Merge branch 'main' into shaperilio/autoreload-verbosity

.github/workflows/python-package.yml

@@ -1,39 +1,39 b''
 # This workflow will install Python dependencies, run tests and lint with a variety of Python versions
 # For more information see: https://help.github.com/actions/language-and-framework-guides/using-python-with-github-actions
 
 name: Python package
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
 
 on:
   push:
     branches: [ main, 7.x ]
   pull_request:
     branches: [ main, 7.x ]
 
 jobs:
   formatting:
 
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 5
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       with:
         fetch-depth: 0
     - name: Set up Python
       uses: actions/setup-python@v4
       with:
         python-version: 3.x
     - name: Install dependencies
       run: |
         python -m pip install --upgrade pip
-        pip install darker black==21.12b0
+        pip install darker==1.5.1 black==22.10.0
     - name: Lint with darker
       run: |
         darker -r 60625f241f298b5039cb2debc365db38aa7bb522 --check --diff . || (
         echo "Changes need auto-formatting. Run:"
         echo "    darker -r 60625f241f298b5039cb2debc365db38aa7bb522"
         echo "then commit and push changes to fix."
         exit 1
         )

.gitignore

@@ -1,40 +1,39 b''
 MANIFEST
 build
 dist
 _build
 docs/man/*.gz
 docs/source/api/generated
 docs/source/config/options
 docs/source/config/shortcuts/*.csv
 docs/source/savefig
 docs/source/interactive/magics-generated.txt
 docs/gh-pages
 jupyter_notebook/notebook/static/mathjax
 jupyter_notebook/static/style/*.map
 *.py[co]
 __pycache__
 *.egg-info
 *~
 *.bak
 .ipynb_checkpoints
 .tox
 .DS_Store
 \#*#
 .#*
 .cache
 .coverage
 *.swp
-.vscode
 .pytest_cache
 .python-version
 venv*/
 .mypy_cache/
 
 # jetbrains ide stuff
 *.iml
 .idea/
 
 # vscode ide stuff
 *.code-workspace
 .history
 .vscode

IPython/core/compilerop.py

@@ -1,196 +1,199 b''
 """Compiler tools with improved interactive support.
 
 Provides compilation machinery similar to codeop, but with caching support so
 we can provide interactive tracebacks.
 
 Authors
 -------
 * Robert Kern
 * Fernando Perez
 * Thomas Kluyver
 """
 
 # Note: though it might be more natural to name this module 'compiler', that
 # name is in the stdlib and name collisions with the stdlib tend to produce
 # weird problems (often with third-party tools).
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2010-2011 The IPython Development Team.
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Stdlib imports
 import __future__
 from ast import PyCF_ONLY_AST
 import codeop
 import functools
 import hashlib
 import linecache
 import operator
 import time
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Constants
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Roughly equal to PyCF_MASK | PyCF_MASK_OBSOLETE as defined in pythonrun.h,
 # this is used as a bitmask to extract future-related code flags.
 PyCF_MASK = functools.reduce(operator.or_,
                              (getattr(__future__, fname).compiler_flag
                               for fname in __future__.all_feature_names))
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Local utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def code_name(code, number=0):
     """ Compute a (probably) unique name for code for caching.
 
     This now expects code to be unicode.
     """
     hash_digest = hashlib.sha1(code.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()
     # Include the number and 12 characters of the hash in the name.  It's
     # pretty much impossible that in a single session we'll have collisions
     # even with truncated hashes, and the full one makes tracebacks too long
     return '<ipython-input-{0}-{1}>'.format(number, hash_digest[:12])
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes and functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class CachingCompiler(codeop.Compile):
     """A compiler that caches code compiled from interactive statements.
     """
 
     def __init__(self):
         codeop.Compile.__init__(self)
 
-        # This is ugly, but it must be done this way to allow multiple
-        # simultaneous ipython instances to coexist.  Since Python itself
-        # directly accesses the data structures in the linecache module, and
-        # the cache therein is global, we must work with that data structure.
-        # We must hold a reference to the original checkcache routine and call
-        # that in our own check_cache() below, but the special IPython cache
-        # must also be shared by all IPython instances.  If we were to hold
-        # separate caches (one in each CachingCompiler instance), any call made
-        # by Python itself to linecache.checkcache() would obliterate the
-        # cached data from the other IPython instances.
-        if not hasattr(linecache, '_ipython_cache'):
-            linecache._ipython_cache = {}
-        if not hasattr(linecache, '_checkcache_ori'):
-            linecache._checkcache_ori = linecache.checkcache
-        # Now, we must monkeypatch the linecache directly so that parts of the
-        # stdlib that call it outside our control go through our codepath
-        # (otherwise we'd lose our tracebacks).
-        linecache.checkcache = check_linecache_ipython
-
         # Caching a dictionary { filename: execution_count } for nicely
         # rendered tracebacks. The filename corresponds to the filename
         # argument used for the builtins.compile function.
         self._filename_map = {}
 
     def ast_parse(self, source, filename='<unknown>', symbol='exec'):
         """Parse code to an AST with the current compiler flags active.
 
         Arguments are exactly the same as ast.parse (in the standard library),
         and are passed to the built-in compile function."""
         return compile(source, filename, symbol, self.flags | PyCF_ONLY_AST, 1)
 
     def reset_compiler_flags(self):
         """Reset compiler flags to default state."""
         # This value is copied from codeop.Compile.__init__, so if that ever
         # changes, it will need to be updated.
         self.flags = codeop.PyCF_DONT_IMPLY_DEDENT
 
     @property
     def compiler_flags(self):
         """Flags currently active in the compilation process.
         """
         return self.flags
 
     def get_code_name(self, raw_code, transformed_code, number):
         """Compute filename given the code, and the cell number.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_code : str
             The raw cell code.
         transformed_code : str
             The executable Python source code to cache and compile.
         number : int
             A number which forms part of the code's name. Used for the execution
             counter.
 
         Returns
         -------
         The computed filename.
         """
         return code_name(transformed_code, number)
 
     def cache(self, transformed_code, number=0, raw_code=None):
         """Make a name for a block of code, and cache the code.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         transformed_code : str
             The executable Python source code to cache and compile.
         number : int
             A number which forms part of the code's name. Used for the execution
             counter.
         raw_code : str
             The raw code before transformation, if None, set to `transformed_code`.
 
         Returns
         -------
         The name of the cached code (as a string). Pass this as the filename
         argument to compilation, so that tracebacks are correctly hooked up.
         """
         if raw_code is None:
             raw_code = transformed_code
 
         name = self.get_code_name(raw_code, transformed_code, number)
 
         # Save the execution count
         self._filename_map[name] = number
 
+        # Since Python 2.5, setting mtime to `None` means the lines will
+        # never be removed by `linecache.checkcache`.  This means all the
+        # monkeypatching has *never* been necessary, since this code was
+        # only added in 2010, at which point IPython had already stopped
+        # supporting Python 2.4.
+        #
+        # Note that `linecache.clearcache` and `linecache.updatecache` may
+        # still remove our code from the cache, but those show explicit
+        # intent, and we should not try to interfere.  Normally the former
+        # is never called except when out of memory, and the latter is only
+        # called for lines *not* in the cache.
         entry = (
             len(transformed_code),
-            time.time(),
+            None,
             [line + "\n" for line in transformed_code.splitlines()],
             name,
         )
         linecache.cache[name] = entry
-        linecache._ipython_cache[name] = entry
         return name
 
     @contextmanager
     def extra_flags(self, flags):
         ## bits that we'll set to 1
         turn_on_bits = ~self.flags & flags
 
 
         self.flags = self.flags | flags
         try:
             yield
         finally:
             # turn off only the bits we turned on so that something like
             # __future__ that set flags stays.
             self.flags &= ~turn_on_bits
 
 
 def check_linecache_ipython(*args):
-    """Call linecache.checkcache() safely protecting our cached values.
+    """Deprecated since IPython 8.6.  Call linecache.checkcache() directly.
+
+    It was already not necessary to call this function directly.  If no
+    CachingCompiler had been created, this function would fail badly.  If
+    an instance had been created, this function would've been monkeypatched
+    into place.
+
+    As of IPython 8.6, the monkeypatching has gone away entirely.  But there
+    were still internal callers of this function, so maybe external callers
+    also existed?
     """
-    # First call the original checkcache as intended
-    linecache._checkcache_ori(*args)
-    # Then, update back the cache with our data, so that tracebacks related
-    # to our compiled codes can be produced.
-    linecache.cache.update(linecache._ipython_cache)
+    import warnings
+
+    warnings.warn(
+        "Deprecated Since IPython 8.6, Just call linecache.checkcache() directly.",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    linecache.checkcache()

IPython/core/completer.py

@@ -1,2276 +1,2957 b''
 """Completion for IPython.
 
 This module started as fork of the rlcompleter module in the Python standard
 library.  The original enhancements made to rlcompleter have been sent
 upstream and were accepted as of Python 2.3,
 
 This module now support a wide variety of completion mechanism both available
 for normal classic Python code, as well as completer for IPython specific
 Syntax like magics.
 
 Latex and Unicode completion
 ============================
 
 IPython and compatible frontends not only can complete your code, but can help
 you to input a wide range of characters. In particular we allow you to insert
 a unicode character using the tab completion mechanism.
 
 Forward latex/unicode completion
 --------------------------------
 
 Forward completion allows you to easily type a unicode character using its latex
 name, or unicode long description. To do so type a backslash follow by the
 relevant name and press tab:
 
 
 Using latex completion:
 
 .. code::
 
     \\alpha<tab>
     α
 
 or using unicode completion:
 
 
 .. code::
 
     \\GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA<tab>
     α
 
 
 Only valid Python identifiers will complete. Combining characters (like arrow or
 dots) are also available, unlike latex they need to be put after the their
 counterpart that is to say, ``F\\\\vec<tab>`` is correct, not ``\\\\vec<tab>F``.
 
 Some browsers are known to display combining characters incorrectly.
 
 Backward latex completion
 -------------------------
 
 It is sometime challenging to know how to type a character, if you are using
 IPython, or any compatible frontend you can prepend backslash to the character
 and press ``<tab>`` to expand it to its latex form.
 
 .. code::
 
     \\α<tab>
     \\alpha
 
 
 Both forward and backward completions can be deactivated by setting the
 ``Completer.backslash_combining_completions`` option to ``False``.
 
 
 Experimental
 ============
 
 Starting with IPython 6.0, this module can make use of the Jedi library to
 generate completions both using static analysis of the code, and dynamically
 inspecting multiple namespaces. Jedi is an autocompletion and static analysis
 for Python. The APIs attached to this new mechanism is unstable and will
 raise unless use in an :any:`provisionalcompleter` context manager.
 
 You will find that the following are experimental:
 
     - :any:`provisionalcompleter`
     - :any:`IPCompleter.completions`
     - :any:`Completion`
     - :any:`rectify_completions`
 
 .. note::
 
     better name for :any:`rectify_completions` ?
 
 We welcome any feedback on these new API, and we also encourage you to try this
 module in debug mode (start IPython with ``--Completer.debug=True``) in order
 to have extra logging information if :any:`jedi` is crashing, or if current
 IPython completer pending deprecations are returning results not yet handled
 by :any:`jedi`
 
 Using Jedi for tab completion allow snippets like the following to work without
 having to execute any code:
 
    >>> myvar = ['hello', 42]
    ... myvar[1].bi<tab>
 
 Tab completion will be able to infer that ``myvar[1]`` is a real number without
 executing any code unlike the previously available ``IPCompleter.greedy``
 option.
 
 Be sure to update :any:`jedi` to the latest stable version or to try the
 current development version to get better completions.
+
+Matchers
+========
+
+All completions routines are implemented using unified *Matchers* API.
+The matchers API is provisional and subject to change without notice.
+
+The built-in matchers include:
+
+- :any:`IPCompleter.dict_key_matcher`:  dictionary key completions,
+- :any:`IPCompleter.magic_matcher`: completions for magics,
+- :any:`IPCompleter.unicode_name_matcher`,
+  :any:`IPCompleter.fwd_unicode_matcher`
+  and :any:`IPCompleter.latex_name_matcher`: see `Forward latex/unicode completion`_,
+- :any:`back_unicode_name_matcher` and :any:`back_latex_name_matcher`: see `Backward latex completion`_,
+- :any:`IPCompleter.file_matcher`: paths to files and directories,
+- :any:`IPCompleter.python_func_kw_matcher` - function keywords,
+- :any:`IPCompleter.python_matches` - globals and attributes (v1 API),
+- ``IPCompleter.jedi_matcher`` - static analysis with Jedi,
+- :any:`IPCompleter.custom_completer_matcher` - pluggable completer with a default
+  implementation in :any:`InteractiveShell` which uses IPython hooks system
+  (`complete_command`) with string dispatch (including regular expressions).
+  Differently to other matchers, ``custom_completer_matcher`` will not suppress
+  Jedi results to match behaviour in earlier IPython versions.
+
+Custom matchers can be added by appending to ``IPCompleter.custom_matchers`` list.
+
+Matcher API
+-----------
+
+Simplifying some details, the ``Matcher`` interface can described as
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    MatcherAPIv1 = Callable[[str], list[str]]
+    MatcherAPIv2 = Callable[[CompletionContext], SimpleMatcherResult]
+
+    Matcher = MatcherAPIv1 | MatcherAPIv2
+
+The ``MatcherAPIv1`` reflects the matcher API as available prior to IPython 8.6.0
+and remains supported as a simplest way for generating completions. This is also
+currently the only API supported by the IPython hooks system `complete_command`.
+
+To distinguish between matcher versions ``matcher_api_version`` attribute is used.
+More precisely, the API allows to omit ``matcher_api_version`` for v1 Matchers,
+and requires a literal ``2`` for v2 Matchers.
+
+Once the API stabilises future versions may relax the requirement for specifying
+``matcher_api_version`` by switching to :any:`functools.singledispatch`, therefore
+please do not rely on the presence of ``matcher_api_version`` for any purposes.
+
+Suppression of competing matchers
+---------------------------------
+
+By default results from all matchers are combined, in the order determined by
+their priority. Matchers can request to suppress results from subsequent
+matchers by setting ``suppress`` to ``True`` in the ``MatcherResult``.
+
+When multiple matchers simultaneously request surpression, the results from of
+the matcher with higher priority will be returned.
+
+Sometimes it is desirable to suppress most but not all other matchers;
+this can be achieved by adding a list of identifiers of matchers which
+should not be suppressed to ``MatcherResult`` under ``do_not_suppress`` key.
+
+The suppression behaviour can is user-configurable via
+:any:`IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers`.
 """
 
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 # Some of this code originated from rlcompleter in the Python standard library
 # Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation, www.python.org
 
-
+from __future__ import annotations
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import glob
 import inspect
 import itertools
 import keyword
 import os
 import re
 import string
 import sys
 import time
 import unicodedata
 import uuid
 import warnings
 from contextlib import contextmanager
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from functools import cached_property, partial
 from importlib import import_module
 from types import SimpleNamespace
-from typing import Iterable, Iterator, List, Tuple, Union, Any, Sequence, Dict, NamedTuple, Pattern, Optional
+from typing import (
+    Iterable,
+    Iterator,
+    List,
+    Tuple,
+    Union,
+    Any,
+    Sequence,
+    Dict,
+    NamedTuple,
+    Pattern,
+    Optional,
+    TYPE_CHECKING,
+    Set,
+    Literal,
+)
 
 from IPython.core.error import TryNext
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer2 import ESC_MAGIC
 from IPython.core.latex_symbols import latex_symbols, reverse_latex_symbol
 from IPython.core.oinspect import InspectColors
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils import generics
+from IPython.utils.decorators import sphinx_options
 from IPython.utils.dir2 import dir2, get_real_method
+from IPython.utils.docs import GENERATING_DOCUMENTATION
 from IPython.utils.path import ensure_dir_exists
 from IPython.utils.process import arg_split
-from traitlets import Bool, Enum, Int, List as ListTrait, Unicode, default, observe
+from traitlets import (
+    Bool,
+    Enum,
+    Int,
+    List as ListTrait,
+    Unicode,
+    Dict as DictTrait,
+    Union as UnionTrait,
+    default,
+    observe,
+)
 from traitlets.config.configurable import Configurable
 
 import __main__
 
 # skip module docstests
 __skip_doctest__ = True
 
+
 try:
     import jedi
     jedi.settings.case_insensitive_completion = False
     import jedi.api.helpers
     import jedi.api.classes
     JEDI_INSTALLED = True
 except ImportError:
     JEDI_INSTALLED = False
-#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING or GENERATING_DOCUMENTATION:
+    from typing import cast
+    from typing_extensions import TypedDict, NotRequired, Protocol, TypeAlias
+else:
+
+    def cast(obj, type_):
+        """Workaround for `TypeError: MatcherAPIv2() takes no arguments`"""
+        return obj
+
+    # do not require on runtime
+    NotRequired = Tuple  # requires Python >=3.11
+    TypedDict = Dict  # by extension of `NotRequired` requires 3.11 too
+    Protocol = object  # requires Python >=3.8
+    TypeAlias = Any  # requires Python >=3.10
+if GENERATING_DOCUMENTATION:
+    from typing import TypedDict
+
+# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # ranges where we have most of the valid unicode names. We could be more finer
 # grained but is it worth it for performance  While unicode have character in the
 # range 0, 0x110000, we seem to have name for about 10% of those. (131808 as I
 # write this). With below range we cover them all, with a density of ~67%
 # biggest next gap we consider only adds up about 1% density and there are 600
 # gaps that would need hard coding.
 _UNICODE_RANGES = [(32, 0x3134b), (0xe0001, 0xe01f0)]
 
 # Public API
-__all__ = ['Completer','IPCompleter']
+__all__ = ["Completer", "IPCompleter"]
 
 if sys.platform == 'win32':
     PROTECTABLES = ' '
 else:
     PROTECTABLES = ' ()[]{}?=\\|;:\'#*"^&'
 
 # Protect against returning an enormous number of completions which the frontend
 # may have trouble processing.
 MATCHES_LIMIT = 500
 
+# Completion type reported when no type can be inferred.
+_UNKNOWN_TYPE = "<unknown>"
 
 class ProvisionalCompleterWarning(FutureWarning):
     """
     Exception raise by an experimental feature in this module.
 
     Wrap code in :any:`provisionalcompleter` context manager if you
     are certain you want to use an unstable feature.
     """
     pass
 
 warnings.filterwarnings('error', category=ProvisionalCompleterWarning)
 
 
 @skip_doctest
 @contextmanager
 def provisionalcompleter(action='ignore'):
     """
     This context manager has to be used in any place where unstable completer
     behavior and API may be called.
 
     >>> with provisionalcompleter():
     ...     completer.do_experimental_things() # works
 
     >>> completer.do_experimental_things() # raises.
 
     .. note::
 
         Unstable
 
         By using this context manager you agree that the API in use may change
         without warning, and that you won't complain if they do so.
 
         You also understand that, if the API is not to your liking, you should report
         a bug to explain your use case upstream.
 
         We'll be happy to get your feedback, feature requests, and improvements on
         any of the unstable APIs!
     """
     with warnings.catch_warnings():
         warnings.filterwarnings(action, category=ProvisionalCompleterWarning)
         yield
 
 
 def has_open_quotes(s):
     """Return whether a string has open quotes.
 
     This simply counts whether the number of quote characters of either type in
     the string is odd.
 
     Returns
     -------
     If there is an open quote, the quote character is returned.  Else, return
     False.
     """
     # We check " first, then ', so complex cases with nested quotes will get
     # the " to take precedence.
     if s.count('"') % 2:
         return '"'
     elif s.count("'") % 2:
         return "'"
     else:
         return False
 
 
 def protect_filename(s, protectables=PROTECTABLES):
     """Escape a string to protect certain characters."""
     if set(s) & set(protectables):
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             return '"' + s + '"'
         else:
             return "".join(("\\" + c if c in protectables else c) for c in s)
     else:
         return s
 
 
 def expand_user(path:str) -> Tuple[str, bool, str]:
     """Expand ``~``-style usernames in strings.
 
     This is similar to :func:`os.path.expanduser`, but it computes and returns
     extra information that will be useful if the input was being used in
     computing completions, and you wish to return the completions with the
     original '~' instead of its expanded value.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     path : str
         String to be expanded.  If no ~ is present, the output is the same as the
         input.
 
     Returns
     -------
     newpath : str
         Result of ~ expansion in the input path.
     tilde_expand : bool
         Whether any expansion was performed or not.
     tilde_val : str
         The value that ~ was replaced with.
     """
     # Default values
     tilde_expand = False
     tilde_val = ''
     newpath = path
 
     if path.startswith('~'):
         tilde_expand = True
         rest = len(path)-1
         newpath = os.path.expanduser(path)
         if rest:
             tilde_val = newpath[:-rest]
         else:
             tilde_val = newpath
 
     return newpath, tilde_expand, tilde_val
 
 
 def compress_user(path:str, tilde_expand:bool, tilde_val:str) -> str:
     """Does the opposite of expand_user, with its outputs.
     """
     if tilde_expand:
         return path.replace(tilde_val, '~')
     else:
         return path
 
 
 def completions_sorting_key(word):
     """key for sorting completions
 
     This does several things:
 
     - Demote any completions starting with underscores to the end
     - Insert any %magic and %%cellmagic completions in the alphabetical order
       by their name
     """
     prio1, prio2 = 0, 0
 
     if word.startswith('__'):
         prio1 = 2
     elif word.startswith('_'):
         prio1 = 1
 
     if word.endswith('='):
         prio1 = -1
 
     if word.startswith('%%'):
         # If there's another % in there, this is something else, so leave it alone
         if not "%" in word[2:]:
             word = word[2:]
             prio2 = 2
     elif word.startswith('%'):
         if not "%" in word[1:]:
             word = word[1:]
             prio2 = 1
 
     return prio1, word, prio2
 
 
 class _FakeJediCompletion:
     """
     This is a workaround to communicate to the UI that Jedi has crashed and to
     report a bug. Will be used only id :any:`IPCompleter.debug` is set to true.
 
     Added in IPython 6.0 so should likely be removed for 7.0
 
     """
 
     def __init__(self, name):
 
         self.name = name
         self.complete = name
         self.type = 'crashed'
         self.name_with_symbols = name
         self.signature = ''
         self._origin = 'fake'
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<Fake completion object jedi has crashed>'
 
 
+_JediCompletionLike = Union[jedi.api.Completion, _FakeJediCompletion]
+
+
 class Completion:
     """
-    Completion object used and return by IPython completers.
+    Completion object used and returned by IPython completers.
 
     .. warning::
 
         Unstable
 
         This function is unstable, API may change without warning.
         It will also raise unless use in proper context manager.
 
     This act as a middle ground :any:`Completion` object between the
     :any:`jedi.api.classes.Completion` object and the Prompt Toolkit completion
     object. While Jedi need a lot of information about evaluator and how the
     code should be ran/inspected, PromptToolkit (and other frontend) mostly
     need user facing information.
 
     - Which range should be replaced replaced by what.
     - Some metadata (like completion type), or meta information to displayed to
       the use user.
 
     For debugging purpose we can also store the origin of the completion (``jedi``,
     ``IPython.python_matches``, ``IPython.magics_matches``...).
     """
 
     __slots__ = ['start', 'end', 'text', 'type', 'signature', '_origin']
 
     def __init__(self, start: int, end: int, text: str, *, type: str=None, _origin='', signature='') -> None:
         warnings.warn("``Completion`` is a provisional API (as of IPython 6.0). "
                       "It may change without warnings. "
                       "Use in corresponding context manager.",
                       category=ProvisionalCompleterWarning, stacklevel=2)
 
         self.start = start
         self.end = end
         self.text = text
         self.type = type
         self.signature = signature
         self._origin = _origin
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<Completion start=%s end=%s text=%r type=%r, signature=%r,>' % \
                 (self.start, self.end, self.text, self.type or '?', self.signature or '?')
 
     def __eq__(self, other)->Bool:
         """
         Equality and hash do not hash the type (as some completer may not be
         able to infer the type), but are use to (partially) de-duplicate
         completion.
 
         Completely de-duplicating completion is a bit tricker that just
         comparing as it depends on surrounding text, which Completions are not
         aware of.
         """
         return self.start == other.start and \
             self.end == other.end and \
             self.text == other.text
 
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash((self.start, self.end, self.text))
 
 
+class SimpleCompletion:
+    """Completion item to be included in the dictionary returned by new-style Matcher (API v2).
+
+    .. warning::
+
+        Provisional
+
+        This class is used to describe the currently supported attributes of
+        simple completion items, and any additional implementation details
+        should not be relied on. Additional attributes may be included in
+        future versions, and meaning of text disambiguated from the current
+        dual meaning of "text to insert" and "text to used as a label".
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ["text", "type"]
+
+    def __init__(self, text: str, *, type: str = None):
+        self.text = text
+        self.type = type
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<SimpleCompletion text={self.text!r} type={self.type!r}>"
+
+
+class _MatcherResultBase(TypedDict):
+    """Definition of dictionary to be returned by new-style Matcher (API v2)."""
+
+    #: Suffix of the provided ``CompletionContext.token``, if not given defaults to full token.
+    matched_fragment: NotRequired[str]
+
+    #: Whether to suppress results from all other matchers (True), some
+    #: matchers (set of identifiers) or none (False); default is False.
+    suppress: NotRequired[Union[bool, Set[str]]]
+
+    #: Identifiers of matchers which should NOT be suppressed when this matcher
+    #: requests to suppress all other matchers; defaults to an empty set.
+    do_not_suppress: NotRequired[Set[str]]
+
+    #: Are completions already ordered and should be left as-is? default is False.
+    ordered: NotRequired[bool]
+
+
+@sphinx_options(show_inherited_members=True, exclude_inherited_from=["dict"])
+class SimpleMatcherResult(_MatcherResultBase, TypedDict):
+    """Result of new-style completion matcher."""
+
+    # note: TypedDict is added again to the inheritance chain
+    # in order to get __orig_bases__ for documentation
+
+    #: List of candidate completions
+    completions: Sequence[SimpleCompletion]
+
+
+class _JediMatcherResult(_MatcherResultBase):
+    """Matching result returned by Jedi (will be processed differently)"""
+
+    #: list of candidate completions
+    completions: Iterable[_JediCompletionLike]
+
+
+@dataclass
+class CompletionContext:
+    """Completion context provided as an argument to matchers in the Matcher API v2."""
+
+    # rationale: many legacy matchers relied on completer state (`self.text_until_cursor`)
+    # which was not explicitly visible as an argument of the matcher, making any refactor
+    # prone to errors; by explicitly passing `cursor_position` we can decouple the matchers
+    # from the completer, and make substituting them in sub-classes easier.
+
+    #: Relevant fragment of code directly preceding the cursor.
+    #: The extraction of token is implemented via splitter heuristic
+    #: (following readline behaviour for legacy reasons), which is user configurable
+    #: (by switching the greedy mode).
+    token: str
+
+    #: The full available content of the editor or buffer
+    full_text: str
+
+    #: Cursor position in the line (the same for ``full_text`` and ``text``).
+    cursor_position: int
+
+    #: Cursor line in ``full_text``.
+    cursor_line: int
+
+    #: The maximum number of completions that will be used downstream.
+    #: Matchers can use this information to abort early.
+    #: The built-in Jedi matcher is currently excepted from this limit.
+    # If not given, return all possible completions.
+    limit: Optional[int]
+
+    @cached_property
+    def text_until_cursor(self) -> str:
+        return self.line_with_cursor[: self.cursor_position]
+
+    @cached_property
+    def line_with_cursor(self) -> str:
+        return self.full_text.split("\n")[self.cursor_line]
+
+
+#: Matcher results for API v2.
+MatcherResult = Union[SimpleMatcherResult, _JediMatcherResult]
+
+
+class _MatcherAPIv1Base(Protocol):
+    def __call__(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
+        """Call signature."""
+
+
+class _MatcherAPIv1Total(_MatcherAPIv1Base, Protocol):
+    #: API version
+    matcher_api_version: Optional[Literal[1]]
+
+    def __call__(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
+        """Call signature."""
+
+
+#: Protocol describing Matcher API v1.
+MatcherAPIv1: TypeAlias = Union[_MatcherAPIv1Base, _MatcherAPIv1Total]
+
+
+class MatcherAPIv2(Protocol):
+    """Protocol describing Matcher API v2."""
+
+    #: API version
+    matcher_api_version: Literal[2] = 2
+
+    def __call__(self, context: CompletionContext) -> MatcherResult:
+        """Call signature."""
+
+
+Matcher: TypeAlias = Union[MatcherAPIv1, MatcherAPIv2]
+
+
+def completion_matcher(
+    *, priority: float = None, identifier: str = None, api_version: int = 1
+):
+    """Adds attributes describing the matcher.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    priority : Optional[float]
+        The priority of the matcher, determines the order of execution of matchers.
+        Higher priority means that the matcher will be executed first. Defaults to 0.
+    identifier : Optional[str]
+        identifier of the matcher allowing users to modify the behaviour via traitlets,
+        and also used to for debugging (will be passed as ``origin`` with the completions).
+        Defaults to matcher function ``__qualname__``.
+    api_version: Optional[int]
+        version of the Matcher API used by this matcher.
+        Currently supported values are 1 and 2.
+        Defaults to 1.
+    """
+
+    def wrapper(func: Matcher):
+        func.matcher_priority = priority or 0
+        func.matcher_identifier = identifier or func.__qualname__
+        func.matcher_api_version = api_version
+        if TYPE_CHECKING:
+            if api_version == 1:
+                func = cast(func, MatcherAPIv1)
+            elif api_version == 2:
+                func = cast(func, MatcherAPIv2)
+        return func
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def _get_matcher_priority(matcher: Matcher):
+    return getattr(matcher, "matcher_priority", 0)
+
+
+def _get_matcher_id(matcher: Matcher):
+    return getattr(matcher, "matcher_identifier", matcher.__qualname__)
+
+
+def _get_matcher_api_version(matcher):
+    return getattr(matcher, "matcher_api_version", 1)
+
+
+context_matcher = partial(completion_matcher, api_version=2)
+
+
 _IC = Iterable[Completion]
 
 
 def _deduplicate_completions(text: str, completions: _IC)-> _IC:
     """
     Deduplicate a set of completions.
 
     .. warning::
 
         Unstable
 
         This function is unstable, API may change without warning.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     text : str
         text that should be completed.
     completions : Iterator[Completion]
         iterator over the completions to deduplicate
 
     Yields
     ------
     `Completions` objects
     Completions coming from multiple sources, may be different but end up having
     the same effect when applied to ``text``. If this is the case, this will
     consider completions as equal and only emit the first encountered.
     Not folded in `completions()` yet for debugging purpose, and to detect when
     the IPython completer does return things that Jedi does not, but should be
     at some point.
     """
     completions = list(completions)
     if not completions:
         return
 
     new_start = min(c.start for c in completions)
     new_end = max(c.end for c in completions)
 
     seen = set()
     for c in completions:
         new_text = text[new_start:c.start] + c.text + text[c.end:new_end]
         if new_text not in seen:
             yield c
             seen.add(new_text)
 
 
 def rectify_completions(text: str, completions: _IC, *, _debug: bool = False) -> _IC:
     """
     Rectify a set of completions to all have the same ``start`` and ``end``
 
     .. warning::
 
         Unstable
 
         This function is unstable, API may change without warning.
         It will also raise unless use in proper context manager.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     text : str
         text that should be completed.
     completions : Iterator[Completion]
         iterator over the completions to rectify
     _debug : bool
         Log failed completion
 
     Notes
     -----
     :any:`jedi.api.classes.Completion` s returned by Jedi may not have the same start and end, though
     the Jupyter Protocol requires them to behave like so. This will readjust
     the completion to have the same ``start`` and ``end`` by padding both
     extremities with surrounding text.
 
     During stabilisation should support a ``_debug`` option to log which
     completion are return by the IPython completer and not found in Jedi in
     order to make upstream bug report.
     """
     warnings.warn("`rectify_completions` is a provisional API (as of IPython 6.0). "
                  "It may change without warnings. "
                  "Use in corresponding context manager.",
                   category=ProvisionalCompleterWarning, stacklevel=2)
 
     completions = list(completions)
     if not completions:
         return
     starts = (c.start for c in completions)
     ends = (c.end for c in completions)
 
     new_start = min(starts)
     new_end = max(ends)
 
     seen_jedi = set()
     seen_python_matches = set()
     for c in completions:
         new_text = text[new_start:c.start] + c.text + text[c.end:new_end]
         if c._origin == 'jedi':
             seen_jedi.add(new_text)
         elif c._origin == 'IPCompleter.python_matches':
             seen_python_matches.add(new_text)
         yield Completion(new_start, new_end, new_text, type=c.type, _origin=c._origin, signature=c.signature)
     diff = seen_python_matches.difference(seen_jedi)
     if diff and _debug:
         print('IPython.python matches have extras:', diff)
 
 
 if sys.platform == 'win32':
     DELIMS = ' \t\n`!@#$^&*()=+[{]}|;\'",<>?'
 else:
     DELIMS = ' \t\n`!@#$^&*()=+[{]}\\|;:\'",<>?'
 
 GREEDY_DELIMS = ' =\r\n'
 
 
 class CompletionSplitter(object):
     """An object to split an input line in a manner similar to readline.
 
     By having our own implementation, we can expose readline-like completion in
     a uniform manner to all frontends.  This object only needs to be given the
     line of text to be split and the cursor position on said line, and it
     returns the 'word' to be completed on at the cursor after splitting the
     entire line.
 
     What characters are used as splitting delimiters can be controlled by
     setting the ``delims`` attribute (this is a property that internally
     automatically builds the necessary regular expression)"""
 
     # Private interface
 
     # A string of delimiter characters.  The default value makes sense for
     # IPython's most typical usage patterns.
     _delims = DELIMS
 
     # The expression (a normal string) to be compiled into a regular expression
     # for actual splitting.  We store it as an attribute mostly for ease of
     # debugging, since this type of code can be so tricky to debug.
     _delim_expr = None
 
     # The regular expression that does the actual splitting
     _delim_re = None
 
     def __init__(self, delims=None):
         delims = CompletionSplitter._delims if delims is None else delims
         self.delims = delims
 
     @property
     def delims(self):
         """Return the string of delimiter characters."""
         return self._delims
 
     @delims.setter
     def delims(self, delims):
         """Set the delimiters for line splitting."""
         expr = '[' + ''.join('\\'+ c for c in delims) + ']'
         self._delim_re = re.compile(expr)
         self._delims = delims
         self._delim_expr = expr
 
     def split_line(self, line, cursor_pos=None):
         """Split a line of text with a cursor at the given position.
         """
         l = line if cursor_pos is None else line[:cursor_pos]
         return self._delim_re.split(l)[-1]
 
 
 
 class Completer(Configurable):
 
     greedy = Bool(False,
         help="""Activate greedy completion
         PENDING DEPRECATION. this is now mostly taken care of with Jedi.
 
         This will enable completion on elements of lists, results of function calls, etc.,
         but can be unsafe because the code is actually evaluated on TAB.
         """,
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     use_jedi = Bool(default_value=JEDI_INSTALLED,
                     help="Experimental: Use Jedi to generate autocompletions. "
                     "Default to True if jedi is installed.").tag(config=True)
 
     jedi_compute_type_timeout = Int(default_value=400,
         help="""Experimental: restrict time (in milliseconds) during which Jedi can compute types.
         Set to 0 to stop computing types. Non-zero value lower than 100ms may hurt
         performance by preventing jedi to build its cache.
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     debug = Bool(default_value=False,
                  help='Enable debug for the Completer. Mostly print extra '
                       'information for experimental jedi integration.')\
                       .tag(config=True)
 
     backslash_combining_completions = Bool(True,
         help="Enable unicode completions, e.g. \\alpha<tab> . "
              "Includes completion of latex commands, unicode names, and expanding "
              "unicode characters back to latex commands.").tag(config=True)
 
     def __init__(self, namespace=None, global_namespace=None, **kwargs):
         """Create a new completer for the command line.
 
         Completer(namespace=ns, global_namespace=ns2) -> completer instance.
 
         If unspecified, the default namespace where completions are performed
         is __main__ (technically, __main__.__dict__). Namespaces should be
         given as dictionaries.
 
         An optional second namespace can be given.  This allows the completer
         to handle cases where both the local and global scopes need to be
         distinguished.
         """
 
         # Don't bind to namespace quite yet, but flag whether the user wants a
         # specific namespace or to use __main__.__dict__. This will allow us
         # to bind to __main__.__dict__ at completion time, not now.
         if namespace is None:
             self.use_main_ns = True
         else:
             self.use_main_ns = False
             self.namespace = namespace
 
         # The global namespace, if given, can be bound directly
         if global_namespace is None:
             self.global_namespace = {}
         else:
             self.global_namespace = global_namespace
 
         self.custom_matchers = []
 
         super(Completer, self).__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def complete(self, text, state):
         """Return the next possible completion for 'text'.
 
         This is called successively with state == 0, 1, 2, ... until it
         returns None.  The completion should begin with 'text'.
 
         """
         if self.use_main_ns:
             self.namespace = __main__.__dict__
 
         if state == 0:
             if "." in text:
                 self.matches = self.attr_matches(text)
             else:
                 self.matches = self.global_matches(text)
         try:
             return self.matches[state]
         except IndexError:
             return None
 
     def global_matches(self, text):
         """Compute matches when text is a simple name.
 
         Return a list of all keywords, built-in functions and names currently
         defined in self.namespace or self.global_namespace that match.
 
         """
         matches = []
         match_append = matches.append
         n = len(text)
         for lst in [
             keyword.kwlist,
             builtin_mod.__dict__.keys(),
             list(self.namespace.keys()),
             list(self.global_namespace.keys()),
         ]:
             for word in lst:
                 if word[:n] == text and word != "__builtins__":
                     match_append(word)
 
         snake_case_re = re.compile(r"[^_]+(_[^_]+)+?\Z")
         for lst in [list(self.namespace.keys()), list(self.global_namespace.keys())]:
             shortened = {
                 "_".join([sub[0] for sub in word.split("_")]): word
                 for word in lst
                 if snake_case_re.match(word)
             }
             for word in shortened.keys():
                 if word[:n] == text and word != "__builtins__":
                     match_append(shortened[word])
         return matches
 
     def attr_matches(self, text):
         """Compute matches when text contains a dot.
 
         Assuming the text is of the form NAME.NAME....[NAME], and is
         evaluatable in self.namespace or self.global_namespace, it will be
         evaluated and its attributes (as revealed by dir()) are used as
         possible completions.  (For class instances, class members are
         also considered.)
 
         WARNING: this can still invoke arbitrary C code, if an object
         with a __getattr__ hook is evaluated.
 
         """
 
         # Another option, seems to work great. Catches things like ''.<tab>
         m = re.match(r"(\S+(\.\w+)*)\.(\w*)$", text)
 
         if m:
             expr, attr = m.group(1, 3)
         elif self.greedy:
             m2 = re.match(r"(.+)\.(\w*)$", self.line_buffer)
             if not m2:
                 return []
             expr, attr = m2.group(1,2)
         else:
             return []
 
         try:
             obj = eval(expr, self.namespace)
         except:
             try:
                 obj = eval(expr, self.global_namespace)
             except:
                 return []
 
         if self.limit_to__all__ and hasattr(obj, '__all__'):
             words = get__all__entries(obj)
         else:
             words = dir2(obj)
 
         try:
             words = generics.complete_object(obj, words)
         except TryNext:
             pass
         except AssertionError:
             raise
         except Exception:
             # Silence errors from completion function
             #raise # dbg
             pass
         # Build match list to return
         n = len(attr)
         return [u"%s.%s" % (expr, w) for w in words if w[:n] == attr ]
 
 
 def get__all__entries(obj):
     """returns the strings in the __all__ attribute"""
     try:
         words = getattr(obj, '__all__')
     except:
         return []
 
     return [w for w in words if isinstance(w, str)]
 
 
 def match_dict_keys(keys: List[Union[str, bytes, Tuple[Union[str, bytes]]]], prefix: str, delims: str,
                     extra_prefix: Optional[Tuple[str, bytes]]=None) -> Tuple[str, int, List[str]]:
     """Used by dict_key_matches, matching the prefix to a list of keys
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     keys
         list of keys in dictionary currently being completed.
     prefix
         Part of the text already typed by the user. E.g. `mydict[b'fo`
     delims
         String of delimiters to consider when finding the current key.
     extra_prefix : optional
         Part of the text already typed in multi-key index cases. E.g. for
         `mydict['foo', "bar", 'b`, this would be `('foo', 'bar')`.
 
     Returns
     -------
     A tuple of three elements: ``quote``, ``token_start``, ``matched``, with
     ``quote`` being the quote that need to be used to close current string.
     ``token_start`` the position where the replacement should start occurring,
     ``matches`` a list of replacement/completion
 
     """
     prefix_tuple = extra_prefix if extra_prefix else ()
     Nprefix = len(prefix_tuple)
     def filter_prefix_tuple(key):
         # Reject too short keys
         if len(key) <= Nprefix:
             return False
         # Reject keys with non str/bytes in it
         for k in key:
             if not isinstance(k, (str, bytes)):
                 return False
         # Reject keys that do not match the prefix
         for k, pt in zip(key, prefix_tuple):
             if k != pt:
                 return False
         # All checks passed!
         return True
 
     filtered_keys:List[Union[str,bytes]] = []
     def _add_to_filtered_keys(key):
         if isinstance(key, (str, bytes)):
             filtered_keys.append(key)
 
     for k in keys:
         if isinstance(k, tuple):
             if filter_prefix_tuple(k):
                 _add_to_filtered_keys(k[Nprefix])
         else:
             _add_to_filtered_keys(k)
 
     if not prefix:
         return '', 0, [repr(k) for k in filtered_keys]
     quote_match = re.search('["\']', prefix)
     assert quote_match is not None # silence mypy
     quote = quote_match.group()
     try:
         prefix_str = eval(prefix + quote, {})
     except Exception:
         return '', 0, []
 
     pattern = '[^' + ''.join('\\' + c for c in delims) + ']*$'
     token_match = re.search(pattern, prefix, re.UNICODE)
     assert token_match is not None # silence mypy
     token_start = token_match.start()
     token_prefix = token_match.group()
 
     matched:List[str] = []
     for key in filtered_keys:
         try:
             if not key.startswith(prefix_str):
                 continue
         except (AttributeError, TypeError, UnicodeError):
             # Python 3+ TypeError on b'a'.startswith('a') or vice-versa
             continue
 
         # reformat remainder of key to begin with prefix
         rem = key[len(prefix_str):]
         # force repr wrapped in '
         rem_repr = repr(rem + '"') if isinstance(rem, str) else repr(rem + b'"')
         rem_repr = rem_repr[1 + rem_repr.index("'"):-2]
         if quote == '"':
             # The entered prefix is quoted with ",
             # but the match is quoted with '.
             # A contained " hence needs escaping for comparison:
             rem_repr = rem_repr.replace('"', '\\"')
 
         # then reinsert prefix from start of token
         matched.append('%s%s' % (token_prefix, rem_repr))
     return quote, token_start, matched
 
 
 def cursor_to_position(text:str, line:int, column:int)->int:
     """
     Convert the (line,column) position of the cursor in text to an offset in a
     string.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     text : str
         The text in which to calculate the cursor offset
     line : int
         Line of the cursor; 0-indexed
     column : int
         Column of the cursor 0-indexed
 
     Returns
     -------
     Position of the cursor in ``text``, 0-indexed.
 
     See Also
     --------
     position_to_cursor : reciprocal of this function
 
     """
     lines = text.split('\n')
     assert line <= len(lines), '{} <= {}'.format(str(line), str(len(lines)))
 
     return sum(len(l) + 1 for l in lines[:line]) + column
 
 def position_to_cursor(text:str, offset:int)->Tuple[int, int]:
     """
     Convert the position of the cursor in text (0 indexed) to a line
     number(0-indexed) and a column number (0-indexed) pair
 
     Position should be a valid position in ``text``.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     text : str
         The text in which to calculate the cursor offset
     offset : int
         Position of the cursor in ``text``, 0-indexed.
 
     Returns
     -------
     (line, column) : (int, int)
         Line of the cursor; 0-indexed, column of the cursor 0-indexed
 
     See Also
     --------
     cursor_to_position : reciprocal of this function
 
     """
 
     assert 0 <= offset <= len(text) , "0 <= %s <= %s" % (offset , len(text))
 
     before = text[:offset]
     blines = before.split('\n')  # ! splitnes trim trailing \n
     line = before.count('\n')
     col = len(blines[-1])
     return line, col
 
 
 def _safe_isinstance(obj, module, class_name):
     """Checks if obj is an instance of module.class_name if loaded
     """
     return (module in sys.modules and
             isinstance(obj, getattr(import_module(module), class_name)))
 
-def back_unicode_name_matches(text:str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
+
+@context_matcher()
+def back_unicode_name_matcher(context: CompletionContext):
+    """Match Unicode characters back to Unicode name
+
+    Same as :any:`back_unicode_name_matches`, but adopted to new Matcher API.
+    """
+    fragment, matches = back_unicode_name_matches(context.text_until_cursor)
+    return _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(
+        matches, type="unicode", fragment=fragment, suppress_if_matches=True
+    )
+
+
+def back_unicode_name_matches(text: str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
     """Match Unicode characters back to Unicode name
 
     This does  ``☃`` -> ``\\snowman``
 
     Note that snowman is not a valid python3 combining character but will be expanded.
     Though it will not recombine back to the snowman character by the completion machinery.
 
     This will not either back-complete standard sequences like \\n, \\b ...
 
+    .. deprecated:: 8.6
+        You can use :meth:`back_unicode_name_matcher` instead.
+
     Returns
     =======
 
     Return a tuple with two elements:
 
     - The Unicode character that was matched (preceded with a backslash), or
         empty string,
     - a sequence (of 1), name for the match Unicode character, preceded by
         backslash, or empty if no match.
-    
     """
     if len(text)<2:
         return '', ()
     maybe_slash = text[-2]
     if maybe_slash != '\\':
         return '', ()
 
     char = text[-1]
     # no expand on quote for completion in strings.
     # nor backcomplete standard ascii keys
     if char in string.ascii_letters or char in ('"',"'"):
         return '', ()
     try :
         unic = unicodedata.name(char)
         return '\\'+char,('\\'+unic,)
     except KeyError:
         pass
     return '', ()
 
-def back_latex_name_matches(text:str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]] :
+
+@context_matcher()
+def back_latex_name_matcher(context: CompletionContext):
+    """Match latex characters back to unicode name
+
+    Same as :any:`back_latex_name_matches`, but adopted to new Matcher API.
+    """
+    fragment, matches = back_latex_name_matches(context.text_until_cursor)
+    return _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(
+        matches, type="latex", fragment=fragment, suppress_if_matches=True
+    )
+
+
+def back_latex_name_matches(text: str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
     """Match latex characters back to unicode name
 
     This does ``\\ℵ`` -> ``\\aleph``
 
+    .. deprecated:: 8.6
+        You can use :meth:`back_latex_name_matcher` instead.
     """
     if len(text)<2:
         return '', ()
     maybe_slash = text[-2]
     if maybe_slash != '\\':
         return '', ()
 
 
     char = text[-1]
     # no expand on quote for completion in strings.
     # nor backcomplete standard ascii keys
     if char in string.ascii_letters or char in ('"',"'"):
         return '', ()
     try :
         latex = reverse_latex_symbol[char]
         # '\\' replace the \ as well
         return '\\'+char,[latex]
     except KeyError:
         pass
     return '', ()
 
 
 def _formatparamchildren(parameter) -> str:
     """
     Get parameter name and value from Jedi Private API
 
     Jedi does not expose a simple way to get `param=value` from its API.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     parameter
         Jedi's function `Param`
 
     Returns
     -------
     A string like 'a', 'b=1', '*args', '**kwargs'
 
     """
     description = parameter.description
     if not description.startswith('param '):
         raise ValueError('Jedi function parameter description have change format.'
                          'Expected "param ...", found %r".' % description)
     return description[6:]
 
 def _make_signature(completion)-> str:
     """
     Make the signature from a jedi completion
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     completion : jedi.Completion
         object does not complete a function type
 
     Returns
     -------
     a string consisting of the function signature, with the parenthesis but
     without the function name. example:
     `(a, *args, b=1, **kwargs)`
 
     """
 
     # it looks like this might work on jedi 0.17
     if hasattr(completion, 'get_signatures'):
         signatures = completion.get_signatures()
         if not signatures:
             return  '(?)'
 
         c0 = completion.get_signatures()[0]
         return '('+c0.to_string().split('(', maxsplit=1)[1]
 
     return '(%s)'% ', '.join([f for f in (_formatparamchildren(p) for signature in completion.get_signatures()
                                           for p in signature.defined_names()) if f])
 
 
-class _CompleteResult(NamedTuple):
-    matched_text : str
-    matches: Sequence[str]
-    matches_origin: Sequence[str]
-    jedi_matches: Any
+_CompleteResult = Dict[str, MatcherResult]
+
+
+def _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(
+    matches: Sequence[str],
+    type: str,
+    fragment: str = None,
+    suppress_if_matches: bool = False,
+) -> SimpleMatcherResult:
+    """Utility to help with transition"""
+    result = {
+        "completions": [SimpleCompletion(text=match, type=type) for match in matches],
+        "suppress": (True if matches else False) if suppress_if_matches else False,
+    }
+    if fragment is not None:
+        result["matched_fragment"] = fragment
+    return result
 
 
 class IPCompleter(Completer):
     """Extension of the completer class with IPython-specific features"""
 
     __dict_key_regexps: Optional[Dict[bool,Pattern]] = None
 
     @observe('greedy')
     def _greedy_changed(self, change):
         """update the splitter and readline delims when greedy is changed"""
         if change['new']:
             self.splitter.delims = GREEDY_DELIMS
         else:
             self.splitter.delims = DELIMS
 
-    dict_keys_only = Bool(False,
-        help="""Whether to show dict key matches only""")
+    dict_keys_only = Bool(
+        False,
+        help="""
+        Whether to show dict key matches only.
+        
+        (disables all matchers except for `IPCompleter.dict_key_matcher`).
+        """,
+    )
+
+    suppress_competing_matchers = UnionTrait(
+        [Bool(allow_none=True), DictTrait(Bool(None, allow_none=True))],
+        default_value=None,
+        help="""
+        Whether to suppress completions from other *Matchers*.
+
+        When set to ``None`` (default) the matchers will attempt to auto-detect
+        whether suppression of other matchers is desirable. For example, at
+        the beginning of a line followed by `%` we expect a magic completion
+        to be the only applicable option, and after ``my_dict['`` we usually
+        expect a completion with an existing dictionary key.
+
+        If you want to disable this heuristic and see completions from all matchers,
+        set ``IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers = False``.
+        To disable the heuristic for specific matchers provide a dictionary mapping:
+        ``IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers = {'IPCompleter.dict_key_matcher': False}``.
+
+        Set ``IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers = True`` to limit
+        completions to the set of matchers with the highest priority;
+        this is equivalent to ``IPCompleter.merge_completions`` and
+        can be beneficial for performance, but will sometimes omit relevant
+        candidates from matchers further down the priority list.
+        """,
+    ).tag(config=True)
 
-    merge_completions = Bool(True,
+    merge_completions = Bool(
+        True,
         help="""Whether to merge completion results into a single list
 
         If False, only the completion results from the first non-empty
         completer will be returned.
-        """
+        
+        As of version 8.6.0, setting the value to ``False`` is an alias for:
+        ``IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers = True.``.
+        """,
+    ).tag(config=True)
+
+    disable_matchers = ListTrait(
+        Unicode(), help="""List of matchers to disable."""
     ).tag(config=True)
-    omit__names = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=2,
+
+    omit__names = Enum(
+        (0, 1, 2),
+        default_value=2,
         help="""Instruct the completer to omit private method names
 
         Specifically, when completing on ``object.<tab>``.
 
         When 2 [default]: all names that start with '_' will be excluded.
 
         When 1: all 'magic' names (``__foo__``) will be excluded.
 
         When 0: nothing will be excluded.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     limit_to__all__ = Bool(False,
         help="""
         DEPRECATED as of version 5.0.
 
         Instruct the completer to use __all__ for the completion
 
         Specifically, when completing on ``object.<tab>``.
 
         When True: only those names in obj.__all__ will be included.
 
         When False [default]: the __all__ attribute is ignored
         """,
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     profile_completions = Bool(
         default_value=False,
         help="If True, emit profiling data for completion subsystem using cProfile."
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     profiler_output_dir = Unicode(
         default_value=".completion_profiles",
         help="Template for path at which to output profile data for completions."
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe('limit_to__all__')
     def _limit_to_all_changed(self, change):
         warnings.warn('`IPython.core.IPCompleter.limit_to__all__` configuration '
             'value has been deprecated since IPython 5.0, will be made to have '
             'no effects and then removed in future version of IPython.',
             UserWarning)
 
     def __init__(
         self, shell=None, namespace=None, global_namespace=None, config=None, **kwargs
     ):
         """IPCompleter() -> completer
 
         Return a completer object.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         shell
             a pointer to the ipython shell itself.  This is needed
             because this completer knows about magic functions, and those can
             only be accessed via the ipython instance.
         namespace : dict, optional
             an optional dict where completions are performed.
         global_namespace : dict, optional
             secondary optional dict for completions, to
             handle cases (such as IPython embedded inside functions) where
             both Python scopes are visible.
         config : Config
             traitlet's config object
         **kwargs
             passed to super class unmodified.
         """
 
         self.magic_escape = ESC_MAGIC
         self.splitter = CompletionSplitter()
 
         # _greedy_changed() depends on splitter and readline being defined:
         super().__init__(
             namespace=namespace,
             global_namespace=global_namespace,
             config=config,
-            **kwargs
+            **kwargs,
         )
 
         # List where completion matches will be stored
         self.matches = []
         self.shell = shell
         # Regexp to split filenames with spaces in them
         self.space_name_re = re.compile(r'([^\\] )')
         # Hold a local ref. to glob.glob for speed
         self.glob = glob.glob
 
         # Determine if we are running on 'dumb' terminals, like (X)Emacs
         # buffers, to avoid completion problems.
         term = os.environ.get('TERM','xterm')
         self.dumb_terminal = term in ['dumb','emacs']
 
         # Special handling of backslashes needed in win32 platforms
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             self.clean_glob = self._clean_glob_win32
         else:
             self.clean_glob = self._clean_glob
 
         #regexp to parse docstring for function signature
         self.docstring_sig_re = re.compile(r'^[\w|\s.]+\(([^)]*)\).*')
         self.docstring_kwd_re = re.compile(r'[\s|\[]*(\w+)(?:\s*=\s*.*)')
         #use this if positional argument name is also needed
         #= re.compile(r'[\s|\[]*(\w+)(?:\s*=?\s*.*)')
 
         self.magic_arg_matchers = [
-            self.magic_config_matches,
-            self.magic_color_matches,
+            self.magic_config_matcher,
+            self.magic_color_matcher,
         ]
 
         # This is set externally by InteractiveShell
         self.custom_completers = None
 
         # This is a list of names of unicode characters that can be completed
         # into their corresponding unicode value. The list is large, so we
         # lazily initialize it on first use. Consuming code should access this
         # attribute through the `@unicode_names` property.
         self._unicode_names = None
 
+        self._backslash_combining_matchers = [
+            self.latex_name_matcher,
+            self.unicode_name_matcher,
+            back_latex_name_matcher,
+            back_unicode_name_matcher,
+            self.fwd_unicode_matcher,
+        ]
+
+        if not self.backslash_combining_completions:
+            for matcher in self._backslash_combining_matchers:
+                self.disable_matchers.append(matcher.matcher_identifier)
+
+        if not self.merge_completions:
+            self.suppress_competing_matchers = True
+
     @property
-    def matchers(self) -> List[Any]:
+    def matchers(self) -> List[Matcher]:
         """All active matcher routines for completion"""
         if self.dict_keys_only:
-            return [self.dict_key_matches]
+            return [self.dict_key_matcher]
 
         if self.use_jedi:
             return [
                 *self.custom_matchers,
-                self.dict_key_matches,
-                self.file_matches,
-                self.magic_matches,
+                *self._backslash_combining_matchers,
+                *self.magic_arg_matchers,
+                self.custom_completer_matcher,
+                self.magic_matcher,
+                self._jedi_matcher,
+                self.dict_key_matcher,
+                self.file_matcher,
             ]
         else:
             return [
                 *self.custom_matchers,
-                self.dict_key_matches,
+                *self._backslash_combining_matchers,
+                *self.magic_arg_matchers,
+                self.custom_completer_matcher,
+                self.dict_key_matcher,
+                # TODO: convert python_matches to v2 API
+                self.magic_matcher,
                 self.python_matches,
-                self.file_matches,
-                self.magic_matches,
-                self.python_func_kw_matches,
+                self.file_matcher,
+                self.python_func_kw_matcher,
             ]
 
     def all_completions(self, text:str) -> List[str]:
         """
         Wrapper around the completion methods for the benefit of emacs.
         """
         prefix = text.rpartition('.')[0]
         with provisionalcompleter():
             return ['.'.join([prefix, c.text]) if prefix and self.use_jedi else c.text
                     for c in self.completions(text, len(text))]
 
         return self.complete(text)[1]
 
     def _clean_glob(self, text:str):
         return self.glob("%s*" % text)
 
     def _clean_glob_win32(self, text:str):
         return [f.replace("\\","/")
                 for f in self.glob("%s*" % text)]
 
-    def file_matches(self, text:str)->List[str]:
+    @context_matcher()
+    def file_matcher(self, context: CompletionContext) -> SimpleMatcherResult:
+        """Same as :any:`file_matches`, but adopted to new Matcher API."""
+        matches = self.file_matches(context.token)
+        # TODO: add a heuristic for suppressing (e.g. if it has OS-specific delimiter,
+        #  starts with `/home/`, `C:\`, etc)
+        return _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(matches, type="path")
+
+    def file_matches(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
         """Match filenames, expanding ~USER type strings.
 
         Most of the seemingly convoluted logic in this completer is an
         attempt to handle filenames with spaces in them.  And yet it's not
         quite perfect, because Python's readline doesn't expose all of the
         GNU readline details needed for this to be done correctly.
 
         For a filename with a space in it, the printed completions will be
         only the parts after what's already been typed (instead of the
         full completions, as is normally done).  I don't think with the
         current (as of Python 2.3) Python readline it's possible to do
-        better."""
+        better.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 8.6
+            You can use :meth:`file_matcher` instead.
+        """
 
         # chars that require escaping with backslash - i.e. chars
         # that readline treats incorrectly as delimiters, but we
         # don't want to treat as delimiters in filename matching
         # when escaped with backslash
         if text.startswith('!'):
             text = text[1:]
             text_prefix = u'!'
         else:
             text_prefix = u''
 
         text_until_cursor = self.text_until_cursor
         # track strings with open quotes
         open_quotes = has_open_quotes(text_until_cursor)
 
         if '(' in text_until_cursor or '[' in text_until_cursor:
             lsplit = text
         else:
             try:
                 # arg_split ~ shlex.split, but with unicode bugs fixed by us
                 lsplit = arg_split(text_until_cursor)[-1]
             except ValueError:
                 # typically an unmatched ", or backslash without escaped char.
                 if open_quotes:
                     lsplit = text_until_cursor.split(open_quotes)[-1]
                 else:
                     return []
             except IndexError:
                 # tab pressed on empty line
                 lsplit = ""
 
         if not open_quotes and lsplit != protect_filename(lsplit):
             # if protectables are found, do matching on the whole escaped name
             has_protectables = True
             text0,text = text,lsplit
         else:
             has_protectables = False
             text = os.path.expanduser(text)
 
         if text == "":
             return [text_prefix + protect_filename(f) for f in self.glob("*")]
 
         # Compute the matches from the filesystem
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             m0 = self.clean_glob(text)
         else:
             m0 = self.clean_glob(text.replace('\\', ''))
 
         if has_protectables:
             # If we had protectables, we need to revert our changes to the
             # beginning of filename so that we don't double-write the part
             # of the filename we have so far
             len_lsplit = len(lsplit)
             matches = [text_prefix + text0 +
                        protect_filename(f[len_lsplit:]) for f in m0]
         else:
             if open_quotes:
                 # if we have a string with an open quote, we don't need to
                 # protect the names beyond the quote (and we _shouldn't_, as
                 # it would cause bugs when the filesystem call is made).
                 matches = m0 if sys.platform == "win32" else\
                     [protect_filename(f, open_quotes) for f in m0]
             else:
                 matches = [text_prefix +
                            protect_filename(f) for f in m0]
 
         # Mark directories in input list by appending '/' to their names.
         return [x+'/' if os.path.isdir(x) else x for x in matches]
 
-    def magic_matches(self, text:str):
-        """Match magics"""
+    @context_matcher()
+    def magic_matcher(self, context: CompletionContext) -> SimpleMatcherResult:
+        """Match magics."""
+        text = context.token
+        matches = self.magic_matches(text)
+        result = _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(matches, type="magic")
+        is_magic_prefix = len(text) > 0 and text[0] == "%"
+        result["suppress"] = is_magic_prefix and bool(result["completions"])
+        return result
+
+    def magic_matches(self, text: str):
+        """Match magics.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 8.6
+            You can use :meth:`magic_matcher` instead.
+        """
         # Get all shell magics now rather than statically, so magics loaded at
         # runtime show up too.
         lsm = self.shell.magics_manager.lsmagic()
         line_magics = lsm['line']
         cell_magics = lsm['cell']
         pre = self.magic_escape
         pre2 = pre+pre
 
         explicit_magic = text.startswith(pre)
 
         # Completion logic:
         # - user gives %%: only do cell magics
         # - user gives %: do both line and cell magics
         # - no prefix: do both
         # In other words, line magics are skipped if the user gives %% explicitly
         #
         # We also exclude magics that match any currently visible names:
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/4877, unless the user has
         # typed a %:
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10754
         bare_text = text.lstrip(pre)
         global_matches = self.global_matches(bare_text)
         if not explicit_magic:
             def matches(magic):
                 """
                 Filter magics, in particular remove magics that match
                 a name present in global namespace.
                 """
                 return ( magic.startswith(bare_text) and
                          magic not in global_matches )
         else:
             def matches(magic):
                 return magic.startswith(bare_text)
 
         comp = [ pre2+m for m in cell_magics if matches(m)]
         if not text.startswith(pre2):
             comp += [ pre+m for m in line_magics if matches(m)]
 
         return comp
 
-    def magic_config_matches(self, text:str) -> List[str]:
-        """ Match class names and attributes for %config magic """
+    @context_matcher()
+    def magic_config_matcher(self, context: CompletionContext) -> SimpleMatcherResult:
+        """Match class names and attributes for %config magic."""
+        # NOTE: uses `line_buffer` equivalent for compatibility
+        matches = self.magic_config_matches(context.line_with_cursor)
+        return _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(matches, type="param")
+
+    def magic_config_matches(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Match class names and attributes for %config magic.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 8.6
+            You can use :meth:`magic_config_matcher` instead.
+        """
         texts = text.strip().split()
 
         if len(texts) > 0 and (texts[0] == 'config' or texts[0] == '%config'):
             # get all configuration classes
             classes = sorted(set([ c for c in self.shell.configurables
                                    if c.__class__.class_traits(config=True)
                                    ]), key=lambda x: x.__class__.__name__)
             classnames = [ c.__class__.__name__ for c in classes ]
 
             # return all classnames if config or %config is given
             if len(texts) == 1:
                 return classnames
 
             # match classname
             classname_texts = texts[1].split('.')
             classname = classname_texts[0]
             classname_matches = [ c for c in classnames
                                   if c.startswith(classname) ]
 
             # return matched classes or the matched class with attributes
             if texts[1].find('.') < 0:
                 return classname_matches
             elif len(classname_matches) == 1 and \
                             classname_matches[0] == classname:
                 cls = classes[classnames.index(classname)].__class__
                 help = cls.class_get_help()
                 # strip leading '--' from cl-args:
                 help = re.sub(re.compile(r'^--', re.MULTILINE), '', help)
                 return [ attr.split('=')[0]
                          for attr in help.strip().splitlines()
                          if attr.startswith(texts[1]) ]
         return []
 
-    def magic_color_matches(self, text:str) -> List[str] :
-        """ Match color schemes for %colors magic"""
+    @context_matcher()
+    def magic_color_matcher(self, context: CompletionContext) -> SimpleMatcherResult:
+        """Match color schemes for %colors magic."""
+        # NOTE: uses `line_buffer` equivalent for compatibility
+        matches = self.magic_color_matches(context.line_with_cursor)
+        return _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(matches, type="param")
+
+    def magic_color_matches(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Match color schemes for %colors magic.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 8.6
+            You can use :meth:`magic_color_matcher` instead.
+        """
         texts = text.split()
         if text.endswith(' '):
             # .split() strips off the trailing whitespace. Add '' back
             # so that: '%colors ' -> ['%colors', '']
             texts.append('')
 
         if len(texts) == 2 and (texts[0] == 'colors' or texts[0] == '%colors'):
             prefix = texts[1]
             return [ color for color in InspectColors.keys()
                      if color.startswith(prefix) ]
         return []
 
-    def _jedi_matches(self, cursor_column:int, cursor_line:int, text:str) -> Iterable[Any]:
+    @context_matcher(identifier="IPCompleter.jedi_matcher")
+    def _jedi_matcher(self, context: CompletionContext) -> _JediMatcherResult:
+        matches = self._jedi_matches(
+            cursor_column=context.cursor_position,
+            cursor_line=context.cursor_line,
+            text=context.full_text,
+        )
+        return {
+            "completions": matches,
+            # static analysis should not suppress other matchers
+            "suppress": False,
+        }
+
+    def _jedi_matches(
+        self, cursor_column: int, cursor_line: int, text: str
+    ) -> Iterable[_JediCompletionLike]:
         """
-        Return a list of :any:`jedi.api.Completions` object from a ``text`` and
+        Return a list of :any:`jedi.api.Completion`s object from a ``text`` and
         cursor position.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cursor_column : int
             column position of the cursor in ``text``, 0-indexed.
         cursor_line : int
             line position of the cursor in ``text``, 0-indexed
         text : str
             text to complete
 
         Notes
         -----
         If ``IPCompleter.debug`` is ``True`` may return a :any:`_FakeJediCompletion`
         object containing a string with the Jedi debug information attached.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 8.6
+            You can use :meth:`_jedi_matcher` instead.
         """
         namespaces = [self.namespace]
         if self.global_namespace is not None:
             namespaces.append(self.global_namespace)
 
         completion_filter = lambda x:x
         offset = cursor_to_position(text, cursor_line, cursor_column)
         # filter output if we are completing for object members
         if offset:
             pre = text[offset-1]
             if pre == '.':
                 if self.omit__names == 2:
                     completion_filter = lambda c:not c.name.startswith('_')
                 elif self.omit__names == 1:
                     completion_filter = lambda c:not (c.name.startswith('__') and c.name.endswith('__'))
                 elif self.omit__names == 0:
                     completion_filter = lambda x:x
                 else:
                     raise ValueError("Don't understand self.omit__names == {}".format(self.omit__names))
 
         interpreter = jedi.Interpreter(text[:offset], namespaces)
         try_jedi = True
 
         try:
             # find the first token in the current tree -- if it is a ' or " then we are in a string
             completing_string = False
             try:
                 first_child = next(c for c in interpreter._get_module().tree_node.children if hasattr(c, 'value'))
             except StopIteration:
                 pass
             else:
                 # note the value may be ', ", or it may also be ''' or """, or
                 # in some cases, """what/you/typed..., but all of these are
                 # strings.
                 completing_string = len(first_child.value) > 0 and first_child.value[0] in {"'", '"'}
 
             # if we are in a string jedi is likely not the right candidate for
             # now. Skip it.
             try_jedi = not completing_string
         except Exception as e:
             # many of things can go wrong, we are using private API just don't crash.
             if self.debug:
                 print("Error detecting if completing a non-finished string :", e, '|')
 
         if not try_jedi:
             return []
         try:
             return filter(completion_filter, interpreter.complete(column=cursor_column, line=cursor_line + 1))
         except Exception as e:
             if self.debug:
                 return [_FakeJediCompletion('Oops Jedi has crashed, please report a bug with the following:\n"""\n%s\ns"""' % (e))]
             else:
                 return []
 
     def python_matches(self, text:str)->List[str]:
         """Match attributes or global python names"""
         if "." in text:
             try:
                 matches = self.attr_matches(text)
                 if text.endswith('.') and self.omit__names:
                     if self.omit__names == 1:
                         # true if txt is _not_ a __ name, false otherwise:
                         no__name = (lambda txt:
                                     re.match(r'.*\.__.*?__',txt) is None)
                     else:
                         # true if txt is _not_ a _ name, false otherwise:
                         no__name = (lambda txt:
                                     re.match(r'\._.*?',txt[txt.rindex('.'):]) is None)
                     matches = filter(no__name, matches)
             except NameError:
                 # catches <undefined attributes>.<tab>
                 matches = []
         else:
             matches = self.global_matches(text)
         return matches
 
     def _default_arguments_from_docstring(self, doc):
         """Parse the first line of docstring for call signature.
 
         Docstring should be of the form 'min(iterable[, key=func])\n'.
         It can also parse cython docstring of the form
         'Minuit.migrad(self, int ncall=10000, resume=True, int nsplit=1)'.
         """
         if doc is None:
             return []
 
         #care only the firstline
         line = doc.lstrip().splitlines()[0]
 
         #p = re.compile(r'^[\w|\s.]+\(([^)]*)\).*')
         #'min(iterable[, key=func])\n' -> 'iterable[, key=func]'
         sig = self.docstring_sig_re.search(line)
         if sig is None:
             return []
         # iterable[, key=func]' -> ['iterable[' ,' key=func]']
         sig = sig.groups()[0].split(',')
         ret = []
         for s in sig:
             #re.compile(r'[\s|\[]*(\w+)(?:\s*=\s*.*)')
             ret += self.docstring_kwd_re.findall(s)
         return ret
 
     def _default_arguments(self, obj):
         """Return the list of default arguments of obj if it is callable,
         or empty list otherwise."""
         call_obj = obj
         ret = []
         if inspect.isbuiltin(obj):
             pass
         elif not (inspect.isfunction(obj) or inspect.ismethod(obj)):
             if inspect.isclass(obj):
                 #for cython embedsignature=True the constructor docstring
                 #belongs to the object itself not __init__
                 ret += self._default_arguments_from_docstring(
                             getattr(obj, '__doc__', ''))
                 # for classes, check for __init__,__new__
                 call_obj = (getattr(obj, '__init__', None) or
                        getattr(obj, '__new__', None))
             # for all others, check if they are __call__able
             elif hasattr(obj, '__call__'):
                 call_obj = obj.__call__
         ret += self._default_arguments_from_docstring(
                  getattr(call_obj, '__doc__', ''))
 
         _keeps = (inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY,
                   inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
 
         try:
             sig = inspect.signature(obj)
             ret.extend(k for k, v in sig.parameters.items() if
                        v.kind in _keeps)
         except ValueError:
             pass
 
         return list(set(ret))
 
+    @context_matcher()
+    def python_func_kw_matcher(self, context: CompletionContext) -> SimpleMatcherResult:
+        """Match named parameters (kwargs) of the last open function."""
+        matches = self.python_func_kw_matches(context.token)
+        return _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(matches, type="param")
+
     def python_func_kw_matches(self, text):
-        """Match named parameters (kwargs) of the last open function"""
+        """Match named parameters (kwargs) of the last open function.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 8.6
+            You can use :meth:`python_func_kw_matcher` instead.
+        """
 
         if "." in text: # a parameter cannot be dotted
             return []
         try: regexp = self.__funcParamsRegex
         except AttributeError:
             regexp = self.__funcParamsRegex = re.compile(r'''
                 '.*?(?<!\\)' |    # single quoted strings or
                 ".*?(?<!\\)" |    # double quoted strings or
                 \w+          |    # identifier
                 \S                # other characters
                 ''', re.VERBOSE | re.DOTALL)
         # 1. find the nearest identifier that comes before an unclosed
         # parenthesis before the cursor
         # e.g. for "foo (1+bar(x), pa<cursor>,a=1)", the candidate is "foo"
         tokens = regexp.findall(self.text_until_cursor)
         iterTokens = reversed(tokens); openPar = 0
 
         for token in iterTokens:
             if token == ')':
                 openPar -= 1
             elif token == '(':
                 openPar += 1
                 if openPar > 0:
                     # found the last unclosed parenthesis
                     break
         else:
             return []
         # 2. Concatenate dotted names ("foo.bar" for "foo.bar(x, pa" )
         ids = []
         isId = re.compile(r'\w+$').match
 
         while True:
             try:
                 ids.append(next(iterTokens))
                 if not isId(ids[-1]):
                     ids.pop(); break
                 if not next(iterTokens) == '.':
                     break
             except StopIteration:
                 break
 
         # Find all named arguments already assigned to, as to avoid suggesting
         # them again
         usedNamedArgs = set()
         par_level = -1
         for token, next_token in zip(tokens, tokens[1:]):
             if token == '(':
                 par_level += 1
             elif token == ')':
                 par_level -= 1
 
             if par_level != 0:
                 continue
 
             if next_token != '=':
                 continue
 
             usedNamedArgs.add(token)
 
         argMatches = []
         try:
             callableObj = '.'.join(ids[::-1])
             namedArgs = self._default_arguments(eval(callableObj,
                                                     self.namespace))
 
             # Remove used named arguments from the list, no need to show twice
             for namedArg in set(namedArgs) - usedNamedArgs:
                 if namedArg.startswith(text):
                     argMatches.append("%s=" %namedArg)
         except:
             pass
 
         return argMatches
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_keys(obj: Any) -> List[Any]:
         # Objects can define their own completions by defining an
         # _ipy_key_completions_() method.
         method = get_real_method(obj, '_ipython_key_completions_')
         if method is not None:
             return method()
 
         # Special case some common in-memory dict-like types
         if isinstance(obj, dict) or\
            _safe_isinstance(obj, 'pandas', 'DataFrame'):
             try:
                 return list(obj.keys())
             except Exception:
                 return []
         elif _safe_isinstance(obj, 'numpy', 'ndarray') or\
              _safe_isinstance(obj, 'numpy', 'void'):
             return obj.dtype.names or []
         return []
 
-    def dict_key_matches(self, text:str) -> List[str]:
-        "Match string keys in a dictionary, after e.g. 'foo[' "
+    @context_matcher()
+    def dict_key_matcher(self, context: CompletionContext) -> SimpleMatcherResult:
+        """Match string keys in a dictionary, after e.g. ``foo[``."""
+        matches = self.dict_key_matches(context.token)
+        return _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(
+            matches, type="dict key", suppress_if_matches=True
+        )
+
+    def dict_key_matches(self, text: str) -> List[str]:
+        """Match string keys in a dictionary, after e.g. ``foo[``.
 
+        .. deprecated:: 8.6
+            You can use :meth:`dict_key_matcher` instead.
+        """
 
         if self.__dict_key_regexps is not None:
             regexps = self.__dict_key_regexps
         else:
             dict_key_re_fmt = r'''(?x)
             (  # match dict-referring expression wrt greedy setting
                 %s
             )
             \[   # open bracket
             \s*  # and optional whitespace
             # Capture any number of str-like objects (e.g. "a", "b", 'c')
             ((?:[uUbB]?  # string prefix (r not handled)
                 (?:
                     '(?:[^']|(?<!\\)\\')*'
                 |
                     "(?:[^"]|(?<!\\)\\")*"
                 )
                 \s*,\s*
             )*)
             ([uUbB]?  # string prefix (r not handled)
                 (?:   # unclosed string
                     '(?:[^']|(?<!\\)\\')*
                 |
                     "(?:[^"]|(?<!\\)\\")*
                 )
             )?
             $
             '''
             regexps = self.__dict_key_regexps = {
                 False: re.compile(dict_key_re_fmt % r'''
                                   # identifiers separated by .
                                   (?!\d)\w+
                                   (?:\.(?!\d)\w+)*
                                   '''),
                 True: re.compile(dict_key_re_fmt % '''
                                  .+
                                  ''')
             }
 
         match = regexps[self.greedy].search(self.text_until_cursor)
 
         if match is None:
             return []
 
         expr, prefix0, prefix = match.groups()
         try:
             obj = eval(expr, self.namespace)
         except Exception:
             try:
                 obj = eval(expr, self.global_namespace)
             except Exception:
                 return []
 
         keys = self._get_keys(obj)
         if not keys:
             return keys
 
         extra_prefix = eval(prefix0) if prefix0 != '' else None
 
         closing_quote, token_offset, matches = match_dict_keys(keys, prefix, self.splitter.delims, extra_prefix=extra_prefix)
         if not matches:
             return matches
 
         # get the cursor position of
         # - the text being completed
         # - the start of the key text
         # - the start of the completion
         text_start = len(self.text_until_cursor) - len(text)
         if prefix:
             key_start = match.start(3)
             completion_start = key_start + token_offset
         else:
             key_start = completion_start = match.end()
 
         # grab the leading prefix, to make sure all completions start with `text`
         if text_start > key_start:
             leading = ''
         else:
             leading = text[text_start:completion_start]
 
         # the index of the `[` character
         bracket_idx = match.end(1)
 
         # append closing quote and bracket as appropriate
         # this is *not* appropriate if the opening quote or bracket is outside
         # the text given to this method
         suf = ''
         continuation = self.line_buffer[len(self.text_until_cursor):]
         if key_start > text_start and closing_quote:
             # quotes were opened inside text, maybe close them
             if continuation.startswith(closing_quote):
                 continuation = continuation[len(closing_quote):]
             else:
                 suf += closing_quote
         if bracket_idx > text_start:
             # brackets were opened inside text, maybe close them
             if not continuation.startswith(']'):
                 suf += ']'
 
         return [leading + k + suf for k in matches]
 
+    @context_matcher()
+    def unicode_name_matcher(self, context: CompletionContext):
+        """Same as :any:`unicode_name_matches`, but adopted to new Matcher API."""
+        fragment, matches = self.unicode_name_matches(context.text_until_cursor)
+        return _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(
+            matches, type="unicode", fragment=fragment, suppress_if_matches=True
+        )
+
     @staticmethod
-    def unicode_name_matches(text:str) -> Tuple[str, List[str]] :
+    def unicode_name_matches(text: str) -> Tuple[str, List[str]]:
         """Match Latex-like syntax for unicode characters base
         on the name of the character.
 
         This does  ``\\GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA`` -> ``η``
 
         Works only on valid python 3 identifier, or on combining characters that
         will combine to form a valid identifier.
         """
         slashpos = text.rfind('\\')
         if slashpos > -1:
             s = text[slashpos+1:]
             try :
                 unic = unicodedata.lookup(s)
                 # allow combining chars
                 if ('a'+unic).isidentifier():
                     return '\\'+s,[unic]
             except KeyError:
                 pass
         return '', []
 
+    @context_matcher()
+    def latex_name_matcher(self, context: CompletionContext):
+        """Match Latex syntax for unicode characters.
 
-    def latex_matches(self, text:str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
+        This does both ``\\alp`` -> ``\\alpha`` and ``\\alpha`` -> ``α``
+        """
+        fragment, matches = self.latex_matches(context.text_until_cursor)
+        return _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(
+            matches, type="latex", fragment=fragment, suppress_if_matches=True
+        )
+
+    def latex_matches(self, text: str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
         """Match Latex syntax for unicode characters.
 
         This does both ``\\alp`` -> ``\\alpha`` and ``\\alpha`` -> ``α``
+
+        .. deprecated:: 8.6
+            You can use :meth:`latex_name_matcher` instead.
         """
         slashpos = text.rfind('\\')
         if slashpos > -1:
             s = text[slashpos:]
             if s in latex_symbols:
                 # Try to complete a full latex symbol to unicode
                 # \\alpha -> α
                 return s, [latex_symbols[s]]
             else:
                 # If a user has partially typed a latex symbol, give them
                 # a full list of options \al -> [\aleph, \alpha]
                 matches = [k for k in latex_symbols if k.startswith(s)]
                 if matches:
                     return s, matches
         return '', ()
 
+    @context_matcher()
+    def custom_completer_matcher(self, context):
+        """Dispatch custom completer.
+
+        If a match is found, suppresses all other matchers except for Jedi.
+        """
+        matches = self.dispatch_custom_completer(context.token) or []
+        result = _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(
+            matches, type=_UNKNOWN_TYPE, suppress_if_matches=True
+        )
+        result["ordered"] = True
+        result["do_not_suppress"] = {_get_matcher_id(self._jedi_matcher)}
+        return result
+
     def dispatch_custom_completer(self, text):
+        """
+        .. deprecated:: 8.6
+            You can use :meth:`custom_completer_matcher` instead.
+        """
         if not self.custom_completers:
             return
 
         line = self.line_buffer
         if not line.strip():
             return None
 
         # Create a little structure to pass all the relevant information about
         # the current completion to any custom completer.
         event = SimpleNamespace()
         event.line = line
         event.symbol = text
         cmd = line.split(None,1)[0]
         event.command = cmd
         event.text_until_cursor = self.text_until_cursor
 
         # for foo etc, try also to find completer for %foo
         if not cmd.startswith(self.magic_escape):
             try_magic = self.custom_completers.s_matches(
                 self.magic_escape + cmd)
         else:
             try_magic = []
 
         for c in itertools.chain(self.custom_completers.s_matches(cmd),
                  try_magic,
                  self.custom_completers.flat_matches(self.text_until_cursor)):
             try:
                 res = c(event)
                 if res:
                     # first, try case sensitive match
                     withcase = [r for r in res if r.startswith(text)]
                     if withcase:
                         return withcase
                     # if none, then case insensitive ones are ok too
                     text_low = text.lower()
                     return [r for r in res if r.lower().startswith(text_low)]
             except TryNext:
                 pass
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 """
                 If custom completer take too long,
                 let keyboard interrupt abort and return nothing.
                 """
                 break
 
         return None
 
     def completions(self, text: str, offset: int)->Iterator[Completion]:
         """
         Returns an iterator over the possible completions
 
         .. warning::
 
             Unstable
 
             This function is unstable, API may change without warning.
             It will also raise unless use in proper context manager.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         text : str
             Full text of the current input, multi line string.
         offset : int
             Integer representing the position of the cursor in ``text``. Offset
             is 0-based indexed.
 
         Yields
         ------
         Completion
 
         Notes
         -----
         The cursor on a text can either be seen as being "in between"
         characters or "On" a character depending on the interface visible to
         the user. For consistency the cursor being on "in between" characters X
         and Y is equivalent to the cursor being "on" character Y, that is to say
         the character the cursor is on is considered as being after the cursor.
 
         Combining characters may span more that one position in the
         text.
 
         .. note::
 
             If ``IPCompleter.debug`` is :any:`True` will yield a ``--jedi/ipython--``
             fake Completion token to distinguish completion returned by Jedi
             and usual IPython completion.
 
         .. note::
 
             Completions are not completely deduplicated yet. If identical
             completions are coming from different sources this function does not
             ensure that each completion object will only be present once.
         """
         warnings.warn("_complete is a provisional API (as of IPython 6.0). "
                       "It may change without warnings. "
                       "Use in corresponding context manager.",
                       category=ProvisionalCompleterWarning, stacklevel=2)
 
         seen = set()
         profiler:Optional[cProfile.Profile]
         try:
             if self.profile_completions:
                 import cProfile
                 profiler = cProfile.Profile()
                 profiler.enable()
             else:
                 profiler = None
 
             for c in self._completions(text, offset, _timeout=self.jedi_compute_type_timeout/1000):
                 if c and (c in seen):
                     continue
                 yield c
                 seen.add(c)
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             """if completions take too long and users send keyboard interrupt,
             do not crash and return ASAP. """
             pass
         finally:
             if profiler is not None:
                 profiler.disable()
                 ensure_dir_exists(self.profiler_output_dir)
                 output_path = os.path.join(self.profiler_output_dir, str(uuid.uuid4()))
                 print("Writing profiler output to", output_path)
                 profiler.dump_stats(output_path)
 
     def _completions(self, full_text: str, offset: int, *, _timeout) -> Iterator[Completion]:
         """
         Core completion module.Same signature as :any:`completions`, with the
         extra `timeout` parameter (in seconds).
 
         Computing jedi's completion ``.type`` can be quite expensive (it is a
         lazy property) and can require some warm-up, more warm up than just
         computing the ``name`` of a completion. The warm-up can be :
 
             - Long warm-up the first time a module is encountered after
             install/update: actually build parse/inference tree.
 
             - first time the module is encountered in a session: load tree from
             disk.
 
         We don't want to block completions for tens of seconds so we give the
         completer a "budget" of ``_timeout`` seconds per invocation to compute
         completions types, the completions that have not yet been computed will
         be marked as "unknown" an will have a chance to be computed next round
         are things get cached.
 
         Keep in mind that Jedi is not the only thing treating the completion so
         keep the timeout short-ish as if we take more than 0.3 second we still
         have lots of processing to do.
 
         """
         deadline = time.monotonic() + _timeout
 
-
         before = full_text[:offset]
         cursor_line, cursor_column = position_to_cursor(full_text, offset)
 
-        matched_text, matches, matches_origin, jedi_matches = self._complete(
-            full_text=full_text, cursor_line=cursor_line, cursor_pos=cursor_column)
+        jedi_matcher_id = _get_matcher_id(self._jedi_matcher)
+
+        results = self._complete(
+            full_text=full_text, cursor_line=cursor_line, cursor_pos=cursor_column
+        )
+        non_jedi_results: Dict[str, SimpleMatcherResult] = {
+            identifier: result
+            for identifier, result in results.items()
+            if identifier != jedi_matcher_id
+        }
+
+        jedi_matches = (
+            cast(results[jedi_matcher_id], _JediMatcherResult)["completions"]
+            if jedi_matcher_id in results
+            else ()
+        )
 
         iter_jm = iter(jedi_matches)
         if _timeout:
             for jm in iter_jm:
                 try:
                     type_ = jm.type
                 except Exception:
                     if self.debug:
                         print("Error in Jedi getting type of ", jm)
                     type_ = None
                 delta = len(jm.name_with_symbols) - len(jm.complete)
                 if type_ == 'function':
                     signature = _make_signature(jm)
                 else:
                     signature = ''
                 yield Completion(start=offset - delta,
                                  end=offset,
                                  text=jm.name_with_symbols,
                                  type=type_,
                                  signature=signature,
                                  _origin='jedi')
 
                 if time.monotonic() > deadline:
                     break
 
         for jm in iter_jm:
             delta = len(jm.name_with_symbols) - len(jm.complete)
-            yield Completion(start=offset - delta,
-                             end=offset,
-                             text=jm.name_with_symbols,
-                             type='<unknown>',  # don't compute type for speed
-                             _origin='jedi',
-                             signature='')
-
-
-        start_offset = before.rfind(matched_text)
+            yield Completion(
+                start=offset - delta,
+                end=offset,
+                text=jm.name_with_symbols,
+                type=_UNKNOWN_TYPE,  # don't compute type for speed
+                _origin="jedi",
+                signature="",
+            )
 
         # TODO:
         # Suppress this, right now just for debug.
-        if jedi_matches and matches and self.debug:
-            yield Completion(start=start_offset, end=offset, text='--jedi/ipython--',
-                             _origin='debug', type='none', signature='')
+        if jedi_matches and non_jedi_results and self.debug:
+            some_start_offset = before.rfind(
+                next(iter(non_jedi_results.values()))["matched_fragment"]
+            )
+            yield Completion(
+                start=some_start_offset,
+                end=offset,
+                text="--jedi/ipython--",
+                _origin="debug",
+                type="none",
+                signature="",
+            )
 
-        # I'm unsure if this is always true, so let's assert and see if it
-        # crash
-        assert before.endswith(matched_text)
-        for m, t in zip(matches, matches_origin):
-            yield Completion(start=start_offset, end=offset, text=m, _origin=t, signature='', type='<unknown>')
+        ordered = []
+        sortable = []
+
+        for origin, result in non_jedi_results.items():
+            matched_text = result["matched_fragment"]
+            start_offset = before.rfind(matched_text)
+            is_ordered = result.get("ordered", False)
+            container = ordered if is_ordered else sortable
+
+            # I'm unsure if this is always true, so let's assert and see if it
+            # crash
+            assert before.endswith(matched_text)
+
+            for simple_completion in result["completions"]:
+                completion = Completion(
+                    start=start_offset,
+                    end=offset,
+                    text=simple_completion.text,
+                    _origin=origin,
+                    signature="",
+                    type=simple_completion.type or _UNKNOWN_TYPE,
+                )
+                container.append(completion)
 
+        yield from list(self._deduplicate(ordered + self._sort(sortable)))[
+            :MATCHES_LIMIT
+        ]
 
     def complete(self, text=None, line_buffer=None, cursor_pos=None) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
         """Find completions for the given text and line context.
 
         Note that both the text and the line_buffer are optional, but at least
         one of them must be given.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         text : string, optional
             Text to perform the completion on.  If not given, the line buffer
             is split using the instance's CompletionSplitter object.
         line_buffer : string, optional
             If not given, the completer attempts to obtain the current line
             buffer via readline.  This keyword allows clients which are
             requesting for text completions in non-readline contexts to inform
             the completer of the entire text.
         cursor_pos : int, optional
             Index of the cursor in the full line buffer.  Should be provided by
             remote frontends where kernel has no access to frontend state.
 
         Returns
         -------
         Tuple of two items:
         text : str
             Text that was actually used in the completion.
         matches : list
             A list of completion matches.
 
         Notes
         -----
             This API is likely to be deprecated and replaced by
             :any:`IPCompleter.completions` in the future.
 
         """
         warnings.warn('`Completer.complete` is pending deprecation since '
                 'IPython 6.0 and will be replaced by `Completer.completions`.',
                       PendingDeprecationWarning)
         # potential todo, FOLD the 3rd throw away argument of _complete
         # into the first 2 one.
-        return self._complete(line_buffer=line_buffer, cursor_pos=cursor_pos, text=text, cursor_line=0)[:2]
+        # TODO: Q: does the above refer to jedi completions (i.e. 0-indexed?)
+        # TODO: should we deprecate now, or does it stay?
+
+        results = self._complete(
+            line_buffer=line_buffer, cursor_pos=cursor_pos, text=text, cursor_line=0
+        )
+
+        jedi_matcher_id = _get_matcher_id(self._jedi_matcher)
+
+        return self._arrange_and_extract(
+            results,
+            # TODO: can we confirm that excluding Jedi here was a deliberate choice in previous version?
+            skip_matchers={jedi_matcher_id},
+            # this API does not support different start/end positions (fragments of token).
+            abort_if_offset_changes=True,
+        )
+
+    def _arrange_and_extract(
+        self,
+        results: Dict[str, MatcherResult],
+        skip_matchers: Set[str],
+        abort_if_offset_changes: bool,
+    ):
+
+        sortable = []
+        ordered = []
+        most_recent_fragment = None
+        for identifier, result in results.items():
+            if identifier in skip_matchers:
+                continue
+            if not result["completions"]:
+                continue
+            if not most_recent_fragment:
+                most_recent_fragment = result["matched_fragment"]
+            if (
+                abort_if_offset_changes
+                and result["matched_fragment"] != most_recent_fragment
+            ):
+                break
+            if result.get("ordered", False):
+                ordered.extend(result["completions"])
+            else:
+                sortable.extend(result["completions"])
+
+        if not most_recent_fragment:
+            most_recent_fragment = ""  # to satisfy typechecker (and just in case)
+
+        return most_recent_fragment, [
+            m.text for m in self._deduplicate(ordered + self._sort(sortable))
+        ]
 
     def _complete(self, *, cursor_line, cursor_pos, line_buffer=None, text=None,
                   full_text=None) -> _CompleteResult:
         """
         Like complete but can also returns raw jedi completions as well as the
         origin of the completion text. This could (and should) be made much
         cleaner but that will be simpler once we drop the old (and stateful)
         :any:`complete` API.
 
         With current provisional API, cursor_pos act both (depending on the
         caller) as the offset in the ``text`` or ``line_buffer``, or as the
         ``column`` when passing multiline strings this could/should be renamed
         but would add extra noise.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cursor_line
             Index of the line the cursor is on. 0 indexed.
         cursor_pos
             Position of the cursor in the current line/line_buffer/text. 0
             indexed.
         line_buffer : optional, str
             The current line the cursor is in, this is mostly due to legacy
             reason that readline could only give a us the single current line.
             Prefer `full_text`.
         text : str
             The current "token" the cursor is in, mostly also for historical
             reasons. as the completer would trigger only after the current line
             was parsed.
         full_text : str
             Full text of the current cell.
 
         Returns
         -------
-        A tuple of N elements which are (likely):
-            matched_text: ? the text that the complete matched
-            matches: list of completions ?
-            matches_origin: ? list same length as matches, and where each completion came from
-            jedi_matches: list of Jedi matches, have it's own structure.
+        An ordered dictionary where keys are identifiers of completion
+        matchers and values are ``MatcherResult``s.
         """
 
-
         # if the cursor position isn't given, the only sane assumption we can
         # make is that it's at the end of the line (the common case)
         if cursor_pos is None:
             cursor_pos = len(line_buffer) if text is None else len(text)
 
         if self.use_main_ns:
             self.namespace = __main__.__dict__
 
         # if text is either None or an empty string, rely on the line buffer
         if (not line_buffer) and full_text:
             line_buffer = full_text.split('\n')[cursor_line]
-        if not text: # issue #11508: check line_buffer before calling split_line
-            text = self.splitter.split_line(line_buffer, cursor_pos)  if line_buffer else ''
-
-        if self.backslash_combining_completions:
-            # allow deactivation of these on windows.
-            base_text = text if not line_buffer else line_buffer[:cursor_pos]
-
-            for meth in (self.latex_matches,
-                         self.unicode_name_matches,
-                         back_latex_name_matches,
-                         back_unicode_name_matches,
-                         self.fwd_unicode_match):
-                name_text, name_matches = meth(base_text)
-                if name_text:
-                    return _CompleteResult(name_text, name_matches[:MATCHES_LIMIT], \
-                           [meth.__qualname__]*min(len(name_matches), MATCHES_LIMIT), ())
-
+        if not text:  # issue #11508: check line_buffer before calling split_line
+            text = (
+                self.splitter.split_line(line_buffer, cursor_pos) if line_buffer else ""
+            )
 
         # If no line buffer is given, assume the input text is all there was
         if line_buffer is None:
             line_buffer = text
 
+        # deprecated - do not use `line_buffer` in new code.
         self.line_buffer = line_buffer
         self.text_until_cursor = self.line_buffer[:cursor_pos]
 
-        # Do magic arg matches
-        for matcher in self.magic_arg_matchers:
-            matches = list(matcher(line_buffer))[:MATCHES_LIMIT]
-            if matches:
-                origins = [matcher.__qualname__] * len(matches)
-                return _CompleteResult(text, matches, origins, ())
+        if not full_text:
+            full_text = line_buffer
+
+        context = CompletionContext(
+            full_text=full_text,
+            cursor_position=cursor_pos,
+            cursor_line=cursor_line,
+            token=text,
+            limit=MATCHES_LIMIT,
+        )
 
         # Start with a clean slate of completions
-        matches = []
+        results = {}
 
-        # FIXME: we should extend our api to return a dict with completions for
-        # different types of objects.  The rlcomplete() method could then
-        # simply collapse the dict into a list for readline, but we'd have
-        # richer completion semantics in other environments.
-        is_magic_prefix = len(text) > 0 and text[0] == "%"
-        completions: Iterable[Any] = []
-        if self.use_jedi and not is_magic_prefix:
-            if not full_text:
-                full_text = line_buffer
-            completions = self._jedi_matches(
-                cursor_pos, cursor_line, full_text)
-
-        if self.merge_completions:
-            matches = []
-            for matcher in self.matchers:
-                try:
-                    matches.extend([(m, matcher.__qualname__)
-                                    for m in matcher(text)])
-                except:
-                    # Show the ugly traceback if the matcher causes an
-                    # exception, but do NOT crash the kernel!
-                    sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info())
-        else:
-            for matcher in self.matchers:
-                matches = [(m, matcher.__qualname__)
-                            for m in matcher(text)]
-                if matches:
-                    break
-                    
-        seen = set()
-        filtered_matches = set()
-        for m in matches:
-            t, c = m
-            if t not in seen:
-                filtered_matches.add(m)
-                seen.add(t)
+        jedi_matcher_id = _get_matcher_id(self._jedi_matcher)
 
-        _filtered_matches = sorted(filtered_matches, key=lambda x: completions_sorting_key(x[0]))
+        suppressed_matchers = set()
 
-        custom_res = [(m, 'custom') for m in self.dispatch_custom_completer(text) or []]
-        
-        _filtered_matches = custom_res or _filtered_matches
-        
-        _filtered_matches = _filtered_matches[:MATCHES_LIMIT]
-        _matches = [m[0] for m in _filtered_matches]
-        origins = [m[1] for m in _filtered_matches]
+        matchers = {
+            _get_matcher_id(matcher): matcher
+            for matcher in sorted(
+                self.matchers, key=_get_matcher_priority, reverse=True
+            )
+        }
 
-        self.matches = _matches
+        for matcher_id, matcher in matchers.items():
+            api_version = _get_matcher_api_version(matcher)
+            matcher_id = _get_matcher_id(matcher)
 
-        return _CompleteResult(text, _matches, origins, completions)
-        
-    def fwd_unicode_match(self, text:str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
+            if matcher_id in self.disable_matchers:
+                continue
+
+            if matcher_id in results:
+                warnings.warn(f"Duplicate matcher ID: {matcher_id}.")
+
+            if matcher_id in suppressed_matchers:
+                continue
+
+            try:
+                if api_version == 1:
+                    result = _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(
+                        matcher(text), type=_UNKNOWN_TYPE
+                    )
+                elif api_version == 2:
+                    result = cast(matcher, MatcherAPIv2)(context)
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(f"Unsupported API version {api_version}")
+            except:
+                # Show the ugly traceback if the matcher causes an
+                # exception, but do NOT crash the kernel!
+                sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info())
+                continue
+
+            # set default value for matched fragment if suffix was not selected.
+            result["matched_fragment"] = result.get("matched_fragment", context.token)
+
+            if not suppressed_matchers:
+                suppression_recommended = result.get("suppress", False)
+
+                suppression_config = (
+                    self.suppress_competing_matchers.get(matcher_id, None)
+                    if isinstance(self.suppress_competing_matchers, dict)
+                    else self.suppress_competing_matchers
+                )
+                should_suppress = (
+                    (suppression_config is True)
+                    or (suppression_recommended and (suppression_config is not False))
+                ) and len(result["completions"])
+
+                if should_suppress:
+                    suppression_exceptions = result.get("do_not_suppress", set())
+                    try:
+                        to_suppress = set(suppression_recommended)
+                    except TypeError:
+                        to_suppress = set(matchers)
+                    suppressed_matchers = to_suppress - suppression_exceptions
+
+                    new_results = {}
+                    for previous_matcher_id, previous_result in results.items():
+                        if previous_matcher_id not in suppressed_matchers:
+                            new_results[previous_matcher_id] = previous_result
+                    results = new_results
+
+            results[matcher_id] = result
+
+        _, matches = self._arrange_and_extract(
+            results,
+            # TODO Jedi completions non included in legacy stateful API; was this deliberate or omission?
+            #  if it was omission, we can remove the filtering step, otherwise remove this comment.
+            skip_matchers={jedi_matcher_id},
+            abort_if_offset_changes=False,
+        )
+
+        # populate legacy stateful API
+        self.matches = matches
+
+        return results
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _deduplicate(
+        matches: Sequence[SimpleCompletion],
+    ) -> Iterable[SimpleCompletion]:
+        filtered_matches = {}
+        for match in matches:
+            text = match.text
+            if (
+                text not in filtered_matches
+                or filtered_matches[text].type == _UNKNOWN_TYPE
+            ):
+                filtered_matches[text] = match
+
+        return filtered_matches.values()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _sort(matches: Sequence[SimpleCompletion]):
+        return sorted(matches, key=lambda x: completions_sorting_key(x.text))
+
+    @context_matcher()
+    def fwd_unicode_matcher(self, context: CompletionContext):
+        """Same as :any:`fwd_unicode_match`, but adopted to new Matcher API."""
+        # TODO: use `context.limit` to terminate early once we matched the maximum
+        #  number that will be used downstream; can be added as an optional to
+        #  `fwd_unicode_match(text: str, limit: int = None)` or we could re-implement here.
+        fragment, matches = self.fwd_unicode_match(context.text_until_cursor)
+        return _convert_matcher_v1_result_to_v2(
+            matches, type="unicode", fragment=fragment, suppress_if_matches=True
+        )
+
+    def fwd_unicode_match(self, text: str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
         """
         Forward match a string starting with a backslash with a list of
         potential Unicode completions.
 
-        Will compute list list of Unicode character names on first call and cache it.
+        Will compute list of Unicode character names on first call and cache it.
+
+        .. deprecated:: 8.6
+            You can use :meth:`fwd_unicode_matcher` instead.
 
         Returns
         -------
         At tuple with:
             - matched text (empty if no matches)
             - list of potential completions, empty tuple  otherwise)
         """
         # TODO: self.unicode_names is here a list we traverse each time with ~100k elements.
         # We could do a faster match using a Trie.
 
         # Using pygtrie the following seem to work:
 
         #     s = PrefixSet()
 
         #     for c in range(0,0x10FFFF + 1):
         #         try:
         #             s.add(unicodedata.name(chr(c)))
         #         except ValueError:
         #             pass
         #     [''.join(k) for k in s.iter(prefix)]
 
         # But need to be timed and adds an extra dependency.
 
         slashpos = text.rfind('\\')
         # if text starts with slash
         if slashpos > -1:
             # PERF: It's important that we don't access self._unicode_names
             # until we're inside this if-block. _unicode_names is lazily
             # initialized, and it takes a user-noticeable amount of time to
             # initialize it, so we don't want to initialize it unless we're
             # actually going to use it.
             s = text[slashpos + 1 :]
             sup = s.upper()
             candidates = [x for x in self.unicode_names if x.startswith(sup)]
             if candidates:
                 return s, candidates
             candidates = [x for x in self.unicode_names if sup in x]
             if candidates:
                 return s, candidates
             splitsup = sup.split(" ")
             candidates = [
                 x for x in self.unicode_names if all(u in x for u in splitsup)
             ]
             if candidates:
                 return s, candidates
 
             return "", ()
 
         # if text does not start with slash
         else:
             return '', ()
 
     @property
     def unicode_names(self) -> List[str]:
         """List of names of unicode code points that can be completed.
 
         The list is lazily initialized on first access.
         """
         if self._unicode_names is None:
             names = []
             for c in range(0,0x10FFFF + 1):
                 try:
                     names.append(unicodedata.name(chr(c)))
                 except ValueError:
                     pass
             self._unicode_names = _unicode_name_compute(_UNICODE_RANGES)
 
         return self._unicode_names
 
 def _unicode_name_compute(ranges:List[Tuple[int,int]]) -> List[str]:
     names = []
     for start,stop in ranges:
         for c in range(start, stop) :
             try:
                 names.append(unicodedata.name(chr(c)))
             except ValueError:
                 pass
     return names

IPython/core/display.py

@@ -1,1277 +1,1290 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Top-level display functions for displaying object in different formats."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 from binascii import b2a_base64, hexlify
 import html
 import json
 import mimetypes
 import os
 import struct
 import warnings
 from copy import deepcopy
 from os.path import splitext
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
 
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import cast_unicode
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from . import display_functions
 
 
 __all__ = ['display_pretty', 'display_html', 'display_markdown',
            'display_svg', 'display_png', 'display_jpeg', 'display_latex', 'display_json',
            'display_javascript', 'display_pdf', 'DisplayObject', 'TextDisplayObject',
            'Pretty', 'HTML', 'Markdown', 'Math', 'Latex', 'SVG', 'ProgressBar', 'JSON',
            'GeoJSON', 'Javascript', 'Image', 'set_matplotlib_formats',
            'set_matplotlib_close',
            'Video']
 
 _deprecated_names = ["display", "clear_output", "publish_display_data", "update_display", "DisplayHandle"]
 
 __all__ = __all__ + _deprecated_names
 
 
 # ----- warn to import from IPython.display -----
 
 from warnings import warn
 
 
 def __getattr__(name):
     if name in _deprecated_names:
         warn(f"Importing {name} from IPython.core.display is deprecated since IPython 7.14, please import from IPython display", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         return getattr(display_functions, name)
 
     if name in globals().keys():
         return globals()[name]
     else:
         raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__} has no attribute {name}")
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # utility functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def _safe_exists(path):
     """Check path, but don't let exceptions raise"""
     try:
         return os.path.exists(path)
     except Exception:
         return False
 
 
 def _display_mimetype(mimetype, objs, raw=False, metadata=None):
     """internal implementation of all display_foo methods
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     mimetype : str
         The mimetype to be published (e.g. 'image/png')
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw text data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     if metadata:
         metadata = {mimetype: metadata}
     if raw:
         # turn list of pngdata into list of { 'image/png': pngdata }
         objs = [ {mimetype: obj} for obj in objs ]
     display_functions.display(*objs, raw=raw, metadata=metadata, include=[mimetype])
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def display_pretty(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the pretty (default) representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw text data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('text/plain', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_html(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the HTML representation of an object.
 
     Note: If raw=False and the object does not have a HTML
     representation, no HTML will be shown.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw HTML data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('text/html', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_markdown(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Displays the Markdown representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw markdown data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
 
     _display_mimetype('text/markdown', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_svg(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the SVG representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw svg data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('image/svg+xml', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_png(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the PNG representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw png data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('image/png', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_jpeg(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the JPEG representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw JPEG data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('image/jpeg', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_latex(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the LaTeX representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw latex data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('text/latex', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_json(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the JSON representation of an object.
 
     Note that not many frontends support displaying JSON.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw json data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('application/json', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_javascript(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the Javascript representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw javascript data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('application/javascript', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_pdf(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the PDF representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw javascript data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('application/pdf', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Smart classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class DisplayObject(object):
     """An object that wraps data to be displayed."""
 
     _read_flags = 'r'
     _show_mem_addr = False
     metadata = None
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, metadata=None):
         """Create a display object given raw data.
 
         When this object is returned by an expression or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the data being displayed
         in the frontend. The MIME type of the data should match the
         subclasses used, so the Png subclass should be used for 'image/png'
         data. If the data is a URL, the data will first be downloaded
         and then displayed. If
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The raw data or a URL or file to load the data from
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         metadata : dict
             Dict of metadata associated to be the object when displayed
         """
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if data is not None and isinstance(data, str):
             if data.startswith('http') and url is None:
                 url = data
                 filename = None
                 data = None
             elif _safe_exists(data) and filename is None:
                 url = None
                 filename = data
                 data = None
 
         self.url = url
         self.filename = filename
         # because of @data.setter methods in
         # subclasses ensure url and filename are set
         # before assigning to self.data
         self.data = data
 
         if metadata is not None:
             self.metadata = metadata
         elif self.metadata is None:
             self.metadata = {}
 
         self.reload()
         self._check_data()
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if not self._show_mem_addr:
             cls = self.__class__
             r = "<%s.%s object>" % (cls.__module__, cls.__name__)
         else:
             r = super(DisplayObject, self).__repr__()
         return r
 
     def _check_data(self):
         """Override in subclasses if there's something to check."""
         pass
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self):
         """shortcut for returning metadata with shape information, if defined"""
         if self.metadata:
             return self.data, deepcopy(self.metadata)
         else:
             return self.data
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload the raw data from file or URL."""
         if self.filename is not None:
             encoding = None if "b" in self._read_flags else "utf-8"
             with open(self.filename, self._read_flags, encoding=encoding) as f:
                 self.data = f.read()
         elif self.url is not None:
             # Deferred import
             from urllib.request import urlopen
             response = urlopen(self.url)
             data = response.read()
             # extract encoding from header, if there is one:
             encoding = None
             if 'content-type' in response.headers:
                 for sub in response.headers['content-type'].split(';'):
                     sub = sub.strip()
                     if sub.startswith('charset'):
                         encoding = sub.split('=')[-1].strip()
                         break
             if 'content-encoding' in response.headers:
                 # TODO: do deflate?
                 if 'gzip' in response.headers['content-encoding']:
                     import gzip
                     from io import BytesIO
 
                     # assume utf-8 if encoding is not specified
                     with gzip.open(
                         BytesIO(data), "rt", encoding=encoding or "utf-8"
                     ) as fp:
                         encoding = None
                         data = fp.read()
 
             # decode data, if an encoding was specified
             # We only touch self.data once since
             # subclasses such as SVG have @data.setter methods
             # that transform self.data into ... well svg.
             if encoding:
                 self.data = data.decode(encoding, 'replace')
             else:
                 self.data = data
 
 
 class TextDisplayObject(DisplayObject):
-    """Validate that display data is text"""
+    """Create a text display object given raw data.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    data : str or unicode
+        The raw data or a URL or file to load the data from.
+    url : unicode
+        A URL to download the data from.
+    filename : unicode
+        Path to a local file to load the data from.
+    metadata : dict
+        Dict of metadata associated to be the object when displayed
+    """
     def _check_data(self):
         if self.data is not None and not isinstance(self.data, str):
             raise TypeError("%s expects text, not %r" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.data))
 
 class Pretty(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, pp, cycle):
         return pp.text(self.data)
 
 
 class HTML(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, metadata=None):
         def warn():
             if not data:
                 return False
 
             #
             # Avoid calling lower() on the entire data, because it could be a
             # long string and we're only interested in its beginning and end.
             #
             prefix = data[:10].lower()
             suffix = data[-10:].lower()
             return prefix.startswith("<iframe ") and suffix.endswith("</iframe>")
 
         if warn():
             warnings.warn("Consider using IPython.display.IFrame instead")
         super(HTML, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename, metadata=metadata)
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
     def __html__(self):
         """
         This method exists to inform other HTML-using modules (e.g. Markupsafe,
         htmltag, etc) that this object is HTML and does not need things like
         special characters (<>&) escaped.
         """
         return self._repr_html_()
 
 
 class Markdown(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_markdown_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 
 class Math(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_latex_(self):
         s = r"$\displaystyle %s$" % self.data.strip('$')
         if self.metadata:
             return s, deepcopy(self.metadata)
         else:
             return s
 
 
 class Latex(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_latex_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 
 class SVG(DisplayObject):
     """Embed an SVG into the display.
 
     Note if you just want to view a svg image via a URL use `:class:Image` with
     a url=URL keyword argument.
     """
 
     _read_flags = 'rb'
     # wrap data in a property, which extracts the <svg> tag, discarding
     # document headers
     _data = None
 
     @property
     def data(self):
         return self._data
 
     @data.setter
     def data(self, svg):
         if svg is None:
             self._data = None
             return
         # parse into dom object
         from xml.dom import minidom
         x = minidom.parseString(svg)
         # get svg tag (should be 1)
         found_svg = x.getElementsByTagName('svg')
         if found_svg:
             svg = found_svg[0].toxml()
         else:
             # fallback on the input, trust the user
             # but this is probably an error.
             pass
         svg = cast_unicode(svg)
         self._data = svg
 
     def _repr_svg_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 class ProgressBar(DisplayObject):
     """Progressbar supports displaying a progressbar like element
     """
     def __init__(self, total):
         """Creates a new progressbar
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         total : int
             maximum size of the progressbar
         """
         self.total = total
         self._progress = 0
         self.html_width = '60ex'
         self.text_width = 60
         self._display_id = hexlify(os.urandom(8)).decode('ascii')
 
     def __repr__(self):
         fraction = self.progress / self.total
         filled = '=' * int(fraction * self.text_width)
         rest = ' ' * (self.text_width - len(filled))
         return '[{}{}] {}/{}'.format(
             filled, rest,
             self.progress, self.total,
         )
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         return "<progress style='width:{}' max='{}' value='{}'></progress>".format(
             self.html_width, self.total, self.progress)
 
     def display(self):
         display_functions.display(self, display_id=self._display_id)
 
     def update(self):
         display_functions.display(self, display_id=self._display_id, update=True)
 
     @property
     def progress(self):
         return self._progress
 
     @progress.setter
     def progress(self, value):
         self._progress = value
         self.update()
 
     def __iter__(self):
         self.display()
         self._progress = -1 # First iteration is 0
         return self
 
     def __next__(self):
         """Returns current value and increments display by one."""
         self.progress += 1
         if self.progress < self.total:
             return self.progress
         else:
             raise StopIteration()
 
 class JSON(DisplayObject):
     """JSON expects a JSON-able dict or list
 
     not an already-serialized JSON string.
 
     Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict or list containers.
     """
     # wrap data in a property, which warns about passing already-serialized JSON
     _data = None
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, expanded=False, metadata=None, root='root', **kwargs):
         """Create a JSON display object given raw data.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : dict or list
             JSON data to display. Not an already-serialized JSON string.
             Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict
             or list containers.
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         expanded : boolean
             Metadata to control whether a JSON display component is expanded.
         metadata : dict
             Specify extra metadata to attach to the json display object.
         root : str
             The name of the root element of the JSON tree
         """
         self.metadata = {
             'expanded': expanded,
             'root': root,
         }
         if metadata:
             self.metadata.update(metadata)
         if kwargs:
             self.metadata.update(kwargs)
         super(JSON, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _check_data(self):
         if self.data is not None and not isinstance(self.data, (dict, list)):
             raise TypeError("%s expects JSONable dict or list, not %r" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.data))
 
     @property
     def data(self):
         return self._data
 
     @data.setter
     def data(self, data):
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if isinstance(data, str):
             if self.filename is None and self.url is None:
                 warnings.warn("JSON expects JSONable dict or list, not JSON strings")
             data = json.loads(data)
         self._data = data
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self):
         return self.data, self.metadata
 
     def _repr_json_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
+
 _css_t = """var link = document.createElement("link");
-	link.ref = "stylesheet";
+	link.rel = "stylesheet";
 	link.type = "text/css";
 	link.href = "%s";
 	document.head.appendChild(link);
 """
 
 _lib_t1 = """new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
 	var script = document.createElement("script");
 	script.onload = resolve;
 	script.onerror = reject;
 	script.src = "%s";
 	document.head.appendChild(script);
 }).then(() => {
 """
 
 _lib_t2 = """
 });"""
 
 class GeoJSON(JSON):
     """GeoJSON expects JSON-able dict
 
     not an already-serialized JSON string.
 
     Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict containers.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Create a GeoJSON display object given raw data.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : dict or list
             VegaLite data. Not an already-serialized JSON string.
             Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict
             or list containers.
         url_template : string
             Leaflet TileLayer URL template: http://leafletjs.com/reference.html#url-template
         layer_options : dict
             Leaflet TileLayer options: http://leafletjs.com/reference.html#tilelayer-options
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         metadata : dict
             Specify extra metadata to attach to the json display object.
 
         Examples
         --------
         The following will display an interactive map of Mars with a point of
         interest on frontend that do support GeoJSON display.
 
             >>> from IPython.display import GeoJSON
 
             >>> GeoJSON(data={
             ...     "type": "Feature",
             ...     "geometry": {
             ...         "type": "Point",
             ...         "coordinates": [-81.327, 296.038]
             ...     }
             ... },
             ... url_template="http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/whereonmars.cartodb.net/{basemap_id}/{z}/{x}/{y}.png",
             ... layer_options={
             ...     "basemap_id": "celestia_mars-shaded-16k_global",
             ...     "attribution" : "Celestia/praesepe",
             ...     "minZoom" : 0,
             ...     "maxZoom" : 18,
             ... })
             <IPython.core.display.GeoJSON object>
 
         In the terminal IPython, you will only see the text representation of
         the GeoJSON object.
 
         """
 
         super(GeoJSON, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
     def _ipython_display_(self):
         bundle = {
             'application/geo+json': self.data,
             'text/plain': '<IPython.display.GeoJSON object>'
         }
         metadata = {
             'application/geo+json': self.metadata
         }
         display_functions.display(bundle, metadata=metadata, raw=True)
 
 class Javascript(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, lib=None, css=None):
         """Create a Javascript display object given raw data.
 
         When this object is returned by an expression or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the data being displayed
         in the frontend. If the data is a URL, the data will first be
         downloaded and then displayed.
 
         In the Notebook, the containing element will be available as `element`,
         and jQuery will be available.  Content appended to `element` will be
         visible in the output area.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The Javascript source code or a URL to download it from.
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         lib : list or str
             A sequence of Javascript library URLs to load asynchronously before
             running the source code. The full URLs of the libraries should
             be given. A single Javascript library URL can also be given as a
             string.
         css : list or str
             A sequence of css files to load before running the source code.
             The full URLs of the css files should be given. A single css URL
             can also be given as a string.
         """
         if isinstance(lib, str):
             lib = [lib]
         elif lib is None:
             lib = []
         if isinstance(css, str):
             css = [css]
         elif css is None:
             css = []
         if not isinstance(lib, (list,tuple)):
             raise TypeError('expected sequence, got: %r' % lib)
         if not isinstance(css, (list,tuple)):
             raise TypeError('expected sequence, got: %r' % css)
         self.lib = lib
         self.css = css
         super(Javascript, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _repr_javascript_(self):
         r = ''
         for c in self.css:
             r += _css_t % c
         for l in self.lib:
             r += _lib_t1 % l
         r += self.data
         r += _lib_t2*len(self.lib)
         return r
 
 # constants for identifying png/jpeg data
 _PNG = b'\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n'
 _JPEG = b'\xff\xd8'
 
 def _pngxy(data):
     """read the (width, height) from a PNG header"""
     ihdr = data.index(b'IHDR')
     # next 8 bytes are width/height
     return struct.unpack('>ii', data[ihdr+4:ihdr+12])
 
 def _jpegxy(data):
     """read the (width, height) from a JPEG header"""
     # adapted from http://www.64lines.com/jpeg-width-height
 
     idx = 4
     while True:
         block_size = struct.unpack('>H', data[idx:idx+2])[0]
         idx = idx + block_size
         if data[idx:idx+2] == b'\xFF\xC0':
             # found Start of Frame
             iSOF = idx
             break
         else:
             # read another block
             idx += 2
 
     h, w = struct.unpack('>HH', data[iSOF+5:iSOF+9])
     return w, h
 
 def _gifxy(data):
     """read the (width, height) from a GIF header"""
     return struct.unpack('<HH', data[6:10])
 
 
 class Image(DisplayObject):
 
     _read_flags = 'rb'
     _FMT_JPEG = u'jpeg'
     _FMT_PNG = u'png'
     _FMT_GIF = u'gif'
     _ACCEPTABLE_EMBEDDINGS = [_FMT_JPEG, _FMT_PNG, _FMT_GIF]
     _MIMETYPES = {
         _FMT_PNG: 'image/png',
         _FMT_JPEG: 'image/jpeg',
         _FMT_GIF: 'image/gif',
     }
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         data=None,
         url=None,
         filename=None,
         format=None,
         embed=None,
         width=None,
         height=None,
         retina=False,
         unconfined=False,
         metadata=None,
         alt=None,
     ):
         """Create a PNG/JPEG/GIF image object given raw data.
 
         When this object is returned by an input cell or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the image being displayed
         in the frontend.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The raw image data or a URL or filename to load the data from.
             This always results in embedded image data.
 
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from. If you specify `url=`,
             the image data will not be embedded unless you also specify `embed=True`.
 
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
             Images from a file are always embedded.
 
         format : unicode
             The format of the image data (png/jpeg/jpg/gif). If a filename or URL is given
             for format will be inferred from the filename extension.
 
         embed : bool
             Should the image data be embedded using a data URI (True) or be
             loaded using an <img> tag. Set this to True if you want the image
             to be viewable later with no internet connection in the notebook.
 
             Default is `True`, unless the keyword argument `url` is set, then
             default value is `False`.
 
             Note that QtConsole is not able to display images if `embed` is set to `False`
 
         width : int
             Width in pixels to which to constrain the image in html
 
         height : int
             Height in pixels to which to constrain the image in html
 
         retina : bool
             Automatically set the width and height to half of the measured
             width and height.
             This only works for embedded images because it reads the width/height
             from image data.
             For non-embedded images, you can just set the desired display width
             and height directly.
 
         unconfined : bool
             Set unconfined=True to disable max-width confinement of the image.
 
         metadata : dict
             Specify extra metadata to attach to the image.
 
         alt : unicode
             Alternative text for the image, for use by screen readers.
 
         Examples
         --------
         embedded image data, works in qtconsole and notebook
         when passed positionally, the first arg can be any of raw image data,
         a URL, or a filename from which to load image data.
         The result is always embedding image data for inline images.
 
         >>> Image('https://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png') # doctest: +SKIP
         <IPython.core.display.Image object>
 
         >>> Image('/path/to/image.jpg')
         <IPython.core.display.Image object>
 
         >>> Image(b'RAW_PNG_DATA...')
         <IPython.core.display.Image object>
 
         Specifying Image(url=...) does not embed the image data,
         it only generates ``<img>`` tag with a link to the source.
         This will not work in the qtconsole or offline.
 
         >>> Image(url='https://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png')
         <IPython.core.display.Image object>
 
         """
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if filename is not None:
             ext = self._find_ext(filename)
         elif url is not None:
             ext = self._find_ext(url)
         elif data is None:
             raise ValueError("No image data found. Expecting filename, url, or data.")
         elif isinstance(data, str) and (
             data.startswith('http') or _safe_exists(data)
         ):
             ext = self._find_ext(data)
         else:
             ext = None
 
         if format is None:
             if ext is not None:
                 if ext == u'jpg' or ext == u'jpeg':
                     format = self._FMT_JPEG
                 elif ext == u'png':
                     format = self._FMT_PNG
                 elif ext == u'gif':
                     format = self._FMT_GIF
                 else:
                     format = ext.lower()
             elif isinstance(data, bytes):
                 # infer image type from image data header,
                 # only if format has not been specified.
                 if data[:2] == _JPEG:
                     format = self._FMT_JPEG
 
         # failed to detect format, default png
         if format is None:
             format = self._FMT_PNG
 
         if format.lower() == 'jpg':
             # jpg->jpeg
             format = self._FMT_JPEG
 
         self.format = format.lower()
         self.embed = embed if embed is not None else (url is None)
 
         if self.embed and self.format not in self._ACCEPTABLE_EMBEDDINGS:
             raise ValueError("Cannot embed the '%s' image format" % (self.format))
         if self.embed:
             self._mimetype = self._MIMETYPES.get(self.format)
 
         self.width = width
         self.height = height
         self.retina = retina
         self.unconfined = unconfined
         self.alt = alt
         super(Image, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename,
                 metadata=metadata)
 
         if self.width is None and self.metadata.get('width', {}):
             self.width = metadata['width']
 
         if self.height is None and self.metadata.get('height', {}):
             self.height = metadata['height']
 
         if self.alt is None and self.metadata.get("alt", {}):
             self.alt = metadata["alt"]
 
         if retina:
             self._retina_shape()
 
 
     def _retina_shape(self):
         """load pixel-doubled width and height from image data"""
         if not self.embed:
             return
         if self.format == self._FMT_PNG:
             w, h = _pngxy(self.data)
         elif self.format == self._FMT_JPEG:
             w, h = _jpegxy(self.data)
         elif self.format == self._FMT_GIF:
             w, h = _gifxy(self.data)
         else:
             # retina only supports png
             return
         self.width = w // 2
         self.height = h // 2
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload the raw data from file or URL."""
         if self.embed:
             super(Image,self).reload()
             if self.retina:
                 self._retina_shape()
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         if not self.embed:
             width = height = klass = alt = ""
             if self.width:
                 width = ' width="%d"' % self.width
             if self.height:
                 height = ' height="%d"' % self.height
             if self.unconfined:
                 klass = ' class="unconfined"'
             if self.alt:
                 alt = ' alt="%s"' % html.escape(self.alt)
             return '<img src="{url}"{width}{height}{klass}{alt}/>'.format(
                 url=self.url,
                 width=width,
                 height=height,
                 klass=klass,
                 alt=alt,
             )
 
     def _repr_mimebundle_(self, include=None, exclude=None):
         """Return the image as a mimebundle
 
         Any new mimetype support should be implemented here.
         """
         if self.embed:
             mimetype = self._mimetype
             data, metadata = self._data_and_metadata(always_both=True)
             if metadata:
                 metadata = {mimetype: metadata}
             return {mimetype: data}, metadata
         else:
             return {'text/html': self._repr_html_()}
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self, always_both=False):
         """shortcut for returning metadata with shape information, if defined"""
         try:
             b64_data = b2a_base64(self.data).decode('ascii')
         except TypeError as e:
             raise FileNotFoundError(
                 "No such file or directory: '%s'" % (self.data)) from e
         md = {}
         if self.metadata:
             md.update(self.metadata)
         if self.width:
             md['width'] = self.width
         if self.height:
             md['height'] = self.height
         if self.unconfined:
             md['unconfined'] = self.unconfined
         if self.alt:
             md["alt"] = self.alt
         if md or always_both:
             return b64_data, md
         else:
             return b64_data
 
     def _repr_png_(self):
         if self.embed and self.format == self._FMT_PNG:
             return self._data_and_metadata()
 
     def _repr_jpeg_(self):
         if self.embed and self.format == self._FMT_JPEG:
             return self._data_and_metadata()
 
     def _find_ext(self, s):
         base, ext = splitext(s)
 
         if not ext:
             return base
 
         # `splitext` includes leading period, so we skip it
         return ext[1:].lower()
 
 
 class Video(DisplayObject):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, embed=False,
                  mimetype=None, width=None, height=None, html_attributes="controls"):
         """Create a video object given raw data or an URL.
 
         When this object is returned by an input cell or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the video being displayed
         in the frontend.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The raw video data or a URL or filename to load the data from.
             Raw data will require passing ``embed=True``.
 
         url : unicode
             A URL for the video. If you specify ``url=``,
             the image data will not be embedded.
 
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file containing the video.
             Will be interpreted as a local URL unless ``embed=True``.
 
         embed : bool
             Should the video be embedded using a data URI (True) or be
             loaded using a <video> tag (False).
 
             Since videos are large, embedding them should be avoided, if possible.
             You must confirm embedding as your intention by passing ``embed=True``.
 
             Local files can be displayed with URLs without embedding the content, via::
 
                 Video('./video.mp4')
 
         mimetype : unicode
             Specify the mimetype for embedded videos.
             Default will be guessed from file extension, if available.
 
         width : int
             Width in pixels to which to constrain the video in HTML.
             If not supplied, defaults to the width of the video.
 
         height : int
             Height in pixels to which to constrain the video in html.
             If not supplied, defaults to the height of the video.
 
         html_attributes : str
             Attributes for the HTML ``<video>`` block.
             Default: ``"controls"`` to get video controls.
             Other examples: ``"controls muted"`` for muted video with controls,
             ``"loop autoplay"`` for looping autoplaying video without controls.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
             Video('https://archive.org/download/Sita_Sings_the_Blues/Sita_Sings_the_Blues_small.mp4')
             Video('path/to/video.mp4')
             Video('path/to/video.mp4', embed=True)
             Video('path/to/video.mp4', embed=True, html_attributes="controls muted autoplay")
             Video(b'raw-videodata', embed=True)
         """
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if url is None and isinstance(data, str) and data.startswith(('http:', 'https:')):
             url = data
             data = None
         elif data is not None and os.path.exists(data):
             filename = data
             data = None
 
         if data and not embed:
             msg = ''.join([
                 "To embed videos, you must pass embed=True ",
                 "(this may make your notebook files huge)\n",
                 "Consider passing Video(url='...')",
             ])
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
         self.mimetype = mimetype
         self.embed = embed
         self.width = width
         self.height = height
         self.html_attributes = html_attributes
         super(Video, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         width = height = ''
         if self.width:
             width = ' width="%d"' % self.width
         if self.height:
             height = ' height="%d"' % self.height
 
         # External URLs and potentially local files are not embedded into the
         # notebook output.
         if not self.embed:
             url = self.url if self.url is not None else self.filename
             output = """<video src="{0}" {1} {2} {3}>
       Your browser does not support the <code>video</code> element.
     </video>""".format(url, self.html_attributes, width, height)
             return output
 
         # Embedded videos are base64-encoded.
         mimetype = self.mimetype
         if self.filename is not None:
             if not mimetype:
                 mimetype, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(self.filename)
 
             with open(self.filename, 'rb') as f:
                 video = f.read()
         else:
             video = self.data
         if isinstance(video, str):
             # unicode input is already b64-encoded
             b64_video = video
         else:
             b64_video = b2a_base64(video).decode('ascii').rstrip()
 
         output = """<video {0} {1} {2}>
  <source src="data:{3};base64,{4}" type="{3}">
  Your browser does not support the video tag.
  </video>""".format(self.html_attributes, width, height, mimetype, b64_video)
         return output
 
     def reload(self):
         # TODO
         pass
 
 
 @skip_doctest
 def set_matplotlib_formats(*formats, **kwargs):
     """
     .. deprecated:: 7.23
 
        use `matplotlib_inline.backend_inline.set_matplotlib_formats()`
 
     Select figure formats for the inline backend. Optionally pass quality for JPEG.
 
     For example, this enables PNG and JPEG output with a JPEG quality of 90%::
 
         In [1]: set_matplotlib_formats('png', 'jpeg', quality=90)
 
     To set this in your config files use the following::
 
         c.InlineBackend.figure_formats = {'png', 'jpeg'}
         c.InlineBackend.print_figure_kwargs.update({'quality' : 90})
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *formats : strs
         One or more figure formats to enable: 'png', 'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'.
     **kwargs
         Keyword args will be relayed to ``figure.canvas.print_figure``.
     """
     warnings.warn(
         "`set_matplotlib_formats` is deprecated since IPython 7.23, directly "
         "use `matplotlib_inline.backend_inline.set_matplotlib_formats()`",
         DeprecationWarning,
         stacklevel=2,
     )
 
     from matplotlib_inline.backend_inline import (
         set_matplotlib_formats as set_matplotlib_formats_orig,
     )
 
     set_matplotlib_formats_orig(*formats, **kwargs)
 
 @skip_doctest
 def set_matplotlib_close(close=True):
     """
     .. deprecated:: 7.23
 
         use `matplotlib_inline.backend_inline.set_matplotlib_close()`
 
     Set whether the inline backend closes all figures automatically or not.
 
     By default, the inline backend used in the IPython Notebook will close all
     matplotlib figures automatically after each cell is run. This means that
     plots in different cells won't interfere. Sometimes, you may want to make
     a plot in one cell and then refine it in later cells. This can be accomplished
     by::
 
         In [1]: set_matplotlib_close(False)
 
     To set this in your config files use the following::
 
         c.InlineBackend.close_figures = False
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     close : bool
         Should all matplotlib figures be automatically closed after each cell is
         run?
     """
     warnings.warn(
         "`set_matplotlib_close` is deprecated since IPython 7.23, directly "
         "use `matplotlib_inline.backend_inline.set_matplotlib_close()`",
         DeprecationWarning,
         stacklevel=2,
     )
 
     from matplotlib_inline.backend_inline import (
         set_matplotlib_close as set_matplotlib_close_orig,
     )
 
     set_matplotlib_close_orig(close)

IPython/core/extensions.py

@@ -1,167 +1,151 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """A class for managing IPython extensions."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import os
 import os.path
 import sys
 from importlib import import_module, reload
 
 from traitlets.config.configurable import Configurable
 from IPython.utils.path import ensure_dir_exists, compress_user
 from IPython.utils.decorators import undoc
 from traitlets import Instance
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main class
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 BUILTINS_EXTS = {"storemagic": False, "autoreload": False}
 
 
 class ExtensionManager(Configurable):
     """A class to manage IPython extensions.
 
     An IPython extension is an importable Python module that has
     a function with the signature::
 
         def load_ipython_extension(ipython):
             # Do things with ipython
 
     This function is called after your extension is imported and the
     currently active :class:`InteractiveShell` instance is passed as
     the only argument.  You can do anything you want with IPython at
     that point, including defining new magic and aliases, adding new
     components, etc.
     
     You can also optionally define an :func:`unload_ipython_extension(ipython)`
     function, which will be called if the user unloads or reloads the extension.
     The extension manager will only call :func:`load_ipython_extension` again
     if the extension is reloaded.
 
     You can put your extension modules anywhere you want, as long as
     they can be imported by Python's standard import mechanism.  However,
     to make it easy to write extensions, you can also put your extensions
     in ``os.path.join(self.ipython_dir, 'extensions')``.  This directory
     is added to ``sys.path`` automatically.
     """
 
     shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC', allow_none=True)
 
     def __init__(self, shell=None, **kwargs):
         super(ExtensionManager, self).__init__(shell=shell, **kwargs)
         self.shell.observe(
             self._on_ipython_dir_changed, names=('ipython_dir',)
         )
         self.loaded = set()
 
     @property
     def ipython_extension_dir(self):
         return os.path.join(self.shell.ipython_dir, u'extensions')
 
     def _on_ipython_dir_changed(self, change):
         ensure_dir_exists(self.ipython_extension_dir)
 
     def load_extension(self, module_str: str):
         """Load an IPython extension by its module name.
 
         Returns the string "already loaded" if the extension is already loaded,
         "no load function" if the module doesn't have a load_ipython_extension
         function, or None if it succeeded.
         """
         try:
             return self._load_extension(module_str)
         except ModuleNotFoundError:
             if module_str in BUILTINS_EXTS:
                 BUILTINS_EXTS[module_str] = True
                 return self._load_extension("IPython.extensions." + module_str)
             raise
 
     def _load_extension(self, module_str: str):
         if module_str in self.loaded:
             return "already loaded"
 
         from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 
         with self.shell.builtin_trap:
             if module_str not in sys.modules:
-                with prepended_to_syspath(self.ipython_extension_dir):
-                    mod = import_module(module_str)
-                    if mod.__file__.startswith(self.ipython_extension_dir):
-                        print(("Loading extensions from {dir} is deprecated. "
-                               "We recommend managing extensions like any "
-                               "other Python packages, in site-packages.").format(
-                              dir=compress_user(self.ipython_extension_dir)))
+                mod = import_module(module_str)
             mod = sys.modules[module_str]
             if self._call_load_ipython_extension(mod):
                 self.loaded.add(module_str)
             else:
                 return "no load function"
 
     def unload_extension(self, module_str: str):
         """Unload an IPython extension by its module name.
 
         This function looks up the extension's name in ``sys.modules`` and
         simply calls ``mod.unload_ipython_extension(self)``.
 
         Returns the string "no unload function" if the extension doesn't define
         a function to unload itself, "not loaded" if the extension isn't loaded,
         otherwise None.
         """
         if BUILTINS_EXTS.get(module_str, False) is True:
             module_str = "IPython.extensions." + module_str
         if module_str not in self.loaded:
             return "not loaded"
 
         if module_str in sys.modules:
             mod = sys.modules[module_str]
             if self._call_unload_ipython_extension(mod):
                 self.loaded.discard(module_str)
             else:
                 return "no unload function"
 
     def reload_extension(self, module_str: str):
         """Reload an IPython extension by calling reload.
 
         If the module has not been loaded before,
         :meth:`InteractiveShell.load_extension` is called. Otherwise
         :func:`reload` is called and then the :func:`load_ipython_extension`
         function of the module, if it exists is called.
         """
         from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 
         if BUILTINS_EXTS.get(module_str, False) is True:
             module_str = "IPython.extensions." + module_str
 
         if (module_str in self.loaded) and (module_str in sys.modules):
             self.unload_extension(module_str)
             mod = sys.modules[module_str]
             with prepended_to_syspath(self.ipython_extension_dir):
                 reload(mod)
             if self._call_load_ipython_extension(mod):
                 self.loaded.add(module_str)
         else:
             self.load_extension(module_str)
 
     def _call_load_ipython_extension(self, mod):
         if hasattr(mod, 'load_ipython_extension'):
             mod.load_ipython_extension(self.shell)
             return True
 
     def _call_unload_ipython_extension(self, mod):
         if hasattr(mod, 'unload_ipython_extension'):
             mod.unload_ipython_extension(self.shell)
             return True
-
-    @undoc
-    def install_extension(self, url, filename=None):
-        """
-        Deprecated.
-        """
-        # Ensure the extension directory exists
-        raise DeprecationWarning(
-            '`install_extension` and the `install_ext` magic have been deprecated since IPython 4.0'
-            'Use pip or other package managers to manage ipython extensions.')

IPython/core/inputtransformer2.py

@@ -1,787 +1,797 b''
 """Input transformer machinery to support IPython special syntax.
 
 This includes the machinery to recognise and transform ``%magic`` commands,
 ``!system`` commands, ``help?`` querying, prompt stripping, and so forth.
 
 Added: IPython 7.0. Replaces inputsplitter and inputtransformer which were
 deprecated in 7.0.
 """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import ast
 from codeop import CommandCompiler, Compile
 import re
 import tokenize
 from typing import List, Tuple, Optional, Any
 import warnings
 
 _indent_re = re.compile(r'^[ \t]+')
 
 def leading_empty_lines(lines):
     """Remove leading empty lines
 
     If the leading lines are empty or contain only whitespace, they will be
     removed.
     """
     if not lines:
         return lines
     for i, line in enumerate(lines):
         if line and not line.isspace():
             return lines[i:]
     return lines
 
 def leading_indent(lines):
     """Remove leading indentation.
 
     If the first line starts with a spaces or tabs, the same whitespace will be
     removed from each following line in the cell.
     """
     if not lines:
         return lines
     m = _indent_re.match(lines[0])
     if not m:
         return lines
     space = m.group(0)
     n = len(space)
     return [l[n:] if l.startswith(space) else l
             for l in lines]
 
 class PromptStripper:
     """Remove matching input prompts from a block of input.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     prompt_re : regular expression
         A regular expression matching any input prompt (including continuation,
         e.g. ``...``)
     initial_re : regular expression, optional
         A regular expression matching only the initial prompt, but not continuation.
         If no initial expression is given, prompt_re will be used everywhere.
         Used mainly for plain Python prompts (``>>>``), where the continuation prompt
         ``...`` is a valid Python expression in Python 3, so shouldn't be stripped.
 
     Notes
     -----
 
     If initial_re and prompt_re differ,
     only initial_re will be tested against the first line.
     If any prompt is found on the first two lines,
     prompts will be stripped from the rest of the block.
     """
     def __init__(self, prompt_re, initial_re=None):
         self.prompt_re = prompt_re
         self.initial_re = initial_re or prompt_re
 
     def _strip(self, lines):
         return [self.prompt_re.sub('', l, count=1) for l in lines]
 
     def __call__(self, lines):
         if not lines:
             return lines
         if self.initial_re.match(lines[0]) or \
                 (len(lines) > 1 and self.prompt_re.match(lines[1])):
             return self._strip(lines)
         return lines
 
 classic_prompt = PromptStripper(
     prompt_re=re.compile(r'^(>>>|\.\.\.)( |$)'),
     initial_re=re.compile(r'^>>>( |$)')
 )
 
 ipython_prompt = PromptStripper(
     re.compile(
         r"""
         ^(                         # Match from the beginning of a line, either:
 
                                    # 1. First-line prompt:
         ((\[nav\]|\[ins\])?\ )?    # Vi editing mode prompt, if it's there
         In\                        # The 'In' of the prompt, with a space
         \[\d+\]:                   # Command index, as displayed in the prompt
         \                          # With a mandatory trailing space
 
         |                          # ... or ...
 
                                    # 2. The three dots of the multiline prompt
         \s*                        # All leading whitespace characters
         \.{3,}:                    # The three (or more) dots
         \ ?                        # With an optional trailing space
 
         )
         """,
         re.VERBOSE,
     )
 )
 
 
 def cell_magic(lines):
     if not lines or not lines[0].startswith('%%'):
         return lines
     if re.match(r'%%\w+\?', lines[0]):
         # This case will be handled by help_end
         return lines
     magic_name, _, first_line = lines[0][2:].rstrip().partition(' ')
     body = ''.join(lines[1:])
     return ['get_ipython().run_cell_magic(%r, %r, %r)\n'
             % (magic_name, first_line, body)]
 
 
 def _find_assign_op(token_line) -> Optional[int]:
     """Get the index of the first assignment in the line ('=' not inside brackets)
 
     Note: We don't try to support multiple special assignment (a = b = %foo)
     """
     paren_level = 0
     for i, ti in enumerate(token_line):
         s = ti.string
         if s == '=' and paren_level == 0:
             return i
         if s in {'(','[','{'}:
             paren_level += 1
         elif s in {')', ']', '}'}:
             if paren_level > 0:
                 paren_level -= 1
     return None
 
 def find_end_of_continued_line(lines, start_line: int):
     """Find the last line of a line explicitly extended using backslashes.
 
     Uses 0-indexed line numbers.
     """
     end_line = start_line
     while lines[end_line].endswith('\\\n'):
         end_line += 1
         if end_line >= len(lines):
             break
     return end_line
 
 def assemble_continued_line(lines, start: Tuple[int, int], end_line: int):
     r"""Assemble a single line from multiple continued line pieces
 
     Continued lines are lines ending in ``\``, and the line following the last
     ``\`` in the block.
 
     For example, this code continues over multiple lines::
 
         if (assign_ix is not None) \
              and (len(line) >= assign_ix + 2) \
              and (line[assign_ix+1].string == '%') \
              and (line[assign_ix+2].type == tokenize.NAME):
 
     This statement contains four continued line pieces.
     Assembling these pieces into a single line would give::
 
         if (assign_ix is not None) and (len(line) >= assign_ix + 2) and (line[...
 
     This uses 0-indexed line numbers. *start* is (lineno, colno).
 
     Used to allow ``%magic`` and ``!system`` commands to be continued over
     multiple lines.
     """
     parts = [lines[start[0]][start[1]:]] + lines[start[0]+1:end_line+1]
     return ' '.join([p.rstrip()[:-1] for p in parts[:-1]]  # Strip backslash+newline
                     + [parts[-1].rstrip()])         # Strip newline from last line
 
 class TokenTransformBase:
     """Base class for transformations which examine tokens.
 
     Special syntax should not be transformed when it occurs inside strings or
     comments. This is hard to reliably avoid with regexes. The solution is to
     tokenise the code as Python, and recognise the special syntax in the tokens.
 
     IPython's special syntax is not valid Python syntax, so tokenising may go
     wrong after the special syntax starts. These classes therefore find and
     transform *one* instance of special syntax at a time into regular Python
     syntax. After each transformation, tokens are regenerated to find the next
     piece of special syntax.
 
     Subclasses need to implement one class method (find)
     and one regular method (transform).
 
     The priority attribute can select which transformation to apply if multiple
     transformers match in the same place. Lower numbers have higher priority.
     This allows "%magic?" to be turned into a help call rather than a magic call.
     """
     # Lower numbers -> higher priority (for matches in the same location)
     priority = 10
 
     def sortby(self):
         return self.start_line, self.start_col, self.priority
 
     def __init__(self, start):
         self.start_line = start[0] - 1   # Shift from 1-index to 0-index
         self.start_col = start[1]
 
     @classmethod
     def find(cls, tokens_by_line):
         """Find one instance of special syntax in the provided tokens.
 
         Tokens are grouped into logical lines for convenience,
         so it is easy to e.g. look at the first token of each line.
         *tokens_by_line* is a list of lists of tokenize.TokenInfo objects.
 
         This should return an instance of its class, pointing to the start
         position it has found, or None if it found no match.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def transform(self, lines: List[str]):
         """Transform one instance of special syntax found by ``find()``
 
         Takes a list of strings representing physical lines,
         returns a similar list of transformed lines.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 class MagicAssign(TokenTransformBase):
     """Transformer for assignments from magics (a = %foo)"""
     @classmethod
     def find(cls, tokens_by_line):
         """Find the first magic assignment (a = %foo) in the cell.
         """
         for line in tokens_by_line:
             assign_ix = _find_assign_op(line)
             if (assign_ix is not None) \
                     and (len(line) >= assign_ix + 2) \
                     and (line[assign_ix+1].string == '%') \
                     and (line[assign_ix+2].type == tokenize.NAME):
                 return cls(line[assign_ix+1].start)
 
     def transform(self, lines: List[str]):
         """Transform a magic assignment found by the ``find()`` classmethod.
         """
         start_line, start_col = self.start_line, self.start_col
         lhs = lines[start_line][:start_col]
         end_line = find_end_of_continued_line(lines, start_line)
         rhs = assemble_continued_line(lines, (start_line, start_col), end_line)
         assert rhs.startswith('%'), rhs
         magic_name, _, args = rhs[1:].partition(' ')
 
         lines_before = lines[:start_line]
         call = "get_ipython().run_line_magic({!r}, {!r})".format(magic_name, args)
         new_line = lhs + call + '\n'
         lines_after = lines[end_line+1:]
 
         return lines_before + [new_line] + lines_after
 
 
 class SystemAssign(TokenTransformBase):
     """Transformer for assignments from system commands (a = !foo)"""
     @classmethod
     def find(cls, tokens_by_line):
         """Find the first system assignment (a = !foo) in the cell.
         """
         for line in tokens_by_line:
             assign_ix = _find_assign_op(line)
             if (assign_ix is not None) \
                     and not line[assign_ix].line.strip().startswith('=') \
                     and (len(line) >= assign_ix + 2) \
                     and (line[assign_ix + 1].type == tokenize.ERRORTOKEN):
                 ix = assign_ix + 1
 
                 while ix < len(line) and line[ix].type == tokenize.ERRORTOKEN:
                     if line[ix].string == '!':
                         return cls(line[ix].start)
                     elif not line[ix].string.isspace():
                         break
                     ix += 1
 
     def transform(self, lines: List[str]):
         """Transform a system assignment found by the ``find()`` classmethod.
         """
         start_line, start_col = self.start_line, self.start_col
 
         lhs = lines[start_line][:start_col]
         end_line = find_end_of_continued_line(lines, start_line)
         rhs = assemble_continued_line(lines, (start_line, start_col), end_line)
         assert rhs.startswith('!'), rhs
         cmd = rhs[1:]
 
         lines_before = lines[:start_line]
         call = "get_ipython().getoutput({!r})".format(cmd)
         new_line = lhs + call + '\n'
         lines_after = lines[end_line + 1:]
 
         return lines_before + [new_line] + lines_after
 
 # The escape sequences that define the syntax transformations IPython will
 # apply to user input.  These can NOT be just changed here: many regular
 # expressions and other parts of the code may use their hardcoded values, and
 # for all intents and purposes they constitute the 'IPython syntax', so they
 # should be considered fixed.
 
 ESC_SHELL  = '!'     # Send line to underlying system shell
 ESC_SH_CAP = '!!'    # Send line to system shell and capture output
 ESC_HELP   = '?'     # Find information about object
 ESC_HELP2  = '??'    # Find extra-detailed information about object
 ESC_MAGIC  = '%'     # Call magic function
 ESC_MAGIC2 = '%%'    # Call cell-magic function
 ESC_QUOTE  = ','     # Split args on whitespace, quote each as string and call
 ESC_QUOTE2 = ';'     # Quote all args as a single string, call
 ESC_PAREN  = '/'     # Call first argument with rest of line as arguments
 
 ESCAPE_SINGLES = {'!', '?', '%', ',', ';', '/'}
 ESCAPE_DOUBLES = {'!!', '??'}  # %% (cell magic) is handled separately
 
 def _make_help_call(target, esc):
     """Prepares a pinfo(2)/psearch call from a target name and the escape
     (i.e. ? or ??)"""
     method  = 'pinfo2' if esc == '??' \
                 else 'psearch' if '*' in target \
                 else 'pinfo'
     arg = " ".join([method, target])
     #Prepare arguments for get_ipython().run_line_magic(magic_name, magic_args)
     t_magic_name, _, t_magic_arg_s = arg.partition(' ')
     t_magic_name = t_magic_name.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC)
     return "get_ipython().run_line_magic(%r, %r)" % (t_magic_name, t_magic_arg_s)
 
 
 def _tr_help(content):
     """Translate lines escaped with: ?
 
     A naked help line should fire the intro help screen (shell.show_usage())
     """
     if not content:
         return 'get_ipython().show_usage()'
 
     return _make_help_call(content, '?')
 
 def _tr_help2(content):
     """Translate lines escaped with: ??
 
     A naked help line should fire the intro help screen (shell.show_usage())
     """
     if not content:
         return 'get_ipython().show_usage()'
 
     return _make_help_call(content, '??')
 
 def _tr_magic(content):
     "Translate lines escaped with a percent sign: %"
     name, _, args = content.partition(' ')
     return 'get_ipython().run_line_magic(%r, %r)' % (name, args)
 
 def _tr_quote(content):
     "Translate lines escaped with a comma: ,"
     name, _, args = content.partition(' ')
     return '%s("%s")' % (name, '", "'.join(args.split()) )
 
 def _tr_quote2(content):
     "Translate lines escaped with a semicolon: ;"
     name, _, args = content.partition(' ')
     return '%s("%s")' % (name, args)
 
 def _tr_paren(content):
     "Translate lines escaped with a slash: /"
     name, _, args = content.partition(' ')
     return '%s(%s)' % (name, ", ".join(args.split()))
 
 tr = { ESC_SHELL  : 'get_ipython().system({!r})'.format,
        ESC_SH_CAP : 'get_ipython().getoutput({!r})'.format,
        ESC_HELP   : _tr_help,
        ESC_HELP2  : _tr_help2,
        ESC_MAGIC  : _tr_magic,
        ESC_QUOTE  : _tr_quote,
        ESC_QUOTE2 : _tr_quote2,
        ESC_PAREN  : _tr_paren }
 
 class EscapedCommand(TokenTransformBase):
     """Transformer for escaped commands like %foo, !foo, or /foo"""
     @classmethod
     def find(cls, tokens_by_line):
         """Find the first escaped command (%foo, !foo, etc.) in the cell.
         """
         for line in tokens_by_line:
             if not line:
                 continue
             ix = 0
             ll = len(line)
             while ll > ix and line[ix].type in {tokenize.INDENT, tokenize.DEDENT}:
                 ix += 1
             if ix >= ll:
                 continue
             if line[ix].string in ESCAPE_SINGLES:
                 return cls(line[ix].start)
 
     def transform(self, lines):
         """Transform an escaped line found by the ``find()`` classmethod.
         """
         start_line, start_col = self.start_line, self.start_col
 
         indent = lines[start_line][:start_col]
         end_line = find_end_of_continued_line(lines, start_line)
         line = assemble_continued_line(lines, (start_line, start_col), end_line)
 
         if len(line) > 1 and line[:2] in ESCAPE_DOUBLES:
             escape, content = line[:2], line[2:]
         else:
             escape, content = line[:1], line[1:]
 
         if escape in tr:
             call = tr[escape](content)
         else:
             call = ''
 
         lines_before = lines[:start_line]
         new_line = indent + call + '\n'
         lines_after = lines[end_line + 1:]
 
         return lines_before + [new_line] + lines_after
 
-_help_end_re = re.compile(r"""(%{0,2}
-                              (?!\d)[\w*]+            # Variable name
-                              (\.(?!\d)[\w*]+)*       # .etc.etc
-                              )
-                              (\?\??)$                # ? or ??
-                              """,
-                              re.VERBOSE)
+
+_help_end_re = re.compile(
+    r"""(%{0,2}
+    (?!\d)[\w*]+            # Variable name
+    (\.(?!\d)[\w*]+|\[-?[0-9]+\])*       # .etc.etc or [0], we only support literal integers.
+    )
+    (\?\??)$                # ? or ??
+    """,
+    re.VERBOSE,
+)
+
 
 class HelpEnd(TokenTransformBase):
     """Transformer for help syntax: obj? and obj??"""
     # This needs to be higher priority (lower number) than EscapedCommand so
     # that inspecting magics (%foo?) works.
     priority = 5
 
     def __init__(self, start, q_locn):
         super().__init__(start)
         self.q_line = q_locn[0] - 1  # Shift from 1-indexed to 0-indexed
         self.q_col = q_locn[1]
 
     @classmethod
     def find(cls, tokens_by_line):
         """Find the first help command (foo?) in the cell.
         """
         for line in tokens_by_line:
             # Last token is NEWLINE; look at last but one
             if len(line) > 2 and line[-2].string == '?':
                 # Find the first token that's not INDENT/DEDENT
                 ix = 0
                 while line[ix].type in {tokenize.INDENT, tokenize.DEDENT}:
                     ix += 1
                 return cls(line[ix].start, line[-2].start)
 
     def transform(self, lines):
         """Transform a help command found by the ``find()`` classmethod.
         """
-        piece = ''.join(lines[self.start_line:self.q_line+1])
-        indent, content = piece[:self.start_col], piece[self.start_col:]
-        lines_before = lines[:self.start_line]
-        lines_after = lines[self.q_line + 1:]
+
+        piece = "".join(lines[self.start_line : self.q_line + 1])
+        indent, content = piece[: self.start_col], piece[self.start_col :]
+        lines_before = lines[: self.start_line]
+        lines_after = lines[self.q_line + 1 :]
 
         m = _help_end_re.search(content)
         if not m:
             raise SyntaxError(content)
         assert m is not None, content
         target = m.group(1)
         esc = m.group(3)
 
 
         call = _make_help_call(target, esc)
         new_line = indent + call + '\n'
 
         return lines_before + [new_line] + lines_after
 
 def make_tokens_by_line(lines:List[str]):
     """Tokenize a series of lines and group tokens by line.
 
     The tokens for a multiline Python string or expression are grouped as one
     line. All lines except the last lines should keep their line ending ('\\n',
     '\\r\\n') for this to properly work. Use `.splitlines(keeplineending=True)`
     for example when passing block of text to this function.
 
     """
     # NL tokens are used inside multiline expressions, but also after blank
     # lines or comments. This is intentional - see https://bugs.python.org/issue17061
     # We want to group the former case together but split the latter, so we
     # track parentheses level, similar to the internals of tokenize.
 
     #   reexported from token on 3.7+
     NEWLINE, NL = tokenize.NEWLINE, tokenize.NL  # type: ignore
     tokens_by_line: List[List[Any]] = [[]]
     if len(lines) > 1 and not lines[0].endswith(("\n", "\r", "\r\n", "\x0b", "\x0c")):
         warnings.warn(
             "`make_tokens_by_line` received a list of lines which do not have lineending markers ('\\n', '\\r', '\\r\\n', '\\x0b', '\\x0c'), behavior will be unspecified",
             stacklevel=2,
         )
     parenlev = 0
     try:
         for token in tokenize.generate_tokens(iter(lines).__next__):
             tokens_by_line[-1].append(token)
             if (token.type == NEWLINE) \
                     or ((token.type == NL) and (parenlev <= 0)):
                 tokens_by_line.append([])
             elif token.string in {'(', '[', '{'}:
                 parenlev += 1
             elif token.string in {')', ']', '}'}:
                 if parenlev > 0:
                     parenlev -= 1
     except tokenize.TokenError:
         # Input ended in a multiline string or expression. That's OK for us.
         pass
 
 
     if not tokens_by_line[-1]:
         tokens_by_line.pop()
 
 
     return tokens_by_line
 
 
 def has_sunken_brackets(tokens: List[tokenize.TokenInfo]):
     """Check if the depth of brackets in the list of tokens drops below 0"""
     parenlev = 0
     for token in tokens:
         if token.string in {"(", "[", "{"}:
             parenlev += 1
         elif token.string in {")", "]", "}"}:
             parenlev -= 1
             if parenlev < 0:
                 return True
     return False
 
 
 def show_linewise_tokens(s: str):
     """For investigation and debugging"""
-    if not s.endswith('\n'):
-        s += '\n'
+    warnings.warn(
+        "show_linewise_tokens is deprecated since IPython 8.6",
+        DeprecationWarning,
+        stacklevel=2,
+    )
+    if not s.endswith("\n"):
+        s += "\n"
     lines = s.splitlines(keepends=True)
     for line in make_tokens_by_line(lines):
         print("Line -------")
         for tokinfo in line:
             print(" ", tokinfo)
 
 # Arbitrary limit to prevent getting stuck in infinite loops
 TRANSFORM_LOOP_LIMIT = 500
 
 class TransformerManager:
     """Applies various transformations to a cell or code block.
 
     The key methods for external use are ``transform_cell()``
     and ``check_complete()``.
     """
     def __init__(self):
         self.cleanup_transforms = [
             leading_empty_lines,
             leading_indent,
             classic_prompt,
             ipython_prompt,
         ]
         self.line_transforms = [
             cell_magic,
         ]
         self.token_transformers = [
             MagicAssign,
             SystemAssign,
             EscapedCommand,
             HelpEnd,
         ]
 
     def do_one_token_transform(self, lines):
         """Find and run the transform earliest in the code.
 
         Returns (changed, lines).
 
         This method is called repeatedly until changed is False, indicating
         that all available transformations are complete.
 
         The tokens following IPython special syntax might not be valid, so
         the transformed code is retokenised every time to identify the next
         piece of special syntax. Hopefully long code cells are mostly valid
         Python, not using lots of IPython special syntax, so this shouldn't be
         a performance issue.
         """
         tokens_by_line = make_tokens_by_line(lines)
         candidates = []
         for transformer_cls in self.token_transformers:
             transformer = transformer_cls.find(tokens_by_line)
             if transformer:
                 candidates.append(transformer)
 
         if not candidates:
             # Nothing to transform
             return False, lines
         ordered_transformers = sorted(candidates, key=TokenTransformBase.sortby)
         for transformer in ordered_transformers:
             try:
                 return True, transformer.transform(lines)
             except SyntaxError:
                 pass
         return False, lines
 
     def do_token_transforms(self, lines):
         for _ in range(TRANSFORM_LOOP_LIMIT):
             changed, lines = self.do_one_token_transform(lines)
             if not changed:
                 return lines
 
         raise RuntimeError("Input transformation still changing after "
                            "%d iterations. Aborting." % TRANSFORM_LOOP_LIMIT)
 
     def transform_cell(self, cell: str) -> str:
         """Transforms a cell of input code"""
         if not cell.endswith('\n'):
             cell += '\n'  # Ensure the cell has a trailing newline
         lines = cell.splitlines(keepends=True)
         for transform in self.cleanup_transforms + self.line_transforms:
             lines = transform(lines)
 
         lines = self.do_token_transforms(lines)
         return ''.join(lines)
 
     def check_complete(self, cell: str):
         """Return whether a block of code is ready to execute, or should be continued
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cell : string
             Python input code, which can be multiline.
 
         Returns
         -------
         status : str
             One of 'complete', 'incomplete', or 'invalid' if source is not a
             prefix of valid code.
         indent_spaces : int or None
             The number of spaces by which to indent the next line of code. If
             status is not 'incomplete', this is None.
         """
         # Remember if the lines ends in a new line.
         ends_with_newline = False
         for character in reversed(cell):
             if character == '\n':
                 ends_with_newline = True
                 break
             elif character.strip():
                 break
             else:
                 continue
 
         if not ends_with_newline:
             # Append an newline for consistent tokenization
             # See https://bugs.python.org/issue33899
             cell += '\n'
 
         lines = cell.splitlines(keepends=True)
 
         if not lines:
             return 'complete', None
 
         if lines[-1].endswith('\\'):
             # Explicit backslash continuation
             return 'incomplete', find_last_indent(lines)
 
         try:
             for transform in self.cleanup_transforms:
                 if not getattr(transform, 'has_side_effects', False):
                     lines = transform(lines)
         except SyntaxError:
             return 'invalid', None
 
         if lines[0].startswith('%%'):
             # Special case for cell magics - completion marked by blank line
             if lines[-1].strip():
                 return 'incomplete', find_last_indent(lines)
             else:
                 return 'complete', None
 
         try:
             for transform in self.line_transforms:
                 if not getattr(transform, 'has_side_effects', False):
                     lines = transform(lines)
             lines = self.do_token_transforms(lines)
         except SyntaxError:
             return 'invalid', None
 
         tokens_by_line = make_tokens_by_line(lines)
 
         # Bail if we got one line and there are more closing parentheses than
         # the opening ones
         if (
             len(lines) == 1
             and tokens_by_line
             and has_sunken_brackets(tokens_by_line[0])
         ):
             return "invalid", None
 
         if not tokens_by_line:
             return 'incomplete', find_last_indent(lines)
 
         if tokens_by_line[-1][-1].type != tokenize.ENDMARKER:
             # We're in a multiline string or expression
             return 'incomplete', find_last_indent(lines)
 
         newline_types = {tokenize.NEWLINE, tokenize.COMMENT, tokenize.ENDMARKER} # type: ignore
 
         # Pop the last line which only contains DEDENTs and ENDMARKER
         last_token_line = None
         if {t.type for t in tokens_by_line[-1]} in [
             {tokenize.DEDENT, tokenize.ENDMARKER},
             {tokenize.ENDMARKER}
         ] and len(tokens_by_line) > 1:
             last_token_line = tokens_by_line.pop()
 
         while tokens_by_line[-1] and tokens_by_line[-1][-1].type in newline_types:
             tokens_by_line[-1].pop()
 
         if not tokens_by_line[-1]:
             return 'incomplete', find_last_indent(lines)
 
         if tokens_by_line[-1][-1].string == ':':
             # The last line starts a block (e.g. 'if foo:')
             ix = 0
             while tokens_by_line[-1][ix].type in {tokenize.INDENT, tokenize.DEDENT}:
                 ix += 1
 
             indent = tokens_by_line[-1][ix].start[1]
             return 'incomplete', indent + 4
 
         if tokens_by_line[-1][0].line.endswith('\\'):
             return 'incomplete', None
 
         # At this point, our checks think the code is complete (or invalid).
         # We'll use codeop.compile_command to check this with the real parser
         try:
             with warnings.catch_warnings():
                 warnings.simplefilter('error', SyntaxWarning)
                 res = compile_command(''.join(lines), symbol='exec')
         except (SyntaxError, OverflowError, ValueError, TypeError,
                 MemoryError, SyntaxWarning):
             return 'invalid', None
         else:
             if res is None:
                 return 'incomplete', find_last_indent(lines)
 
         if last_token_line and last_token_line[0].type == tokenize.DEDENT:
             if ends_with_newline:
                 return 'complete', None
             return 'incomplete', find_last_indent(lines)
 
         # If there's a blank line at the end, assume we're ready to execute
         if not lines[-1].strip():
             return 'complete', None
 
         return 'complete', None
 
 
 def find_last_indent(lines):
     m = _indent_re.match(lines[-1])
     if not m:
         return 0
     return len(m.group(0).replace('\t', ' '*4))
 
 
 class MaybeAsyncCompile(Compile):
     def __init__(self, extra_flags=0):
         super().__init__()
         self.flags |= extra_flags
 
 
 class MaybeAsyncCommandCompiler(CommandCompiler):
     def __init__(self, extra_flags=0):
         self.compiler = MaybeAsyncCompile(extra_flags=extra_flags)
 
 
 _extra_flags = ast.PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT
 
 compile_command = MaybeAsyncCommandCompiler(extra_flags=_extra_flags)

IPython/core/interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,3780 +1,3835 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Main IPython class."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 import abc
 import ast
 import atexit
 import bdb
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import functools
 import inspect
 import os
 import re
 import runpy
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import traceback
 import types
 import warnings
 from ast import stmt
 from io import open as io_open
 from logging import error
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import List as ListType
 from typing import Optional, Tuple
 from warnings import warn
 
 from pickleshare import PickleShareDB
 from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
 from traitlets import (
     Any,
     Bool,
     CaselessStrEnum,
     Dict,
     Enum,
     Instance,
     Integer,
     List,
     Type,
     Unicode,
     default,
     observe,
     validate,
 )
 from traitlets.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
 from traitlets.utils.importstring import import_item
 
 import IPython.core.hooks
 from IPython.core import magic, oinspect, page, prefilter, ultratb
 from IPython.core.alias import Alias, AliasManager
 from IPython.core.autocall import ExitAutocall
 from IPython.core.builtin_trap import BuiltinTrap
-from IPython.core.compilerop import CachingCompiler, check_linecache_ipython
+from IPython.core.compilerop import CachingCompiler
 from IPython.core.debugger import InterruptiblePdb
 from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.core.displayhook import DisplayHook
 from IPython.core.displaypub import DisplayPublisher
 from IPython.core.error import InputRejected, UsageError
 from IPython.core.events import EventManager, available_events
 from IPython.core.extensions import ExtensionManager
 from IPython.core.formatters import DisplayFormatter
 from IPython.core.history import HistoryManager
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer2 import ESC_MAGIC, ESC_MAGIC2
 from IPython.core.logger import Logger
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.payload import PayloadManager
 from IPython.core.prefilter import PrefilterManager
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.core.usage import default_banner
 from IPython.display import display
 from IPython.paths import get_ipython_dir
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize, io, openpy, py3compat
 from IPython.utils.decorators import undoc
 from IPython.utils.io import ask_yes_no
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.utils.path import ensure_dir_exists, get_home_dir, get_py_filename
 from IPython.utils.process import getoutput, system
 from IPython.utils.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.text import DollarFormatter, LSString, SList, format_screen
 
 sphinxify: Optional[Callable]
 
 try:
     import docrepr.sphinxify as sphx
 
     def sphinxify(oinfo):
         wrapped_docstring = sphx.wrap_main_docstring(oinfo)
 
         def sphinxify_docstring(docstring):
             with TemporaryDirectory() as dirname:
                 return {
                     "text/html": sphx.sphinxify(wrapped_docstring, dirname),
                     "text/plain": docstring,
                 }
 
         return sphinxify_docstring
 except ImportError:
     sphinxify = None
 
 
 class ProvisionalWarning(DeprecationWarning):
     """
     Warning class for unstable features
     """
     pass
 
 from ast import Module
 
 _assign_nodes = (ast.AugAssign, ast.AnnAssign, ast.Assign)
 _single_targets_nodes = (ast.AugAssign, ast.AnnAssign)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Await Helpers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # we still need to run things using the asyncio eventloop, but there is no
 # async integration
 from .async_helpers import (
     _asyncio_runner,
     _curio_runner,
     _pseudo_sync_runner,
     _should_be_async,
     _trio_runner,
 )
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
+def is_integer_string(s: str):
+    """
+    Variant of "str.isnumeric()" that allow negative values and other ints.
+    """
+    try:
+        int(s)
+        return True
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+    raise ValueError("Unexpected error")
+
+
 @undoc
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 @undoc
 def no_op(*a, **kw):
     pass
 
 
 class SpaceInInput(Exception): pass
 
 
 class SeparateUnicode(Unicode):
     r"""A Unicode subclass to validate separate_in, separate_out, etc.
 
     This is a Unicode based trait that converts '0'->'' and ``'\\n'->'\n'``.
     """
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if value == '0': value = ''
         value = value.replace('\\n','\n')
         return super(SeparateUnicode, self).validate(obj, value)
 
 
 @undoc
 class DummyMod(object):
     """A dummy module used for IPython's interactive module when
     a namespace must be assigned to the module's __dict__."""
     __spec__ = None
 
 
 class ExecutionInfo(object):
     """The arguments used for a call to :meth:`InteractiveShell.run_cell`
 
     Stores information about what is going to happen.
     """
     raw_cell = None
     store_history = False
     silent = False
     shell_futures = True
     cell_id = None
 
     def __init__(self, raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id):
         self.raw_cell = raw_cell
         self.store_history = store_history
         self.silent = silent
         self.shell_futures = shell_futures
         self.cell_id = cell_id
 
     def __repr__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__qualname__
         raw_cell = (
             (self.raw_cell[:50] + "..") if len(self.raw_cell) > 50 else self.raw_cell
         )
-        return '<%s object at %x, raw_cell="%s" store_history=%s silent=%s shell_futures=%s cell_id=%s>' % (
-            name,
-            id(self),
-            raw_cell,
-            self.store_history,
-            self.silent,
-            self.shell_futures,
-            self.cell_id,
+        return (
+            '<%s object at %x, raw_cell="%s" store_history=%s silent=%s shell_futures=%s cell_id=%s>'
+            % (
+                name,
+                id(self),
+                raw_cell,
+                self.store_history,
+                self.silent,
+                self.shell_futures,
+                self.cell_id,
+            )
         )
 
 
 class ExecutionResult(object):
     """The result of a call to :meth:`InteractiveShell.run_cell`
 
     Stores information about what took place.
     """
     execution_count = None
     error_before_exec = None
     error_in_exec: Optional[BaseException] = None
     info = None
     result = None
 
     def __init__(self, info):
         self.info = info
 
     @property
     def success(self):
         return (self.error_before_exec is None) and (self.error_in_exec is None)
 
     def raise_error(self):
         """Reraises error if `success` is `False`, otherwise does nothing"""
         if self.error_before_exec is not None:
             raise self.error_before_exec
         if self.error_in_exec is not None:
             raise self.error_in_exec
 
     def __repr__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__qualname__
         return '<%s object at %x, execution_count=%s error_before_exec=%s error_in_exec=%s info=%s result=%s>' %\
                 (name, id(self), self.execution_count, self.error_before_exec, self.error_in_exec, repr(self.info), repr(self.result))
 
[e-mail](io_open)
+def _modified_open(file, *args, **kwargs):
+    if file in {0, 1, 2}:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"IPython won't let you open fd={file} by default "
+            "as it is likely to crash IPython. If you know what you are doing, "
+            "you can use builtins' open."
+        )
+
+    return io_open(file, *args, **kwargs)
 
 class InteractiveShell(SingletonConfigurable):
     """An enhanced, interactive shell for Python."""
 
     _instance = None
 
     ast_transformers = List([], help=
         """
         A list of ast.NodeTransformer subclass instances, which will be applied
         to user input before code is run.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autocall = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0, help=
         """
         Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if you didn't
         type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes 'str(43)'
         automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature, '1' for
         'smart' autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more
         arguments on the line, and '2' for 'full' autocall, where all callable
         objects are automatically called (even if no arguments are present).
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autoindent = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Autoindent IPython code entered interactively.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autoawait = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Automatically run await statement in the top level repl.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     loop_runner_map ={
         'asyncio':(_asyncio_runner, True),
         'curio':(_curio_runner, True),
         'trio':(_trio_runner, True),
         'sync': (_pseudo_sync_runner, False)
     }
 
     loop_runner = Any(default_value="IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner",
         allow_none=True,
         help="""Select the loop runner that will be used to execute top-level asynchronous code"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     @default('loop_runner')
     def _default_loop_runner(self):
         return import_item("IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner")
 
     @validate('loop_runner')
     def _import_runner(self, proposal):
         if isinstance(proposal.value, str):
             if proposal.value in self.loop_runner_map:
                 runner, autoawait = self.loop_runner_map[proposal.value]
                 self.autoawait = autoawait
                 return runner
             runner = import_item(proposal.value)
             if not callable(runner):
                 raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
             return runner
         if not callable(proposal.value):
             raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
         return proposal.value
 
     automagic = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Enable magic commands to be called without the leading %.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     banner1 = Unicode(default_banner,
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed before the profile"""
     ).tag(config=True)
     banner2 = Unicode('',
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed after the profile"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     cache_size = Integer(1000, help=
         """
         Set the size of the output cache.  The default is 1000, you can
         change it permanently in your config file.  Setting it to 0 completely
         disables the caching system, and the minimum value accepted is 3 (if
         you provide a value less than 3, it is reset to 0 and a warning is
         issued).  This limit is defined because otherwise you'll spend more
         time re-flushing a too small cache than working
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     color_info = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Use colors for displaying information about objects. Because this
         information is passed through a pager (like 'less'), and some pagers
         get confused with color codes, this capability can be turned off.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     colors = CaselessStrEnum(('Neutral', 'NoColor','LightBG','Linux'),
                              default_value='Neutral',
         help="Set the color scheme (NoColor, Neutral, Linux, or LightBG)."
     ).tag(config=True)
     debug = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
     disable_failing_post_execute = Bool(False,
         help="Don't call post-execute functions that have failed in the past."
     ).tag(config=True)
     display_formatter = Instance(DisplayFormatter, allow_none=True)
     displayhook_class = Type(DisplayHook)
     display_pub_class = Type(DisplayPublisher)
     compiler_class = Type(CachingCompiler)
 
     sphinxify_docstring = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Enables rich html representation of docstrings. (This requires the
         docrepr module).
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe("sphinxify_docstring")
     def _sphinxify_docstring_changed(self, change):
         if change['new']:
             warn("`sphinxify_docstring` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions." , ProvisionalWarning)
 
     enable_html_pager = Bool(False, help=
         """
         (Provisional API) enables html representation in mime bundles sent
         to pagers.
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe("enable_html_pager")
     def _enable_html_pager_changed(self, change):
         if change['new']:
             warn("`enable_html_pager` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions.", ProvisionalWarning)
 
     data_pub_class = None
 
     exit_now = Bool(False)
     exiter = Instance(ExitAutocall)
     @default('exiter')
     def _exiter_default(self):
         return ExitAutocall(self)
     # Monotonically increasing execution counter
     execution_count = Integer(1)
     filename = Unicode("<ipython console>")
     ipython_dir= Unicode('').tag(config=True) # Set to get_ipython_dir() in __init__
 
     # Used to transform cells before running them, and check whether code is complete
     input_transformer_manager = Instance('IPython.core.inputtransformer2.TransformerManager',
                                          ())
 
     @property
     def input_transformers_cleanup(self):
         return self.input_transformer_manager.cleanup_transforms
 
     input_transformers_post = List([],
         help="A list of string input transformers, to be applied after IPython's "
              "own input transformations."
     )
 
     @property
     def input_splitter(self):
         """Make this available for backward compatibility (pre-7.0 release) with existing code.
 
         For example, ipykernel ipykernel currently uses
         `shell.input_splitter.check_complete`
         """
         from warnings import warn
         warn("`input_splitter` is deprecated since IPython 7.0, prefer `input_transformer_manager`.",
              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
         )
         return self.input_transformer_manager
 
     logstart = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Start logging to the default log file in overwrite mode.
         Use `logappend` to specify a log file to **append** logs to.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     logfile = Unicode('', help=
         """
         The name of the logfile to use.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     logappend = Unicode('', help=
         """
         Start logging to the given file in append mode.
         Use `logfile` to specify a log file to **overwrite** logs to.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     object_info_string_level = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0,
     ).tag(config=True)
     pdb = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Automatically call the pdb debugger after every exception.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     display_page = Bool(False,
         help="""If True, anything that would be passed to the pager
         will be displayed as regular output instead."""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
 
     show_rewritten_input = Bool(True,
         help="Show rewritten input, e.g. for autocall."
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     quiet = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
 
     history_length = Integer(10000,
         help='Total length of command history'
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     history_load_length = Integer(1000, help=
         """
         The number of saved history entries to be loaded
         into the history buffer at startup.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     ast_node_interactivity = Enum(['all', 'last', 'last_expr', 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign'],
                                   default_value='last_expr',
                                   help="""
         'all', 'last', 'last_expr' or 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign' specifying
         which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output from expressions).
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     warn_venv = Bool(
         True,
         help="Warn if running in a virtual environment with no IPython installed (so IPython from the global environment is used).",
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     # TODO: this part of prompt management should be moved to the frontends.
     # Use custom TraitTypes that convert '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'
     separate_in = SeparateUnicode('\n').tag(config=True)
     separate_out = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
     separate_out2 = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
     wildcards_case_sensitive = Bool(True).tag(config=True)
     xmode = CaselessStrEnum(('Context', 'Plain', 'Verbose', 'Minimal'),
                             default_value='Context',
                             help="Switch modes for the IPython exception handlers."
                             ).tag(config=True)
 
     # Subcomponents of InteractiveShell
     alias_manager = Instance('IPython.core.alias.AliasManager', allow_none=True)
     prefilter_manager = Instance('IPython.core.prefilter.PrefilterManager', allow_none=True)
     builtin_trap = Instance('IPython.core.builtin_trap.BuiltinTrap', allow_none=True)
     display_trap = Instance('IPython.core.display_trap.DisplayTrap', allow_none=True)
     extension_manager = Instance('IPython.core.extensions.ExtensionManager', allow_none=True)
     payload_manager = Instance('IPython.core.payload.PayloadManager', allow_none=True)
     history_manager = Instance('IPython.core.history.HistoryAccessorBase', allow_none=True)
     magics_manager = Instance('IPython.core.magic.MagicsManager', allow_none=True)
 
     profile_dir = Instance('IPython.core.application.ProfileDir', allow_none=True)
     @property
     def profile(self):
         if self.profile_dir is not None:
             name = os.path.basename(self.profile_dir.location)
             return name.replace('profile_','')
 
 
     # Private interface
     _post_execute = Dict()
 
     # Tracks any GUI loop loaded for pylab
     pylab_gui_select = None
 
     last_execution_succeeded = Bool(True, help='Did last executed command succeeded')
 
     last_execution_result = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.ExecutionResult', help='Result of executing the last command', allow_none=True)
 
     def __init__(self, ipython_dir=None, profile_dir=None,
                  user_module=None, user_ns=None,
                  custom_exceptions=((), None), **kwargs):
         # This is where traits with a config_key argument are updated
         # from the values on config.
         super(InteractiveShell, self).__init__(**kwargs)
         if 'PromptManager' in self.config:
             warn('As of IPython 5.0 `PromptManager` config will have no effect'
                  ' and has been replaced by TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts_class')
         self.configurables = [self]
 
         # These are relatively independent and stateless
         self.init_ipython_dir(ipython_dir)
         self.init_profile_dir(profile_dir)
         self.init_instance_attrs()
         self.init_environment()
 
         # Check if we're in a virtualenv, and set up sys.path.
         self.init_virtualenv()
 
         # Create namespaces (user_ns, user_global_ns, etc.)
         self.init_create_namespaces(user_module, user_ns)
         # This has to be done after init_create_namespaces because it uses
         # something in self.user_ns, but before init_sys_modules, which
         # is the first thing to modify sys.
         # TODO: When we override sys.stdout and sys.stderr before this class
         # is created, we are saving the overridden ones here. Not sure if this
         # is what we want to do.
         self.save_sys_module_state()
         self.init_sys_modules()
 
         # While we're trying to have each part of the code directly access what
         # it needs without keeping redundant references to objects, we have too
         # much legacy code that expects ip.db to exist.
         self.db = PickleShareDB(os.path.join(self.profile_dir.location, 'db'))
 
         self.init_history()
         self.init_encoding()
         self.init_prefilter()
 
         self.init_syntax_highlighting()
         self.init_hooks()
         self.init_events()
         self.init_pushd_popd_magic()
         self.init_user_ns()
         self.init_logger()
         self.init_builtins()
 
         # The following was in post_config_initialization
         self.init_inspector()
         self.raw_input_original = input
         self.init_completer()
         # TODO: init_io() needs to happen before init_traceback handlers
         # because the traceback handlers hardcode the stdout/stderr streams.
         # This logic in in debugger.Pdb and should eventually be changed.
         self.init_io()
         self.init_traceback_handlers(custom_exceptions)
         self.init_prompts()
         self.init_display_formatter()
         self.init_display_pub()
         self.init_data_pub()
         self.init_displayhook()
         self.init_magics()
         self.init_alias()
         self.init_logstart()
         self.init_pdb()
         self.init_extension_manager()
         self.init_payload()
         self.events.trigger('shell_initialized', self)
         atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
 
         # The trio runner is used for running Trio in the foreground thread. It
         # is different from `_trio_runner(async_fn)` in `async_helpers.py`
         # which calls `trio.run()` for every cell. This runner runs all cells
         # inside a single Trio event loop. If used, it is set from
         # `ipykernel.kernelapp`.
         self.trio_runner = None
 
     def get_ipython(self):
         """Return the currently running IPython instance."""
         return self
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Trait changed handlers
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     @observe('ipython_dir')
     def _ipython_dir_changed(self, change):
         ensure_dir_exists(change['new'])
 
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     def set_trio_runner(self, tr):
         self.trio_runner = tr
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # init_* methods called by __init__
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_ipython_dir(self, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is not None:
             self.ipython_dir = ipython_dir
             return
 
         self.ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
 
     def init_profile_dir(self, profile_dir):
         if profile_dir is not None:
             self.profile_dir = profile_dir
             return
         self.profile_dir = ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(
             self.ipython_dir, "default"
         )
 
     def init_instance_attrs(self):
         self.more = False
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = self.compiler_class()
 
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         # The files here are stored with Path from Pathlib
         self.tempfiles = []
         self.tempdirs = []
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         # This is not being used anywhere currently.
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Indentation management
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
         # Dict to track post-execution functions that have been registered
         self._post_execute = {}
 
     def init_environment(self):
         """Any changes we need to make to the user's environment."""
         pass
 
     def init_encoding(self):
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
 
     @observe('colors')
     def init_syntax_highlighting(self, changes=None):
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser(style=self.colors, parent=self).format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str')
 
     def refresh_style(self):
         # No-op here, used in subclass
         pass
 
     def init_pushd_popd_magic(self):
         # for pushd/popd management
         self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
     def init_logger(self):
         self.logger = Logger(self.home_dir, logfname='ipython_log.py',
                              logmode='rotate')
 
     def init_logstart(self):
         """Initialize logging in case it was requested at the command line.
         """
         if self.logappend:
             self.magic('logstart %s append' % self.logappend)
         elif self.logfile:
             self.magic('logstart %s' % self.logfile)
         elif self.logstart:
             self.magic('logstart')
 
 
     def init_builtins(self):
         # A single, static flag that we set to True.  Its presence indicates
         # that an IPython shell has been created, and we make no attempts at
         # removing on exit or representing the existence of more than one
         # IPython at a time.
         builtin_mod.__dict__['__IPYTHON__'] = True
         builtin_mod.__dict__['display'] = display
 
         self.builtin_trap = BuiltinTrap(shell=self)
 
     @observe('colors')
     def init_inspector(self, changes=None):
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = oinspect.Inspector(oinspect.InspectColors,
                                             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
                                             self.colors,
                                             self.object_info_string_level)
 
     def init_io(self):
         # implemented in subclasses, TerminalInteractiveShell does call
         # colorama.init().
         pass
 
     def init_prompts(self):
         # Set system prompts, so that scripts can decide if they are running
         # interactively.
         sys.ps1 = 'In : '
         sys.ps2 = '...: '
         sys.ps3 = 'Out: '
 
     def init_display_formatter(self):
         self.display_formatter = DisplayFormatter(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_formatter)
 
     def init_display_pub(self):
         self.display_pub = self.display_pub_class(parent=self, shell=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_pub)
 
     def init_data_pub(self):
         if not self.data_pub_class:
             self.data_pub = None
             return
         self.data_pub = self.data_pub_class(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.data_pub)
 
     def init_displayhook(self):
         # Initialize displayhook, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.displayhook = self.displayhook_class(
             parent=self,
             shell=self,
             cache_size=self.cache_size,
         )
         self.configurables.append(self.displayhook)
         # This is a context manager that installs/revmoes the displayhook at
         # the appropriate time.
         self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=self.displayhook)
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_path_links(p: Path):
         """Gets path links including all symlinks
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [1]: from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
 
         In [2]: import sys, pathlib
 
         In [3]: paths = InteractiveShell.get_path_links(pathlib.Path(sys.executable))
 
         In [4]: len(paths) == len(set(paths))
         Out[4]: True
 
         In [5]: bool(paths)
         Out[5]: True
         """
         paths = [p]
         while p.is_symlink():
             new_path = Path(os.readlink(p))
             if not new_path.is_absolute():
                 new_path = p.parent / new_path
             p = new_path
             paths.append(p)
         return paths
 
     def init_virtualenv(self):
         """Add the current virtualenv to sys.path so the user can import modules from it.
         This isn't perfect: it doesn't use the Python interpreter with which the
         virtualenv was built, and it ignores the --no-site-packages option. A
         warning will appear suggesting the user installs IPython in the
         virtualenv, but for many cases, it probably works well enough.
 
         Adapted from code snippets online.
 
         http://blog.ufsoft.org/2009/1/29/ipython-and-virtualenv
         """
         if 'VIRTUAL_ENV' not in os.environ:
             # Not in a virtualenv
             return
         elif os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"] == "":
             warn("Virtual env path set to '', please check if this is intended.")
             return
 
         p = Path(sys.executable)
         p_venv = Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"])
 
         # fallback venv detection:
         # stdlib venv may symlink sys.executable, so we can't use realpath.
         # but others can symlink *to* the venv Python, so we can't just use sys.executable.
         # So we just check every item in the symlink tree (generally <= 3)
         paths = self.get_path_links(p)
 
         # In Cygwin paths like "c:\..." and '\cygdrive\c\...' are possible
         if p_venv.parts[1] == "cygdrive":
             drive_name = p_venv.parts[2]
             p_venv = (drive_name + ":/") / Path(*p_venv.parts[3:])
 
         if any(p_venv == p.parents[1] for p in paths):
             # Our exe is inside or has access to the virtualenv, don't need to do anything.
             return
 
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             virtual_env = str(Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"], "Lib", "site-packages"))
         else:
             virtual_env_path = Path(
                 os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"], "lib", "python{}.{}", "site-packages"
             )
             p_ver = sys.version_info[:2]
 
             # Predict version from py[thon]-x.x in the $VIRTUAL_ENV
             re_m = re.search(r"\bpy(?:thon)?([23])\.(\d+)\b", os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"])
             if re_m:
                 predicted_path = Path(str(virtual_env_path).format(*re_m.groups()))
                 if predicted_path.exists():
                     p_ver = re_m.groups()
 
             virtual_env = str(virtual_env_path).format(*p_ver)
         if self.warn_venv:
             warn(
                 "Attempting to work in a virtualenv. If you encounter problems, "
                 "please install IPython inside the virtualenv."
             )
         import site
         sys.path.insert(0, virtual_env)
         site.addsitedir(virtual_env)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to injections into the sys module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def save_sys_module_state(self):
         """Save the state of hooks in the sys module.
 
         This has to be called after self.user_module is created.
         """
         self._orig_sys_module_state = {'stdin': sys.stdin,
                                        'stdout': sys.stdout,
                                        'stderr': sys.stderr,
                                        'excepthook': sys.excepthook}
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod = sys.modules.get(self.user_module.__name__)
 
     def restore_sys_module_state(self):
         """Restore the state of the sys module."""
         try:
             for k, v in self._orig_sys_module_state.items():
                 setattr(sys, k, v)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         # Reset what what done in self.init_sys_modules
         if self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod is not None:
             sys.modules[self._orig_sys_modules_main_name] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the banner
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @property
     def banner(self):
         banner = self.banner1
         if self.profile and self.profile != 'default':
             banner += '\nIPython profile: %s\n' % self.profile
         if self.banner2:
             banner += '\n' + self.banner2
         return banner
 
     def show_banner(self, banner=None):
         if banner is None:
             banner = self.banner
         sys.stdout.write(banner)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to hooks
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_hooks(self):
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
 
         self.strdispatchers = {}
 
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.core.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name, getattr(hooks, hook_name), 100)
 
         if self.display_page:
             self.set_hook('show_in_pager', page.as_hook(page.display_page), 90)
 
     def set_hook(self, name, hook, priority=50, str_key=None, re_key=None):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
 
         f = types.MethodType(hook,self)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
 
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
             print("Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % \
                   (name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ ))
 
         if name in IPython.core.hooks.deprecated:
             alternative = IPython.core.hooks.deprecated[name]
             raise ValueError(
                 "Hook {} has been deprecated since IPython 5.0. Use {} instead.".format(
                     name, alternative
                 )
             )
 
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
 
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to events
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_events(self):
         self.events = EventManager(self, available_events)
 
         self.events.register("pre_execute", self._clear_warning_registry)
 
     def register_post_execute(self, func):
         """DEPRECATED: Use ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func)
 
         Register a function for calling after code execution.
         """
         raise ValueError(
             "ip.register_post_execute is deprecated since IPython 1.0, use "
             "ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func) instead."
         )
 
     def _clear_warning_registry(self):
         # clear the warning registry, so that different code blocks with
         # overlapping line number ranges don't cause spurious suppression of
         # warnings (see gh-6611 for details)
         if "__warningregistry__" in self.user_global_ns:
             del self.user_global_ns["__warningregistry__"]
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the "main" module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def new_main_mod(self, filename, modname):
         """Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
 
         ``filename`` should be the path of the script which will be run in the
         module. Requests with the same filename will get the same module, with
         its namespace cleared.
 
         ``modname`` should be the module name - normally either '__main__' or
         the basename of the file without the extension.
 
         When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to their
         __main__ module around so that Python doesn't
         clear it, rendering references to module globals useless.
 
         This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
         absolute path of the script. This way, for multiple executions of the
         same script we only keep one copy of the namespace (the last one),
         thus preventing memory leaks from old references while allowing the
         objects from the last execution to be accessible.
         """
         filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
         try:
             main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename]
         except KeyError:
             main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename] = types.ModuleType(
                         modname,
                         doc="Module created for script run in IPython")
         else:
             main_mod.__dict__.clear()
             main_mod.__name__ = modname
 
         main_mod.__file__ = filename
         # It seems pydoc (and perhaps others) needs any module instance to
         # implement a __nonzero__ method
         main_mod.__nonzero__ = lambda : True
 
         return main_mod
 
     def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
         """Clear the cache of main modules.
 
         Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [15]: import IPython
 
         In [16]: m = _ip.new_main_mod(IPython.__file__, 'IPython')
 
         In [17]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) > 0
         Out[17]: True
 
         In [18]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         In [19]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) == 0
         Out[19]: True
         """
         self._main_mod_cache.clear()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to debugging
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_pdb(self):
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         # self.call_pdb is a property
         self.call_pdb = self.pdb
 
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError('new call_pdb value must be boolean')
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
             flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
             The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
             is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython's various namespaces
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     default_user_namespaces = True
 
     def init_create_namespaces(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return a properly built module and dict as needed by
         # the rest of the code, and can also be used by extension writers to
         # generate properly initialized namespaces.
         if (user_ns is not None) or (user_module is not None):
             self.default_user_namespaces = False
         self.user_module, self.user_ns = self.prepare_user_module(user_module, user_ns)
 
         # A record of hidden variables we have added to the user namespace, so
         # we can list later only variables defined in actual interactive use.
         self.user_ns_hidden = {}
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so doctest and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  Top-level references to objects from the
         # script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them.  However,
         # calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
         # the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
         # to the original objects, which are now all None.  So we must protect
         # these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
         #
         # To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
         # last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
         # only the last version of the module is held in the cache.  Note,
         # however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
         # __dict__).  Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
         # (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
         # those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
         #
         # The %reset command will flush this cache.  See the cache_main_mod()
         # and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
 
         # This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
         self._main_mod_cache = {}
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user_global':self.user_module.__dict__,
                          'user_local':self.user_ns,
                          'builtin':builtin_mod.__dict__
                          }
 
     @property
     def user_global_ns(self):
         return self.user_module.__dict__
 
     def prepare_user_module(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         """Prepare the module and namespace in which user code will be run.
 
         When IPython is started normally, both parameters are None: a new module
         is created automatically, and its __dict__ used as the namespace.
 
         If only user_module is provided, its __dict__ is used as the namespace.
         If only user_ns is provided, a dummy module is created, and user_ns
         becomes the global namespace. If both are provided (as they may be
         when embedding), user_ns is the local namespace, and user_module
         provides the global namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         user_module : module, optional
             The current user module in which IPython is being run. If None,
             a clean module will be created.
         user_ns : dict, optional
             A namespace in which to run interactive commands.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A tuple of user_module and user_ns, each properly initialised.
         """
         if user_module is None and user_ns is not None:
             user_ns.setdefault("__name__", "__main__")
             user_module = DummyMod()
             user_module.__dict__ = user_ns
 
         if user_module is None:
             user_module = types.ModuleType("__main__",
                 doc="Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment")
 
         # We must ensure that __builtin__ (without the final 's') is always
         # available and pointing to the __builtin__ *module*.  For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtin__', builtin_mod)
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtins__', builtin_mod)
 
         if user_ns is None:
             user_ns = user_module.__dict__
 
         return user_module, user_ns
 
     def init_sys_modules(self):
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         # This is overridden in the InteractiveShellEmbed subclass to a no-op.
         main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         sys.modules[main_name] = self.user_module
 
     def init_user_ns(self):
         """Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
 
         Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
         act as user namespaces.
 
         Notes
         -----
         All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
         method.  If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
         them.
         """
         # This function works in two parts: first we put a few things in
         # user_ns, and we sync that contents into user_ns_hidden so that these
         # initial variables aren't shown by %who.  After the sync, we add the
         # rest of what we *do* want the user to see with %who even on a new
         # session (probably nothing, so they really only see their own stuff)
 
         # The user dict must *always* have a __builtin__ reference to the
         # Python standard __builtin__ namespace,  which must be imported.
         # This is so that certain operations in prompt evaluation can be
         # reliably executed with builtins.  Note that we can NOT use
         # __builtins__ (note the 's'),  because that can either be a dict or a
         # module, and can even mutate at runtime, depending on the context
         # (Python makes no guarantees on it).  In contrast, __builtin__ is
         # always a module object, though it must be explicitly imported.
 
         # For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         ns = {}
 
         # make global variables for user access to the histories
         ns['_ih'] = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['_oh'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
         ns['_dh'] = self.history_manager.dir_hist
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories.  These shouldn't show up
         # in %who, as they can have very large reprs.
         ns['In']  = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['Out'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
 
         # Store myself as the public api!!!
         ns['get_ipython'] = self.get_ipython
 
         ns['exit'] = self.exiter
         ns['quit'] = self.exiter
+        ns["open"] = _modified_open
 
         # Sync what we've added so far to user_ns_hidden so these aren't seen
         # by %who
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
 
         # Anything put into ns now would show up in %who.  Think twice before
         # putting anything here, as we really want %who to show the user their
         # stuff, not our variables.
 
         # Finally, update the real user's namespace
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
 
     @property
     def all_ns_refs(self):
         """Get a list of references to all the namespace dictionaries in which
         IPython might store a user-created object.
 
         Note that this does not include the displayhook, which also caches
         objects from the output."""
         return [self.user_ns, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns_hidden] + \
                [m.__dict__ for m in self._main_mod_cache.values()]
 
     def reset(self, new_session=True, aggressive=False):
         """Clear all internal namespaces, and attempt to release references to
         user objects.
 
         If new_session is True, a new history session will be opened.
         """
         # Clear histories
         self.history_manager.reset(new_session)
         # Reset counter used to index all histories
         if new_session:
             self.execution_count = 1
 
         # Reset last execution result
         self.last_execution_succeeded = True
         self.last_execution_result = None
 
         # Flush cached output items
         if self.displayhook.do_full_cache:
             self.displayhook.flush()
 
         # The main execution namespaces must be cleared very carefully,
         # skipping the deletion of the builtin-related keys, because doing so
         # would cause errors in many object's __del__ methods.
         if self.user_ns is not self.user_global_ns:
             self.user_ns.clear()
         ns = self.user_global_ns
         drop_keys = set(ns.keys())
         drop_keys.discard('__builtin__')
         drop_keys.discard('__builtins__')
         drop_keys.discard('__name__')
         for k in drop_keys:
             del ns[k]
 
         self.user_ns_hidden.clear()
 
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         self.init_user_ns()
         if aggressive and not hasattr(self, "_sys_modules_keys"):
             print("Cannot restore sys.module, no snapshot")
         elif aggressive:
             print("culling sys module...")
             current_keys = set(sys.modules.keys())
             for k in current_keys - self._sys_modules_keys:
                 if k.startswith("multiprocessing"):
                     continue
                 del sys.modules[k]
 
         # Restore the default and user aliases
         self.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
         self.alias_manager.init_aliases()
 
         # Now define aliases that only make sense on the terminal, because they
         # need direct access to the console in a way that we can't emulate in
         # GUI or web frontend
         if os.name == 'posix':
             for cmd in ('clear', 'more', 'less', 'man'):
                 if cmd not in self.magics_manager.magics['line']:
                     self.alias_manager.soft_define_alias(cmd, cmd)
 
         # Flush the private list of module references kept for script
         # execution protection
         self.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
     def del_var(self, varname, by_name=False):
         """Delete a variable from the various namespaces, so that, as
         far as possible, we're not keeping any hidden references to it.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         varname : str
             The name of the variable to delete.
         by_name : bool
             If True, delete variables with the given name in each
             namespace. If False (default), find the variable in the user
             namespace, and delete references to it.
         """
         if varname in ('__builtin__', '__builtins__'):
             raise ValueError("Refusing to delete %s" % varname)
 
         ns_refs = self.all_ns_refs
 
         if by_name:                    # Delete by name
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 try:
                     del ns[varname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
         else:                         # Delete by object
             try:
                 obj = self.user_ns[varname]
             except KeyError as e:
                 raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % varname) from e
             # Also check in output history
             ns_refs.append(self.history_manager.output_hist)
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 to_delete = [n for n, o in ns.items() if o is obj]
                 for name in to_delete:
                     del ns[name]
 
             # Ensure it is removed from the last execution result
             if self.last_execution_result.result is obj:
                 self.last_execution_result = None
 
             # displayhook keeps extra references, but not in a dictionary
             for name in ('_', '__', '___'):
                 if getattr(self.displayhook, name) is obj:
                     setattr(self.displayhook, name, None)
 
     def reset_selective(self, regex=None):
         """Clear selective variables from internal namespaces based on a
         specified regular expression.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         regex : string or compiled pattern, optional
             A regular expression pattern that will be used in searching
             variable names in the users namespaces.
         """
         if regex is not None:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError as e:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern') from e
             # Search for keys in each namespace that match the given regex
             # If a match is found, delete the key/value pair.
             for ns in self.all_ns_refs:
                 for var in ns:
                     if m.search(var):
                         del ns[var]
 
     def push(self, variables, interactive=True):
         """Inject a group of variables into the IPython user namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict, str or list/tuple of str
             The variables to inject into the user's namespace.  If a dict, a
             simple update is done.  If a str, the string is assumed to have
             variable names separated by spaces.  A list/tuple of str can also
             be used to give the variable names.  If just the variable names are
             give (list/tuple/str) then the variable values looked up in the
             callers frame.
         interactive : bool
             If True (default), the variables will be listed with the ``who``
             magic.
         """
         vdict = None
 
         # We need a dict of name/value pairs to do namespace updates.
         if isinstance(variables, dict):
             vdict = variables
         elif isinstance(variables, (str, list, tuple)):
             if isinstance(variables, str):
                 vlist = variables.split()
             else:
                 vlist = variables
             vdict = {}
             cf = sys._getframe(1)
             for name in vlist:
                 try:
                     vdict[name] = eval(name, cf.f_globals, cf.f_locals)
                 except:
                     print('Could not get variable %s from %s' %
                            (name,cf.f_code.co_name))
         else:
             raise ValueError('variables must be a dict/str/list/tuple')
 
         # Propagate variables to user namespace
         self.user_ns.update(vdict)
 
         # And configure interactive visibility
         user_ns_hidden = self.user_ns_hidden
         if interactive:
             for name in vdict:
                 user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
         else:
             user_ns_hidden.update(vdict)
 
     def drop_by_id(self, variables):
         """Remove a dict of variables from the user namespace, if they are the
         same as the values in the dictionary.
 
         This is intended for use by extensions: variables that they've added can
         be taken back out if they are unloaded, without removing any that the
         user has overwritten.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict
             A dictionary mapping object names (as strings) to the objects.
         """
         for name, obj in variables.items():
             if name in self.user_ns and self.user_ns[name] is obj:
                 del self.user_ns[name]
                 self.user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to object introspection
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
         self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         oname = oname.strip()
-        if not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC) and \
-                not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2) and \
-                not all(a.isidentifier() for a in oname.split(".")):
-            return {'found': False}
+        raw_parts = oname.split(".")
+        parts = []
+        parts_ok = True
+        for p in raw_parts:
+            if p.endswith("]"):
+                var, *indices = p.split("[")
+                if not var.isidentifier():
+                    parts_ok = False
+                    break
+                parts.append(var)
+                for ind in indices:
+                    if ind[-1] != "]" and not is_integer_string(ind[:-1]):
+                        parts_ok = False
+                        break
+                    parts.append(ind[:-1])
+                continue
+
+            if not p.isidentifier():
+                parts_ok = False
+            parts.append(p)
+
+        if (
+            not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC)
+            and not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2)
+            and not parts_ok
+        ):
+            return {"found": False}
 
         if namespaces is None:
             # Namespaces to search in:
             # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
             # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
             namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.user_ns),
                            ('Interactive (global)', self.user_global_ns),
                            ('Python builtin', builtin_mod.__dict__),
                            ]
 
         ismagic = False
         isalias = False
         found = False
         ospace = None
         parent = None
         obj = None
 
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
-        oname_parts = oname.split('.')
+        oname_parts = parts
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 for idx, part in enumerate(oname_rest):
                     try:
                         parent = obj
                         # The last part is looked up in a special way to avoid
                         # descriptor invocation as it may raise or have side
                         # effects.
                         if idx == len(oname_rest) - 1:
                             obj = self._getattr_property(obj, part)
                         else:
-                            obj = getattr(obj, part)
+                            if is_integer_string(part):
+                                obj = obj[int(part)]
+                            else:
+                                obj = getattr(obj, part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = True
                     ospace = nsname
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             obj = None
             if oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2):
                 oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC2)
                 obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
             elif oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC)
                 obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
             else:
                 # search without prefix, so run? will find %run?
                 obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
                 if obj is None:
                     obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = True
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = True
                 isalias = isinstance(obj, Alias)
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = True
             ospace = 'Interactive'
 
         return {
                 'obj':obj,
                 'found':found,
                 'parent':parent,
                 'ismagic':ismagic,
                 'isalias':isalias,
                 'namespace':ospace
                }
 
     @staticmethod
     def _getattr_property(obj, attrname):
         """Property-aware getattr to use in object finding.
 
         If attrname represents a property, return it unevaluated (in case it has
         side effects or raises an error.
 
         """
         if not isinstance(obj, type):
             try:
                 # `getattr(type(obj), attrname)` is not guaranteed to return
                 # `obj`, but does so for property:
                 #
                 # property.__get__(self, None, cls) -> self
                 #
                 # The universal alternative is to traverse the mro manually
                 # searching for attrname in class dicts.
-                attr = getattr(type(obj), attrname)
+                if is_integer_string(attrname):
+                    return obj[int(attrname)]
+                else:
+                    attr = getattr(type(obj), attrname)
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             else:
                 # This relies on the fact that data descriptors (with both
                 # __get__ & __set__ magic methods) take precedence over
                 # instance-level attributes:
                 #
                 #    class A(object):
                 #        @property
                 #        def foobar(self): return 123
                 #    a = A()
                 #    a.__dict__['foobar'] = 345
                 #    a.foobar  # == 123
                 #
                 # So, a property may be returned right away.
                 if isinstance(attr, property):
                     return attr
 
         # Nothing helped, fall back.
         return getattr(obj, attrname)
 
     def _object_find(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object and return a struct with info about it."""
         return Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces))
 
     def _inspect(self, meth, oname, namespaces=None, **kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends.
         """
         info = self._object_find(oname, namespaces)
         docformat = (
             sphinxify(self.object_inspect(oname)) if self.sphinxify_docstring else None
         )
         if info.found:
             pmethod = getattr(self.inspector, meth)
             # TODO: only apply format_screen to the plain/text repr of the mime
             # bundle.
             formatter = format_screen if info.ismagic else docformat
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(
                     info.obj,
                     oname,
                     formatter,
                     info,
                     enable_html_pager=self.enable_html_pager,
                     **kw,
                 )
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname)
         else:
             print('Object `%s` not found.' % oname)
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
 
     def object_inspect(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info about oname"""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 return self.inspector.info(info.obj, oname, info=info,
                             detail_level=detail_level
                 )
             else:
                 return oinspect.object_info(name=oname, found=False)
 
     def object_inspect_text(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info as formatted text"""
         return self.object_inspect_mime(oname, detail_level)['text/plain']
 
     def object_inspect_mime(self, oname, detail_level=0, omit_sections=()):
         """Get object info as a mimebundle of formatted representations.
 
         A mimebundle is a dictionary, keyed by mime-type.
         It must always have the key `'text/plain'`.
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 docformat = (
                     sphinxify(self.object_inspect(oname))
                     if self.sphinxify_docstring
                     else None
                 )
                 return self.inspector._get_info(
                     info.obj,
                     oname,
                     info=info,
                     detail_level=detail_level,
                     formatter=docformat,
                     omit_sections=omit_sections,
                 )
             else:
                 raise KeyError(oname)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to history management
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_history(self):
         """Sets up the command history, and starts regular autosaves."""
         self.history_manager = HistoryManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.history_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to exception handling and tracebacks (not debugging)
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     debugger_cls = InterruptiblePdb
 
     def init_traceback_handlers(self, custom_exceptions):
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultratb.SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor', parent=self)
 
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose','Minimal']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1,
-                                   check_cache=check_linecache_ipython,
                                    debugger_cls=self.debugger_cls, parent=self)
 
         # The instance will store a pointer to the system-wide exception hook,
         # so that runtime code (such as magics) can access it.  This is because
         # during the read-eval loop, it may get temporarily overwritten.
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Set the exception mode
         self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=self.xmode)
 
     def set_custom_exc(self, exc_tuple, handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple, handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         run_code() method).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         exc_tuple : tuple of exception classes
             A *tuple* of exception classes, for which to call the defined
             handler.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
             LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
             you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple::
 
                 exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
         handler : callable
             handler must have the following signature::
 
                 def my_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
                     ...
                     return structured_traceback
 
             Your handler must return a structured traceback (a list of strings),
             or None.
 
             This will be made into an instance method (via types.MethodType)
             of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
             listed in the exc_tuple are caught. If the handler is None, an
             internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
             To protect IPython from crashes, if your handler ever raises an
             exception or returns an invalid result, it will be immediately
             disabled.
 
         Notes
         -----
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing.
         """
 
         if not isinstance(exc_tuple, tuple):
             raise TypeError("The custom exceptions must be given as a tuple.")
 
         def dummy_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             print('*** Simple custom exception handler ***')
             print('Exception type :', etype)
             print('Exception value:', value)
             print('Traceback      :', tb)
 
         def validate_stb(stb):
             """validate structured traceback return type
 
             return type of CustomTB *should* be a list of strings, but allow
             single strings or None, which are harmless.
 
             This function will *always* return a list of strings,
             and will raise a TypeError if stb is inappropriate.
             """
             msg = "CustomTB must return list of strings, not %r" % stb
             if stb is None:
                 return []
             elif isinstance(stb, str):
                 return [stb]
             elif not isinstance(stb, list):
                 raise TypeError(msg)
             # it's a list
             for line in stb:
                 # check every element
                 if not isinstance(line, str):
                     raise TypeError(msg)
             return stb
 
         if handler is None:
             wrapped = dummy_handler
         else:
             def wrapped(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=None):
                 """wrap CustomTB handler, to protect IPython from user code
 
                 This makes it harder (but not impossible) for custom exception
                 handlers to crash IPython.
                 """
                 try:
                     stb = handler(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=tb_offset)
                     return validate_stb(stb)
                 except:
                     # clear custom handler immediately
                     self.set_custom_exc((), None)
                     print("Custom TB Handler failed, unregistering", file=sys.stderr)
                     # show the exception in handler first
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(*sys.exc_info())
                     print(self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb))
                     print("The original exception:")
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
                                             (etype,value,tb), tb_offset=tb_offset
                     )
                 return stb
 
         self.CustomTB = types.MethodType(wrapped,self)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
         """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
         GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
         sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
         enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
         otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
         which expects to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
         except: statement.
 
         Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
         any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
         IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
         CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
         regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
         call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
         IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
         crashes.
 
         This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
         to be true IPython errors.
         """
         self.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=0)
 
     def _get_exc_info(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """get exc_info from a given tuple, sys.exc_info() or sys.last_type etc.
 
         Ensures sys.last_type,value,traceback hold the exc_info we found,
         from whichever source.
 
         raises ValueError if none of these contain any information
         """
         if exc_tuple is None:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         else:
             etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
 
         if etype is None:
             if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
                 etype, value, tb = sys.last_type, sys.last_value, \
                                    sys.last_traceback
 
         if etype is None:
             raise ValueError("No exception to find")
 
         # Now store the exception info in sys.last_type etc.
         # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
         # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
         # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
         # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = tb
 
         return etype, value, tb
 
     def show_usage_error(self, exc):
         """Show a short message for UsageErrors
 
         These are special exceptions that shouldn't show a traceback.
         """
         print("UsageError: %s" % exc, file=sys.stderr)
 
     def get_exception_only(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """
         Return as a string (ending with a newline) the exception that
         just occurred, without any traceback.
         """
         etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
         msg = traceback.format_exception_only(etype, value)
         return ''.join(msg)
 
     def showtraceback(self, exc_tuple=None, filename=None, tb_offset=None,
                       exception_only=False, running_compiled_code=False):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
 
         try:
             try:
                 etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
             except ValueError:
                 print('No traceback available to show.', file=sys.stderr)
                 return
 
             if issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
                 # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input
                 # line, there may be SyntaxError cases with imported code.
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename, running_compiled_code)
             elif etype is UsageError:
                 self.show_usage_error(value)
             else:
                 if exception_only:
                     stb = ['An exception has occurred, use %tb to see '
                            'the full traceback.\n']
                     stb.extend(self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype,
                                                                      value))
                 else:
                     try:
                         # Exception classes can customise their traceback - we
                         # use this in IPython.parallel for exceptions occurring
                         # in the engines. This should return a list of strings.
                         if hasattr(value, "_render_traceback_"):
                             stb = value._render_traceback_()
                         else:
                             stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
                                 etype, value, tb, tb_offset=tb_offset
                             )
 
                     except Exception:
                         print(
                             "Unexpected exception formatting exception. Falling back to standard exception"
                         )
                         traceback.print_exc()
                         return None
 
                     self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
                     if self.call_pdb:
                         # drop into debugger
                         self.debugger(force=True)
                     return
 
                 # Actually show the traceback
                 self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
 
     def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb: str):
         """Actually show a traceback.
 
         Subclasses may override this method to put the traceback on a different
         place, like a side channel.
         """
         val = self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb)
         try:
             print(val)
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print(val.encode("utf-8", "backslashreplace").decode())
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None, running_compiled_code=False):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
 
         If the syntax error occurred when running a compiled code (i.e. running_compile_code=True),
         longer stack trace will be displayed.
         """
         etype, value, last_traceback = self._get_exc_info()
 
         if filename and issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
             try:
                 value.filename = filename
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
 
         # If the error occurred when executing compiled code, we should provide full stacktrace.
         elist = traceback.extract_tb(last_traceback) if running_compiled_code else []
         stb = self.SyntaxTB.structured_traceback(etype, value, elist)
         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
     # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
     # the %paste magic.
     def showindentationerror(self):
         """Called by _run_cell when there's an IndentationError in code entered
         at the prompt.
 
         This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
         the %paste magic."""
         self.showsyntaxerror()
 
     @skip_doctest
     def set_next_input(self, s, replace=False):
         """ Sets the 'default' input string for the next command line.
 
         Example::
 
             In [1]: _ip.set_next_input("Hello Word")
             In [2]: Hello Word_  # cursor is here
         """
         self.rl_next_input = s
 
     def _indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.input_splitter.get_indent_spaces() * ' '
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to text completion
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_completer(self):
         """Initialize the completion machinery.
 
         This creates completion machinery that can be used by client code,
         either interactively in-process (typically triggered by the readline
         library), programmatically (such as in test suites) or out-of-process
         (typically over the network by remote frontends).
         """
         from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
         from IPython.core.completerlib import (
             cd_completer,
             magic_run_completer,
             module_completer,
             reset_completer,
         )
 
         self.Completer = IPCompleter(shell=self,
                                      namespace=self.user_ns,
                                      global_namespace=self.user_global_ns,
                                      parent=self,
                                      )
         self.configurables.append(self.Completer)
 
         # Add custom completers to the basic ones built into IPCompleter
         sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
         self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
         self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
 
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'import')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'from')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = '%aimport')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', magic_run_completer, str_key = '%run')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', cd_completer, str_key = '%cd')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', reset_completer, str_key = '%reset')
 
     @skip_doctest
     def complete(self, text, line=None, cursor_pos=None):
         """Return the completed text and a list of completions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         text : string
             A string of text to be completed on.  It can be given as empty and
             instead a line/position pair are given.  In this case, the
             completer itself will split the line like readline does.
         line : string, optional
             The complete line that text is part of.
         cursor_pos : int, optional
             The position of the cursor on the input line.
 
         Returns
         -------
         text : string
             The actual text that was completed.
         matches : list
             A sorted list with all possible completions.
 
         Notes
         -----
         The optional arguments allow the completion to take more context into
         account, and are part of the low-level completion API.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: _ip.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ('x.l', ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip'])
         """
 
         # Inject names into __builtin__ so we can complete on the added names.
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return self.Completer.complete(text, line, cursor_pos)
 
     def set_custom_completer(self, completer, pos=0) -> None:
         """Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted.
 
         `completer` should have the following signature::
 
             def completion(self: Completer, text: string) -> List[str]:
                 raise NotImplementedError
 
         It will be bound to the current Completer instance and pass some text
         and return a list with current completions to suggest to the user.
         """
 
         newcomp = types.MethodType(completer, self.Completer)
         self.Completer.custom_matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         """Set the frame of the completer."""
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to magics
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_magics(self):
         from IPython.core import magics as m
         self.magics_manager = magic.MagicsManager(shell=self,
                                    parent=self,
                                    user_magics=m.UserMagics(self))
         self.configurables.append(self.magics_manager)
 
         # Expose as public API from the magics manager
         self.register_magics = self.magics_manager.register
 
         self.register_magics(m.AutoMagics, m.BasicMagics, m.CodeMagics,
             m.ConfigMagics, m.DisplayMagics, m.ExecutionMagics,
             m.ExtensionMagics, m.HistoryMagics, m.LoggingMagics,
             m.NamespaceMagics, m.OSMagics, m.PackagingMagics,
             m.PylabMagics, m.ScriptMagics,
         )
         self.register_magics(m.AsyncMagics)
 
         # Register Magic Aliases
         mman = self.magics_manager
         # FIXME: magic aliases should be defined by the Magics classes
         # or in MagicsManager, not here
         mman.register_alias('ed', 'edit')
         mman.register_alias('hist', 'history')
         mman.register_alias('rep', 'recall')
         mman.register_alias('SVG', 'svg', 'cell')
         mman.register_alias('HTML', 'html', 'cell')
         mman.register_alias('file', 'writefile', 'cell')
 
         # FIXME: Move the color initialization to the DisplayHook, which
         # should be split into a prompt manager and displayhook. We probably
         # even need a centralize colors management object.
         self.run_line_magic('colors', self.colors)
 
     # Defined here so that it's included in the documentation
     @functools.wraps(magic.MagicsManager.register_function)
     def register_magic_function(self, func, magic_kind='line', magic_name=None):
         self.magics_manager.register_function(
             func, magic_kind=magic_kind, magic_name=magic_name
         )
 
     def _find_with_lazy_load(self, /, type_, magic_name: str):
         """
         Try to find a magic potentially lazy-loading it.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         type_: "line"|"cell"
             the type of magics we are trying to find/lazy load.
         magic_name: str
             The name of the magic we are trying to find/lazy load
 
 
         Note that this may have any side effects
         """
         finder = {"line": self.find_line_magic, "cell": self.find_cell_magic}[type_]
         fn = finder(magic_name)
         if fn is not None:
             return fn
         lazy = self.magics_manager.lazy_magics.get(magic_name)
         if lazy is None:
             return None
 
         self.run_line_magic("load_ext", lazy)
         res = finder(magic_name)
         return res
 
     def run_line_magic(self, magic_name: str, line, _stack_depth=1):
         """Execute the given line magic.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic_name : str
             Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
         line : str
             The rest of the input line as a single string.
         _stack_depth : int
             If run_line_magic() is called from magic() then _stack_depth=2.
             This is added to ensure backward compatibility for use of 'get_ipython().magic()'
         """
         fn = self._find_with_lazy_load("line", magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             lazy = self.magics_manager.lazy_magics.get(magic_name)
             if lazy:
                 self.run_line_magic("load_ext", lazy)
                 fn = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             cm = self.find_cell_magic(magic_name)
             etpl = "Line magic function `%%%s` not found%s."
             extra = '' if cm is None else (' (But cell magic `%%%%%s` exists, '
                                     'did you mean that instead?)' % magic_name )
             raise UsageError(etpl % (magic_name, extra))
         else:
             # Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
             # This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
             # refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
 
             # Determine stack_depth depending on where run_line_magic() has been called
             stack_depth = _stack_depth
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
                 # magic has opted out of var_expand
                 magic_arg_s = line
             else:
                 magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
             # Put magic args in a list so we can call with f(*a) syntax
             args = [magic_arg_s]
             kwargs = {}
             # Grab local namespace if we need it:
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 kwargs['local_ns'] = self.get_local_scope(stack_depth)
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
             return result
 
     def get_local_scope(self, stack_depth):
         """Get local scope at given stack depth.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         stack_depth : int
             Depth relative to calling frame
         """
         return sys._getframe(stack_depth + 1).f_locals
 
     def run_cell_magic(self, magic_name, line, cell):
         """Execute the given cell magic.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic_name : str
             Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
         line : str
             The rest of the first input line as a single string.
         cell : str
             The body of the cell as a (possibly multiline) string.
         """
         fn = self._find_with_lazy_load("cell", magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             lm = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
             etpl = "Cell magic `%%{0}` not found{1}."
             extra = '' if lm is None else (' (But line magic `%{0}` exists, '
                             'did you mean that instead?)'.format(magic_name))
             raise UsageError(etpl.format(magic_name, extra))
         elif cell == '':
             message = '%%{0} is a cell magic, but the cell body is empty.'.format(magic_name)
             if self.find_line_magic(magic_name) is not None:
                 message += ' Did you mean the line magic %{0} (single %)?'.format(magic_name)
             raise UsageError(message)
         else:
             # Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
             # This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
             # refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
             stack_depth = 2
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
                 # magic has opted out of var_expand
                 magic_arg_s = line
             else:
                 magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
             kwargs = {}
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 kwargs['local_ns'] = self.user_ns
 
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 args = (magic_arg_s, cell)
                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
             return result
 
     def find_line_magic(self, magic_name):
         """Find and return a line magic by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics['line'].get(magic_name)
 
     def find_cell_magic(self, magic_name):
         """Find and return a cell magic by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics['cell'].get(magic_name)
 
     def find_magic(self, magic_name, magic_kind='line'):
         """Find and return a magic of the given type by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics[magic_kind].get(magic_name)
 
     def magic(self, arg_s):
         """
         DEPRECATED
 
         Deprecated since IPython 0.13 (warning added in
         8.1), use run_line_magic(magic_name, parameter_s).
 
         Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and
         any additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         magic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use magic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.
         """
         warnings.warn(
             "`magic(...)` is deprecated since IPython 0.13 (warning added in "
             "8.1), use run_line_magic(magic_name, parameter_s).",
             DeprecationWarning,
             stacklevel=2,
         )
         # TODO: should we issue a loud deprecation warning here?
         magic_name, _, magic_arg_s = arg_s.partition(' ')
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(prefilter.ESC_MAGIC)
         return self.run_line_magic(magic_name, magic_arg_s, _stack_depth=2)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to macros
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def define_macro(self, name, themacro):
         """Define a new macro
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str
             The name of the macro.
         themacro : str or Macro
             The action to do upon invoking the macro.  If a string, a new
             Macro object is created by passing the string to it.
         """
 
         from IPython.core import macro
 
         if isinstance(themacro, str):
             themacro = macro.Macro(themacro)
         if not isinstance(themacro, macro.Macro):
             raise ValueError('A macro must be a string or a Macro instance.')
         self.user_ns[name] = themacro
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of system commands
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def system_piped(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess, piping stdout/err
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
             Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
             not supported.  Should not be a command that expects input
             other than simple text.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             # We do not support backgrounding processes because we either use
             # pexpect or pipes to read from.  Users can always just call
             # os.system() or use ip.system=ip.system_raw
             # if they really want a background process.
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
 
         # we explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = system(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1))
 
     def system_raw(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess using os.system on Windows or
         subprocess.call using the system shell on other platforms.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
             Command to execute.
         """
         cmd = self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1)
         # warn if there is an IPython magic alternative.
         main_cmd = cmd.split()[0]
         has_magic_alternatives = ("pip", "conda", "cd")
 
         if main_cmd in has_magic_alternatives:
             warnings.warn(
                 (
                     "You executed the system command !{0} which may not work "
                     "as expected. Try the IPython magic %{0} instead."
                 ).format(main_cmd)
             )
 
         # protect os.system from UNC paths on Windows, which it can't handle:
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             from IPython.utils._process_win32 import AvoidUNCPath
             with AvoidUNCPath() as path:
                 if path is not None:
                     cmd = '"pushd %s &&"%s' % (path, cmd)
                 try:
                     ec = os.system(cmd)
                 except KeyboardInterrupt:
                     print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
                     ec = -2
         else:
             # For posix the result of the subprocess.call() below is an exit
             # code, which by convention is zero for success, positive for
             # program failure.  Exit codes above 128 are reserved for signals,
             # and the formula for converting a signal to an exit code is usually
             # signal_number+128.  To more easily differentiate between exit
             # codes and signals, ipython uses negative numbers.  For instance
             # since control-c is signal 2 but exit code 130, ipython's
             # _exit_code variable will read -2.  Note that some shells like
             # csh and fish don't follow sh/bash conventions for exit codes.
             executable = os.environ.get('SHELL', None)
             try:
                 # Use env shell instead of default /bin/sh
                 ec = subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True, executable=executable)
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 # intercept control-C; a long traceback is not useful here
                 print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
                 ec = 130
             if ec > 128:
                 ec = -(ec - 128)
 
         # We explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.  Note the semantics
         # of _exit_code: for control-c, _exit_code == -signal.SIGNIT,
         # but raising SystemExit(_exit_code) will give status 254!
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = ec
 
     # use piped system by default, because it is better behaved
     system = system_piped
 
     def getoutput(self, cmd, split=True, depth=0):
         """Get output (possibly including stderr) from a subprocess.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
             Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
             not supported.
         split : bool, optional
             If True, split the output into an IPython SList.  Otherwise, an
             IPython LSString is returned.  These are objects similar to normal
             lists and strings, with a few convenience attributes for easier
             manipulation of line-based output.  You can use '?' on them for
             details.
         depth : int, optional
             How many frames above the caller are the local variables which should
             be expanded in the command string? The default (0) assumes that the
             expansion variables are in the stack frame calling this function.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
         out = getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=depth+1))
         if split:
             out = SList(out.splitlines())
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to aliases
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_alias(self):
         self.alias_manager = AliasManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.alias_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extensions
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_extension_manager(self):
         self.extension_manager = ExtensionManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.extension_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to payloads
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_payload(self):
         self.payload_manager = PayloadManager(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.payload_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the prefilter
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_prefilter(self):
         self.prefilter_manager = PrefilterManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.prefilter_manager)
         # Ultimately this will be refactored in the new interpreter code, but
         # for now, we should expose the main prefilter method (there's legacy
         # code out there that may rely on this).
         self.prefilter = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines
 
     def auto_rewrite_input(self, cmd):
         """Print to the screen the rewritten form of the user's command.
 
         This shows visual feedback by rewriting input lines that cause
         automatic calling to kick in, like::
 
           /f x
 
         into::
 
           ------> f(x)
 
         after the user's input prompt.  This helps the user understand that the
         input line was transformed automatically by IPython.
         """
         if not self.show_rewritten_input:
             return
 
         # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to use fancy prompts
         print("------> " + cmd)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extracting values/expressions from kernel and user_ns
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _user_obj_error(self):
         """return simple exception dict
 
         for use in user_expressions
         """
 
         etype, evalue, tb = self._get_exc_info()
         stb = self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype, evalue)
 
         exc_info = {
             "status": "error",
             "traceback": stb,
             "ename": etype.__name__,
             "evalue": py3compat.safe_unicode(evalue),
         }
 
         return exc_info
 
     def _format_user_obj(self, obj):
         """format a user object to display dict
 
         for use in user_expressions
         """
 
         data, md = self.display_formatter.format(obj)
         value = {
             'status' : 'ok',
             'data' : data,
             'metadata' : md,
         }
         return value
 
     def user_expressions(self, expressions):
         """Evaluate a dict of expressions in the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         expressions : dict
             A dict with string keys and string values.  The expression values
             should be valid Python expressions, each of which will be evaluated
             in the user namespace.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed like the input expressions dict, with the rich mime-typed
         display_data of each value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         global_ns = self.user_global_ns
 
         for key, expr in expressions.items():
             try:
                 value = self._format_user_obj(eval(expr, global_ns, user_ns))
             except:
                 value = self._user_obj_error()
             out[key] = value
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of code
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def ex(self, cmd):
         """Execute a normal python statement in user namespace."""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             exec(cmd, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def ev(self, expr):
         """Evaluate python expression expr in user namespace.
 
         Returns the result of evaluation
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return eval(expr, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def safe_execfile(self, fname, *where, exit_ignore=False, raise_exceptions=False, shell_futures=False):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.  This only works on pure
         Python files with the .py extension.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : string
             The name of the file to be executed.
         *where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
         exit_ignore : bool (False)
             If True, then silence SystemExit for non-zero status (it is always
             silenced for zero status, as it is so common).
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere. Meant for testing.
         shell_futures : bool (False)
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         """
         fname = Path(fname).expanduser().resolve()
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with fname.open("rb"):
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = str(fname.parent)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname), self.builtin_trap:
             try:
                 glob, loc = (where + (None, ))[:2]
                 py3compat.execfile(
                     fname, glob, loc,
                     self.compile if shell_futures else None)
             except SystemExit as status:
                 # If the call was made with 0 or None exit status (sys.exit(0)
                 # or sys.exit() ), don't bother showing a traceback, as both of
                 # these are considered normal by the OS:
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit(0)'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit()'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # For other exit status, we show the exception unless
                 # explicitly silenced, but only in short form.
                 if status.code:
                     if raise_exceptions:
                         raise
                     if not exit_ignore:
                         self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             except:
                 if raise_exceptions:
                     raise
                 # tb offset is 2 because we wrap execfile
                 self.showtraceback(tb_offset=2)
 
     def safe_execfile_ipy(self, fname, shell_futures=False, raise_exceptions=False):
         """Like safe_execfile, but for .ipy or .ipynb files with IPython syntax.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : str
             The name of the file to execute.  The filename must have a
             .ipy or .ipynb extension.
         shell_futures : bool (False)
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere.  Meant for testing.
         """
         fname = Path(fname).expanduser().resolve()
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with fname.open("rb"):
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = str(fname.parent)
 
         def get_cells():
             """generator for sequence of code blocks to run"""
             if fname.suffix == ".ipynb":
                 from nbformat import read
                 nb = read(fname, as_version=4)
                 if not nb.cells:
                     return
                 for cell in nb.cells:
                     if cell.cell_type == 'code':
                         yield cell.source
             else:
                 yield fname.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 for cell in get_cells():
                     result = self.run_cell(cell, silent=True, shell_futures=shell_futures)
                     if raise_exceptions:
                         result.raise_error()
                     elif not result.success:
                         break
             except:
                 if raise_exceptions:
                     raise
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Unknown failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
     def safe_run_module(self, mod_name, where):
         """A safe version of runpy.run_module().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.
 
         `SystemExit` exceptions with status code 0 or None are ignored.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         mod_name : string
             The name of the module to be executed.
         where : dict
             The globals namespace.
         """
         try:
             try:
                 where.update(
                     runpy.run_module(str(mod_name), run_name="__main__",
                                      alter_sys=True)
                             )
             except SystemExit as status:
                 if status.code:
                     raise
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
             warn('Unknown failure executing module: <%s>' % mod_name)
 
     def run_cell(
         self,
         raw_cell,
         store_history=False,
         silent=False,
         shell_futures=True,
         cell_id=None,
     ):
         """Run a complete IPython cell.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
             The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
             If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
             history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
             should be set to False.
         silent : bool
             If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
             and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         shell_futures : bool
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         Returns
         -------
         result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
         """
         result = None
         try:
             result = self._run_cell(
                 raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id
             )
         finally:
             self.events.trigger('post_execute')
             if not silent:
                 self.events.trigger('post_run_cell', result)
         return result
 
     def _run_cell(
         self,
         raw_cell: str,
         store_history: bool,
         silent: bool,
         shell_futures: bool,
         cell_id: str,
     ) -> ExecutionResult:
         """Internal method to run a complete IPython cell."""
 
         # we need to avoid calling self.transform_cell multiple time on the same thing
         # so we need to store some results:
         preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
         try:
             transformed_cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
         except Exception:
             transformed_cell = raw_cell
             preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
 
         assert transformed_cell is not None
         coro = self.run_cell_async(
             raw_cell,
             store_history=store_history,
             silent=silent,
             shell_futures=shell_futures,
             transformed_cell=transformed_cell,
             preprocessing_exc_tuple=preprocessing_exc_tuple,
             cell_id=cell_id,
         )
 
         # run_cell_async is async, but may not actually need an eventloop.
         # when this is the case, we want to run it using the pseudo_sync_runner
         # so that code can invoke eventloops (for example via the %run , and
         # `%paste` magic.
         if self.trio_runner:
             runner = self.trio_runner
         elif self.should_run_async(
             raw_cell,
             transformed_cell=transformed_cell,
             preprocessing_exc_tuple=preprocessing_exc_tuple,
         ):
             runner = self.loop_runner
         else:
             runner = _pseudo_sync_runner
 
         try:
             return runner(coro)
         except BaseException as e:
             info = ExecutionInfo(
                 raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id
             )
             result = ExecutionResult(info)
             result.error_in_exec = e
             self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
             return result
 
     def should_run_async(
         self, raw_cell: str, *, transformed_cell=None, preprocessing_exc_tuple=None
     ) -> bool:
         """Return whether a cell should be run asynchronously via a coroutine runner
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
             The code to be executed
 
         Returns
         -------
         result: bool
             Whether the code needs to be run with a coroutine runner or not
         .. versionadded:: 7.0
         """
         if not self.autoawait:
             return False
         if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
             return False
         assert preprocessing_exc_tuple is None
         if transformed_cell is None:
             warnings.warn(
                 "`should_run_async` will not call `transform_cell`"
                 " automatically in the future. Please pass the result to"
                 " `transformed_cell` argument and any exception that happen"
                 " during the"
                 "transform in `preprocessing_exc_tuple` in"
                 " IPython 7.17 and above.",
                 DeprecationWarning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
             try:
                 cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
             except Exception:
                 # any exception during transform will be raised
                 # prior to execution
                 return False
         else:
             cell = transformed_cell
         return _should_be_async(cell)
 
     async def run_cell_async(
         self,
         raw_cell: str,
         store_history=False,
         silent=False,
         shell_futures=True,
         *,
         transformed_cell: Optional[str] = None,
         preprocessing_exc_tuple: Optional[Any] = None,
         cell_id=None,
     ) -> ExecutionResult:
         """Run a complete IPython cell asynchronously.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
           The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
           If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
           history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
           should be set to False.
         silent : bool
           If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
           and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         shell_futures : bool
           If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
           shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
           any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
           __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
         transformed_cell: str
           cell that was passed through transformers
         preprocessing_exc_tuple:
           trace if the transformation failed.
 
         Returns
         -------
         result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
 
         .. versionadded:: 7.0
         """
         info = ExecutionInfo(raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id)
         result = ExecutionResult(info)
 
         if (not raw_cell) or raw_cell.isspace():
             self.last_execution_succeeded = True
             self.last_execution_result = result
             return result
 
         if silent:
             store_history = False
 
         if store_history:
             result.execution_count = self.execution_count
 
         def error_before_exec(value):
             if store_history:
                 self.execution_count += 1
             result.error_before_exec = value
             self.last_execution_succeeded = False
             self.last_execution_result = result
             return result
 
         self.events.trigger('pre_execute')
         if not silent:
             self.events.trigger('pre_run_cell', info)
 
         if transformed_cell is None:
             warnings.warn(
                 "`run_cell_async` will not call `transform_cell`"
                 " automatically in the future. Please pass the result to"
                 " `transformed_cell` argument and any exception that happen"
                 " during the"
                 "transform in `preprocessing_exc_tuple` in"
                 " IPython 7.17 and above.",
                 DeprecationWarning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
             # If any of our input transformation (input_transformer_manager or
             # prefilter_manager) raises an exception, we store it in this variable
             # so that we can display the error after logging the input and storing
             # it in the history.
             try:
                 cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
             except Exception:
                 preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
                 cell = raw_cell  # cell has to exist so it can be stored/logged
             else:
                 preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
         else:
             if preprocessing_exc_tuple is None:
                 cell = transformed_cell
             else:
                 cell = raw_cell
 
         # Store raw and processed history
         if store_history and raw_cell.strip(" %") != "paste":
             self.history_manager.store_inputs(self.execution_count, cell, raw_cell)
         if not silent:
             self.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
 
         # Display the exception if input processing failed.
         if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
             self.showtraceback(preprocessing_exc_tuple)
             if store_history:
                 self.execution_count += 1
             return error_before_exec(preprocessing_exc_tuple[1])
 
         # Our own compiler remembers the __future__ environment. If we want to
         # run code with a separate __future__ environment, use the default
         # compiler
         compiler = self.compile if shell_futures else self.compiler_class()
 
         _run_async = False
 
         with self.builtin_trap:
             cell_name = compiler.cache(cell, self.execution_count, raw_code=raw_cell)
 
             with self.display_trap:
                 # Compile to bytecode
                 try:
                     code_ast = compiler.ast_parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
                 except self.custom_exceptions as e:
                     etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                     self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
                     return error_before_exec(e)
                 except IndentationError as e:
                     self.showindentationerror()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
                 except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError,
                         MemoryError) as e:
                     self.showsyntaxerror()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
 
                 # Apply AST transformations
                 try:
                     code_ast = self.transform_ast(code_ast)
                 except InputRejected as e:
                     self.showtraceback()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
 
                 # Give the displayhook a reference to our ExecutionResult so it
                 # can fill in the output value.
                 self.displayhook.exec_result = result
 
                 # Execute the user code
                 interactivity = "none" if silent else self.ast_node_interactivity
 
                 has_raised = await self.run_ast_nodes(code_ast.body, cell_name,
                        interactivity=interactivity, compiler=compiler, result=result)
 
                 self.last_execution_succeeded = not has_raised
                 self.last_execution_result = result
 
                 # Reset this so later displayed values do not modify the
                 # ExecutionResult
                 self.displayhook.exec_result = None
 
         if store_history:
             # Write output to the database. Does nothing unless
             # history output logging is enabled.
             self.history_manager.store_output(self.execution_count)
             # Each cell is a *single* input, regardless of how many lines it has
             self.execution_count += 1
 
         return result
 
     def transform_cell(self, raw_cell):
         """Transform an input cell before parsing it.
 
         Static transformations, implemented in IPython.core.inputtransformer2,
         deal with things like ``%magic`` and ``!system`` commands.
         These run on all input.
         Dynamic transformations, for things like unescaped magics and the exit
         autocall, depend on the state of the interpreter.
         These only apply to single line inputs.
 
         These string-based transformations are followed by AST transformations;
         see :meth:`transform_ast`.
         """
         # Static input transformations
         cell = self.input_transformer_manager.transform_cell(raw_cell)
 
         if len(cell.splitlines()) == 1:
             # Dynamic transformations - only applied for single line commands
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 # use prefilter_lines to handle trailing newlines
                 # restore trailing newline for ast.parse
                 cell = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(cell) + '\n'
 
         lines = cell.splitlines(keepends=True)
         for transform in self.input_transformers_post:
             lines = transform(lines)
         cell = ''.join(lines)
 
         return cell
 
     def transform_ast(self, node):
         """Apply the AST transformations from self.ast_transformers
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         node : ast.Node
             The root node to be transformed. Typically called with the ast.Module
             produced by parsing user input.
 
         Returns
         -------
         An ast.Node corresponding to the node it was called with. Note that it
         may also modify the passed object, so don't rely on references to the
         original AST.
         """
         for transformer in self.ast_transformers:
             try:
                 node = transformer.visit(node)
             except InputRejected:
                 # User-supplied AST transformers can reject an input by raising
                 # an InputRejected.  Short-circuit in this case so that we
                 # don't unregister the transform.
                 raise
             except Exception:
                 warn("AST transformer %r threw an error. It will be unregistered." % transformer)
                 self.ast_transformers.remove(transformer)
 
         if self.ast_transformers:
             ast.fix_missing_locations(node)
         return node
 
     async def run_ast_nodes(
         self,
         nodelist: ListType[stmt],
         cell_name: str,
         interactivity="last_expr",
         compiler=compile,
         result=None,
     ):
         """Run a sequence of AST nodes. The execution mode depends on the
         interactivity parameter.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         nodelist : list
           A sequence of AST nodes to run.
         cell_name : str
           Will be passed to the compiler as the filename of the cell. Typically
           the value returned by ip.compile.cache(cell).
         interactivity : str
           'all', 'last', 'last_expr' , 'last_expr_or_assign' or 'none',
           specifying which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output
           from expressions). 'last_expr' will run the last node interactively
           only if it is an expression (i.e. expressions in loops or other blocks
           are not displayed) 'last_expr_or_assign' will run the last expression
           or the last assignment. Other values for this parameter will raise a
           ValueError.
 
         compiler : callable
           A function with the same interface as the built-in compile(), to turn
           the AST nodes into code objects. Default is the built-in compile().
         result : ExecutionResult, optional
           An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
 
         Returns
         -------
         True if an exception occurred while running code, False if it finished
         running.
         """
         if not nodelist:
             return
 
 
         if interactivity == 'last_expr_or_assign':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], _assign_nodes):
                 asg = nodelist[-1]
                 if isinstance(asg, ast.Assign) and len(asg.targets) == 1:
                     target = asg.targets[0]
                 elif isinstance(asg, _single_targets_nodes):
                     target = asg.target
                 else:
                     target = None
                 if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
                     nnode = ast.Expr(ast.Name(target.id, ast.Load()))
                     ast.fix_missing_locations(nnode)
                     nodelist.append(nnode)
             interactivity = 'last_expr'
 
         _async = False
         if interactivity == 'last_expr':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], ast.Expr):
                 interactivity = "last"
             else:
                 interactivity = "none"
 
         if interactivity == 'none':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist, []
         elif interactivity == 'last':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist[:-1], nodelist[-1:]
         elif interactivity == 'all':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
         else:
             raise ValueError("Interactivity was %r" % interactivity)
 
         try:
 
             def compare(code):
                 is_async = inspect.CO_COROUTINE & code.co_flags == inspect.CO_COROUTINE
                 return is_async
 
             # refactor that to just change the mod constructor.
             to_run = []
             for node in to_run_exec:
                 to_run.append((node, "exec"))
 
             for node in to_run_interactive:
                 to_run.append((node, "single"))
 
             for node, mode in to_run:
                 if mode == "exec":
                     mod = Module([node], [])
                 elif mode == "single":
                     mod = ast.Interactive([node])
                 with compiler.extra_flags(
                     getattr(ast, "PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT", 0x0)
                     if self.autoawait
                     else 0x0
                 ):
                     code = compiler(mod, cell_name, mode)
                     asy = compare(code)
                 if await self.run_code(code, result, async_=asy):
                     return True
 
             # Flush softspace
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print()
 
         except:
             # It's possible to have exceptions raised here, typically by
             # compilation of odd code (such as a naked 'return' outside a
             # function) that did parse but isn't valid. Typically the exception
             # is a SyntaxError, but it's safest just to catch anything and show
             # the user a traceback.
 
             # We do only one try/except outside the loop to minimize the impact
             # on runtime, and also because if any node in the node list is
             # broken, we should stop execution completely.
             if result:
                 result.error_before_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
             self.showtraceback()
             return True
 
         return False
 
     async def run_code(self, code_obj, result=None, *, async_=False):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code_obj : code object
           A compiled code object, to be executed
         result : ExecutionResult, optional
           An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
         async_ :  Bool (Experimental)
           Attempt to run top-level asynchronous code in a default loop.
 
         Returns
         -------
         False : successful execution.
         True : an error occurred.
         """
         # special value to say that anything above is IPython and should be
         # hidden.
         __tracebackhide__ = "__ipython_bottom__"
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook, sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = True  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 if async_:
                     await eval(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
                 else:
                     exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit as e:
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = e
             self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             warn("To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.", stacklevel=1)
         except bdb.BdbQuit:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = value
             # the BdbQuit stops here
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = value
             self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
         except:
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
             self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
         else:
             outflag = False
         return outflag
 
     # For backwards compatibility
     runcode = run_code
 
     def check_complete(self, code: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
         """Return whether a block of code is ready to execute, or should be continued
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : string
             Python input code, which can be multiline.
 
         Returns
         -------
         status : str
             One of 'complete', 'incomplete', or 'invalid' if source is not a
             prefix of valid code.
         indent : str
             When status is 'incomplete', this is some whitespace to insert on
             the next line of the prompt.
         """
         status, nspaces = self.input_transformer_manager.check_complete(code)
         return status, ' ' * (nspaces or 0)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to GUI support and pylab
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     active_eventloop = None
 
     def enable_gui(self, gui=None):
         raise NotImplementedError('Implement enable_gui in a subclass')
 
     def enable_matplotlib(self, gui=None):
         """Enable interactive matplotlib and inline figure support.
 
         This takes the following steps:
 
         1. select the appropriate eventloop and matplotlib backend
         2. set up matplotlib for interactive use with that backend
         3. configure formatters for inline figure display
         4. enable the selected gui eventloop
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
             If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
             (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
             'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
             matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
             user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
             make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
             display figures inline.
         """
         from matplotlib_inline.backend_inline import configure_inline_support
 
         from IPython.core import pylabtools as pt
         gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(gui, self.pylab_gui_select)
 
         if gui != 'inline':
             # If we have our first gui selection, store it
             if self.pylab_gui_select is None:
                 self.pylab_gui_select = gui
             # Otherwise if they are different
             elif gui != self.pylab_gui_select:
                 print('Warning: Cannot change to a different GUI toolkit: %s.'
                         ' Using %s instead.' % (gui, self.pylab_gui_select))
                 gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(self.pylab_gui_select)
 
         pt.activate_matplotlib(backend)
         configure_inline_support(self, backend)
 
         # Now we must activate the gui pylab wants to use, and fix %run to take
         # plot updates into account
         self.enable_gui(gui)
         self.magics_manager.registry['ExecutionMagics'].default_runner = \
             pt.mpl_runner(self.safe_execfile)
 
         return gui, backend
 
     def enable_pylab(self, gui=None, import_all=True, welcome_message=False):
         """Activate pylab support at runtime.
 
         This turns on support for matplotlib, preloads into the interactive
         namespace all of numpy and pylab, and configures IPython to correctly
         interact with the GUI event loop.  The GUI backend to be used can be
         optionally selected with the optional ``gui`` argument.
 
         This method only adds preloading the namespace to InteractiveShell.enable_matplotlib.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
             If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
             (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
             'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
             matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
             user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
             make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
             display figures inline.
         import_all : optional, bool, default: True
             Whether to do `from numpy import *` and `from pylab import *`
             in addition to module imports.
         welcome_message : deprecated
             This argument is ignored, no welcome message will be displayed.
         """
         from IPython.core.pylabtools import import_pylab
 
         gui, backend = self.enable_matplotlib(gui)
 
         # We want to prevent the loading of pylab to pollute the user's
         # namespace as shown by the %who* magics, so we execute the activation
         # code in an empty namespace, and we update *both* user_ns and
         # user_ns_hidden with this information.
         ns = {}
         import_pylab(ns, import_all)
         # warn about clobbered names
         ignored = {"__builtins__"}
         both = set(ns).intersection(self.user_ns).difference(ignored)
         clobbered = [ name for name in both if self.user_ns[name] is not ns[name] ]
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
         return gui, backend, clobbered
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Utilities
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def var_expand(self, cmd, depth=0, formatter=DollarFormatter()):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
         ns = self.user_ns.copy()
         try:
             frame = sys._getframe(depth+1)
         except ValueError:
             # This is thrown if there aren't that many frames on the stack,
             # e.g. if a script called run_line_magic() directly.
             pass
         else:
             ns.update(frame.f_locals)
 
         try:
             # We have to use .vformat() here, because 'self' is a valid and common
             # name, and expanding **ns for .format() would make it collide with
             # the 'self' argument of the method.
             cmd = formatter.vformat(cmd, args=[], kwargs=ns)
         except Exception:
             # if formatter couldn't format, just let it go untransformed
             pass
         return cmd
 
     def mktempfile(self, data=None, prefix='ipython_edit_'):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mkstemp (created in a tempfile.mkdtemp),
         but it registers the created filename internally so ipython cleans it up
         at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
             immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
         dir_path = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix))
         self.tempdirs.append(dir_path)
 
         handle, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(".py", prefix, dir=str(dir_path))
         os.close(handle)  # On Windows, there can only be one open handle on a file
 
         file_path = Path(filename)
         self.tempfiles.append(file_path)
 
         if data:
             file_path.write_text(data, encoding="utf-8")
         return filename
 
     def ask_yes_no(self, prompt, default=None, interrupt=None):
         if self.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default,interrupt)
 
     def show_usage(self):
         """Show a usage message"""
         page.page(IPython.core.usage.interactive_usage)
 
     def extract_input_lines(self, range_str, raw=False):
         """Return as a string a set of input history slices.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         range_str : str
             The set of slices is given as a string, like "~5/6-~4/2 4:8 9",
             since this function is for use by magic functions which get their
             arguments as strings. The number before the / is the session
             number: ~n goes n back from the current session.
 
             If empty string is given, returns history of current session
             without the last input.
 
         raw : bool, optional
             By default, the processed input is used.  If this is true, the raw
             input history is used instead.
 
         Notes
         -----
         Slices can be described with two notations:
 
         * ``N:M`` -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).
         * ``N-M`` -> include items N..M (closed endpoint).
         """
         lines = self.history_manager.get_range_by_str(range_str, raw=raw)
         text = "\n".join(x for _, _, x in lines)
 
         # Skip the last line, as it's probably the magic that called this
         if not range_str:
             if "\n" not in text:
                 text = ""
             else:
                 text = text[: text.rfind("\n")]
 
         return text
 
     def find_user_code(self, target, raw=True, py_only=False, skip_encoding_cookie=True, search_ns=False):
         """Get a code string from history, file, url, or a string or macro.
 
         This is mainly used by magic functions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         target : str
             A string specifying code to retrieve. This will be tried respectively
             as: ranges of input history (see %history for syntax), url,
             corresponding .py file, filename, or an expression evaluating to a
             string or Macro in the user namespace.
 
             If empty string is given, returns complete history of current
             session, without the last line.
 
         raw : bool
             If true (default), retrieve raw history. Has no effect on the other
             retrieval mechanisms.
 
         py_only : bool (default False)
             Only try to fetch python code, do not try alternative methods to decode file
             if unicode fails.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A string of code.
         ValueError is raised if nothing is found, and TypeError if it evaluates
         to an object of another type. In each case, .args[0] is a printable
         message.
         """
         code = self.extract_input_lines(target, raw=raw)  # Grab history
         if code:
             return code
         try:
             if target.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
                 return openpy.read_py_url(target, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
         except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
             if not py_only :
                 # Deferred import
                 from urllib.request import urlopen
                 response = urlopen(target)
                 return response.read().decode('latin1')
             raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target) from e
 
         potential_target = [target]
         try :
             potential_target.insert(0,get_py_filename(target))
         except IOError:
             pass
 
         for tgt in potential_target :
             if os.path.isfile(tgt):                        # Read file
                 try :
                     return openpy.read_py_file(tgt, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
                 except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
                     if not py_only :
                         with io_open(tgt,'r', encoding='latin1') as f :
                             return f.read()
                     raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target) from e
             elif os.path.isdir(os.path.expanduser(tgt)):
                 raise ValueError("'%s' is a directory, not a regular file." % target)
 
         if search_ns:
             # Inspect namespace to load object source
             object_info = self.object_inspect(target, detail_level=1)
             if object_info['found'] and object_info['source']:
                 return object_info['source']
 
         try:                                              # User namespace
             codeobj = eval(target, self.user_ns)
         except Exception as e:
             raise ValueError(("'%s' was not found in history, as a file, url, "
                                 "nor in the user namespace.") % target) from e
 
         if isinstance(codeobj, str):
             return codeobj
         elif isinstance(codeobj, Macro):
             return codeobj.value
 
         raise TypeError("%s is neither a string nor a macro." % target,
                         codeobj)
 
     def _atexit_once(self):
         """
         At exist operation that need to be called at most once.
         Second call to this function per instance will do nothing.
         """
 
         if not getattr(self, "_atexit_once_called", False):
             self._atexit_once_called = True
             # Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
             self.reset(new_session=False)
             # Close the history session (this stores the end time and line count)
             # this must be *before* the tempfile cleanup, in case of temporary
             # history db
             self.history_manager.end_session()
             self.history_manager = None
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython exiting
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Cleanup operations and saving of persistent data that is done
         unconditionally by IPython should be performed here.
 
         For things that may depend on startup flags or platform specifics (such
         as having readline or not), register a separate atexit function in the
         code that has the appropriate information, rather than trying to
         clutter
         """
         self._atexit_once()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles and folders left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 tfile.unlink()
                 self.tempfiles.remove(tfile)
             except FileNotFoundError:
                 pass
         del self.tempfiles
         for tdir in self.tempdirs:
             try:
                 tdir.rmdir()
                 self.tempdirs.remove(tdir)
             except FileNotFoundError:
                 pass
         del self.tempdirs
 
         # Restore user's cursor
         if hasattr(self, "editing_mode") and self.editing_mode == "vi":
             sys.stdout.write("\x1b[0 q")
             sys.stdout.flush()
 
     def cleanup(self):
         self.restore_sys_module_state()
 
 
     # Overridden in terminal subclass to change prompts
     def switch_doctest_mode(self, mode):
         pass
 
 
 class InteractiveShellABC(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """An abstract base class for InteractiveShell."""
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(InteractiveShell)

IPython/core/magics/basic.py

@@ -1,658 +1,661 b''
 """Implementation of basic magic functions."""
 
 
 from logging import error
 import io
 import os
 from pprint import pformat
 import sys
 from warnings import warn
 
 from traitlets.utils.importstring import import_item
 from IPython.core import magic_arguments, page
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.magic import Magics, magics_class, line_magic, magic_escapes
 from IPython.utils.text import format_screen, dedent, indent
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 
 
 class MagicsDisplay(object):
     def __init__(self, magics_manager, ignore=None):
         self.ignore = ignore if ignore else []
         self.magics_manager = magics_manager
     
     def _lsmagic(self):
         """The main implementation of the %lsmagic"""
         mesc = magic_escapes['line']
         cesc = magic_escapes['cell']
         mman = self.magics_manager
         magics = mman.lsmagic()
         out = ['Available line magics:',
                mesc + ('  '+mesc).join(sorted([m for m,v in magics['line'].items() if (v not in self.ignore)])),
                '',
                'Available cell magics:',
                cesc + ('  '+cesc).join(sorted([m for m,v in magics['cell'].items() if (v not in self.ignore)])),
                '',
                mman.auto_status()]
         return '\n'.join(out)
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
         p.text(self._lsmagic())
     
     def __str__(self):
         return self._lsmagic()
     
     def _jsonable(self):
         """turn magics dict into jsonable dict of the same structure
 
         replaces object instances with their class names as strings
         """
         magic_dict = {}
         mman = self.magics_manager
         magics = mman.lsmagic()
         for key, subdict in magics.items():
             d = {}
             magic_dict[key] = d
             for name, obj in subdict.items():
                 try:
                     classname = obj.__self__.__class__.__name__
                 except AttributeError:
                     classname = 'Other'
                 
                 d[name] = classname
         return magic_dict
         
     def _repr_json_(self):
         return self._jsonable()
 
 
 @magics_class
 class BasicMagics(Magics):
     """Magics that provide central IPython functionality.
 
     These are various magics that don't fit into specific categories but that
     are all part of the base 'IPython experience'."""
 
     @skip_doctest
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         '-l', '--line', action='store_true',
         help="""Create a line magic alias."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         '-c', '--cell', action='store_true',
         help="""Create a cell magic alias."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         'name',
         help="""Name of the magic to be created."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         'target',
         help="""Name of the existing line or cell magic."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         '-p', '--params', default=None,
         help="""Parameters passed to the magic function."""
     )
     @line_magic
     def alias_magic(self, line=''):
         """Create an alias for an existing line or cell magic.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: %alias_magic t timeit
           Created `%t` as an alias for `%timeit`.
           Created `%%t` as an alias for `%%timeit`.
 
           In [2]: %t -n1 pass
           1 loops, best of 3: 954 ns per loop
 
           In [3]: %%t -n1
              ...: pass
              ...:
           1 loops, best of 3: 954 ns per loop
 
           In [4]: %alias_magic --cell whereami pwd
           UsageError: Cell magic function `%%pwd` not found.
           In [5]: %alias_magic --line whereami pwd
           Created `%whereami` as an alias for `%pwd`.
 
           In [6]: %whereami
           Out[6]: u'/home/testuser'
 
           In [7]: %alias_magic h history "-p -l 30" --line
           Created `%h` as an alias for `%history -l 30`.
         """
 
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.alias_magic, line)
         shell = self.shell
         mman = self.shell.magics_manager
         escs = ''.join(magic_escapes.values())
 
         target = args.target.lstrip(escs)
         name = args.name.lstrip(escs)
 
         params = args.params
         if (params and
                 ((params.startswith('"') and params.endswith('"'))
                 or (params.startswith("'") and params.endswith("'")))):
             params = params[1:-1]
 
         # Find the requested magics.
         m_line = shell.find_magic(target, 'line')
         m_cell = shell.find_magic(target, 'cell')
         if args.line and m_line is None:
             raise UsageError('Line magic function `%s%s` not found.' %
                              (magic_escapes['line'], target))
         if args.cell and m_cell is None:
             raise UsageError('Cell magic function `%s%s` not found.' %
                              (magic_escapes['cell'], target))
 
         # If --line and --cell are not specified, default to the ones
         # that are available.
         if not args.line and not args.cell:
             if not m_line and not m_cell:
                 raise UsageError(
                     'No line or cell magic with name `%s` found.' % target
                 )
             args.line = bool(m_line)
             args.cell = bool(m_cell)
 
         params_str = "" if params is None else " " + params
 
         if args.line:
             mman.register_alias(name, target, 'line', params)
             print('Created `%s%s` as an alias for `%s%s%s`.' % (
                 magic_escapes['line'], name,
                 magic_escapes['line'], target, params_str))
 
         if args.cell:
             mman.register_alias(name, target, 'cell', params)
             print('Created `%s%s` as an alias for `%s%s%s`.' % (
                 magic_escapes['cell'], name,
                 magic_escapes['cell'], target, params_str))
 
     @line_magic
     def lsmagic(self, parameter_s=''):
         """List currently available magic functions."""
         return MagicsDisplay(self.shell.magics_manager, ignore=[])
 
     def _magic_docs(self, brief=False, rest=False):
         """Return docstrings from magic functions."""
         mman = self.shell.magics_manager
         docs = mman.lsmagic_docs(brief, missing='No documentation')
 
         if rest:
             format_string = '**%s%s**::\n\n%s\n\n'
         else:
             format_string = '%s%s:\n%s\n'
 
         return ''.join(
             [format_string % (magic_escapes['line'], fname,
                               indent(dedent(fndoc)))
              for fname, fndoc in sorted(docs['line'].items())]
             +
             [format_string % (magic_escapes['cell'], fname,
                               indent(dedent(fndoc)))
              for fname, fndoc in sorted(docs['cell'].items())]
         )
 
     @line_magic
     def magic(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print information about the magic function system.
 
         Supported formats: -latex, -brief, -rest
         """
 
         mode = ''
         try:
             mode = parameter_s.split()[0][1:]
         except IndexError:
             pass
 
         brief = (mode == 'brief')
         rest = (mode == 'rest')
         magic_docs = self._magic_docs(brief, rest)
 
         if mode == 'latex':
             print(self.format_latex(magic_docs))
             return
         else:
             magic_docs = format_screen(magic_docs)
 
         out = ["""
 IPython's 'magic' functions
 ===========================
 
 The magic function system provides a series of functions which allow you to
 control the behavior of IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type
 features. There are two kinds of magics, line-oriented and cell-oriented.
 
 Line magics are prefixed with the % character and work much like OS
 command-line calls: they get as an argument the rest of the line, where
 arguments are passed without parentheses or quotes.  For example, this will
 time the given statement::
 
         %timeit range(1000)
 
 Cell magics are prefixed with a double %%, and they are functions that get as
 an argument not only the rest of the line, but also the lines below it in a
 separate argument.  These magics are called with two arguments: the rest of the
 call line and the body of the cell, consisting of the lines below the first.
 For example::
 
         %%timeit x = numpy.random.randn((100, 100))
         numpy.linalg.svd(x)
 
 will time the execution of the numpy svd routine, running the assignment of x
 as part of the setup phase, which is not timed.
 
 In a line-oriented client (the terminal or Qt console IPython), starting a new
 input with %% will automatically enter cell mode, and IPython will continue
 reading input until a blank line is given.  In the notebook, simply type the
 whole cell as one entity, but keep in mind that the %% escape can only be at
 the very start of the cell.
 
 NOTE: If you have 'automagic' enabled (via the command line option or with the
 %automagic function), you don't need to type in the % explicitly for line
 magics; cell magics always require an explicit '%%' escape.  By default,
 IPython ships with automagic on, so you should only rarely need the % escape.
 
 Example: typing '%cd mydir' (without the quotes) changes your working directory
 to 'mydir', if it exists.
 
 For a list of the available magic functions, use %lsmagic. For a description
 of any of them, type %magic_name?, e.g. '%cd?'.
 
 Currently the magic system has the following functions:""",
        magic_docs,
        "Summary of magic functions (from %slsmagic):" % magic_escapes['line'],
        str(self.lsmagic()),
        ]
         page.page('\n'.join(out))
 
 
     @line_magic
     def page(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
 
         %page [options] OBJECT
 
         If no object is given, use _ (last output).
 
         Options:
 
           -r: page str(object), don't pretty-print it."""
 
         # After a function contributed by Olivier Aubert, slightly modified.
 
         # Process options/args
         opts, args = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'r')
         raw = 'r' in opts
 
         oname = args and args or '_'
         info = self.shell._ofind(oname)
         if info['found']:
-            txt = (raw and str or pformat)( info['obj'] )
+            if raw:
+                txt = str(info["obj"])
+            else:
+                txt = pformat(info["obj"])
             page.page(txt)
         else:
             print('Object `%s` not found' % oname)
 
     @line_magic
     def pprint(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Toggle pretty printing on/off."""
         ptformatter = self.shell.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
         ptformatter.pprint = bool(1 - ptformatter.pprint)
         print('Pretty printing has been turned',
               ['OFF','ON'][ptformatter.pprint])
 
     @line_magic
     def colors(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
 
         Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
 
         Color scheme names are not case-sensitive.
 
         Examples
         --------
         To get a plain black and white terminal::
 
           %colors nocolor
         """
         def color_switch_err(name):
             warn('Error changing %s color schemes.\n%s' %
                  (name, sys.exc_info()[1]), stacklevel=2)
 
 
         new_scheme = parameter_s.strip()
         if not new_scheme:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%colors: you must specify a color scheme. See '%colors?'")
         # local shortcut
         shell = self.shell
 
         # Set shell colour scheme
         try:
             shell.colors = new_scheme
             shell.refresh_style()
         except:
             color_switch_err('shell')
 
         # Set exception colors
         try:
             shell.InteractiveTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
             shell.SyntaxTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
         except:
             color_switch_err('exception')
 
         # Set info (for 'object?') colors
         if shell.color_info:
             try:
                 shell.inspector.set_active_scheme(new_scheme)
             except:
                 color_switch_err('object inspector')
         else:
             shell.inspector.set_active_scheme('NoColor')
 
     @line_magic
     def xmode(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Switch modes for the exception handlers.
 
         Valid modes: Plain, Context, Verbose, and Minimal.
 
         If called without arguments, acts as a toggle.
 
         When in verbose mode the value `--show` (and `--hide`)
         will respectively show (or hide) frames with ``__tracebackhide__ =
         True`` value set.
         """
 
         def xmode_switch_err(name):
             warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' %
                  (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
 
         shell = self.shell
         if parameter_s.strip() == "--show":
             shell.InteractiveTB.skip_hidden = False
             return
         if parameter_s.strip() == "--hide":
             shell.InteractiveTB.skip_hidden = True
             return
 
         new_mode = parameter_s.strip().capitalize()
         try:
             shell.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
             print('Exception reporting mode:',shell.InteractiveTB.mode)
         except:
             xmode_switch_err('user')
 
     @line_magic
     def quickref(self, arg):
         """ Show a quick reference sheet """
         from IPython.core.usage import quick_reference
         qr = quick_reference + self._magic_docs(brief=True)
         page.page(qr)
 
     @line_magic
     def doctest_mode(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Toggle doctest mode on and off.
 
         This mode is intended to make IPython behave as much as possible like a
         plain Python shell, from the perspective of how its prompts, exceptions
         and output look.  This makes it easy to copy and paste parts of a
         session into doctests.  It does so by:
 
         - Changing the prompts to the classic ``>>>`` ones.
         - Changing the exception reporting mode to 'Plain'.
         - Disabling pretty-printing of output.
 
         Note that IPython also supports the pasting of code snippets that have
         leading '>>>' and '...' prompts in them.  This means that you can paste
         doctests from files or docstrings (even if they have leading
         whitespace), and the code will execute correctly.  You can then use
         '%history -t' to see the translated history; this will give you the
         input after removal of all the leading prompts and whitespace, which
         can be pasted back into an editor.
 
         With these features, you can switch into this mode easily whenever you
         need to do testing and changes to doctests, without having to leave
         your existing IPython session.
         """
 
         # Shorthands
         shell = self.shell
         meta = shell.meta
         disp_formatter = self.shell.display_formatter
         ptformatter = disp_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
         # dstore is a data store kept in the instance metadata bag to track any
         # changes we make, so we can undo them later.
         dstore = meta.setdefault('doctest_mode',Struct())
         save_dstore = dstore.setdefault
 
         # save a few values we'll need to recover later
         mode = save_dstore('mode',False)
         save_dstore('rc_pprint',ptformatter.pprint)
         save_dstore('xmode',shell.InteractiveTB.mode)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_out',shell.separate_out)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_out2',shell.separate_out2)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_in',shell.separate_in)
         save_dstore('rc_active_types',disp_formatter.active_types)
 
         if not mode:
             # turn on
 
             # Prompt separators like plain python
             shell.separate_in = ''
             shell.separate_out = ''
             shell.separate_out2 = ''
 
 
             ptformatter.pprint = False
             disp_formatter.active_types = ['text/plain']
 
             shell.magic('xmode Plain')
         else:
             # turn off
             shell.separate_in = dstore.rc_separate_in
 
             shell.separate_out = dstore.rc_separate_out
             shell.separate_out2 = dstore.rc_separate_out2
 
             ptformatter.pprint = dstore.rc_pprint
             disp_formatter.active_types = dstore.rc_active_types
 
             shell.magic('xmode ' + dstore.xmode)
 
         # mode here is the state before we switch; switch_doctest_mode takes
         # the mode we're switching to.
         shell.switch_doctest_mode(not mode)
 
         # Store new mode and inform
         dstore.mode = bool(not mode)
         mode_label = ['OFF','ON'][dstore.mode]
         print('Doctest mode is:', mode_label)
 
     @line_magic
     def gui(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Enable or disable IPython GUI event loop integration.
 
         %gui [GUINAME]
 
         This magic replaces IPython's threaded shells that were activated
         using the (pylab/wthread/etc.) command line flags.  GUI toolkits
         can now be enabled at runtime and keyboard
         interrupts should work without any problems.  The following toolkits
         are supported:  wxPython, PyQt4, PyGTK, Tk and Cocoa (OSX)::
 
             %gui wx      # enable wxPython event loop integration
             %gui qt4|qt  # enable PyQt4 event loop integration
             %gui qt5     # enable PyQt5 event loop integration
             %gui gtk     # enable PyGTK event loop integration
             %gui gtk3    # enable Gtk3 event loop integration
             %gui gtk4    # enable Gtk4 event loop integration
             %gui tk      # enable Tk event loop integration
             %gui osx     # enable Cocoa event loop integration
                          # (requires %matplotlib 1.1)
             %gui         # disable all event loop integration
 
         WARNING:  after any of these has been called you can simply create
         an application object, but DO NOT start the event loop yourself, as
         we have already handled that.
         """
         opts, arg = self.parse_options(parameter_s, '')
         if arg=='': arg = None
         try:
             return self.shell.enable_gui(arg)
         except Exception as e:
             # print simple error message, rather than traceback if we can't
             # hook up the GUI
             error(str(e))
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def precision(self, s=''):
         """Set floating point precision for pretty printing.
 
         Can set either integer precision or a format string.
 
         If numpy has been imported and precision is an int,
         numpy display precision will also be set, via ``numpy.set_printoptions``.
 
         If no argument is given, defaults will be restored.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
             In [1]: from math import pi
 
             In [2]: %precision 3
             Out[2]: u'%.3f'
 
             In [3]: pi
             Out[3]: 3.142
 
             In [4]: %precision %i
             Out[4]: u'%i'
 
             In [5]: pi
             Out[5]: 3
 
             In [6]: %precision %e
             Out[6]: u'%e'
 
             In [7]: pi**10
             Out[7]: 9.364805e+04
 
             In [8]: %precision
             Out[8]: u'%r'
 
             In [9]: pi**10
             Out[9]: 93648.047476082982
         """
         ptformatter = self.shell.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
         ptformatter.float_precision = s
         return ptformatter.float_format
 
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         'filename', type=str,
         help='Notebook name or filename'
     )
     @line_magic
     def notebook(self, s):
         """Export and convert IPython notebooks.
 
         This function can export the current IPython history to a notebook file.
         For example, to export the history to "foo.ipynb" do "%notebook foo.ipynb".
         """
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.notebook, s)
         outfname = os.path.expanduser(args.filename)
 
         from nbformat import write, v4
 
         cells = []
         hist = list(self.shell.history_manager.get_range())
         if(len(hist)<=1):
             raise ValueError('History is empty, cannot export')
         for session, execution_count, source in hist[:-1]:
             cells.append(v4.new_code_cell(
                 execution_count=execution_count,
                 source=source
             ))
         nb = v4.new_notebook(cells=cells)
         with io.open(outfname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             write(nb, f, version=4)
 
 @magics_class
 class AsyncMagics(BasicMagics):
 
     @line_magic
     def autoawait(self, parameter_s):
         """
         Allow to change the status of the autoawait option.
 
         This allow you to set a specific asynchronous code runner.
 
         If no value is passed, print the currently used asynchronous integration
         and whether it is activated.
 
         It can take a number of value evaluated in the following order:
 
         - False/false/off deactivate autoawait integration
         - True/true/on activate autoawait integration using configured default
           loop
         - asyncio/curio/trio activate autoawait integration and use integration
           with said library.
 
         - `sync` turn on the pseudo-sync integration (mostly used for
           `IPython.embed()` which does not run IPython with a real eventloop and
           deactivate running asynchronous code. Turning on Asynchronous code with
           the pseudo sync loop is undefined behavior and may lead IPython to crash.
 
         If the passed parameter does not match any of the above and is a python
         identifier, get said object from user namespace and set it as the
         runner, and activate autoawait.
 
         If the object is a fully qualified object name, attempt to import it and
         set it as the runner, and activate autoawait.
 
         The exact behavior of autoawait is experimental and subject to change
         across version of IPython and Python.
         """
 
         param = parameter_s.strip()
         d = {True: "on", False: "off"}
 
         if not param:
             print("IPython autoawait is `{}`, and set to use `{}`".format(
                 d[self.shell.autoawait],
                 self.shell.loop_runner
             ))
             return None
 
         if param.lower() in ('false', 'off'):
             self.shell.autoawait = False
             return None
         if param.lower() in ('true', 'on'):
             self.shell.autoawait = True
             return None
 
         if param in self.shell.loop_runner_map:
             self.shell.loop_runner, self.shell.autoawait = self.shell.loop_runner_map[param]
             return None
 
         if param in self.shell.user_ns :
             self.shell.loop_runner = self.shell.user_ns[param]
             self.shell.autoawait = True
             return None
 
         runner = import_item(param)
 
         self.shell.loop_runner = runner
         self.shell.autoawait = True

IPython/core/magics/config.py

@@ -1,187 +1,210 b''
 """Implementation of configuration-related magic functions.
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (c) 2012 The IPython Development Team.
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Stdlib
 import re
 
 # Our own packages
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.magic import Magics, magics_class, line_magic
 from logging import error
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Magic implementation classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 reg = re.compile(r'^\w+\.\w+$')
 @magics_class
 class ConfigMagics(Magics):
 
     def __init__(self, shell):
         super(ConfigMagics, self).__init__(shell)
         self.configurables = []
 
     @line_magic
     def config(self, s):
         """configure IPython
 
             %config Class[.trait=value]
 
         This magic exposes most of the IPython config system. Any
         Configurable class should be able to be configured with the simple
         line::
 
             %config Class.trait=value
 
         Where `value` will be resolved in the user's namespace, if it is an
         expression or variable name.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         To see what classes are available for config, pass no arguments::
 
             In [1]: %config
             Available objects for config:
                 AliasManager
                 DisplayFormatter
                 HistoryManager
                 IPCompleter
                 LoggingMagics
                 MagicsManager
                 OSMagics
                 PrefilterManager
                 ScriptMagics
                 TerminalInteractiveShell
 
         To view what is configurable on a given class, just pass the class
         name::
 
             In [2]: %config IPCompleter
             IPCompleter(Completer) options
             ----------------------------
             IPCompleter.backslash_combining_completions=<Bool>
                 Enable unicode completions, e.g. \\alpha<tab> . Includes completion of latex
                 commands, unicode names, and expanding unicode characters back to latex
                 commands.
                 Current: True
             IPCompleter.debug=<Bool>
                 Enable debug for the Completer. Mostly print extra information for
                 experimental jedi integration.
                 Current: False
+            IPCompleter.disable_matchers=<list-item-1>...
+                List of matchers to disable.
+                Current: []
             IPCompleter.greedy=<Bool>
                 Activate greedy completion
                         PENDING DEPRECATION. this is now mostly taken care of with Jedi.
                         This will enable completion on elements of lists, results of function calls, etc.,
                         but can be unsafe because the code is actually evaluated on TAB.
                 Current: False
             IPCompleter.jedi_compute_type_timeout=<Int>
                 Experimental: restrict time (in milliseconds) during which Jedi can compute types.
                         Set to 0 to stop computing types. Non-zero value lower than 100ms may hurt
                         performance by preventing jedi to build its cache.
                 Current: 400
             IPCompleter.limit_to__all__=<Bool>
                 DEPRECATED as of version 5.0.
                 Instruct the completer to use __all__ for the completion
                 Specifically, when completing on ``object.<tab>``.
                 When True: only those names in obj.__all__ will be included.
                 When False [default]: the __all__ attribute is ignored
                 Current: False
             IPCompleter.merge_completions=<Bool>
                 Whether to merge completion results into a single list
                         If False, only the completion results from the first non-empty
                         completer will be returned.
+                        As of version 8.6.0, setting the value to ``False`` is an alias for:
+                        ``IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers = True.``.
                 Current: True
             IPCompleter.omit__names=<Enum>
                 Instruct the completer to omit private method names
                         Specifically, when completing on ``object.<tab>``.
                         When 2 [default]: all names that start with '_' will be excluded.
                         When 1: all 'magic' names (``__foo__``) will be excluded.
                         When 0: nothing will be excluded.
                 Choices: any of [0, 1, 2]
                 Current: 2
             IPCompleter.profile_completions=<Bool>
                 If True, emit profiling data for completion subsystem using cProfile.
                 Current: False
             IPCompleter.profiler_output_dir=<Unicode>
                 Template for path at which to output profile data for completions.
                 Current: '.completion_profiles'
+            IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers=<Union>
+                Whether to suppress completions from other *Matchers*.
+                When set to ``None`` (default) the matchers will attempt to auto-detect
+                whether suppression of other matchers is desirable. For example, at the
+                beginning of a line followed by `%` we expect a magic completion to be the
+                only applicable option, and after ``my_dict['`` we usually expect a
+                completion with an existing dictionary key.
+                If you want to disable this heuristic and see completions from all matchers,
+                set ``IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers = False``. To disable the
+                heuristic for specific matchers provide a dictionary mapping:
+                ``IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers = {'IPCompleter.dict_key_matcher':
+                False}``.
+                Set ``IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers = True`` to limit completions
+                to the set of matchers with the highest priority; this is equivalent to
+                ``IPCompleter.merge_completions`` and can be beneficial for performance, but
+                will sometimes omit relevant candidates from matchers further down the
+                priority list.
+                Current: None
             IPCompleter.use_jedi=<Bool>
                 Experimental: Use Jedi to generate autocompletions. Default to True if jedi
                 is installed.
                 Current: True
 
         but the real use is in setting values::
 
             In [3]: %config IPCompleter.greedy = True
 
         and these values are read from the user_ns if they are variables::
 
             In [4]: feeling_greedy=False
 
             In [5]: %config IPCompleter.greedy = feeling_greedy
 
         """
         from traitlets.config.loader import Config
         # some IPython objects are Configurable, but do not yet have
         # any configurable traits.  Exclude them from the effects of
         # this magic, as their presence is just noise:
         configurables = sorted(set([ c for c in self.shell.configurables
                                      if c.__class__.class_traits(config=True)
                                      ]), key=lambda x: x.__class__.__name__)
         classnames = [ c.__class__.__name__ for c in configurables ]
 
         line = s.strip()
         if not line:
             # print available configurable names
             print("Available objects for config:")
             for name in classnames:
                 print("   ", name)
             return
         elif line in classnames:
             # `%config TerminalInteractiveShell` will print trait info for
             # TerminalInteractiveShell
             c = configurables[classnames.index(line)]
             cls = c.__class__
             help = cls.class_get_help(c)
             # strip leading '--' from cl-args:
             help = re.sub(re.compile(r'^--', re.MULTILINE), '', help)
             print(help)
             return
         elif reg.match(line):
             cls, attr = line.split('.')
             return getattr(configurables[classnames.index(cls)],attr)
         elif '=' not in line:
             msg = "Invalid config statement: %r, "\
                   "should be `Class.trait = value`."
             
             ll = line.lower()
             for classname in classnames:
                 if ll == classname.lower():
                     msg = msg + '\nDid you mean %s (note the case)?' % classname
                     break
 
             raise UsageError( msg % line)
 
         # otherwise, assume we are setting configurables.
         # leave quotes on args when splitting, because we want
         # unquoted args to eval in user_ns
         cfg = Config()
         exec("cfg."+line, self.shell.user_ns, locals())
 
         for configurable in configurables:
             try:
                 configurable.update_config(cfg)
             except Exception as e:
                 error(e)

IPython/core/magics/namespace.py

@@ -1,711 +1,711 b''
 """Implementation of namespace-related magic functions.
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (c) 2012 The IPython Development Team.
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Stdlib
 import gc
 import re
 import sys
 
 # Our own packages
 from IPython.core import page
 from IPython.core.error import StdinNotImplementedError, UsageError
 from IPython.core.magic import Magics, magics_class, line_magic
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.encoding import DEFAULT_ENCODING
 from IPython.utils.openpy import read_py_file
 from IPython.utils.path import get_py_filename
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Magic implementation classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @magics_class
 class NamespaceMagics(Magics):
     """Magics to manage various aspects of the user's namespace.
 
     These include listing variables, introspecting into them, etc.
     """
 
     @line_magic
     def pinfo(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Provide detailed information about an object.
 
         '%pinfo object' is just a synonym for object? or ?object."""
 
         #print 'pinfo par: <%s>' % parameter_s  # dbg
         # detail_level: 0 -> obj? , 1 -> obj??
         detail_level = 0
         # We need to detect if we got called as 'pinfo pinfo foo', which can
         # happen if the user types 'pinfo foo?' at the cmd line.
         pinfo,qmark1,oname,qmark2 = \
                re.match(r'(pinfo )?(\?*)(.*?)(\??$)',parameter_s).groups()
         if pinfo or qmark1 or qmark2:
             detail_level = 1
         if "*" in oname:
             self.psearch(oname)
         else:
             self.shell._inspect('pinfo', oname, detail_level=detail_level,
                                 namespaces=namespaces)
 
     @line_magic
     def pinfo2(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Provide extra detailed information about an object.
 
         '%pinfo2 object' is just a synonym for object?? or ??object."""
         self.shell._inspect('pinfo', parameter_s, detail_level=1,
                             namespaces=namespaces)
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def pdef(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print the call signature for any callable object.
 
         If the object is a class, print the constructor information.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [3]: %pdef urllib.urlopen
           urllib.urlopen(url, data=None, proxies=None)
         """
         self.shell._inspect('pdef',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     @line_magic
     def pdoc(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print the docstring for an object.
 
         If the given object is a class, it will print both the class and the
         constructor docstrings."""
         self.shell._inspect('pdoc',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     @line_magic
     def psource(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object."""
         if not parameter_s:
             raise UsageError('Missing object name.')
         self.shell._inspect('psource',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     @line_magic
     def pfile(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
 
         The file opens at the line where the object definition begins. IPython
         will honor the environment variable PAGER if set, and otherwise will
         do its best to print the file in a convenient form.
 
         If the given argument is not an object currently defined, IPython will
         try to interpret it as a filename (automatically adding a .py extension
         if needed). You can thus use %pfile as a syntax highlighting code
         viewer."""
 
         # first interpret argument as an object name
         out = self.shell._inspect('pfile',parameter_s, namespaces)
         # if not, try the input as a filename
         if out == 'not found':
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
             except IOError as msg:
                 print(msg)
                 return
             page.page(self.shell.pycolorize(read_py_file(filename, skip_encoding_cookie=False)))
 
     @line_magic
     def psearch(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.
 
         %psearch [options] PATTERN [OBJECT TYPE]
 
         Note: ? can be used as a synonym for %psearch, at the beginning or at
         the end: both a*? and ?a* are equivalent to '%psearch a*'.  Still, the
         rest of the command line must be unchanged (options come first), so
         for example the following forms are equivalent
 
         %psearch -i a* function
         -i a* function?
         ?-i a* function
 
         Arguments:
 
           PATTERN
 
           where PATTERN is a string containing * as a wildcard similar to its
           use in a shell.  The pattern is matched in all namespaces on the
           search path. By default objects starting with a single _ are not
           matched, many IPython generated objects have a single
           underscore. The default is case insensitive matching. Matching is
           also done on the attributes of objects and not only on the objects
           in a module.
 
           [OBJECT TYPE]
 
           Is the name of a python type from the types module. The name is
           given in lowercase without the ending type, ex. StringType is
           written string. By adding a type here only objects matching the
           given type are matched. Using all here makes the pattern match all
           types (this is the default).
 
         Options:
 
           -a: makes the pattern match even objects whose names start with a
           single underscore.  These names are normally omitted from the
           search.
 
           -i/-c: make the pattern case insensitive/sensitive.  If neither of
           these options are given, the default is read from your configuration
           file, with the option ``InteractiveShell.wildcards_case_sensitive``.
           If this option is not specified in your configuration file, IPython's
           internal default is to do a case sensitive search.
 
           -e/-s NAMESPACE: exclude/search a given namespace.  The pattern you
           specify can be searched in any of the following namespaces:
           'builtin', 'user', 'user_global','internal', 'alias', where
           'builtin' and 'user' are the search defaults.  Note that you should
           not use quotes when specifying namespaces.
 
           -l: List all available object types for object matching. This function
           can be used without arguments.
 
           'Builtin' contains the python module builtin, 'user' contains all
           user data, 'alias' only contain the shell aliases and no python
           objects, 'internal' contains objects used by IPython.  The
           'user_global' namespace is only used by embedded IPython instances,
           and it contains module-level globals.  You can add namespaces to the
           search with -s or exclude them with -e (these options can be given
           more than once).
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           %psearch a*            -> objects beginning with an a
           %psearch -e builtin a* -> objects NOT in the builtin space starting in a
           %psearch a* function   -> all functions beginning with an a
           %psearch re.e*         -> objects beginning with an e in module re
           %psearch r*.e*         -> objects that start with e in modules starting in r
           %psearch r*.* string   -> all strings in modules beginning with r
 
         Case sensitive search::
 
           %psearch -c a*         list all object beginning with lower case a
 
         Show objects beginning with a single _::
 
           %psearch -a _*         list objects beginning with a single underscore
 
         List available objects::
 
           %psearch -l            list all available object types
         """
         # default namespaces to be searched
         def_search = ['user_local', 'user_global', 'builtin']
 
         # Process options/args
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'cias:e:l',list_all=True)
         opt = opts.get
         shell = self.shell
         psearch = shell.inspector.psearch
         
         # select list object types
         list_types = False
         if 'l' in opts:
             list_types = True
 
         # select case options
         if 'i' in opts:
             ignore_case = True
         elif 'c' in opts:
             ignore_case = False
         else:
             ignore_case = not shell.wildcards_case_sensitive
 
         # Build list of namespaces to search from user options
         def_search.extend(opt('s',[]))
         ns_exclude = ns_exclude=opt('e',[])
         ns_search = [nm for nm in def_search if nm not in ns_exclude]
 
         # Call the actual search
         try:
             psearch(args,shell.ns_table,ns_search,
                     show_all=opt('a'),ignore_case=ignore_case, list_types=list_types)
         except:
             shell.showtraceback()
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def who_ls(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.
 
         If arguments are given, only variables of types matching these
         arguments are returned.
 
         Examples
         --------
         Define two variables and list them with who_ls::
 
           In [1]: alpha = 123
 
           In [2]: beta = 'test'
 
           In [3]: %who_ls
           Out[3]: ['alpha', 'beta']
 
           In [4]: %who_ls int
           Out[4]: ['alpha']
 
           In [5]: %who_ls str
           Out[5]: ['beta']
         """
 
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
         user_ns_hidden = self.shell.user_ns_hidden
         nonmatching = object()  # This can never be in user_ns
         out = [ i for i in user_ns
                 if not i.startswith('_') \
                 and (user_ns[i] is not user_ns_hidden.get(i, nonmatching)) ]
 
         typelist = parameter_s.split()
         if typelist:
             typeset = set(typelist)
             out = [i for i in out if type(user_ns[i]).__name__ in typeset]
 
         out.sort()
         return out
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def who(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.
 
         If any arguments are given, only variables whose type matches one of
         these are printed.  For example::
 
           %who function str
 
         will only list functions and strings, excluding all other types of
         variables.  To find the proper type names, simply use type(var) at a
         command line to see how python prints type names.  For example:
 
         ::
 
           In [1]: type('hello')\\
           Out[1]: <type 'str'>
 
         indicates that the type name for strings is 'str'.
 
         ``%who`` always excludes executed names loaded through your configuration
         file and things which are internal to IPython.
 
         This is deliberate, as typically you may load many modules and the
         purpose of %who is to show you only what you've manually defined.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         Define two variables and list them with who::
 
           In [1]: alpha = 123
 
           In [2]: beta = 'test'
 
           In [3]: %who
           alpha   beta
 
           In [4]: %who int
           alpha
 
           In [5]: %who str
           beta
         """
 
         varlist = self.who_ls(parameter_s)
         if not varlist:
             if parameter_s:
                 print('No variables match your requested type.')
             else:
                 print('Interactive namespace is empty.')
             return
 
         # if we have variables, move on...
         count = 0
         for i in varlist:
             print(i+'\t', end=' ')
             count += 1
             if count > 8:
                 count = 0
                 print()
         print()
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def whos(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.
 
         The same type filtering of %who can be applied here.
 
         For all variables, the type is printed. Additionally it prints:
 
           - For {},[],(): their length.
 
           - For numpy arrays, a summary with shape, number of
             elements, typecode and size in memory.
 
           - Everything else: a string representation, snipping their middle if
             too long.
 
         Examples
         --------
         Define two variables and list them with whos::
 
           In [1]: alpha = 123
 
           In [2]: beta = 'test'
 
           In [3]: %whos
           Variable   Type        Data/Info
           --------------------------------
           alpha      int         123
           beta       str         test
         """
 
         varnames = self.who_ls(parameter_s)
         if not varnames:
             if parameter_s:
                 print('No variables match your requested type.')
             else:
                 print('Interactive namespace is empty.')
             return
 
         # if we have variables, move on...
 
         # for these types, show len() instead of data:
         seq_types = ['dict', 'list', 'tuple']
 
         # for numpy arrays, display summary info
         ndarray_type = None
         if 'numpy' in sys.modules:
             try:
                 from numpy import ndarray
             except ImportError:
                 pass
             else:
                 ndarray_type = ndarray.__name__
 
         # Find all variable names and types so we can figure out column sizes
 
         # some types are well known and can be shorter
         abbrevs = {'IPython.core.macro.Macro' : 'Macro'}
         def type_name(v):
             tn = type(v).__name__
             return abbrevs.get(tn,tn)
 
         varlist = [self.shell.user_ns[n] for n in varnames]
 
         typelist = []
         for vv in varlist:
             tt = type_name(vv)
 
             if tt=='instance':
                 typelist.append( abbrevs.get(str(vv.__class__),
                                              str(vv.__class__)))
             else:
                 typelist.append(tt)
 
         # column labels and # of spaces as separator
         varlabel = 'Variable'
         typelabel = 'Type'
         datalabel = 'Data/Info'
         colsep = 3
         # variable format strings
         vformat    = "{0:<{varwidth}}{1:<{typewidth}}"
         aformat    = "%s: %s elems, type `%s`, %s bytes"
         # find the size of the columns to format the output nicely
         varwidth = max(max(map(len,varnames)), len(varlabel)) + colsep
         typewidth = max(max(map(len,typelist)), len(typelabel)) + colsep
         # table header
         print(varlabel.ljust(varwidth) + typelabel.ljust(typewidth) + \
               ' '+datalabel+'\n' + '-'*(varwidth+typewidth+len(datalabel)+1))
         # and the table itself
         kb = 1024
         Mb = 1048576  # kb**2
         for vname,var,vtype in zip(varnames,varlist,typelist):
             print(vformat.format(vname, vtype, varwidth=varwidth, typewidth=typewidth), end=' ')
             if vtype in seq_types:
                 print("n="+str(len(var)))
             elif vtype == ndarray_type:
                 vshape = str(var.shape).replace(',','').replace(' ','x')[1:-1]
                 if vtype==ndarray_type:
                     # numpy
                     vsize  = var.size
                     vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize
                     vdtype = var.dtype
 
                 if vbytes < 100000:
                     print(aformat % (vshape, vsize, vdtype, vbytes))
                 else:
                     print(aformat % (vshape, vsize, vdtype, vbytes), end=' ')
                     if vbytes < Mb:
                         print('(%s kb)' % (vbytes/kb,))
                     else:
                         print('(%s Mb)' % (vbytes/Mb,))
             else:
                 try:
                     vstr = str(var)
                 except UnicodeEncodeError:
                     vstr = var.encode(DEFAULT_ENCODING,
                                       'backslashreplace')
                 except:
                     vstr = "<object with id %d (str() failed)>" % id(var)
                 vstr = vstr.replace('\n', '\\n')
                 if len(vstr) < 50:
                     print(vstr)
                 else:
                     print(vstr[:25] + "<...>" + vstr[-25:])
 
     @line_magic
     def reset(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user, if
         called without arguments, or by removing some types of objects, such
         as everything currently in IPython's In[] and Out[] containers (see
         the parameters for details).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         -f
             force reset without asking for confirmation.
         -s
             'Soft' reset: Only clears your namespace, leaving history intact.
             References to objects may be kept. By default (without this option),
             we do a 'hard' reset, giving you a new session and removing all
             references to objects from the current session.
         --aggressive
             Try to aggressively remove modules from sys.modules ; this
             may allow you to reimport Python modules that have been updated and
-            pick up changes, but can have unattended consequences.
+            pick up changes, but can have unintended consequences.
 
         in
             reset input history
         out
             reset output history
         dhist
             reset directory history
         array
             reset only variables that are NumPy arrays
 
         See Also
         --------
         reset_selective : invoked as ``%reset_selective``
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [6]: a = 1
 
           In [7]: a
           Out[7]: 1
 
           In [8]: 'a' in get_ipython().user_ns
           Out[8]: True
 
           In [9]: %reset -f
 
           In [1]: 'a' in get_ipython().user_ns
           Out[1]: False
 
           In [2]: %reset -f in
           Flushing input history
 
           In [3]: %reset -f dhist in
           Flushing directory history
           Flushing input history
 
         Notes
         -----
         Calling this magic from clients that do not implement standard input,
         such as the ipython notebook interface, will reset the namespace
         without confirmation.
         """
         opts, args = self.parse_options(parameter_s, "sf", "aggressive", mode="list")
         if "f" in opts:
             ans = True
         else:
             try:
                 ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(
                 "Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])?",
                 default='n')
             except StdinNotImplementedError:
                 ans = True
         if not ans:
             print('Nothing done.')
             return
 
         if 's' in opts:                     # Soft reset
             user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
             for i in self.who_ls():
                 del(user_ns[i])
         elif len(args) == 0:                # Hard reset
             self.shell.reset(new_session=False, aggressive=("aggressive" in opts))
 
         # reset in/out/dhist/array: previously extensinions/clearcmd.py
         ip = self.shell
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns  # local lookup, heavily used
 
         for target in args:
             target = target.lower() # make matches case insensitive
             if target == 'out':
                 print("Flushing output cache (%d entries)" % len(user_ns['_oh']))
                 self.shell.displayhook.flush()
 
             elif target == 'in':
                 print("Flushing input history")
                 pc = self.shell.displayhook.prompt_count + 1
                 for n in range(1, pc):
                     key = '_i'+repr(n)
                     user_ns.pop(key,None)
                 user_ns.update(dict(_i=u'',_ii=u'',_iii=u''))
                 hm = ip.history_manager
                 # don't delete these, as %save and %macro depending on the
                 # length of these lists to be preserved
                 hm.input_hist_parsed[:] = [''] * pc
                 hm.input_hist_raw[:] = [''] * pc
                 # hm has internal machinery for _i,_ii,_iii, clear it out
                 hm._i = hm._ii = hm._iii = hm._i00 =  u''
 
             elif target == 'array':
                 # Support cleaning up numpy arrays
                 try:
                     from numpy import ndarray
                     # This must be done with items and not iteritems because
                     # we're going to modify the dict in-place.
                     for x,val in list(user_ns.items()):
                         if isinstance(val,ndarray):
                             del user_ns[x]
                 except ImportError:
                     print("reset array only works if Numpy is available.")
 
             elif target == 'dhist':
                 print("Flushing directory history")
                 del user_ns['_dh'][:]
 
             else:
                 print("Don't know how to reset ", end=' ')
                 print(target + ", please run `%reset?` for details")
 
         gc.collect()
 
     @line_magic
     def reset_selective(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Resets the namespace by removing names defined by the user.
 
         Input/Output history are left around in case you need them.
 
         %reset_selective [-f] regex
 
         No action is taken if regex is not included
 
         Options
           -f : force reset without asking for confirmation.
 
         See Also
         --------
         reset : invoked as ``%reset``
 
         Examples
         --------
         We first fully reset the namespace so your output looks identical to
         this example for pedagogical reasons; in practice you do not need a
         full reset::
 
           In [1]: %reset -f
 
         Now, with a clean namespace we can make a few variables and use
         ``%reset_selective`` to only delete names that match our regexp::
 
           In [2]: a=1; b=2; c=3; b1m=4; b2m=5; b3m=6; b4m=7; b2s=8
 
           In [3]: who_ls
           Out[3]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2m', 'b2s', 'b3m', 'b4m', 'c']
 
           In [4]: %reset_selective -f b[2-3]m
 
           In [5]: who_ls
           Out[5]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2s', 'b4m', 'c']
 
           In [6]: %reset_selective -f d
 
           In [7]: who_ls
           Out[7]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2s', 'b4m', 'c']
 
           In [8]: %reset_selective -f c
 
           In [9]: who_ls
           Out[9]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2s', 'b4m']
 
           In [10]: %reset_selective -f b
 
           In [11]: who_ls
           Out[11]: ['a']
 
         Notes
         -----
         Calling this magic from clients that do not implement standard input,
         such as the ipython notebook interface, will reset the namespace
         without confirmation.
         """
 
         opts, regex = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'f')
 
         if 'f' in opts:
             ans = True
         else:
             try:
                 ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(
                 "Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])? ",
                 default='n')
             except StdinNotImplementedError:
                 ans = True
         if not ans:
             print('Nothing done.')
             return
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
         if not regex:
             print('No regex pattern specified. Nothing done.')
             return
         else:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError as e:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern') from e
             for i in self.who_ls():
                 if m.search(i):
                     del(user_ns[i])
 
     @line_magic
     def xdel(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Delete a variable, trying to clear it from anywhere that
         IPython's machinery has references to it. By default, this uses
         the identity of the named object in the user namespace to remove
         references held under other names. The object is also removed
         from the output history.
 
         Options
           -n : Delete the specified name from all namespaces, without
           checking their identity.
         """
         opts, varname = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'n')
         try:
             self.shell.del_var(varname, ('n' in opts))
         except (NameError, ValueError) as e:
             print(type(e).__name__ +": "+ str(e))

IPython/core/pylabtools.py

@@ -1,424 +1,425 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Pylab (matplotlib) support utilities."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 from io import BytesIO
 from binascii import b2a_base64
 from functools import partial
 import warnings
 
 from IPython.core.display import _pngxy
 from IPython.utils.decorators import flag_calls
 
 # If user specifies a GUI, that dictates the backend, otherwise we read the
 # user's mpl default from the mpl rc structure
 backends = {
     "tk": "TkAgg",
     "gtk": "GTKAgg",
     "gtk3": "GTK3Agg",
     "gtk4": "GTK4Agg",
     "wx": "WXAgg",
     "qt4": "Qt4Agg",
     "qt5": "Qt5Agg",
     "qt6": "QtAgg",
     "qt": "Qt5Agg",
     "osx": "MacOSX",
     "nbagg": "nbAgg",
+    "webagg": "WebAgg",
     "notebook": "nbAgg",
     "agg": "agg",
     "svg": "svg",
     "pdf": "pdf",
     "ps": "ps",
     "inline": "module://matplotlib_inline.backend_inline",
     "ipympl": "module://ipympl.backend_nbagg",
     "widget": "module://ipympl.backend_nbagg",
 }
 
 # We also need a reverse backends2guis mapping that will properly choose which
 # GUI support to activate based on the desired matplotlib backend.  For the
 # most part it's just a reverse of the above dict, but we also need to add a
 # few others that map to the same GUI manually:
 backend2gui = dict(zip(backends.values(), backends.keys()))
 # In the reverse mapping, there are a few extra valid matplotlib backends that
 # map to the same GUI support
 backend2gui["GTK"] = backend2gui["GTKCairo"] = "gtk"
 backend2gui["GTK3Cairo"] = "gtk3"
 backend2gui["GTK4Cairo"] = "gtk4"
 backend2gui["WX"] = "wx"
 backend2gui["CocoaAgg"] = "osx"
 # There needs to be a hysteresis here as the new QtAgg Matplotlib backend
 # supports either Qt5 or Qt6 and the IPython qt event loop support Qt4, Qt5,
 # and Qt6.
 backend2gui["QtAgg"] = "qt"
 backend2gui["Qt4Agg"] = "qt"
 backend2gui["Qt5Agg"] = "qt"
 
 # And some backends that don't need GUI integration
 del backend2gui["nbAgg"]
 del backend2gui["agg"]
 del backend2gui["svg"]
 del backend2gui["pdf"]
 del backend2gui["ps"]
 del backend2gui["module://matplotlib_inline.backend_inline"]
 del backend2gui["module://ipympl.backend_nbagg"]
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Matplotlib utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def getfigs(*fig_nums):
     """Get a list of matplotlib figures by figure numbers.
 
     If no arguments are given, all available figures are returned.  If the
     argument list contains references to invalid figures, a warning is printed
     but the function continues pasting further figures.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     figs : tuple
         A tuple of ints giving the figure numbers of the figures to return.
     """
     from matplotlib._pylab_helpers import Gcf
     if not fig_nums:
         fig_managers = Gcf.get_all_fig_managers()
         return [fm.canvas.figure for fm in fig_managers]
     else:
         figs = []
         for num in fig_nums:
             f = Gcf.figs.get(num)
             if f is None:
                 print('Warning: figure %s not available.' % num)
             else:
                 figs.append(f.canvas.figure)
         return figs
 
 
 def figsize(sizex, sizey):
     """Set the default figure size to be [sizex, sizey].
 
     This is just an easy to remember, convenience wrapper that sets::
 
       matplotlib.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = [sizex, sizey]
     """
     import matplotlib
     matplotlib.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = [sizex, sizey]
 
 
 def print_figure(fig, fmt="png", bbox_inches="tight", base64=False, **kwargs):
     """Print a figure to an image, and return the resulting file data
 
     Returned data will be bytes unless ``fmt='svg'``,
     in which case it will be unicode.
 
     Any keyword args are passed to fig.canvas.print_figure,
     such as ``quality`` or ``bbox_inches``.
 
     If `base64` is True, return base64-encoded str instead of raw bytes
     for binary-encoded image formats
 
     .. versionadded:: 7.29
         base64 argument
     """
     # When there's an empty figure, we shouldn't return anything, otherwise we
     # get big blank areas in the qt console.
     if not fig.axes and not fig.lines:
         return
 
     dpi = fig.dpi
     if fmt == 'retina':
         dpi = dpi * 2
         fmt = 'png'
 
     # build keyword args
     kw = {
         "format":fmt,
         "facecolor":fig.get_facecolor(),
         "edgecolor":fig.get_edgecolor(),
         "dpi":dpi,
         "bbox_inches":bbox_inches,
     }
     # **kwargs get higher priority
     kw.update(kwargs)
 
     bytes_io = BytesIO()
     if fig.canvas is None:
         from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
         FigureCanvasBase(fig)
 
     fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
     data = bytes_io.getvalue()
     if fmt == 'svg':
         data = data.decode('utf-8')
     elif base64:
         data = b2a_base64(data).decode("ascii")
     return data
 
 def retina_figure(fig, base64=False, **kwargs):
     """format a figure as a pixel-doubled (retina) PNG
 
     If `base64` is True, return base64-encoded str instead of raw bytes
     for binary-encoded image formats
 
     .. versionadded:: 7.29
         base64 argument
     """
     pngdata = print_figure(fig, fmt="retina", base64=False, **kwargs)
     # Make sure that retina_figure acts just like print_figure and returns
     # None when the figure is empty.
     if pngdata is None:
         return
     w, h = _pngxy(pngdata)
     metadata = {"width": w//2, "height":h//2}
     if base64:
         pngdata = b2a_base64(pngdata).decode("ascii")
     return pngdata, metadata
 
 
 # We need a little factory function here to create the closure where
 # safe_execfile can live.
 def mpl_runner(safe_execfile):
     """Factory to return a matplotlib-enabled runner for %run.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     safe_execfile : function
         This must be a function with the same interface as the
         :meth:`safe_execfile` method of IPython.
 
     Returns
     -------
     A function suitable for use as the ``runner`` argument of the %run magic
     function.
     """
 
     def mpl_execfile(fname,*where,**kw):
         """matplotlib-aware wrapper around safe_execfile.
 
         Its interface is identical to that of the :func:`execfile` builtin.
 
         This is ultimately a call to execfile(), but wrapped in safeties to
         properly handle interactive rendering."""
 
         import matplotlib
         import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 
         #print '*** Matplotlib runner ***' # dbg
         # turn off rendering until end of script
         is_interactive = matplotlib.rcParams['interactive']
         matplotlib.interactive(False)
         safe_execfile(fname,*where,**kw)
         matplotlib.interactive(is_interactive)
         # make rendering call now, if the user tried to do it
         if plt.draw_if_interactive.called:
             plt.draw()
             plt.draw_if_interactive.called = False
 
         # re-draw everything that is stale
         try:
             da = plt.draw_all
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         else:
             da()
 
     return mpl_execfile
 
 
 def _reshow_nbagg_figure(fig):
     """reshow an nbagg figure"""
     try:
         reshow = fig.canvas.manager.reshow
     except AttributeError as e:
         raise NotImplementedError() from e
     else:
         reshow()
 
 
 def select_figure_formats(shell, formats, **kwargs):
     """Select figure formats for the inline backend.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     shell : InteractiveShell
         The main IPython instance.
     formats : str or set
         One or a set of figure formats to enable: 'png', 'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'.
     **kwargs : any
         Extra keyword arguments to be passed to fig.canvas.print_figure.
     """
     import matplotlib
     from matplotlib.figure import Figure
 
     svg_formatter = shell.display_formatter.formatters['image/svg+xml']
     png_formatter = shell.display_formatter.formatters['image/png']
     jpg_formatter = shell.display_formatter.formatters['image/jpeg']
     pdf_formatter = shell.display_formatter.formatters['application/pdf']
 
     if isinstance(formats, str):
         formats = {formats}
     # cast in case of list / tuple
     formats = set(formats)
 
     [ f.pop(Figure, None) for f in shell.display_formatter.formatters.values() ]
     mplbackend = matplotlib.get_backend().lower()
     if mplbackend == 'nbagg' or mplbackend == 'module://ipympl.backend_nbagg':
         formatter = shell.display_formatter.ipython_display_formatter
         formatter.for_type(Figure, _reshow_nbagg_figure)
 
     supported = {'png', 'png2x', 'retina', 'jpg', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'}
     bad = formats.difference(supported)
     if bad:
         bs = "%s" % ','.join([repr(f) for f in bad])
         gs = "%s" % ','.join([repr(f) for f in supported])
         raise ValueError("supported formats are: %s not %s" % (gs, bs))
 
     if "png" in formats:
         png_formatter.for_type(
             Figure, partial(print_figure, fmt="png", base64=True, **kwargs)
         )
     if "retina" in formats or "png2x" in formats:
         png_formatter.for_type(Figure, partial(retina_figure, base64=True, **kwargs))
     if "jpg" in formats or "jpeg" in formats:
         jpg_formatter.for_type(
             Figure, partial(print_figure, fmt="jpg", base64=True, **kwargs)
         )
     if "svg" in formats:
         svg_formatter.for_type(Figure, partial(print_figure, fmt="svg", **kwargs))
     if "pdf" in formats:
         pdf_formatter.for_type(
             Figure, partial(print_figure, fmt="pdf", base64=True, **kwargs)
         )
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Code for initializing matplotlib and importing pylab
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def find_gui_and_backend(gui=None, gui_select=None):
     """Given a gui string return the gui and mpl backend.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     gui : str
         Can be one of ('tk','gtk','wx','qt','qt4','inline','agg').
     gui_select : str
         Can be one of ('tk','gtk','wx','qt','qt4','inline').
         This is any gui already selected by the shell.
 
     Returns
     -------
     A tuple of (gui, backend) where backend is one of ('TkAgg','GTKAgg',
     'WXAgg','Qt4Agg','module://matplotlib_inline.backend_inline','agg').
     """
 
     import matplotlib
 
     if gui and gui != 'auto':
         # select backend based on requested gui
         backend = backends[gui]
         if gui == 'agg':
             gui = None
     else:
         # We need to read the backend from the original data structure, *not*
         # from mpl.rcParams, since a prior invocation of %matplotlib may have
         # overwritten that.
         # WARNING: this assumes matplotlib 1.1 or newer!!
         backend = matplotlib.rcParamsOrig['backend']
         # In this case, we need to find what the appropriate gui selection call
         # should be for IPython, so we can activate inputhook accordingly
         gui = backend2gui.get(backend, None)
 
         # If we have already had a gui active, we need it and inline are the
         # ones allowed.
         if gui_select and gui != gui_select:
             gui = gui_select
             backend = backends[gui]
 
     return gui, backend
 
 
 def activate_matplotlib(backend):
     """Activate the given backend and set interactive to True."""
 
     import matplotlib
     matplotlib.interactive(True)
 
     # Matplotlib had a bug where even switch_backend could not force
     # the rcParam to update. This needs to be set *before* the module
     # magic of switch_backend().
     matplotlib.rcParams['backend'] = backend
 
     # Due to circular imports, pyplot may be only partially initialised
     # when this function runs.
     # So avoid needing matplotlib attribute-lookup to access pyplot.
     from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
 
     plt.switch_backend(backend)
 
     plt.show._needmain = False
     # We need to detect at runtime whether show() is called by the user.
     # For this, we wrap it into a decorator which adds a 'called' flag.
     plt.draw_if_interactive = flag_calls(plt.draw_if_interactive)
 
 
 def import_pylab(user_ns, import_all=True):
     """Populate the namespace with pylab-related values.
 
     Imports matplotlib, pylab, numpy, and everything from pylab and numpy.
 
     Also imports a few names from IPython (figsize, display, getfigs)
 
     """
 
     # Import numpy as np/pyplot as plt are conventions we're trying to
     # somewhat standardize on.  Making them available to users by default
     # will greatly help this.
     s = ("import numpy\n"
           "import matplotlib\n"
           "from matplotlib import pylab, mlab, pyplot\n"
           "np = numpy\n"
           "plt = pyplot\n"
           )
     exec(s, user_ns)
 
     if import_all:
         s = ("from matplotlib.pylab import *\n"
              "from numpy import *\n")
         exec(s, user_ns)
 
     # IPython symbols to add
     user_ns['figsize'] = figsize
     from IPython.display import display
     # Add display and getfigs to the user's namespace
     user_ns['display'] = display
     user_ns['getfigs'] = getfigs
 
 
 def configure_inline_support(shell, backend):
     """
     .. deprecated:: 7.23
 
         use `matplotlib_inline.backend_inline.configure_inline_support()`
 
     Configure an IPython shell object for matplotlib use.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     shell : InteractiveShell instance
     backend : matplotlib backend
     """
     warnings.warn(
         "`configure_inline_support` is deprecated since IPython 7.23, directly "
         "use `matplotlib_inline.backend_inline.configure_inline_support()`",
         DeprecationWarning,
         stacklevel=2,
     )
 
     from matplotlib_inline.backend_inline import (
         configure_inline_support as configure_inline_support_orig,
     )
 
     configure_inline_support_orig(shell, backend)

IPython/core/release.py

@@ -1,54 +1,54 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Release data for the IPython project."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (c) 2008, IPython Development Team.
 #  Copyright (c) 2001, Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (c) 2001, Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (c) 2001, Nathaniel Gray <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # IPython version information.  An empty _version_extra corresponds to a full
 # release.  'dev' as a _version_extra string means this is a development
 # version
 _version_major = 8
-_version_minor = 6
+_version_minor = 7
 _version_patch = 0
 _version_extra = ".dev"
 # _version_extra = "rc1"
 # _version_extra = ""  # Uncomment this for full releases
 
 # Construct full version string from these.
 _ver = [_version_major, _version_minor, _version_patch]
 
 __version__ = '.'.join(map(str, _ver))
 if _version_extra:
     __version__ = __version__  + _version_extra
 
 version = __version__  # backwards compatibility name
 version_info = (_version_major, _version_minor, _version_patch, _version_extra)
 
 # Change this when incrementing the kernel protocol version
 kernel_protocol_version_info = (5, 0)
 kernel_protocol_version = "%i.%i" % kernel_protocol_version_info
 
-license = 'BSD'
+license = "BSD-3-Clause"
 
 authors = {'Fernando' : ('Fernando Perez','[e-mail]'),
            'Janko'    : ('Janko Hauser','[e-mail]'),
            'Nathan'   : ('Nathaniel Gray','[e-mail]'),
            'Ville'    : ('Ville Vainio','[e-mail]'),
            'Brian'    : ('Brian E Granger', '[e-mail]'),
            'Min'      : ('Min Ragan-Kelley', '[e-mail]'),
            'Thomas'   : ('Thomas A. Kluyver', '[e-mail]'),
            'Jorgen'   : ('Jorgen Stenarson', '[e-mail]'),
            'Matthias' : ('Matthias Bussonnier', '[e-mail]'),
            }
 
 author = 'The IPython Development Team'
 
 author_email = '[e-mail]'

IPython/core/tests/nonascii.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 b''
 # coding: iso-8859-5
 # (Unlikely to be the default encoding for most testers.)
 # ������������������� <- Cyrillic characters
-u = '����'
+u = "����"

IPython/core/tests/test_completer.py

@@ -1,1275 +1,1446 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """Tests for the IPython tab-completion machinery."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import os
 import pytest
 import sys
 import textwrap
 import unittest
 
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
 from traitlets.config.loader import Config
 from IPython import get_ipython
 from IPython.core import completer
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory, TemporaryWorkingDirectory
 from IPython.utils.generics import complete_object
 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
 
 from IPython.core.completer import (
     Completion,
     provisionalcompleter,
     match_dict_keys,
     _deduplicate_completions,
+    completion_matcher,
+    SimpleCompletion,
+    CompletionContext,
 )
 
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Test functions
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def recompute_unicode_ranges():
     """
     utility to recompute the largest unicode range without any characters
 
     use to recompute the gap in the global _UNICODE_RANGES of completer.py
     """
     import itertools
     import unicodedata
     valid = []
     for c in range(0,0x10FFFF + 1):
         try:
             unicodedata.name(chr(c))
         except ValueError:
             continue
         valid.append(c)
 
     def ranges(i):
         for a, b in itertools.groupby(enumerate(i), lambda pair: pair[1] - pair[0]):
             b = list(b)
             yield b[0][1], b[-1][1]
 
     rg = list(ranges(valid))
     lens = []
     gap_lens = []
     pstart, pstop = 0,0
     for start, stop in rg:
         lens.append(stop-start)
         gap_lens.append((start - pstop, hex(pstop), hex(start), f'{round((start - pstop)/0xe01f0*100)}%'))
         pstart, pstop = start, stop
 
     return sorted(gap_lens)[-1]
 
 
 
 def test_unicode_range():
     """
     Test that the ranges we test for unicode names give the same number of
     results than testing the full length.
     """
     from IPython.core.completer import  _unicode_name_compute, _UNICODE_RANGES
 
     expected_list = _unicode_name_compute([(0, 0x110000)])
     test = _unicode_name_compute(_UNICODE_RANGES)
     len_exp = len(expected_list)
     len_test = len(test)
 
     # do not inline the len() or on error pytest will try to print the 130 000 +
     # elements.
     message = None
     if len_exp != len_test or len_exp > 131808:
         size, start, stop, prct = recompute_unicode_ranges()
         message = f"""_UNICODE_RANGES likely wrong and need updating. This is
         likely due to a new release of Python. We've find that the biggest gap
         in unicode characters has reduces in size to be {size} characters
         ({prct}), from {start}, to {stop}. In completer.py likely update to
 
             _UNICODE_RANGES = [(32, {start}), ({stop}, 0xe01f0)]
 
         And update the assertion below to use
 
             len_exp <= {len_exp}
         """
     assert len_exp == len_test, message
 
     # fail if new unicode symbols have been added. 
     assert len_exp <= 138552, message
 
 
 @contextmanager
 def greedy_completion():
     ip = get_ipython()
     greedy_original = ip.Completer.greedy
     try:
         ip.Completer.greedy = True
         yield
     finally:
         ip.Completer.greedy = greedy_original
 
 
+@contextmanager
+def custom_matchers(matchers):
+    ip = get_ipython()
+    try:
+        ip.Completer.custom_matchers.extend(matchers)
+        yield
+    finally:
+        ip.Completer.custom_matchers.clear()
+
+
 def test_protect_filename():
     if sys.platform == "win32":
         pairs = [
             ("abc", "abc"),
             (" abc", '" abc"'),
             ("a bc", '"a bc"'),
             ("a  bc", '"a  bc"'),
             ("  bc", '"  bc"'),
         ]
     else:
         pairs = [
             ("abc", "abc"),
             (" abc", r"\ abc"),
             ("a bc", r"a\ bc"),
             ("a  bc", r"a\ \ bc"),
             ("  bc", r"\ \ bc"),
             # On posix, we also protect parens and other special characters.
             ("a(bc", r"a\(bc"),
             ("a)bc", r"a\)bc"),
             ("a( )bc", r"a\(\ \)bc"),
             ("a[1]bc", r"a\[1\]bc"),
             ("a{1}bc", r"a\{1\}bc"),
             ("a#bc", r"a\#bc"),
             ("a?bc", r"a\?bc"),
             ("a=bc", r"a\=bc"),
             ("a\\bc", r"a\\bc"),
             ("a|bc", r"a\|bc"),
             ("a;bc", r"a\;bc"),
             ("a:bc", r"a\:bc"),
             ("a'bc", r"a\'bc"),
             ("a*bc", r"a\*bc"),
             ('a"bc', r"a\"bc"),
             ("a^bc", r"a\^bc"),
             ("a&bc", r"a\&bc"),
         ]
     # run the actual tests
     for s1, s2 in pairs:
         s1p = completer.protect_filename(s1)
         assert s1p == s2
 
 
 def check_line_split(splitter, test_specs):
     for part1, part2, split in test_specs:
         cursor_pos = len(part1)
         line = part1 + part2
         out = splitter.split_line(line, cursor_pos)
         assert out == split
 
 
 def test_line_split():
     """Basic line splitter test with default specs."""
     sp = completer.CompletionSplitter()
     # The format of the test specs is: part1, part2, expected answer.  Parts 1
     # and 2 are joined into the 'line' sent to the splitter, as if the cursor
     # was at the end of part1.  So an empty part2 represents someone hitting
     # tab at the end of the line, the most common case.
     t = [
         ("run some/scrip", "", "some/scrip"),
         ("run scripts/er", "ror.py foo", "scripts/er"),
         ("echo $HOM", "", "HOM"),
         ("print sys.pa", "", "sys.pa"),
         ("print(sys.pa", "", "sys.pa"),
         ("execfile('scripts/er", "", "scripts/er"),
         ("a[x.", "", "x."),
         ("a[x.", "y", "x."),
         ('cd "some_file/', "", "some_file/"),
     ]
     check_line_split(sp, t)
     # Ensure splitting works OK with unicode by re-running the tests with
     # all inputs turned into unicode
     check_line_split(sp, [map(str, p) for p in t])
 
 
 class NamedInstanceClass:
     instances = {}
 
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.instances[name] = self
 
     @classmethod
     def _ipython_key_completions_(cls):
         return cls.instances.keys()
 
 
 class KeyCompletable:
     def __init__(self, things=()):
         self.things = things
 
     def _ipython_key_completions_(self):
         return list(self.things)
 
 
 class TestCompleter(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         """
         We want to silence all PendingDeprecationWarning when testing the completer
         """
         self._assertwarns = self.assertWarns(PendingDeprecationWarning)
         self._assertwarns.__enter__()
 
     def tearDown(self):
         try:
             self._assertwarns.__exit__(None, None, None)
         except AssertionError:
             pass
 
     def test_custom_completion_error(self):
         """Test that errors from custom attribute completers are silenced."""
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         class A:
             pass
 
         ip.user_ns["x"] = A()
 
         @complete_object.register(A)
         def complete_A(a, existing_completions):
             raise TypeError("this should be silenced")
 
         ip.complete("x.")
 
     def test_custom_completion_ordering(self):
         """Test that errors from custom attribute completers are silenced."""
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         _, matches = ip.complete('in')
         assert matches.index('input') < matches.index('int')
 
         def complete_example(a):
             return ['example2', 'example1']
 
         ip.Completer.custom_completers.add_re('ex*', complete_example)
         _, matches = ip.complete('ex')
         assert matches.index('example2') < matches.index('example1')
 
     def test_unicode_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         # Some strings that trigger different types of completion.  Check them both
         # in str and unicode forms
         s = ["ru", "%ru", "cd /", "floa", "float(x)/"]
         for t in s + list(map(str, s)):
             # We don't need to check exact completion values (they may change
             # depending on the state of the namespace, but at least no exceptions
             # should be thrown and the return value should be a pair of text, list
             # values.
             text, matches = ip.complete(t)
             self.assertIsInstance(text, str)
             self.assertIsInstance(matches, list)
 
     def test_latex_completions(self):
         from IPython.core.latex_symbols import latex_symbols
         import random
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         # Test some random unicode symbols
         keys = random.sample(sorted(latex_symbols), 10)
         for k in keys:
             text, matches = ip.complete(k)
             self.assertEqual(text, k)
             self.assertEqual(matches, [latex_symbols[k]])
         # Test a more complex line
         text, matches = ip.complete("print(\\alpha")
         self.assertEqual(text, "\\alpha")
         self.assertEqual(matches[0], latex_symbols["\\alpha"])
         # Test multiple matching latex symbols
         text, matches = ip.complete("\\al")
         self.assertIn("\\alpha", matches)
         self.assertIn("\\aleph", matches)
 
     def test_latex_no_results(self):
         """
         forward latex should really return nothing in either field if nothing is found.
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         text, matches = ip.Completer.latex_matches("\\really_i_should_match_nothing")
         self.assertEqual(text, "")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ())
 
     def test_back_latex_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         # do not return more than 1 matches for \beta, only the latex one.
         name, matches = ip.complete("\\β")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["\\beta"])
 
     def test_back_unicode_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         name, matches = ip.complete("\\Ⅴ")
-        self.assertEqual(matches, ("\\ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE",))
+        self.assertEqual(matches, ["\\ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE"])
 
     def test_forward_unicode_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         name, matches = ip.complete("\\ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["Ⅴ"])  # This is not a V
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["\u2164"])  # same as above but explicit.
 
     def test_delim_setting(self):
         sp = completer.CompletionSplitter()
         sp.delims = " "
         self.assertEqual(sp.delims, " ")
         self.assertEqual(sp._delim_expr, r"[\ ]")
 
     def test_spaces(self):
         """Test with only spaces as split chars."""
         sp = completer.CompletionSplitter()
         sp.delims = " "
         t = [("foo", "", "foo"), ("run foo", "", "foo"), ("run foo", "bar", "foo")]
         check_line_split(sp, t)
 
     def test_has_open_quotes1(self):
         for s in ["'", "'''", "'hi' '"]:
             self.assertEqual(completer.has_open_quotes(s), "'")
 
     def test_has_open_quotes2(self):
         for s in ['"', '"""', '"hi" "']:
             self.assertEqual(completer.has_open_quotes(s), '"')
 
     def test_has_open_quotes3(self):
         for s in ["''", "''' '''", "'hi' 'ipython'"]:
             self.assertFalse(completer.has_open_quotes(s))
 
     def test_has_open_quotes4(self):
         for s in ['""', '""" """', '"hi" "ipython"']:
             self.assertFalse(completer.has_open_quotes(s))
 
     @pytest.mark.xfail(
         sys.platform == "win32", reason="abspath completions fail on Windows"
     )
     def test_abspath_file_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
             prefix = os.path.join(tmpdir, "foo")
             suffixes = ["1", "2"]
             names = [prefix + s for s in suffixes]
             for n in names:
                 open(n, "w", encoding="utf-8").close()
 
             # Check simple completion
             c = ip.complete(prefix)[1]
             self.assertEqual(c, names)
 
             # Now check with a function call
             cmd = 'a = f("%s' % prefix
             c = ip.complete(prefix, cmd)[1]
             comp = [prefix + s for s in suffixes]
             self.assertEqual(c, comp)
 
     def test_local_file_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         with TemporaryWorkingDirectory():
             prefix = "./foo"
             suffixes = ["1", "2"]
             names = [prefix + s for s in suffixes]
             for n in names:
                 open(n, "w", encoding="utf-8").close()
 
             # Check simple completion
             c = ip.complete(prefix)[1]
             self.assertEqual(c, names)
 
             # Now check with a function call
             cmd = 'a = f("%s' % prefix
             c = ip.complete(prefix, cmd)[1]
             comp = {prefix + s for s in suffixes}
             self.assertTrue(comp.issubset(set(c)))
 
     def test_quoted_file_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
+
+        def _(text):
+            return ip.Completer._complete(
+                cursor_line=0, cursor_pos=len(text), full_text=text
+            )["IPCompleter.file_matcher"]["completions"]
+
         with TemporaryWorkingDirectory():
             name = "foo'bar"
             open(name, "w", encoding="utf-8").close()
 
             # Don't escape Windows
             escaped = name if sys.platform == "win32" else "foo\\'bar"
 
             # Single quote matches embedded single quote
-            text = "open('foo"
-            c = ip.Completer._complete(
-                cursor_line=0, cursor_pos=len(text), full_text=text
-            )[1]
-            self.assertEqual(c, [escaped])
+            c = _("open('foo")[0]
+            self.assertEqual(c.text, escaped)
 
             # Double quote requires no escape
-            text = 'open("foo'
-            c = ip.Completer._complete(
-                cursor_line=0, cursor_pos=len(text), full_text=text
-            )[1]
-            self.assertEqual(c, [name])
+            c = _('open("foo')[0]
+            self.assertEqual(c.text, name)
 
             # No quote requires an escape
-            text = "%ls foo"
-            c = ip.Completer._complete(
-                cursor_line=0, cursor_pos=len(text), full_text=text
-            )[1]
-            self.assertEqual(c, [escaped])
+            c = _("%ls foo")[0]
+            self.assertEqual(c.text, escaped)
 
     def test_all_completions_dups(self):
         """
         Make sure the output of `IPCompleter.all_completions` does not have
         duplicated prefixes.
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         ip.ex("class TestClass():\n\ta=1\n\ta1=2")
         for jedi_status in [True, False]:
             with provisionalcompleter():
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = jedi_status
                 matches = c.all_completions("TestCl")
                 assert matches == ["TestClass"], (jedi_status, matches)
                 matches = c.all_completions("TestClass.")
                 assert len(matches) > 2, (jedi_status, matches)
                 matches = c.all_completions("TestClass.a")
                 assert matches == ['TestClass.a', 'TestClass.a1'], jedi_status
 
     def test_jedi(self):
         """
         A couple of issue we had with Jedi
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
 
         def _test_complete(reason, s, comp, start=None, end=None):
             l = len(s)
             start = start if start is not None else l
             end = end if end is not None else l
             with provisionalcompleter():
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = True
                 completions = set(ip.Completer.completions(s, l))
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
                 assert Completion(start, end, comp) in completions, reason
 
         def _test_not_complete(reason, s, comp):
             l = len(s)
             with provisionalcompleter():
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = True
                 completions = set(ip.Completer.completions(s, l))
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
                 assert Completion(l, l, comp) not in completions, reason
 
         import jedi
 
         jedi_version = tuple(int(i) for i in jedi.__version__.split(".")[:3])
         if jedi_version > (0, 10):
             _test_complete("jedi >0.9 should complete and not crash", "a=1;a.", "real")
         _test_complete("can infer first argument", 'a=(1,"foo");a[0].', "real")
         _test_complete("can infer second argument", 'a=(1,"foo");a[1].', "capitalize")
         _test_complete("cover duplicate completions", "im", "import", 0, 2)
 
         _test_not_complete("does not mix types", 'a=(1,"foo");a[0].', "capitalize")
 
     def test_completion_have_signature(self):
         """
         Lets make sure jedi is capable of pulling out the signature of the function we are completing.
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         with provisionalcompleter():
             ip.Completer.use_jedi = True
             completions = ip.Completer.completions("ope", 3)
             c = next(completions)  # should be `open`
             ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
         assert "file" in c.signature, "Signature of function was not found by completer"
         assert (
             "encoding" in c.signature
         ), "Signature of function was not found by completer"
 
+    def test_completions_have_type(self):
+        """
+        Lets make sure matchers provide completion type.
+        """
+        ip = get_ipython()
+        with provisionalcompleter():
+            ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
+            completions = ip.Completer.completions("%tim", 3)
+            c = next(completions)  # should be `%time` or similar
+        assert c.type == "magic", "Type of magic was not assigned by completer"
+
     @pytest.mark.xfail(reason="Known failure on jedi<=0.18.0")
     def test_deduplicate_completions(self):
         """
         Test that completions are correctly deduplicated (even if ranges are not the same)
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.ex(
             textwrap.dedent(
                 """
         class Z:
             zoo = 1
         """
             )
         )
         with provisionalcompleter():
             ip.Completer.use_jedi = True
             l = list(
                 _deduplicate_completions("Z.z", ip.Completer.completions("Z.z", 3))
             )
             ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
 
         assert len(l) == 1, "Completions (Z.z<tab>) correctly deduplicate: %s " % l
         assert l[0].text == "zoo"  # and not `it.accumulate`
 
     def test_greedy_completions(self):
         """
         Test the capability of the Greedy completer. 
 
         Most of the test here does not really show off the greedy completer, for proof
         each of the text below now pass with Jedi. The greedy completer is capable of more. 
 
         See the :any:`test_dict_key_completion_contexts`
 
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.ex("a=list(range(5))")
         _, c = ip.complete(".", line="a[0].")
         self.assertFalse(".real" in c, "Shouldn't have completed on a[0]: %s" % c)
 
         def _(line, cursor_pos, expect, message, completion):
             with greedy_completion(), provisionalcompleter():
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
                 _, c = ip.complete(".", line=line, cursor_pos=cursor_pos)
                 self.assertIn(expect, c, message % c)
 
                 ip.Completer.use_jedi = True
                 with provisionalcompleter():
                     completions = ip.Completer.completions(line, cursor_pos)
                 self.assertIn(completion, completions)
 
         with provisionalcompleter():
             _(
                 "a[0].",
                 5,
                 "a[0].real",
                 "Should have completed on a[0].: %s",
                 Completion(5, 5, "real"),
             )
             _(
                 "a[0].r",
                 6,
                 "a[0].real",
                 "Should have completed on a[0].r: %s",
                 Completion(5, 6, "real"),
             )
 
             _(
                 "a[0].from_",
                 10,
                 "a[0].from_bytes",
                 "Should have completed on a[0].from_: %s",
                 Completion(5, 10, "from_bytes"),
             )
 
     def test_omit__names(self):
         # also happens to test IPCompleter as a configurable
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip._hidden_attr = 1
         ip._x = {}
         c = ip.Completer
         ip.ex("ip=get_ipython()")
         cfg = Config()
         cfg.IPCompleter.omit__names = 0
         c.update_config(cfg)
         with provisionalcompleter():
             c.use_jedi = False
             s, matches = c.complete("ip.")
             self.assertIn("ip.__str__", matches)
             self.assertIn("ip._hidden_attr", matches)
 
             # c.use_jedi = True
             # completions = set(c.completions('ip.', 3))
             # self.assertIn(Completion(3, 3, '__str__'), completions)
             # self.assertIn(Completion(3,3, "_hidden_attr"), completions)
 
         cfg = Config()
         cfg.IPCompleter.omit__names = 1
         c.update_config(cfg)
         with provisionalcompleter():
             c.use_jedi = False
             s, matches = c.complete("ip.")
             self.assertNotIn("ip.__str__", matches)
             # self.assertIn('ip._hidden_attr', matches)
 
             # c.use_jedi = True
             # completions = set(c.completions('ip.', 3))
             # self.assertNotIn(Completion(3,3,'__str__'), completions)
             # self.assertIn(Completion(3,3, "_hidden_attr"), completions)
 
         cfg = Config()
         cfg.IPCompleter.omit__names = 2
         c.update_config(cfg)
         with provisionalcompleter():
             c.use_jedi = False
             s, matches = c.complete("ip.")
             self.assertNotIn("ip.__str__", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("ip._hidden_attr", matches)
 
             # c.use_jedi = True
             # completions = set(c.completions('ip.', 3))
             # self.assertNotIn(Completion(3,3,'__str__'), completions)
             # self.assertNotIn(Completion(3,3, "_hidden_attr"), completions)
 
         with provisionalcompleter():
             c.use_jedi = False
             s, matches = c.complete("ip._x.")
             self.assertIn("ip._x.keys", matches)
 
             # c.use_jedi = True
             # completions = set(c.completions('ip._x.', 6))
             # self.assertIn(Completion(6,6, "keys"), completions)
 
         del ip._hidden_attr
         del ip._x
 
     def test_limit_to__all__False_ok(self):
         """
         Limit to all is deprecated, once we remove it this test can go away. 
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         c.use_jedi = False
         ip.ex("class D: x=24")
         ip.ex("d=D()")
         cfg = Config()
         cfg.IPCompleter.limit_to__all__ = False
         c.update_config(cfg)
         s, matches = c.complete("d.")
         self.assertIn("d.x", matches)
 
     def test_get__all__entries_ok(self):
         class A:
             __all__ = ["x", 1]
 
         words = completer.get__all__entries(A())
         self.assertEqual(words, ["x"])
 
     def test_get__all__entries_no__all__ok(self):
         class A:
             pass
 
         words = completer.get__all__entries(A())
         self.assertEqual(words, [])
 
     def test_func_kw_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         c.use_jedi = False
         ip.ex("def myfunc(a=1,b=2): return a+b")
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "myfunc(1,b")
         self.assertIn("b=", matches)
         # Simulate completing with cursor right after b (pos==10):
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "myfunc(1,b)", 10)
         self.assertIn("b=", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, 'myfunc(a="escaped\\")string",b')
         self.assertIn("b=", matches)
         # builtin function
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "min(k, k")
         self.assertIn("key=", matches)
 
     def test_default_arguments_from_docstring(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         kwd = c._default_arguments_from_docstring("min(iterable[, key=func]) -> value")
         self.assertEqual(kwd, ["key"])
         # with cython type etc
         kwd = c._default_arguments_from_docstring(
             "Minuit.migrad(self, int ncall=10000, resume=True, int nsplit=1)\n"
         )
         self.assertEqual(kwd, ["ncall", "resume", "nsplit"])
         # white spaces
         kwd = c._default_arguments_from_docstring(
             "\n Minuit.migrad(self, int ncall=10000, resume=True, int nsplit=1)\n"
         )
         self.assertEqual(kwd, ["ncall", "resume", "nsplit"])
 
     def test_line_magics(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "lsmag")
         self.assertIn("%lsmagic", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%lsmag")
         self.assertIn("%lsmagic", matches)
 
     def test_cell_magics(self):
         from IPython.core.magic import register_cell_magic
 
         @register_cell_magic
         def _foo_cellm(line, cell):
             pass
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "_foo_ce")
         self.assertIn("%%_foo_cellm", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%%_foo_ce")
         self.assertIn("%%_foo_cellm", matches)
 
     def test_line_cell_magics(self):
         from IPython.core.magic import register_line_cell_magic
 
         @register_line_cell_magic
         def _bar_cellm(line, cell):
             pass
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         # The policy here is trickier, see comments in completion code.  The
         # returned values depend on whether the user passes %% or not explicitly,
         # and this will show a difference if the same name is both a line and cell
         # magic.
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "_bar_ce")
         self.assertIn("%_bar_cellm", matches)
         self.assertIn("%%_bar_cellm", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%_bar_ce")
         self.assertIn("%_bar_cellm", matches)
         self.assertIn("%%_bar_cellm", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%%_bar_ce")
         self.assertNotIn("%_bar_cellm", matches)
         self.assertIn("%%_bar_cellm", matches)
 
     def test_magic_completion_order(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         # Test ordering of line and cell magics.
         text, matches = c.complete("timeit")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["%timeit", "%%timeit"])
 
     def test_magic_completion_shadowing(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
         c.use_jedi = False
 
         # Before importing matplotlib, %matplotlib magic should be the only option.
         text, matches = c.complete("mat")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["%matplotlib"])
 
         # The newly introduced name should shadow the magic.
         ip.run_cell("matplotlib = 1")
         text, matches = c.complete("mat")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["matplotlib"])
 
         # After removing matplotlib from namespace, the magic should again be
         # the only option.
         del ip.user_ns["matplotlib"]
         text, matches = c.complete("mat")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["%matplotlib"])
 
     def test_magic_completion_shadowing_explicit(self):
         """
         If the user try to complete a shadowed magic, and explicit % start should
         still return the completions.
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         # Before importing matplotlib, %matplotlib magic should be the only option.
         text, matches = c.complete("%mat")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["%matplotlib"])
 
         ip.run_cell("matplotlib = 1")
 
         # After removing matplotlib from namespace, the magic should still be
         # the only option.
         text, matches = c.complete("%mat")
         self.assertEqual(matches, ["%matplotlib"])
 
     def test_magic_config(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "conf")
         self.assertIn("%config", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "conf")
         self.assertNotIn("AliasManager", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config ")
         self.assertIn("AliasManager", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%config ")
         self.assertIn("AliasManager", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config Ali")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%config Ali")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config AliasManager")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%config AliasManager")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config AliasManager.")
         self.assertIn("AliasManager.default_aliases", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%config AliasManager.")
         self.assertIn("AliasManager.default_aliases", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config AliasManager.de")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager.default_aliases"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "config AliasManager.de")
         self.assertListEqual(["AliasManager.default_aliases"], matches)
 
     def test_magic_color(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         c = ip.Completer
 
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "colo")
         self.assertIn("%colors", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "colo")
         self.assertNotIn("NoColor", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%colors")  # No trailing space
         self.assertNotIn("NoColor", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "colors ")
         self.assertIn("NoColor", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%colors ")
         self.assertIn("NoColor", matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "colors NoCo")
         self.assertListEqual(["NoColor"], matches)
         s, matches = c.complete(None, "%colors NoCo")
         self.assertListEqual(["NoColor"], matches)
 
     def test_match_dict_keys(self):
         """
         Test that match_dict_keys works on a couple of use case does return what
         expected, and does not crash
         """
         delims = " \t\n`!@#$^&*()=+[{]}\\|;:'\",<>?"
 
         keys = ["foo", b"far"]
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b'", delims=delims) == ("'", 2, ["far"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b'f", delims=delims) == ("'", 2, ["far"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, 'b"', delims=delims) == ('"', 2, ["far"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, 'b"f', delims=delims) == ('"', 2, ["far"])
 
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'", delims=delims) == ("'", 1, ["foo"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'f", delims=delims) == ("'", 1, ["foo"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, '"', delims=delims) == ('"', 1, ["foo"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, '"f', delims=delims) == ('"', 1, ["foo"])
 
         match_dict_keys
 
     def test_match_dict_keys_tuple(self):
         """
         Test that match_dict_keys called with extra prefix works on a couple of use case,
         does return what expected, and does not crash.
         """
         delims = " \t\n`!@#$^&*()=+[{]}\\|;:'\",<>?"
         
         keys = [("foo", "bar"), ("foo", "oof"), ("foo", b"bar"), ('other', 'test')]
 
         # Completion on first key == "foo"
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("'", 1, ["bar", "oof"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "\"", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("\"", 1, ["bar", "oof"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'o", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("'", 1, ["oof"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "\"o", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("\"", 1, ["oof"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b'", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("'", 2, ["bar"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b\"", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("\"", 2, ["bar"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b'b", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("'", 2, ["bar"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "b\"b", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("foo",)) == ("\"", 2, ["bar"])
 
         # No Completion
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("no_foo",)) == ("'", 1, [])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'", delims=delims, extra_prefix=("fo",)) == ("'", 1, [])
 
         keys = [('foo1', 'foo2', 'foo3', 'foo4'), ('foo1', 'foo2', 'bar', 'foo4')]
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'foo", delims=delims, extra_prefix=('foo1',)) == ("'", 1, ["foo2", "foo2"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'foo", delims=delims, extra_prefix=('foo1', 'foo2')) == ("'", 1, ["foo3"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'foo", delims=delims, extra_prefix=('foo1', 'foo2', 'foo3')) == ("'", 1, ["foo4"])
         assert match_dict_keys(keys, "'foo", delims=delims, extra_prefix=('foo1', 'foo2', 'foo3', 'foo4')) == ("'", 1, [])
 
     def test_dict_key_completion_string(self):
         """Test dictionary key completion for string keys"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
 
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {"abc": None}
 
         # check completion at different stages
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[")
         self.assertIn("'abc'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("'abc']", matches)
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['")
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abc']", matches)
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a")
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abc']", matches)
 
         # check use of different quoting
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer='d["')
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertNotIn('abc"]', matches)
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer='d["a')
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertNotIn('abc"]', matches)
 
         # check sensitivity to following context
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[]", cursor_pos=2)
         self.assertIn("'abc'", matches)
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['']", cursor_pos=3)
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abc'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abc']", matches)
 
         # check multiple solutions are correctly returned and that noise is not
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {
             "abc": None,
             "abd": None,
             "bad": None,
             object(): None,
             5: None,
             ("abe", None): None,
             (None, "abf"): None
         }
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a")
         self.assertIn("abc", matches)
         self.assertIn("abd", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("bad", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abe", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("abf", matches)
         assert not any(m.endswith(("]", '"', "'")) for m in matches), matches
 
         # check escaping and whitespace
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {"a\nb": None, "a'b": None, 'a"b': None, "a word": None}
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a")
         self.assertIn("a\\nb", matches)
         self.assertIn("a\\'b", matches)
         self.assertIn('a"b', matches)
         self.assertIn("a word", matches)
         assert not any(m.endswith(("]", '"', "'")) for m in matches), matches
 
         # - can complete on non-initial word of the string
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a w")
         self.assertIn("word", matches)
 
         # - understands quote escaping
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a\\'")
         self.assertIn("b", matches)
 
         # - default quoting should work like repr
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[")
         self.assertIn('"a\'b"', matches)
 
         # - when opening quote with ", possible to match with unescaped apostrophe
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[\"a'")
         self.assertIn("b", matches)
 
         # need to not split at delims that readline won't split at
         if "-" not in ip.Completer.splitter.delims:
             ip.user_ns["d"] = {"before-after": None}
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['before-af")
             self.assertIn("before-after", matches)
 
         # check completion on tuple-of-string keys at different stage - on first key
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {('foo', 'bar'): None}
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[")
         self.assertIn("'foo'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("'foo']", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("'bar'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("bar", matches)
 
         # - match the prefix
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['f")
         self.assertIn("foo", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo']", matches)
         self.assertNotIn('foo"]', matches)
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo")
         self.assertIn("foo", matches)
 
         # - can complete on second key
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo', ")
         self.assertIn("'bar'", matches)
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo', 'b")
         self.assertIn("bar", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
 
         # - does not propose missing keys
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo', 'f")
         self.assertNotIn("bar", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
 
         # check sensitivity to following context
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo',]", cursor_pos=8)
         self.assertIn("'bar'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("bar", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("'foo'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['']", cursor_pos=3)
         self.assertIn("foo", matches)
         assert not any(m.endswith(("]", '"', "'")) for m in matches), matches
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer='d[""]', cursor_pos=3)
         self.assertIn("foo", matches)
         assert not any(m.endswith(("]", '"', "'")) for m in matches), matches
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer='d["foo","]', cursor_pos=9)
         self.assertIn("bar", matches)
         assert not any(m.endswith(("]", '"', "'")) for m in matches), matches
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer='d["foo",]', cursor_pos=8)
         self.assertIn("'bar'", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("bar", matches)
 
         # Can complete with longer tuple keys
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {('foo', 'bar', 'foobar'): None}
 
         # - can complete second key
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo', 'b")
         self.assertIn("bar", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foobar", matches)
 
         # - can complete third key
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['foo', 'bar', 'fo")
         self.assertIn("foobar", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("foo", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("bar", matches)
 
     def test_dict_key_completion_contexts(self):
         """Test expression contexts in which dict key completion occurs"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
         d = {"abc": None}
         ip.user_ns["d"] = d
 
         class C:
             data = d
 
         ip.user_ns["C"] = C
         ip.user_ns["get"] = lambda: d
 
         def assert_no_completion(**kwargs):
             _, matches = complete(**kwargs)
             self.assertNotIn("abc", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("abc'", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("abc']", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("'abc'", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("'abc']", matches)
 
         def assert_completion(**kwargs):
             _, matches = complete(**kwargs)
             self.assertIn("'abc'", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("'abc']", matches)
 
         # no completion after string closed, even if reopened
         assert_no_completion(line_buffer="d['a'")
         assert_no_completion(line_buffer='d["a"')
         assert_no_completion(line_buffer="d['a' + ")
         assert_no_completion(line_buffer="d['a' + '")
 
         # completion in non-trivial expressions
         assert_completion(line_buffer="+ d[")
         assert_completion(line_buffer="(d[")
         assert_completion(line_buffer="C.data[")
 
         # greedy flag
         def assert_completion(**kwargs):
             _, matches = complete(**kwargs)
             self.assertIn("get()['abc']", matches)
 
         assert_no_completion(line_buffer="get()[")
         with greedy_completion():
             assert_completion(line_buffer="get()[")
             assert_completion(line_buffer="get()['")
             assert_completion(line_buffer="get()['a")
             assert_completion(line_buffer="get()['ab")
             assert_completion(line_buffer="get()['abc")
 
     def test_dict_key_completion_bytes(self):
         """Test handling of bytes in dict key completion"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
 
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {"abc": None, b"abd": None}
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[")
         self.assertIn("'abc'", matches)
         self.assertIn("b'abd'", matches)
 
         if False:  # not currently implemented
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[b")
             self.assertIn("b'abd'", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("b'abc'", matches)
 
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[b'")
             self.assertIn("abd", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("abc", matches)
 
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[B'")
             self.assertIn("abd", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("abc", matches)
 
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['")
             self.assertIn("abc", matches)
             self.assertNotIn("abd", matches)
 
     def test_dict_key_completion_unicode_py3(self):
         """Test handling of unicode in dict key completion"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
 
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {"a\u05d0": None}
 
         # query using escape
         if sys.platform != "win32":
             # Known failure on Windows
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a\\u05d0")
             self.assertIn("u05d0", matches)  # tokenized after \\
 
         # query using character
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a\u05d0")
         self.assertIn("a\u05d0", matches)
 
         with greedy_completion():
             # query using escape
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a\\u05d0")
             self.assertIn("d['a\\u05d0']", matches)  # tokenized after \\
 
             # query using character
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['a\u05d0")
             self.assertIn("d['a\u05d0']", matches)
 
     @dec.skip_without("numpy")
     def test_struct_array_key_completion(self):
         """Test dict key completion applies to numpy struct arrays"""
         import numpy
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
         ip.user_ns["d"] = numpy.array([], dtype=[("hello", "f"), ("world", "f")])
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['")
         self.assertIn("hello", matches)
         self.assertIn("world", matches)
         # complete on the numpy struct itself
         dt = numpy.dtype(
             [("my_head", [("my_dt", ">u4"), ("my_df", ">u4")]), ("my_data", ">f4", 5)]
         )
         x = numpy.zeros(2, dtype=dt)
         ip.user_ns["d"] = x[1]
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['")
         self.assertIn("my_head", matches)
         self.assertIn("my_data", matches)
         # complete on a nested level
         with greedy_completion():
             ip.user_ns["d"] = numpy.zeros(2, dtype=dt)
             _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d[1]['my_head']['")
             self.assertTrue(any(["my_dt" in m for m in matches]))
             self.assertTrue(any(["my_df" in m for m in matches]))
 
     @dec.skip_without("pandas")
     def test_dataframe_key_completion(self):
         """Test dict key completion applies to pandas DataFrames"""
         import pandas
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
         ip.user_ns["d"] = pandas.DataFrame({"hello": [1], "world": [2]})
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['")
         self.assertIn("hello", matches)
         self.assertIn("world", matches)
 
     def test_dict_key_completion_invalids(self):
         """Smoke test cases dict key completion can't handle"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         complete = ip.Completer.complete
 
         ip.user_ns["no_getitem"] = None
         ip.user_ns["no_keys"] = []
         ip.user_ns["cant_call_keys"] = dict
         ip.user_ns["empty"] = {}
         ip.user_ns["d"] = {"abc": 5}
 
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="no_getitem['")
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="no_keys['")
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="cant_call_keys['")
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="empty['")
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="name_error['")
         _, matches = complete(line_buffer="d['\\")  # incomplete escape
 
     def test_object_key_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.user_ns["key_completable"] = KeyCompletable(["qwerty", "qwick"])
 
         _, matches = ip.Completer.complete(line_buffer="key_completable['qw")
         self.assertIn("qwerty", matches)
         self.assertIn("qwick", matches)
 
     def test_class_key_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         NamedInstanceClass("qwerty")
         NamedInstanceClass("qwick")
         ip.user_ns["named_instance_class"] = NamedInstanceClass
 
         _, matches = ip.Completer.complete(line_buffer="named_instance_class['qw")
         self.assertIn("qwerty", matches)
         self.assertIn("qwick", matches)
 
     def test_tryimport(self):
         """
         Test that try-import don't crash on trailing dot, and import modules before
         """
         from IPython.core.completerlib import try_import
 
         assert try_import("IPython.")
 
     def test_aimport_module_completer(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         _, matches = ip.complete("i", "%aimport i")
         self.assertIn("io", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("int", matches)
 
     def test_nested_import_module_completer(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         _, matches = ip.complete(None, "import IPython.co", 17)
         self.assertIn("IPython.core", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("import IPython.core", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("IPython.display", matches)
 
     def test_import_module_completer(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         _, matches = ip.complete("i", "import i")
         self.assertIn("io", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("int", matches)
 
     def test_from_module_completer(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         _, matches = ip.complete("B", "from io import B", 16)
         self.assertIn("BytesIO", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("BaseException", matches)
 
     def test_snake_case_completion(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
         ip.user_ns["some_three"] = 3
         ip.user_ns["some_four"] = 4
         _, matches = ip.complete("s_", "print(s_f")
         self.assertIn("some_three", matches)
         self.assertIn("some_four", matches)
 
     def test_mix_terms(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         from textwrap import dedent
 
         ip.Completer.use_jedi = False
         ip.ex(
             dedent(
                 """
             class Test:
                 def meth(self, meth_arg1):
                     print("meth")
 
                 def meth_1(self, meth1_arg1, meth1_arg2):
                     print("meth1")
 
                 def meth_2(self, meth2_arg1, meth2_arg2):
                     print("meth2")
             test = Test()
             """
             )
         )
         _, matches = ip.complete(None, "test.meth(")
         self.assertIn("meth_arg1=", matches)
         self.assertNotIn("meth2_arg1=", matches)
 
     def test_percent_symbol_restrict_to_magic_completions(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         completer = ip.Completer
         text = "%a"
 
         with provisionalcompleter():
             completer.use_jedi = True
             completions = completer.completions(text, len(text))
             for c in completions:
                 self.assertEqual(c.text[0], "%")
+
+    def test_fwd_unicode_restricts(self):
+        ip = get_ipython()
+        completer = ip.Completer
+        text = "\\ROMAN NUMERAL FIVE"
+
+        with provisionalcompleter():
+            completer.use_jedi = True
+            completions = [
+                completion.text for completion in completer.completions(text, len(text))
+            ]
+            self.assertEqual(completions, ["\u2164"])
+
+    def test_dict_key_restrict_to_dicts(self):
+        """Test that dict key suppresses non-dict completion items"""
+        ip = get_ipython()
+        c = ip.Completer
+        d = {"abc": None}
+        ip.user_ns["d"] = d
+
+        text = 'd["a'
+
+        def _():
+            with provisionalcompleter():
+                c.use_jedi = True
+                return [
+                    completion.text for completion in c.completions(text, len(text))
+                ]
+
+        completions = _()
+        self.assertEqual(completions, ["abc"])
+
+        # check that it can be disabled in granular manner:
+        cfg = Config()
+        cfg.IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers = {
+            "IPCompleter.dict_key_matcher": False
+        }
+        c.update_config(cfg)
+
+        completions = _()
+        self.assertIn("abc", completions)
+        self.assertGreater(len(completions), 1)
+
+    def test_matcher_suppression(self):
+        @completion_matcher(identifier="a_matcher")
+        def a_matcher(text):
+            return ["completion_a"]
+
+        @completion_matcher(identifier="b_matcher", api_version=2)
+        def b_matcher(context: CompletionContext):
+            text = context.token
+            result = {"completions": [SimpleCompletion("completion_b")]}
+
+            if text == "suppress c":
+                result["suppress"] = {"c_matcher"}
+
+            if text.startswith("suppress all"):
+                result["suppress"] = True
+                if text == "suppress all but c":
+                    result["do_not_suppress"] = {"c_matcher"}
+                if text == "suppress all but a":
+                    result["do_not_suppress"] = {"a_matcher"}
+
+            return result
+
+        @completion_matcher(identifier="c_matcher")
+        def c_matcher(text):
+            return ["completion_c"]
+
+        with custom_matchers([a_matcher, b_matcher, c_matcher]):
+            ip = get_ipython()
+            c = ip.Completer
+
+            def _(text, expected):
+                c.use_jedi = False
+                s, matches = c.complete(text)
+                self.assertEqual(expected, matches)
+
+            _("do not suppress", ["completion_a", "completion_b", "completion_c"])
+            _("suppress all", ["completion_b"])
+            _("suppress all but a", ["completion_a", "completion_b"])
+            _("suppress all but c", ["completion_b", "completion_c"])
+
+            def configure(suppression_config):
+                cfg = Config()
+                cfg.IPCompleter.suppress_competing_matchers = suppression_config
+                c.update_config(cfg)
+
+            # test that configuration takes priority over the run-time decisions
+
+            configure(False)
+            _("suppress all", ["completion_a", "completion_b", "completion_c"])
+
+            configure({"b_matcher": False})
+            _("suppress all", ["completion_a", "completion_b", "completion_c"])
+
+            configure({"a_matcher": False})
+            _("suppress all", ["completion_b"])
+
+            configure({"b_matcher": True})
+            _("do not suppress", ["completion_b"])
+
+    def test_matcher_disabling(self):
+        @completion_matcher(identifier="a_matcher")
+        def a_matcher(text):
+            return ["completion_a"]
+
+        @completion_matcher(identifier="b_matcher")
+        def b_matcher(text):
+            return ["completion_b"]
+
+        def _(expected):
+            s, matches = c.complete("completion_")
+            self.assertEqual(expected, matches)
+
+        with custom_matchers([a_matcher, b_matcher]):
+            ip = get_ipython()
+            c = ip.Completer
+
+            _(["completion_a", "completion_b"])
+
+            cfg = Config()
+            cfg.IPCompleter.disable_matchers = ["b_matcher"]
+            c.update_config(cfg)
+
+            _(["completion_a"])
+
+            cfg.IPCompleter.disable_matchers = []
+            c.update_config(cfg)
+
+    def test_matcher_priority(self):
+        @completion_matcher(identifier="a_matcher", priority=0, api_version=2)
+        def a_matcher(text):
+            return {"completions": [SimpleCompletion("completion_a")], "suppress": True}
+
+        @completion_matcher(identifier="b_matcher", priority=2, api_version=2)
+        def b_matcher(text):
+            return {"completions": [SimpleCompletion("completion_b")], "suppress": True}
+
+        def _(expected):
+            s, matches = c.complete("completion_")
+            self.assertEqual(expected, matches)
+
+        with custom_matchers([a_matcher, b_matcher]):
+            ip = get_ipython()
+            c = ip.Completer
+
+            _(["completion_b"])
+            a_matcher.matcher_priority = 3
+            _(["completion_a"])