Initial GUI support in kernel.

IPython/core/interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,2147 +1,2147 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Main IPython class."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2010  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from __future__ import with_statement
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 import __builtin__
 import abc
 import codeop
 import exceptions
 import new
 import os
 import re
 import string
 import sys
 import tempfile
 from contextlib import nested
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import Configurable
 from IPython.core import debugger, oinspect
 from IPython.core import history as ipcorehist
 from IPython.core import prefilter
 from IPython.core import shadowns
 from IPython.core import ultratb
 from IPython.core.alias import AliasManager
 from IPython.core.builtin_trap import BuiltinTrap
 from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.core.displayhook import DisplayHook
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.extensions import ExtensionManager
 from IPython.core.fakemodule import FakeModule, init_fakemod_dict
 from IPython.core.inputlist import InputList
 from IPython.core.logger import Logger
 from IPython.core.magic import Magic
 from IPython.core.payload import PayloadManager
 from IPython.core.plugin import PluginManager
 from IPython.core.prefilter import PrefilterManager
 from IPython.external.Itpl import ItplNS
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize
 from IPython.utils import io
 from IPython.utils import pickleshare
 from IPython.utils.doctestreload import doctest_reload
 from IPython.utils.io import ask_yes_no, rprint
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.utils.path import get_home_dir, get_ipython_dir, HomeDirError
 from IPython.utils.process import getoutput, getoutputerror
 from IPython.utils.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.text import num_ini_spaces
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (Int, Str, CBool, CaselessStrEnum, Enum,
                                      List, Unicode, Instance, Type)
 from IPython.utils.warn import warn, error, fatal
 import IPython.core.hooks
 
 # from IPython.utils import growl
 # growl.start("IPython")
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # store the builtin raw_input globally, and use this always, in case user code
 # overwrites it (like wx.py.PyShell does)
 raw_input_original = raw_input
 
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 
 def no_op(*a, **kw): pass
 
 class SpaceInInput(exceptions.Exception): pass
 
 class Bunch: pass
 
 
 def get_default_colors():
     if sys.platform=='darwin':
         return "LightBG"
     elif os.name=='nt':
         return 'Linux'
     else:
         return 'Linux'
 
 
 class SeparateStr(Str):
     """A Str subclass to validate separate_in, separate_out, etc.
 
     This is a Str based trait that converts '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'.
     """
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if value == '0': value = ''
         value = value.replace('\\n','\n')
         return super(SeparateStr, self).validate(obj, value)
 
 class MultipleInstanceError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main IPython class
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class InteractiveShell(Configurable, Magic):
     """An enhanced, interactive shell for Python."""
 
     _instance = None
     autocall = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=1, config=True)
     # TODO: remove all autoindent logic and put into frontends.
     # We can't do this yet because even runlines uses the autoindent.
     autoindent = CBool(True, config=True)
     automagic = CBool(True, config=True)
     cache_size = Int(1000, config=True)
     color_info = CBool(True, config=True)
     colors = CaselessStrEnum(('NoColor','LightBG','Linux'), 
                              default_value=get_default_colors(), config=True)
     debug = CBool(False, config=True)
     deep_reload = CBool(False, config=True)
     displayhook_class = Type(DisplayHook)
     filename = Str("<ipython console>")
     ipython_dir= Unicode('', config=True) # Set to get_ipython_dir() in __init__
     logstart = CBool(False, config=True)
     logfile = Str('', config=True)
     logappend = Str('', config=True)
     object_info_string_level = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0,
                                     config=True)
     pdb = CBool(False, config=True)
     pprint = CBool(True, config=True)
     profile = Str('', config=True)
     prompt_in1 = Str('In [\\#]: ', config=True)
     prompt_in2 = Str('   .\\D.: ', config=True)
     prompt_out = Str('Out[\\#]: ', config=True)
     prompts_pad_left = CBool(True, config=True)
     quiet = CBool(False, config=True)
 
     # The readline stuff will eventually be moved to the terminal subclass
     # but for now, we can't do that as readline is welded in everywhere.
     readline_use = CBool(True, config=True)
     readline_merge_completions = CBool(True, config=True)
     readline_omit__names = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0, config=True)
     readline_remove_delims = Str('-/~', config=True)
     readline_parse_and_bind = List([
             'tab: complete',
             '"\C-l": clear-screen',
             'set show-all-if-ambiguous on',
             '"\C-o": tab-insert',
             '"\M-i": "    "',
             '"\M-o": "\d\d\d\d"',
             '"\M-I": "\d\d\d\d"',
             '"\C-r": reverse-search-history',
             '"\C-s": forward-search-history',
             '"\C-p": history-search-backward',
             '"\C-n": history-search-forward',
             '"\e[A": history-search-backward',
             '"\e[B": history-search-forward',
             '"\C-k": kill-line',
             '"\C-u": unix-line-discard',
         ], allow_none=False, config=True)
 
     # TODO: this part of prompt management should be moved to the frontends.
     # Use custom TraitTypes that convert '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'
     separate_in = SeparateStr('\n', config=True)
-    separate_out = SeparateStr('\n', config=True)
-    separate_out2 = SeparateStr('\n', config=True)
+    separate_out = SeparateStr('', config=True)
+    separate_out2 = SeparateStr('', config=True)
     system_header = Str('IPython system call: ', config=True)
     system_verbose = CBool(False, config=True)
     wildcards_case_sensitive = CBool(True, config=True)
     xmode = CaselessStrEnum(('Context','Plain', 'Verbose'), 
                             default_value='Context', config=True)
 
     # Subcomponents of InteractiveShell
     alias_manager = Instance('IPython.core.alias.AliasManager')
     prefilter_manager = Instance('IPython.core.prefilter.PrefilterManager')
     builtin_trap = Instance('IPython.core.builtin_trap.BuiltinTrap')
     display_trap = Instance('IPython.core.display_trap.DisplayTrap')
     extension_manager = Instance('IPython.core.extensions.ExtensionManager')
     plugin_manager = Instance('IPython.core.plugin.PluginManager')
     payload_manager = Instance('IPython.core.payload.PayloadManager')
 
     def __init__(self, config=None, ipython_dir=None,
                  user_ns=None, user_global_ns=None,
                  custom_exceptions=((),None)):
 
         # This is where traits with a config_key argument are updated
         # from the values on config.
         super(InteractiveShell, self).__init__(config=config)
 
         # These are relatively independent and stateless
         self.init_ipython_dir(ipython_dir)
         self.init_instance_attrs()
 
         # Create namespaces (user_ns, user_global_ns, etc.)
         self.init_create_namespaces(user_ns, user_global_ns)
         # This has to be done after init_create_namespaces because it uses
         # something in self.user_ns, but before init_sys_modules, which
         # is the first thing to modify sys.
         # TODO: When we override sys.stdout and sys.stderr before this class
         # is created, we are saving the overridden ones here. Not sure if this
         # is what we want to do.
         self.save_sys_module_state()
         self.init_sys_modules()
 
         self.init_history()
         self.init_encoding()
         self.init_prefilter()
 
         Magic.__init__(self, self)
 
         self.init_syntax_highlighting()
         self.init_hooks()
         self.init_pushd_popd_magic()
         # self.init_traceback_handlers use to be here, but we moved it below
         # because it and init_io have to come after init_readline.
         self.init_user_ns()
         self.init_logger()
         self.init_alias()
         self.init_builtins()
 
         # pre_config_initialization
         self.init_shadow_hist()
 
         # The next section should contain averything that was in ipmaker.
         self.init_logstart()
 
         # The following was in post_config_initialization
         self.init_inspector()
         # init_readline() must come before init_io(), because init_io uses
         # readline related things.
         self.init_readline()
         # TODO: init_io() needs to happen before init_traceback handlers
         # because the traceback handlers hardcode the stdout/stderr streams.
         # This logic in in debugger.Pdb and should eventually be changed.
         self.init_io()
         self.init_traceback_handlers(custom_exceptions)
         self.init_prompts()
         self.init_displayhook()
         self.init_reload_doctest()
         self.init_magics()
         self.init_pdb()
         self.init_extension_manager()
         self.init_plugin_manager()
         self.init_payload()
         self.hooks.late_startup_hook()
 
     @classmethod
     def instance(cls, *args, **kwargs):
         """Returns a global InteractiveShell instance."""
         if cls._instance is None:
             inst = cls(*args, **kwargs)
             # Now make sure that the instance will also be returned by
             # the subclasses instance attribute.
             for subclass in cls.mro():
                 if issubclass(cls, subclass) and issubclass(subclass, InteractiveShell):
                     subclass._instance = inst
                 else:
                     break
         if isinstance(cls._instance, cls):
             return cls._instance
         else:
             raise MultipleInstanceError(
                 'Multiple incompatible subclass instances of '
                 'InteractiveShell are being created.'
             )
 
     @classmethod
     def initialized(cls):
         return hasattr(cls, "_instance")
 
     def get_ipython(self):
         """Return the currently running IPython instance."""
         return self
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Trait changed handlers
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ipython_dir_changed(self, name, new):
         if not os.path.isdir(new):
             os.makedirs(new, mode = 0777)
 
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag, checking for readline support.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
 
         if not self.has_readline:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn("The auto-indent feature requires the readline library")
             self.autoindent = 0
             return
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # init_* methods called by __init__
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_ipython_dir(self, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is not None:
             self.ipython_dir = ipython_dir
             self.config.Global.ipython_dir = self.ipython_dir
             return
 
         if hasattr(self.config.Global, 'ipython_dir'):
             self.ipython_dir = self.config.Global.ipython_dir
         else:
             self.ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
 
         # All children can just read this
         self.config.Global.ipython_dir = self.ipython_dir
 
     def init_instance_attrs(self):
         self.more = False
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = codeop.CommandCompiler()
 
         # User input buffer
         self.buffer = []
 
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Object variable to store code object waiting execution.  This is
         # used mainly by the multithreaded shells, but it can come in handy in
         # other situations.  No need to use a Queue here, since it's a single
         # item which gets cleared once run.
         self.code_to_run = None
 
         # Temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         self.tempfiles = []
 
         # Keep track of readline usage (later set by init_readline)
         self.has_readline = False
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         # This is not being used anywhere currently.
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Indentation management
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
     def init_encoding(self):
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
     def init_syntax_highlighting(self):
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser().format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str',self.colors)
 
     def init_pushd_popd_magic(self):
         # for pushd/popd management
         try:
             self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
         except HomeDirError, msg:
             fatal(msg)
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
     def init_logger(self):
         self.logger = Logger(self, logfname='ipython_log.py', logmode='rotate')
         # local shortcut, this is used a LOT
         self.log = self.logger.log
 
     def init_logstart(self):
         if self.logappend:
             self.magic_logstart(self.logappend + ' append')
         elif self.logfile:
             self.magic_logstart(self.logfile)
         elif self.logstart:
             self.magic_logstart()
 
     def init_builtins(self):
         self.builtin_trap = BuiltinTrap(shell=self)
 
     def init_inspector(self):
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = oinspect.Inspector(oinspect.InspectColors,
                                             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
                                             'NoColor',
                                             self.object_info_string_level)
 
     def init_io(self):
         import IPython.utils.io
         if sys.platform == 'win32' and self.has_readline:
             Term = io.IOTerm(
                 cout=self.readline._outputfile,cerr=self.readline._outputfile
             )
         else:
             Term = io.IOTerm()
         io.Term = Term
 
     def init_prompts(self):
         # TODO: This is a pass for now because the prompts are managed inside
         # the DisplayHook. Once there is a separate prompt manager, this 
         # will initialize that object and all prompt related information.
         pass
 
     def init_displayhook(self):
         # Initialize displayhook, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.displayhook = self.displayhook_class(
             shell=self,
             cache_size=self.cache_size,
             input_sep = self.separate_in,
             output_sep = self.separate_out,
             output_sep2 = self.separate_out2,
             ps1 = self.prompt_in1,
             ps2 = self.prompt_in2,
             ps_out = self.prompt_out,
             pad_left = self.prompts_pad_left
         )
         # This is a context manager that installs/revmoes the displayhook at
         # the appropriate time.
         self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=self.displayhook)
 
     def init_reload_doctest(self):
         # Do a proper resetting of doctest, including the necessary displayhook
         # monkeypatching
         try:
             doctest_reload()
         except ImportError:
             warn("doctest module does not exist.")
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to injections into the sys module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def save_sys_module_state(self):
         """Save the state of hooks in the sys module.
 
         This has to be called after self.user_ns is created.
         """
         self._orig_sys_module_state = {}
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stdin'] = sys.stdin
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stdout'] = sys.stdout
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stderr'] = sys.stderr
         self._orig_sys_module_state['excepthook'] = sys.excepthook
         try:
             self._orig_sys_modules_main_name = self.user_ns['__name__']
         except KeyError:
             pass
 
     def restore_sys_module_state(self):
         """Restore the state of the sys module."""
         try:
             for k, v in self._orig_sys_module_state.items():
                 setattr(sys, k, v)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         try:
             delattr(sys, 'ipcompleter')
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         # Reset what what done in self.init_sys_modules
         try:
             sys.modules[self.user_ns['__name__']] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_name
         except (AttributeError, KeyError):
             pass
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to hooks
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_hooks(self):
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
 
         self.strdispatchers = {}
 
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.core.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name), 100)
 
     def set_hook(self,name,hook, priority = 50, str_key = None, re_key = None):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's 
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
         
         f = new.instancemethod(hook,self,self.__class__)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
             
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
             print "Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % (name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ )
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
         
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the "main" module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def new_main_mod(self,ns=None):
         """Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
         """
         main_mod = self._user_main_module
         init_fakemod_dict(main_mod,ns)
         return main_mod
 
     def cache_main_mod(self,ns,fname):
         """Cache a main module's namespace.
 
         When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to the
         namespace of their __main__ module (a FakeModule instance) around so
         that Python doesn't clear it, rendering objects defined therein
         useless.
 
         This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
         absolute path of the module object (which corresponds to the script
         path).  This way, for multiple executions of the same script we only
         keep one copy of the namespace (the last one), thus preventing memory
         leaks from old references while allowing the objects from the last
         execution to be accessible.
 
         Note: we can not allow the actual FakeModule instances to be deleted,
         because of how Python tears down modules (it hard-sets all their
         references to None without regard for reference counts).  This method
         must therefore make a *copy* of the given namespace, to allow the
         original module's __dict__ to be cleared and reused.
 
         
         Parameters
         ----------
           ns : a namespace (a dict, typically)
 
           fname : str
             Filename associated with the namespace.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [10]: import IPython
 
         In [11]: _ip.cache_main_mod(IPython.__dict__,IPython.__file__)
 
         In [12]: IPython.__file__ in _ip._main_ns_cache
         Out[12]: True
         """
         self._main_ns_cache[os.path.abspath(fname)] = ns.copy()
 
     def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
         """Clear the cache of main modules.
 
         Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [15]: import IPython
 
         In [16]: _ip.cache_main_mod(IPython.__dict__,IPython.__file__)
 
         In [17]: len(_ip._main_ns_cache) > 0
         Out[17]: True
 
         In [18]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         In [19]: len(_ip._main_ns_cache) == 0
         Out[19]: True
         """
         self._main_ns_cache.clear()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to debugging
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_pdb(self):
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         # self.call_pdb is a property
         self.call_pdb = self.pdb
 
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError,'new call_pdb value must be boolean'
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pydb/pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
           flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
           The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
           is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         # use pydb if available
         if debugger.has_pydb:
             from pydb import pm
         else:
             # fallback to our internal debugger
             pm = lambda : self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
         self.history_saving_wrapper(pm)()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython's various namespaces
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_create_namespaces(self, user_ns=None, user_global_ns=None):
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return properly built dicts as needed by the rest of
         # the code, and can also be used by extension writers to generate
         # properly initialized namespaces.
         user_ns, user_global_ns = self.make_user_namespaces(user_ns, user_global_ns)
 
         # Assign namespaces
         # This is the namespace where all normal user variables live
         self.user_ns = user_ns
         self.user_global_ns = user_global_ns
 
         # An auxiliary namespace that checks what parts of the user_ns were
         # loaded at startup, so we can list later only variables defined in
         # actual interactive use.  Since it is always a subset of user_ns, it
         # doesn't need to be separately tracked in the ns_table.
         self.user_ns_hidden = {}
 
         # A namespace to keep track of internal data structures to prevent
         # them from cluttering user-visible stuff.  Will be updated later
         self.internal_ns = {}
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so docetst and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  Top-level references to objects from the
         # script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them.  However,
         # calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
         # the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
         # to the original objects, which are now all None.  So we must protect
         # these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
         # 
         # To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
         # last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
         # only the last version of the module is held in the cache.  Note,
         # however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
         # __dict__).  Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
         # (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
         # those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
         # 
         # The %reset command will flush this cache.  See the cache_main_mod()
         # and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
 
         # This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
         self._main_ns_cache = {}
         # And this is the single instance of FakeModule whose __dict__ we keep
         # copying and clearing for reuse on each %run
         self._user_main_module = FakeModule()
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user':user_ns,
                          'user_global':user_global_ns,
                          'internal':self.internal_ns,
                          'builtin':__builtin__.__dict__
                          }
 
         # Similarly, track all namespaces where references can be held and that
         # we can safely clear (so it can NOT include builtin).  This one can be
         # a simple list.
         self.ns_refs_table = [ user_ns, user_global_ns, self.user_ns_hidden,
                                self.internal_ns, self._main_ns_cache ]
 
     def make_user_namespaces(self, user_ns=None, user_global_ns=None):
         """Return a valid local and global user interactive namespaces.
 
         This builds a dict with the minimal information needed to operate as a
         valid IPython user namespace, which you can pass to the various
         embedding classes in ipython. The default implementation returns the
         same dict for both the locals and the globals to allow functions to
         refer to variables in the namespace. Customized implementations can
         return different dicts. The locals dictionary can actually be anything
         following the basic mapping protocol of a dict, but the globals dict
         must be a true dict, not even a subclass. It is recommended that any
         custom object for the locals namespace synchronize with the globals
         dict somehow.
 
         Raises TypeError if the provided globals namespace is not a true dict.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         user_ns : dict-like, optional
             The current user namespace. The items in this namespace should
             be included in the output. If None, an appropriate blank
             namespace should be created.
         user_global_ns : dict, optional
             The current user global namespace. The items in this namespace
             should be included in the output. If None, an appropriate
             blank namespace should be created.
 
         Returns
         -------
             A pair of dictionary-like object to be used as the local namespace
             of the interpreter and a dict to be used as the global namespace.
         """
 
 
         # We must ensure that __builtin__ (without the final 's') is always
         # available and pointing to the __builtin__ *module*.  For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
 
         if user_ns is None:
             # Set __name__ to __main__ to better match the behavior of the
             # normal interpreter.
             user_ns = {'__name__'     :'__main__',
                        '__builtin__' : __builtin__,
                        '__builtins__' : __builtin__,
                       }
         else:
             user_ns.setdefault('__name__','__main__')
             user_ns.setdefault('__builtin__',__builtin__)
             user_ns.setdefault('__builtins__',__builtin__)
 
         if user_global_ns is None:
             user_global_ns = user_ns
         if type(user_global_ns) is not dict:
             raise TypeError("user_global_ns must be a true dict; got %r"
                 % type(user_global_ns))
 
         return user_ns, user_global_ns
 
     def init_sys_modules(self):
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         # This is overridden in the InteractiveShellEmbed subclass to a no-op.
 
         try:
             main_name = self.user_ns['__name__']
         except KeyError:
             raise KeyError('user_ns dictionary MUST have a "__name__" key')
         else:
             sys.modules[main_name] = FakeModule(self.user_ns)
 
     def init_user_ns(self):
         """Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
 
         Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
         act as user namespaces.
 
         Notes
         -----
         All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
         method.  If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
         therm.
         """
         # This function works in two parts: first we put a few things in
         # user_ns, and we sync that contents into user_ns_hidden so that these
         # initial variables aren't shown by %who.  After the sync, we add the
         # rest of what we *do* want the user to see with %who even on a new
         # session (probably nothing, so theye really only see their own stuff)
 
         # The user dict must *always* have a __builtin__ reference to the
         # Python standard __builtin__ namespace,  which must be imported.
         # This is so that certain operations in prompt evaluation can be
         # reliably executed with builtins.  Note that we can NOT use
         # __builtins__ (note the 's'),  because that can either be a dict or a
         # module, and can even mutate at runtime, depending on the context
         # (Python makes no guarantees on it).  In contrast, __builtin__ is
         # always a module object, though it must be explicitly imported.
         
         # For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         ns = dict(__builtin__ = __builtin__)
         
         # Put 'help' in the user namespace
         try:
             from site import _Helper
             ns['help'] = _Helper()
         except ImportError:
             warn('help() not available - check site.py')
 
         # make global variables for user access to the histories
         ns['_ih'] = self.input_hist
         ns['_oh'] = self.output_hist
         ns['_dh'] = self.dir_hist
 
         ns['_sh'] = shadowns
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories.  These shouldn't show up
         # in %who, as they can have very large reprs.
         ns['In']  = self.input_hist
         ns['Out'] = self.output_hist
 
         # Store myself as the public api!!!
         ns['get_ipython'] = self.get_ipython
 
         # Sync what we've added so far to user_ns_hidden so these aren't seen
         # by %who
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
 
         # Anything put into ns now would show up in %who.  Think twice before
         # putting anything here, as we really want %who to show the user their
         # stuff, not our variables.
         
         # Finally, update the real user's namespace
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
 
 
     def reset(self):
         """Clear all internal namespaces.
 
         Note that this is much more aggressive than %reset, since it clears
         fully all namespaces, as well as all input/output lists.
         """
         for ns in self.ns_refs_table:
             ns.clear()
 
         self.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
 
         # Clear input and output histories
         self.input_hist[:] = []
         self.input_hist_raw[:] = []
         self.output_hist.clear()
 
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         self.init_user_ns()
 
         # Restore the default and user aliases
         self.alias_manager.init_aliases()
 
     def reset_selective(self, regex=None):
         """Clear selective variables from internal namespaces based on a specified regular expression.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         regex : string or compiled pattern, optional
             A regular expression pattern that will be used in searching variable names in the users 
             namespaces.
         """
         if regex is not None:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern')
             # Search for keys in each namespace that match the given regex
             # If a match is found, delete the key/value pair.
             for ns in self.ns_refs_table:
                 for var in ns:
                     if m.search(var):
                         del ns[var]        
         
     def push(self, variables, interactive=True):
         """Inject a group of variables into the IPython user namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict, str or list/tuple of str
             The variables to inject into the user's namespace.  If a dict,
             a simple update is done.  If a str, the string is assumed to 
             have variable names separated by spaces.  A list/tuple of str
             can also be used to give the variable names.  If just the variable
             names are give (list/tuple/str) then the variable values looked
             up in the callers frame.
         interactive : bool
             If True (default), the variables will be listed with the ``who``
             magic.
         """
         vdict = None
 
         # We need a dict of name/value pairs to do namespace updates.
         if isinstance(variables, dict):
             vdict = variables
         elif isinstance(variables, (basestring, list, tuple)):
             if isinstance(variables, basestring):
                 vlist = variables.split()
             else:
                 vlist = variables
             vdict = {}
             cf = sys._getframe(1)
             for name in vlist:
                 try:
                     vdict[name] = eval(name, cf.f_globals, cf.f_locals)
                 except:
                     print ('Could not get variable %s from %s' %
                            (name,cf.f_code.co_name))
         else:
             raise ValueError('variables must be a dict/str/list/tuple')
             
         # Propagate variables to user namespace
         self.user_ns.update(vdict)
 
         # And configure interactive visibility
         config_ns = self.user_ns_hidden
         if interactive:
             for name, val in vdict.iteritems():
                 config_ns.pop(name, None)
         else:
             for name,val in vdict.iteritems():
                 config_ns[name] = val
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to history management
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_history(self):
         # List of input with multi-line handling.
         self.input_hist = InputList()
         # This one will hold the 'raw' input history, without any
         # pre-processing.  This will allow users to retrieve the input just as
         # it was exactly typed in by the user, with %hist -r.
         self.input_hist_raw = InputList()
 
         # list of visited directories
         try:
             self.dir_hist = [os.getcwd()]
         except OSError:
             self.dir_hist = []
 
         # dict of output history
         self.output_hist = {}
 
         # Now the history file
         if self.profile:
             histfname = 'history-%s' % self.profile
         else:
             histfname = 'history'
         self.histfile = os.path.join(self.ipython_dir, histfname)
 
         # Fill the history zero entry, user counter starts at 1
         self.input_hist.append('\n')
         self.input_hist_raw.append('\n')
 
     def init_shadow_hist(self):
         try:
             self.db = pickleshare.PickleShareDB(self.ipython_dir + "/db")
         except exceptions.UnicodeDecodeError:
             print "Your ipython_dir can't be decoded to unicode!"
             print "Please set HOME environment variable to something that"
             print r"only has ASCII characters, e.g. c:\home"
             print "Now it is", self.ipython_dir
             sys.exit()
         self.shadowhist = ipcorehist.ShadowHist(self.db)
 
     def savehist(self):
         """Save input history to a file (via readline library)."""
 
         try:
             self.readline.write_history_file(self.histfile)
         except:
             print 'Unable to save IPython command history to file: ' + \
                   `self.histfile`
 
     def reloadhist(self):
         """Reload the input history from disk file."""
 
         try:
             self.readline.clear_history()
             self.readline.read_history_file(self.shell.histfile)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 
     def history_saving_wrapper(self, func):
         """ Wrap func for readline history saving
 
         Convert func into callable that saves & restores
         history around the call """
 
         if self.has_readline:
             from IPython.utils import rlineimpl as readline
         else:
             return func
 
         def wrapper():
             self.savehist()
             try:
                 func()
             finally:
                 readline.read_history_file(self.histfile)
         return wrapper
 
     def get_history(self, index=None, raw=False, output=True):
         """Get the history list.
 
         Get the input and output history.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         index : n or (n1, n2) or None
             If n, then the last entries. If a tuple, then all in
             range(n1, n2). If None, then all entries. Raises IndexError if
             the format of index is incorrect.
         raw : bool
             If True, return the raw input.
         output : bool
             If True, then return the output as well.
 
         Returns
         -------
         If output is True, then return a dict of tuples, keyed by the prompt
         numbers and with values of (input, output). If output is False, then
         a dict, keyed by the prompt number with the values of input. Raises
         IndexError if no history is found.
         """
         if raw:
             input_hist = self.input_hist_raw
         else:
             input_hist = self.input_hist
         if output:
             output_hist = self.user_ns['Out']
         n = len(input_hist)
         if index is None:
             start=0; stop=n
         elif isinstance(index, int):
             start=n-index; stop=n
         elif isinstance(index, tuple) and len(index) == 2:
             start=index[0]; stop=index[1]
         else:
             raise IndexError('Not a valid index for the input history: %r' % index)
         hist = {}
         for i in range(start, stop):
             if output:
                 hist[i] = (input_hist[i], output_hist.get(i))
             else:
                 hist[i] = input_hist[i]
         if len(hist)==0:
             raise IndexError('No history for range of indices: %r' % index)
         return hist
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to exception handling and tracebacks (not debugging)
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_traceback_handlers(self, custom_exceptions):
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultratb.SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor')
         
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1)
 
         # The instance will store a pointer to the system-wide exception hook,
         # so that runtime code (such as magics) can access it.  This is because
         # during the read-eval loop, it may get temporarily overwritten.
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Set the exception mode
         self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=self.xmode)
 
     def set_custom_exc(self, exc_tuple, handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple,handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         runcode() method.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - exc_tuple: a *tuple* of valid exceptions to call the defined
           handler for.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
           LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
           you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple:
 
             exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
           - handler: this must be defined as a function with the following
           basic interface::
 
             def my_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None)
                 ...
                 # The return value must be
                 return structured_traceback
 
           This will be made into an instance method (via new.instancemethod)
           of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
           listed in the exc_tuple are caught.  If the handler is None, an
           internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
 
         assert type(exc_tuple)==type(()) , \
                "The custom exceptions must be given AS A TUPLE."
 
         def dummy_handler(self,etype,value,tb):
             print '*** Simple custom exception handler ***'
             print 'Exception type :',etype
             print 'Exception value:',value
             print 'Traceback      :',tb
             print 'Source code    :','\n'.join(self.buffer)
 
         if handler is None: handler = dummy_handler
 
         self.CustomTB = new.instancemethod(handler,self,self.__class__)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
       """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
       GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
       sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
       enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
       otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
       which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
       except: statement.
 
       Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
       any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
       IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
       CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
       regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
       call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
       IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
       crashes.
 
       This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
       to be true IPython errors.
       """
       self.showtraceback((etype,value,tb),tb_offset=0)
 
     def showtraceback(self,exc_tuple = None,filename=None,tb_offset=None,
                       exception_only=False):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
         
         try:
             if exc_tuple is None:
                 etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             else:
                 etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
 
             if etype is None:
                 if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
                     etype, value, tb = sys.last_type, sys.last_value, \
                                        sys.last_traceback
                 else:
                     self.write_err('No traceback available to show.\n')
                     return
     
             if etype is SyntaxError:
                 # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input
                 # line, there may be SyntaxError cases whith imported code.
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             elif etype is UsageError:
                 print "UsageError:", value
             else:
                 # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
                 # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
                 # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
                 # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
                 sys.last_type = etype
                 sys.last_value = value
                 sys.last_traceback = tb
     
                 if etype in self.custom_exceptions:
                     # FIXME: Old custom traceback objects may just return a
                     # string, in that case we just put it into a list
                     stb = self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb, tb_offset)
                     if isinstance(ctb, basestring):
                         stb = [stb]
                 else:
                     if exception_only:
                         stb = ['An exception has occurred, use %tb to see '
                                'the full traceback.\n']
                         stb.extend(self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype,
                                                                          value))
                     else:
                         stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(etype,
                                                 value, tb, tb_offset=tb_offset)
                         # FIXME: the pdb calling should be done by us, not by
                         # the code computing the traceback.
                         if self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb:
                             # pdb mucks up readline, fix it back
                             self.set_completer()
 
                 # Actually show the traceback
                 self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
                 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.write_err("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
 
     def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb):
         """Actually show a traceback.
 
         Subclasses may override this method to put the traceback on a different
         place, like a side channel.
         """
         # FIXME: this should use the proper write channels, but our test suite
         # relies on it coming out of stdout...
         print >> sys.stdout, self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb)
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
         """
         etype, value, last_traceback = sys.exc_info()
 
         # See note about these variables in showtraceback() above
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = last_traceback
         
         if filename and etype is SyntaxError:
             # Work hard to stuff the correct filename in the exception
             try:
                 msg, (dummy_filename, lineno, offset, line) = value
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
             else:
                 # Stuff in the right filename
                 try:
                     # Assume SyntaxError is a class exception
                     value = SyntaxError(msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line))
                 except:
                     # If that failed, assume SyntaxError is a string
                     value = msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line)
         stb = self.SyntaxTB.structured_traceback(etype, value, [])
         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to tab completion
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def complete(self, text, line=None, cursor_pos=None):
         """Return a sorted list of all possible completions on text.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
            text : string
              A string of text to be completed on.
 
            line : string, optional
              The complete line that text is part of.
 
            cursor_pos : int, optional
              The position of the cursor on the input line.
 
         The optional arguments allow the completion to take more context into
         account, and are part of the low-level completion API.
         
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [7]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [8]: x
         Out[8]: 'hello'
 
         In [9]: print x
         hello
 
         In [10]: _ip.complete('x.l')
         Out[10]: ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip']
         """
 
         # Inject names into __builtin__ so we can complete on the added names.
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return self.Completer.complete(text,line_buffer=text)
 
     def set_custom_completer(self,completer,pos=0):
         """Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted."""
 
         newcomp = new.instancemethod(completer,self.Completer,
                                      self.Completer.__class__)
         self.Completer.matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_completer(self):
         """Reset readline's completer to be our own."""
         self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.rlcomplete)
 
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         """Set the frame of the completer."""
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to readline
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """Command history completion/saving/reloading."""
 
         if self.readline_use:
             import IPython.utils.rlineimpl as readline
 
         self.rl_next_input = None
         self.rl_do_indent = False
 
         if not self.readline_use or not readline.have_readline:
             self.has_readline = False
             self.readline = None
             # Set a number of methods that depend on readline to be no-op
             self.savehist = no_op
             self.reloadhist = no_op
             self.set_completer = no_op
             self.set_custom_completer = no_op
             self.set_completer_frame = no_op
             warn('Readline services not available or not loaded.')
         else:
             self.has_readline = True
             self.readline = readline
             sys.modules['readline'] = readline
             import atexit
             from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
             self.Completer = IPCompleter(self,
                                          self.user_ns,
                                          self.user_global_ns,
                                          self.readline_omit__names,
                                          self.alias_manager.alias_table)
             sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
             self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
             self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
             # Platform-specific configuration
             if os.name == 'nt':
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_pre_input_hook
             else:
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_startup_hook
 
             # Load user's initrc file (readline config)
             # Or if libedit is used, load editrc.
             inputrc_name = os.environ.get('INPUTRC')
             if inputrc_name is None:
                 home_dir = get_home_dir()
                 if home_dir is not None:
                     inputrc_name = '.inputrc'
                     if readline.uses_libedit:
                         inputrc_name = '.editrc'
                     inputrc_name = os.path.join(home_dir, inputrc_name)
             if os.path.isfile(inputrc_name):
                 try:
                     readline.read_init_file(inputrc_name)
                 except:
                     warn('Problems reading readline initialization file <%s>'
                          % inputrc_name)
             
             # save this in sys so embedded copies can restore it properly
             sys.ipcompleter = self.Completer.rlcomplete
             self.set_completer()
 
             # Configure readline according to user's prefs
             # This is only done if GNU readline is being used.  If libedit
             # is being used (as on Leopard) the readline config is
             # not run as the syntax for libedit is different.
             if not readline.uses_libedit:
                 for rlcommand in self.readline_parse_and_bind:
                     #print "loading rl:",rlcommand  # dbg
                     readline.parse_and_bind(rlcommand)
 
             # Remove some chars from the delimiters list.  If we encounter
             # unicode chars, discard them.
             delims = readline.get_completer_delims().encode("ascii", "ignore")
             delims = delims.translate(string._idmap,
                                       self.readline_remove_delims)
             readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             # otherwise we end up with a monster history after a while:
             readline.set_history_length(1000)
             try:
                 #print '*** Reading readline history'  # dbg
                 readline.read_history_file(self.histfile)
             except IOError:
                 pass  # It doesn't exist yet.
 
             atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
             del atexit
 
         # Configure auto-indent for all platforms
         self.set_autoindent(self.autoindent)
 
     def set_next_input(self, s):
         """ Sets the 'default' input string for the next command line.
         
         Requires readline.
         
         Example:
         
         [D:\ipython]|1> _ip.set_next_input("Hello Word")
         [D:\ipython]|2> Hello Word_  # cursor is here        
         """
 
         self.rl_next_input = s
 
     # Maybe move this to the terminal subclass?
     def pre_readline(self):
         """readline hook to be used at the start of each line.
 
         Currently it handles auto-indent only."""
 
         if self.rl_do_indent:
             self.readline.insert_text(self._indent_current_str())
         if self.rl_next_input is not None:
             self.readline.insert_text(self.rl_next_input)
             self.rl_next_input = None
 
     def _indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.indent_current_nsp * ' '
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to magics
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_magics(self):
         # FIXME: Move the color initialization to the DisplayHook, which
         # should be split into a prompt manager and displayhook. We probably
         # even need a centralize colors management object.
         self.magic_colors(self.colors)
         # History was moved to a separate module
         from . import history
         history.init_ipython(self)
 
     def magic(self,arg_s):
         """Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and any
         additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         magic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use magic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.
         """
         args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
         magic_name = args[0]
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(prefilter.ESC_MAGIC)
 
         try:
             magic_args = args[1]
         except IndexError:
             magic_args = ''
         fn = getattr(self,'magic_'+magic_name,None)
         if fn is None:
             error("Magic function `%s` not found." % magic_name)
         else:
             magic_args = self.var_expand(magic_args,1)
             with nested(self.builtin_trap,):
                 result = fn(magic_args)
                 return result
 
     def define_magic(self, magicname, func):
         """Expose own function as magic function for ipython 
     
         def foo_impl(self,parameter_s=''):
             'My very own magic!. (Use docstrings, IPython reads them).'
             print 'Magic function. Passed parameter is between < >:'
             print '<%s>' % parameter_s
             print 'The self object is:',self
     
         self.define_magic('foo',foo_impl)
         """
         
         import new
         im = new.instancemethod(func,self, self.__class__)
         old = getattr(self, "magic_" + magicname, None)
         setattr(self, "magic_" + magicname, im)
         return old
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to macros
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def define_macro(self, name, themacro):
         """Define a new macro
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str
             The name of the macro.
         themacro : str or Macro
             The action to do upon invoking the macro.  If a string, a new 
             Macro object is created by passing the string to it.
         """
         
         from IPython.core import macro
 
         if isinstance(themacro, basestring):
             themacro = macro.Macro(themacro)
         if not isinstance(themacro, macro.Macro):
             raise ValueError('A macro must be a string or a Macro instance.')
         self.user_ns[name] = themacro
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of system commands
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def system(self, cmd):
         """Make a system call, using IPython."""
         return self.hooks.shell_hook(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2))
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to aliases
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_alias(self):
         self.alias_manager = AliasManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.ns_table['alias'] = self.alias_manager.alias_table,
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extensions and plugins
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_extension_manager(self):
         self.extension_manager = ExtensionManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
 
     def init_plugin_manager(self):
         self.plugin_manager = PluginManager(config=self.config)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to payloads
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_payload(self):
         self.payload_manager = PayloadManager(config=self.config)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the prefilter
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_prefilter(self):
         self.prefilter_manager = PrefilterManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         # Ultimately this will be refactored in the new interpreter code, but
         # for now, we should expose the main prefilter method (there's legacy
         # code out there that may rely on this).
         self.prefilter = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of code
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def ex(self, cmd):
         """Execute a normal python statement in user namespace."""
         with nested(self.builtin_trap,):
             exec cmd in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
 
     def ev(self, expr):
         """Evaluate python expression expr in user namespace.
 
         Returns the result of evaluation
         """
         with nested(self.builtin_trap,):
             return eval(expr, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def safe_execfile(self, fname, *where, **kw):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.  This only works on pure
         Python files with the .py extension.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : string
             The name of the file to be executed.
         where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
         exit_ignore : bool (False)
             If True, then silence SystemExit for non-zero status (it is always
             silenced for zero status, as it is so common).
         """
         kw.setdefault('exit_ignore', False)
 
         fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(fname))
 
         # Make sure we have a .py file
         if not fname.endswith('.py'):
             warn('File must end with .py to be run using execfile: <%s>' % fname)
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with open(fname) as thefile:
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 execfile(fname,*where)
             except SystemExit, status:
                 # If the call was made with 0 or None exit status (sys.exit(0)
                 # or sys.exit() ), don't bother showing a traceback, as both of
                 # these are considered normal by the OS:
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit(0)'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit()'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # For other exit status, we show the exception unless
                 # explicitly silenced, but only in short form.
                 if status.code not in (0, None) and not kw['exit_ignore']:
                     self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
 
     def safe_execfile_ipy(self, fname):
         """Like safe_execfile, but for .ipy files with IPython syntax.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : str
             The name of the file to execute.  The filename must have a
             .ipy extension.
         """
         fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(fname))
 
         # Make sure we have a .py file
         if not fname.endswith('.ipy'):
             warn('File must end with .py to be run using execfile: <%s>' % fname)
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with open(fname) as thefile:
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 with open(fname) as thefile:
                     script = thefile.read()
                     # self.runlines currently captures all exceptions
                     # raise in user code.  It would be nice if there were
                     # versions of runlines, execfile that did raise, so
                     # we could catch the errors.
                     self.runlines(script, clean=True)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Unknown failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
     def runlines(self, lines, clean=False):
         """Run a string of one or more lines of source.
 
         This method is capable of running a string containing multiple source
         lines, as if they had been entered at the IPython prompt.  Since it
         exposes IPython's processing machinery, the given strings can contain
         magic calls (%magic), special shell access (!cmd), etc.
         """
         
         if isinstance(lines, (list, tuple)):
             lines = '\n'.join(lines)
 
         if clean:
             lines = self._cleanup_ipy_script(lines)
 
         # We must start with a clean buffer, in case this is run from an
         # interactive IPython session (via a magic, for example).
         self.resetbuffer()
         lines = lines.splitlines()
         more = 0
 
         with nested(self.builtin_trap, self.display_trap):
             for line in lines:
                 # skip blank lines so we don't mess up the prompt counter, but do
                 # NOT skip even a blank line if we are in a code block (more is
                 # true)
             
                 if line or more:
                     # push to raw history, so hist line numbers stay in sync
                     self.input_hist_raw.append("# " + line + "\n")
                     prefiltered = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(line,more)
                     more = self.push_line(prefiltered)
                     # IPython's runsource returns None if there was an error
                     # compiling the code.  This allows us to stop processing right
                     # away, so the user gets the error message at the right place.
                     if more is None:
                         break
                 else:
                     self.input_hist_raw.append("\n")
             # final newline in case the input didn't have it, so that the code
             # actually does get executed
             if more:
                 self.push_line('\n')
 
     def runsource(self, source, filename='<input>', symbol='single'):
         """Compile and run some source in the interpreter.
 
         Arguments are as for compile_command().
 
         One several things can happen:
 
         1) The input is incorrect; compile_command() raised an
         exception (SyntaxError or OverflowError).  A syntax traceback
         will be printed by calling the showsyntaxerror() method.
 
         2) The input is incomplete, and more input is required;
         compile_command() returned None.  Nothing happens.
 
         3) The input is complete; compile_command() returned a code
         object.  The code is executed by calling self.runcode() (which
         also handles run-time exceptions, except for SystemExit).
 
         The return value is:
 
           - True in case 2
 
           - False in the other cases, unless an exception is raised, where
           None is returned instead.  This can be used by external callers to
           know whether to continue feeding input or not.
 
         The return value can be used to decide whether to use sys.ps1 or
         sys.ps2 to prompt the next line."""
 
         # if the source code has leading blanks, add 'if 1:\n' to it
         # this allows execution of indented pasted code. It is tempting
         # to add '\n' at the end of source to run commands like ' a=1'
         # directly, but this fails for more complicated scenarios
         source=source.encode(self.stdin_encoding)
         if source[:1] in [' ', '\t']:
             source = 'if 1:\n%s' % source
 
         try:
             code = self.compile(source,filename,symbol)
         except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError, MemoryError):
             # Case 1
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             return None
 
         if code is None:
             # Case 2
             return True
 
         # Case 3
         # We store the code object so that threaded shells and
         # custom exception handlers can access all this info if needed.
         # The source corresponding to this can be obtained from the
         # buffer attribute as '\n'.join(self.buffer).
         self.code_to_run = code
         # now actually execute the code object
         if self.runcode(code) == 0:
             return False
         else:
             return None
 
     def runcode(self,code_obj):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Return value: a flag indicating whether the code to be run completed
         successfully:
 
           - 0: successful execution.
           - 1: an error occurred.
         """
 
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook,sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = 1  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 self.hooks.pre_runcode_hook()
                 #rprint('Running code') # dbg
                 exec code_obj in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit:
             self.resetbuffer()
             self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             warn("To exit: use any of 'exit', 'quit', %Exit or Ctrl-D.", level=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype,value,tb = sys.exc_info()
             self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
         else:
             outflag = 0
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print
         # Flush out code object which has been run (and source)
         self.code_to_run = None
         return outflag
         
     def push_line(self, line):
         """Push a line to the interpreter.
 
         The line should not have a trailing newline; it may have
         internal newlines.  The line is appended to a buffer and the
         interpreter's runsource() method is called with the
         concatenated contents of the buffer as source.  If this
         indicates that the command was executed or invalid, the buffer
         is reset; otherwise, the command is incomplete, and the buffer
         is left as it was after the line was appended.  The return
         value is 1 if more input is required, 0 if the line was dealt
         with in some way (this is the same as runsource()).
         """
 
         # autoindent management should be done here, and not in the
         # interactive loop, since that one is only seen by keyboard input.  We
         # need this done correctly even for code run via runlines (which uses
         # push).
 
         #print 'push line: <%s>' % line  # dbg
         for subline in line.splitlines():
             self._autoindent_update(subline)
         self.buffer.append(line)
         more = self.runsource('\n'.join(self.buffer), self.filename)
         if not more:
             self.resetbuffer()
         return more
 
     def resetbuffer(self):
         """Reset the input buffer."""
         self.buffer[:] = []
 
     def _is_secondary_block_start(self, s):
         if not s.endswith(':'):
             return False
         if (s.startswith('elif') or 
             s.startswith('else') or 
             s.startswith('except') or
             s.startswith('finally')):
             return True
 
     def _cleanup_ipy_script(self, script):
         """Make a script safe for self.runlines()
 
         Currently, IPython is lines based, with blocks being detected by
         empty lines.  This is a problem for block based scripts that may
         not have empty lines after blocks.  This script adds those empty
         lines to make scripts safe for running in the current line based
         IPython.
         """
         res = []
         lines = script.splitlines()
         level = 0
 
         for l in lines:
             lstripped = l.lstrip()
             stripped = l.strip()                
             if not stripped:
                 continue
             newlevel = len(l) - len(lstripped)                    
             if level > 0 and newlevel == 0 and \
                    not self._is_secondary_block_start(stripped): 
                 # add empty line
                 res.append('')
             res.append(l)
             level = newlevel
 
         return '\n'.join(res) + '\n'
 
     def _autoindent_update(self,line):
         """Keep track of the indent level."""
 
         #debugx('line')
         #debugx('self.indent_current_nsp')
         if self.autoindent:
             if line:
                 inisp = num_ini_spaces(line)
                 if inisp < self.indent_current_nsp:
                     self.indent_current_nsp = inisp
 
                 if line[-1] == ':':
                     self.indent_current_nsp += 4
                 elif dedent_re.match(line):
                     self.indent_current_nsp -= 4
             else:
                 self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to GUI support and pylab
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def enable_pylab(self, gui=None):
         raise NotImplementedError('Implement enable_pylab in a subclass')
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Utilities
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def getoutput(self, cmd):
         return getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd,depth=2),
                          header=self.system_header,
                          verbose=self.system_verbose)
 
     def getoutputerror(self, cmd):
         return getoutputerror(self.var_expand(cmd,depth=2),
                               header=self.system_header,
                               verbose=self.system_verbose)
 
     def var_expand(self,cmd,depth=0):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
 
         return str(ItplNS(cmd,
                           self.user_ns,  # globals
                           # Skip our own frame in searching for locals:
                           sys._getframe(depth+1).f_locals # locals
                           ))
 
     def mktempfile(self,data=None):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mktemp, but it registers the created
         filename internally so ipython cleans it up at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
           immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
         filename = tempfile.mktemp('.py','ipython_edit_')
         self.tempfiles.append(filename)
         
         if data:
             tmp_file = open(filename,'w')
             tmp_file.write(data)
             tmp_file.close()
         return filename
 
     # TODO:  This should be removed when Term is refactored.
     def write(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default output"""
         io.Term.cout.write(data)
 
     # TODO:  This should be removed when Term is refactored.
     def write_err(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default error output"""
         io.Term.cerr.write(data)
 
     def ask_yes_no(self,prompt,default=True):
         if self.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython exiting
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Saving of persistent data should be performed here.
         """
         self.savehist()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 os.unlink(tfile)
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
         # Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
         self.reset()
 
         # Run user hooks
         self.hooks.shutdown_hook()
 
     def cleanup(self):
         self.restore_sys_module_state()
 
 
 class InteractiveShellABC(object):
     """An abstract base class for InteractiveShell."""
     __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(InteractiveShell)

IPython/lib/pylabtools.py

@@ -1,147 +1,183 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Pylab (matplotlib) support utilities.
 
 Authors
 -------
 Fernando Perez.
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2009  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from IPython.utils.decorators import flag_calls
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main classes and functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-def pylab_activate(user_ns, gui=None, import_all=True):
-    """Activate pylab mode in the user's namespace.
 
-    Loads and initializes numpy, matplotlib and friends for interactive use.
+def find_gui_and_backend(gui=None):
+    """Given a gui string return the gui and mpl backend.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    user_ns : dict
-      Namespace where the imports will occur.
-
-    gui : optional, string
-      A valid gui name following the conventions of the %gui magic.
-
-    import_all : optional, boolean
-      If true, an 'import *' is done from numpy and pylab.
+    gui : str
+        Can be one of ('tk','gtk','wx','qt','qt4','payload-svg').
 
     Returns
     -------
-    The actual gui used (if not given as input, it was obtained from matplotlib
-    itself, and will be needed next to configure IPython's gui integration.
+    A tuple of (gui, backend) where backend is one of ('TkAgg','GTKAgg',
+    'WXAgg','Qt4Agg','module://IPython.zmq.pylab.backend_payload_svg').
     """
 
-    # Initialize matplotlib to interactive mode always
     import matplotlib
 
     # If user specifies a GUI, that dictates the backend, otherwise we read the
     # user's mpl default from the mpl rc structure
     g2b = {'tk': 'TkAgg',
            'gtk': 'GTKAgg',
            'wx': 'WXAgg',
            'qt': 'Qt4Agg', # qt3 not supported
-           'qt4': 'Qt4Agg' }
+           'qt4': 'Qt4Agg',
+           'payload-svg' : \
+                  'module://IPython.zmq.pylab.backend_payload_svg'}
 
     if gui:
         # select backend based on requested gui
         backend = g2b[gui]
     else:
         backend = matplotlib.rcParams['backend']
         # In this case, we need to find what the appropriate gui selection call
         # should be for IPython, so we can activate inputhook accordingly
         b2g = dict(zip(g2b.values(),g2b.keys()))
         gui = b2g.get(backend, None)
+    return gui, backend
 
-    # We must set the desired backend before importing pylab
-    matplotlib.use(backend)
-    
-    # This must be imported last in the matplotlib series, after
-    # backend/interactivity choices have been made
+
+def activate_matplotlib(backend):
+    """Activate the given backend and set interactive to True."""
+
+    import matplotlib
+    if backend.startswith('module://'):
+        # Work around bug in matplotlib: matplotlib.use converts the
+        # backend_id to lowercase even if a module name is specified!
+        matplotlib.rcParams['backend'] = backend
+    else:
+        matplotlib.use(backend)
+    matplotlib.interactive(True)
     import matplotlib.pylab as pylab
 
-    # XXX For now leave this commented out, but depending on discussions with
-    # mpl-dev, we may be able to allow interactive switching...
-    #import matplotlib.pyplot
-    #matplotlib.pyplot.switch_backend(backend)
 
-    pylab.show._needmain = False
-    # We need to detect at runtime whether show() is called by the user.
-    # For this, we wrap it into a decorator which adds a 'called' flag.
-    pylab.draw_if_interactive = flag_calls(pylab.draw_if_interactive)
+def import_pylab(user_ns, import_all=True):
+    """Import the standard pylab symbols into user_ns."""
 
     # Import numpy as np/pyplot as plt are conventions we're trying to
     # somewhat standardize on.  Making them available to users by default
     # will greatly help this. 
     exec ("import numpy\n"
           "import matplotlib\n"
           "from matplotlib import pylab, mlab, pyplot\n"
           "np = numpy\n"
           "plt = pyplot\n"
           ) in user_ns
 
     if import_all:
         exec("from matplotlib.pylab import *\n"
              "from numpy import *\n") in user_ns
 
-    matplotlib.interactive(True)
+
+def pylab_activate(user_ns, gui=None, import_all=True):
+    """Activate pylab mode in the user's namespace.
+
+    Loads and initializes numpy, matplotlib and friends for interactive use.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    user_ns : dict
+      Namespace where the imports will occur.
+
+    gui : optional, string
+      A valid gui name following the conventions of the %gui magic.
+
+    import_all : optional, boolean
+      If true, an 'import *' is done from numpy and pylab.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    The actual gui used (if not given as input, it was obtained from matplotlib
+    itself, and will be needed next to configure IPython's gui integration.
+    """
+
+    gui, backend = find_gui_and_backend(gui)
+    activate_matplotlib(backend)
+
+    # This must be imported last in the matplotlib series, after
+    # backend/interactivity choices have been made
+    import matplotlib.pylab as pylab
+
+    # XXX For now leave this commented out, but depending on discussions with
+    # mpl-dev, we may be able to allow interactive switching...
+    #import matplotlib.pyplot
+    #matplotlib.pyplot.switch_backend(backend)
+
+    pylab.show._needmain = False
+    # We need to detect at runtime whether show() is called by the user.
+    # For this, we wrap it into a decorator which adds a 'called' flag.
+    pylab.draw_if_interactive = flag_calls(pylab.draw_if_interactive)
+
+    import_pylab(user_ns)
 
     print """
 Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment [backend: %s].
 For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.""" % backend
     
     return gui
 
 # We need a little factory function here to create the closure where
 # safe_execfile can live.
 def mpl_runner(safe_execfile):
     """Factory to return a matplotlib-enabled runner for %run.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     safe_execfile : function
       This must be a function with the same interface as the
       :meth:`safe_execfile` method of IPython.
 
     Returns
     -------
     A function suitable for use as the ``runner`` argument of the %run magic
     function.
     """
     
     def mpl_execfile(fname,*where,**kw):
         """matplotlib-aware wrapper around safe_execfile.
 
         Its interface is identical to that of the :func:`execfile` builtin.
 
         This is ultimately a call to execfile(), but wrapped in safeties to
         properly handle interactive rendering."""
 
         import matplotlib
         import matplotlib.pylab as pylab
 
         #print '*** Matplotlib runner ***' # dbg
         # turn off rendering until end of script
         is_interactive = matplotlib.rcParams['interactive']
         matplotlib.interactive(False)
         safe_execfile(fname,*where,**kw)
         matplotlib.interactive(is_interactive)
         # make rendering call now, if the user tried to do it
         if pylab.draw_if_interactive.called:
             pylab.draw()
             pylab.draw_if_interactive.called = False
 
     return mpl_execfile

IPython/zmq/entry_point.py

@@ -1,191 +1,192 b''
 """ Defines helper functions for creating kernel entry points and process
 launchers.
 """
 
 # Standard library imports.
 import socket
 from subprocess import Popen
 import sys
 
 # System library imports.
 import zmq
 
 # Local imports.
 from IPython.external.argparse import ArgumentParser
 from exitpoller import ExitPollerUnix, ExitPollerWindows
 from displayhook import DisplayHook
 from iostream import OutStream
 from session import Session
 
 
 def bind_port(socket, ip, port):
     """ Binds the specified ZMQ socket. If the port is zero, a random port is
     chosen. Returns the port that was bound.
     """
     connection = 'tcp://%s' % ip
     if port <= 0:
         port = socket.bind_to_random_port(connection)
     else:
         connection += ':%i' % port
         socket.bind(connection)
     return port
 
 
 def make_argument_parser():
     """ Creates an ArgumentParser for the generic arguments supported by all 
     kernel entry points.
     """
     parser = ArgumentParser()
     parser.add_argument('--ip', type=str, default='127.0.0.1',
                         help='set the kernel\'s IP address [default: local]')
     parser.add_argument('--xrep', type=int, metavar='PORT', default=0,
                         help='set the XREP channel port [default: random]')
     parser.add_argument('--pub', type=int, metavar='PORT', default=0,
                         help='set the PUB channel port [default: random]')
     parser.add_argument('--req', type=int, metavar='PORT', default=0,
                         help='set the REQ channel port [default: random]')
 
     if sys.platform == 'win32':
         parser.add_argument('--parent', type=int, metavar='HANDLE', 
                             default=0, help='kill this process if the process '
                             'with HANDLE dies')
     else:
         parser.add_argument('--parent', action='store_true', 
                             help='kill this process if its parent dies')
 
     return parser
 
 
 def make_kernel(namespace, kernel_factory, 
                 out_stream_factory=None, display_hook_factory=None):
     """ Creates a kernel.
     """
     # Create a context, a session, and the kernel sockets.
     print >>sys.__stdout__, "Starting the kernel..."
     context = zmq.Context()
     session = Session(username=u'kernel')
 
     reply_socket = context.socket(zmq.XREP)
     xrep_port = bind_port(reply_socket, namespace.ip, namespace.xrep)
     print >>sys.__stdout__, "XREP Channel on port", xrep_port
 
     pub_socket = context.socket(zmq.PUB)
     pub_port = bind_port(pub_socket, namespace.ip, namespace.pub)
     print >>sys.__stdout__, "PUB Channel on port", pub_port
 
     req_socket = context.socket(zmq.XREQ)
     req_port = bind_port(req_socket, namespace.ip, namespace.req)
     print >>sys.__stdout__, "REQ Channel on port", req_port
 
     # Redirect input streams and set a display hook.
     if out_stream_factory:
+        pass
         sys.stdout = out_stream_factory(session, pub_socket, u'stdout')
         sys.stderr = out_stream_factory(session, pub_socket, u'stderr')
     if display_hook_factory:
         sys.displayhook = display_hook_factory(session, pub_socket)
 
     # Create the kernel.
     return kernel_factory(session=session, reply_socket=reply_socket, 
                           pub_socket=pub_socket, req_socket=req_socket)
 
 
 def start_kernel(namespace, kernel):
     """ Starts a kernel.
     """
     # Configure this kernel/process to die on parent termination, if necessary.
     if namespace.parent:
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             poller = ExitPollerWindows(namespace.parent)
         else:
             poller = ExitPollerUnix()
         poller.start()
 
     # Start the kernel mainloop.
     kernel.start()
 
 
 def make_default_main(kernel_factory):
     """ Creates the simplest possible kernel entry point.
     """
     def main():
         namespace = make_argument_parser().parse_args()
         kernel = make_kernel(namespace, kernel_factory, OutStream, DisplayHook)
         start_kernel(namespace, kernel)
     return main
 
 
 def base_launch_kernel(code, xrep_port=0, pub_port=0, req_port=0, 
                        independent=False, extra_arguments=[]):
     """ Launches a localhost kernel, binding to the specified ports.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     code : str,
         A string of Python code that imports and executes a kernel entry point.
 
     xrep_port : int, optional
         The port to use for XREP channel.
 
     pub_port : int, optional
         The port to use for the SUB channel.
 
     req_port : int, optional
         The port to use for the REQ (raw input) channel.
 
     independent : bool, optional (default False) 
         If set, the kernel process is guaranteed to survive if this process
         dies. If not set, an effort is made to ensure that the kernel is killed
         when this process dies. Note that in this case it is still good practice
         to kill kernels manually before exiting.
 
     extra_arguments = list, optional
         A list of extra arguments to pass when executing the launch code.
 
     Returns
     -------
     A tuple of form:
         (kernel_process, xrep_port, pub_port, req_port)
     where kernel_process is a Popen object and the ports are integers.
     """
     # Find open ports as necessary.
     ports = []
     ports_needed = int(xrep_port <= 0) + int(pub_port <= 0) + int(req_port <= 0)
     for i in xrange(ports_needed):
         sock = socket.socket()
         sock.bind(('', 0))
         ports.append(sock)
     for i, sock in enumerate(ports):
         port = sock.getsockname()[1]
         sock.close()
         ports[i] = port
     if xrep_port <= 0:
         xrep_port = ports.pop(0)
     if pub_port <= 0:
         pub_port = ports.pop(0)
     if req_port <= 0:
         req_port = ports.pop(0)
 
     # Build the kernel launch command.
     arguments = [ sys.executable, '-c', code, '--xrep', str(xrep_port), 
                   '--pub', str(pub_port), '--req', str(req_port) ]
     arguments.extend(extra_arguments)
 
     # Spawn a kernel.
     if independent:
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             proc = Popen(['start', '/b'] + arguments, shell=True)
         else:
             proc = Popen(arguments, preexec_fn=lambda: os.setsid())
     else:
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             from _subprocess import DuplicateHandle, GetCurrentProcess, \
                 DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS
             pid = GetCurrentProcess()
             handle = DuplicateHandle(pid, pid, pid, 0, 
                                      True, # Inheritable by new  processes.
                                      DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS)
             proc = Popen(arguments + ['--parent', str(int(handle))])
         else:
             proc = Popen(arguments + ['--parent'])
 
     return proc, xrep_port, pub_port, req_port

IPython/zmq/ipkernel.py

@@ -1,399 +1,391 b''
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 """A simple interactive kernel that talks to a frontend over 0MQ.
 
 Things to do:
 
 * Implement `set_parent` logic. Right before doing exec, the Kernel should
   call set_parent on all the PUB objects with the message about to be executed.
 * Implement random port and security key logic.
 * Implement control messages.
 * Implement event loop and poll version.
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Standard library imports.
 import __builtin__
 import sys
 import time
 import traceback
 
 # System library imports.
 import zmq
 
 # Local imports.
 from IPython.config.configurable import Configurable
+from IPython.lib import pylabtools
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Instance
-from completer import KernelCompleter
 from entry_point import base_launch_kernel, make_argument_parser, make_kernel, \
     start_kernel
 from iostream import OutStream
 from session import Session, Message
 from zmqshell import ZMQInteractiveShell
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main kernel class
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class Kernel(Configurable):
 
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Kernel interface
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC')
     session = Instance(Session)
     reply_socket = Instance('zmq.Socket')
     pub_socket = Instance('zmq.Socket')
     req_socket = Instance('zmq.Socket')
 
-    # Maps user-friendly backend names to matplotlib backend identifiers.
-    _pylab_map = { 'tk': 'TkAgg',
-                   'gtk': 'GTKAgg',
-                   'wx': 'WXAgg',
-                   'qt': 'Qt4Agg', # qt3 not supported
-                   'qt4': 'Qt4Agg',
-                   'payload-svg' : \
-                       'module://IPython.zmq.pylab.backend_payload_svg' }
-
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         super(Kernel, self).__init__(**kwargs)
 
         # Initialize the InteractiveShell subclass
         self.shell = ZMQInteractiveShell.instance()
         self.shell.displayhook.session = self.session
         self.shell.displayhook.pub_socket = self.pub_socket
 
         # TMP - hack while developing
         self.shell._reply_content = None
 
         # Build dict of handlers for message types
         msg_types = [ 'execute_request', 'complete_request', 
                       'object_info_request', 'prompt_request',
                       'history_request' ]
         self.handlers = {}
         for msg_type in msg_types:
             self.handlers[msg_type] = getattr(self, msg_type)
 
-    def activate_pylab(self, backend=None, import_all=True):
-        """ Activates pylab in this kernel's namespace.
-
-        Parameters:
-        -----------
-        backend : str, optional
-            A valid backend name.
-
-        import_all : bool, optional
-            If true, an 'import *' is done from numpy and pylab.
-        """
-        # FIXME: This is adapted from IPython.lib.pylabtools.pylab_activate.
-        #        Common functionality should be refactored.
-
-        # We must set the desired backend before importing pylab.
-        import matplotlib
-        if backend:
-            backend_id = self._pylab_map[backend]
-            if backend_id.startswith('module://'):
-                # Work around bug in matplotlib: matplotlib.use converts the
-                # backend_id to lowercase even if a module name is specified!
-                matplotlib.rcParams['backend'] = backend_id
+    def do_one_iteration(self):
+        try:
+            ident = self.reply_socket.recv(zmq.NOBLOCK)
+        except zmq.ZMQError, e:
+            if e.errno == zmq.EAGAIN:
+                return
             else:
-                matplotlib.use(backend_id)
-
-        # Import numpy as np/pyplot as plt are conventions we're trying to
-        # somewhat standardize on. Making them available to users by default
-        # will greatly help this.
-        exec ("import numpy\n"
-              "import matplotlib\n"
-              "from matplotlib import pylab, mlab, pyplot\n"
-              "np = numpy\n"
-              "plt = pyplot\n"
-              ) in self.shell.user_ns
-
-        if import_all:
-            exec("from matplotlib.pylab import *\n"
-                 "from numpy import *\n") in self.shell.user_ns
-
-        matplotlib.interactive(True)
+                raise
+        # FIXME: Bug in pyzmq/zmq?
+        # assert self.reply_socket.rcvmore(), "Missing message part."
+        msg = self.reply_socket.recv_json()
+        omsg = Message(msg)
+        print>>sys.__stdout__
+        print>>sys.__stdout__, omsg
+        handler = self.handlers.get(omsg.msg_type, None)
+        if handler is None:
+            print >> sys.__stderr__, "UNKNOWN MESSAGE TYPE:", omsg
+        else:
+            handler(ident, omsg)
 
     def start(self):
         """ Start the kernel main loop.
         """
         while True:
-            ident = self.reply_socket.recv()
-            assert self.reply_socket.rcvmore(), "Missing message part."
-            msg = self.reply_socket.recv_json()
-            omsg = Message(msg)
-            print>>sys.__stdout__
-            print>>sys.__stdout__, omsg
-            handler = self.handlers.get(omsg.msg_type, None)
-            if handler is None:
-                print >> sys.__stderr__, "UNKNOWN MESSAGE TYPE:", omsg
-            else:
-                handler(ident, omsg)
+            time.sleep(0.05)
+            self.do_one_iteration()
 
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Kernel request handlers
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def execute_request(self, ident, parent):
         try:
             code = parent[u'content'][u'code']
         except:
             print>>sys.__stderr__, "Got bad msg: "
             print>>sys.__stderr__, Message(parent)
             return
         pyin_msg = self.session.msg(u'pyin',{u'code':code}, parent=parent)
         self.pub_socket.send_json(pyin_msg)
 
         try:
             # Replace raw_input. Note that is not sufficient to replace 
             # raw_input in the user namespace.
             raw_input = lambda prompt='': self._raw_input(prompt, ident, parent)
             __builtin__.raw_input = raw_input
 
             # Set the parent message of the display hook and out streams.
             self.shell.displayhook.set_parent(parent)
             sys.stdout.set_parent(parent)
             sys.stderr.set_parent(parent)
 
             # FIXME: runlines calls the exception handler itself.  We should
             # clean this up.
             self.shell._reply_content = None
             self.shell.runlines(code)
         except:
             # FIXME: this code right now isn't being used yet by default,
             # because the runlines() call above directly fires off exception
             # reporting.  This code, therefore, is only active in the scenario
             # where runlines itself has an unhandled exception.  We need to
             # uniformize this, for all exception construction to come from a
             # single location in the codbase.
             etype, evalue, tb = sys.exc_info()
             tb_list = traceback.format_exception(etype, evalue, tb)
             reply_content = self.shell._showtraceback(etype, evalue, tb_list)
         else:
             payload = self.shell.payload_manager.read_payload()
             # Be agressive about clearing the payload because we don't want
             # it to sit in memory until the next execute_request comes in.
             self.shell.payload_manager.clear_payload()
             reply_content = { 'status' : 'ok', 'payload' : payload }
 
         # Compute the prompt information
         prompt_number = self.shell.displayhook.prompt_count
         reply_content['prompt_number'] = prompt_number        
         prompt_string = self.shell.displayhook.prompt1.peek_next_prompt()
         next_prompt = {'prompt_string' : prompt_string,
                        'prompt_number' : prompt_number+1,
                        'input_sep'     : self.shell.displayhook.input_sep}
         reply_content['next_prompt'] = next_prompt
 
         # TMP - fish exception info out of shell, possibly left there by
         # runlines
         if self.shell._reply_content is not None:
             reply_content.update(self.shell._reply_content)
 
         # Flush output before sending the reply.
         sys.stderr.flush()
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
         # Send the reply.
         reply_msg = self.session.msg(u'execute_reply', reply_content, parent)
         print>>sys.__stdout__, Message(reply_msg)
         self.reply_socket.send(ident, zmq.SNDMORE)
         self.reply_socket.send_json(reply_msg)
         if reply_msg['content']['status'] == u'error':
             self._abort_queue()
 
     def complete_request(self, ident, parent):
         matches = {'matches' : self._complete(parent),
                    'status' : 'ok'}
         completion_msg = self.session.send(self.reply_socket, 'complete_reply',
                                            matches, parent, ident)
         print >> sys.__stdout__, completion_msg
 
     def object_info_request(self, ident, parent):
         context = parent['content']['oname'].split('.')
         object_info = self._object_info(context)
         msg = self.session.send(self.reply_socket, 'object_info_reply',
                                 object_info, parent, ident)
         print >> sys.__stdout__, msg
 
     def prompt_request(self, ident, parent):
         prompt_number = self.shell.displayhook.prompt_count
         prompt_string = self.shell.displayhook.prompt1.peek_next_prompt()
         content = {'prompt_string' : prompt_string,
                    'prompt_number' : prompt_number+1,
                    'input_sep'     : self.shell.displayhook.input_sep}
         msg = self.session.send(self.reply_socket, 'prompt_reply',
                                 content, parent, ident)
         print >> sys.__stdout__, msg
 
     def history_request(self, ident, parent):
         output = parent['content']['output']
         index = parent['content']['index']
         raw = parent['content']['raw']
         hist = self.shell.get_history(index=index, raw=raw, output=output)
         content = {'history' : hist}
         msg = self.session.send(self.reply_socket, 'history_reply',
                                 content, parent, ident)
         print >> sys.__stdout__, msg
         
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Protected interface
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _abort_queue(self):
         while True:
             try:
                 ident = self.reply_socket.recv(zmq.NOBLOCK)
             except zmq.ZMQError, e:
                 if e.errno == zmq.EAGAIN:
                     break
             else:
                 assert self.reply_socket.rcvmore(), "Unexpected missing message part."
                 msg = self.reply_socket.recv_json()
             print>>sys.__stdout__, "Aborting:"
             print>>sys.__stdout__, Message(msg)
             msg_type = msg['msg_type']
             reply_type = msg_type.split('_')[0] + '_reply'
             reply_msg = self.session.msg(reply_type, {'status' : 'aborted'}, msg)
             print>>sys.__stdout__, Message(reply_msg)
             self.reply_socket.send(ident,zmq.SNDMORE)
             self.reply_socket.send_json(reply_msg)
             # We need to wait a bit for requests to come in. This can probably
             # be set shorter for true asynchronous clients.
             time.sleep(0.1)
 
     def _raw_input(self, prompt, ident, parent):
         # Flush output before making the request.
         sys.stderr.flush()
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
         # Send the input request.
         content = dict(prompt=prompt)
         msg = self.session.msg(u'input_request', content, parent)
         self.req_socket.send_json(msg)
 
         # Await a response.
         reply = self.req_socket.recv_json()
         try:
             value = reply['content']['value']
         except:
             print>>sys.__stderr__, "Got bad raw_input reply: "
             print>>sys.__stderr__, Message(parent)
             value = ''
         return value
     
     def _complete(self, msg):
         #from IPython.utils.io import rprint  # dbg
         #rprint('\n\n**MSG**\n\n', msg)  # dbg
         #import traceback; rprint(''.join(traceback.format_stack())) # dbg
         c = msg['content']
         try:
             cpos = int(c['cursor_pos'])
         except:
             # If we don't get something that we can convert to an integer, at
             # leasat attempt the completion guessing the cursor is at the end
             # of the text
             cpos = len(c['text'])
         return self.shell.complete(c['text'], c['line'], cpos)
 
     def _object_info(self, context):
         symbol, leftover = self._symbol_from_context(context)
         if symbol is not None and not leftover:
             doc = getattr(symbol, '__doc__', '')
         else:
             doc = ''
         object_info = dict(docstring = doc)
         return object_info
 
     def _symbol_from_context(self, context):
         if not context:
             return None, context
 
         base_symbol_string = context[0]
         symbol = self.shell.user_ns.get(base_symbol_string, None)
         if symbol is None:
             symbol = __builtin__.__dict__.get(base_symbol_string, None)
         if symbol is None:
             return None, context
 
         context = context[1:]
         for i, name in enumerate(context):
             new_symbol = getattr(symbol, name, None)
             if new_symbol is None:
                 return symbol, context[i:]
             else:
                 symbol = new_symbol
 
         return symbol, []
 
+
+class QtKernel(Kernel):
+
+    def start(self):
+        """Start a kernel with QtPy4 event loop integration."""
+        from PyQt4 import QtGui, QtCore
+        self.qapp = app = QtGui.QApplication([])
+        self.qtimer = QtCore.QTimer()
+        self.qtimer.timeout.connect(self.do_one_iteration)
+        self.qtimer.start(50)
+        self.qapp.exec_()
+
+
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Kernel main and launch functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def launch_kernel(xrep_port=0, pub_port=0, req_port=0, independent=False,
                   pylab=False):
     """ Launches a localhost kernel, binding to the specified ports.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     xrep_port : int, optional
         The port to use for XREP channel.
 
     pub_port : int, optional
         The port to use for the SUB channel.
 
     req_port : int, optional
         The port to use for the REQ (raw input) channel.
 
     independent : bool, optional (default False) 
         If set, the kernel process is guaranteed to survive if this process
         dies. If not set, an effort is made to ensure that the kernel is killed
         when this process dies. Note that in this case it is still good practice
         to kill kernels manually before exiting.
 
     pylab : bool or string, optional (default False)
         If not False, the kernel will be launched with pylab enabled. If a
         string is passed, matplotlib will use the specified backend. Otherwise,
         matplotlib's default backend will be used.
 
     Returns
     -------
     A tuple of form:
         (kernel_process, xrep_port, pub_port, req_port)
     where kernel_process is a Popen object and the ports are integers.
     """
     extra_arguments = []
     if pylab:
         extra_arguments.append('--pylab')
         if isinstance(pylab, basestring):
             extra_arguments.append(pylab)
     return base_launch_kernel('from IPython.zmq.ipkernel import main; main()',
                               xrep_port, pub_port, req_port, independent, 
                               extra_arguments)
 
 def main():
     """ The IPython kernel main entry point.
     """
     parser = make_argument_parser()
     parser.add_argument('--pylab', type=str, metavar='GUI', nargs='?', 
                         const='auto', help = \
 "Pre-load matplotlib and numpy for interactive use. If GUI is not \
 given, the GUI backend is matplotlib's, otherwise use one of: \
 ['tk', 'gtk', 'qt', 'wx', 'payload-svg'].")
     namespace = parser.parse_args()
 
-    kernel = make_kernel(namespace, Kernel, OutStream)
+    kernel_class = Kernel
+
+    _kernel_classes = {
+        'qt' : QtKernel,
+        'qt4' : QtKernel,
+        'payload-svg':Kernel
+    }
     if namespace.pylab:
         if namespace.pylab == 'auto':
-            kernel.activate_pylab()
+            gui, backend = pylabtools.find_gui_and_backend()
         else:
-            kernel.activate_pylab(namespace.pylab)
-    
+            gui, backend = pylabtools.find_gui_and_backend(namespace.pylab)
+        print gui, backend
+        kernel_class = _kernel_classes.get(gui)
+        if kernel_class is None:
+            raise ValueError('GUI is not supported: %r' % gui)
+        pylabtools.activate_matplotlib(backend)
+
+    print>>sys.__stdout__, kernel_class
+    kernel = make_kernel(namespace, kernel_class, OutStream)
+    print >>sys.__stdout__, kernel
+
+    if namespace.pylab:
+        pylabtools.import_pylab(kernel.shell.user_ns)
+
     start_kernel(namespace, kernel)
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     main()

IPython/zmq/zmqshell.py

@@ -1,389 +1,389 b''
 import inspect
 import re
 import sys
 from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
 
 from IPython.core.interactiveshell import (
     InteractiveShell, InteractiveShellABC
 )
 from IPython.core.displayhook import DisplayHook
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.utils.io import rprint
 from IPython.utils.path import get_py_filename
 from IPython.utils.text import StringTypes
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Instance, Type, Dict
 from IPython.utils.warn import warn
 from IPython.zmq.session import extract_header
 from IPython.core.payloadpage import install_payload_page
-
+from session import Session
 
 # Install the payload version of page.
 install_payload_page()
 
 
 class ZMQDisplayHook(DisplayHook):
 
-    session = Instance('IPython.zmq.session.Session')
+    session = Instance(Session)
     pub_socket = Instance('zmq.Socket')
     parent_header = Dict({})
 
     def set_parent(self, parent):
         """Set the parent for outbound messages."""
         self.parent_header = extract_header(parent)
 
     def start_displayhook(self):
         self.msg = self.session.msg(u'pyout', {}, parent=self.parent_header)
 
     def write_output_prompt(self):
         """Write the output prompt."""
         if self.do_full_cache:
             self.msg['content']['output_sep'] = self.output_sep
             self.msg['content']['prompt_string'] = str(self.prompt_out)
             self.msg['content']['prompt_number'] = self.prompt_count
             self.msg['content']['output_sep2'] = self.output_sep2
 
     def write_result_repr(self, result_repr):
         self.msg['content']['data'] = result_repr
 
     def finish_displayhook(self):
         """Finish up all displayhook activities."""
         self.pub_socket.send_json(self.msg)
         self.msg = None
 
 
 class ZMQInteractiveShell(InteractiveShell):
     """A subclass of InteractiveShell for ZMQ."""
 
     displayhook_class = Type(ZMQDisplayHook)
 
     def system(self, cmd):
         cmd = self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2)
         sys.stdout.flush()
         sys.stderr.flush()
         p = Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE)
         for line in p.stdout.read().split('\n'):
             if len(line) > 0:
                 print line
         for line in p.stderr.read().split('\n'):
             if len(line) > 0:
                 print line
         p.wait()
 
     def init_io(self):
         # This will just use sys.stdout and sys.stderr. If you want to
         # override sys.stdout and sys.stderr themselves, you need to do that
         # *before* instantiating this class, because Term holds onto 
         # references to the underlying streams.
         import IPython.utils.io
         Term = IPython.utils.io.IOTerm()
         IPython.utils.io.Term = Term
 
     def magic_edit(self,parameter_s='',last_call=['','']):
         """Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
 
         Usage:
           %edit [options] [args]
 
         %edit runs IPython's editor hook.  The default version of this hook is
         set to call the __IPYTHON__.rc.editor command.  This is read from your
         environment variable $EDITOR.  If this isn't found, it will default to
         vi under Linux/Unix and to notepad under Windows.  See the end of this
         docstring for how to change the editor hook.
 
         You can also set the value of this editor via the command line option
         '-editor' or in your ipythonrc file. This is useful if you wish to use
         specifically for IPython an editor different from your typical default
         (and for Windows users who typically don't set environment variables).
 
         This command allows you to conveniently edit multi-line code right in
         your IPython session.
         
         If called without arguments, %edit opens up an empty editor with a
         temporary file and will execute the contents of this file when you
         close it (don't forget to save it!).
 
 
         Options:
 
         -n <number>: open the editor at a specified line number.  By default,
         the IPython editor hook uses the unix syntax 'editor +N filename', but
         you can configure this by providing your own modified hook if your
         favorite editor supports line-number specifications with a different
         syntax.
         
         -p: this will call the editor with the same data as the previous time
         it was used, regardless of how long ago (in your current session) it
         was.
 
         -r: use 'raw' input.  This option only applies to input taken from the
         user's history.  By default, the 'processed' history is used, so that
         magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python.  If
         this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is
         used instead.  When you exit the editor, it will be executed by
         IPython's own processor.
         
         -x: do not execute the edited code immediately upon exit. This is
         mainly useful if you are editing programs which need to be called with
         command line arguments, which you can then do using %run.
 
 
         Arguments:
 
         If arguments are given, the following possibilites exist:
 
         - The arguments are numbers or pairs of colon-separated numbers (like
         1 4:8 9). These are interpreted as lines of previous input to be
         loaded into the editor. The syntax is the same of the %macro command.
 
         - If the argument doesn't start with a number, it is evaluated as a
         variable and its contents loaded into the editor. You can thus edit
         any string which contains python code (including the result of
         previous edits).
 
         - If the argument is the name of an object (other than a string),
         IPython will try to locate the file where it was defined and open the
         editor at the point where it is defined. You can use `%edit function`
         to load an editor exactly at the point where 'function' is defined,
         edit it and have the file be executed automatically.
 
         If the object is a macro (see %macro for details), this opens up your
         specified editor with a temporary file containing the macro's data.
         Upon exit, the macro is reloaded with the contents of the file.
 
         Note: opening at an exact line is only supported under Unix, and some
         editors (like kedit and gedit up to Gnome 2.8) do not understand the
         '+NUMBER' parameter necessary for this feature. Good editors like
         (X)Emacs, vi, jed, pico and joe all do.
 
         - If the argument is not found as a variable, IPython will look for a
         file with that name (adding .py if necessary) and load it into the
         editor. It will execute its contents with execfile() when you exit,
         loading any code in the file into your interactive namespace.
 
         After executing your code, %edit will return as output the code you
         typed in the editor (except when it was an existing file). This way
         you can reload the code in further invocations of %edit as a variable,
         via _<NUMBER> or Out[<NUMBER>], where <NUMBER> is the prompt number of
         the output.
 
         Note that %edit is also available through the alias %ed.
 
         This is an example of creating a simple function inside the editor and
         then modifying it. First, start up the editor:
 
         In [1]: ed
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         Out[1]: 'def foo():n    print "foo() was defined in an editing session"n'
 
         We can then call the function foo():
         
         In [2]: foo()
         foo() was defined in an editing session
 
         Now we edit foo.  IPython automatically loads the editor with the
         (temporary) file where foo() was previously defined:
         
         In [3]: ed foo
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
 
         And if we call foo() again we get the modified version:
         
         In [4]: foo()
         foo() has now been changed!
 
         Here is an example of how to edit a code snippet successive
         times. First we call the editor:
 
         In [5]: ed
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         hello
         Out[5]: "print 'hello'n"
 
         Now we call it again with the previous output (stored in _):
 
         In [6]: ed _
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         hello world
         Out[6]: "print 'hello world'n"
 
         Now we call it with the output #8 (stored in _8, also as Out[8]):
 
         In [7]: ed _8
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         hello again
         Out[7]: "print 'hello again'n"
 
 
         Changing the default editor hook:
 
         If you wish to write your own editor hook, you can put it in a
         configuration file which you load at startup time.  The default hook
         is defined in the IPython.core.hooks module, and you can use that as a
         starting example for further modifications.  That file also has
         general instructions on how to set a new hook for use once you've
         defined it."""
         
         # FIXME: This function has become a convoluted mess.  It needs a
         # ground-up rewrite with clean, simple logic.
 
         def make_filename(arg):
             "Make a filename from the given args"
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(arg)
             except IOError:
                 if args.endswith('.py'):
                     filename = arg
                 else:
                     filename = None
             return filename
 
         # custom exceptions
         class DataIsObject(Exception): pass
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'prn:')
         # Set a few locals from the options for convenience:
         opts_p = opts.has_key('p')
         opts_r = opts.has_key('r')
         
         # Default line number value
         lineno = opts.get('n',None)
         if lineno is not None:
             try:
                 lineno = int(lineno)
             except:
                 warn("The -n argument must be an integer.")
                 return
 
         if opts_p:
             args = '_%s' % last_call[0]
             if not self.shell.user_ns.has_key(args):
                 args = last_call[1]
             
         # use last_call to remember the state of the previous call, but don't
         # let it be clobbered by successive '-p' calls.
         try:
             last_call[0] = self.shell.displayhook.prompt_count
             if not opts_p:
                 last_call[1] = parameter_s
         except:
             pass
 
         # by default this is done with temp files, except when the given
         # arg is a filename
         use_temp = 1
 
         if re.match(r'\d',args):
             # Mode where user specifies ranges of lines, like in %macro.
             # This means that you can't edit files whose names begin with
             # numbers this way. Tough.
             ranges = args.split()
             data = ''.join(self.extract_input_slices(ranges,opts_r))
         elif args.endswith('.py'):
             filename = make_filename(args)
             data = ''
             use_temp = 0
         elif args:
             try:
                 # Load the parameter given as a variable. If not a string,
                 # process it as an object instead (below)
 
                 #print '*** args',args,'type',type(args)  # dbg
                 data = eval(args,self.shell.user_ns)
                 if not type(data) in StringTypes:
                     raise DataIsObject
 
             except (NameError,SyntaxError):
                 # given argument is not a variable, try as a filename
                 filename = make_filename(args)
                 if filename is None:
                     warn("Argument given (%s) can't be found as a variable "
                          "or as a filename." % args)
                     return
 
                 data = ''
                 use_temp = 0
             except DataIsObject:
 
                 # macros have a special edit function
                 if isinstance(data,Macro):
                     self._edit_macro(args,data)
                     return
                                 
                 # For objects, try to edit the file where they are defined
                 try:
                     filename = inspect.getabsfile(data)
                     if 'fakemodule' in filename.lower() and inspect.isclass(data):                     
                         # class created by %edit? Try to find source
                         # by looking for method definitions instead, the
                         # __module__ in those classes is FakeModule.
                         attrs = [getattr(data, aname) for aname in dir(data)]
                         for attr in attrs:
                             if not inspect.ismethod(attr):
                                 continue
                             filename = inspect.getabsfile(attr)
                             if filename and 'fakemodule' not in filename.lower():
                                 # change the attribute to be the edit target instead
                                 data = attr 
                                 break
                     
                     datafile = 1
                 except TypeError:
                     filename = make_filename(args)
                     datafile = 1
                     warn('Could not find file where `%s` is defined.\n'
                          'Opening a file named `%s`' % (args,filename))
                 # Now, make sure we can actually read the source (if it was in
                 # a temp file it's gone by now).
                 if datafile:
                     try:
                         if lineno is None:
                             lineno = inspect.getsourcelines(data)[1]
                     except IOError:
                         filename = make_filename(args)
                         if filename is None:
                             warn('The file `%s` where `%s` was defined cannot '
                                  'be read.' % (filename,data))
                             return
                 use_temp = 0
         else:
             data = ''
 
         if use_temp:
             filename = self.shell.mktempfile(data)
             print 'IPython will make a temporary file named:',filename
 
         payload = {
             'source' : 'IPython.zmq.zmqshell.ZMQInteractiveShell.edit_magic',
             'filename' : filename,
             'line_number' : lineno
         }
         self.payload_manager.write_payload(payload)
 
 
     def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb):
 
         exc_content = {
             u'status' : u'error',
             u'traceback' : stb,
             u'ename' : unicode(etype.__name__),
             u'evalue' : unicode(evalue)
         }
 
         dh = self.displayhook
         exc_msg = dh.session.msg(u'pyerr', exc_content, dh.parent_header)
         # Send exception info over pub socket for other clients than the caller
         # to pick up
         dh.pub_socket.send_json(exc_msg)
 
         # FIXME - Hack: store exception info in shell object.  Right now, the
         # caller is reading this info after the fact, we need to fix this logic
         # to remove this hack.
         self._reply_content = exc_content
         # /FIXME
         
         return exc_content
 
     def runlines(self, lines, clean=False):
         return InteractiveShell.runlines(self, lines, clean)
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(ZMQInteractiveShell)