menu_bar)
             self.add_menu_action(self.view_menu, self.toggle_menu_bar_act)
         
         fs_key = "Ctrl+Meta+F" if sys.platform == 'darwin' else "F11"
         self.full_screen_act = QtGui.QAction("&Full Screen",
             self,
             shortcut=fs_key,
             statusTip="Toggle between Fullscreen and Normal Size",
             triggered=self.toggleFullScreen)
         self.add_menu_action(self.view_menu, self.full_screen_act)
 
         self.view_menu.addSeparator()
 
         self.increase_font_size = QtGui.QAction("Zoom &In",
             self,
             shortcut=QtGui.QKeySequence.ZoomIn,
             triggered=self.increase_font_size_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.view_menu, self.increase_font_size, True)
 
         self.decrease_font_size = QtGui.QAction("Zoom &Out",
             self,
             shortcut=QtGui.QKeySequence.ZoomOut,
             triggered=self.decrease_font_size_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.view_menu, self.decrease_font_size, True)
 
         self.reset_font_size = QtGui.QAction("Zoom &Reset",
             self,
             shortcut="Ctrl+0",
             triggered=self.reset_font_size_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.view_menu, self.reset_font_size, True)
 
         self.view_menu.addSeparator()
 
         self.clear_action = QtGui.QAction("&Clear Screen",
             self,
             shortcut='Ctrl+L',
             statusTip="Clear the console",
             triggered=self.clear_magic_active_frontend)
         self.add_menu_action(self.view_menu, self.clear_action)
     
     def init_kernel_menu(self):
         self.kernel_menu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&Kernel")
         # Qt on OSX maps Ctrl to Cmd, and Meta to Ctrl
         # keep the signal shortcuts to ctrl, rather than 
         # platform-default like we do elsewhere.
 
         ctrl = "Meta" if sys.platform == 'darwin' else "Ctrl"
 
         self.interrupt_kernel_action = QtGui.QAction("Interrupt current Kernel",
             self,
             triggered=self.interrupt_kernel_active_frontend,
             shortcut=ctrl+"+C",
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.kernel_menu, self.interrupt_kernel_action)
 
         self.restart_kernel_action = QtGui.QAction("Restart current Kernel",
             self,
             triggered=self.restart_kernel_active_frontend,
             shortcut=ctrl+"+.",
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.kernel_menu, self.restart_kernel_action)
 
         self.kernel_menu.addSeparator()
 
     def _make_dynamic_magic(self,magic):
         """Return a function `fun` that will execute `magic` on active frontend.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic : string
             string that will be executed as is when the returned function is called
 
         Returns
         -------
         fun : function
             function with no parameters, when called will execute `magic` on the
             current active frontend at call time
 
         See Also
         --------
         populate_all_magic_menu : generate the "All Magics..." menu
 
         Notes
         -----
         `fun` execute `magic` an active frontend at the moment it is triggerd,
         not the active frontend at the moment it has been created.
 
         This function is mostly used to create the "All Magics..." Menu at run time.
         """
         # need to level nested function  to be sure to past magic
         # on active frontend **at run time**.
         def inner_dynamic_magic():
             self.active_frontend.execute(magic)
         inner_dynamic_magic.__name__ = "dynamics_magic_s"
         return inner_dynamic_magic
 
     def populate_all_magic_menu(self, listofmagic=None):
         """Clean "All Magics..." menu and repopulate it with `listofmagic`
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         listofmagic : string,
             repr() of a list of strings, send back by the kernel
 
         Notes
         -----
         `listofmagic`is a repr() of list because it is fed with the result of
         a 'user_expression'
         """
         alm_magic_menu = self.all_magic_menu
         alm_magic_menu.clear()
 
         # list of protected magic that don't like to be called without argument
         # append '?' to the end to print the docstring when called from the menu
-        protected_magic = set(["more","less","load_ext","pycat","loadpy","save"])
+        protected_magic = set(["more","less","load_ext","pycat","loadpy","load","save"])
         magics=re.findall('\w+', listofmagic)
         for magic in magics:
             if magic in protected_magic:
                 pmagic = '%s%s%s'%('%',magic,'?')
             else:
                 pmagic = '%s%s'%('%',magic)
             xaction = QtGui.QAction(pmagic,
                 self,
                 triggered=self._make_dynamic_magic(pmagic)
                 )
             alm_magic_menu.addAction(xaction)
 
     def update_all_magic_menu(self):
         """ Update the list on magic in the "All Magics..." Menu
 
         Request the kernel with the list of availlable magic and populate the
         menu with the list received back
 
         """
         # first define a callback which will get the list of all magic and put it in the menu.
         self.active_frontend._silent_exec_callback('get_ipython().lsmagic()', self.populate_all_magic_menu)
 
     def init_magic_menu(self):
         self.magic_menu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&Magic")
         self.all_magic_menu = self.magic_menu.addMenu("&All Magics")
 
         # This action should usually not appear as it will be cleared when menu
         # is updated at first kernel response. Though, it is necessary when
         # connecting through X-forwarding, as in this case, the menu is not
         # auto updated, SO DO NOT DELETE.
         self.pop = QtGui.QAction("&Update All Magic Menu ",
             self, triggered=self.update_all_magic_menu)
         self.add_menu_action(self.all_magic_menu, self.pop)
         # we need to populate the 'Magic Menu' once the kernel has answer at
         # least once let's do it immedialy, but it's assured to works
         self.pop.trigger()
 
         self.reset_action = QtGui.QAction("&Reset",
             self,
             statusTip="Clear all varible from workspace",
             triggered=self.reset_magic_active_frontend)
         self.add_menu_action(self.magic_menu, self.reset_action)
 
         self.history_action = QtGui.QAction("&History",
             self,
             statusTip="show command history",
             triggered=self.history_magic_active_frontend)
         self.add_menu_action(self.magic_menu, self.history_action)
 
         self.save_action = QtGui.QAction("E&xport History ",
             self,
             statusTip="Export History as Python File",
             triggered=self.save_magic_active_frontend)
         self.add_menu_action(self.magic_menu, self.save_action)
 
         self.who_action = QtGui.QAction("&Who",
             self,
             statusTip="List interactive variable",
             triggered=self.who_magic_active_frontend)
         self.add_menu_action(self.magic_menu, self.who_action)
 
         self.who_ls_action = QtGui.QAction("Wh&o ls",
             self,
             statusTip="Return a list of interactive variable",
             triggered=self.who_ls_magic_active_frontend)
         self.add_menu_action(self.magic_menu, self.who_ls_action)
 
         self.whos_action = QtGui.QAction("Who&s",
             self,
             statusTip="List interactive variable with detail",
             triggered=self.whos_magic_active_frontend)
         self.add_menu_action(self.magic_menu, self.whos_action)
 
     def init_window_menu(self):
         self.window_menu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&Window")
         if sys.platform == 'darwin':
             # add min/maximize actions to OSX, which lacks default bindings.
             self.minimizeAct = QtGui.QAction("Mini&mize",
                 self,
                 shortcut="Ctrl+m",
                 statusTip="Minimize the window/Restore Normal Size",
                 triggered=self.toggleMinimized)
             # maximize is called 'Zoom' on OSX for some reason
             self.maximizeAct = QtGui.QAction("&Zoom",
                 self,
                 shortcut="Ctrl+Shift+M",
                 statusTip="Maximize the window/Restore Normal Size",
                 triggered=self.toggleMaximized)
 
             self.add_menu_action(self.window_menu, self.minimizeAct)
             self.add_menu_action(self.window_menu, self.maximizeAct)
             self.window_menu.addSeparator()
 
         prev_key = "Ctrl+Shift+Left" if sys.platform == 'darwin' else "Ctrl+PgUp"
         self.prev_tab_act = QtGui.QAction("Pre&vious Tab",
             self,
             shortcut=prev_key,
             statusTip="Select previous tab",
             triggered=self.prev_tab)
         self.add_menu_action(self.window_menu, self.prev_tab_act)
 
         next_key = "Ctrl+Shift+Right" if sys.platform == 'darwin' else "Ctrl+PgDown"
         self.next_tab_act = QtGui.QAction("Ne&xt Tab",
             self,
             shortcut=next_key,
             statusTip="Select next tab",
             triggered=self.next_tab)
         self.add_menu_action(self.window_menu, self.next_tab_act)
     
     def init_help_menu(self):
         # please keep the Help menu in Mac Os even if empty. It will
         # automatically contain a search field to search inside menus and
         # please keep it spelled in English, as long as Qt Doesn't support
         # a QAction.MenuRole like HelpMenuRole otherwise it will loose
         # this search field fonctionality
 
         self.help_menu = self.menuBar().addMenu("&Help")
         
 
         # Help Menu
 
         self.intro_active_frontend_action = QtGui.QAction("&Intro to IPython",
             self,
             triggered=self.intro_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.help_menu, self.intro_active_frontend_action)
 
         self.quickref_active_frontend_action = QtGui.QAction("IPython &Cheat Sheet",
             self,
             triggered=self.quickref_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.help_menu, self.quickref_active_frontend_action)
 
         self.guiref_active_frontend_action = QtGui.QAction("&Qt Console",
             self,
             triggered=self.guiref_active_frontend
             )
         self.add_menu_action(self.help_menu, self.guiref_active_frontend_action)
 
         self.onlineHelpAct = QtGui.QAction("Open Online &Help",
             self,
             triggered=self._open_online_help)
         self.add_menu_action(self.help_menu, self.onlineHelpAct)
 
     # minimize/maximize/fullscreen actions:
 
     def toggle_menu_bar(self):
         menu_bar = self.menuBar()
         if menu_bar.isVisible():
             menu_bar.setVisible(False)
         else:
             menu_bar.setVisible(True)
 
     def toggleMinimized(self):
         if not self.isMinimized():
             self.showMinimized()
         else:
             self.showNormal()
 
     def _open_online_help(self):
         filename="http://ipython.org/ipython-doc/stable/index.html"
         webbrowser.open(filename, new=1, autoraise=True)
 
     def toggleMaximized(self):
         if not self.isMaximized():
             self.showMaximized()
         else:
             self.showNormal()
 
     # Min/Max imizing while in full screen give a bug
     # when going out of full screen, at least on OSX
     def toggleFullScreen(self):
         if not self.isFullScreen():
             self.showFullScreen()
             if sys.platform == 'darwin':
                 self.maximizeAct.setEnabled(False)
                 self.minimizeAct.setEnabled(False)
         else:
             self.showNormal()
             if sys.platform == 'darwin':
                 self.maximizeAct.setEnabled(True)
                 self.minimizeAct.setEnabled(True)
 
     def close_active_frontend(self):
         self.close_tab(self.active_frontend)
 
     def restart_kernel_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.request_restart_kernel()
 
     def interrupt_kernel_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.request_interrupt_kernel()
 
     def cut_active_frontend(self):
         widget = self.active_frontend
         if widget.can_cut():
             widget.cut()
 
     def copy_active_frontend(self):
         widget = self.active_frontend
         widget.copy()
 
     def copy_raw_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend._copy_raw_action.trigger()
 
     def paste_active_frontend(self):
         widget = self.active_frontend
         if widget.can_paste():
             widget.paste()
 
     def undo_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.undo()
 
     def redo_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.redo()
 
     def reset_magic_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.execute("%reset")
 
     def history_magic_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.execute("%history")
 
     def save_magic_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.save_magic()
 
     def clear_magic_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.execute("%clear")
 
     def who_magic_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.execute("%who")
 
     def who_ls_magic_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.execute("%who_ls")
 
     def whos_magic_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.execute("%whos")
 
     def print_action_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.print_action.trigger()
 
     def export_action_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.export_action.trigger()
 
     def select_all_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.select_all_action.trigger()
 
     def increase_font_size_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.increase_font_size.trigger()
 
     def decrease_font_size_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.decrease_font_size.trigger()
 
     def reset_font_size_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.reset_font_size.trigger()
 
     def guiref_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.execute("%guiref")
 
     def intro_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.execute("?")
 
     def quickref_active_frontend(self):
         self.active_frontend.execute("%quickref")
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # QWidget interface
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def closeEvent(self, event):
         """ Forward the close event to every tabs contained by the windows
         """
         if self.tab_widget.count() == 0:
             # no tabs, just close
             event.accept()
             return
         # Do Not loop on the widget count as it change while closing
         title = self.window().windowTitle()
         cancel = QtGui.QMessageBox.Cancel
         okay = QtGui.QMessageBox.Ok
         
         if self.confirm_exit:
             if self.tab_widget.count() > 1:
                 msg = "Close all tabs, stop all kernels, and Quit?"
             else:
                 msg = "Close console, stop kernel, and Quit?"
             info = "Kernels not started here (e.g. notebooks) will be left alone."
             closeall = QtGui.QPushButton("&Quit", self)
             closeall.setShortcut('Q')
             box = QtGui.QMessageBox(QtGui.QMessageBox.Question,
                                     title, msg)
             box.setInformativeText(info)
             box.addButton(cancel)
             box.addButton(closeall, QtGui.QMessageBox.YesRole)
             box.setDefaultButton(closeall)
             box.setEscapeButton(cancel)
             pixmap = QtGui.QPixmap(self._app.icon.pixmap(QtCore.QSize(64,64)))
             box.setIconPixmap(pixmap)
             reply = box.exec_()
         else:
             reply = okay
         
         if reply == cancel:
             event.ignore()
             return
         if reply == okay:
             while self.tab_widget.count() >= 1:
                 # prevent further confirmations:
                 widget = self.active_frontend
                 widget._confirm_exit = False
                 self.close_tab(widget)
             event.accept()
 

IPython/utils/openpy.py

@@ -1,192 +1,192 b''
 """
 Tools to open .py files as Unicode, using the encoding specified within the file,
 as per PEP 263.
 
 Much of the code is taken from the tokenize module in Python 3.2.
 """
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
-import __builtin__
 import io
 from io import TextIOWrapper
 import re
 import urllib
 
 cookie_re = re.compile(ur"coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)", re.UNICODE)
 cookie_comment_re = re.compile(ur"^\s*#.*coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)", re.UNICODE)
 
 try:
     # Available in Python 3
     from tokenize import detect_encoding
 except ImportError:
     from codecs import lookup, BOM_UTF8
     
     # Copied from Python 3.2 tokenize
     def _get_normal_name(orig_enc):
         """Imitates get_normal_name in tokenizer.c."""
         # Only care about the first 12 characters.
         enc = orig_enc[:12].lower().replace("_", "-")
         if enc == "utf-8" or enc.startswith("utf-8-"):
             return "utf-8"
         if enc in ("latin-1", "iso-8859-1", "iso-latin-1") or \
            enc.startswith(("latin-1-", "iso-8859-1-", "iso-latin-1-")):
             return "iso-8859-1"
         return orig_enc
     
     # Copied from Python 3.2 tokenize
     def detect_encoding(readline):
         """
         The detect_encoding() function is used to detect the encoding that should
         be used to decode a Python source file.  It requires one argment, readline,
         in the same way as the tokenize() generator.
 
         It will call readline a maximum of twice, and return the encoding used
         (as a string) and a list of any lines (left as bytes) it has read in.
 
         It detects the encoding from the presence of a utf-8 bom or an encoding
         cookie as specified in pep-0263.  If both a bom and a cookie are present,
         but disagree, a SyntaxError will be raised.  If the encoding cookie is an
         invalid charset, raise a SyntaxError.  Note that if a utf-8 bom is found,
         'utf-8-sig' is returned.
 
         If no encoding is specified, then the default of 'utf-8' will be returned.
         """
         bom_found = False
         encoding = None
         default = 'utf-8'
         def read_or_stop():
             try:
                 return readline()
             except StopIteration:
                 return b''
 
         def find_cookie(line):
             try:
                 line_string = line.decode('ascii')
             except UnicodeDecodeError:
                 return None
 
             matches = cookie_re.findall(line_string)
             if not matches:
                 return None
             encoding = _get_normal_name(matches[0])
             try:
                 codec = lookup(encoding)
             except LookupError:
                 # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
                 raise SyntaxError("unknown encoding: " + encoding)
 
             if bom_found:
                 if codec.name != 'utf-8':
                     # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
                     raise SyntaxError('encoding problem: utf-8')
                 encoding += '-sig'
             return encoding
 
         first = read_or_stop()
         if first.startswith(BOM_UTF8):
             bom_found = True
             first = first[3:]
             default = 'utf-8-sig'
         if not first:
             return default, []
 
         encoding = find_cookie(first)
         if encoding:
             return encoding, [first]
 
         second = read_or_stop()
         if not second:
             return default, [first]
 
         encoding = find_cookie(second)
         if encoding:
             return encoding, [first, second]
 
         return default, [first, second]
 
 try:
     # Available in Python 3.2 and above.
     from tokenize import open
 except ImportError:
     # Copied from Python 3.2 tokenize
     def open(filename):
         """Open a file in read only mode using the encoding detected by
         detect_encoding().
         """
         buffer = io.open(filename, 'rb')   # Tweaked to use io.open for Python 2
         encoding, lines = detect_encoding(buffer.readline)
         buffer.seek(0)
         text = TextIOWrapper(buffer, encoding, line_buffering=True)
         text.mode = 'r'
         return text   
 
 def strip_encoding_cookie(filelike):
     """Generator to pull lines from a text-mode file, skipping the encoding
     cookie if it is found in the first two lines.
     """
     it = iter(filelike)
     try:
         first = next(it)
         if not cookie_comment_re.match(first):
             yield first
         second = next(it)
         if not cookie_comment_re.match(second):
             yield second
     except StopIteration:
         return
     
     for line in it:
         yield line
 
 def read_py_file(filename, skip_encoding_cookie=True):
     """Read a Python file, using the encoding declared inside the file.
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     filename : str
       The path to the file to read.
     skip_encoding_cookie : bool
       If True (the default), and the encoding declaration is found in the first
       two lines, that line will be excluded from the output - compiling a
       unicode string with an encoding declaration is a SyntaxError in Python 2.
     
     Returns
     -------
     A unicode string containing the contents of the file.
     """
     with open(filename) as f:   # the open function defined in this module.
         if skip_encoding_cookie:
             return "".join(strip_encoding_cookie(f))
         else:
             return f.read()
 
 def read_py_url(url, errors='replace', skip_encoding_cookie=True):
     """Read a Python file from a URL, using the encoding declared inside the file.
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     url : str
       The URL from which to fetch the file.
     errors : str
       How to handle decoding errors in the file. Options are the same as for
       bytes.decode(), but here 'replace' is the default.
     skip_encoding_cookie : bool
       If True (the default), and the encoding declaration is found in the first
       two lines, that line will be excluded from the output - compiling a
       unicode string with an encoding declaration is a SyntaxError in Python 2.
     
     Returns
     -------
     A unicode string containing the contents of the file.
     """
     response = urllib.urlopen(url)
     buffer = io.BytesIO(response.read())
     encoding, lines = detect_encoding(buffer.readline)
     buffer.seek(0)
     text = TextIOWrapper(buffer, encoding, errors=errors, line_buffering=True)
     text.mode = 'r'
     if skip_encoding_cookie:
         return "".join(strip_encoding_cookie(text))
     else:
         return text.read()
+

docs/examples/notebooks/00_notebook_tour.ipynb

@@ -1,1093 +1,1093 b''
 {
  "metadata": {
   "name": "00_notebook_tour"
  },
  "nbformat": 3,
  "worksheets": [
   {
    "cells": [
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "# A brief tour of the IPython notebook",
       "",
       "This document will give you a brief tour of the capabilities of the IPython notebook.  ",
       "You can view its contents by scrolling around, or execute each cell by typing `Shift-Enter`.",
       "After you conclude this brief high-level tour, you should read the accompanying notebook ",
       "titled `01_notebook_introduction`, which takes a more step-by-step approach to the features of the",
       "system.  ",
       "",
       "The rest of the notebooks in this directory illustrate various other aspects and ",
       "capabilities of the IPython notebook; some of them may require additional libraries to be executed.",
       "",
       "**NOTE:** This notebook *must* be run from its own directory, so you must ``cd``",
       "to this directory and then start the notebook, but do *not* use the ``--notebook-dir``",
       "option to run it from another location.",
       "",
       "The first thing you need to know is that you are still controlling the same old IPython you're used to,",
       "so things like shell aliases and magic commands still work:"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "pwd"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "pyout",
        "prompt_number": 1,
        "text": [
         "u'/home/fperez/ipython/ipython/docs/examples/notebooks'"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 1
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "ls"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "00_notebook_tour.ipynb          python-logo.svg",
         "01_notebook_introduction.ipynb  sympy.ipynb",
         "animation.m4v                   sympy_quantum_computing.ipynb",
         "display_protocol.ipynb          trapezoid_rule.ipynb",
         "formatting.ipynb"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 2
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "message = 'The IPython notebook is great!'",
       "# note: the echo command does not run on Windows, it's a unix command.",
       "!echo $message"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "The IPython notebook is great!"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 3
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "Plots with matplotlib: do *not* execute the next below if you do not have matplotlib installed or didn't start up ",
       "this notebook with the `--pylab` option, as the code will not work."
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "x = linspace(0, 3*pi, 500)",
       "plot(x, sin(x**2))",
       "title('A simple chirp');"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "display_data",
        "png": 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wZcoUR8LXhfffB6ZPd77BdCMKSp/X0wfUnmJFERTpOx0qYoUOT19lwTVeTz9q\nKZs8pK9K6UeJxLuFvfP4449j2bJlaGpqwl133YW0tDSsXbsWALBs2TKsX78ea9asQXJyMqZMmYLH\nAvZZ6KEpYSCRlb4O0vcrw6BK6Wdluf9e1N7xWkxUK/2gq2zad2vzpGzKBIF5lb6Tpx+E0veza3iv\nDzuQKz38pZdeitLS0g4/W7ZsWdv/f/KTn+AnP/mJ7DDCKC4GfvWrcMaOQiBXxNMPU+nX1sqNw6L0\nRUjf7XhDIJplGGRr78jsyNWl9J3sHdWBXBHlbiXxIOwdWXTpHbl1dcDOncCsWeGMP2wYyTtXcQSg\nKKKk9BPZ03dT5kA0C66xKn23tEvd9o6o0ncL5LK2EVX6blnniWjvdGnS37oVmDbNmwR0wrpBKyxE\nwdOPx4PbkatT6buRfph5+iqUvqhad7KWWMjbfuwhbSeSsqlbucdiJH3TzbJJRHunS5P+W28Bl18e\n7hzCDuZGQemfPetet8YKmu/e2io+lp/SFw3kNjSoVfpRqbLploEjssGKtmVR7NZjD1nbhZG949cm\njOwdWXRp0t+yJXzSHzaMHNMYFqLg6fvtkqVISiLEL3PQSaJ4+joDudTnZlk83Xb0yqRs6lDstF3U\nSZ/3SSIMdFnSr6wEysrCyc+3YujQ8Ei/uZmQEQvhWqGa9P02TFkh6+u7lT+29h91e4eV9FtbSbzI\nTlKxmHjhM0DO3hFV7KKLBe/xhKpJ307iiVBwrcuS/jvvAJdc0vlDEjTCJP3qapKOx3smsA6lHxTp\nNzT42ztRD+TypFuec45zsTHWObn58k1N7sFLChESdmsX5OYs3kNOeO2dLl1wLcqIgp8PENI/fDic\nsUX8fECP0md92lBB+jo2Z3l5+mGlbLr1AYjXwAHIIiJKwrqVfqLbOyaQqxFRIv2wlL6Inw8kvr3j\npfRF6uQA/vZOGCmbXqTP+sTgRPoAm68vau94EavX04Wq7B2eFEy/MVQsKkGjS5J+eTkhvClTwp5J\nuKQfFaUftL3jpfRFVDngHcilRMKzH0OFp+9G2Dz9uPUhY9P4kbfb04WfNaJC6SclkS/WFEy/MZxS\nT936tlfwDAtdkvTfeguYO5ffy9aBsEmfN0cfSGx7x0/pi6hywFvpx2L8i4kqT1+X0mdJ23Syaag1\nJKJ2/SwlETtJVrmzXM+6I5cGfd0OfAkKEaBF9fj734F588KeBUFGBskkCuPYxKgo/aDsnZYW8j57\nBe9llL4JlMGbAAAgAElEQVRX0T4V+fW8/fh5+rqVvmhbt3aq/Xbaxu6hqyZ9VnsnCtYO0AVJv6WF\nkP6VV4Y9E4LkZGDIEOD48eDHFvX0U1IIeao6PYvH3pHZlUutHS8lJUr6XoFc3n5bW52tEaDdS2c5\nbE5XINc6Dy+4vQYR9c3aTtbTp+OwpmD6jcGzIzcKOfpAFyT9HTuIpZKdHfZM2hGWxSOq9GMxtTX1\ng7J3/Px8QI+nz9svJVqnxYnaIzKEDbA/MTiVYQD0Kn23xcKPwFWkbPq10bkj1yh9TXjjDeC73w17\nFh0R1q5cUU8fUGvxBGXv+G3MAtpvOr/0QDtU2jtuh6Jb+xItg0Ahq/RFPX1AzJunY6pU7W5teEnf\nK8DMU0MoCjn6QBck/TffjI61QxFWrr6o0gfUkn5Q2Tt+G7MoRNI2/UifR+k7HVFonx+rSlfh6btl\nEem0d9yUvoi9E6VArpe9E4UcfaCLkf6xY8DevcDFF4c9k44Iy94R9fQB9Uqfx94RranPovQBtbVy\nKFQFYAF2wvYjfdFSCoD+QK6I0jf2jhp0KdLftIlsyIrCG2tFonn6QNdW+iJpmyrz/1UtIF6kL1M/\nh7W9jE0jqvR5Sd/JUtFN+i0tzoF4Y+9oQBStHSBc0u9Onj5LIBfQp/RV5Nfz9OW3OUu3py9q76hc\nLKKm9L02mRl7RzGilqppRXdX+kFl7/htzKII296JitKnO4iddoiKlmFgGVul0g8ikMtTZRNwt3iM\nvaMYW7cCI0cCw4eHPZPO6O6efpD2jg6lTzd9ed2wUfT0WbJv3J4UZO0dEaUvmrIZdiCX9XqTp68Y\nr7wCfP/7Yc/CGVlZJMgscyIULxobCVmxkKATwrR3RA9R0RXIPXPGf9OXSqXPas3IKn0/0tdl76hs\np9rekd2c5XW9UfoKEY8T0v/BD8KeiTN69SLnw544EdyY1dXEzxet8xGmvSNK+jyBXB7S99uNC/Cf\nS+un9IPI01eh9FV6+rrKMASt9N08fRPIVYhPPyUftEmTwp6JO6jaDwoyfj4Qnr0jWu8eYFf6vHn6\nfsqc9qlqc5ZsEBZgI2233bh0DrrsHa8yDImesul1vQnkKsTLLxNrJ+zqdV7IzAyW9GX8fCA8pS96\nshWgL2VTNen7bc5SpfRl7Z0wCq6JBHLD9PR57CBj7yhElP18iqBJPypKv6Wl3RNnge4yDIC6MshW\n8KRsqlL6fp4+i70j015HwbVET9mk1xt7RyO++IKQU0FB2DPxRhikL5qjD6gjfUrErE9hQSl9XtL3\nW0y6mtLXae+IKv1EsXe8UjaNvaMAL74ILFoUjQNTvJBoSr9fPzWkz2PtAOQGisX4C6IB+pQ+SyBX\ndcqmCk8/rECuiE1Dx1RJ4PE4edIMsp6+1/XG3lGA1lZC+jffHPZM/NFdPX2eIC6FzOHlYdo7UUrZ\nDMLTj0rBNb9iaPanTNWePo+9Y5S+JD78kKjIKJyF64fuau/w5OhTiFo8Ou2dREvZVKH0RUsri2Th\nAGJWjdcC46asVdk19HqzIzdAvPAC8P/+X7SzdigSzd7p25cQL89h307gtXcA8WCuzpRNlZ5+Iij9\nMMowiOT38xK4SBs35e51vduO3CiQfgQeNsTQ2Aj8+c/kpKxEQKKRflJSe5njAQPE+xG1d6Kk9MPw\n9FmesnQrfS8CjsfdSUzH5qx4XI3f7tdG1Y5cU3BNAzZsAKZNA0aPDnsmbMjIACoqgivFIOvpAySY\nK3tkYpD2Dk8gV0eeftApm7qUOuC/aFCyc3rK1qH0W1pIYTh7wkZQSl9V9k4UlH7Ckv7atcCyZWHP\ngh29ehHyO3kymPFkPX1AHekHZe+E6elHLWWTRel77cgVVesybb3IVSR+EATp8zwZRMXeSUjS37MH\nKCsDrrkm7JnwIUiLR9beAdSkbQZp7+jcnKXa0w+i9o5OT99NrQNySt+LjHkzfsJS+sbe0YDf/x5Y\nsiQaqyYPMjKA48eDGUsV6Ydh7xilH40duSIbrFjbupGxbgIXadPV7J0IrDt8OHUKeO45UmQt0RCU\n0o/Ho0X6vPZO1JR+Q4P/a+BJ2UwEpe+3aMjYOyJKX8QSClPpG3tHIdasAa66ihyYkmgIivTr68mH\ny+2GZkX//vKkH8XNWWFX2WRR+ix96dyR67fwyNg7XV3pR73KZgSmwI6GBuCJJ4AtW8KeiRiCIn0V\nKh9Qp/R5F2iRmvotLYQw/MgZiIa9kwhK32+DVRQ8/SgGcr3q6bPYj7qRUEr/mWeAmTOByZPDnokY\nuiPp19YGY+9QYmbZqCeSsskSyOVJ2YyKp68je0ekcJpfOy8Cj2Ig1yh9BWhoAB5+mGzISlQERfoq\ncvQBNdk7ooHcw4f52rAGcQGj9Cl0qHXWtqpSNqO6OSvKgdyEUfpPPEFU/oUXhj0TcQSp9GVz9IHE\n2pzFGsQF9JA+JQq37fr2/hKh9o7O7B3ezVleKZth2Ttuu5KjflxiQij9I0eAxx4Dtm4NeyZySDR7\nR1UgV8Te4Q3kiij9eJzNDmIhfaBd7fu9XlUpm17Em5xMdn/Tnay87WU3Z/EWTgPECby52flvqZv0\n6XvLWsUzKvZOQij9FSuAf/kXYMKEsGciB0r68bjecaLk6YvaOzqVfnIy2c7vRUxWsNTeAdizblQo\nfaok3UgkFvMnbtkduUEGct0WmViMPy9eJO+eZ7OVsXcksWED8MknwAMPhD0TefTuTf7oqs6edYNK\nTz9R7B3WdE0KHouHV+n7QYXS94sL0H5kiDtqKZtu4/GSrG6P3m1HblTsnUiT/v79wPLlwB/+wHdD\nRxlBWDwqPX0VZRiCqL1TX8+XDseTq6+a9P2UPksmEAvps2ywCqP2jsr0SyB6pN/lj0ssLi7GxIkT\nkZOTgyeffNLxmvvvvx9jx47FBRdcgC+//JKp38pKsgnrl78EZsyQnWV0EBTpG6XvDZ60TR7S9yPr\neFxN9o4XYVv78SPuRCnD4JciGpa9w9N/l7F3VqxYgbVr12LLli146qmncOLEiQ6/LykpwXvvvYeP\nPvoI99xzD+655x7fPo8eBRYsAK6+GrjzTtkZRguJRPqygdx4XJz0RZS+TnuHdaev30LS1ESCf27B\nVUCdvSOr9Jua3ONPUSm4Bqgjfd4zdd2OP/SydxJe6VdXVwMA5syZg1GjRmH+/PnYvn17h2u2b9+O\n66+/HoMHD8aiRYtQWlrq2ecbbwAFBcDChcBvfiMzu2giCNKPiqd/9mx7QJEHIoFcnuwdIDxP38/P\nBzpm3nj1o9PTj8X88+ajUIbBazwRJc5zpq6IvZPwSn/Hjh3Izc1t+z4vLw/btm3rcE1JSQny8vLa\nvk9PT8e+ffsc+7vgApKp8/vfE1snEY5B5EWiefo1NeLZRiIqHxDP008U0vcj61jMX+3rVvq0vYjd\n4tWOLmY8WS9AMJ6+F4mrsHeiEsjV/rARj8cRt7FGzIXNJ01aiTFjyIHnvXoVorCwUPf0AkdGBrBr\nl94xVNk7PXuSDzyviqYQCeICYoHcKGTvsKRs+gVxrX2dOeP+vrOSvqjS92svau9QonQ7cYs3ZRNQ\nR/pedo2K7B1VgdyioiIUFRUJt5eawowZM3Dvvfe2fb97925cccUVHa4pKCjAnj17sGDBAgBARUUF\nxo4d69jfunUrZaaTEEgkTx9oV/sipC+q9Hk3TwH6lD5L4JVClb0D+Ct91kCuTqUvSvpe3nyYKZsq\nnwx02juFhR0F8apVq7jaS9k7A749Mbu4uBgHDhzA5s2bUVBQ0OGagoICbNiwAZWVlXjxxRcxceJE\nmSETHrpJv7WVpFnKHGZuhUwwV5T0k5IIYfHWvOdR+qwpm3QDE8viw0L6vErfa15hKn2WgmtOtqCI\nYgfCtXd4A7Nd3t55/PHHsWzZMjQ1NeGuu+5CWloa1q5dCwBYtmwZZs6ciUsuuQTTp0/H4MGD8fzz\nz0tPOpGRman39KyaGkK0XtkhPJAJ5oraO0B7MJdVvTc0AOnp7P2zKn1Wawdgz69XofRZA7l+feiw\nd5KSyOfPieT8bKEw7R1Vyj3qZRikp3DppZd2yshZZjux/JFHHsEjjzwiO1SXQEaGXqWv0toB5Ehf\nVOkD/MFckZRN1o1UPKTf1ZS+2xxY2jqRomhJZlF7x0k08JI+FVD2OkaqAr9BI9I7crsi+vcnf3yR\n4wBZ0FVInzeYqytlUzXpR0np67J3vNqykLeTLRRUyqbXgmQnclWB4qBhSD9gxGJ6D0hXlaNPIVOK\nQcbeCULps5I+a79BKn2WQC6L0vfbGSyivL3G9losrLYQTzvd9g7gbPG4efRdfkeuAT90+vqqcvQp\nwgjkAvy7cnWlbPIofZaUza6k9EXa+i0WXoSpKntHxH5xGsPNo496PX1D+iFAp6/flewdXqWfCPZO\nonn6qu0dvzFFrRfdSl+FvROVQK4h/RCgW+lHhfSDtHd0pWyy1tKnfarYkQtEX+nrsHe82omQvtvr\nE/HcneydbltwzYAfOpW+Dk8/EQK5UVH6QaVs+vnxQDSVvqi94zVXmWwcluvdxhDJ6zek302RSJ5+\nogRydZVWjrK9I7MjlxKe134OP9L3eh0ySl+3vePWhvd6NxLv8vX0DfiRSJ6+TCBXlvQTUelHKZAr\nE4iVbS/j6fPaO6osIb/sHSdP3xyXaMAE4+n7gzeQG4XsnagFcr1SLsMifRl7J2pKX1XZhqBhSD8E\ndCdPP8g8/bCVftRSNr121LLYQzI7ct0Uu4y9I+Lp87RRRfpO9k48bjz9bo1E8/TDUvqs9k5rKyET\nVnIGusfmrERV+iqzd1QqfZmUTVrCIQpnhBjSDwFDhhBF7vQIKIuo2TtB1N6haZU8N1R38fS9lLpO\ne0h1nn7Y9o7bjlzW4xKjEsQFDOmHguRkosYrK9X3rdre6d8/vOwdVqXP6+cD+vL0/VI2u5Onz0ve\nXu1U7sh1a6PT3olKEBcwpB8adPj6TU2EpPr1U9dnIgRyRU72CitlM8jNWTKePG2fyPaOatKXsXei\n4ucDhvRDgw5fn1o7Kn3D1FTyARaxooJS+rzF1oBws3eCrL0TNU/fT+mLELhIyiaPXeN2PQ/pG3vH\nQIvSV23tAGQB6duXX+3Tk5P8iMUNQSj9sDz9IKtsRk3py9hCvPaOXxtW5e42htfmLJ6+g4Yh/ZCg\nQ+mfPKk2c4dCxOKh6ZqiTx08gVwZpe9Uu92KRE7ZjKLS72r2DuvmrKjk6AOG9EODDqWvOl2TQiSY\nK5O5A+gP5PboQW5Cr9o0QGJvztKp9EWPWtRh74SVvcNT28cofYMur/Rl/HyAz97h3ZhFwWLx8Cr9\nM2e8nx4STenLHJcoovRFbKGoZe8AnS0eE8g10ObpdxXS1630Aba0TZ7NWUlJ/pUto6L0WXfkRiVP\nP2ylLxsDMIFcA6P0fcDr6etS+jx5+oC/xaOytHJYO3LjcX+7ojvYO17q3Yn0jdLv5ujqSl+m7g5A\nCKu5mS1VVFTps+Tq89g7gD/pR0Xpy+zIpQSW5MEeOuwd3pRNXktIZJFwU+/2JwNj7xi0HY7ulz3C\nA12kL1JeWVbpx2Lsaj8qnj7ApvQTfUcuS1vRgmuqiqf5PY0E4ekbe8egA3r3Jh8Y0RIHTtCp9IPO\n3gHYg7kySl816fulbarcnOXXj67sHZ1tVR2i0tJCnkTcnkZ40yp5c++NvWPgCNW+fpTsHVmlD7AH\nc7uj0mexicJU+iI1dAB1efp+JKtb6Rt7x8ARqn19HTtygXBJP9GUPounL6v0W1v9yRPQl70ju2Dw\nkrHf0Y5hkT5P2QZj7xgAMErfD6z2jqjSZ03Z5CV9r3NpW1vZbn4v0qdPC367nSnxOsWNZI5blCF9\nlkCuKgLnTQ3VmbJplL4BAEL6qpV+VAK5stk7ALu9o1Ppq0zZpD48S2kKFtL3Q1KS+yHdYZG+yIlb\nIqTv90TB69Hzlku2LxJG6RsAaM/gUYGWFqKuBwxQ058ViRDIFfX0vayY5maiknluVi/SZ03XBNSQ\nPu3HiXxlUj6DtndENoKF7ek72TtG6RsoVfqnThFF7pU7LYpECOTqUPp0Ny5P0TgWpc8Cr5IOPJaT\nG3F3B3tHNekbe8dAGiqVvi5rB+i+gVxePx/wTtnkUfrUmhFV6db5yCj9MAK5ulW7SBve+vumDIOB\nI1Qq/a5I+roDuTpIX5XSB9wtHh7Sl1H6bguGbk+f196JYsqmPWZg7B0DAImj9MPYkQuEH8hVTfo8\nSh9wJ33eyp9RUvoiZRhEA7kme8cZhvRDhGpPXxfp9+1LSJynZISK7J1EVfoqArBA+Eo/Knn6Qdk7\nqo5LdOrf2DsGAMhGqvp6752XrNCp9Hv0IGTGWuoYUJO9o1vp++XpR1Xp89hEbuTLQvqUuOyLvUzt\nHdX580G1cVskjL1jwIVYTJ3Fo2s3LgWvrx9kIFdG6XulbPLm6AP+pM+zOHnZO7KpnyykH4s5k53O\n3bxO7aKcsskayDXHJRq0QSXp61L6AB/px+NEoSd6wTXVSp93nqrsHZkMIBES9ho3yvYOT2DW73pT\ncM3AFap8fd2kzxPMbWggN72ssmGxd1pb+bNiKMJI2VSVvcOb7+/Uh27SFym4JpKn36MH+Ry0trK3\nMQXXDEJDV1T6KqwdgE3pU6tDZFMa6+YsHqhU+m5BYR57R4XSt88h6Dx9v/GcbCgd2TuyO3KNvWMA\nIHGUPk8pBhWZOwCb0hf184FwUjaDtnd0KX1dmT8iVo1TuyDsHd7NWUbpGwDoukpf1s8H2AK5on4+\nEHzKJm9gWEWevqzSd8rzF1X6LS1ElbuVSKbtgiB9WY+e2kle5Z6NvWPgCFVKv6oqWqQflL0jo/SD\nTtkMI5AblqdPyZDWwqftWMhbZDzdSt+tf7e6TMbeMXCFKqVfWQkMGSLfjxt4ArmqSJ/F3omi0g8i\nkBv17B2ntn5BXEDc3nEaS+XmLKdSyTz9G3vHoA0qlP7Zs0Tx6iirTBFVpS9aVhkIPk9fldLnLcMQ\nhtJ3aiua9SNq76iMHfCWSnayd4zSNwCgRulTa0dHWWUKnkBukEq/rk6f0q+v549NBJWymYhKX9Te\nEXlC4N0PEI/z19LxInFTT9/AFenpwIkTHXOMeVFZCaSlqZuTE3iUvsrsnfp675o/MmNRpe/Wv0i8\nIChPX0bpUwXKojyjYO+wLhYynn5LCxFNbsJJ1t7pEoHcmpoaXHvttRg5ciS+973voba21vG60aNH\nY8qUKcjPz8fMmTOFJ9pV0bMn8curqsT70O3nA3ykX1OjJnsnOZl8edUmknmqSEoi779b/6pJP4wy\nDE6kLfukoFPpB5W9I5LtI9t/wts7a9aswciRI7F3716MGDECv/vd7xyvi8ViKCoqwqeffoqSkhLh\niXZlyPr6USP906fVxRf80jZlyz14WTyipK87ZVP2EJWgSN9u1YgWaosC6cumhHYJe6ekpARLly5F\nr169sGTJEmzfvt312jhPTd5uCFlfPwjS58neOX2aXK8CfsFc2fiBV9pmVJU+b5VNex+ypZl12zv0\nbGKe+QZB+jwHnUfZ3hF+4NixYwdyc3MBALm5ua4qPhaL4bLLLsOYMWOwZMkSLFy40LXPlStXtv2/\nsLAQhYWFotNLKCSK0mcN5Kokfb9gbhSVvpenz6v0T53q/HPeKpth2js8wVWA5L1TK4WOcfas//vm\nZCV5PW2qsHd4soNU2jtFRUUoKioSbu85je985zs4evRop58/9NBDzOr9/fffx9ChQ1FaWoprrrkG\nM2fORFZWluO1VtLvTkgEpT9wIFBdzXatatL3s3dkSkp7pW1GOZAro9Rl7SGdSh9oJ0wr6fvZhWHY\nO16vRae9YxfEq1at4mrvSfqbN292/d2zzz6L0tJS5Ofno7S0FDNmzHC8bujQoQCAiRMnYuHChXjt\ntddw++23c02yq0OF0s/JUTcfJwwYEA7p9+njrfRra4Hhw8X7V630k5NJJpZTSp+qlE3Z4xLDDOTy\nkD5Pu6BJn7eGUJfI0y8oKMDTTz+NhoYGPP3007jwwgs7XVNfX4+ab43giooKbNq0CVdccYX4bLso\nEkHp9+9PCJYltTToQK6Mp+9F+nV1/KQfi7mTdSIq/aCzd5zasRzaIkviLHn3VuXOuw+gSwRyly9f\njoMHD2LChAn45ptvcMcddwAADh8+jKuuugoAcPToUcyePRtTp07FTTfdhLvvvhvZ2dlqZt6FkAie\nflISUd0svn7QgdwoefqAu8UTxuasKCl9HntHJOtHZ3aNPcDM4unb+2d57UFA+IGjX79+2LhxY6ef\nDxs2DK+//joAYOzYsfjss8/EZ9dNMHQocOSIePsgSB9o9/X9PPSgA7m6lL4M6etU+rxVNlUrfRbl\n7dSWVenbFyqWUs4q7BqvMWh1UJqF47cQ2QO/rAtlEDA7ciOAYcOAw4fF2wdF+gMGOGeT2BFkIDfR\nlH4YVTajovRF24nYO7yeO8vcrE8HvPYO64IXBAzpRwCZmUBFRccytKyIx8lu3iCVvhdaWsRq1rjB\nL5Arq/Td8vRljmF0I/0wNmdFydNntTjsr1ukfr/qwKx9jES2dwzpRwA9ewKDB4sFc0+fJkQSxAeK\nRenTzVKqir8FofS9CFrkdTiRfnMzWUh41F5UsndUbc46c4bd3tFN+vZ6/7wVQI29YyANUYvnxAn9\nxdYoBg70J32V1g4QXhkG2cNZ7KRPidrt0A3WfoBoKH2RCp2sT0520meZr70Nb+kGFgvJ+npE7B1D\n+gYdIEr6x48TeygIsOTqqyb9vn29yz/oCuTKkL5TeWWRw17c5sZbZVOHp8+i2O1ZOKLlnFkI0/46\neQ9eYVX6dGHhtXeMp2/QCTKkn5Ghfj5OCEPp+9X80RXI1aX0ZefW0kK+WDf6OC1AsoFg1tfipPRZ\nz+UVsXfsSp9loaBteA9757V3jKdv0AmJQPphKP3+/d33Bpw9S+wSmZspKNJXpfQpcbLaRE4xC1l7\nSJT0WdupsHdYlLV1QeN9mjD2joE0EoH0o6b0ZVU+4B4zkCV9UaK0wo30efpxyk6SUfp0gxLrASxW\n4tOp9EXtHavSV529Q1+736lcQcOQfkSQCKTPkr2jmvS9qnuqOKHLLSU0qkqfp8Km21x4SN/eni46\nLE8aovaOiKdvfyLRofR5ArnWnH5a4oEniK8ThvQjgkQgfZY8/SDtHRVKv29f0o8dOjx9XtLv1Yso\nROv+DR7Cts6Ftz69vT0F725gFZ4+S2aNUxuWcsy0jUj2DqvSj5K1AxjSjwwShfTDsHfCUvqiC0pK\nSmfLiHdjFkCUoQzpAiQfPTlZjHwB5/FFM39k7B0WT593LHsgV3X2jpX0o2LtAIb0I4P0dODkyc7n\ng/qhOwRydXr6OuwdpyJxIvYO0NniEY0N2C0aHtIXHV9VIFfE3mF5jXblzrOw8Ng7RukbOKJHD0Le\nDmfWeKKrK32ap+90Zo8Kpa/D3nEKDouQNdCZdBsaxA52sfbBQ/pOC4Zue0c0T18m40fE02dV+lFK\n1wQM6UcKQ4fyWTwtLaTuTlA7cqnS9zo0TTXpJycTknFS47K7cQF9St/epyqlX18vFhCWUfqJ4unz\njiWyOUske8cofQNX8Pr6VVWEiIM6kYdmbbgdBwiQJwFVB6hQuFk8soeiA4Sgo6z07YQteoSjqNIP\nm/RbWkjNIr/PuNXeiceDUfqsB6kbT9/AFbykH6S1QzFwIIk9uEFHxU+3YK4Kpd+3b2IpfdHUT5VK\nXzSQK+LpU0Xtl+5obdPcTArl0aJqXm3o/Fizd1gDudYducbeMXBFIpD+kCGkfr8bqqpIxVCVcMvV\nV6X06+o6W1Y6lL4qe0f2sPaoK31rO5EDW3h2DOv09OlGNmPvGLhi+HDg0CH2648fJ1k/QSItjVT2\ndIMO0ndT+iqyd5KTyZfdslKt9Ovrxe0d2UCuzMJBa/fQRZEnkCtacI23Jo69ja5xeLJ36ElbLS3G\n3jHwwMiRQHk5+/WHD5Pgb5DwUvotLcR7D8rTV3UAu5PFo1rpi2YaqQjk2tU6z8KRnEysEupPB+3p\nNzbyH7wi8kShOpALtFs8RukbuGLkSOCf/2S//vBh8nQQJNLS3En/5ElCwqoOUKFwU/rV1WpI302Z\nq1T6ovEHFfaObB/WmEDQefqstpjdEhJR+irtHaA9g8d4+gauyM4m9k5rK9v133wTPOkPGeJu7+iw\ndgB3T19VeqhTBk9dnVrSF40/qAjk2pU+79OCtT1vIFek4JqVXFlfb9BKn8WyodcbpW/gitRUkh3D\nukErLNJ3U/q6SN/N3qmuVkP6/fp1Jv2aGvJzEbjZOyJK395XGErfmvLJq/R5N0wBYkpf1tNXnb0D\ntFdbNZ6+gSdGjQIOHmS7NgzS9wrk6jqg3c3eUeXp9+vXeVGRIX03e0dE6dv7Et2RK+rp29vzkL5o\n1pCVjFlrFonaO6JKn2WRoK/f2DsGnhg5ko3043FC+sOG6Z+TFWEpfTdPX4XSd+pfxjpyUvqimUb2\nMhGyO3LjcTl7hyd7x/4+sJKx9clExN5htaDsKZs82Tss86Lvm7F3DDwxahRbMPfUKfJBks1T54VX\nIDcMT1+F0ncifRmlT29waxBT1N6xK31Re4eS75kzxGrw27hkhajS7927nbzpMY8sNoe1nUjwl+cA\ndhGPns6Lh/SNvWPgClZ7JwxrBwgnkOuVsqlD6be0kJtVZg9A794dyVrU3rGnk4rYO9aFQ3ZzF0+J\naKvSp+OyHCRiXaRYlX6PHuQpprmZL5BrfTpgqb9vVfp+1xvSN2ACa9pmWKTvpfQrK4Ozd86cITe5\nyIYnv/5ppo3MSUf2hUrU3rFnFonYO1aLSHZzF88TC1XSLS18i411sWAl/Vis3cYSiR2wzE9U6Yvu\nxtYFQ/oRA6u9ExbpDxxIyIxu1rFCp9K31/FXWc3TTvqnT4tbOxT24LAqpS9C+nalz9veSsI8pE+J\nuG4FGoIAAA1qSURBVKGB71Aa6yLDayfV1+tLDT3nHL4nHkr6onWXdMGQfsQwZgywf793+WIgPNJP\nSgIGDSIEb4cu0h80qHORN1VBXKAz6cv4+U59UrtI5Ma3K32RxcOq9EXsHeuiwRuboESsW+lb27GS\nvtW2YpkfjTXQejqG9A2UYOBAoiiOH/e+LizSB9wzeHSR/uDBnRcZlemhdlVeUyO/oFhJn6pcEbvI\nHsgVeQqR9fSti4YI6Tc08G12ozZNPM5P+g0N7KTPu7jQ/mlpCL+/pyF9A2bk5AB793pf889/Ev8/\nDLgFc3Xl6Q8YQEjHaimpXGB02zsyJaDt9o7IgmR9WpANBMsofdZ2SUntVoqIvcOaskmvb2khufR+\nbaz9s8zJkL4BM1hIv6wMGD8+mPnY4bZBS5fST0rqfFSjTtJXbe/IVAO1EnY8Tv7POzfrwiEbCOYl\nfZqJI1Lvp6FBzN5hbUPPMqbX+yl33v5phVJD+ga+8CP95mZSjXPMmODmZEVGRmf7qamJkNzAgXrG\nHDy4o6WkmvStgWIVSt9K+tXV4u+LlbAbGkjqH+9JabL2jgqlz1vLyEqwvEq/ro7t70fTallJmS5g\nRukbKIcf6ZeXA5mZ7IWvVGPYMODIkY4/o7X9eTb98MDu66tMD7U/RZw8Kd+31d45dUqc9K2EK7oY\nWZW6yFOHrKfPa+/QdtQ/51X6rK+RV7nzXm9I34AZfqS/bx8wblxw87HD6QD3o0eBrCx9Yw4Z0pH0\nVSp9HX1blb4M6dOgJj2rQIT07QsH7y5mFYFcEXuHh2DpWJT0WTKc6PvCOjcZT1+0YqsOGNKPIHJy\niGfvlrZZVhY+6duVvm7Styt91fZOQ0N7zraKgLQq0o/F2p8aRLOKaFwgHhc7g8B6pKQoefO24yVY\naxvWtFZe5c67EBmlb8CM/v3JjWYnVop9+8IL4gLO9s6RI3pP8bJnDKkk/Vis494DFX2rsneA9n0K\novYOrbVz9qwY6VOl39BALEUeC89KxLwBYNFALo+9Q9NJWcZITibvZXU1n9IXCZ7rhCH9iGLyZGDX\nLuffdUd7JzOz4zkDJ06oTQ+1WjwqSH/AgPY4gSrSly33XFsrtqmNKn2R1FORzVnWdjyvmVfpJyWR\nRezkSb6NY5WVRukbaEB+PvDpp86/C9veycwkpGs9FenIEb2kP3RoR9JXPZ41O0hFkNia1hoF0qdP\nHjJKX4T06WIjmrLJ897xevq0zYkT7KScmkpEgcneMVCO/Hzgk086/7y5mSj9nJzg50TRsych4UOH\n2n928KDezWJZWe2kH48Dx46ptZNUK33VpF9VJbdTmO6iFgnkyij9QYPI6xdR+nV14qTPOs8+ffhI\n3yh9A22YNs1Z6e/dSzz1oOvo2zF6NKkRRHHggN59A1lZ7XGEykpys6qosElhVfoqSD89HaioIP+X\nJf3Bg4nSP3lSvB9aHVVU6dfUiI1PA/C88Qj6dCNC+jz1iajS57F3WJW+SAZSEDCkH1Gcey5Rtvbq\nkjt3AuefH86crBgzhhA9QJT3/v2kQqguWO0dHUFjqsybmghpyB7O0r8/CZw2NhLykumPEuCxY8Ra\nEwENhIuQPh2f7sXgASX9igq+tmlp5O985gy7aqeBWV57h1W50+uPHmVbwOhibUjfgAk9egDnnQd8\n9lnHn3/2WTRI36r0KytJrRQVp1i5IS2N3EBNTXpIf8QIYld98w3pO0nyzojF2heSI0fkjrVURfqi\nSj8lhZBWWRk/6VPbjJf0hwwBvv6azJW1UN2AAeR94rV3Dh/mCxYfPMj2WtLSyOvmOWIyCBjSjzCm\nTwe2b+/4s/ffB2bNCmc+Vowb176BbP9+sgjoRI8ehDjLy/WQPj2bWGVsIi2NqGPZiqjU05chfboA\niZakzsgAdu8m/fCAKv0TJ/jaDhlCYlc8dlJWFvn7xePsZ9L27k3GYf089e5NnnAzMvyvTUsjQqJX\nL3kRoRIRmoqBHZddBrz1Vvv3jY3E57/wwvDmRHH++cRqAkhq6eTJ+secMAH4xz+Ar75Sn71ESb+8\nHMjOVtNnejpQWkqsBpnHe2rNyCr9/fuJahYp/paZCXzxhZi9c+IEecoIgvT37eMrY52RQZ5gWEk/\nI4O8Hpb3YeBAovLDKoHuBmHS//Of/4xJkyahR48e+MQpzeRbFBcXY+LEicjJycGTTz4pOly3QlFR\nEQBg7lzggw/aa35v3UrINewgLgDk5pLyzvX1ZCGaOlXPOPS9ANpJf88eYNIktePQs4lVKv3hw8nf\nb8QIuX7GjydPVYcOFUmR/vbtZLEUqeufmUmUvgjpHzlCPrM858SmpZHgsRvpWz8XFFlZpA3Poj12\nLNDayk76Y8eSf1mUfo8e5PXrfgrmhTDpn3feeXjllVcwZ84cz+tWrFiBtWvXYsuWLXjqqadwwu1U\nbYM20A/0wIHAxRcDGzeSn69fD/zgB+HNy4pzziEk/NlnhPTz8/WM40T6u3erJ/20NLKA7dmjjvSn\nTAHeeEOe9M89l7zu6uoibnuFIj2dPCGJ7uTOyCCqlZf06RMOr1ChG+/c4g9OpJ+SQqywvDz2cSiJ\n6yB9gHyuugzp5+bm4txzz/W8pvrb1JM5c+Zg1KhRmD9/PrbbTWoDTyxZAjz+OHm0X78euPHGsGfU\nju9+F3jqKWJhzJihf7zp04FNm4hPqroMRSxGXsOf/gTMnKmmz6lTif8ra0X16UMC2LScgggKCsi/\nvKRNQRcb3oA0faqw7ulgASX9iy/ma5eVxScIaJoxL+mzvo9divRZsGPHDuTm5rZ9n5eXh23btukc\nssvh+uuJWpo0CVi6VG9aJC8WLwZefBG44YZgLKeCAhJI+9GP2AN1PFi0iKj86dPV9Ectr5/+VL6v\n5GS5xYgGbwcNEmu/eDGwYQN5euHF/v3A3/7G16Z3b+D554EVK/jaZWeTrDdWjBtHPrus2TvjxpFr\nWT/vWVnh7p53RNwD8+bNi0+ePLnT16uvvtp2TWFhYfzjjz92bL958+b4TTfd1Pb9mjVr4g888IDj\ntQDMl/kyX+bLfAl88cDzDJ7Nmzd7/doXM2bMwL333tv2/e7du3HFFVc4Xht3qyNsYGBgYKAMSuwd\nN8Ie8G0Upri4GAcOHMDmzZtRQM1FAwMDA4PAIUz6r7zyCrKzs7Ft2zZcddVVuPLKKwEAhw8fxlVX\nXdV23eOPP45ly5Zh3rx5+PGPf4w00fQDAwMDAwN5cJlBGvDuu+/Gc3Nz4+PHj4//z//8T9jTCQ0H\nDx6MFxYWxvPy8uKXXnpp/IUXXgh7SqGiubk5PnXq1PjVV18d9lRCR21tbfyWW26J5+TkxCdOnBj/\n8MMPw55SaPj9738fnzVrVnzatGnxFStWhD2dQHHbbbfFMzIy4pMnT2772enTp+MLFy6MZ2dnx6+9\n9tp4TU2Nbz+h78g1efwEPXv2xOrVq7F7926sX78eDzzwAGro0UvdEE888QTy8vIQE9lJ1MXw4IMP\nYuTIkdi1axd27dqFiRMnhj2lUFBVVYWHH34Ymzdvxo4dO/DVV19h06ZNYU8rMNx22234my0Nas2a\nNRg5ciT27t2LESNG4He/+51vP6GSvsnjb0dWVhamfpvjl5aWhkmTJuGjjz4KeVbh4NChQ3jjjTfw\nox/9yAT4AWzZsgX//u//jpSUFCQnJ7fFyrobUlNTEY/HUV1djYaGBtTX12OQaA5qAmL27NmdXm9J\nSQmWLl2KXr16YcmSJUz8GSrpmzx+Z5SVlWH37t2YqWqXUILhX//1X/Hoo48iKUpVqkLCoUOH0NjY\niOXLl6OgoAC/+c1v0NjYGPa0QkFqairWrFmD0aNHIysrCxdffHG3vUcorByam5uLkpIS3zbmrooY\nampqcOONN2L16tXoI1IZK8Hx17/+FRkZGcjPzzcqH0BjYyO++uorXHfddSgqKsLu3bvx0ksvhT2t\nUFBRUYHly5djz549OHDgAD788EO8/vrrYU8rVIjcI6GS/owZM/Dll1+2fb97925cGIUSkiGhqakJ\n1113HRYvXoxrr7027OmEgg8++ACvvvoqxowZg0WLFuHtt9/GLbfcEva0QsP48eMxYcIEXHPNNUhN\nTcWiRYvw5ptvhj2tUFBSUoILL7wQ48ePx5AhQ/DDH/4QxcXFYU8rVMyYMQOlpaUAgNLSUsxgqIcS\nKumbPP52xONxLF26FJMnT8bPfvazsKcTGh5++GGUl5dj//79+OMf/4jLLrsM69atC3taoSInJwfb\nt29Ha2srXn/9dcybNy/sKYWC2bNn46OPPkJVVRXOnDmDN998E/Pnzw97WqGioKAATz/9NBoaGvD0\n008ziebQ7R2Tx0/w/vvv4/nnn8fbb7+N/Px85Ofnd4rUd0eY7B3gt7/9LVasWIFp06YhJSUFN910\nU9hTCgX9+/fHAw88gO9///u45JJLcP7552Pu3LlhTyswLFq0CBdddBG++uorZGdn4//+7/+wfPly\nHDx4EBMmTMA333yDO+64w7efWNwYpwYGBgbdBqErfQMDAwOD4GBI38DAwKAbwZC+gYGBQTeCIX0D\nAwODbgRD+gYGBgbdCIb0DQwMDLoR/j8U8QHdaUyIsAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\n"
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 4
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "You can paste blocks of input with prompt markers, such as those from",
       "[the official Python tutorial](http://docs.python.org/tutorial/interpreter.html#interactive-mode)"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       ">>> the_world_is_flat = 1",
       ">>> if the_world_is_flat:",
       "...     print \"Be careful not to fall off!\""
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "Be careful not to fall off!"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 5
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "Errors are shown in informative ways:"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "%run non_existent_file"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stderr",
        "text": [
         "ERROR: File `non_existent_file.py` not found."
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 6
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "x = 1",
       "y = 4",
       "z = y/(1-x)"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
        "evalue": "integer division or modulo by zero",
        "output_type": "pyerr",
        "traceback": [
         "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
         "\u001b[0;32m/home/fperez/ipython/ipython/docs/examples/notebooks/<ipython-input-7-dc39888fd1d2>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mz\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
         "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: integer division or modulo by zero"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 7
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "When IPython needs to display additional information (such as providing details on an object via `x?`",
       "it will automatically invoke a pager at the bottom of the screen:"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": true,
      "input": [
       "magic"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [],
      "prompt_number": 8
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "## Non-blocking output of kernel",
       "",
       "If you execute the next cell, you will see the output arriving as it is generated, not all at the end."
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "import time, sys",
       "for i in range(8):",
       "    print i,",
       "    time.sleep(0.5)"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "0 "
        ]
       },
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "1 "
        ]
       },
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "2 "
        ]
       },
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "3 "
        ]
       },
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "4 "
        ]
       },
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "5 "
        ]
       },
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "6 "
        ]
       },
       {
        "output_type": "stream",
        "stream": "stdout",
        "text": [
         "7"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 9
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "## Clean crash and restart",
       "",
       "We call the low-level system libc.time routine with the wrong argument via",
       "ctypes to segfault the Python interpreter:"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": true,
      "input": [
       "from ctypes import CDLL",
       "# This will crash a linux system; equivalent calls can be made on Windows or Mac",
       "libc = CDLL(\"libc.so.6\") ",
       "libc.time(-1)  # BOOM!!"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [],
      "prompt_number": "*"
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "## Markdown cells can contain formatted text and code",
       "",
       "You can *italicize*, **boldface**",
       "",
       "* build",
       "* lists",
       "",
       "and embed code meant for illustration instead of execution in Python:",
       "",
       "    def f(x):",
       "        \"\"\"a docstring\"\"\"",
       "        return x**2",
       "",
       "or other languages:",
       "",
       "    if (i=0; i<n; i++) {",
       "      printf(\"hello %d\\n\", i);",
       "      x += 4;",
       "    }"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "Courtesy of MathJax, you can include mathematical expressions both inline: ",
       "$e^{i\\pi} + 1 = 0$  and displayed:",
       "",
       "$$e^x=\\sum_{i=0}^\\infty \\frac{1}{i!}x^i$$"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "## Rich displays: include anyting a browser can show",
       "",
       "Note that we have an actual protocol for this, see the `display_protocol` notebook for further details.",
       "",
       "### Images"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "from IPython.core.display import Image",
       "Image(filename='../../source/_static/logo.png')"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "pyout",
        "png": 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        "prompt_number": 1,
        "text": [
         "&lt;IPython.core.display.Image at 0x41d4690&gt;"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 1
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "An image can also be displayed from raw data or a url"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "Image('http://python.org/images/python-logo.gif')"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "html": [
         "<img src=\"http://python.org/images/python-logo.gif\" />"
        ],
        "output_type": "pyout",
        "prompt_number": 2,
        "text": [
         "&lt;IPython.core.display.Image at 0x41d4550&gt;"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 2
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "SVG images are also supported out of the box (since modern browsers do a good job of rendering them):"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "from IPython.core.display import SVG",
       "SVG(filename='python-logo.svg')"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "pyout",
        "prompt_number": 3,
        "svg": [
         "<svg height=\"115.02pt\" id=\"svg2\" inkscape:version=\"0.43\" sodipodi:docbase=\"/home/sdeibel\" sodipodi:docname=\"logo-python-generic.svg\" sodipodi:version=\"0.32\" version=\"1.0\" width=\"388.84pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:cc=\"http://web.resource.org/cc/\" xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:inkscape=\"http://www.inkscape.org/namespaces/inkscape\" xmlns:rdf=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#\" xmlns:sodipodi=\"http://inkscape.sourceforge.net/DTD/sodipodi-0.dtd\" xmlns:svg=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">",
         "  <metadata id=\"metadata2193\">",
         "    <rdf:RDF>",
         "      <cc:Work rdf:about=\"\">",
         "        <dc:format>image/svg+xml</dc:format>",
         "        <dc:type rdf:resource=\"http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage\"/>",
         "      </cc:Work>",
         "    </rdf:RDF>",
         "  </metadata>",
         "  <sodipodi:namedview bordercolor=\"#666666\" borderopacity=\"1.0\" id=\"base\" inkscape:current-layer=\"svg2\" inkscape:cx=\"243.02499\" inkscape:cy=\"71.887497\" inkscape:pageopacity=\"0.0\" inkscape:pageshadow=\"2\" inkscape:window-height=\"543\" inkscape:window-width=\"791\" inkscape:window-x=\"0\" inkscape:window-y=\"0\" inkscape:zoom=\"1.4340089\" pagecolor=\"#ffffff\"/>",
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         "    </linearGradient>",
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         "</svg>"
        ],
        "text": [
         "&lt;IPython.core.display.SVG at 0x41d4910&gt;"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 3
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "#### Embedded vs Non-embedded Images"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "As of IPython 0.13, images are embedded by default for compatibility with QtConsole, and the ability to still be displayed offline.",
       "",
       "Let's look at the differences:"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "# by default Image data are embedded",
       "Embed      = Image(    'http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png')",
       "",
       "# if kwarg `url` is given, the embedding is assumed to be false",
       "SoftLinked = Image(url='http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png')",
       "",
       "# In each case, embed can be specified explicitly with the `embed` kwarg",
       "# ForceEmbed = Image(url='http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png', embed=True)"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [],
      "prompt_number": 6
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "Today's Google doodle, (at the time I created this notebook). This should also work in the Qtconsole.",
       "Drawback is that the saved notebook will be larger, but the image will still be present offline."
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "Embed"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "jpeg": 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yaeZLfKeLSndoKkZOM4zjOgd+gQrwOymNP/7p9hf5OJOgpN9JfYtm3kWm7icj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        "output_type": "pyout",
        "prompt_number": 7,
        "text": [
         "<IPython.core.display.Image at 0x107deaad0>"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 7
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "Today's Google doodle, visible only with an active internet connexion, that should be different from the previous one. This will not work on Qtconsole.",
       "Notebook saved with this kind of image will be lighter and always reflect the current version of the source, but the image won't display offline."
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "SoftLinked"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "html": [
         "<img src=\"http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png\" />"
        ],
        "output_type": "pyout",
        "prompt_number": 5,
        "text": [
         "<IPython.core.display.Image at 0x107dea890>"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 5
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "Of course, if you re-run this notebook, the two doodles will be the same again.",
       "<!-- well actually I cheated a little, by setting Embed Url to http://www.google.com/logos/2012/doisneau12-hp.jpg  then editing the ipynb myself and replacing it by the other url -->"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "### Video"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "And more exotic objects can also be displayed, as long as their representation supports ",
       "the IPython display protocol.",
       "",
       "For example, videos hosted externally on YouTube are easy to load (and writing a similar wrapper for other",
       "hosted content is trivial):"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "from IPython.lib.display import YouTubeVideo",
       "# a talk about IPython at Sage Days at U. Washington, Seattle.",
       "# Video credit: William Stein.",
       "YouTubeVideo('1j_HxD4iLn8')"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "html": [
         "",
         "            <iframe",
         "                width=\"400\"",
         "                height=\"300\"",
         "                src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/1j_HxD4iLn8\"",
         "                frameborder=\"0\"",
         "                allowfullscreen",
         "            ></iframe>",
         "        "
        ],
        "output_type": "pyout",
        "prompt_number": 4,
        "text": [
         "&lt;IPython.lib.display.YouTubeVideo at 0x41d4310&gt;"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 4
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "Using the nascent video capabilities of modern browsers, you may also be able to display local",
       "videos.  At the moment this doesn't work very well in all browsers, so it may or may not work for you;",
       "we will continue testing this and looking for ways to make it more robust.  ",
       "",
       "The following cell loads a local file called  `animation.m4v`, encodes the raw video as base64 for http",
       "transport, and uses the HTML5 video tag to load it. On Chrome 15 it works correctly, displaying a control",
       "bar at the bottom with a play/pause button and a location slider."
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "from IPython.core.display import HTML",
       "video = open(\"animation.m4v\", \"rb\").read()",
       "video_encoded = video.encode(\"base64\")",
       "video_tag = '<video controls alt=\"test\" src=\"data:video/x-m4v;base64,{0}\">'.format(video_encoded)",
       "HTML(data=video_tag)"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "html": [
         "<video controls alt=\"test\" src=\"data:video/x-m4v;base64,AAAAHGZ0eXBNNFYgAAACAGlzb21pc28yYXZjMQAAAAhmcmVlAAAqiW1kYXQAAAKMBgX//4jcRem9",
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         "\">"
        ],
        "output_type": "pyout",
        "prompt_number": 5,
        "text": [
         "&lt;IPython.core.display.HTML at 0x423a550&gt;"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 5
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "## Local Files",
       "",
       "The above examples embed images and video from the notebook filesystem in the output",
       "areas of code cells.  It is also possible to request these files directly in markdown cells",
       "if they reside in the notebook directory via relative urls prefixed with `files/`:",
       "",
       "    files/[subdirectory/]<filename>",
       "",
       "",
       "For example, in the example notebook folder, we have the Python logo, addressed as:",
       "",
       "    <img src=\"files/python-logo.svg\" />",
       "",
       "<img src=\"/files/python-logo.svg\" />",
       "",
       "and a video with the HTML5 video tag:",
       "",
       "    <video controls src=\"files/animation.m4v\" />",
       "",
       "<video controls src=\"/files/animation.m4v\" />",
       "",
       "These do not embed the data into the notebook file,",
       "and require that the files exist when you are viewing the notebook.",
       "",
       "### Security of local files",
       "",
       "Note that this means that the IPython notebook server also acts as a generic file server",
       "for files inside the same tree as your notebooks.  Access is not granted outside the",
       "notebook folder so you have strict control over what files are visible, but for this",
       "reason it is highly recommended that you do not run the notebook server with a notebook",
       "directory at a high level in your filesystem (e.g. your home directory).",
       "",
       "When you run the notebook in a password-protected manner, local file access is restricted",
       "to authenticated users unless read-only views are active."
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "### External sites",
       "",
       "You can even embed an entire page from another site in an iframe; for example this is today's Wikipedia",
       "page for mobile users:"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "HTML('<iframe src=http://en.mobile.wikipedia.org/?useformat=mobile width=700 height=350>')"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "html": [
         "<iframe src=http://en.mobile.wikipedia.org/?useformat=mobile width=700 height=350>"
        ],
        "output_type": "pyout",
        "prompt_number": 6,
        "text": [
         "&lt;IPython.core.display.HTML at 0x41d4710&gt;"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 6
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "### Mathematics",
       "",
       "And we also support the display of mathematical expressions typeset in LaTeX, which is rendered",
       "in the browser thanks to the [MathJax library](http://mathjax.org).  ",
       "",
       "Note that this is *different* from the above examples.  Above we were typing mathematical expressions",
       "in Markdown cells (along with normal text) and letting the browser render them; now we are displaying",
       "the output of a Python computation as a LaTeX expression wrapped by the `Math()` object so the browser",
       "renders it.  The `Math` object will add the needed LaTeX delimiters (`$$`) if they are not provided:"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "from IPython.core.display import Math",
       "Math(r'F(k) = \\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} f(x) e^{2\\pi i k} dx')"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "latex": [
         "$$F(k) = \\int_{-\\infty}^{\\infty} f(x) e^{2\\pi i k} dx$$"
        ],
        "output_type": "pyout",
        "prompt_number": 1,
        "text": [
         "<IPython.core.display.Math object at 0x10ad35e90>"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 1
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "With the `Latex` class, you have to include the delimiters yourself.  This allows you to use other LaTeX modes such as `eqnarray`:"
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "from IPython.core.display import Latex",
       "Latex(r\"\"\"\\begin{eqnarray}",
       "\\nabla \\times \\vec{\\mathbf{B}} -\\, \\frac1c\\, \\frac{\\partial\\vec{\\mathbf{E}}}{\\partial t} & = \\frac{4\\pi}{c}\\vec{\\mathbf{j}} \\\\",
       "\\nabla \\cdot \\vec{\\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \\pi \\rho \\\\",
       "\\nabla \\times \\vec{\\mathbf{E}}\\, +\\, \\frac1c\\, \\frac{\\partial\\vec{\\mathbf{B}}}{\\partial t} & = \\vec{\\mathbf{0}} \\\\",
       "\\nabla \\cdot \\vec{\\mathbf{B}} & = 0 ",
       "\\end{eqnarray}\"\"\")"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "latex": [
         "\\begin{eqnarray}",
         "\\nabla \\times \\vec{\\mathbf{B}} -\\, \\frac1c\\, \\frac{\\partial\\vec{\\mathbf{E}}}{\\partial t} & = \\frac{4\\pi}{c}\\vec{\\mathbf{j}} \\\\   \\nabla \\cdot \\vec{\\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \\pi \\rho \\\\",
         "\\nabla \\times \\vec{\\mathbf{E}}\\, +\\, \\frac1c\\, \\frac{\\partial\\vec{\\mathbf{B}}}{\\partial t} & = \\vec{\\mathbf{0}} \\\\",
         "\\nabla \\cdot \\vec{\\mathbf{B}} & = 0 ",
         "\\end{eqnarray}"
        ],
        "output_type": "pyout",
        "prompt_number": 5,
        "text": [
         "<IPython.core.display.Latex object at 0x109a38790>"
        ]
       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 5
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
       "# Loading external codes",
       "* Drag and drop a ``.py`` in the dashboard",
-      "* Use ``%loadpy`` with any local or remote url: [the Matplotlib Gallery!](http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/gallery.html)",
+      "* Use ``%load`` with any local or remote url: [the Matplotlib Gallery!](http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/gallery.html)",
       "",
       "In this notebook we've kept the output saved so you can see the result, but you should run the next",
       "cell yourself (with an active internet connection)."
      ]
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": true,
      "input": [
-      "%loadpy http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/mpl_examples/pylab_examples/integral_demo.py"
+      "%load http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/mpl_examples/pylab_examples/integral_demo.py"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [],
      "prompt_number": 8
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": false,
      "input": [
       "#!/usr/bin/env python",
       "",
       "# implement the example graphs/integral from pyx",
       "from pylab import *",
       "from matplotlib.patches import Polygon",
       "",
       "def func(x):",
       "    return (x-3)*(x-5)*(x-7)+85",
       "",
       "ax = subplot(111)",
       "",
       "a, b = 2, 9 # integral area",
       "x = arange(0, 10, 0.01)",
       "y = func(x)",
       "plot(x, y, linewidth=1)",
       "",
       "# make the shaded region",
       "ix = arange(a, b, 0.01)",
       "iy = func(ix)",
       "verts = [(a,0)] + zip(ix,iy) + [(b,0)]",
       "poly = Polygon(verts, facecolor='0.8', edgecolor='k')",
       "ax.add_patch(poly)",
       "",
       "text(0.5 * (a + b), 30,",
       "     r\"$\\int_a^b f(x)\\mathrm{d}x$\", horizontalalignment='center',",
       "     fontsize=20)",
       "",
       "axis([0,10, 0, 180])",
       "figtext(0.9, 0.05, 'x')",
       "figtext(0.1, 0.9, 'y')",
       "ax.set_xticks((a,b))",
       "ax.set_xticklabels(('a','b'))",
       "ax.set_yticks([])",
       "show()"
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": [
       {
        "output_type": "display_data",
        "png": 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       }
      ],
      "prompt_number": 9
     },
     {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "collapsed": true,
      "input": [
       ""
      ],
      "language": "python",
      "outputs": []
     }
    ]
   }
  ]
 }

docs/examples/tests/heartbeat/hb_gil.py

@@ -1,31 +1,31 b''
 """
 Run this script in the qtconsole with one of:
 
-    %loadpy hb_gil.py
+    %load hb_gil.py
 
 or
     %run hb_gil.py
 
 Holding the GIL for too long could disrupt the heartbeat.
 
 See Issue #1260: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1260
 
 """
 
 import sys
 import time
 
 from cython import inline
 
 def gilsleep(t):
     """gil-holding sleep with cython.inline"""
     code = '\n'.join([
         'from posix cimport unistd',
         'unistd.sleep(t)',
     ])
     while True:
         inline(code, quiet=True, t=t)
         print(time.time())
         sys.stdout.flush() # this is important
 
 gilsleep(5)

docs/source/interactive/qtconsole.txt

@@ -1,609 +1,609 b''
 .. _qtconsole:
 
 =========================
 A Qt Console for IPython
 =========================
 
 We now have a version of IPython, using the new two-process :ref:`ZeroMQ Kernel
 <ipythonzmq>`, running in a PyQt_ GUI.  This is a very lightweight widget that
 largely feels like a terminal, but provides a number of enhancements only
 possible in a GUI, such as inline figures, proper multiline editing with syntax
 highlighting, graphical calltips, and much more.
 
 .. figure:: ../_static/qtconsole.png
     :width: 400px
     :alt: IPython Qt console with embedded plots
     :align: center
     :target: ../_static/qtconsole.png
 
     The Qt console for IPython, using inline matplotlib plots.
 
 To get acquainted with the Qt console, type `%guiref` to see a quick
 introduction of its main features.
 
 The Qt frontend has hand-coded emacs-style bindings for text navigation. This
 is not yet configurable.
 
 .. tip::
 
    Since the Qt console tries hard to behave like a terminal, by default it
    immediately executes single lines of input that are complete.  If you want
    to force multiline input, hit :kbd:`Ctrl-Enter` at the end of the first line
    instead of :kbd:`Enter`, and it will open a new line for input.  At any
    point in a multiline block, you can force its execution (without having to
    go to the bottom) with :kbd:`Shift-Enter`.
 
-``%loadpy``
-===========
+``%load``
+=========
 
-The new ``%loadpy`` magic takes any python script (must end in '.py'), and
-pastes its contents as your next input, so you can edit it before
-executing. The script may be on your machine, but you can also specify a url,
-and it will download the script from the web. This is particularly useful for
-playing with examples from documentation, such as matplotlib.
+The new ``%load`` magic (previously ``%loadpy``) takes any script, and pastes
+its contents as your next input, so you can edit it before executing. The
+script may be on your machine, but you can also specify an history range, or a
+url, and it will download the script from the web. This is particularly useful
+for playing with examples from documentation, such as matplotlib.
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
-    In [6]: %loadpy http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/plot_directive/mpl_examples/mplot3d/contour3d_demo.py
+    In [6]: %load http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/plot_directive/mpl_examples/mplot3d/contour3d_demo.py
 
     In [7]: from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
        ...: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
        ...: 
        ...: fig = plt.figure()
        ...: ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
        ...: X, Y, Z = axes3d.get_test_data(0.05)
        ...: cset = ax.contour(X, Y, Z)
        ...: ax.clabel(cset, fontsize=9, inline=1)
        ...: 
        ...: plt.show()
 
 Pylab
 =====
 
 One of the most exciting features of the new console is embedded matplotlib
 figures. You can use any standard matplotlib GUI backend
 to draw the figures, and since there is now a two-process model, there is no
 longer a conflict between user input and the drawing eventloop.
 
 .. image:: figs/besselj.png
     :width: 519px
 
 .. display:
 
 :func:`display`
 ***************
 
 An additional function, :func:`display`, will be added to the global namespace
 if you specify the ``--pylab`` option at the command line. The IPython display
 system provides a mechanism for specifying PNG or SVG (and more)
 representations of objects for GUI frontends. By default, IPython registers
 convenient PNG and SVG renderers for matplotlib figures, so you can embed them
 in your document by calling :func:`display` on one or more of them. This is
 especially useful for saving_ your work.
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [5]: plot(range(5)) # plots in the matplotlib window
     
     In [6]: display(gcf()) # embeds the current figure in the qtconsole
     
     In [7]: display(*getfigs()) # embeds all active figures in the qtconsole
 
 If you have a reference to a matplotlib figure object, you can always display
 that specific figure:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
    In [1]: f = figure()
 
    In [2]: plot(rand(100))
    Out[2]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fc6ac03dd90>]
 
    In [3]: display(f)
 
    # Plot is shown here
 
    In [4]: title('A title')
    Out[4]: <matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7fc6ac023450>
 
    In [5]: display(f)
 
    # Updated plot with title is shown here.
 
 .. _inline:
 
 ``--pylab=inline``
 ******************
 
 If you want to have all of your figures embedded in your session, instead of
 calling :func:`display`, you can specify ``--pylab=inline`` when you start the
 console, and each time you make a plot, it will show up in your document, as if
 you had called :func:`display(fig)`.
 
 The inline backend can use either SVG or PNG figures (PNG being the default).
 To switch between them, set the ``InlineBackend.figure_format`` configurable
 in a config file, or via the ``%config`` magic:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [10]: %config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
 
 .. note::
 
     Changing the inline figure format also affects calls to :func:`display` above,
     even if you are not using the inline backend for all figures.
 
 By default, IPython closes all figures at the completion of each execution. This means you
 don't have to manually close figures, which is less convenient when figures aren't attached
 to windows with an obvious close button.  It also means that the first matplotlib call in
 each cell will always create a new figure:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [11]: plot(range(100))
     <single-line plot>
     
     In [12]: plot([1,3,2])
     <another single-line plot>
 
 
 However, it does prevent the list of active figures surviving from one input cell to the
 next, so if you want to continue working with a figure, you must hold on to a reference to
 it:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [11]: fig = gcf()
        ....: fig.plot(rand(100))
     <plot>
     In [12]: fig.title('Random Title')
     <redraw plot with title>
 
 This behavior is controlled by the :attr:`InlineBackend.close_figures` configurable, and
 if you set it to False, via %config or config file, then IPython will *not* close figures,
 and tools like :func:`gcf`, :func:`gca`, :func:`getfigs` will behave the same as they
 do with other backends.  You will, however, have to manually close figures:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     # close all active figures:
     In [13]: [ fig.close() for fig in getfigs() ]
 
 
 
 .. _saving:
 
 Saving and Printing
 ===================
 
 IPythonQt has the ability to save your current session, as either HTML or
 XHTML. If you have been using :func:`display` or inline_ pylab, your figures
 will be PNG in HTML, or inlined as SVG in XHTML. PNG images have the option to
 be either in an external folder, as in many browsers' "Webpage, Complete"
 option, or inlined as well, for a larger, but more portable file.
 
 .. note::
 
     Export to SVG+XHTML requires that you are using SVG figures, which is *not*
     the default.  To switch the inline figure format to use SVG during an active
     session, do:
     
     .. sourcecode:: ipython
     
         In [10]: %config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
     
     Or, you can add the same line (c.Inline... instead of %config Inline...) to
     your config files.
     
     This will only affect figures plotted after making this call
 
 
 The widget also exposes the ability to print directly, via the default print
 shortcut or context menu.
 
 
 .. Note:: 
 
     Saving is only available to richtext Qt widgets, which are used by default,
     but if you pass the ``--plain`` flag, saving will not be available to you.
 
 
 See these examples of :download:`png/html<figs/jn.html>` and
 :download:`svg/xhtml <figs/jn.xhtml>` output. Note that syntax highlighting
 does not survive export. This is a known issue, and is being investigated.
 
 
 Colors and Highlighting
 =======================
 
 Terminal IPython has always had some coloring, but never syntax
 highlighting. There are a few simple color choices, specified by the ``colors``
 flag or ``%colors`` magic:
 
 * LightBG for light backgrounds
 * Linux for dark backgrounds
 * NoColor for a simple colorless terminal
 
 The Qt widget has full support for the ``colors`` flag used in the terminal shell.
 
 The Qt widget, however, has full syntax highlighting as you type, handled by
 the `pygments`_ library. The ``style`` argument exposes access to any style by
 name that can be found by pygments, and there are several already
 installed. The ``colors`` argument, if unspecified, will be guessed based on
 the chosen style. Similarly, there are default styles associated with each
 ``colors`` option.
 
 
 Screenshot of ``ipython qtconsole --colors=linux``, which uses the 'monokai'
 theme by default:
 
 .. image:: figs/colors_dark.png
     :width: 627px
     
 .. Note::
 
     Calling ``ipython qtconsole -h`` will show all the style names that
     pygments can find on your system.
 
 You can also pass the filename of a custom CSS stylesheet, if you want to do
 your own coloring, via the ``stylesheet`` argument.  The default LightBG
 stylesheet:
 
 .. sourcecode:: css
 
     QPlainTextEdit, QTextEdit { background-color: white;
             color: black ;
             selection-background-color: #ccc}
     .error { color: red; }
     .in-prompt { color: navy; }
     .in-prompt-number { font-weight: bold; }
     .out-prompt { color: darkred; }
     .out-prompt-number { font-weight: bold; }
 
 Fonts
 =====
 
 The QtConsole has configurable via the ConsoleWidget. To change these, set the
 ``font_family`` or ``font_size`` traits of the ConsoleWidget. For instance, to
 use 9pt Anonymous Pro::
 
     $> ipython qtconsole --ConsoleWidget.font_family="Anonymous Pro" --ConsoleWidget.font_size=9
 
 Process Management
 ==================
 
 With the two-process ZMQ model, the frontend does not block input during
 execution. This means that actions can be taken by the frontend while the
 Kernel is executing, or even after it crashes. The most basic such command is
 via 'Ctrl-.', which restarts the kernel.  This can be done in the middle of a
 blocking execution. The frontend can also know, via a heartbeat mechanism, that
 the kernel has died. This means that the frontend can safely restart the
 kernel.
 
 .. _multiple_consoles:
 
 Multiple Consoles
 *****************
 
 Since the Kernel listens on the network, multiple frontends can connect to it.
 These do not have to all be qt frontends - any IPython frontend can connect and
 run code.  When you start ipython qtconsole, there will be an output line,
 like::
 
     [IPKernelApp] To connect another client to this kernel, use:
     [IPKernelApp] --existing kernel-12345.json
 
 Other frontends can connect to your kernel, and share in the execution. This is
 great for collaboration.  The ``--existing`` flag means connect to a kernel
 that already exists.  Starting other consoles
 with that flag will not try to start their own kernel, but rather connect to
 yours.  :file:`kernel-12345.json` is a small JSON file with the ip, port, and
 authentication information necessary to connect to your kernel. By default, this file
 will be in your default profile's security directory.  If it is somewhere else,
 the output line will print the full path of the connection file, rather than
 just its filename.
 
 If you need to find the connection info to send, and don't know where your connection file
 lives, there are a couple of ways to get it. If you are already running an IPython console
 connected to the kernel, you can use the ``%connect_info`` magic to display the information
 necessary to connect another frontend to the kernel.
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [2]: %connect_info
     {
       "stdin_port":50255,
       "ip":"127.0.0.1",
       "hb_port":50256,
       "key":"70be6f0f-1564-4218-8cda-31be40a4d6aa",
       "shell_port":50253,
       "iopub_port":50254
     }
 
     Paste the above JSON into a file, and connect with:
         $> ipython <app> --existing <file>
     or, if you are local, you can connect with just:
         $> ipython <app> --existing kernel-12345.json
     or even just:
         $> ipython <app> --existing
     if this is the most recent IPython session you have started.
 
 Otherwise, you can find a connection file by name (and optionally profile) with
 :func:`IPython.lib.kernel.find_connection_file`:
 
 .. sourcecode:: bash
 
     $> python -c "from IPython.lib.kernel import find_connection_file;\
     print find_connection_file('kernel-12345.json')"
     /home/you/.ipython/profile_default/security/kernel-12345.json
 
 And if you are using a particular IPython profile:
 
 .. sourcecode:: bash
 
     $> python -c "from IPython.lib.kernel import find_connection_file;\
     print find_connection_file('kernel-12345.json', profile='foo')"
     /home/you/.ipython/profile_foo/security/kernel-12345.json
 
 You can even launch a standalone kernel, and connect and disconnect Qt Consoles
 from various machines.  This lets you keep the same running IPython session
 on your work machine (with matplotlib plots and everything), logging in from home,
 cafés, etc.::
 
     $> ipython kernel
     [IPKernelApp] To connect another client to this kernel, use:
     [IPKernelApp] --existing kernel-12345.json
 
 This is actually exactly the same as the subprocess launched by the qtconsole, so
 all the information about connecting to a standalone kernel is identical to that
 of connecting to the kernel attached to a running console.
 
 .. _kernel_security:
 
 Security
 --------
 
 .. warning::
 
     Since the ZMQ code currently has no encryption, listening on an
     external-facing IP is dangerous.  You are giving any computer that can see
     you on the network the ability to connect to your kernel, and view your traffic.
     Read the rest of this section before listening on external ports
     or running an IPython kernel on a shared machine.
 
 By default (for security reasons), the kernel only listens on localhost, so you
 can only connect multiple frontends to the kernel from your local machine. You
 can specify to listen on an external interface by specifying the ``ip``
 argument::
 
     $> ipython qtconsole --ip=192.168.1.123
 
 If you specify the ip as 0.0.0.0 or '*', that means all interfaces, so any
 computer that can see yours on the network can connect to the kernel.
 
 Messages are not encrypted, so users with access to the ports your kernel is using will be
 able to see any output of the kernel. They will **NOT** be able to issue shell commands as
 you due to message signatures, which are enabled by default as of IPython 0.12.
 
 .. warning::
 
     If you disable message signatures, then any user with access to the ports your
     kernel is listening on can issue arbitrary code as you. **DO NOT** disable message
     signatures unless you have a lot of trust in your environment.
 
 The one security feature IPython does provide is protection from unauthorized execution.
 IPython's messaging system will sign messages with HMAC digests using a shared-key. The key
 is never sent over the network, it is only used to generate a unique hash for each message,
 based on its content. When IPython receives a message, it will check that the digest
 matches, and discard the message. You can use any file that only you have access to to
 generate this key, but the default is just to generate a new UUID. You can generate a random
 private key with::
 
     # generate 1024b of random data, and store in a file only you can read:
     # (assumes IPYTHONDIR is defined, otherwise use your IPython directory)
     $> python -c "import os; print os.urandom(128).encode('base64')" > $IPYTHONDIR/sessionkey
     $> chmod 600 $IPYTHONDIR/sessionkey
 
 The *contents* of this file will be stored in the JSON connection file, so that file
 contains everything you need to connect to and use a kernel.
 
 To use this generated key, simply specify the ``Session.keyfile`` configurable
 in :file:`ipython_config.py` or at the command-line, as in::
 
     # instruct IPython to sign messages with that key, instead of a new UUID
     $> ipython qtconsole --Session.keyfile=$IPYTHONDIR/sessionkey
 
 .. _ssh_tunnels:
 
 SSH Tunnels
 -----------
 
 Sometimes you want to connect to machines across the internet, or just across
 a LAN that either doesn't permit open ports or you don't trust the other
 machines on the network.  To do this, you can use SSH tunnels.  SSH tunnels
 are a way to securely forward ports on your local machine to ports on another
 machine, to which you have SSH access.
 
 In simple cases, IPython's tools can forward ports over ssh by simply adding the
 ``--ssh=remote`` argument to the usual ``--existing...`` set of flags for connecting
 to a running kernel, after copying the JSON connection file (or its contents) to
 the second computer.
 
 .. warning::
 
     Using SSH tunnels does *not* increase localhost security.  In fact, when
     tunneling from one machine to another *both* machines have open
     ports on localhost available for connections to the kernel.
 
 There are two primary models for using SSH tunnels with IPython.  The first
 is to have the Kernel listen only on localhost, and connect to it from
 another machine on the same LAN.
 
 First, let's start a kernel on machine **worker**, listening only
 on loopback::
 
     user@worker $> ipython kernel
     [IPKernelApp] To connect another client to this kernel, use:
     [IPKernelApp] --existing kernel-12345.json
 
 In this case, the IP that you would connect
 to would still be 127.0.0.1, but you want to specify the additional ``--ssh`` argument
 with the hostname of the kernel (in this example, it's 'worker')::
 
     user@client $> ipython qtconsole  --ssh=worker --existing /path/to/kernel-12345.json
 
 Which will write a new connection file with the forwarded ports, so you can reuse them::
 
     [IPythonQtConsoleApp] To connect another client via this tunnel, use:
     [IPythonQtConsoleApp] --existing kernel-12345-ssh.json
 
 Note again that this opens ports on the *client* machine that point to your kernel.
 
 .. note::
 
     the ssh argument is simply passed to openssh, so it can be fully specified ``user@host:port``
     but it will also respect your aliases, etc. in :file:`.ssh/config` if you have any.
 
 The second pattern is for connecting to a machine behind a firewall across the internet
 (or otherwise wide network). This time, we have a machine **login** that you have ssh access
 to, which can see **kernel**, but **client** is on another network. The important difference
 now is that **client** can see **login**, but *not* **worker**. So we need to forward ports from
 client to worker *via* login. This means that the kernel must be started listening
 on external interfaces, so that its ports are visible to `login`::
 
     user@worker $> ipython kernel --ip=0.0.0.0
     [IPKernelApp] To connect another client to this kernel, use:
     [IPKernelApp] --existing kernel-12345.json
 
 Which we can connect to from the client with::
 
     user@client $> ipython qtconsole --ssh=login --ip=192.168.1.123 --existing /path/to/kernel-12345.json
 
 .. note::
 
     The IP here is the address of worker as seen from *login*, and need only be specified if
     the kernel used the ambiguous 0.0.0.0 (all interfaces) address. If it had used
     192.168.1.123 to start with, it would not be needed.
 
 
 Manual SSH tunnels
 ------------------
 
 It's possible that IPython's ssh helper functions won't work for you, for various
 reasons.  You can still connect to remote machines, as long as you set up the tunnels
 yourself.  The basic format of forwarding a local port to a remote one is::
 
     [client] $> ssh <server> <localport>:<remoteip>:<remoteport> -f -N
 
 This will forward local connections to **localport** on client to **remoteip:remoteport**
 *via* **server**. Note that remoteip is interpreted relative to *server*, not the client.
 So if you have direct ssh access to the machine to which you want to forward connections,
 then the server *is* the remote machine, and remoteip should be server's IP as seen from the
 server itself, i.e. 127.0.0.1.  Thus, to forward local port 12345 to remote port 54321 on
 a machine you can see, do::
 
     [client] $> ssh machine 12345:127.0.0.1:54321 -f -N
 
 But if your target is actually on a LAN at 192.168.1.123, behind another machine called **login**,
 then you would do::
 
     [client] $> ssh login 12345:192.168.1.16:54321 -f -N
 
 The ``-f -N`` on the end are flags that tell ssh to run in the background,
 and don't actually run any commands beyond creating the tunnel.
 
 .. seealso::
 
     A short discussion of ssh tunnels: http://www.revsys.com/writings/quicktips/ssh-tunnel.html
 
 
 
 Stopping Kernels and Consoles
 *****************************
 
 Since there can be many consoles per kernel, the shutdown mechanism and dialog
 are probably more complicated than you are used to. Since you don't always want
 to shutdown a kernel when you close a window, you are given the option to just
 close the console window or also close the Kernel and *all other windows*. Note
 that this only refers to all other *local* windows, as remote Consoles are not
 allowed to shutdown the kernel, and shutdowns do not close Remote consoles (to
 allow for saving, etc.).
 
 Rules:
 
     * Restarting the kernel automatically clears all *local* Consoles, and prompts remote
       Consoles about the reset.
     * Shutdown closes all *local* Consoles, and notifies remotes that
       the Kernel has been shutdown.
     * Remote Consoles may not restart or shutdown the kernel.
 
 Qt and the QtConsole
 ====================
 
 An important part of working with the QtConsole when you are writing your own
 Qt code is to remember that user code (in the kernel) is *not* in the same
 process as the frontend.  This means that there is not necessarily any Qt code
 running in the kernel, and under most normal circumstances there isn't. If,
 however, you specify ``--pylab=qt`` at the command-line, then there *will* be a
 :class:`QCoreApplication` instance running in the kernel process along with
 user-code. To get a reference to this application, do:
 
 .. sourcecode:: python
 
     from PyQt4 import QtCore
     app = QtCore.QCoreApplication.instance()
     # app will be None if there is no such instance
 
 A common problem listed in the PyQt4 Gotchas_ is the fact that Python's garbage
 collection will destroy Qt objects (Windows, etc.) once there is no longer a
 Python reference to them, so you have to hold on to them.  For instance, in:
 
 .. sourcecode:: python
 
     def make_window():
         win = QtGui.QMainWindow()
     
     def make_and_return_window():
         win = QtGui.QMainWindow()
         return win
 
 :func:`make_window` will never draw a window, because garbage collection will
 destroy it before it is drawn, whereas :func:`make_and_return_window` lets the
 caller decide when the window object should be destroyed.  If, as a developer,
 you know that you always want your objects to last as long as the process, you
 can attach them to the QApplication instance itself:
 
 .. sourcecode:: python
     
     # do this just once:
     app = QtCore.QCoreApplication.instance()
     app.references = set()
     # then when you create Windows, add them to the set
     def make_window():
         win = QtGui.QMainWindow()
         app.references.add(win)
 
 Now the QApplication itself holds a reference to ``win``, so it will never be
 garbage collected until the application itself is destroyed.
 
 .. _Gotchas: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/static/Docs/PyQt4/html/gotchas.html#garbage-collection
 
 Regressions
 ===========
 
 There are some features, where the qt console lags behind the Terminal
 frontend:
 
 * !cmd input: Due to our use of pexpect, we cannot pass input to subprocesses
   launched using the '!' escape, so you should never call a command that
   requires interactive input.  For such cases, use the terminal IPython.  This
   will not be fixed, as abandoning pexpect would significantly degrade the
   console experience.
 
 * Use of ``\b`` and ``\r`` characters in the console: these are control
   characters that allow the cursor to move backwards on a line, and are used to
   display things like in-place progress bars in a terminal.  We currently do
   not support this, but it is being tracked as issue :ghissue:`629`.
 
 .. _PyQt: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/download
 .. _pygments: http://pygments.org/