Walter's ipipe patch #9:

Only beep at the goto prompt if no key has been pressed.

Use normpath() insted of abspath() in ifile.__xrepr__().

IPython/Extensions/ipipe.py

@@ -1,3185 +1,3185
 # -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-
 
 """
 ``ipipe`` provides classes to be used in an interactive Python session. Doing a
 ``from ipipe import *`` is the preferred way to do this. The name of all
 objects imported this way starts with ``i`` to minimize collisions.
 
 ``ipipe`` supports "pipeline expressions", which is something resembling Unix
 pipes. An example is:
 
     >>> ienv | isort("key.lower()")
 
 This gives a listing of all environment variables sorted by name.
 
 
 There are three types of objects in a pipeline expression:
 
 * ``Table``s: These objects produce items. Examples are ``ls`` (listing the
   current directory, ``ienv`` (listing environment variables), ``ipwd`` (listing
   user account) and ``igrp`` (listing user groups). A ``Table`` must be the
   first object in a pipe expression.
 
 * ``Pipe``s: These objects sit in the middle of a pipe expression. They
   transform the input in some way (e.g. filtering or sorting it). Examples are:
   ``ifilter`` (which filters the input pipe), ``isort`` (which sorts the input
   pipe) and ``ieval`` (which evaluates a function or expression for each object
   in the input pipe).
 
 * ``Display``s: These objects can be put as the last object in a pipeline
   expression. There are responsible for displaying the result of the pipeline
   expression. If a pipeline expression doesn't end in a display object a default
   display objects will be used. One example is ``browse`` which is a ``curses``
   based browser.
 
 
 Adding support for pipeline expressions to your own objects can be done through
 three extensions points (all of them optional):
 
 * An object that will be displayed as a row by a ``Display`` object should
   implement the method ``__xattrs__(self, mode)``. This method must return a
   sequence of attribute names. This sequence may also contain integers, which
   will be treated as sequence indizes. Also supported is ``None``, which uses
   the object itself and callables which will be called with the object as the
   an argument. If ``__xattrs__()`` isn't implemented ``(None,)`` will be used as
   the attribute sequence (i.e. the object itself (it's ``repr()`` format) will
   be being displayed. The global function ``xattrs()`` implements this
   functionality.
 
 * When an object ``foo`` is displayed in the header, footer or table cell of the
   browser ``foo.__xrepr__(mode)`` is called. Mode can be ``"header"`` or
   ``"footer"`` for the header or footer line and ``"cell"`` for a table cell.
   ``__xrepr__()```must return an iterable (e.g. by being a generator) which
   produces the following items: The first item should be a tuple containing
   the alignment (-1 left aligned, 0 centered and 1 right aligned) and whether
   the complete output must be displayed or if the browser is allowed to stop
   output after enough text has been produced (e.g. a syntax highlighted text
   line would use ``True``, but for a large data structure (i.e. a nested list,
   tuple or dictionary) ``False`` would be used). The other output ``__xrepr__()``
   may produce is tuples of ``Style```objects and text (which contain the text
   representation of the object). If ``__xrepr__()`` recursively outputs a data
   structure the function ``xrepr(object, mode)`` can be used and ``"default"``
   must be passed as the mode in these calls. This in turn calls the
   ``__xrepr__()`` method on ``object`` (or uses ``repr(object)`` as the string
   representation if ``__xrepr__()`` doesn't exist.
 
 * Objects that can be iterated by ``Pipe``s must implement the method
 ``__xiter__(self, mode)``. ``mode`` can take the following values:
 
   - ``"default"``: This is the default value and ist always used by pipeline
     expressions. Other values are only used in the browser.
   - ``None``: This value is passed by the browser. The object must return an
     iterable of ``XMode`` objects describing all modes supported by the object.
     (This should never include ``"default"`` or ``None``).
   - Any other value that the object supports.
 
   The global function ``xiter()`` can be called to get such an iterator. If
   the method ``_xiter__`` isn't implemented, ``xiter()`` falls back to
   ``__iter__``. In addition to that, dictionaries and modules receive special
   treatment (returning an iterator over ``(key, value)`` pairs). This makes it
   possible to use dictionaries and modules in pipeline expressions, for example:
 
       >>> import sys
       >>> sys | ifilter("isinstance(value, int)") | idump
       key        |value
       api_version|      1012
       dllhandle  | 503316480
       hexversion |  33817328
       maxint     |2147483647
       maxunicode |     65535
       >>> sys.modules | ifilter("_.value is not None") | isort("_.key.lower()")
       ...
 
   Note: The expression strings passed to ``ifilter()`` and ``isort()`` can
   refer to the object to be filtered or sorted via the variable ``_`` and to any
   of the attributes of the object, i.e.:
 
       >>> sys.modules | ifilter("_.value is not None") | isort("_.key.lower()")
 
   does the same as
 
       >>> sys.modules | ifilter("value is not None") | isort("key.lower()")
 
   In addition to expression strings, it's possible to pass callables (taking
   the object as an argument) to ``ifilter()``, ``isort()`` and ``ieval()``:
 
       >>> sys | ifilter(lambda _:isinstance(_.value, int)) \
       ...     | ieval(lambda _: (_.key, hex(_.value))) | idump
       0          |1
       api_version|0x3f4
       dllhandle  |0x1e000000
       hexversion |0x20402f0
       maxint     |0x7fffffff
       maxunicode |0xffff
 """
 
 import sys, os, os.path, stat, glob, new, csv, datetime, types
 import textwrap, itertools, mimetypes
 
 try: # Python 2.3 compatibility
     import collections
 except ImportError:
     deque = list
 else:
     deque = collections.deque
 
 try: # Python 2.3 compatibility
     set
 except NameError:
     import sets
     set = sets.Set
 
 try: # Python 2.3 compatibility
     sorted
 except NameError:
     def sorted(iterator, key=None, reverse=False):
         items = list(iterator)
         if key is not None:
             items.sort(lambda i1, i2: cmp(key(i1), key(i2)))
         else:
             items.sort()
         if reverse:
             items.reverse()
         return items
 
 try:
     import pwd
 except ImportError:
     pwd = None
 
 try:
     import grp
 except ImportError:
     grp = None
 
 try:
     import curses
 except ImportError:
     curses = None
 
 import path
 
 
 __all__ = [
     "ifile", "ils", "iglob", "iwalk", "ipwdentry", "ipwd", "igrpentry", "igrp",
     "icsv", "ix", "ichain", "isort", "ifilter", "ieval", "ienum", "ienv",
     "idump", "iless"
 ]
 
 
 os.stat_float_times(True) # enable microseconds
 
 
 class _AttrNamespace(object):
     """
     Internal helper class that is used for providing a namespace for evaluating
     expressions containg attribute names of an object.
     """
     def __init__(self, wrapped):
         self.wrapped = wrapped
 
     def __getitem__(self, name):
         if name == "_":
             return self.wrapped
         try:
             return getattr(self.wrapped, name)
         except AttributeError:
             raise KeyError(name)
 
 # Python 2.3 compatibility
 # use eval workaround to find out which names are used in the
 # eval string and put them into the locals. This works for most
 # normal uses case, bizarre ones like accessing the locals()
 # will fail
 try:
     eval("_", None, _AttrNamespace(None))
 except TypeError:
     real_eval = eval
     def eval(codestring, _globals, _locals):
         """
         eval(source[, globals[, locals]]) -> value
 
         Evaluate the source in the context of globals and locals.
         The source may be a string representing a Python expression
         or a code object as returned by compile().
         The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mappping.
 
         This function is a workaround for the shortcomings of
         Python 2.3's eval.
         """
 
         code = compile(codestring, "_eval", "eval")
         newlocals = {}
         for name in code.co_names:
             try:
                 newlocals[name] = _locals[name]
             except KeyError:
                 pass
         return real_eval(code, _globals, newlocals)
 
 
 _default = object()
 
 def item(iterator, index, default=_default):
     """
     Return the ``index``th item from the iterator ``iterator``.
     ``index`` must be an integer (negative integers are relative to the
     end (i.e. the last item produced by the iterator)).
 
     If ``default`` is given, this will be the default value when
     the iterator doesn't contain an item at this position. Otherwise an
     ``IndexError`` will be raised.
 
     Note that using this function will partially or totally exhaust the
     iterator.
     """
     i = index
     if i>=0:
         for item in iterator:
             if not i:
                 return item
             i -= 1
     else:
         i = -index
         cache = deque()
         for item in iterator:
             cache.append(item)
             if len(cache)>i:
                 cache.popleft()
         if len(cache)==i:
             return cache.popleft()
     if default is _default:
         raise IndexError(index)
     else:
         return default
 
 
 class Table(object):
     """
     A ``Table`` is an object that produces items (just like a normal Python
     iterator/generator does) and can be used as the first object in a pipeline
     expression. The displayhook will open the default browser for such an object
     (instead of simply printing the ``repr()`` result).
     """
 
     # We want to support ``foo`` and ``foo()`` in pipeline expression:
     # So we implement the required operators (``|`` and ``+``) in the metaclass,
     # instantiate the class and forward the operator to the instance
     class __metaclass__(type):
         def __iter__(self):
             return iter(self())
 
         def __or__(self, other):
             return self() | other
 
         def __add__(self, other):
             return self() + other
 
         def __radd__(self, other):
             return other + self()
 
         def __getitem__(self, index):
             return self()[index]
 
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         return item(self, index)
 
     def __contains__(self, item):
         for haveitem in self:
             if item == haveitem:
                 return True
         return False
 
     def __or__(self, other):
         # autoinstantiate right hand side
         if isinstance(other, type) and issubclass(other, (Table, Display)):
             other = other()
         # treat simple strings and functions as ``ieval`` instances
         elif not isinstance(other, Display) and not isinstance(other, Table):
             other = ieval(other)
         # forward operations to the right hand side
         return other.__ror__(self)
 
     def __add__(self, other):
         # autoinstantiate right hand side
         if isinstance(other, type) and issubclass(other, Table):
             other = other()
         return ichain(self, other)
 
     def __radd__(self, other):
         # autoinstantiate left hand side
         if isinstance(other, type) and issubclass(other, Table):
             other = other()
         return ichain(other, self)
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return xiter(self, "default")
 
 
 class Pipe(Table):
     """
     A ``Pipe`` is an object that can be used in a pipeline expression. It
     processes the objects it gets from its input ``Table``/``Pipe``. Note that
     a ``Pipe`` object can't be used as the first object in a pipeline
     expression, as it doesn't produces items itself.
     """
     class __metaclass__(Table.__metaclass__):
         def __ror__(self, input):
             return input | self()
 
     def __ror__(self, input):
         # autoinstantiate left hand side
         if isinstance(input, type) and issubclass(input, Table):
             input = input()
         self.input = input
         return self
 
 
 def _getattr(obj, name, default=_default):
     """
     Internal helper for getting an attribute of an item. If ``name`` is ``None``
     return the object itself. If ``name`` is an integer, use ``__getitem__``
     instead. If the attribute or item does not exist, return ``default``.
     """
     if name is None:
         return obj
     elif isinstance(name, basestring):
         if name.endswith("()"):
             return getattr(obj, name[:-2], default)()
         else:
             return getattr(obj, name, default)
     elif callable(name):
         try:
             return name(obj)
         except AttributeError:
             return default
     else:
         try:
             return obj[name]
         except IndexError:
             return default
 
 
 def _attrname(name):
     """
     Internal helper that gives a proper name for the attribute ``name``
     (which might be ``None`` or an ``int``).
     """
     if name is None:
         return "_"
     elif isinstance(name, basestring):
         return name
     elif callable(name):
         return name.__name__
     else:
         return str(name)
 
 
 class Style(object):
     """
     Store foreground color, background color and attribute (bold, underlined
     etc.).
     """
     __slots__ = ("fg", "bg", "attrs")
 
     def __init__(self, fg, bg, attrs=0):
         self.fg = fg
         self.bg = bg
         self.attrs = attrs
 
 
 COLOR_BLACK   = 0
 COLOR_RED     = 1
 COLOR_GREEN   = 2
 COLOR_YELLOW  = 3
 COLOR_BLUE    = 4
 COLOR_MAGENTA = 5
 COLOR_CYAN    = 6
 COLOR_WHITE   = 7
 
 A_BLINK     = 1<<0 # Blinking text
 A_BOLD      = 1<<1 # Extra bright or bold text
 A_DIM       = 1<<2 # Half bright text
 A_REVERSE   = 1<<3 # Reverse-video text
 A_STANDOUT  = 1<<4 # The best highlighting mode available
 A_UNDERLINE = 1<<5 # Underlined text
 
 if curses is not None:
     # This is probably just range(8)
     COLOR2CURSES = [
         COLOR_BLACK,
         COLOR_RED,
         COLOR_GREEN,
         COLOR_YELLOW,
         COLOR_BLUE,
         COLOR_MAGENTA,
         COLOR_CYAN,
         COLOR_WHITE,
     ]
 
     A2CURSES = {
         A_BLINK: curses.A_BLINK,
         A_BOLD: curses.A_BOLD,
         A_DIM: curses.A_DIM,
         A_REVERSE: curses.A_REVERSE,
         A_STANDOUT: curses.A_STANDOUT,
         A_UNDERLINE: curses.A_UNDERLINE,
     }
 
 
 # default style
 style_default = Style(COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_BLACK)
 
 # Styles for datatypes
 style_type_none = Style(COLOR_MAGENTA, COLOR_BLACK)
 style_type_bool = Style(COLOR_MAGENTA, COLOR_BLACK)
 style_type_number = Style(COLOR_YELLOW, COLOR_BLACK)
 style_type_datetime = Style(COLOR_MAGENTA, COLOR_BLACK)
 
 # Style for URLs and file/directory names
 style_url = Style(COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_BLACK)
 style_dir = Style(COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK)
 style_file = Style(COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_BLACK)
 
 # Style for ellipsis (when an output has been shortened
 style_ellisis = Style(COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK)
 
 # Style for displaying exceptions
 style_error = Style(COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK)
 
 # Style for displaying non-existing attributes
 style_nodata = Style(COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK)
 
 
 def xrepr(item, mode):
     try:
         func = item.__xrepr__
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     else:
         try:
             for x in func(mode):
                 yield x
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
             raise
         except Exception:
             yield (-1, True)
             yield (style_default, repr(item))
         return
     if item is None:
         yield (-1, True)
         yield (style_type_none, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, bool):
         yield (-1, True)
         yield (style_type_bool, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, str):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "cell":
             yield (style_default, repr(item.expandtabs(tab))[1:-1])
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, unicode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "cell":
             yield (style_default, repr(item.expandtabs(tab))[2:-1])
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, (int, long, float)):
         yield (1, True)
         yield (style_type_number, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, complex):
         yield (-1, True)
         yield (style_type_number, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, datetime.datetime):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "cell":
             # Don't use strftime() here, as this requires year >= 1900
             yield (style_type_datetime,
                    "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d.%06d" % \
                         (item.year, item.month, item.day,
                          item.hour, item.minute, item.second,
                          item.microsecond),
                     )
         else:
             yield (style_type_datetime, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, datetime.date):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "cell":
             yield (style_type_datetime,
                    "%04d-%02d-%02d" % (item.year, item.month, item.day))
         else:
             yield (style_type_datetime, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, datetime.time):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "cell":
             yield (style_type_datetime,
                     "%02d:%02d:%02d.%06d" % \
                         (item.hour, item.minute, item.second, item.microsecond))
         else:
             yield (style_type_datetime, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, datetime.timedelta):
         yield (-1, True)
         yield (style_type_datetime, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, Exception):
         yield (-1, True)
         if item.__class__.__module__ == "exceptions":
             classname = item.__class__.__name__
         else:
             classname = "%s.%s: %s" % \
                 (item.__class__.__module__, item.__class__.__name__)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             yield (style_error, "%s: %s" % (classname, item))
         else:
             yield (style_error, classname)
     elif isinstance(item, (list, tuple)):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             if item.__class__.__module__ == "__builtin__":
                 classname = item.__class__.__name__
             else:
                 classname = "%s.%s" % \
                     (item.__class__.__module__,item.__class__.__name__)
             yield (style_default,
                    "<%s object with %d items at 0x%x>" % \
                        (classname, len(item), id(item)))
         else:
             if isinstance(item, list):
                 yield (style_default, "[")
                 end = "]"
             else:
                 yield (style_default, "(")
                 end = ")"
             for (i, subitem) in enumerate(item):
                 if i:
                     yield (style_default, ", ")
                 for part in xrepr(subitem, "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (style_default, end)
     elif isinstance(item, (dict, types.DictProxyType)):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             if item.__class__.__module__ == "__builtin__":
                 classname = item.__class__.__name__
             else:
                 classname = "%s.%s" % \
                     (item.__class__.__module__,item.__class__.__name__)
             yield (style_default,
                    "<%s object with %d items at 0x%x>" % \
                     (classname, len(item), id(item)))
         else:
             if isinstance(item, dict):
                 yield (style_default, "{")
                 end = "}"
             else:
                 yield (style_default, "dictproxy((")
                 end = "})"
             for (i, (key, value)) in enumerate(item.iteritems()):
                 if i:
                     yield (style_default, ", ")
                 for part in xrepr(key, "default"):
                     yield part
                 yield (style_default, ": ")
                 for part in xrepr(value, "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (style_default, end)
     else:
         yield (-1, True)
         yield (style_default, repr(item))
 
 
 def xattrs(item, mode):
     try:
         func = item.__xattrs__
     except AttributeError:
         return (None,)
     else:
         try:
             return func(mode)
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
             raise
         except Exception:
             return (None,)
 
 
 def xiter(item, mode):
     if mode == "detail":
         def items():
             for name in xattrs(item, mode):
                 yield XAttr(item, name)
         return items()
     try:
         func = item.__xiter__
     except AttributeError:
         if isinstance(item, (dict, types.DictProxyType)):
             def items(item):
                 fields = ("key", "value")
                 for (key, value) in item.iteritems():
                     yield Fields(fields, key=key, value=value)
             return items(item)
         elif isinstance(item, new.module):
             def items(item):
                 fields = ("key", "value")
                 for key in sorted(item.__dict__):
                     yield Fields(fields, key=key, value=getattr(item, key))
             return items(item)
         elif isinstance(item, basestring):
             if not len(item):
                 raise ValueError("can't enter empty string")
             lines = item.splitlines()
             if len(lines) <= 1:
                 raise ValueError("can't enter one line string")
             return iter(lines)
         return iter(item)
     else:
         return iter(func(mode)) # iter() just to be safe
 
 
 class ichain(Pipe):
     """
     Chains multiple ``Table``s into one.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *iters):
         self.iters = iters
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         return itertools.chain(*self.iters)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             for (i, item) in enumerate(self.iters):
                 if i:
                     yield (style_default, "+")
                 if isinstance(item, Pipe):
                     yield (style_default, "(")
                 for part in xrepr(item, mode):
                     yield part
                 if isinstance(item, Pipe):
                     yield (style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         args = ", ".join([repr(it) for it in self.iters])
         return "%s.%s(%s)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, args)
 
 
 class ifile(path.path):
     """
     file (or directory) object.
     """
 
     def __add_(self, other):
         return ifile(path._base(self) + other)
 
     def __radd_(self, other):
         return ifile(other + path._base(self))
 
     def __div_(self, other):
         return ifile(path.__div__(self, other))
 
     def getcwd():
         """ Return the current working directory as a path object. """
         return ifile(path.path.getcwd())
     getcwd = staticmethod(getcwd)
 
     def abspath(self):
         return ifile(path.path.abspath(self))
 
     def normcase(self):
         return ifile(path.path.normcase(self))
 
     def normpath(self):
         return ifile(path.path.normpath(self))
 
     def realpath(self):
         return ifile(path.path.realpath(self))
 
     def expanduser(self):
         return ifile(path.path.expanduser(self))
 
     def expandvars(self):
         return ifile(path.path.expandvars(self))
 
     def dirname(self):
         return ifile(path.path.dirname(self))
 
     parent = property(dirname, None, None, path.path.parent.__doc__)
 
     def splitpath(self):
         (parent, child) = path.path.splitpath(self)
         return (ifile(parent), child)
 
     def splitdrive(self):
         (drive, rel) = path.path.splitdrive(self)
         return (ifile(drive), rel)
 
     def splitext(self):
         (filename, ext) = path.path.splitext(self)
         return (ifile(filename), ext)
 
     if hasattr(path.path, "splitunc"):
         def splitunc(self):
             (unc, rest) = path.path.splitunc(self)
             return (ifile(unc), rest)
 
         def _get_uncshare(self):
             unc, r = os.path.splitunc(self)
             return ifile(unc)
 
         uncshare = property(
             _get_uncshare, None, None,
             """ The UNC mount point for this path.
             This is empty for paths on local drives. """)
 
     def joinpath(self, *args):
         return ifile(path.path.joinpath(self, *args))
 
     def splitall(self):
         return map(ifile, path.path.splitall(self))
 
     def relpath(self):
         return ifile(path.path.relpath(self))
 
     def relpathto(self, dest):
         return ifile(path.path.relpathto(self, dest))
 
     def listdir(self, pattern=None):
         return [ifile(child) for child in path.path.listdir(self, pattern)]
 
     def dirs(self, pattern=None):
         return [ifile(child) for child in path.path.dirs(self, pattern)]
 
     def files(self, pattern=None):
         return [ifile(child) for child in path.path.files(self, pattern)]
 
     def walk(self, pattern=None):
         for child in path.path.walk(self, pattern):
             yield ifile(child)
 
     def walkdirs(self, pattern=None):
         for child in path.path.walkdirs(self, pattern):
             yield ifile(child)
 
     def walkfiles(self, pattern=None):
         for child in path.path.walkfiles(self, pattern):
             yield ifile(child)
 
     def glob(self, pattern):
         return map(ifile, path.path.glob(self, pattern))
 
     if hasattr(os, 'readlink'):
         def readlink(self):
             return ifile(path.path.readlink(self))
 
         def readlinkabs(self):
             return ifile(path.path.readlinkabs(self))
 
     def getmode(self):
         return self.stat().st_mode
     mode = property(getmode, None, None, "Access mode")
 
     def gettype(self):
         data = [
             (stat.S_ISREG, "file"),
             (stat.S_ISDIR, "dir"),
             (stat.S_ISCHR, "chardev"),
             (stat.S_ISBLK, "blockdev"),
             (stat.S_ISFIFO, "fifo"),
             (stat.S_ISLNK, "symlink"),
             (stat.S_ISSOCK,"socket"),
         ]
         lstat = self.lstat()
         if lstat is not None:
             types = set([text for (func, text) in data if func(lstat.st_mode)])
         else:
             types = set()
         m = self.mode
         types.update([text for (func, text) in data if func(m)])
         return ", ".join(types)
     type = property(gettype, None, None, "file type (file, directory, link, etc.)")
 
     def getmodestr(self):
         m = self.mode
         data = [
             (stat.S_IRUSR, "-r"),
             (stat.S_IWUSR, "-w"),
             (stat.S_IXUSR, "-x"),
             (stat.S_IRGRP, "-r"),
             (stat.S_IWGRP, "-w"),
             (stat.S_IXGRP, "-x"),
             (stat.S_IROTH, "-r"),
             (stat.S_IWOTH, "-w"),
             (stat.S_IXOTH, "-x"),
         ]
         return "".join([text[bool(m&bit)] for (bit, text) in data])
 
     modestr = property(getmodestr, None, None, "Access mode as string")
 
     def getblocks(self):
         return self.stat().st_blocks
     blocks = property(getblocks, None, None, "File size in blocks")
 
     def getblksize(self):
         return self.stat().st_blksize
     blksize = property(getblksize, None, None, "Filesystem block size")
 
     def getdev(self):
         return self.stat().st_dev
     dev = property(getdev)
 
     def getnlink(self):
         return self.stat().st_nlink
     nlink = property(getnlink, None, None, "Number of links")
 
     def getuid(self):
         return self.stat().st_uid
     uid = property(getuid, None, None, "User id of file owner")
 
     def getgid(self):
         return self.stat().st_gid
     gid = property(getgid, None, None, "Group id of file owner")
 
     def getowner(self):
         stat = self.stat()
         try:
             return pwd.getpwuid(stat.st_uid).pw_name
         except KeyError:
             return stat.st_uid
     owner = property(getowner, None, None, "Owner name (or id)")
 
     def getgroup(self):
         stat = self.stat()
         try:
             return grp.getgrgid(stat.st_gid).gr_name
         except KeyError:
             return stat.st_gid
     group = property(getgroup, None, None, "Group name (or id)")
 
     def getadate(self):
         return datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(self.atime)
     adate = property(getadate, None, None, "Access date")
 
     def getcdate(self):
         return datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(self.ctime)
     cdate = property(getcdate, None, None, "Creation date")
 
     def getmdate(self):
         return datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(self.mtime)
     mdate = property(getmdate, None, None, "Modification date")
 
     def getmimetype(self):
         return mimetypes.guess_type(self.basename())[0]
     mimetype = property(getmimetype, None, None, "MIME type")
 
     def getencoding(self):
         return mimetypes.guess_type(self.basename())[1]
     encoding = property(getencoding, None, None, "Compression")
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "ifile(%s)" % path._base.__repr__(self)
 
     defaultattrs = (None, "type", "size", "modestr", "owner", "group", "mdate")
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         if mode == "detail":
             return (
                 "name", "basename()", "abspath()", "realpath()",
                 "type", "mode", "modestr", "stat()", "lstat()",
                 "uid", "gid", "owner", "group", "dev", "nlink",
                 "ctime", "mtime", "atime", "cdate", "mdate", "adate",
                 "size", "blocks", "blksize", "isdir()", "islink()",
                 "mimetype", "encoding"
             )
         return self.defaultattrs
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         try:
             if self.isdir():
                 name = "idir"
                 style = style_dir
             else:
                 name = "ifile"
                 style = style_file
         except IOError:
             name = "ifile"
             style = style_default
         if mode == "cell" or mode in "header" or mode == "footer":
-            abspath = repr(path._base(self.abspath()))
+            abspath = repr(path._base(self.normpath()))
             if abspath.startswith("u"):
                 abspath = abspath[2:-1]
             else:
                 abspath = abspath[1:-1]
             if mode == "cell":
                 yield (style, abspath)
             else:
                 yield (style, "%s(%s)" % (name, abspath))
         else:
             yield (style, repr(self))
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         if self.isdir():
             yield iparentdir(self / os.pardir)
             for child in sorted(self.listdir()):
                 yield child
         else:
             f = self.open("rb")
             for line in f:
                 yield line
             f.close()
 
 
 class iparentdir(ifile):
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "cell":
             yield (style_dir, os.pardir)
         else:
             for part in ifile.__xrepr__(self, mode):
                 yield part
 
 
 class ils(Table):
     """
     This ``Table`` lists a directory.
     """
     def __init__(self, base=os.curdir):
         self.base = os.path.expanduser(base)
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         return xiter(ifile(self.base), mode)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
        return ifile(self.base).__xrepr__(mode)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self.base)
 
 
 class iglob(Table):
     """
     This `Table`` lists all files and directories matching a specified pattern.
     (See ``glob.glob()`` for more info.)
     """
     def __init__(self, glob):
         self.glob = glob
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         for name in glob.glob(self.glob):
             yield ifile(name)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer" or mode == "cell":
             yield (style_default, "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.glob))
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self.glob)
 
 
 class iwalk(Table):
     """
     This `Table`` lists all files and directories in a directory and it's
     subdirectory.
     """
     def __init__(self, base=os.curdir, dirs=True, files=True):
         self.base = os.path.expanduser(base)
         self.dirs = dirs
         self.files = files
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         for (dirpath, dirnames, filenames) in os.walk(self.base):
             if self.dirs:
                 for name in sorted(dirnames):
                     yield ifile(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
             if self.files:
                 for name in sorted(filenames):
                     yield ifile(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer" or mode == "cell":
             yield (style_default, "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.base))
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self.base)
 
 
 class ipwdentry(object):
     """
     ``ipwdentry`` objects encapsulate entries in the Unix user account and
     password database.
     """
     def __init__(self, id):
         self._id = id
         self._entry = None
 
     def _getentry(self):
         if self._entry is None:
             if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
                 self._entry = pwd.getpwnam(self._id)
             else:
                 self._entry = pwd.getpwuid(self._id)
         return self._entry
 
     def getname(self):
         if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
             return self._id
         else:
             return self._getentry().pw_name
     name = property(getname, None, None, "User name")
 
     def getpasswd(self):
         return self._getentry().pw_passwd
     passwd = property(getpasswd, None, None, "Password")
 
     def getuid(self):
         if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
             return self._getentry().pw_uid
         else:
             return self._id
     uid = property(getuid, None, None, "User id")
 
     def getgid(self):
         return self._getentry().pw_gid
     gid = property(getgid, None, None, "Primary group id")
 
     def getgroup(self):
         return igrpentry(self.gid)
     group = property(getgroup, None, None, "Group")
 
     def getgecos(self):
         return self._getentry().pw_gecos
     gecos = property(getgecos, None, None, "Information (e.g. full user name)")
 
     def getdir(self):
         return self._getentry().pw_dir
     dir = property(getdir, None, None, "$HOME directory")
 
     def getshell(self):
         return self._getentry().pw_shell
     shell = property(getshell, None, None, "Login shell")
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         return ("name", "passwd", "uid", "gid", "gecos", "dir", "shell")
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self._id)
 
 
 class ipwd(Table):
     """
     This ``Table`` lists all entries in the Unix user account and password
     database.
     """
     def __iter__(self):
         for entry in pwd.getpwall():
             yield ipwdentry(entry.pw_name)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer" or mode == "cell":
             yield (style_default, "%s()" % self.__class__.__name__)
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
 
 class igrpentry(object):
     """
     ``igrpentry`` objects encapsulate entries in the Unix group database.
     """
     def __init__(self, id):
         self._id = id
         self._entry = None
 
     def _getentry(self):
         if self._entry is None:
             if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
                 self._entry = grp.getgrnam(self._id)
             else:
                 self._entry = grp.getgrgid(self._id)
         return self._entry
 
     def getname(self):
         if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
             return self._id
         else:
             return self._getentry().gr_name
     name = property(getname, None, None, "Group name")
 
     def getpasswd(self):
         return self._getentry().gr_passwd
     passwd = property(getpasswd, None, None, "Password")
 
     def getgid(self):
         if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
             return self._getentry().gr_gid
         else:
             return self._id
     gid = property(getgid, None, None, "Group id")
 
     def getmem(self):
         return self._getentry().gr_mem
     mem = property(getmem, None, None, "Members")
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         return ("name", "passwd", "gid", "mem")
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer" or mode == "cell":
             yield (style_default, "group ")
             try:
                 yield (style_default, self.name)
             except KeyError:
                 if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
                     yield (style_default, self.name_id)
                 else:
                     yield (style_type_number, str(self._id))
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         for member in self.mem:
             yield ipwdentry(member)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self._id)
 
 
 class igrp(Table):
     """
     This ``Table`` lists all entries in the Unix group database.
     """
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         for entry in grp.getgrall():
             yield igrpentry(entry.gr_name)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             yield (style_default, "%s()" % self.__class__.__name__)
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
 
 class Fields(object):
     def __init__(self, fieldnames, **fields):
         self.__fieldnames = fieldnames
         for (key, value) in fields.iteritems():
             setattr(self, key, value)
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         return self.__fieldnames
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "cell":
             yield (style_default, self.__class__.__name__)
             yield (style_default, "(")
             for (i, f) in enumerate(self.__fieldnames):
                 if i:
                     yield (style_default, ", ")
                 yield (style_default, f)
                 yield (style_default, "=")
                 for part in xrepr(getattr(self, f), "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (style_default, ")")
         elif mode == "footer":
             yield (style_default, self.__class__.__name__)
             yield (style_default, "(")
             for (i, f) in enumerate(self.__fieldnames):
                 if i:
                     yield (style_default, ", ")
                 yield (style_default, f)
             yield (style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
 
 class FieldTable(Table, list):
     def __init__(self, *fields):
         Table.__init__(self)
         list.__init__(self)
         self.fields = fields
 
     def add(self, **fields):
         self.append(Fields(self.fields, **fields))
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         return list.__iter__(self)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             yield (style_default, self.__class__.__name__)
             yield (style_default, "(")
             for (i, f) in enumerate(self.__fieldnames):
                 if i:
                     yield (style_default, ", ")
                 yield (style_default, f)
             yield (style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s.%s object with fields=%r at 0x%x>" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              ", ".join(map(repr, self.fields)), id(self))
 
 
 class List(list):
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         return xrange(len(self))
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "cell" or mode == "footer" or mode == "default":
             yield (style_default, self.__class__.__name__)
             yield (style_default, "(")
             for (i, item) in enumerate(self):
                 if i:
                     yield (style_default, ", ")
                 for part in xrepr(item, "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
 
 class ienv(Table):
     """
     This ``Table`` lists environment variables.
     """
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         fields = ("key", "value")
         for (key, value) in os.environ.iteritems():
             yield Fields(fields, key=key, value=value)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "cell":
             yield (style_default, "%s()" % self.__class__.__name__)
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
 
 class icsv(Pipe):
     """
     This ``Pipe`` lists turn the input (with must be a pipe outputting lines
     or an ``ifile``) into lines of CVS columns.
     """
     def __init__(self, **csvargs):
         """
         Create an ``icsv`` object. ``cvsargs`` will be passed through as
         keyword arguments to ``cvs.reader()``.
         """
         self.csvargs = csvargs
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         input = self.input
         if isinstance(input, ifile):
             input = input.open("rb")
         reader = csv.reader(input, **self.csvargs)
         for line in reader:
             yield List(line)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             input = getattr(self, "input", None)
             if input is not None:
                 for part in xrepr(input, mode):
                     yield part
                 yield (style_default, " | ")
             yield (style_default, "%s(" % self.__class__.__name__)
             for (i, (name, value)) in enumerate(self.csvargs.iteritems()):
                 if i:
                     yield (style_default, ", ")
                 yield (style_default, name)
                 yield (style_default, "=")
                 for part in xrepr(value, "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         args = ", ".join(["%s=%r" % item for item in self.csvargs.iteritems()])
         return "<%s.%s %s at 0x%x>" % \
         (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, args, id(self))
 
 
 class ix(Table):
     """
     This ``Table`` executes a system command and lists its output as lines
     (similar to ``os.popen()``).
     """
     def __init__(self, cmd):
         self.cmd = cmd
         self._pipe = None
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         self._pipe = os.popen(self.cmd)
         for l in self._pipe:
             yield l.rstrip("\r\n")
         self._pipe.close()
         self._pipe = None
 
     def __del__(self):
         if self._pipe is not None and not self._pipe.closed:
             self._pipe.close()
         self._pipe = None
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             yield (style_default, "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.cmd))
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self.cmd)
 
 
 class ifilter(Pipe):
     """
     This ``Pipe`` filters an input pipe. Only objects where an expression
     evaluates to true (and doesn't raise an exception) are listed.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, expr, errors="raiseifallfail"):
         """
         Create an ``ifilter`` object. ``expr`` can be a callable or a string
         containing an expression. ``errors`` specifies how exception during
         evaluation of ``expr`` are handled:
 
         * ``drop``: drop all items that have errors;
 
         * ``keep``: keep all items that have errors;
 
         * ``keeperror``: keep the exception of all items that have errors;
 
         * ``raise``: raise the exception;
 
         * ``raiseifallfail``: raise the first exception if all items have errors;
           otherwise drop those with errors (this is the default).
         """
         self.expr = expr
         self.errors = errors
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         if callable(self.expr):
             def test(item):
                 return self.expr(item)
         else:
             def test(item):
                 return eval(self.expr, globals(), _AttrNamespace(item))
 
         ok = 0
         exc_info = None
         for item in xiter(self.input, mode):
             try:
                 if test(item):
                     yield item
                 ok += 1
             except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
                 raise
             except Exception, exc:
                 if self.errors == "drop":
                     pass # Ignore errors
                 elif self.errors == "keep":
                     yield item
                 elif self.errors == "keeperror":
                     yield exc
                 elif self.errors == "raise":
                     raise
                 elif self.errors == "raiseifallfail":
                     if exc_info is None:
                         exc_info = sys.exc_info()
         if not ok and exc_info is not None:
             raise exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2]
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             input = getattr(self, "input", None)
             if input is not None:
                 for part in xrepr(input, mode):
                     yield part
                 yield (style_default, " | ")
             yield (style_default, "%s(" % self.__class__.__name__)
             for part in xrepr(self.expr, "default"):
                 yield part
             yield (style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s.%s expr=%r at 0x%x>" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              self.expr, id(self))
 
 
 class ieval(Pipe):
     """
     This ``Pipe`` evaluates an expression for each object in the input pipe.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, expr, errors="raiseifallfail"):
         """
         Create an ``ieval`` object. ``expr`` can be a callable or a string
         containing an expression. For the meaning of ``errors`` see ``ifilter``.
         """
         self.expr = expr
         self.errors = errors
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         if callable(self.expr):
             def do(item):
                 return self.expr(item)
         else:
             def do(item):
                 return eval(self.expr, globals(), _AttrNamespace(item))
 
         ok = 0
         exc_info = None
         for item in xiter(self.input, mode):
             try:
                 yield do(item)
             except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
                 raise
             except Exception, exc:
                 if self.errors == "drop":
                     pass # Ignore errors
                 elif self.errors == "keep":
                     yield item
                 elif self.errors == "keeperror":
                     yield exc
                 elif self.errors == "raise":
                     raise
                 elif self.errors == "raiseifallfail":
                     if exc_info is None:
                         exc_info = sys.exc_info()
         if not ok and exc_info is not None:
             raise exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2]
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             input = getattr(self, "input", None)
             if input is not None:
                 for part in xrepr(input, mode):
                     yield part
                 yield (style_default, " | ")
             yield (style_default, "%s(" % self.__class__.__name__)
             for part in xrepr(self.expr, "default"):
                 yield part
             yield (style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s.%s expr=%r at 0x%x>" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              self.expr, id(self))
 
 
 class ienum(Pipe):
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         fields = ("index", "object")
         for (index, object) in enumerate(xiter(self.input, mode)):
             yield Fields(fields, index=index, object=object)
 
 
 class isort(Pipe):
     """
     This ``Pipe`` sorts its input pipe.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, key, reverse=False):
         """
         Create an ``isort`` object. ``key`` can be a callable or a string
         containing an expression. If ``reverse`` is true the sort order will
         be reversed.
         """
         self.key = key
         self.reverse = reverse
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         if callable(self.key):
             items = sorted(
                 xiter(self.input, mode),
                 key=self.key,
                 reverse=self.reverse
             )
         else:
             def key(item):
                 return eval(self.key, globals(), _AttrNamespace(item))
             items = sorted(
                 xiter(self.input, mode),
                 key=key,
                 reverse=self.reverse
             )
         for item in items:
             yield item
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             input = getattr(self, "input", None)
             if input is not None:
                 for part in xrepr(input, mode):
                     yield part
                 yield (style_default, " | ")
             yield (style_default, "%s(" % self.__class__.__name__)
             for part in xrepr(self.key, "default"):
                 yield part
             if self.reverse:
                 yield (style_default, ", ")
                 for part in xrepr(True, "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s.%s key=%r reverse=%r at 0x%x>" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              self.key, self.reverse, id(self))
 
 
 tab = 3 # for expandtabs()
 
 def _format(field):
     if isinstance(field, str):
         text = repr(field.expandtabs(tab))[1:-1]
     elif isinstance(field, unicode):
         text = repr(field.expandtabs(tab))[2:-1]
     elif isinstance(field, datetime.datetime):
         # Don't use strftime() here, as this requires year >= 1900
         text = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d.%06d" % \
             (field.year, field.month, field.day,
              field.hour, field.minute, field.second, field.microsecond)
     elif isinstance(field, datetime.date):
         text = "%04d-%02d-%02d" % (field.year, field.month, field.day)
     else:
         text = repr(field)
     return text
 
 
 class Display(object):
     class __metaclass__(type):
         def __ror__(self, input):
             return input | self()
 
     def __ror__(self, input):
         self.input = input
         return self
 
     def display(self):
         pass
 
 
 class iless(Display):
     cmd = "less --quit-if-one-screen --LONG-PROMPT --LINE-NUMBERS --chop-long-lines --shift=8 --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS"
 
     def display(self):
         try:
             pager = os.popen(self.cmd, "w")
             try:
                 for item in xiter(self.input, "default"):
                     attrs = xattrs(item, "default")
                     attrs = ["%s=%s" % (a, _format(_getattr(item, a))) for a in attrs]
                     pager.write(" ".join(attrs))
                     pager.write("\n")
             finally:
                 pager.close()
         except Exception, exc:
             print "%s: %s" % (exc.__class__.__name__, str(exc))
 
 
 class idump(Display):
     def __init__(self, *attrs):
         self.attrs = attrs
         self.headerpadchar = " "
         self.headersepchar = "|"
         self.datapadchar = " "
         self.datasepchar = "|"
 
     def display(self):
         stream = sys.stdout
         if self.attrs:
             rows = []
             colwidths = dict([(a, len(_attrname(a))) for a in self.attrs])
 
             for item in xiter(self.input, "default"):
                 row = {}
                 for attrname in self.attrs:
                     value = _getattr(item, attrname, None)
                     text = _format(value)
                     colwidths[attrname] = max(colwidths[attrname], width)
                     row[attrname] = (value, text)
                 rows.append(row)
 
             stream.write("\n")
             for (i, attrname) in enumerate(self.attrs):
                 stream.write(_attrname(attrname))
                 spc = colwidths[attrname] - len(_attrname(attrname))
                 if i < len(colwidths)-1:
                     if spc>0:
                         stream.write(self.headerpadchar * spc)
                     stream.write(self.headersepchar)
             stream.write("\n")
 
             for row in rows:
                 for (i, attrname) in enumerate(self.attrs):
                     (value, text) = row[attrname]
                     spc = colwidths[attrname] - len(text)
                     if isinstance(value, (int, long)):
                         if spc>0:
                             stream.write(self.datapadchar*spc)
                         stream.write(text)
                     else:
                         stream.write(text)
                         if i < len(colwidths)-1:
                             if spc>0:
                                 stream.write(self.datapadchar*spc)
                     if i < len(colwidths)-1:
                         stream.write(self.datasepchar)
                 stream.write("\n")
         else:
             allattrs = []
             allattrset = set()
             colwidths = {}
             rows = []
             for item in xiter(self.input, "default"):
                 row = {}
                 attrs = xattrs(item, "default")
                 for attrname in attrs:
                     if attrname not in allattrset:
                         allattrs.append(attrname)
                         allattrset.add(attrname)
                         colwidths[attrname] = len(_attrname(attrname))
                     value = _getattr(item, attrname, None)
                     text = _format(value)
                     colwidths[attrname] = max(colwidths[attrname], len(text))
                     row[attrname] = (value, text)
                 rows.append(row)
 
             for (i, attrname) in enumerate(allattrs):
                 stream.write(_attrname(attrname))
                 spc = colwidths[attrname] - len(_attrname(attrname))
                 if i < len(colwidths)-1:
                     if spc>0:
                         stream.write(self.headerpadchar*spc)
                     stream.write(self.headersepchar)
             stream.write("\n")
 
             for row in rows:
                 for (i, attrname) in enumerate(attrs):
                     (value, text) = row.get(attrname, ("", ""))
                     spc = colwidths[attrname] - len(text)
                     if isinstance(value, (int, long)):
                         if spc>0:
                             stream.write(self.datapadchar*spc)
                         stream.write(text)
                     else:
                         stream.write(text)
                         if i < len(colwidths)-1:
                             if spc>0:
                                 stream.write(self.datapadchar*spc)
                     if i < len(colwidths)-1:
                         stream.write(self.datasepchar)
                 stream.write("\n")
 
 
 class XMode(object):
     """
     An ``XMode`` object describes one enter mode available for an object
     """
     def __init__(self, object, mode, title=None, description=None):
         """
         Create a new ``XMode`` object for the object ``object``. This object
         must support the enter mode ``mode`` (i.e. ``object.__xiter__(mode)``
         must return an iterable). ``title`` and ``description`` will be
         displayed in the browser when selecting among the available modes.
         """
         self.object = object
         self.mode = mode
         self.title = title
         self.description = description
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s.%s object mode=%r at 0x%x>" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              self.mode, id(self))
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, True)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             yield (style_default, self.title)
         else:
             yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         if mode == "detail":
             return ("object", "mode", "title", "description")
         return ("title", "description")
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         return xiter(self.object, self.mode)
 
 
 class XAttr(object):
     def __init__(self, object, name):
         self.name = _attrname(name)
 
         try:
             self.value = _getattr(object, name)
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
             raise
         except Exception, exc:
             if exc.__class__.__module__ == "exceptions":
                 self.value = exc.__class__.__name__
             else:
                 self.value = "%s.%s" % \
                     (exc.__class__.__module__, exc.__class__.__name__)
             self.type = self.value
         else:
             t = type(self.value)
             if t.__module__ == "__builtin__":
                 self.type = t.__name__
             else:
                 self.type = "%s.%s" % (t.__module__, t.__name__)
 
         doc = None
         if isinstance(name, basestring):
             if name.endswith("()"):
                 doc = getattr(getattr(object, name[:-2]), "__doc__", None)
             else:
                 try:
                     meta = getattr(type(object), name)
                 except AttributeError:
                     pass
                 else:
                     if isinstance(meta, property):
                         doc = getattr(meta, "__doc__", None)
         elif callable(name):
             doc = getattr(name, "__doc__", None)
         if isinstance(doc, basestring):
             doc = doc.strip()
         self.doc = doc
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         return ("name", "type", "doc", "value")
 
 
 _ibrowse_help = """
 down
 Move the cursor to the next line.
 
 up
 Move the cursor to the previous line.
 
 pagedown
 Move the cursor down one page (minus overlap).
 
 pageup
 Move the cursor up one page (minus overlap).
 
 left
 Move the cursor left.
 
 right
 Move the cursor right.
 
 home
 Move the cursor to the first column.
 
 end
 Move the cursor to the last column.
 
 prevattr
 Move the cursor one attribute column to the left.
 
 nextattr
 Move the cursor one attribute column to the right.
 
 pick
 'Pick' the object under the cursor (i.e. the row the cursor is on). This leaves
 the browser and returns the picked object to the caller. (In IPython this object
 will be available as the '_' variable.)
 
 pickattr
 'Pick' the attribute under the cursor (i.e. the row/column the cursor is on).
 
 pickallattrs
 Pick' the complete column under the cursor (i.e. the attribute under the cursor)
 from all currently fetched objects. These attributes will be returned as a list.
 
 tooglemark
 Mark/unmark the object under the cursor. Marked objects have a '!' after the
 row number).
 
 pickmarked
 'Pick' marked objects. Marked objects will be returned as a list.
 
 pickmarkedattr
 'Pick' the attribute under the cursor from all marked objects (This returns a
 list).
 
 enterdefault
 Enter the object under the cursor. (what this mean depends on the object
 itself (i.e. how it implements the '__xiter__' method). This opens a new browser
 'level'.
 
 enter
 Enter the object under the cursor. If the object provides different enter modes
 a menu of all modes will be presented; choice one and enter it (via the 'enter'
 or 'enterdefault' command).
 
 enterattr
 Enter the attribute under the cursor.
 
 leave
 Leave the current browser level and go back to the previous one.
 
 detail
 Show a detail view of the object under the cursor. This shows the name, type,
 doc string and value of the object attributes (and it might show more attributes
 than in the list view, depending on the object).
 
 detailattr
 Show a detail view of the attribute under the cursor.
 
 markrange
 Mark all objects from the last marked object before the current cursor position
 to the cursor position.
 
 sortattrasc
 Sort the objects (in ascending order) using the attribute under the cursor as
 the sort key.
 
 sortattrdesc
 Sort the objects (in descending order) using the attribute under the cursor as
 the sort key.
 
 goto
 Jump to a row. The row number can be entered at the bottom of the screen.
 
 help
 This screen.
 """
 
 
 if curses is not None:
     class UnassignedKeyError(Exception):
         """
         Exception that is used for reporting unassigned keys.
         """
 
 
     class UnknownCommandError(Exception):
         """
         Exception that is used for reporting unknown command (this should never
         happen).
         """
 
 
     class CommandError(Exception):
         """
         Exception that is used for reporting that a command can't be executed.
         """
 
 
     class _BrowserCachedItem(object):
         # This is used internally by ``ibrowse`` to store a item together with its
         # marked status.
         __slots__ = ("item", "marked")
 
         def __init__(self, item):
             self.item = item
             self.marked = False
 
 
     class _BrowserHelp(object):
         # This is used internally by ``ibrowse`` for displaying the help screen.
         def __init__(self, browser):
             self.browser = browser
 
         def __xrepr__(self, mode):
             yield (-1, True)
             if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
                 yield (style_default, "ibrowse help screen")
             else:
                 yield (style_default, repr(self))
 
         def __xiter__(self, mode):
             # Get reverse key mapping
             allkeys = {}
             for (key, cmd) in self.browser.keymap.iteritems():
                 allkeys.setdefault(cmd, []).append(key)
 
             fields = ("key", "command", "description")
 
             for (i, command) in enumerate(_ibrowse_help.strip().split("\n\n")):
                 if i:
                     yield Fields(fields, key="", command="", description="")
 
                 (name, description) = command.split("\n", 1)
                 keys = allkeys.get(name, [])
                 lines = textwrap.wrap(description, 50)
 
                 for i in xrange(max(len(keys), len(lines))):
                     if i:
                         name = ""
                     try:
                         key = self.browser.keylabel(keys[i])
                     except IndexError:
                         key = ""
                     try:
                         line = lines[i]
                     except IndexError:
                         line = ""
                     yield Fields(fields, key=key, command=name, description=line)
 
 
     class _BrowserLevel(object):
         # This is used internally to store the state (iterator, fetch items,
         # position of cursor and screen, etc.) of one browser level
         # An ``ibrowse`` object keeps multiple ``_BrowserLevel`` objects in
         # a stack.
         def __init__(self, browser, input, iterator, mainsizey, *attrs):
             self.browser = browser
             self.input = input
             self.header = [x for x in xrepr(input, "header") if not isinstance(x[0], int)]
             # iterator for the input
             self.iterator = iterator
 
             # is the iterator exhausted?
             self.exhausted = False
 
             # attributes to be display (autodetected if empty)
             self.attrs = attrs
 
             # fetched items (+ marked flag)
             self.items = deque()
 
             # Number of marked objects
             self.marked = 0
 
             # Vertical cursor position
             self.cury = 0
 
             # Horizontal cursor position
             self.curx = 0
 
             # Index of first data column
             self.datastartx = 0
 
             # Index of first data line
             self.datastarty = 0
 
             # height of the data display area
             self.mainsizey = mainsizey
 
             # width of the data display area (changes when scrolling)
             self.mainsizex = 0
 
             # Size of row number (changes when scrolling)
             self.numbersizex = 0
 
             # Attribute names to display (in this order)
             self.displayattrs = []
 
             # index and name of attribute under the cursor
             self.displayattr = (None, _default)
 
             # Maps attribute names to column widths
             self.colwidths = {}
 
             self.fetch(mainsizey)
             self.calcdisplayattrs()
             # formatted attributes for the items on screen
             # (i.e. self.items[self.datastarty:self.datastarty+self.mainsizey])
             self.displayrows = [self.getrow(i) for i in xrange(len(self.items))]
             self.calcwidths()
             self.calcdisplayattr()
 
         def fetch(self, count):
             # Try to fill ``self.items`` with at least ``count`` objects.
             have = len(self.items)
             while not self.exhausted and have < count:
                 try:
                     item = self.iterator.next()
                 except StopIteration:
                     self.exhausted = True
                     break
                 else:
                     have += 1
                     self.items.append(_BrowserCachedItem(item))
 
         def calcdisplayattrs(self):
             # Calculate which attributes are available from the objects that are
             # currently visible on screen (and store it in ``self.displayattrs``)
             attrnames = set()
             # If the browser object specifies a fixed list of attributes,
             # simply use it.
             if self.attrs:
                 self.displayattrs = self.attrs
             else:
                 self.displayattrs = []
                 endy = min(self.datastarty+self.mainsizey, len(self.items))
                 for i in xrange(self.datastarty, endy):
                     for attrname in xattrs(self.items[i].item, "default"):
                         if attrname not in attrnames:
                             self.displayattrs.append(attrname)
                             attrnames.add(attrname)
 
         def getrow(self, i):
             # Return a dictinary with the attributes for the object
             # ``self.items[i]``. Attribute names are taken from
             # ``self.displayattrs`` so ``calcdisplayattrs()`` must have been
             # called before.
             row = {}
             item = self.items[i].item
             for attrname in self.displayattrs:
                 try:
                     value = _getattr(item, attrname, _default)
                 except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
                     raise
                 except Exception, exc:
                     value = exc
                 # only store attribute if it exists (or we got an exception)
                 if value is not _default:
                     parts = []
                     totallength = 0
                     align = None
                     full = False
                     # Collect parts until we have enough
                     for part in xrepr(value, "cell"):
                         # part gives (alignment, stop)
                         # instead of (style, text)
                         if isinstance(part[0], int):
                             # only consider the first occurence
                             if align is None:
                                 align = part[0]
                                 full = part[1]
                         else:
                             parts.append(part)
                             totallength += len(part[1])
                             if totallength >= self.browser.maxattrlength and not full:
                                 parts.append((style_ellisis, "..."))
                                 totallength += 3
                                 break
                     # remember alignment, length and colored parts
                     row[attrname] = (align, totallength, parts)
             return row
 
         def calcwidths(self):
             # Recalculate the displayed fields and their width.
             # ``calcdisplayattrs()'' must have been called and the cache
             # for attributes of the objects on screen (``self.displayrows``)
             # must have been filled. This returns a dictionary mapping
             # colmn names to width.
             self.colwidths = {}
             for row in self.displayrows:
                 for attrname in self.displayattrs:
                     try:
                         length = row[attrname][1]
                     except KeyError:
                         length = 0
                     # always add attribute to colwidths, even if it doesn't exist
                     if attrname not in self.colwidths:
                         self.colwidths[attrname] = len(_attrname(attrname))
                     newwidth = max(self.colwidths[attrname], length)
                     self.colwidths[attrname] = newwidth
 
             # How many characters do we need to paint the item number?
             self.numbersizex = len(str(self.datastarty+self.mainsizey-1))
             # How must space have we got to display data?
             self.mainsizex = self.browser.scrsizex-self.numbersizex-3
             # width of all columns
             self.datasizex = sum(self.colwidths.itervalues()) + len(self.colwidths)
 
         def calcdisplayattr(self):
             # Find out on which attribute the cursor is on and store this
             # information in ``self.displayattr``.
             pos = 0
             for (i, attrname) in enumerate(self.displayattrs):
                 if pos+self.colwidths[attrname] >= self.curx:
                     self.displayattr = (i, attrname)
                     break
                 pos += self.colwidths[attrname]+1
             else:
                 self.displayattr = (None, _default)
 
         def moveto(self, x, y, refresh=False):
             # Move the cursor to the position ``(x,y)`` (in data coordinates,
             # not in screen coordinates). If ``refresh`` is true, all cached
             # values will be recalculated (e.g. because the list has been
             # resorted, so screen positions etc. are no longer valid).
             olddatastarty = self.datastarty
             oldx = self.curx
             oldy = self.cury
             x = int(x+0.5)
             y = int(y+0.5)
             newx = x # remember where we wanted to move
             newy = y # remember where we wanted to move
 
             scrollbordery = min(self.browser.scrollbordery, self.mainsizey//2)
             scrollborderx = min(self.browser.scrollborderx, self.mainsizex//2)
 
             # Make sure that the cursor didn't leave the main area vertically
             if y < 0:
                 y = 0
             self.fetch(y+scrollbordery+1) # try to get more items
             if y >= len(self.items):
                 y = max(0, len(self.items)-1)
 
             # Make sure that the cursor stays on screen vertically
             if y < self.datastarty+scrollbordery:
                 self.datastarty = max(0, y-scrollbordery)
             elif y >= self.datastarty+self.mainsizey-scrollbordery:
                 self.datastarty = max(0, min(y-self.mainsizey+scrollbordery+1,
                                              len(self.items)-self.mainsizey))
 
             if refresh: # Do we need to refresh the complete display?
                 self.calcdisplayattrs()
                 endy = min(self.datastarty+self.mainsizey, len(self.items))
                 self.displayrows = map(self.getrow, xrange(self.datastarty, endy))
                 self.calcwidths()
             # Did we scroll vertically => update displayrows
             # and various other attributes
             elif self.datastarty != olddatastarty:
                 # Recalculate which attributes we have to display
                 olddisplayattrs = self.displayattrs
                 self.calcdisplayattrs()
                 # If there are new attributes, recreate the cache
                 if self.displayattrs != olddisplayattrs:
                     endy = min(self.datastarty+self.mainsizey, len(self.items))
                     self.displayrows = map(self.getrow, xrange(self.datastarty, endy))
                 elif self.datastarty<olddatastarty: # we did scroll up
                     # drop rows from the end
                     del self.displayrows[self.datastarty-olddatastarty:]
                     # fetch new items
                     for i in xrange(olddatastarty-1,
                                     self.datastarty-1, -1):
                         try:
                             row = self.getrow(i)
                         except IndexError:
                             # we didn't have enough objects to fill the screen
                             break
                         self.displayrows.insert(0, row)
                 else: # we did scroll down
                     # drop rows from the start
                     del self.displayrows[:self.datastarty-olddatastarty]
                     # fetch new items
                     for i in xrange(olddatastarty+self.mainsizey,
                                     self.datastarty+self.mainsizey):
                         try:
                             row = self.getrow(i)
                         except IndexError:
                             # we didn't have enough objects to fill the screen
                             break
                         self.displayrows.append(row)
                 self.calcwidths()
 
             # Make sure that the cursor didn't leave the data area horizontally
             if x < 0:
                 x = 0
             elif x >= self.datasizex:
                 x = max(0, self.datasizex-1)
 
             # Make sure that the cursor stays on screen horizontally
             if x < self.datastartx+scrollborderx:
                 self.datastartx = max(0, x-scrollborderx)
             elif x >= self.datastartx+self.mainsizex-scrollborderx:
                 self.datastartx = max(0, min(x-self.mainsizex+scrollborderx+1,
                                              self.datasizex-self.mainsizex))
 
             if x == oldx and y == oldy and (x != newx or y != newy): # couldn't move
                 self.browser.beep()
             else:
                 self.curx = x
                 self.cury = y
                 self.calcdisplayattr()
 
         def sort(self, key, reverse=False):
             """
             Sort the currently list of items using the key function ``key``. If
             ``reverse`` is true the sort order is reversed.
             """
             curitem = self.items[self.cury] # Remember where the cursor is now
 
             # Sort items
             def realkey(item):
                 return key(item.item)
             self.items = deque(sorted(self.items, key=realkey, reverse=reverse))
 
             # Find out where the object under the cursor went
             cury = self.cury
             for (i, item) in enumerate(self.items):
                 if item is curitem:
                     cury = i
                     break
 
             self.moveto(self.curx, cury, refresh=True)
 
 
     class ibrowse(Display):
         # Show this many lines from the previous screen when paging horizontally
         pageoverlapx = 1
 
         # Show this many lines from the previous screen when paging vertically
         pageoverlapy = 1
 
         # Start scrolling when the cursor is less than this number of columns
         # away from the left or right screen edge
         scrollborderx = 10
 
         # Start scrolling when the cursor is less than this number of lines
         # away from the top or bottom screen edge
         scrollbordery = 5
 
         # Accelerate by this factor when scrolling horizontally
         acceleratex = 1.05
 
         # Accelerate by this factor when scrolling vertically
         acceleratey = 1.05
 
         # The maximum horizontal scroll speed
         # (as a factor of the screen width (i.e. 0.5 == half a screen width)
         maxspeedx = 0.5
 
         # The maximum vertical scroll speed
         # (as a factor of the screen height (i.e. 0.5 == half a screen height)
         maxspeedy = 0.5
 
         # The maximum number of header lines for browser level
         # if the nesting is deeper, only the innermost levels are displayed
         maxheaders = 5
 
         # The approximate maximum length of a column entry
         maxattrlength = 200
 
         # Styles for various parts of the GUI
         style_objheadertext = Style(COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_BLACK, A_BOLD|A_REVERSE)
         style_objheadernumber = Style(COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_BLUE, A_BOLD|A_REVERSE)
         style_objheaderobject = Style(COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_BLACK, A_REVERSE)
         style_colheader = Style(COLOR_BLUE, COLOR_WHITE, A_REVERSE)
         style_colheaderhere = Style(COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_BLACK, A_BOLD|A_REVERSE)
         style_colheadersep = Style(COLOR_BLUE, COLOR_BLACK, A_REVERSE)
         style_number = Style(COLOR_BLUE, COLOR_WHITE, A_REVERSE)
         style_numberhere = Style(COLOR_GREEN, COLOR_BLACK, A_BOLD|A_REVERSE)
         style_sep = Style(COLOR_BLUE, COLOR_BLACK)
         style_data = Style(COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_BLACK)
         style_datapad = Style(COLOR_BLUE, COLOR_BLACK, A_BOLD)
         style_footer = Style(COLOR_BLACK, COLOR_WHITE)
         style_report = Style(COLOR_WHITE, COLOR_BLACK)
 
         # Column separator in header
         headersepchar = "|"
 
         # Character for padding data cell entries
         datapadchar = "."
 
         # Column separator in data area
         datasepchar = "|"
 
         # Character to use for "empty" cell (i.e. for non-existing attributes)
         nodatachar = "-"
 
         # Prompt for the goto command
         prompt_goto = "goto object #: "
 
         # Maps curses key codes to "function" names
         keymap = {
             ord("q"): "quit",
             curses.KEY_UP: "up",
             curses.KEY_DOWN: "down",
             curses.KEY_PPAGE: "pageup",
             curses.KEY_NPAGE: "pagedown",
             curses.KEY_LEFT: "left",
             curses.KEY_RIGHT: "right",
             curses.KEY_HOME: "home",
             curses.KEY_END: "end",
             ord("<"): "prevattr",
             0x1b:     "prevattr", # SHIFT-TAB
             ord(">"): "nextattr",
             ord("\t"):"nextattr", # TAB
             ord("p"): "pick",
             ord("P"): "pickattr",
             ord("C"): "pickallattrs",
             ord("m"): "pickmarked",
             ord("M"): "pickmarkedattr",
             ord("\n"): "enterdefault",
             # FIXME: What's happening here?
             8: "leave",
             127: "leave",
             curses.KEY_BACKSPACE: "leave",
             ord("x"): "leave",
             ord("h"): "help",
             ord("e"): "enter",
             ord("E"): "enterattr",
             ord("d"): "detail",
             ord("D"): "detailattr",
             ord(" "): "tooglemark",
             ord("r"): "markrange",
             ord("v"): "sortattrasc",
             ord("V"): "sortattrdesc",
             ord("g"): "goto",
         }
 
         def __init__(self, *attrs):
             """
             Create a new browser. If ``attrs`` is not empty, it is the list
             of attributes that will be displayed in the browser, otherwise
             these will be determined by the objects on screen.
             """
             self.attrs = attrs
 
             # Stack of browser levels
             self.levels = []
             # how many colums to scroll (Changes when accelerating)
             self.stepx = 1.
 
             # how many rows to scroll (Changes when accelerating)
             self.stepy = 1.
 
             # Beep on the edges of the data area? (Will be set to ``False``
             # once the cursor hits the edge of the screen, so we don't get
             # multiple beeps).
             self._dobeep = True
 
             # Cache for registered ``curses`` colors and styles.
             self._styles = {}
             self._colors = {}
             self._maxcolor = 1
 
             # How many header lines do we want to paint (the numbers of levels
             # we have, but with an upper bound)
             self._headerlines = 1
 
             # Index of first header line
             self._firstheaderline = 0
 
             # curses window
             self.scr = None
             # report in the footer line (error, executed command etc.)
             self._report = None
 
             # value to be returned to the caller (set by commands)
             self.returnvalue = None
 
             # The mode the browser is in
             # e.g. normal browsing or entering an argument for a command
             self.mode = "default"
 
             # The partially entered row number for the goto command
             self.goto = ""
 
         def nextstepx(self, step):
             """
             Accelerate horizontally.
             """
             return max(1., min(step*self.acceleratex,
                                self.maxspeedx*self.levels[-1].mainsizex))
 
         def nextstepy(self, step):
             """
             Accelerate vertically.
             """
             return max(1., min(step*self.acceleratey,
                                self.maxspeedy*self.levels[-1].mainsizey))
 
         def getstyle(self, style):
             """
             Register the ``style`` with ``curses`` or get it from the cache,
             if it has been registered before.
             """
             try:
                 return self._styles[style.fg, style.bg, style.attrs]
             except KeyError:
                 attrs = 0
                 for b in A2CURSES:
                     if style.attrs & b:
                         attrs |= A2CURSES[b]
                 try:
                     color = self._colors[style.fg, style.bg]
                 except KeyError:
                     curses.init_pair(
                         self._maxcolor,
                         COLOR2CURSES[style.fg],
                         COLOR2CURSES[style.bg]
                     )
                     color = curses.color_pair(self._maxcolor)
                     self._colors[style.fg, style.bg] = color
                     self._maxcolor += 1
                 c = color | attrs
                 self._styles[style.fg, style.bg, style.attrs] = c
                 return c
 
         def format(self, value):
             """
             Formats one attribute and returns an ``(alignment, string, style)``
             tuple.
             """
             if value is None:
                 return (-1, repr(value), style_type_none)
             elif isinstance(value, str):
                 return (-1, repr(value.expandtabs(tab))[1:-1], style_default)
             elif isinstance(value, unicode):
                 return (-1, repr(value.expandtabs(tab))[2:-1], style_default)
             elif isinstance(value, datetime.datetime):
                 # Don't use strftime() here, as this requires year >= 1900
                 return (-1, "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d.%06d" % \
                             (value.year, value.month, value.day,
                              value.hour, value.minute, value.second,
                              value.microsecond),
                         style_type_datetime)
             elif isinstance(value, datetime.date):
                 return (-1, "%04d-%02d-%02d" % \
                             (value.year, value.month, value.day),
                         style_type_datetime)
             elif isinstance(value, datetime.time):
                 return (-1, "%02d:%02d:%02d.%06d" % \
                             (value.hour, value.minute, value.second,
                              value.microsecond),
                         style_type_datetime)
             elif isinstance(value, datetime.timedelta):
                 return (-1, repr(value), style_type_datetime)
             elif isinstance(value, bool):
                 return (-1, repr(value), style_type_bool)
             elif isinstance(value, (int, long, float)):
                 return (1, repr(value), style_type_number)
             elif isinstance(value, complex):
                 return (-1, repr(value), style_type_number)
             elif isinstance(value, Exception):
                 if value.__class__.__module__ == "exceptions":
                     value = "%s: %s" % (value.__class__.__name__, value)
                 else:
                     value = "%s.%s: %s" % \
                         (value.__class__.__module__, value.__class__.__name__,
                          value)
                 return (-1, value, style_error)
             return (-1, repr(value), style_default)
 
         def addstr(self, y, x, begx, endx, text, style):
             """
             A version of ``curses.addstr()`` that can handle ``x`` coordinates
             that are outside the screen.
             """
             text2 = text[max(0, begx-x):max(0, endx-x)]
             if text2:
                 self.scr.addstr(y, max(x, begx), text2, self.getstyle(style))
             return len(text)
 
         def addchr(self, y, x, begx, endx, c, l, style):
             x0 = max(x, begx)
             x1 = min(x+l, endx)
             if x1>x0:
                 self.scr.addstr(y, x0, c*(x1-x0), self.getstyle(style))
             return l
 
         def _calcheaderlines(self, levels):
             # Calculate how many headerlines do we have to display, if we have
             # ``levels`` browser levels
             if levels is None:
                 levels = len(self.levels)
             self._headerlines = min(self.maxheaders, levels)
             self._firstheaderline = levels-self._headerlines
 
         def getstylehere(self, style):
             """
             Return a style for displaying the original style ``style``
             in the row the cursor is on.
             """
             return Style(style.fg, style.bg, style.attrs | A_BOLD)
 
         def report(self, msg):
             """
             Store the message ``msg`` for display below the footer line. This
             will be displayed as soon as the screen is redrawn.
             """
             self._report = msg
 
         def enter(self, item, mode, *attrs):
             """
             Enter the object ``item`` in the mode ``mode``. If ``attrs`` is
             specified, it will be used as a fixed list of attributes to display.
             """
             try:
                 iterator = xiter(item, mode)
             except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
                 raise
             except Exception, exc:
                 curses.beep()
                 self.report(exc)
             else:
                 self._calcheaderlines(len(self.levels)+1)
                 level = _BrowserLevel(
                     self,
                     item,
                     iterator,
                     self.scrsizey-1-self._headerlines-2,
                     *attrs
                 )
                 self.levels.append(level)
 
         def keylabel(self, keycode):
             """
             Return a pretty name for the ``curses`` key ``keycode`` (used in the
             help screen and in reports about unassigned keys).
             """
             if keycode <= 0xff:
                 specialsnames = {
                     ord("\n"): "RETURN",
                     ord(" "): "SPACE",
                     ord("\t"): "TAB",
                     ord("\x7f"): "DELETE",
                     ord("\x08"): "BACKSPACE",
                 }
                 if keycode in specialsnames:
                     return specialsnames[keycode]
                 return repr(chr(keycode))
             for name in dir(curses):
                 if name.startswith("KEY_") and getattr(curses, name) == keycode:
                     return name
             return str(keycode)
 
         def beep(self, force=False):
             if force or self._dobeep:
                 curses.beep()
                 # don't beep again (as long as the same key is pressed)
                 self._dobeep = False
 
         def cmd_quit(self):
             self.returnvalue = None
             return True
 
         def cmd_up(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.report("up")
             level.moveto(level.curx, level.cury-self.stepy)
 
         def cmd_down(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.report("down")
             level.moveto(level.curx, level.cury+self.stepy)
 
         def cmd_pageup(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.report("page up")
             level.moveto(level.curx, level.cury-level.mainsizey+self.pageoverlapy)
 
         def cmd_pagedown(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.report("page down")
             level.moveto(level.curx, level.cury+level.mainsizey-self.pageoverlapy)
 
         def cmd_left(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.report("left")
             level.moveto(level.curx-self.stepx, level.cury)
 
         def cmd_right(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.report("right")
             level.moveto(level.curx+self.stepx, level.cury)
 
         def cmd_home(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.report("home")
             level.moveto(0, level.cury)
 
         def cmd_end(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.report("end")
             level.moveto(level.datasizex+level.mainsizey-self.pageoverlapx, level.cury)
 
         def cmd_prevattr(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             if level.displayattr[0] is None or level.displayattr[0] == 0:
                 self.beep()
             else:
                 self.report("prevattr")
                 pos = 0
                 for (i, attrname) in enumerate(level.displayattrs):
                     if i == level.displayattr[0]-1:
                         break
                     pos += level.colwidths[attrname] + 1
                 level.moveto(pos, level.cury)
 
         def cmd_nextattr(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             if level.displayattr[0] is None or level.displayattr[0] == len(level.displayattrs)-1:
                 self.beep()
             else:
                 self.report("nextattr")
                 pos = 0
                 for (i, attrname) in enumerate(level.displayattrs):
                     if i == level.displayattr[0]+1:
                         break
                     pos += level.colwidths[attrname] + 1
                 level.moveto(pos, level.cury)
 
         def cmd_pick(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.returnvalue = level.items[level.cury].item
             return True
 
         def cmd_pickattr(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             attrname = level.displayattr[1]
             if attrname is _default:
                 curses.beep()
                 self.report(AttributeError(_attrname(attrname)))
                 return
             attr = _getattr(level.items[level.cury].item, attrname)
             if attr is _default:
                 curses.beep()
                 self.report(AttributeError(_attrname(attrname)))
             else:
                 self.returnvalue = attr
                 return True
 
         def cmd_pickallattrs(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             attrname = level.displayattr[1]
             if attrname is _default:
                 curses.beep()
                 self.report(AttributeError(_attrname(attrname)))
                 return
             result = []
             for cache in level.items:
                 attr = _getattr(cache.item, attrname)
                 if attr is not _default:
                     result.append(attr)
             self.returnvalue = result
             return True
 
         def cmd_pickmarked(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.returnvalue = [cache.item for cache in level.items if cache.marked]
             return True
 
         def cmd_pickmarkedattr(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             attrname = level.displayattr[1]
             if attrname is _default:
                 curses.beep()
                 self.report(AttributeError(_attrname(attrname)))
                 return
             result = []
             for cache in level.items:
                 if cache.marked:
                     attr = _getattr(cache.item, attrname)
                     if attr is not _default:
                         result.append(attr)
             self.returnvalue = result
             return True
 
         def cmd_markrange(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.report("markrange")
             start = None
             if level.items:
                 for i in xrange(level.cury, -1, -1):
                     if level.items[i].marked:
                         start = i
                         break
             if start is None:
                 self.report(CommandError("no mark before cursor"))
                 curses.beep()
             else:
                 for i in xrange(start, level.cury+1):
                     cache = level.items[i]
                     if not cache.marked:
                         cache.marked = True
                         level.marked += 1
 
         def cmd_enterdefault(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             try:
                 item = level.items[level.cury].item
             except IndexError:
                 self.report(CommandError("No object"))
                 curses.beep()
             else:
                 self.report("entering object (default mode)...")
                 self.enter(item, "default")
 
         def cmd_leave(self):
             self.report("leave")
             if len(self.levels) > 1:
                 self._calcheaderlines(len(self.levels)-1)
                 self.levels.pop(-1)
             else:
                 self.report(CommandError("This is the last level"))
                 curses.beep()
 
         def cmd_enter(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             try:
                 item = level.items[level.cury].item
             except IndexError:
                 self.report(CommandError("No object"))
                 curses.beep()
             else:
                 self.report("entering object...")
                 self.enter(item, None)
 
         def cmd_enterattr(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             attrname = level.displayattr[1]
             if attrname is _default:
                 curses.beep()
                 self.report(AttributeError(_attrname(attrname)))
                 return
             try:
                 item = level.items[level.cury].item
             except IndexError:
                 self.report(CommandError("No object"))
                 curses.beep()
             else:
                 attr = _getattr(item, attrname)
                 if attr is _default:
                     self.report(AttributeError(_attrname(attrname)))
                 else:
                     self.report("entering object attribute %s..." % _attrname(attrname))
                     self.enter(attr, None)
 
         def cmd_detail(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             try:
                 item = level.items[level.cury].item
             except IndexError:
                 self.report(CommandError("No object"))
                 curses.beep()
             else:
                 self.report("entering detail view for object...")
                 self.enter(item, "detail")
 
         def cmd_detailattr(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             attrname = level.displayattr[1]
             if attrname is _default:
                 curses.beep()
                 self.report(AttributeError(_attrname(attrname)))
                 return
             try:
                 item = level.items[level.cury].item
             except IndexError:
                 self.report(CommandError("No object"))
                 curses.beep()
             else:
                 attr = _getattr(item, attrname)
                 if attr is _default:
                     self.report(AttributeError(_attrname(attrname)))
                 else:
                     self.report("entering detail view for attribute...")
                     self.enter(attr, "detail")
 
         def cmd_tooglemark(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             self.report("toggle mark")
             try:
                 item = level.items[level.cury]
             except IndexError: # no items?
                 pass
             else:
                 if item.marked:
                     item.marked = False
                     level.marked -= 1
                 else:
                     item.marked = True
                     level.marked += 1
 
         def cmd_sortattrasc(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             attrname = level.displayattr[1]
             if attrname is _default:
                 curses.beep()
                 self.report(AttributeError(_attrname(attrname)))
                 return
             self.report("sort by %s (ascending)" % _attrname(attrname))
             def key(item):
                 try:
                     return _getattr(item, attrname, None)
                 except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
                     raise
                 except Exception:
                     return None
             level.sort(key)
 
         def cmd_sortattrdesc(self):
             level = self.levels[-1]
             attrname = level.displayattr[1]
             if attrname is _default:
                 curses.beep()
                 self.report(AttributeError(_attrname(attrname)))
                 return
             self.report("sort by %s (descending)" % _attrname(attrname))
             def key(item):
                 try:
                     return _getattr(item, attrname, None)
                 except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
                     raise
                 except Exception:
                     return None
             level.sort(key, reverse=True)
 
         def cmd_goto(self):
             self.mode = "goto"
             self.goto = ""
 
         def cmd_help(self):
             """
             The help command
             """
             for level in self.levels:
                 if isinstance(level.input, _BrowserHelp):
                     curses.beep()
                     self.report(CommandError("help already active"))
                     return
 
             self.enter(_BrowserHelp(self), "default")
 
         def _dodisplay(self, scr):
             """
             This method is the workhorse of the browser. It handles screen
             drawing and the keyboard.
             """
             self.scr = scr
             curses.halfdelay(1)
             footery = 2
 
             keys = []
             for (key, cmd) in self.keymap.iteritems():
                 if cmd == "quit":
                     keys.append("%s=%s" % (self.keylabel(key), cmd))
             for (key, cmd) in self.keymap.iteritems():
                 if cmd == "help":
                     keys.append("%s=%s" % (self.keylabel(key), cmd))
             helpmsg = " | %s" % " ".join(keys)
 
             scr.clear()
             msg = "Fetching first batch of objects..."
             (self.scrsizey, self.scrsizex) = scr.getmaxyx()
             scr.addstr(self.scrsizey//2, (self.scrsizex-len(msg))//2, msg)
             scr.refresh()
 
             lastc = -1
 
             self.levels = []
             # enter the first level
             self.enter(self.input, xiter(self.input, "default"), *self.attrs)
 
             self._calcheaderlines(None)
 
             while True:
                 level = self.levels[-1]
                 (self.scrsizey, self.scrsizex) = scr.getmaxyx()
                 level.mainsizey = self.scrsizey-1-self._headerlines-footery
 
                 # Paint object header
                 for i in xrange(self._firstheaderline, self._firstheaderline+self._headerlines):
                     lv = self.levels[i]
                     posx = 0
                     posy = i-self._firstheaderline
                     endx = self.scrsizex
                     if i: # not the first level
                         msg = " (%d/%d" % (self.levels[i-1].cury, len(self.levels[i-1].items))
                         if not self.levels[i-1].exhausted:
                             msg += "+"
                         msg += ") "
                         endx -= len(msg)+1
                     posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, 0, endx, " ibrowse #%d: " % i, self.style_objheadertext)
                     for (style, text) in lv.header:
                         posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, 0, endx, text, self.style_objheaderobject)
                         if posx >= endx:
                             break
                     if i:
                         posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, 0, self.scrsizex, msg, self.style_objheadernumber)
                     posx += self.addchr(posy, posx, 0, self.scrsizex, " ", self.scrsizex-posx, self.style_objheadernumber)
 
                 if not level.items:
                     self.addchr(self._headerlines, 0, 0, self.scrsizex, " ", self.scrsizex, self.style_colheader)
                     self.addstr(self._headerlines+1, 0, 0, self.scrsizex, " <empty>", style_error)
                     scr.clrtobot()
                 else:
                     # Paint column headers
                     scr.move(self._headerlines, 0)
                     scr.addstr(" %*s " % (level.numbersizex, "#"), self.getstyle(self.style_colheader))
                     scr.addstr(self.headersepchar, self.getstyle(self.style_colheadersep))
                     begx = level.numbersizex+3
                     posx = begx-level.datastartx
                     for attrname in level.displayattrs:
                         strattrname = _attrname(attrname)
                         cwidth = level.colwidths[attrname]
                         header = strattrname.ljust(cwidth)
                         if attrname == level.displayattr[1]:
                             style = self.style_colheaderhere
                         else:
                             style = self.style_colheader
                         posx += self.addstr(self._headerlines, posx, begx, self.scrsizex, header, style)
                         posx += self.addstr(self._headerlines, posx, begx, self.scrsizex, self.headersepchar, self.style_colheadersep)
                         if posx >= self.scrsizex:
                             break
                     else:
                         scr.addstr(" "*(self.scrsizex-posx), self.getstyle(self.style_colheader))
 
                     # Paint rows
                     posy = self._headerlines+1+level.datastarty
                     for i in xrange(level.datastarty, min(level.datastarty+level.mainsizey, len(level.items))):
                         cache = level.items[i]
                         if i == level.cury:
                             style = self.style_numberhere
                         else:
                             style = self.style_number
 
                         posy = self._headerlines+1+i-level.datastarty
                         posx = begx-level.datastartx
 
                         scr.move(posy, 0)
                         scr.addstr(" %*d%s" % (level.numbersizex, i, " !"[cache.marked]), self.getstyle(style))
                         scr.addstr(self.headersepchar, self.getstyle(self.style_sep))
 
                         for attrname in level.displayattrs:
                             cwidth = level.colwidths[attrname]
                             try:
                                 (align, length, parts) = level.displayrows[i-level.datastarty][attrname]
                             except KeyError:
                                 align = 2
                                 style = style_nodata
                             padstyle = self.style_datapad
                             sepstyle = self.style_sep
                             if i == level.cury:
                                 padstyle = self.getstylehere(padstyle)
                                 sepstyle = self.getstylehere(sepstyle)
                             if align == 2:
                                 posx += self.addchr(posy, posx, begx, self.scrsizex, self.nodatachar, cwidth, style)
                             else:
                                 if align == 1:
                                     posx += self.addchr(posy, posx, begx, self.scrsizex, self.datapadchar, cwidth-length, padstyle)
                                 elif align == 0:
                                     pad1 = (cwidth-length)//2
                                     pad2 = cwidth-length-len(pad1)
                                     posx += self.addchr(posy, posx, begx, self.scrsizex, self.datapadchar, pad1, padstyle)
                                 for (style, text) in parts:
                                     if i == level.cury:
                                         style = self.getstylehere(style)
                                     posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, begx, self.scrsizex, text, style)
                                     if posx >= self.scrsizex:
                                         break
                                 if align == -1:
                                     posx += self.addchr(posy, posx, begx, self.scrsizex, self.datapadchar, cwidth-length, padstyle)
                                 elif align == 0:
                                     posx += self.addchr(posy, posx, begx, self.scrsizex, self.datapadchar, pad2, padstyle)
                             posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, begx, self.scrsizex, self.datasepchar, sepstyle)
                         else:
                             scr.clrtoeol()
 
                     # Add blank row headers for the rest of the screen
                     for posy in xrange(posy+1, self.scrsizey-2):
                         scr.addstr(posy, 0, " " * (level.numbersizex+2), self.getstyle(self.style_colheader))
                         scr.clrtoeol()
 
                 posy = self.scrsizey-footery
                 # Display footer
                 scr.addstr(posy, 0, " "*self.scrsizex, self.getstyle(self.style_footer))
 
                 if level.exhausted:
                     flag = ""
                 else:
                     flag = "+"
 
                 endx = self.scrsizex-len(helpmsg)-1
                 scr.addstr(posy, endx, helpmsg, self.getstyle(self.style_footer))
 
                 posx = 0
                 msg = " %d%s objects (%d marked): " % (len(level.items), flag, level.marked)
                 posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, 0, endx, msg, self.style_footer)
                 try:
                     item = level.items[level.cury].item
                 except IndexError: # empty
                     pass
                 else:
                     for (nostyle, text) in xrepr(item, "footer"):
                         if not isinstance(nostyle, int):
                             posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, 0, endx, text, self.style_footer)
                             if posx >= endx:
                                 break
 
                     attrstyle = [(style_default, "no attribute")]
                     attrname = level.displayattr[1]
                     if attrname is not _default and attrname is not None:
                         posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, 0, endx, " | ", self.style_footer)
                         posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, 0, endx, _attrname(attrname), self.style_footer)
                         posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, 0, endx, ": ", self.style_footer)
                         try:
                             attr = _getattr(item, attrname)
                         except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
                             raise
                         except Exception, exc:
                             attr = exc
                         if attr is not _default:
                             attrstyle = xrepr(attr, "footer")
                         for (nostyle, text) in attrstyle:
                             if not isinstance(nostyle, int):
                                 posx += self.addstr(posy, posx, 0, endx, text, self.style_footer)
                                 if posx >= endx:
                                     break
 
                 try:
                     # Display goto input prompt
                     if self.mode == "goto":
                         scr.addstr(self.scrsizey-1, 0, self.prompt_goto + self.goto, self.getstyle(style_default))
                     # Display report
                     else:
                         if self._report is not None:
                             if isinstance(self._report, Exception):
                                 style = self.getstyle(style_error)
                                 if self._report.__class__.__module__ == "exceptions":
                                     msg = "%s: %s" % \
                                           (self._report.__class__.__name__, self._report)
                                 else:
                                     msg = "%s.%s: %s" % \
                                           (self._report.__class__.__module__,
                                            self._report.__class__.__name__, self._report)
                             else:
                                 style = self.getstyle(self.style_report)
                                 msg = self._report
                             scr.addstr(self.scrsizey-1, 0, msg[:self.scrsizex], style)
                             self._report = None
                         else:
                             scr.move(self.scrsizey-1, 0)
                 except curses.error:
                     # Protect against error from writing to the last line
                     pass
                 scr.clrtoeol()
 
                 # Position cursor
                 if self.mode == "goto":
                     scr.move(self.scrsizey-1, len(self.prompt_goto)+len(self.goto))
                 else:
                     scr.move(
                         1+self._headerlines+level.cury-level.datastarty,
                         level.numbersizex+3+level.curx-level.datastartx
                     )
                 scr.refresh()
 
                 # Check keyboard
                 while True:
                     c = scr.getch()
                     if self.mode == "goto":
                         if ord("0") <= c <= ord("9"):
                             self.goto += chr(c)
                             break # Redisplay
                         elif c in (8, 127, curses.KEY_BACKSPACE, ord("x")):
                             if self.goto:
                                 self.goto = self.goto[:-1]
                                 break
                             else:
                                 curses.beep()
                         elif c == ord("\n"):
                             self.mode = "default"
                             if self.goto:
                                 level.moveto(level.curx, int(self.goto))
                             break
-                        else:
+                        elif c != -1:
                             curses.beep()
                     else:
                         # if no key is pressed slow down and beep again
                         if c == -1:
                             self.stepx = 1.
                             self.stepy = 1.
                             self._dobeep = True
                         else:
                             # if a different key was pressed slow down and beep too
                             if c != lastc:
                                 lastc = c
                                 self.stepx = 1.
                                 self.stepy = 1.
                                 self._dobeep = True
                             cmdname = self.keymap.get(c, None)
                             if cmdname is None:
                                 self.report(
                                     UnassignedKeyError("Unassigned key %s" %
                                                        self.keylabel(c)))
                             else:
                                 cmdfunc = getattr(self, "cmd_%s" % cmdname, None)
                                 if cmdfunc is None:
                                     self.report(
                                         UnknownCommandError("Unknown command %r" %
                                                             (cmdname,)))
                                 elif cmdfunc():
                                     returnvalue = self.returnvalue
                                     self.returnvalue = None
                                     return returnvalue
                             self.stepx = self.nextstepx(self.stepx)
                             self.stepy = self.nextstepy(self.stepy)
                             curses.flushinp() # get rid of type ahead
                             break # Redisplay
             self.scr = None
 
         def display(self):
             return curses.wrapper(self._dodisplay)
 
     defaultdisplay = ibrowse
     __all__.append("ibrowse")
 else:
     # No curses (probably Windows) => use ``idump`` as the default display.
     defaultdisplay = idump
 
 
 # If we're running under IPython, install an IPython displayhook that
 # returns the object from Display.display(), else install a displayhook
 # directly as sys.displayhook
 try:
     from IPython import ipapi
     api = ipapi.get()
 except (ImportError, AttributeError):
     api = None
 
 if api is not None:
     def displayhook(self, obj):
         if isinstance(obj, type) and issubclass(obj, Table):
             obj = obj()
         if isinstance(obj, Table):
             obj = obj | defaultdisplay
         if isinstance(obj, Display):
             return obj.display()
         else:
             raise ipapi.TryNext
     api.set_hook("result_display", displayhook)
 else:
     def installdisplayhook():
         _originalhook = sys.displayhook
         def displayhook(obj):
             if isinstance(obj, type) and issubclass(obj, Table):
                 obj = obj()
             if isinstance(obj, Table):
                 obj = obj | defaultdisplay
             if isinstance(obj, Display):
                 return obj.display()
             else:
                 _originalhook(obj)
         sys.displayhook = displayhook
     installdisplayhook()