Shell command formatting.

Makes the command to start the qtconsole consistent with the rest of the
shell commands in this document.

docs/source/interactive/qtconsole.rst

@@ -1,654 +1,654 b''
 .. _qtconsole:
 
 =========================
 A Qt Console for IPython
 =========================
 
 To start the Qt Console::
 
-    ipython qtconsole
+    $> ipython qtconsole
 
 We now have a version of IPython, using the new two-process :ref:`ZeroMQ Kernel
 <ipythonzmq>`, running in a PyQt_ GUI.  This is a very lightweight widget that
 largely feels like a terminal, but provides a number of enhancements only
 possible in a GUI, such as inline figures, proper multiline editing with syntax
 highlighting, graphical calltips, and much more.
 
 .. figure:: ../_images/qtconsole.png
     :width: 400px
     :alt: IPython Qt console with embedded plots
     :align: center
     :target: ../_images/qtconsole.png
 
     The Qt console for IPython, using inline matplotlib plots.
 
 To get acquainted with the Qt console, type `%guiref` to see a quick
 introduction of its main features.
 
 The Qt frontend has hand-coded emacs-style bindings for text navigation. This
 is not yet configurable.
 
 .. tip::
 
    Since the Qt console tries hard to behave like a terminal, by default it
    immediately executes single lines of input that are complete.  If you want
    to force multiline input, hit :kbd:`Ctrl-Enter` at the end of the first line
    instead of :kbd:`Enter`, and it will open a new line for input.  At any
    point in a multiline block, you can force its execution (without having to
    go to the bottom) with :kbd:`Shift-Enter`.
 
 ``%load``
 =========
 
 The new ``%load`` magic (previously ``%loadpy``) takes any script, and pastes
 its contents as your next input, so you can edit it before executing. The
 script may be on your machine, but you can also specify an history range, or a
 url, and it will download the script from the web. This is particularly useful
 for playing with examples from documentation, such as matplotlib.
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [6]: %load http://matplotlib.org/plot_directive/mpl_examples/mplot3d/contour3d_demo.py
 
     In [7]: from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import axes3d
        ...: import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
        ...:
        ...: fig = plt.figure()
        ...: ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')
        ...: X, Y, Z = axes3d.get_test_data(0.05)
        ...: cset = ax.contour(X, Y, Z)
        ...: ax.clabel(cset, fontsize=9, inline=1)
        ...:
        ...: plt.show()
 
 The ``%load`` magic can also load source code from objects in the user or 
 global namespace by invoking the ``-n`` option.
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
    In [1]: import hello_world
       ...: %load -n hello_world.say_hello
 
    In [3]: def say_hello() :
       ...:    print("Hello World!") 
 
 Inline Matplotlib
 =================
 
 One of the most exciting features of the QtConsole is embedded matplotlib
 figures. You can use any standard matplotlib GUI backend
 to draw the figures, and since there is now a two-process model, there is no
 longer a conflict between user input and the drawing eventloop.
 
 .. image:: figs/besselj.png
     :width: 519px
 
 .. _display:
 
 :func:`display`
 ***************
 
 IPython provides a function :func:`display` for displaying rich representations
 of objects if they are available. The IPython display
 system provides a mechanism for specifying PNG or SVG (and more)
 representations of objects for GUI frontends.
 When you enable matplotlib integration via the ``%matplotlib`` magic, IPython registers
 convenient PNG and SVG renderers for matplotlib figures, so you can embed them
 in your document by calling :func:`display` on one or more of them. This is
 especially useful for saving_ your work.
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [4]: from IPython.display import display
     
     In [5]: plt.plot(range(5)) # plots in the matplotlib window
     
     In [6]: display(plt.gcf()) # embeds the current figure in the qtconsole
     
     In [7]: display(*getfigs()) # embeds all active figures in the qtconsole
 
 If you have a reference to a matplotlib figure object, you can always display
 that specific figure:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
    In [1]: f = plt.figure()
 
    In [2]: plt.plot(np.rand(100))
    Out[2]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7fc6ac03dd90>]
 
    In [3]: display(f)
 
    # Plot is shown here
 
    In [4]: plt.title('A title')
    Out[4]: <matplotlib.text.Text at 0x7fc6ac023450>
 
    In [5]: display(f)
 
    # Updated plot with title is shown here.
 
 .. _inline:
 
 ``--matplotlib inline``
 ***********************
 
 If you want to have all of your figures embedded in your session, instead of
 calling :func:`display`, you can specify ``--matplotlib inline`` when you start the
 console, and each time you make a plot, it will show up in your document, as if
 you had called :func:`display(fig)`.
 
 The inline backend can use either SVG or PNG figures (PNG being the default).
 It also supports the special key ``'retina'``, which is 2x PNG for high-DPI displays.
 To switch between them, set the ``InlineBackend.figure_format`` configurable
 in a config file, or via the ``%config`` magic:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [10]: %config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
 
 .. note::
 
     Changing the inline figure format also affects calls to :func:`display` above,
     even if you are not using the inline backend for all figures.
 
 By default, IPython closes all figures at the completion of each execution. This means you
 don't have to manually close figures, which is less convenient when figures aren't attached
 to windows with an obvious close button.  It also means that the first matplotlib call in
 each cell will always create a new figure:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [11]: plt.plot(range(100))
     <single-line plot>
     
     In [12]: plt.plot([1,3,2])
     <another single-line plot>
 
 
 However, it does prevent the list of active figures surviving from one input cell to the
 next, so if you want to continue working with a figure, you must hold on to a reference to
 it:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [11]: fig = gcf()
        ....: fig.plot(rand(100))
     <plot>
     In [12]: fig.title('Random Title')
     <redraw plot with title>
 
 This behavior is controlled by the :attr:`InlineBackend.close_figures` configurable, and
 if you set it to False, via %config or config file, then IPython will *not* close figures,
 and tools like :func:`gcf`, :func:`gca`, :func:`getfigs` will behave the same as they
 do with other backends.  You will, however, have to manually close figures:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     # close all active figures:
     In [13]: [ fig.close() for fig in getfigs() ]
 
 
 
 .. _saving:
 
 Saving and Printing
 ===================
 
 IPythonQt has the ability to save your current session, as either HTML or
 XHTML. If you have been using :func:`display` or inline_ matplotlib, your figures
 will be PNG in HTML, or inlined as SVG in XHTML. PNG images have the option to
 be either in an external folder, as in many browsers' "Webpage, Complete"
 option, or inlined as well, for a larger, but more portable file.
 
 .. note::
 
     Export to SVG+XHTML requires that you are using SVG figures, which is *not*
     the default.  To switch the inline figure format to use SVG during an active
     session, do:
     
     .. sourcecode:: ipython
     
         In [10]: %config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
     
     Or, you can add the same line (c.Inline... instead of %config Inline...) to
     your config files.
     
     This will only affect figures plotted after making this call
 
 
 The widget also exposes the ability to print directly, via the default print
 shortcut or context menu.
 
 
 .. Note:: 
 
     Saving is only available to richtext Qt widgets, which are used by default,
     but if you pass the ``--plain`` flag, saving will not be available to you.
 
 
 See these examples of :download:`png/html<figs/jn.html>` and
 :download:`svg/xhtml <figs/jn.xhtml>` output. Note that syntax highlighting
 does not survive export. This is a known issue, and is being investigated.
 
 
 Colors and Highlighting
 =======================
 
 Terminal IPython has always had some coloring, but never syntax
 highlighting. There are a few simple color choices, specified by the ``colors``
 flag or ``%colors`` magic:
 
 * LightBG for light backgrounds
 * Linux for dark backgrounds
 * NoColor for a simple colorless terminal
 
 The Qt widget has full support for the ``colors`` flag used in the terminal shell.
 
 The Qt widget, however, has full syntax highlighting as you type, handled by
 the `pygments`_ library. The ``style`` argument exposes access to any style by
 name that can be found by pygments, and there are several already
 installed. The ``colors`` argument, if unspecified, will be guessed based on
 the chosen style. Similarly, there are default styles associated with each
 ``colors`` option.
 
 
 Screenshot of ``ipython qtconsole --colors=linux``, which uses the 'monokai'
 theme by default:
 
 .. image:: figs/colors_dark.png
     :width: 627px
     
 .. Note::
 
     Calling ``ipython qtconsole -h`` will show all the style names that
     pygments can find on your system.
 
 You can also pass the filename of a custom CSS stylesheet, if you want to do
 your own coloring, via the ``stylesheet`` argument.  The default LightBG
 stylesheet:
 
 .. sourcecode:: css
 
     QPlainTextEdit, QTextEdit { background-color: white;
             color: black ;
             selection-background-color: #ccc}
     .error { color: red; }
     .in-prompt { color: navy; }
     .in-prompt-number { font-weight: bold; }
     .out-prompt { color: darkred; }
     .out-prompt-number { font-weight: bold; }
     /* .inverted is used to highlight selected completion */
     .inverted { background-color: black ; color: white; }
 
 Fonts
 =====
 
 The QtConsole has configurable via the ConsoleWidget. To change these, set the
 ``font_family`` or ``font_size`` traits of the ConsoleWidget. For instance, to
 use 9pt Anonymous Pro::
 
     $> ipython qtconsole --ConsoleWidget.font_family="Anonymous Pro" --ConsoleWidget.font_size=9
 
 Process Management
 ==================
 
 With the two-process ZMQ model, the frontend does not block input during
 execution. This means that actions can be taken by the frontend while the
 Kernel is executing, or even after it crashes. The most basic such command is
 via 'Ctrl-.', which restarts the kernel.  This can be done in the middle of a
 blocking execution. The frontend can also know, via a heartbeat mechanism, that
 the kernel has died. This means that the frontend can safely restart the
 kernel.
 
 .. _multiple_consoles:
 
 Multiple Consoles
 *****************
 
 Since the Kernel listens on the network, multiple frontends can connect to it.
 These do not have to all be qt frontends - any IPython frontend can connect and
 run code.  When you start ipython qtconsole, there will be an output line,
 like::
 
     [IPKernelApp] To connect another client to this kernel, use:
     [IPKernelApp] --existing kernel-12345.json
 
 Other frontends can connect to your kernel, and share in the execution. This is
 great for collaboration.  The ``--existing`` flag means connect to a kernel
 that already exists.  Starting other consoles
 with that flag will not try to start their own kernel, but rather connect to
 yours.  :file:`kernel-12345.json` is a small JSON file with the ip, port, and
 authentication information necessary to connect to your kernel. By default, this file
 will be in your default profile's security directory.  If it is somewhere else,
 the output line will print the full path of the connection file, rather than
 just its filename.
 
 If you need to find the connection info to send, and don't know where your connection file
 lives, there are a couple of ways to get it. If you are already running an IPython console
 connected to the kernel, you can use the ``%connect_info`` magic to display the information
 necessary to connect another frontend to the kernel.
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
     In [2]: %connect_info
     {
       "stdin_port":50255,
       "ip":"127.0.0.1",
       "hb_port":50256,
       "key":"70be6f0f-1564-4218-8cda-31be40a4d6aa",
       "shell_port":50253,
       "iopub_port":50254
     }
 
     Paste the above JSON into a file, and connect with:
         $> ipython <app> --existing <file>
     or, if you are local, you can connect with just:
         $> ipython <app> --existing kernel-12345.json
     or even just:
         $> ipython <app> --existing
     if this is the most recent IPython session you have started.
 
 Otherwise, you can find a connection file by name (and optionally profile) with
 :func:`IPython.lib.kernel.find_connection_file`:
 
 .. sourcecode:: bash
 
     $> python -c "from IPython.lib.kernel import find_connection_file;\
     print find_connection_file('kernel-12345.json')"
     /home/you/.ipython/profile_default/security/kernel-12345.json
 
 And if you are using a particular IPython profile:
 
 .. sourcecode:: bash
 
     $> python -c "from IPython.lib.kernel import find_connection_file;\
     print find_connection_file('kernel-12345.json', profile='foo')"
     /home/you/.ipython/profile_foo/security/kernel-12345.json
 
 You can even launch a standalone kernel, and connect and disconnect Qt Consoles
 from various machines.  This lets you keep the same running IPython session
 on your work machine (with matplotlib plots and everything), logging in from home,
 cafés, etc.::
 
     $> ipython kernel
     [IPKernelApp] To connect another client to this kernel, use:
     [IPKernelApp] --existing kernel-12345.json
 
 This is actually exactly the same as the subprocess launched by the qtconsole, so
 all the information about connecting to a standalone kernel is identical to that
 of connecting to the kernel attached to a running console.
 
 .. _kernel_security:
 
 Security
 --------
 
 .. warning::
 
     Since the ZMQ code currently has no encryption, listening on an
     external-facing IP is dangerous.  You are giving any computer that can see
     you on the network the ability to connect to your kernel, and view your traffic.
     Read the rest of this section before listening on external ports
     or running an IPython kernel on a shared machine.
 
 By default (for security reasons), the kernel only listens on localhost, so you
 can only connect multiple frontends to the kernel from your local machine. You
 can specify to listen on an external interface by specifying the ``ip``
 argument::
 
     $> ipython qtconsole --ip=192.168.1.123
 
 If you specify the ip as 0.0.0.0 or '*', that means all interfaces, so any
 computer that can see yours on the network can connect to the kernel.
 
 Messages are not encrypted, so users with access to the ports your kernel is using will be
 able to see any output of the kernel. They will **NOT** be able to issue shell commands as
 you due to message signatures, which are enabled by default as of IPython 0.12.
 
 .. warning::
 
     If you disable message signatures, then any user with access to the ports your
     kernel is listening on can issue arbitrary code as you. **DO NOT** disable message
     signatures unless you have a lot of trust in your environment.
 
 The one security feature IPython does provide is protection from unauthorized execution.
 IPython's messaging system will sign messages with HMAC digests using a shared-key. The key
 is never sent over the network, it is only used to generate a unique hash for each message,
 based on its content. When IPython receives a message, it will check that the digest
 matches, and discard the message. You can use any file that only you have access to to
 generate this key, but the default is just to generate a new UUID. You can generate a random
 private key with::
 
     # generate 1024b of random data, and store in a file only you can read:
     # (assumes IPYTHONDIR is defined, otherwise use your IPython directory)
     $> python -c "import os; print os.urandom(128).encode('base64')" > $IPYTHONDIR/sessionkey
     $> chmod 600 $IPYTHONDIR/sessionkey
 
 The *contents* of this file will be stored in the JSON connection file, so that file
 contains everything you need to connect to and use a kernel.
 
 To use this generated key, simply specify the ``Session.keyfile`` configurable
 in :file:`ipython_config.py` or at the command-line, as in::
 
     # instruct IPython to sign messages with that key, instead of a new UUID
     $> ipython qtconsole --Session.keyfile=$IPYTHONDIR/sessionkey
 
 .. _ssh_tunnels:
 
 SSH Tunnels
 -----------
 
 Sometimes you want to connect to machines across the internet, or just across
 a LAN that either doesn't permit open ports or you don't trust the other
 machines on the network.  To do this, you can use SSH tunnels.  SSH tunnels
 are a way to securely forward ports on your local machine to ports on another
 machine, to which you have SSH access.
 
 In simple cases, IPython's tools can forward ports over ssh by simply adding the
 ``--ssh=remote`` argument to the usual ``--existing...`` set of flags for connecting
 to a running kernel, after copying the JSON connection file (or its contents) to
 the second computer.
 
 .. warning::
 
     Using SSH tunnels does *not* increase localhost security.  In fact, when
     tunneling from one machine to another *both* machines have open
     ports on localhost available for connections to the kernel.
 
 There are two primary models for using SSH tunnels with IPython.  The first
 is to have the Kernel listen only on localhost, and connect to it from
 another machine on the same LAN.
 
 First, let's start a kernel on machine **worker**, listening only
 on loopback::
 
     user@worker $> ipython kernel
     [IPKernelApp] To connect another client to this kernel, use:
     [IPKernelApp] --existing kernel-12345.json
 
 In this case, the IP that you would connect
 to would still be 127.0.0.1, but you want to specify the additional ``--ssh`` argument
 with the hostname of the kernel (in this example, it's 'worker')::
 
     user@client $> ipython qtconsole  --ssh=worker --existing /path/to/kernel-12345.json
 
 Which will write a new connection file with the forwarded ports, so you can reuse them::
 
     [IPythonQtConsoleApp] To connect another client via this tunnel, use:
     [IPythonQtConsoleApp] --existing kernel-12345-ssh.json
 
 Note again that this opens ports on the *client* machine that point to your kernel.
 
 .. note::
 
     the ssh argument is simply passed to openssh, so it can be fully specified ``user@host:port``
     but it will also respect your aliases, etc. in :file:`.ssh/config` if you have any.
 
 The second pattern is for connecting to a machine behind a firewall across the internet
 (or otherwise wide network). This time, we have a machine **login** that you have ssh access
 to, which can see **kernel**, but **client** is on another network. The important difference
 now is that **client** can see **login**, but *not* **worker**. So we need to forward ports from
 client to worker *via* login. This means that the kernel must be started listening
 on external interfaces, so that its ports are visible to `login`::
 
     user@worker $> ipython kernel --ip=0.0.0.0
     [IPKernelApp] To connect another client to this kernel, use:
     [IPKernelApp] --existing kernel-12345.json
 
 Which we can connect to from the client with::
 
     user@client $> ipython qtconsole --ssh=login --ip=192.168.1.123 --existing /path/to/kernel-12345.json
 
 .. note::
 
     The IP here is the address of worker as seen from *login*, and need only be specified if
     the kernel used the ambiguous 0.0.0.0 (all interfaces) address. If it had used
     192.168.1.123 to start with, it would not be needed.
 
 
 Manual SSH tunnels
 ------------------
 
 It's possible that IPython's ssh helper functions won't work for you, for various
 reasons.  You can still connect to remote machines, as long as you set up the tunnels
 yourself.  The basic format of forwarding a local port to a remote one is::
 
     [client] $> ssh <server> <localport>:<remoteip>:<remoteport> -f -N
 
 This will forward local connections to **localport** on client to **remoteip:remoteport**
 *via* **server**. Note that remoteip is interpreted relative to *server*, not the client.
 So if you have direct ssh access to the machine to which you want to forward connections,
 then the server *is* the remote machine, and remoteip should be server's IP as seen from the
 server itself, i.e. 127.0.0.1.  Thus, to forward local port 12345 to remote port 54321 on
 a machine you can see, do::
 
     [client] $> ssh machine 12345:127.0.0.1:54321 -f -N
 
 But if your target is actually on a LAN at 192.168.1.123, behind another machine called **login**,
 then you would do::
 
     [client] $> ssh login 12345:192.168.1.16:54321 -f -N
 
 The ``-f -N`` on the end are flags that tell ssh to run in the background,
 and don't actually run any commands beyond creating the tunnel.
 
 .. seealso::
 
     A short discussion of ssh tunnels: http://www.revsys.com/writings/quicktips/ssh-tunnel.html
 
 
 
 Stopping Kernels and Consoles
 *****************************
 
 Since there can be many consoles per kernel, the shutdown mechanism and dialog
 are probably more complicated than you are used to. Since you don't always want
 to shutdown a kernel when you close a window, you are given the option to just
 close the console window or also close the Kernel and *all other windows*. Note
 that this only refers to all other *local* windows, as remote Consoles are not
 allowed to shutdown the kernel, and shutdowns do not close Remote consoles (to
 allow for saving, etc.).
 
 Rules:
 
     * Restarting the kernel automatically clears all *local* Consoles, and prompts remote
       Consoles about the reset.
     * Shutdown closes all *local* Consoles, and notifies remotes that
       the Kernel has been shutdown.
     * Remote Consoles may not restart or shutdown the kernel.
 
 Qt and the QtConsole
 ====================
 
 An important part of working with the QtConsole when you are writing your own
 Qt code is to remember that user code (in the kernel) is *not* in the same
 process as the frontend.  This means that there is not necessarily any Qt code
 running in the kernel, and under most normal circumstances there isn't. If,
 however, you specify ``--matplotlib qt`` at the command-line, then there *will* be a
 :class:`QCoreApplication` instance running in the kernel process along with
 user-code. To get a reference to this application, do:
 
 .. sourcecode:: python
 
     from PyQt4 import QtCore
     app = QtCore.QCoreApplication.instance()
     # app will be None if there is no such instance
 
 A common problem listed in the PyQt4 Gotchas_ is the fact that Python's garbage
 collection will destroy Qt objects (Windows, etc.) once there is no longer a
 Python reference to them, so you have to hold on to them.  For instance, in:
 
 .. sourcecode:: python
 
     def make_window():
         win = QtGui.QMainWindow()
     
     def make_and_return_window():
         win = QtGui.QMainWindow()
         return win
 
 :func:`make_window` will never draw a window, because garbage collection will
 destroy it before it is drawn, whereas :func:`make_and_return_window` lets the
 caller decide when the window object should be destroyed.  If, as a developer,
 you know that you always want your objects to last as long as the process, you
 can attach them to the QApplication instance itself:
 
 .. sourcecode:: python
     
     # do this just once:
     app = QtCore.QCoreApplication.instance()
     app.references = set()
     # then when you create Windows, add them to the set
     def make_window():
         win = QtGui.QMainWindow()
         app.references.add(win)
 
 Now the QApplication itself holds a reference to ``win``, so it will never be
 garbage collected until the application itself is destroyed.
 
 .. _Gotchas: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/static/Docs/PyQt4/html/gotchas.html#garbage-collection
 
 Embedding the QtConsole in a Qt application
 *******************************************
 
 In order to make the QtConsole available to an external Qt GUI application (just as
 :func:`IPython.embed` enables one to embed a terminal session of IPython in a
 command-line application), there are a few options:
 
 * First start IPython, and then start the external Qt application from IPython,
   as described above.  Effectively, this embeds your application in IPython
   rather than the other way round.
 
 * Use :class:`IPython.qt.console.rich_ipython_widget.RichIPythonWidget` in your
   Qt application. This will embed the console widget in your GUI and start the
   kernel in a separate process, so code typed into the console cannot access
   objects in your application.
 
 * Start a standard IPython kernel in the process of the external Qt
   application.  See :file:`examples/lib/ipkernel_qtapp.py` for an example.  Due
   to IPython's two-process model, the QtConsole itself will live in another
   process with its own QApplication, and thus cannot be embedded in the main
   GUI.
 
 * Start a special IPython kernel, the
   :class:`IPython.kernel.inprocess.ipkernel.InProcessKernel`, that allows a
   QtConsole in the same process. See :file:`examples/inprocess/embedded_qtconsole.py`
   for an example. While the QtConsole can now be embedded in the main GUI, one
   cannot connect to the kernel from other consoles as there are no real ZMQ
   sockets anymore.
 
 Regressions
 ===========
 
 There are some features, where the qt console lags behind the Terminal
 frontend:
 
 * !cmd input: Due to our use of pexpect, we cannot pass input to subprocesses
   launched using the '!' escape, so you should never call a command that
   requires interactive input.  For such cases, use the terminal IPython.  This
   will not be fixed, as abandoning pexpect would significantly degrade the
   console experience.
 
 .. _PyQt: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/software/pyqt/download
 .. _pygments: http://pygments.org/