Fixes for handling of global variables in embedded ipython instances (I ran

into the bug while trying to fix a bug in scipy's polynomials module).

IPython/Shell.py

@@ -1,881 +1,880 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """IPython Shell classes.
 
 All the matplotlib support code was co-developed with John Hunter,
 matplotlib's author.
 
-$Id: Shell.py 882 2005-09-20 23:17:41Z fperez $"""
+$Id: Shell.py 921 2005-11-13 06:51:34Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 
 # Code begins
 import __main__
 import __builtin__
 import sys
 import os
 import code
 import threading
 import signal
 
 import IPython
 from IPython.iplib import InteractiveShell
 from IPython.ipmaker import make_IPython
 from IPython.genutils import Term,warn,error,flag_calls
 from IPython.Struct import Struct
 from IPython.Magic import Magic
 from IPython import ultraTB
 
 # global flag to pass around information about Ctrl-C without exceptions
 KBINT = False
 
 # global flag to turn on/off Tk support.
 USE_TK = False
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # This class is trivial now, but I want to have it in to publish a clean
 # interface. Later when the internals are reorganized, code that uses this
 # shouldn't have to change.
 
 class IPShell:
     """Create an IPython instance."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1,
                  shell_class=InteractiveShell):
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class)
 
     def mainloop(self,sys_exit=0,banner=None):
         self.IP.mainloop(banner)
         if sys_exit:
             sys.exit()
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class IPShellEmbed:
     """Allow embedding an IPython shell into a running program.
 
     Instances of this class are callable, with the __call__ method being an
     alias to the embed() method of an InteractiveShell instance.
 
     Usage (see also the example-embed.py file for a running example):
 
     ipshell = IPShellEmbed([argv,banner,exit_msg,rc_override])
 
     - argv: list containing valid command-line options for IPython, as they
     would appear in sys.argv[1:].
 
     For example, the following command-line options:
 
       $ ipython -prompt_in1 'Input <\\#>' -colors LightBG
 
     would be passed in the argv list as:
 
       ['-prompt_in1','Input <\\#>','-colors','LightBG']
 
     - banner: string which gets printed every time the interpreter starts.
 
     - exit_msg: string which gets printed every time the interpreter exits.
 
     - rc_override: a dict or Struct of configuration options such as those
     used by IPython. These options are read from your ~/.ipython/ipythonrc
     file when the Shell object is created. Passing an explicit rc_override
     dict with any options you want allows you to override those values at
     creation time without having to modify the file. This way you can create
     embeddable instances configured in any way you want without editing any
     global files (thus keeping your interactive IPython configuration
     unchanged).
 
     Then the ipshell instance can be called anywhere inside your code:
     
     ipshell(header='') -> Opens up an IPython shell.
 
     - header: string printed by the IPython shell upon startup. This can let
     you know where in your code you are when dropping into the shell. Note
     that 'banner' gets prepended to all calls, so header is used for
     location-specific information.
 
     For more details, see the __call__ method below.
 
     When the IPython shell is exited with Ctrl-D, normal program execution
     resumes.
 
     This functionality was inspired by a posting on comp.lang.python by cmkl
     <[e-mail]> on Dec. 06/01 concerning similar uses of pyrepl, and
     by the IDL stop/continue commands."""
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,banner='',exit_msg=None,rc_override=None):
         """Note that argv here is a string, NOT a list."""
         self.set_banner(banner)
         self.set_exit_msg(exit_msg)
         self.set_dummy_mode(0)
 
         # sys.displayhook is a global, we need to save the user's original
         # Don't rely on __displayhook__, as the user may have changed that.
         self.sys_displayhook_ori = sys.displayhook
 
         # save readline completer status
         try:
             #print 'Save completer',sys.ipcompleter  # dbg
             self.sys_ipcompleter_ori = sys.ipcompleter
         except:
             pass # not nested with IPython
         
         # FIXME. Passing user_ns breaks namespace handling.
         #self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=__main__.__dict__)
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,rc_override=rc_override,embedded=True)
 
-        self.IP.name_space_init()
         # mark this as an embedded instance so we know if we get a crash
         # post-mortem
         self.IP.rc.embedded = 1
         # copy our own displayhook also
         self.sys_displayhook_embed = sys.displayhook
         # and leave the system's display hook clean
         sys.displayhook = self.sys_displayhook_ori
         # don't use the ipython crash handler so that user exceptions aren't
         # trapped
         sys.excepthook = ultraTB.FormattedTB(color_scheme = self.IP.rc.colors,
                                              mode = self.IP.rc.xmode,
                                              call_pdb = self.IP.rc.pdb)
         self.restore_system_completer()
 
     def restore_system_completer(self):
         """Restores the readline completer which was in place.
 
         This allows embedded IPython within IPython not to disrupt the
         parent's completion.
         """
         
         try:
             self.IP.readline.set_completer(self.sys_ipcompleter_ori)
             sys.ipcompleter = self.sys_ipcompleter_ori
         except:
             pass
 
     def __call__(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns=None,dummy=None):
         """Activate the interactive interpreter.
 
         __call__(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns,dummy=None) -> Start
         the interpreter shell with the given local and global namespaces, and
         optionally print a header string at startup.
 
         The shell can be globally activated/deactivated using the
         set/get_dummy_mode methods. This allows you to turn off a shell used
         for debugging globally.
 
         However, *each* time you call the shell you can override the current
         state of dummy_mode with the optional keyword parameter 'dummy'. For
         example, if you set dummy mode on with IPShell.set_dummy_mode(1), you
         can still have a specific call work by making it as IPShell(dummy=0).
 
         The optional keyword parameter dummy controls whether the call
         actually does anything.  """
 
         # Allow the dummy parameter to override the global __dummy_mode
         if dummy or (dummy != 0 and self.__dummy_mode):
             return
 
         # Set global subsystems (display,completions) to our values
         sys.displayhook = self.sys_displayhook_embed
         if self.IP.has_readline:
             self.IP.readline.set_completer(self.IP.Completer.complete)
 
         if self.banner and header:
             format = '%s\n%s\n'
         else:
             format = '%s%s\n'
         banner =  format % (self.banner,header)
 
         # Call the embedding code with a stack depth of 1 so it can skip over
         # our call and get the original caller's namespaces.
         self.IP.embed_mainloop(banner,local_ns,global_ns,stack_depth=1)
 
         if self.exit_msg:
             print self.exit_msg
             
         # Restore global systems (display, completion)
         sys.displayhook = self.sys_displayhook_ori
         self.restore_system_completer()
     
     def set_dummy_mode(self,dummy):
         """Sets the embeddable shell's dummy mode parameter.
 
         set_dummy_mode(dummy): dummy = 0 or 1.
 
         This parameter is persistent and makes calls to the embeddable shell
         silently return without performing any action. This allows you to
         globally activate or deactivate a shell you're using with a single call.
 
         If you need to manually"""
 
         if dummy not in [0,1]:
             raise ValueError,'dummy parameter must be 0 or 1'
         self.__dummy_mode = dummy
 
     def get_dummy_mode(self):
         """Return the current value of the dummy mode parameter.
         """
         return self.__dummy_mode
     
     def set_banner(self,banner):
         """Sets the global banner.
 
         This banner gets prepended to every header printed when the shell
         instance is called."""
 
         self.banner = banner
 
     def set_exit_msg(self,exit_msg):
         """Sets the global exit_msg.
 
         This exit message gets printed upon exiting every time the embedded
         shell is called. It is None by default. """
 
         self.exit_msg = exit_msg
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def sigint_handler (signum,stack_frame):
     """Sigint handler for threaded apps.
 
     This is a horrible hack to pass information about SIGINT _without_ using
     exceptions, since I haven't been able to properly manage cross-thread
     exceptions in GTK/WX.  In fact, I don't think it can be done (or at least
     that's my understanding from a c.l.py thread where this was discussed)."""
 
     global KBINT
     
     print '\nKeyboardInterrupt - Press <Enter> to continue.',
     Term.cout.flush()
     # Set global flag so that runsource can know that Ctrl-C was hit
     KBINT = True
 
 class MTInteractiveShell(InteractiveShell):
     """Simple multi-threaded shell."""
 
     # Threading strategy taken from:
     # http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/65109, by Brian
     # McErlean and John Finlay.  Modified with corrections by Antoon Pardon,
     # from the pygtk mailing list, to avoid lockups with system calls.
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns = None, banner2='',**kw):
         """Similar to the normal InteractiveShell, but with threading control"""
         
         IPython.iplib.InteractiveShell.__init__(self,name,usage,rc,user_ns,banner2)
 
         # Locking control variable
         self.thread_ready = threading.Condition()
 
         # Stuff to do at closing time
         self._kill = False
         on_kill = kw.get('on_kill')
         if on_kill is None:
             on_kill = []
         # Check that all things to kill are callable:
         for t in on_kill:
             if not callable(t):
                 raise TypeError,'on_kill must be a list of callables'
         self.on_kill = on_kill
 
     def runsource(self, source, filename="<input>", symbol="single"):
         """Compile and run some source in the interpreter.
 
         Modified version of code.py's runsource(), to handle threading issues.
         See the original for full docstring details."""
 
         global KBINT
         
         # If Ctrl-C was typed, we reset the flag and return right away
         if KBINT:
             KBINT = False
             return False
         
         try:
             code = self.compile(source, filename, symbol)
         except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError):
             # Case 1
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             return False
 
         if code is None:
             # Case 2
             return True
 
         # Case 3
         # Store code in self, so the execution thread can handle it
         self.thread_ready.acquire()
         self.code_to_run = code
         self.thread_ready.wait()  # Wait until processed in timeout interval
         self.thread_ready.release()
 
         return False
 
     def runcode(self):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         Multithreaded wrapper around IPython's runcode()."""
 
         # lock thread-protected stuff
         self.thread_ready.acquire()
 
         # Install sigint handler
         try:
             signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, sigint_handler)
         except SystemError:
             # This happens under Windows, which seems to have all sorts
             # of problems with signal handling.  Oh well...
             pass
 
         if self._kill:
             print >>Term.cout, 'Closing threads...',
             Term.cout.flush()
             for tokill in self.on_kill:
                 tokill()
             print >>Term.cout, 'Done.'
 
         # Run pending code by calling parent class
         if self.code_to_run is not None:
             self.thread_ready.notify()
             InteractiveShell.runcode(self,self.code_to_run)
             
         # We're done with thread-protected variables
         self.thread_ready.release()
         # This MUST return true for gtk threading to work
         return True
 
     def kill (self):
         """Kill the thread, returning when it has been shut down."""
         self.thread_ready.acquire()
         self._kill = True
         self.thread_ready.release()
 
 class MatplotlibShellBase:
     """Mixin class to provide the necessary modifications to regular IPython
     shell classes for matplotlib support.
 
     Given Python's MRO, this should be used as the FIRST class in the
     inheritance hierarchy, so that it overrides the relevant methods."""
     
     def _matplotlib_config(self,name):
         """Return various items needed to setup the user's shell with matplotlib"""
 
         # Initialize matplotlib to interactive mode always
         import matplotlib
         from matplotlib import backends
         matplotlib.interactive(True)
 
         def use(arg):
             """IPython wrapper for matplotlib's backend switcher.
 
             In interactive use, we can not allow switching to a different
             interactive backend, since thread conflicts will most likely crash
             the python interpreter.  This routine does a safety check first,
             and refuses to perform a dangerous switch.  It still allows
             switching to non-interactive backends."""
 
             if arg in backends.interactive_bk and arg != self.mpl_backend:
                 m=('invalid matplotlib backend switch.\n'
                    'This script attempted to switch to the interactive '
                    'backend: `%s`\n'
                    'Your current choice of interactive backend is: `%s`\n\n'
                    'Switching interactive matplotlib backends at runtime\n'
                    'would crash the python interpreter, '
                    'and IPython has blocked it.\n\n'
                    'You need to either change your choice of matplotlib backend\n'
                    'by editing your .matplotlibrc file, or run this script as a \n'
                    'standalone file from the command line, not using IPython.\n' %
                    (arg,self.mpl_backend) )
                 raise RuntimeError, m
             else:
                 self.mpl_use(arg)
                 self.mpl_use._called = True
         
         self.matplotlib = matplotlib
         self.mpl_backend = matplotlib.rcParams['backend']
 
         # we also need to block switching of interactive backends by use()
         self.mpl_use = matplotlib.use
         self.mpl_use._called = False
         # overwrite the original matplotlib.use with our wrapper
         matplotlib.use = use
 
 
         # This must be imported last in the matplotlib series, after
         # backend/interactivity choices have been made
         try:
             import matplotlib.pylab as pylab
             self.pylab = pylab
             self.pylab_name = 'pylab'
         except ImportError:
             import matplotlib.matlab as matlab            
             self.pylab = matlab
             self.pylab_name = 'matlab'
 
         self.pylab.show._needmain = False
         # We need to detect at runtime whether show() is called by the user.
         # For this, we wrap it into a decorator which adds a 'called' flag.
         self.pylab.draw_if_interactive = flag_calls(self.pylab.draw_if_interactive)
 
         # Build a user namespace initialized with matplotlib/matlab features.
         user_ns = {'__name__':'__main__',
                    '__builtins__' : __builtin__ }
 
         # Be careful not to remove the final \n in the code string below, or
         # things will break badly with py22 (I think it's a python bug, 2.3 is
         # OK).
         pname = self.pylab_name # Python can't interpolate dotted var names
         exec ("import matplotlib\n"
               "import matplotlib.%(pname)s as %(pname)s\n"
               "from matplotlib.%(pname)s import *\n" % locals()) in user_ns
         
         # Build matplotlib info banner
         b="""
   Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment.
   For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.
 """
         return user_ns,b
 
     def mplot_exec(self,fname,*where,**kw):
         """Execute a matplotlib script.
 
         This is a call to execfile(), but wrapped in safeties to properly
         handle interactive rendering and backend switching."""
 
         #print '*** Matplotlib runner ***' # dbg
         # turn off rendering until end of script
         isInteractive = self.matplotlib.rcParams['interactive']
         self.matplotlib.interactive(False)
         self.safe_execfile(fname,*where,**kw)
         self.matplotlib.interactive(isInteractive)
         # make rendering call now, if the user tried to do it
         if self.pylab.draw_if_interactive.called:
             self.pylab.draw()
             self.pylab.draw_if_interactive.called = False
                 
         # if a backend switch was performed, reverse it now
         if self.mpl_use._called:
             self.matplotlib.rcParams['backend'] = self.mpl_backend
         
     def magic_run(self,parameter_s=''):
         Magic.magic_run(self,parameter_s,runner=self.mplot_exec)
 
     # Fix the docstring so users see the original as well
     magic_run.__doc__ = "%s\n%s" % (Magic.magic_run.__doc__,
                                     "\n        *** Modified %run for Matplotlib,"
                                     " with proper interactive handling ***")
 
 # Now we provide 2 versions of a matplotlib-aware IPython base shells, single
 # and multithreaded.  Note that these are meant for internal use, the IPShell*
 # classes below are the ones meant for public consumption.
 
 class MatplotlibShell(MatplotlibShellBase,InteractiveShell):
     """Single-threaded shell with matplotlib support."""
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns = None, **kw):
         user_ns,b2 = self._matplotlib_config(name)
         InteractiveShell.__init__(self,name,usage,rc,user_ns,banner2=b2,**kw)
 
 class MatplotlibMTShell(MatplotlibShellBase,MTInteractiveShell):
     """Multi-threaded shell with matplotlib support."""
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns = None, **kw):
         user_ns,b2 = self._matplotlib_config(name)
         MTInteractiveShell.__init__(self,name,usage,rc,user_ns,banner2=b2,**kw)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utility functions for the different GUI enabled IPShell* classes.
 
 def get_tk():
     """Tries to import Tkinter and returns a withdrawn Tkinter root
     window.  If Tkinter is already imported or not available, this
     returns None.  This function calls `hijack_tk` underneath.
     """
     if not USE_TK or sys.modules.has_key('Tkinter'):
         return None
     else:
         try:
             import Tkinter
         except ImportError:
             return None
         else:
             hijack_tk()
             r = Tkinter.Tk()
             r.withdraw()
             return r
 
 def hijack_tk():
     """Modifies Tkinter's mainloop with a dummy so when a module calls
     mainloop, it does not block.
 
     """
     def misc_mainloop(self, n=0):
         pass
     def tkinter_mainloop(n=0):
         pass
     
     import Tkinter
     Tkinter.Misc.mainloop = misc_mainloop
     Tkinter.mainloop = tkinter_mainloop
 
 def update_tk(tk):
     """Updates the Tkinter event loop.  This is typically called from
     the respective WX or GTK mainloops.
     """    
     if tk:
         tk.update()
 
 def hijack_wx():
     """Modifies wxPython's MainLoop with a dummy so user code does not
     block IPython.  The hijacked mainloop function is returned.
     """    
     def dummy_mainloop(*args, **kw):
         pass
     import wxPython
     ver = wxPython.__version__
     orig_mainloop = None
     if ver[:3] >= '2.5':
         import wx
         if hasattr(wx, '_core_'): core = getattr(wx, '_core_')
         elif hasattr(wx, '_core'): core = getattr(wx, '_core')
         else: raise AttributeError('Could not find wx core module')
         orig_mainloop = core.PyApp_MainLoop
         core.PyApp_MainLoop = dummy_mainloop
     elif ver[:3] == '2.4':
         orig_mainloop = wxPython.wxc.wxPyApp_MainLoop
         wxPython.wxc.wxPyApp_MainLoop = dummy_mainloop
     else:
         warn("Unable to find either wxPython version 2.4 or >= 2.5.")
     return orig_mainloop
 
 def hijack_gtk():
     """Modifies pyGTK's mainloop with a dummy so user code does not
     block IPython.  This function returns the original `gtk.mainloop`
     function that has been hijacked.
     """    
     def dummy_mainloop(*args, **kw):
         pass
     import gtk
     if gtk.pygtk_version >= (2,4,0): orig_mainloop = gtk.main
     else:                            orig_mainloop = gtk.mainloop
     gtk.mainloop = dummy_mainloop
     gtk.main = dummy_mainloop
     return orig_mainloop
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # The IPShell* classes below are the ones meant to be run by external code as
 # IPython instances.  Note that unless a specific threading strategy is
 # desired, the factory function start() below should be used instead (it
 # selects the proper threaded class).
 
 class IPShellGTK(threading.Thread):
     """Run a gtk mainloop() in a separate thread.
     
     Python commands can be passed to the thread where they will be executed.
     This is implemented by periodically checking for passed code using a
     GTK timeout callback."""
     
     TIMEOUT = 100 # Millisecond interval between timeouts.
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1,
                  shell_class=MTInteractiveShell):
 
         import gtk
         
         self.gtk = gtk
         self.gtk_mainloop = hijack_gtk()
 
         # Allows us to use both Tk and GTK.
         self.tk = get_tk()
         
         if gtk.pygtk_version >= (2,4,0): mainquit = self.gtk.main_quit
         else:                            mainquit = self.gtk.mainquit
 
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class,
                                on_kill=[mainquit])
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
 
     def run(self):
         self.IP.mainloop()
         self.IP.kill()
 
     def mainloop(self):
 
         if self.gtk.pygtk_version >= (2,4,0):
             import gobject
-            gobject.timeout_add(self.TIMEOUT, self.on_timer)
+            gobject.idle_add(self.on_timer)
         else:
-            self.gtk.timeout_add(self.TIMEOUT, self.on_timer)
+            self.gtk.idle_add(self.on_timer)
 
         if sys.platform != 'win32':
             try:
                 if self.gtk.gtk_version[0] >= 2:
                     self.gtk.threads_init()
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             except RuntimeError:
                 error('Your pyGTK likely has not been compiled with '
                       'threading support.\n'
                       'The exception printout is below.\n'
                       'You can either rebuild pyGTK with threads, or '
                       'try using \n'
                       'matplotlib with a different backend (like Tk or WX).\n'
                       'Note that matplotlib will most likely not work in its '
                       'current state!')
                 self.IP.InteractiveTB()
         self.start()
         self.gtk.threads_enter()
         self.gtk_mainloop()
         self.gtk.threads_leave()
         self.join()
 
     def on_timer(self):
         update_tk(self.tk)
         return self.IP.runcode()
         
 
 class IPShellWX(threading.Thread):
     """Run a wx mainloop() in a separate thread.
     
     Python commands can be passed to the thread where they will be executed.
     This is implemented by periodically checking for passed code using a
     GTK timeout callback."""
     
     TIMEOUT = 100 # Millisecond interval between timeouts.
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1,
                  shell_class=MTInteractiveShell):
 
         import wxPython.wx as wx
 
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
         self.wx = wx
         self.wx_mainloop = hijack_wx()
 
         # Allows us to use both Tk and GTK.
         self.tk = get_tk()
         
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class,
                                on_kill=[self.wxexit])
         self.app = None
 
     def wxexit(self, *args):
         if self.app is not None:
             self.app.agent.timer.Stop()
             self.app.ExitMainLoop()
 
     def run(self):
         self.IP.mainloop()
         self.IP.kill()
 
     def mainloop(self):
         
         self.start()
 
         class TimerAgent(self.wx.wxMiniFrame):
             wx = self.wx
             IP = self.IP
             tk = self.tk
             def __init__(self, parent, interval):
                 style = self.wx.wxDEFAULT_FRAME_STYLE | self.wx.wxTINY_CAPTION_HORIZ
                 self.wx.wxMiniFrame.__init__(self, parent, -1, ' ', pos=(200, 200),
                                              size=(100, 100),style=style)
                 self.Show(False)
                 self.interval = interval
                 self.timerId = self.wx.wxNewId()                                
 
             def StartWork(self):
                 self.timer = self.wx.wxTimer(self, self.timerId)
                 self.wx.EVT_TIMER(self,  self.timerId, self.OnTimer)
                 self.timer.Start(self.interval)
 
             def OnTimer(self, event):
                 update_tk(self.tk)
                 self.IP.runcode()
 
         class App(self.wx.wxApp):
             wx = self.wx
             TIMEOUT = self.TIMEOUT
             def OnInit(self):
                 'Create the main window and insert the custom frame'
                 self.agent = TimerAgent(None, self.TIMEOUT)
                 self.agent.Show(self.wx.false)
                 self.agent.StartWork()
                 return self.wx.true
         
         self.app = App(redirect=False)
         self.wx_mainloop(self.app)
         self.join()
 
 
 class IPShellQt(threading.Thread):
     """Run a Qt event loop in a separate thread.
     
     Python commands can be passed to the thread where they will be executed.
     This is implemented by periodically checking for passed code using a
     Qt timer / slot."""
     
     TIMEOUT = 100 # Millisecond interval between timeouts.
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=0,
                  shell_class=MTInteractiveShell):
         
         import qt
 
         class newQApplication:
             def __init__( self ):
                 self.QApplication = qt.QApplication
                 
             def __call__( *args, **kwargs ):
                 return qt.qApp
 
             def exec_loop( *args, **kwargs ):
                 pass
 
             def __getattr__( self, name ):
                 return getattr( self.QApplication, name )
           
         qt.QApplication = newQApplication()
 
         # Allows us to use both Tk and QT.
         self.tk = get_tk()
 
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class,
                                on_kill=[qt.qApp.exit])
         
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
 
     def run(self):
         #sys.excepthook = self.IP.excepthook # dbg
         self.IP.mainloop()
         self.IP.kill()
 
     def mainloop(self):
         import qt, sys
         if qt.QApplication.startingUp():
           a = qt.QApplication.QApplication( sys.argv )
         self.timer = qt.QTimer()
         qt.QObject.connect( self.timer, qt.SIGNAL( 'timeout()' ), self.on_timer )
 
         self.start()
         self.timer.start( self.TIMEOUT, True )
         while True:
             if self.IP._kill: break
             qt.qApp.exec_loop()
         self.join()
 
     def on_timer(self):
         update_tk(self.tk)
         result = self.IP.runcode()
         self.timer.start( self.TIMEOUT, True )
         return result
 
 # A set of matplotlib public IPython shell classes, for single-threaded
 # (Tk* and FLTK* backends) and multithreaded (GTK* and WX* backends) use.
 class IPShellMatplotlib(IPShell):
     """Subclass IPShell with MatplotlibShell as the internal shell.
 
     Single-threaded class, meant for the Tk* and FLTK* backends.
 
     Having this on a separate class simplifies the external driver code."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShell.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,debug,shell_class=MatplotlibShell)
 
 class IPShellMatplotlibGTK(IPShellGTK):
     """Subclass IPShellGTK with MatplotlibMTShell as the internal shell.
 
     Multi-threaded class, meant for the GTK* backends."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShellGTK.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,debug,shell_class=MatplotlibMTShell)
 
 class IPShellMatplotlibWX(IPShellWX):
     """Subclass IPShellWX with MatplotlibMTShell as the internal shell.
 
     Multi-threaded class, meant for the WX* backends."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShellWX.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,debug,shell_class=MatplotlibMTShell)
 
 class IPShellMatplotlibQt(IPShellQt):
     """Subclass IPShellQt with MatplotlibMTShell as the internal shell.
 
     Multi-threaded class, meant for the Qt* backends."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShellQt.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,debug,shell_class=MatplotlibMTShell)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Factory functions to actually start the proper thread-aware shell
 
 def _matplotlib_shell_class():
     """Factory function to handle shell class selection for matplotlib.
 
     The proper shell class to use depends on the matplotlib backend, since
     each backend requires a different threading strategy."""
 
     try:
         import matplotlib
     except ImportError:
         error('matplotlib could NOT be imported!  Starting normal IPython.')
         sh_class = IPShell
     else:
         backend = matplotlib.rcParams['backend']
         if backend.startswith('GTK'):
             sh_class = IPShellMatplotlibGTK
         elif backend.startswith('WX'):
             sh_class = IPShellMatplotlibWX
         elif backend.startswith('Qt'):
             sh_class = IPShellMatplotlibQt
         else:
             sh_class = IPShellMatplotlib
     #print 'Using %s with the %s backend.' % (sh_class,backend) # dbg
     return sh_class
 
 # This is the one which should be called by external code.
 def start():
     """Return a running shell instance, dealing with threading options.
 
     This is a factory function which will instantiate the proper IPython shell
     based on the user's threading choice.  Such a selector is needed because
     different GUI toolkits require different thread handling details."""
 
     global USE_TK
     # Crude sys.argv hack to extract the threading options.
     if len(sys.argv) > 1:
         if len(sys.argv) > 2:
             arg2 = sys.argv[2]
             if arg2.endswith('-tk'):
                 USE_TK = True
         arg1 = sys.argv[1]
         if arg1.endswith('-gthread'):
             shell = IPShellGTK
         elif arg1.endswith( '-qthread' ):
             shell = IPShellQt
         elif arg1.endswith('-wthread'):
             shell = IPShellWX
         elif arg1.endswith('-pylab'):
             shell = _matplotlib_shell_class()
         else:
             shell = IPShell
     else:
         shell = IPShell
     return shell()
 
 # Some aliases for backwards compatibility
 IPythonShell = IPShell
 IPythonShellEmbed = IPShellEmbed
 #************************ End of file <Shell.py> ***************************

IPython/iplib.py

@@ -1,2052 +1,2062 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python
 
 Requires Python 2.1 or newer.
 
 This file contains all the classes and helper functions specific to IPython.
 
-$Id: iplib.py 908 2005-09-26 16:05:48Z fperez $
+$Id: iplib.py 921 2005-11-13 06:51:34Z fperez $
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #
 # Note: this code originally subclassed code.InteractiveConsole from the
 # Python standard library.  Over time, much of that class has been copied
 # verbatim here for modifications which could not be accomplished by
 # subclassing.  The Python License (sec. 2) allows for this, but it's always
 # nice to acknowledge credit where credit is due.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Modules and globals
 
 from __future__ import generators  # for 2.2 backwards-compatibility
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>\n%s <%s>' % \
               ( Release.authors['Janko'] + Release.authors['Fernando'] )
 __license__ = Release.license
 __version__ = Release.version
 
 # Python standard modules
 import __main__
 import __builtin__
 import exceptions
 import keyword
 import new
 import os, sys, shutil
 import code, glob, types, re
 import string, StringIO
 import inspect, pydoc
 import bdb, pdb
 import UserList # don't subclass list so this works with Python2.1
 from pprint import pprint, pformat
 import cPickle as pickle
 import traceback
+from codeop import CommandCompiler
 
 # IPython's own modules
 import IPython
 from IPython import OInspect,PyColorize,ultraTB
 from IPython.ultraTB import ColorScheme,ColorSchemeTable  # too long names
 from IPython.Logger import Logger
 from IPython.Magic import Magic,magic2python,shlex_split
 from IPython.usage import cmd_line_usage,interactive_usage
 from IPython.Struct import Struct
 from IPython.Itpl import Itpl,itpl,printpl,ItplNS,itplns
 from IPython.FakeModule import FakeModule
 from IPython.background_jobs import BackgroundJobManager
 from IPython.PyColorize import Parser
 from IPython.genutils import *
 
 # Global pointer to the running 
 
 # store the builtin raw_input globally, and use this always, in case user code
 # overwrites it (like wx.py.PyShell does)
 raw_input_original = raw_input
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Some utility function definitions
 
 class Bunch: pass
 
 def esc_quotes(strng):
     """Return the input string with single and double quotes escaped out"""
 
     return strng.replace('"','\\"').replace("'","\\'")
 
 def import_fail_info(mod_name,fns=None):
     """Inform load failure for a module."""
 
     if fns == None:
         warn("Loading of %s failed.\n" % (mod_name,))
     else:
         warn("Loading of %s from %s failed.\n" % (fns,mod_name))
 
 def qw_lol(indata):
     """qw_lol('a b') -> [['a','b']],
     otherwise it's just a call to qw().
 
     We need this to make sure the modules_some keys *always* end up as a
     list of lists."""
 
     if type(indata) in StringTypes:
         return [qw(indata)]
     else:
         return qw(indata)
 
 def ipmagic(arg_s):
     """Call a magic function by name.
 
     Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and any
     additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
     ipmagic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
     prompt:
 
     In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
     To call a magic without arguments, simply use ipmagic('name').
 
     This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
     valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
     compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
     namespace upon initialization."""
 
     args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
     magic_name = args[0]
     if magic_name.startswith(__IPYTHON__.ESC_MAGIC):
         magic_name = magic_name[1:]
     try:
         magic_args = args[1]
     except IndexError:
         magic_args = ''
     fn = getattr(__IPYTHON__,'magic_'+magic_name,None)
     if fn is None:
         error("Magic function `%s` not found." % magic_name)
     else:
         magic_args = __IPYTHON__.var_expand(magic_args)
         return fn(magic_args)
 
 def ipalias(arg_s):
     """Call an alias by name.
 
     Input: a string containing the name of the alias to call and any
     additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
     ipalias('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
     prompt:
 
     In[1]: name -opt foo bar
 
     To call an alias without arguments, simply use ipalias('name').
 
     This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's aliases in any
     valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
     compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
     namespace upon initialization."""
 
     args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
     alias_name = args[0]
     try:
         alias_args = args[1]
     except IndexError:
         alias_args = ''
     if alias_name in __IPYTHON__.alias_table:
         __IPYTHON__.call_alias(alias_name,alias_args)
     else:
         error("Alias `%s` not found." % alias_name)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Local use classes
 try:
     from IPython import FlexCompleter
 
     class MagicCompleter(FlexCompleter.Completer):
         """Extension of the completer class to work on %-prefixed lines."""
 
         def __init__(self,shell,namespace=None,omit__names=0,alias_table=None):
             """MagicCompleter() -> completer
 
             Return a completer object suitable for use by the readline library
             via readline.set_completer().
 
             Inputs:
 
             - shell: a pointer to the ipython shell itself.  This is needed
             because this completer knows about magic functions, and those can
             only be accessed via the ipython instance.
 
             - namespace: an optional dict where completions are performed.
             
             - The optional omit__names parameter sets the completer to omit the
             'magic' names (__magicname__) for python objects unless the text
             to be completed explicitly starts with one or more underscores.
 
             - If alias_table is supplied, it should be a dictionary of aliases
             to complete. """
 
             FlexCompleter.Completer.__init__(self,namespace)
             self.magic_prefix = shell.name+'.magic_'
             self.magic_escape = shell.ESC_MAGIC
             self.readline = FlexCompleter.readline
             delims = self.readline.get_completer_delims()
             delims = delims.replace(self.magic_escape,'')
             self.readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             self.get_line_buffer = self.readline.get_line_buffer
             self.omit__names = omit__names
             self.merge_completions = shell.rc.readline_merge_completions
             
             if alias_table is None:
                 alias_table = {}
             self.alias_table = alias_table
             # Regexp to split filenames with spaces in them
             self.space_name_re = re.compile(r'([^\\] )')
             # Hold a local ref. to glob.glob for speed
             self.glob = glob.glob
             # Special handling of backslashes needed in win32 platforms
             if sys.platform == "win32":
                 self.clean_glob = self._clean_glob_win32
             else:
                 self.clean_glob = self._clean_glob
             self.matchers = [self.python_matches,
                              self.file_matches,
                              self.alias_matches,
                              self.python_func_kw_matches]
 
         # Code contributed by Alex Schmolck, for ipython/emacs integration
         def all_completions(self, text):
             """Return all possible completions for the benefit of emacs."""
             
             completions = []
             try:
                 for i in xrange(sys.maxint):
                     res = self.complete(text, i)
 
                     if not res: break
 
                     completions.append(res)
             #XXX workaround for ``notDefined.<tab>``
             except NameError:
                 pass
             return completions
         # /end Alex Schmolck code.
 
         def _clean_glob(self,text):
             return self.glob("%s*" % text)
             
         def _clean_glob_win32(self,text):
             return [f.replace("\\","/")
                     for f in self.glob("%s*" % text)]            
 
         def file_matches(self, text):
             """Match filneames, expanding ~USER type strings.
 
             Most of the seemingly convoluted logic in this completer is an
             attempt to handle filenames with spaces in them.  And yet it's not
             quite perfect, because Python's readline doesn't expose all of the
             GNU readline details needed for this to be done correctly.
 
             For a filename with a space in it, the printed completions will be
             only the parts after what's already been typed (instead of the
             full completions, as is normally done).  I don't think with the
             current (as of Python 2.3) Python readline it's possible to do
             better."""
             
             #print 'Completer->file_matches: <%s>' % text # dbg
 
             # chars that require escaping with backslash - i.e. chars
             # that readline treats incorrectly as delimiters, but we
             # don't want to treat as delimiters in filename matching
             # when escaped with backslash
             
             protectables = ' ()[]{}'
 
             def protect_filename(s):
                 return "".join([(ch in protectables and '\\' + ch or ch)
                                 for ch in s])
 
             lbuf = self.get_line_buffer()[:self.readline.get_endidx()]
             open_quotes = 0  # track strings with open quotes
             try:
                 lsplit = shlex_split(lbuf)[-1]
             except ValueError:
                 # typically an unmatched ", or backslash without escaped char.
                 if lbuf.count('"')==1:
                     open_quotes = 1
                     lsplit = lbuf.split('"')[-1]
                 elif lbuf.count("'")==1:
                     open_quotes = 1
                     lsplit = lbuf.split("'")[-1]
                 else:
                     return None
             except IndexError:
                 # tab pressed on empty line
                 lsplit = ""
 
             if lsplit != protect_filename(lsplit):
                 # if protectables are found, do matching on the whole escaped
                 # name
                 has_protectables = 1
                 text0,text = text,lsplit
             else:
                 has_protectables = 0
                 text = os.path.expanduser(text)
             
             if text == "":
                 return [protect_filename(f) for f in self.glob("*")]
 
             m0 = self.clean_glob(text.replace('\\',''))
             if has_protectables:
                 # If we had protectables, we need to revert our changes to the
                 # beginning of filename so that we don't double-write the part
                 # of the filename we have so far
                 len_lsplit = len(lsplit)
                 matches = [text0 + protect_filename(f[len_lsplit:]) for f in m0]
             else:
                 if open_quotes:
                     # if we have a string with an open quote, we don't need to
                     # protect the names at all (and we _shouldn't_, as it
                     # would cause bugs when the filesystem call is made).
                     matches = m0
                 else:
                     matches = [protect_filename(f) for f in m0]
             if len(matches) == 1 and os.path.isdir(matches[0]):
                 # Takes care of links to directories also.  Use '/'
                 # explicitly, even under Windows, so that name completions
                 # don't end up escaped.
                 matches[0] += '/'
             return matches
 
         def alias_matches(self, text):
             """Match internal system aliases"""
             #print 'Completer->alias_matches:',text # dbg
             text = os.path.expanduser(text)
             aliases =  self.alias_table.keys()
             if text == "":
                 return aliases
             else:
                 return [alias for alias in aliases if alias.startswith(text)]
             
         def python_matches(self,text):
             """Match attributes or global python names"""
             #print 'Completer->python_matches' # dbg
             if "." in text:
                 try:
                     matches = self.attr_matches(text)
                     if text.endswith('.') and self.omit__names:
                         if self.omit__names == 1:
                             # true if txt is _not_ a __ name, false otherwise:
                             no__name = (lambda txt:
                                         re.match(r'.*\.__.*?__',txt) is None)
                         else:
                             # true if txt is _not_ a _ name, false otherwise:
                             no__name = (lambda txt:
                                         re.match(r'.*\._.*?',txt) is None)
                         matches = filter(no__name, matches)
                 except NameError:
                     # catches <undefined attributes>.<tab>
                     matches = []
             else:
                 matches = self.global_matches(text)
                 # this is so completion finds magics when automagic is on:
                 if matches == [] and not text.startswith(os.sep):
                     matches = self.attr_matches(self.magic_prefix+text)
             return matches
 
         def _default_arguments(self, obj):
             """Return the list of default arguments of obj if it is callable,
             or empty list otherwise."""
             
             if not (inspect.isfunction(obj) or inspect.ismethod(obj)):
                 # for classes, check for __init__,__new__
                 if inspect.isclass(obj):
                     obj = (getattr(obj,'__init__',None) or
                            getattr(obj,'__new__',None))
                 # for all others, check if they are __call__able
                 elif hasattr(obj, '__call__'):
                     obj = obj.__call__
                 # XXX: is there a way to handle the builtins ?
             try:
                 args,_,_1,defaults = inspect.getargspec(obj)
                 if defaults:
                     return args[-len(defaults):]
             except TypeError: pass
             return []
 
         def python_func_kw_matches(self,text):
             """Match named parameters (kwargs) of the last open function"""
 
             if "." in text: # a parameter cannot be dotted
                 return []
             try: regexp = self.__funcParamsRegex
             except AttributeError:
                 regexp = self.__funcParamsRegex = re.compile(r'''
                     '.*?' |    # single quoted strings or
                     ".*?" |    # double quoted strings or
                     \w+   |    # identifier
                     \S         # other characters
                     ''', re.VERBOSE | re.DOTALL)
             # 1. find the nearest identifier that comes before an unclosed
             # parenthesis e.g. for "foo (1+bar(x), pa", the candidate is "foo"
             tokens = regexp.findall(self.get_line_buffer())
             tokens.reverse()
             iterTokens = iter(tokens); openPar = 0
             for token in iterTokens:
                 if token == ')':
                     openPar -= 1
                 elif token == '(':
                     openPar += 1
                     if openPar > 0:
                         # found the last unclosed parenthesis
                         break
             else:
                 return []
             # 2. Concatenate any dotted names (e.g. "foo.bar" for "foo.bar(x, pa" )
             ids = []
             isId = re.compile(r'\w+$').match
             while True:
                 try:
                     ids.append(iterTokens.next())
                     if not isId(ids[-1]):
                         ids.pop(); break
                     if not iterTokens.next() == '.':
                         break
                 except StopIteration:
                     break
             # lookup the candidate callable matches either using global_matches
             # or attr_matches for dotted names
             if len(ids) == 1:
                 callableMatches = self.global_matches(ids[0])
             else:
                 callableMatches = self.attr_matches('.'.join(ids[::-1]))
             argMatches = []
             for callableMatch in callableMatches:
                 try: namedArgs = self._default_arguments(eval(callableMatch,
                                                              self.namespace))
                 except: continue
                 for namedArg in namedArgs:
                     if namedArg.startswith(text):
                         argMatches.append("%s=" %namedArg)
             return argMatches
 
         def complete(self, text, state):
             """Return the next possible completion for 'text'.
 
             This is called successively with state == 0, 1, 2, ... until it
             returns None.  The completion should begin with 'text'.  """
             
             #print '\n*** COMPLETE: <%s> (%s)' % (text,state)  # dbg
             magic_escape = self.magic_escape
             magic_prefix = self.magic_prefix
             
             try:
                 if text.startswith(magic_escape):
                     text = text.replace(magic_escape,magic_prefix)
                 elif text.startswith('~'):
                     text = os.path.expanduser(text)
                 if state == 0:
                     # Extend the list of completions with the results of each
                     # matcher, so we return results to the user from all
                     # namespaces.
                     if self.merge_completions:
                         self.matches = []
                         for matcher in self.matchers:
                             self.matches.extend(matcher(text))
                     else:
                         for matcher in self.matchers:
                             self.matches = matcher(text)
                             if self.matches:
                                 break
                         
                 try:
                     return self.matches[state].replace(magic_prefix,magic_escape)
                 except IndexError:
                     return None
             except:
                 # If completion fails, don't annoy the user.
                 pass
 
 except ImportError:
     pass  # no readline support
 
 except KeyError:
     pass  # Windows doesn't set TERM, it doesn't matter
 
 
 class InputList(UserList.UserList):
     """Class to store user input.
 
     It's basically a list, but slices return a string instead of a list, thus
     allowing things like (assuming 'In' is an instance):
 
     exec In[4:7]
 
     or
 
     exec In[5:9] + In[14] + In[21:25]"""
 
     def __getslice__(self,i,j):
         return ''.join(UserList.UserList.__getslice__(self,i,j))
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Local use exceptions
 class SpaceInInput(exceptions.Exception):
     pass
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Main IPython class
 
 class InteractiveShell(code.InteractiveConsole, Logger, Magic):
     """An enhanced console for Python."""
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
-                 user_ns = None,banner2='',
+                 user_ns = None,user_global_ns=None,banner2='',
                  custom_exceptions=((),None)):
 
         # Put a reference to self in builtins so that any form of embedded or
         # imported code can test for being inside IPython.
         __builtin__.__IPYTHON__ = self
 
         # And load into builtins ipmagic/ipalias as well
         __builtin__.ipmagic = ipmagic
         __builtin__.ipalias = ipalias
 
         # Add to __builtin__ other parts of IPython's public API
         __builtin__.ip_set_hook = self.set_hook
 
         # Keep in the builtins a flag for when IPython is active.  We set it
         # with setdefault so that multiple nested IPythons don't clobber one
         # another.  Each will increase its value by one upon being activated,
         # which also gives us a way to determine the nesting level.
         __builtin__.__dict__.setdefault('__IPYTHON__active',0)
 
         # Inform the user of ipython's fast exit magics.
         _exit = ' Use %Exit or %Quit to exit without confirmation.'
         __builtin__.exit += _exit
         __builtin__.quit += _exit
 
-        # Create the namespace where the user will operate:
+        # compiler command
+        self.compile = CommandCompiler()
+
+        # User input buffer
+        self.buffer = []
+
+        # Default name given in compilation of code
+        self.filename = '<ipython console>'
+
+        # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
+        # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
+        # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
+        # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
+        # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
+        # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
         # Referenzen: 1
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is that
         # if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you should start
         # with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will definitely give you
         # a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
         
         if user_ns is None:
             # Set __name__ to __main__ to better match the behavior of the
             # normal interpreter.
-            self.user_ns = {'__name__'     :'__main__',
-                            '__builtins__' : __builtin__,
-                            }
-        else:
-            self.user_ns = user_ns
+            user_ns = {'__name__'     :'__main__',
+                       '__builtins__' : __builtin__,
+                       }
+            
+        if user_global_ns is None:
+            user_global_ns = {}
+
+        # assign namespaces
+        self.user_ns = user_ns
+        self.user_global_ns = user_global_ns
 
         # The user namespace MUST have a pointer to the shell itself.
         self.user_ns[name] = self
 
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         try:
             main_name = self.user_ns['__name__']
         except KeyError:
             raise KeyError,'user_ns dictionary MUST have a "__name__" key'
         else:
             #print "pickle hack in place"  # dbg
             sys.modules[main_name] = FakeModule(self.user_ns)
 
         # List of input with multi-line handling.
         # Fill its zero entry, user counter starts at 1
         self.input_hist = InputList(['\n'])
 
         # list of visited directories
         try:
             self.dir_hist = [os.getcwd()]
         except IOError, e:
             self.dir_hist = []
 
         # dict of output history
         self.output_hist = {}
 
         # dict of names to be treated as system aliases.  Each entry in the
         # alias table must be a 2-tuple of the form (N,name), where N is the
         # number of positional arguments of the alias.
         self.alias_table = {}
 
         # dict of things NOT to alias (keywords, builtins and some special magics)
         no_alias = {}
         no_alias_magics = ['cd','popd','pushd','dhist','alias','unalias']
         for key in keyword.kwlist + no_alias_magics:
             no_alias[key] = 1
         no_alias.update(__builtin__.__dict__)
         self.no_alias = no_alias
-        
-        
+                
         # make global variables for user access to these
         self.user_ns['_ih'] = self.input_hist
         self.user_ns['_oh'] = self.output_hist
         self.user_ns['_dh'] = self.dir_hist
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories
         self.user_ns['In']  = self.input_hist
         self.user_ns['Out'] = self.output_hist
 
         # Store the actual shell's name
         self.name = name
 
         # Object variable to store code object waiting execution.  This is
         # used mainly by the multithreaded shells, but it can come in handy in
         # other situations.  No need to use a Queue here, since it's a single
         # item which gets cleared once run.
         self.code_to_run = None
         
         # Job manager (for jobs run as background threads)
         self.jobs = BackgroundJobManager()
         # Put the job manager into builtins so it's always there.
         __builtin__.jobs = self.jobs
 
         # escapes for automatic behavior on the command line
         self.ESC_SHELL = '!'
         self.ESC_HELP  = '?'
         self.ESC_MAGIC = '%'
         self.ESC_QUOTE = ','
         self.ESC_QUOTE2 = ';'
         self.ESC_PAREN = '/'
 
         # And their associated handlers
         self.esc_handlers = {self.ESC_PAREN:self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_QUOTE:self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_QUOTE2:self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_MAGIC:self.handle_magic,
                              self.ESC_HELP:self.handle_help,
                              self.ESC_SHELL:self.handle_shell_escape,
                              }
 
         # class initializations
-        code.InteractiveConsole.__init__(self,locals = self.user_ns)
         Logger.__init__(self,log_ns = self.user_ns)
         Magic.__init__(self,self)
 
         # an ugly hack to get a pointer to the shell, so I can start writing
         # magic code via this pointer instead of the current mixin salad.
         Magic.set_shell(self,self)
 
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = Parser().format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str',self.rc['colors'])
 
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
         
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name))
 
         # Flag to mark unconditional exit
         self.exit_now = False
 
         self.usage_min =  """\
         An enhanced console for Python.
         Some of its features are:
         - Readline support if the readline library is present.
         - Tab completion in the local namespace.
         - Logging of input, see command-line options.
         - System shell escape via ! , eg !ls.
         - Magic commands, starting with a % (like %ls, %pwd, %cd, etc.)
         - Keeps track of locally defined variables via %who, %whos.
         - Show object information with a ? eg ?x or x? (use ?? for more info).
         """
         if usage: self.usage = usage
         else: self.usage = self.usage_min
 
         # Storage
         self.rc = rc   # This will hold all configuration information
         self.inputcache = []
         self._boundcache = []
         self.pager = 'less'
         # temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         self.tempfiles = []
 
         # Keep track of readline usage (later set by init_readline)
         self.has_readline = 0
 
         # for pushd/popd management
         try:
             self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
         except HomeDirError,msg:
             fatal(msg)
 
         self.dir_stack = [os.getcwd().replace(self.home_dir,'~')]
 
         # Functions to call the underlying shell.
 
         # utility to expand user variables via Itpl
         self.var_expand = lambda cmd: str(ItplNS(cmd.replace('#','\#'),
                                                  self.user_ns))
         # The first is similar to os.system, but it doesn't return a value,
         # and it allows interpolation of variables in the user's namespace.
         self.system = lambda cmd: shell(self.var_expand(cmd),
                                         header='IPython system call: ',
                                         verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
         # These are for getoutput and getoutputerror:
         self.getoutput = lambda cmd: \
                          getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd),
                                    header='IPython system call: ',
                                    verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
         self.getoutputerror = lambda cmd: \
                               getoutputerror(str(ItplNS(cmd.replace('#','\#'),
                                                         self.user_ns)),
                                              header='IPython system call: ',
                                              verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
  
         # RegExp for splitting line contents into pre-char//first
         # word-method//rest.  For clarity, each group in on one line.
 
         # WARNING: update the regexp if the above escapes are changed, as they
         # are hardwired in.
 
         # Don't get carried away with trying to make the autocalling catch too
         # much:  it's better to be conservative rather than to trigger hidden
         # evals() somewhere and end up causing side effects.
 
         self.line_split = re.compile(r'^([\s*,;/])'
                                      r'([\?\w\.]+\w*\s*)'
                                      r'(\(?.*$)')
 
         # Original re, keep around for a while in case changes break something
         #self.line_split = re.compile(r'(^[\s*!\?%,/]?)'
         #                             r'(\s*[\?\w\.]+\w*\s*)'
         #                             r'(\(?.*$)')
 
         # RegExp to identify potential function names
         self.re_fun_name = re.compile(r'[a-zA-Z_]([a-zA-Z0-9_.]*) *$')
         # RegExp to exclude strings with this start from autocalling
         self.re_exclude_auto = re.compile('^[!=()<>,\*/\+-]|^is ')
         # try to catch also methods for stuff in lists/tuples/dicts: off
         # (experimental). For this to work, the line_split regexp would need
         # to be modified so it wouldn't break things at '['. That line is
         # nasty enough that I shouldn't change it until I can test it _well_.
         #self.re_fun_name = re.compile (r'[a-zA-Z_]([a-zA-Z0-9_.\[\]]*) ?$')
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Attributes for Logger mixin class, make defaults here
         self._dolog = 0
         self.LOG = ''
         self.LOGDEF = '.InteractiveShell.log'
         self.LOGMODE = 'over'
         self.LOGHEAD = Itpl(
 """#log# Automatic Logger file. *** THIS MUST BE THE FIRST LINE ***
 #log# DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE OR THE TWO BELOW
 #log# opts = $self.rc.opts
 #log# args = $self.rc.args
 #log# It is safe to make manual edits below here.
 #log#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 """)
         # Various switches which can be set
         self.CACHELENGTH = 5000  # this is cheap, it's just text
         self.BANNER = "Python %(version)s on %(platform)s\n" % sys.__dict__
         self.banner2 = banner2
 
         # TraceBack handlers:
         # Need two, one for syntax errors and one for other exceptions.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultraTB.ListTB(color_scheme='NoColor')
         # This one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always want to
         # remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own internal
         # code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultraTB.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1)
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Object inspector
         ins_colors = OInspect.InspectColors
         code_colors = PyColorize.ANSICodeColors
         self.inspector = OInspect.Inspector(ins_colors,code_colors,'NoColor')
         self.autoindent = 0
 
         # Make some aliases automatically
         # Prepare list of shell aliases to auto-define
         if os.name == 'posix':            
             auto_alias = ('mkdir mkdir', 'rmdir rmdir',
                           'mv mv -i','rm rm -i','cp cp -i',
                           'cat cat','less less','clear clear',
                           # a better ls
                           'ls ls -F',
                           # long ls
                           'll ls -lF',
                           # color ls
                           'lc ls -F -o --color',
                           # ls normal files only
                           'lf ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^-',
                           # ls symbolic links 
                           'lk ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^l',
                           # directories or links to directories,
                           'ldir ls -F -o --color %l | grep /$',
                           # things which are executable
                           'lx ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^-..x',
                           )
         elif os.name in ['nt','dos']:
             auto_alias = ('dir dir /on', 'ls dir /on',
                           'ddir dir /ad /on', 'ldir dir /ad /on',
                           'mkdir mkdir','rmdir rmdir','echo echo',
                           'ren ren','cls cls','copy copy')
         else:
             auto_alias = ()
         self.auto_alias = map(lambda s:s.split(None,1),auto_alias)
         # Call the actual (public) initializer
         self.init_auto_alias()
     # end __init__
 
     def set_hook(self,name,hook):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         resetting one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's behavior to
         call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
         setattr(self.hooks,name,new.instancemethod(hook,self,self.__class__))
 
     def set_custom_exc(self,exc_tuple,handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple,handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         runcode() method.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - exc_tuple: a *tuple* of valid exceptions to call the defined
           handler for.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
           LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
           you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple:
 
             exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
           - handler: this must be defined as a function with the following
           basic interface: def my_handler(self,etype,value,tb).
 
           This will be made into an instance method (via new.instancemethod)
           of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
           listed in the exc_tuple are caught.  If the handler is None, an
           internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
 
         assert type(exc_tuple)==type(()) , \
                "The custom exceptions must be given AS A TUPLE."
 
         def dummy_handler(self,etype,value,tb):
             print '*** Simple custom exception handler ***'
             print 'Exception type :',etype
             print 'Exception value:',value
             print 'Traceback      :',tb
             print 'Source code    :','\n'.join(self.buffer)
 
         if handler is None: handler = dummy_handler
 
         self.CustomTB = new.instancemethod(handler,self,self.__class__)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def set_custom_completer(self,completer,pos=0):
         """set_custom_completer(completer,pos=0)
 
         Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted."""
 
         newcomp = new.instancemethod(completer,self.Completer,
                                      self.Completer.__class__)
         self.Completer.matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def complete(self,text):
         """Return a sorted list of all possible completions on text.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - text: a string of text to be completed on.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: __IP.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip']"""
         
         complete = self.Completer.complete
         state = 0
         # use a dict so we get unique keys, since ipyhton's multiple
         # completers can return duplicates.
         comps = {}
         while True:
             newcomp = complete(text,state)
             if newcomp is None:
                 break
             comps[newcomp] = 1
             state += 1
         outcomps = comps.keys()
         outcomps.sort()
         return outcomps
 
     def post_config_initialization(self):
         """Post configuration init method
 
         This is called after the configuration files have been processed to
         'finalize' the initialization."""
         
         # dynamic data that survives through sessions
         # XXX make the filename a config option?
         persist_base = 'persist'
         if self.rc.profile:
             persist_base += '_%s' % self.rc.profile
         self.persist_fname =  os.path.join(self.rc.ipythondir,persist_base)
 
         try:
             self.persist = pickle.load(file(self.persist_fname))
         except:
             self.persist = {}
             
     def init_auto_alias(self):
         """Define some aliases automatically.
 
         These are ALL parameter-less aliases"""
         for alias,cmd in self.auto_alias:
             self.alias_table[alias] = (0,cmd)
 
     def alias_table_validate(self,verbose=0):
         """Update information about the alias table.
 
         In particular, make sure no Python keywords/builtins are in it."""
 
         no_alias = self.no_alias
         for k in self.alias_table.keys():
             if k in no_alias:
                 del self.alias_table[k]
                 if verbose:
                     print ("Deleting alias <%s>, it's a Python "
                            "keyword or builtin." % k)
     
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag, checking for readline support.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
 
         if not self.has_readline:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn("The auto-indent feature requires the readline library")
             self.autoindent = 0
             return
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     def rc_set_toggle(self,rc_field,value=None):
         """Set or toggle a field in IPython's rc config. structure.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle.
 
         If called with a non-existent field, the resulting AttributeError
         exception will propagate out."""
 
         rc_val = getattr(self.rc,rc_field)
         if value is None:
             value = not rc_val
         setattr(self.rc,rc_field,value)
 
     def user_setup(self,ipythondir,rc_suffix,mode='install'):
         """Install the user configuration directory.
 
         Can be called when running for the first time or to upgrade the user's
         .ipython/ directory with the mode parameter. Valid modes are 'install'
         and 'upgrade'."""
 
         def wait():
             try:
                 raw_input("Please press <RETURN> to start IPython.")
             except EOFError:
                 print >> Term.cout
             print '*'*70
 
         cwd = os.getcwd()  # remember where we started
         glb = glob.glob
         print '*'*70
         if mode == 'install':
             print \
 """Welcome to IPython. I will try to create a personal configuration directory
 where you can customize many aspects of IPython's functionality in:\n"""
         else:
             print 'I am going to upgrade your configuration in:'
 
         print ipythondir
 
         rcdirend = os.path.join('IPython','UserConfig')
         cfg = lambda d: os.path.join(d,rcdirend)
         try:
             rcdir = filter(os.path.isdir,map(cfg,sys.path))[0]
         except IOError:
             warning = """
 Installation error. IPython's directory was not found.
 
 Check the following:
 
 The ipython/IPython directory should be in a directory belonging to your
 PYTHONPATH environment variable (that is, it should be in a directory
 belonging to sys.path). You can copy it explicitly there or just link to it.
 
 IPython will proceed with builtin defaults.
 """
             warn(warning)
             wait()
             return
 
         if mode == 'install':
             try:
                 shutil.copytree(rcdir,ipythondir)
                 os.chdir(ipythondir)
                 rc_files = glb("ipythonrc*")
                 for rc_file in rc_files:
                     os.rename(rc_file,rc_file+rc_suffix)
             except:
                 warning = """
 
 There was a problem with the installation:
 %s
 Try to correct it or contact the developers if you think it's a bug.
 IPython will proceed with builtin defaults.""" % sys.exc_info()[1]
                 warn(warning)
                 wait()
                 return
 
         elif mode == 'upgrade':
             try:
                 os.chdir(ipythondir)
             except:
                 print """
 Can not upgrade: changing to directory %s failed. Details:
 %s
 """ % (ipythondir,sys.exc_info()[1])
                 wait()
                 return
             else:
                 sources = glb(os.path.join(rcdir,'[A-Za-z]*'))
                 for new_full_path in sources:
                     new_filename = os.path.basename(new_full_path)
                     if new_filename.startswith('ipythonrc'):
                         new_filename = new_filename + rc_suffix
                     # The config directory should only contain files, skip any
                     # directories which may be there (like CVS)
                     if os.path.isdir(new_full_path):
                         continue
                     if os.path.exists(new_filename):
                         old_file = new_filename+'.old'
                         if os.path.exists(old_file):
                             os.remove(old_file)
                         os.rename(new_filename,old_file)
                     shutil.copy(new_full_path,new_filename)
         else:
             raise ValueError,'unrecognized mode for install:',`mode`
 
         # Fix line-endings to those native to each platform in the config
         # directory.
         try:
             os.chdir(ipythondir)
         except:
             print """
 Problem: changing to directory %s failed.
 Details:
 %s
 
 Some configuration files may have incorrect line endings.  This should not
 cause any problems during execution.  """ % (ipythondir,sys.exc_info()[1])
             wait()
         else:
             for fname in glb('ipythonrc*'):
                 try:
                     native_line_ends(fname,backup=0)
                 except IOError:
                     pass
 
         if mode == 'install':
             print """
 Successful installation!
 
 Please read the sections 'Initial Configuration' and 'Quick Tips' in the
 IPython manual (there are both HTML and PDF versions supplied with the
 distribution) to make sure that your system environment is properly configured
 to take advantage of IPython's features."""
         else:
             print """
 Successful upgrade!
 
 All files in your directory:
 %(ipythondir)s
 which would have been overwritten by the upgrade were backed up with a .old
 extension.  If you had made particular customizations in those files you may
 want to merge them back into the new files.""" % locals()
         wait()
         os.chdir(cwd)
         # end user_setup()
 
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Saving of persistent data should be performed here. """
 
         # input history
         self.savehist()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 os.unlink(tfile)
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
         # save the "persistent data" catch-all dictionary
         try:
             pickle.dump(self.persist, open(self.persist_fname,"w"))
         except:
             print "*** ERROR *** persistent data saving failed."
         
     def savehist(self):
         """Save input history to a file (via readline library)."""
         try:
             self.readline.write_history_file(self.histfile)
         except:
             print 'Unable to save IPython command history to file: ' + \
                   `self.histfile`
 
     def pre_readline(self):
         """readline hook to be used at the start of each line.
 
         Currently it handles auto-indent only."""
         
         self.readline.insert_text(' '* self.readline_indent)
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """Command history completion/saving/reloading."""
         try:
             import readline
             self.Completer = MagicCompleter(self,
                                             self.user_ns,
                                             self.rc.readline_omit__names,
                                             self.alias_table)
         except ImportError,NameError:
             # If FlexCompleter failed to import, MagicCompleter won't be 
             # defined.  This can happen because of a problem with readline
             self.has_readline = 0
             # no point in bugging windows users with this every time:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn('Readline services not available on this platform.')
         else:
             import atexit
 
             # Platform-specific configuration
             if os.name == 'nt':
                 # readline under Windows modifies the default exit behavior
                 # from being Ctrl-Z/Return to the Unix Ctrl-D one.
                 __builtin__.exit = __builtin__.quit = \
                      ('Use Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit. '
                       'Use %Exit or %Quit to exit without confirmation.')
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_pre_input_hook
             else:
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_startup_hook
 
             # Load user's initrc file (readline config)
             inputrc_name = os.environ.get('INPUTRC')
             if inputrc_name is None:
                 home_dir = get_home_dir()
                 if home_dir is not None:
                     inputrc_name = os.path.join(home_dir,'.inputrc')
             if os.path.isfile(inputrc_name):
                 try:
                     readline.read_init_file(inputrc_name)
                 except:
                     warn('Problems reading readline initialization file <%s>'
                          % inputrc_name)
             
             self.has_readline = 1
             self.readline = readline
             self.readline_indent = 0  # for auto-indenting via readline
             # save this in sys so embedded copies can restore it properly
             sys.ipcompleter = self.Completer.complete
             readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
 
             # Configure readline according to user's prefs
             for rlcommand in self.rc.readline_parse_and_bind:
                 readline.parse_and_bind(rlcommand)
 
             # remove some chars from the delimiters list
             delims = readline.get_completer_delims()
             delims = delims.translate(string._idmap,
                                       self.rc.readline_remove_delims)
             readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             # otherwise we end up with a monster history after a while:
             readline.set_history_length(1000)
             try:
                 #print '*** Reading readline history'  # dbg
                 readline.read_history_file(self.histfile)
             except IOError:
                 pass  # It doesn't exist yet.
 
             atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
             del atexit
 
         # Configure auto-indent for all platforms
         self.set_autoindent(self.rc.autoindent)
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
         """
         type, value, sys.last_traceback = sys.exc_info()
         sys.last_type = type
         sys.last_value = value
         if filename and type is SyntaxError:
             # Work hard to stuff the correct filename in the exception
             try:
                 msg, (dummy_filename, lineno, offset, line) = value
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
             else:
                 # Stuff in the right filename
                 try:
                     # Assume SyntaxError is a class exception
                     value = SyntaxError(msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line))
                 except:
                     # If that failed, assume SyntaxError is a string
                     value = msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line)
         self.SyntaxTB(type,value,[])
 
     def debugger(self):
         """Call the pdb debugger."""
 
         if not self.rc.pdb:
             return
         pdb.pm()
 
     def showtraceback(self,exc_tuple = None,filename=None):
         """Display the exception that just occurred."""
 
         # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input line,
         # there may be SyntaxError cases whith imported code.
         if exc_tuple is None:
             type, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         else:
             type, value, tb = exc_tuple
         if type is SyntaxError:
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
         else:
             sys.last_type = type
             sys.last_value = value
             sys.last_traceback = tb
             self.InteractiveTB()
             if self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb and self.has_readline:
                 # pdb mucks up readline, fix it back
                 self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
 
     def update_cache(self, line):
         """puts line into cache"""
         self.inputcache.insert(0, line) # This copies the cache every time ... :-(
         if len(self.inputcache) >= self.CACHELENGTH:
             self.inputcache.pop()    # This not :-)
 
-    def name_space_init(self):
-        """Create local namespace."""
-        # We want this to be a method to facilitate embedded initialization.
-        code.InteractiveConsole.__init__(self,self.user_ns)
-
     def mainloop(self,banner=None):
         """Creates the local namespace and starts the mainloop.
 
         If an optional banner argument is given, it will override the
         internally created default banner."""
         
-        self.name_space_init()
         if self.rc.c:  # Emulate Python's -c option
             self.exec_init_cmd()
         if banner is None:
             if self.rc.banner:
                 banner = self.BANNER+self.banner2
             else:
                 banner = ''
         self.interact(banner)
 
     def exec_init_cmd(self):
         """Execute a command given at the command line.
 
         This emulates Python's -c option."""
 
         sys.argv = ['-c']
         self.push(self.rc.c)
 
     def embed_mainloop(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns=None,stack_depth=0):
         """Embeds IPython into a running python program.
 
         Input:
 
           - header: An optional header message can be specified.
 
           - local_ns, global_ns: working namespaces. If given as None, the
           IPython-initialized one is updated with __main__.__dict__, so that
           program variables become visible but user-specific configuration
           remains possible.
 
           - stack_depth: specifies how many levels in the stack to go to
           looking for namespaces (when local_ns and global_ns are None).  This
           allows an intermediate caller to make sure that this function gets
           the namespace from the intended level in the stack.  By default (0)
           it will get its locals and globals from the immediate caller.
 
         Warning: it's possible to use this in a program which is being run by
         IPython itself (via %run), but some funny things will happen (a few
         globals get overwritten). In the future this will be cleaned up, as
         there is no fundamental reason why it can't work perfectly."""
 
-        # Patch for global embedding to make sure that things don't overwrite
-        # user globals accidentally. Thanks to Richard <[e-mail]>
-        # FIXME. Test this a bit more carefully (the if.. is new)
-        if local_ns is None and global_ns is None:
-            self.user_ns.update(__main__.__dict__)
-
         # Get locals and globals from caller
         if local_ns is None or global_ns is None:
             call_frame = sys._getframe(stack_depth).f_back
 
             if local_ns is None:
                 local_ns = call_frame.f_locals
             if global_ns is None:
                 global_ns = call_frame.f_globals
 
         # Update namespaces and fire up interpreter
-        self.user_ns.update(local_ns)
-        self.interact(header)
+        self.user_ns = local_ns
+        self.user_global_ns = global_ns
+
+        # Patch for global embedding to make sure that things don't overwrite
+        # user globals accidentally. Thanks to Richard <[e-mail]>
+        # FIXME. Test this a bit more carefully (the if.. is new)
+        if local_ns is None and global_ns is None:
+            self.user_global_ns.update(__main__.__dict__)
 
-        # Remove locals from namespace
-        for k in local_ns:
-            del self.user_ns[k]
+        self.interact(header)
 
     def interact(self, banner=None):
         """Closely emulate the interactive Python console.
 
         The optional banner argument specify the banner to print
         before the first interaction; by default it prints a banner
         similar to the one printed by the real Python interpreter,
         followed by the current class name in parentheses (so as not
         to confuse this with the real interpreter -- since it's so
         close!).
 
         """
         cprt = 'Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.'
         if banner is None:
             self.write("Python %s on %s\n%s\n(%s)\n" %
                        (sys.version, sys.platform, cprt,
                         self.__class__.__name__))
         else:
             self.write(banner)
 
         more = 0
 
         # Mark activity in the builtins
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] += 1
 
         # exit_now is set by a call to %Exit or %Quit
         while not self.exit_now:
             try:
                 if more:
                     prompt = self.outputcache.prompt2
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.readline_startup_hook(self.pre_readline)
                 else:
                     prompt = self.outputcache.prompt1
                 try:
                     line = self.raw_input(prompt)
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.readline_startup_hook(None)
                 except EOFError:
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.readline_startup_hook(None)
                     self.write("\n")
                     if self.rc.confirm_exit:
                         if ask_yes_no('Do you really want to exit ([y]/n)?','y'):
                             break
                     else:
                         break
                 else:
                     more = self.push(line)
                     # Auto-indent management
                     if self.autoindent:
                         if line:
                             ini_spaces = re.match('^(\s+)',line)
                             if ini_spaces:
                                 nspaces = ini_spaces.end()
                             else:
                                 nspaces = 0
                             self.readline_indent = nspaces
 
                             if line[-1] == ':':
                                 self.readline_indent += 4
                             elif re.match(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return',line):
                                 self.readline_indent -= 4
                         else:
                             self.readline_indent = 0
 
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 self.write("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
                 self.resetbuffer()
                 more = 0
                 # keep cache in sync with the prompt counter:
                 self.outputcache.prompt_count -= 1
 
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.readline_indent = 0
 
             except bdb.BdbQuit:
                 warn("The Python debugger has exited with a BdbQuit exception.\n"
                      "Because of how pdb handles the stack, it is impossible\n"
                      "for IPython to properly format this particular exception.\n"
                      "IPython will resume normal operation.")
             
         # We are off again...
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] -= 1
 
     def excepthook(self, type, value, tb):
       """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
       GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
       sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
       enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
       otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
       which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
       except: statement.
 
       Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
       any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
       IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
       CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
       regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
       call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
       IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
       crashes.
 
       This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
       to be true IPython errors.
       """
       
       self.InteractiveTB(type, value, tb, tb_offset=0)
       if self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb and self.has_readline:
           self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
 
     def call_alias(self,alias,rest=''):
         """Call an alias given its name and the rest of the line.
 
         This function MUST be given a proper alias, because it doesn't make
         any checks when looking up into the alias table.  The caller is
         responsible for invoking it only with a valid alias."""
 
         #print 'ALIAS: <%s>+<%s>' % (alias,rest) # dbg
         nargs,cmd = self.alias_table[alias]
         # Expand the %l special to be the user's input line
         if cmd.find('%l') >= 0:
             cmd = cmd.replace('%l',rest)
             rest = ''
         if nargs==0:
             # Simple, argument-less aliases
             cmd = '%s %s' % (cmd,rest)
         else:
             # Handle aliases with positional arguments
             args = rest.split(None,nargs)
             if len(args)< nargs:
                 error('Alias <%s> requires %s arguments, %s given.' %
                       (alias,nargs,len(args)))
                 return
             cmd = '%s %s' % (cmd % tuple(args[:nargs]),' '.join(args[nargs:]))
         # Now call the macro, evaluating in the user's namespace
         try:
             self.system(cmd)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
 
     def runlines(self,lines):
         """Run a string of one or more lines of source.
 
         This method is capable of running a string containing multiple source
         lines, as if they had been entered at the IPython prompt.  Since it
         exposes IPython's processing machinery, the given strings can contain
         magic calls (%magic), special shell access (!cmd), etc."""
 
         # We must start with a clean buffer, in case this is run from an
         # interactive IPython session (via a magic, for example).
         self.resetbuffer()
         lines = lines.split('\n')
         more = 0
         for line in lines:
             # skip blank lines so we don't mess up the prompt counter, but do
             # NOT skip even a blank line if we are in a code block (more is
             # true)
             if line or more:
                 more = self.push((self.prefilter(line,more)))
                 # IPython's runsource returns None if there was an error
                 # compiling the code.  This allows us to stop processing right
                 # away, so the user gets the error message at the right place.
                 if more is None:
                     break
         # final newline in case the input didn't have it, so that the code
         # actually does get executed
         if more:
             self.push('\n')
 
     def runsource(self, source, filename="<input>", symbol="single"):
         """Compile and run some source in the interpreter.
 
         Arguments are as for compile_command().
 
         One several things can happen:
 
         1) The input is incorrect; compile_command() raised an
         exception (SyntaxError or OverflowError).  A syntax traceback
         will be printed by calling the showsyntaxerror() method.
 
         2) The input is incomplete, and more input is required;
         compile_command() returned None.  Nothing happens.
 
         3) The input is complete; compile_command() returned a code
         object.  The code is executed by calling self.runcode() (which
         also handles run-time exceptions, except for SystemExit).
 
         The return value is:
 
           - True in case 2
 
           - False in the other cases, unless an exception is raised, where
           None is returned instead.  This can be used by external callers to
           know whether to continue feeding input or not.
 
         The return value can be used to decide whether to use sys.ps1 or
         sys.ps2 to prompt the next line."""
 
         try:
             code = self.compile(source, filename, symbol)
         except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError):
             # Case 1
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             return None
 
         if code is None:
             # Case 2
             return True
 
         # Case 3
         # We store the code object so that threaded shells and
         # custom exception handlers can access all this info if needed.
         # The source corresponding to this can be obtained from the
         # buffer attribute as '\n'.join(self.buffer).
         self.code_to_run = code
         # now actually execute the code object
         if self.runcode(code) == 0:
             return False
         else:
             return None
 
     def runcode(self,code_obj):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Return value: a flag indicating whether the code to be run completed
         successfully:
 
           - 0: successful execution.
           - 1: an error occurred.
         """
 
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook,sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
         outflag = 1  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
-                exec code_obj in self.locals
+                exec code_obj in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit:
             self.resetbuffer()
             self.showtraceback()
             warn( __builtin__.exit,level=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype,value,tb = sys.exc_info()
             self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
         else:
             outflag = 0
             if code.softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print
         # Flush out code object which has been run (and source)
         self.code_to_run = None
         return outflag
 
     def raw_input(self, prompt=""):
         """Write a prompt and read a line.
 
         The returned line does not include the trailing newline.
         When the user enters the EOF key sequence, EOFError is raised.
 
         The base implementation uses the built-in function
         raw_input(); a subclass may replace this with a different
         implementation.
         """
         return self.prefilter(raw_input_original(prompt),
                               prompt==self.outputcache.prompt2)
         
     def split_user_input(self,line):
         """Split user input into pre-char, function part and rest."""
 
         lsplit = self.line_split.match(line)
         if lsplit is None:  # no regexp match returns None
             try:
                 iFun,theRest = line.split(None,1)
             except ValueError:
                 iFun,theRest = line,''
             pre = re.match('^(\s*)(.*)',line).groups()[0]
         else:
             pre,iFun,theRest = lsplit.groups()
 
         #print 'line:<%s>' % line # dbg
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun.strip(),theRest) # dbg
         return pre,iFun.strip(),theRest
 
     def _prefilter(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """Calls different preprocessors, depending on the form of line."""
 
         # All handlers *must* return a value, even if it's blank ('').
 
         # Lines are NOT logged here. Handlers should process the line as
         # needed, update the cache AND log it (so that the input cache array
         # stays synced).
 
         # This function is _very_ delicate, and since it's also the one which
         # determines IPython's response to user input, it must be as efficient
         # as possible.  For this reason it has _many_ returns in it, trying
         # always to exit as quickly as it can figure out what it needs to do.
 
         # This function is the main responsible for maintaining IPython's
         # behavior respectful of Python's semantics.  So be _very_ careful if
         # making changes to anything here.
 
         #.....................................................................
         # Code begins
 
         #if line.startswith('%crash'): raise RuntimeError,'Crash now!'  # dbg
 
         # save the line away in case we crash, so the post-mortem handler can
         # record it
         self._last_input_line = line
 
         #print '***line: <%s>' % line # dbg
 
         # the input history needs to track even empty lines
         if not line.strip():
             if not continue_prompt:
                 self.outputcache.prompt_count -= 1
             return self.handle_normal('',continue_prompt)
 
         # print '***cont',continue_prompt  # dbg
         # special handlers are only allowed for single line statements
         if continue_prompt and not self.rc.multi_line_specials:
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # For the rest, we need the structure of the input
         pre,iFun,theRest = self.split_user_input(line)
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun,theRest)  # dbg
 
         # First check for explicit escapes in the last/first character
         handler = None
         if line[-1] == self.ESC_HELP:
             handler = self.esc_handlers.get(line[-1])  # the ? can be at the end
         if handler is None:
             # look at the first character of iFun, NOT of line, so we skip
             # leading whitespace in multiline input
             handler = self.esc_handlers.get(iFun[0:1])
         if handler is not None:
             return handler(line,continue_prompt,pre,iFun,theRest)
         # Emacs ipython-mode tags certain input lines
         if line.endswith('# PYTHON-MODE'):
             return self.handle_emacs(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # Next, check if we can automatically execute this thing
 
         # Allow ! in multi-line statements if multi_line_specials is on:
         if continue_prompt and self.rc.multi_line_specials and \
                iFun.startswith(self.ESC_SHELL):
             return self.handle_shell_escape(line,continue_prompt,
                                             pre=pre,iFun=iFun,
                                             theRest=theRest)
 
         # Let's try to find if the input line is a magic fn
         oinfo = None
         if hasattr(self,'magic_'+iFun):
             oinfo = self._ofind(iFun) # FIXME - _ofind is part of Magic
             if oinfo['ismagic']:
                 # Be careful not to call magics when a variable assignment is
                 # being made (ls='hi', for example)
                 if self.rc.automagic and \
                        (len(theRest)==0 or theRest[0] not in '!=()<>,') and \
                        (self.rc.multi_line_specials or not continue_prompt):
                     return self.handle_magic(line,continue_prompt,
                                              pre,iFun,theRest)
                 else:
                     return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # If the rest of the line begins with an (in)equality, assginment or
         # function call, we should not call _ofind but simply execute it.
         # This avoids spurious geattr() accesses on objects upon assignment.
         #
         # It also allows users to assign to either alias or magic names true
         # python variables (the magic/alias systems always take second seat to
         # true python code).
         if theRest and theRest[0] in '!=()':
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         if oinfo is None:
             oinfo = self._ofind(iFun) # FIXME - _ofind is part of Magic
         
         if not oinfo['found']:
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
         else:
             #print 'iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (iFun,theRest) # dbg
             if oinfo['isalias']:
                 return self.handle_alias(line,continue_prompt,
                                              pre,iFun,theRest)
 
             if self.rc.autocall and \
                    not self.re_exclude_auto.match(theRest) and \
                    self.re_fun_name.match(iFun) and \
                    callable(oinfo['obj']) :
                 #print 'going auto'  # dbg
                 return self.handle_auto(line,continue_prompt,pre,iFun,theRest)
             else:
                 #print 'was callable?', callable(oinfo['obj'])  # dbg
                 return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # If we get here, we have a normal Python line. Log and return.
         return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     def _prefilter_dumb(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """simple prefilter function, for debugging"""
         return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     # Set the default prefilter() function (this can be user-overridden)
     prefilter = _prefilter
 
     def handle_normal(self,line,continue_prompt=None,
                       pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Handle normal input lines. Use as a template for handlers."""
 
         self.log(line,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line)
         return line
 
     def handle_alias(self,line,continue_prompt=None,
                      pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Handle alias input lines. """
 
         theRest = esc_quotes(theRest)
         line_out = "%s%s.call_alias('%s','%s')" % (pre,self.name,iFun,theRest)
         self.log(line_out,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line_out)
         return line_out
 
     def handle_shell_escape(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                             pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Execute the line in a shell, empty return value"""
 
         #print 'line in :', `line` # dbg
         # Example of a special handler. Others follow a similar pattern.
         if continue_prompt:  # multi-line statements
             if iFun.startswith('!!'):
                 print 'SyntaxError: !! is not allowed in multiline statements'
                 return pre
             else:
                 cmd = ("%s %s" % (iFun[1:],theRest)).replace('"','\\"')
                 line_out = '%s%s.system("%s")' % (pre,self.name,cmd)
                 #line_out = ('%s%s.system(' % (pre,self.name)) + repr(cmd) + ')'
         else: # single-line input
             if line.startswith('!!'):
                 # rewrite iFun/theRest to properly hold the call to %sx and
                 # the actual command to be executed, so handle_magic can work
                 # correctly
                 theRest = '%s %s' % (iFun[2:],theRest)
                 iFun = 'sx'
                 return self.handle_magic('%ssx %s' % (self.ESC_MAGIC,line[2:]),
                                          continue_prompt,pre,iFun,theRest)
             else:
                 cmd = esc_quotes(line[1:])
                 line_out = '%s.system("%s")' % (self.name,cmd)
                 #line_out = ('%s.system(' % self.name) + repr(cmd)+ ')'
         # update cache/log and return
         self.log(line_out,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line_out)   # readline cache gets normal line
         #print 'line out r:', `line_out` # dbg
         #print 'line out s:', line_out # dbg
         return line_out
 
     def handle_magic(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                      pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Execute magic functions.
 
         Also log them with a prepended # so the log is clean Python."""
 
         cmd = '%sipmagic("%s")' % (pre,esc_quotes('%s %s' % (iFun,theRest)))
         self.log(cmd,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line)
         #print 'in handle_magic, cmd=<%s>' % cmd  # dbg
         return cmd
 
     def handle_auto(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                     pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Hande lines which can be auto-executed, quoting if requested."""
 
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun,theRest)  # dbg
         
         # This should only be active for single-line input!
         if continue_prompt:
             return line
 
         if pre == self.ESC_QUOTE:
             # Auto-quote splitting on whitespace
             newcmd = '%s("%s")' % (iFun,'", "'.join(theRest.split()) )
         elif pre == self.ESC_QUOTE2:
             # Auto-quote whole string
             newcmd = '%s("%s")' % (iFun,theRest)
         else:
             # Auto-paren
             if theRest[0:1] in ('=','['):
                 # Don't autocall in these cases.  They can be either
                 # rebindings of an existing callable's name, or item access
                 # for an object which is BOTH callable and implements
                 # __getitem__.
                 return '%s %s' % (iFun,theRest)
             if theRest.endswith(';'):
                 newcmd = '%s(%s);' % (iFun.rstrip(),theRest[:-1])
             else:
                 newcmd = '%s(%s)' % (iFun.rstrip(),theRest)
 
         print >>Term.cout, self.outputcache.prompt1.auto_rewrite() + newcmd
         # log what is now valid Python, not the actual user input (without the
         # final newline)
         self.log(newcmd,continue_prompt)
         return newcmd
 
     def handle_help(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                     pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Try to get some help for the object.
 
         obj? or ?obj   -> basic information.
         obj?? or ??obj -> more details.
         """
 
         # We need to make sure that we don't process lines which would be
         # otherwise valid python, such as "x=1 # what?"
         try:
             code.compile_command(line)
         except SyntaxError:
             # We should only handle as help stuff which is NOT valid syntax
             if line[0]==self.ESC_HELP:
                 line = line[1:]
             elif line[-1]==self.ESC_HELP:
                 line = line[:-1]
             self.log('#?'+line)
             self.update_cache(line)
             if line:
                 self.magic_pinfo(line)
             else:
                 page(self.usage,screen_lines=self.rc.screen_length)
             return '' # Empty string is needed here!
         except:
             # Pass any other exceptions through to the normal handler
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
         else:
             # If the code compiles ok, we should handle it normally
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     def handle_emacs(self,line,continue_prompt=None,
                     pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Handle input lines marked by python-mode."""
 
         # Currently, nothing is done.  Later more functionality can be added
         # here if needed.
 
         # The input cache shouldn't be updated
 
         return line
 
     def write(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default output"""
         Term.cout.write(data)
 
     def write_err(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default error output"""
         Term.cerr.write(data)
 
     def safe_execfile(self,fname,*where,**kw):
         fname = os.path.expanduser(fname)
 
         # find things also in current directory
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
         if not sys.path.count(dname):
             sys.path.append(dname)
 
         try:
             xfile = open(fname)
         except:
             print >> Term.cerr, \
                   'Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname
             return None
 
         kw.setdefault('islog',0)
         kw.setdefault('quiet',1)
         kw.setdefault('exit_ignore',0)
         first = xfile.readline()
         _LOGHEAD = str(self.LOGHEAD).split('\n',1)[0].strip()
         xfile.close()
         # line by line execution
         if first.startswith(_LOGHEAD) or kw['islog']:
             print 'Loading log file <%s> one line at a time...' % fname
             if kw['quiet']:
                 stdout_save = sys.stdout
                 sys.stdout = StringIO.StringIO()
             try:
                 globs,locs = where[0:2]
             except:
                 try:
                     globs = locs = where[0]
                 except:
                     globs = locs = globals()
             badblocks = []
 
             # we also need to identify indented blocks of code when replaying
             # logs and put them together before passing them to an exec
             # statement. This takes a bit of regexp and look-ahead work in the
             # file. It's easiest if we swallow the whole thing in memory
             # first, and manually walk through the lines list moving the
             # counter ourselves.
             indent_re = re.compile('\s+\S')
             xfile = open(fname)
             filelines = xfile.readlines()
             xfile.close()
             nlines = len(filelines)
             lnum = 0
             while lnum < nlines:
                 line = filelines[lnum]
                 lnum += 1
                 # don't re-insert logger status info into cache
                 if line.startswith('#log#'):
                     continue
                 elif line.startswith('#%s'% self.ESC_MAGIC):
                     self.update_cache(line[1:])
                     line = magic2python(line)
                 elif line.startswith('#!'):
                     self.update_cache(line[1:])
                 else:
                     # build a block of code (maybe a single line) for execution
                     block = line
                     try:
                         next = filelines[lnum] # lnum has already incremented
                     except:
                         next = None
                     while next and indent_re.match(next):
                         block += next
                         lnum += 1
                         try:
                             next = filelines[lnum]
                         except:
                             next = None
                     # now execute the block of one or more lines
                     try:
                         exec block in globs,locs
                         self.update_cache(block.rstrip())
                     except SystemExit:
                         pass
                     except:
                         badblocks.append(block.rstrip())
             if kw['quiet']:  # restore stdout
                 sys.stdout.close()
                 sys.stdout = stdout_save
             print 'Finished replaying log file <%s>' % fname
             if badblocks:
                 print >> sys.stderr, \
                       '\nThe following lines/blocks in file <%s> reported errors:' \
                       % fname
                 for badline in badblocks:
                     print >> sys.stderr, badline
         else:  # regular file execution
             try:
                 execfile(fname,*where)
             except SyntaxError:
                 etype, evalue = sys.exc_info()[0:2]
                 self.SyntaxTB(etype,evalue,[])
                 warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
             except SystemExit,status:
                 if not kw['exit_ignore']:
                     self.InteractiveTB()
                     warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
             except:
                 self.InteractiveTB()
                 warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
 #************************* end of file <iplib.py> *****************************