Merge pull request #1630 from minrk/mergekernel

Merge divergent Kernel implementations

IPython/config/application.py

@@ -1,508 +1,511 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 A base class for a configurable application.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Brian Granger
 * Min RK
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import logging
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 from copy import deepcopy
 from collections import defaultdict
 
 from IPython.external.decorator import decorator
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
 from IPython.config.loader import (
     KVArgParseConfigLoader, PyFileConfigLoader, Config, ArgumentError, ConfigFileNotFound,
 )
 
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (
     Unicode, List, Enum, Dict, Instance, TraitError
 )
 from IPython.utils.importstring import import_item
 from IPython.utils.text import indent, wrap_paragraphs, dedent
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # function for re-wrapping a helpstring
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Descriptions for the various sections
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # merge flags&aliases into options
 option_description = """
 Arguments that take values are actually convenience aliases to full
 Configurables, whose aliases are listed on the help line. For more information
 on full configurables, see '--help-all'.
 """.strip() # trim newlines of front and back
 
 keyvalue_description = """
 Parameters are set from command-line arguments of the form:
 `--Class.trait=value`.
 This line is evaluated in Python, so simple expressions are allowed, e.g.::
 `--C.a='range(3)'` For setting C.a=[0,1,2].
 """.strip() # trim newlines of front and back
 
 subcommand_description = """
 Subcommands are launched as `{app} cmd [args]`. For information on using
 subcommand 'cmd', do: `{app} cmd -h`.
 """.strip().format(app=os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]))
 # get running program name
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Application class
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @decorator
 def catch_config_error(method, app, *args, **kwargs):
     """Method decorator for catching invalid config (Trait/ArgumentErrors) during init.
 
     On a TraitError (generally caused by bad config), this will print the trait's
     message, and exit the app.
     
     For use on init methods, to prevent invoking excepthook on invalid input.
     """
     try:
         return method(app, *args, **kwargs)
     except (TraitError, ArgumentError) as e:
         app.print_description()
         app.print_help()
         app.print_examples()
         app.log.fatal("Bad config encountered during initialization:")
         app.log.fatal(str(e))
         app.log.debug("Config at the time: %s", app.config)
         app.exit(1)
 
 
 class ApplicationError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
 class Application(SingletonConfigurable):
     """A singleton application with full configuration support."""
 
     # The name of the application, will usually match the name of the command
     # line application
     name = Unicode(u'application')
 
     # The description of the application that is printed at the beginning
     # of the help.
     description = Unicode(u'This is an application.')
     # default section descriptions
     option_description = Unicode(option_description)
     keyvalue_description = Unicode(keyvalue_description)
     subcommand_description = Unicode(subcommand_description)
 
     # The usage and example string that goes at the end of the help string.
     examples = Unicode()
 
     # A sequence of Configurable subclasses whose config=True attributes will
     # be exposed at the command line.
     classes = List([])
 
     # The version string of this application.
     version = Unicode(u'0.0')
 
     # The log level for the application
     log_level = Enum((0,10,20,30,40,50,'DEBUG','INFO','WARN','ERROR','CRITICAL'),
                     default_value=logging.WARN,
                     config=True,
                     help="Set the log level by value or name.")
     def _log_level_changed(self, name, old, new):
         """Adjust the log level when log_level is set."""
         if isinstance(new, basestring):
             new = getattr(logging, new)
             self.log_level = new
         self.log.setLevel(new)
+    
+    log_format = Unicode("[%(name)s] %(message)s", config=True,
+        help="The Logging format template",
+    )
+    log = Instance(logging.Logger)
+    def _log_default(self):
+        """Start logging for this application.
+
+        The default is to log to stdout using a StreaHandler. The log level
+        starts at loggin.WARN, but this can be adjusted by setting the
+        ``log_level`` attribute.
+        """
+        log = logging.getLogger(self.__class__.__name__)
+        log.setLevel(self.log_level)
+        if sys.executable.endswith('pythonw.exe'):
+            # this should really go to a file, but file-logging is only
+            # hooked up in parallel applications
+            _log_handler = logging.StreamHandler(open(os.devnull, 'w'))
+        else:
+            _log_handler = logging.StreamHandler()
+        _log_formatter = logging.Formatter(self.log_format)
+        _log_handler.setFormatter(_log_formatter)
+        log.addHandler(_log_handler)
+        return log
 
     # the alias map for configurables
     aliases = Dict({'log-level' : 'Application.log_level'})
 
     # flags for loading Configurables or store_const style flags
     # flags are loaded from this dict by '--key' flags
     # this must be a dict of two-tuples, the first element being the Config/dict
     # and the second being the help string for the flag
     flags = Dict()
     def _flags_changed(self, name, old, new):
         """ensure flags dict is valid"""
         for key,value in new.iteritems():
             assert len(value) == 2, "Bad flag: %r:%s"%(key,value)
             assert isinstance(value[0], (dict, Config)), "Bad flag: %r:%s"%(key,value)
             assert isinstance(value[1], basestring), "Bad flag: %r:%s"%(key,value)
 
 
     # subcommands for launching other applications
     # if this is not empty, this will be a parent Application
     # this must be a dict of two-tuples,
     # the first element being the application class/import string
     # and the second being the help string for the subcommand
     subcommands = Dict()
     # parse_command_line will initialize a subapp, if requested
     subapp = Instance('IPython.config.application.Application', allow_none=True)
 
     # extra command-line arguments that don't set config values
     extra_args = List(Unicode)
 
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         SingletonConfigurable.__init__(self, **kwargs)
         # Ensure my class is in self.classes, so my attributes appear in command line
         # options and config files.
         if self.__class__ not in self.classes:
             self.classes.insert(0, self.__class__)
 
-        self.init_logging()
-
     def _config_changed(self, name, old, new):
         SingletonConfigurable._config_changed(self, name, old, new)
         self.log.debug('Config changed:')
         self.log.debug(repr(new))
 
-    def init_logging(self):
-        """Start logging for this application.
-
-        The default is to log to stdout using a StreaHandler. The log level
-        starts at loggin.WARN, but this can be adjusted by setting the
-        ``log_level`` attribute.
-        """
-        self.log = logging.getLogger(self.__class__.__name__)
-        self.log.setLevel(self.log_level)
-        if sys.executable.endswith('pythonw.exe'):
-            # this should really go to a file, but file-logging is only
-            # hooked up in parallel applications
-            self._log_handler = logging.StreamHandler(open(os.devnull, 'w'))
-        else:
-            self._log_handler = logging.StreamHandler()
-        self._log_formatter = logging.Formatter("[%(name)s] %(message)s")
-        self._log_handler.setFormatter(self._log_formatter)
-        self.log.addHandler(self._log_handler)
-
     @catch_config_error
     def initialize(self, argv=None):
         """Do the basic steps to configure me.
 
         Override in subclasses.
         """
         self.parse_command_line(argv)
 
 
     def start(self):
         """Start the app mainloop.
 
         Override in subclasses.
         """
         if self.subapp is not None:
             return self.subapp.start()
 
     def print_alias_help(self):
         """Print the alias part of the help."""
         if not self.aliases:
             return
 
         lines = []
         classdict = {}
         for cls in self.classes:
             # include all parents (up to, but excluding Configurable) in available names
             for c in cls.mro()[:-3]:
                 classdict[c.__name__] = c
 
         for alias, longname in self.aliases.iteritems():
             classname, traitname = longname.split('.',1)
             cls = classdict[classname]
 
             trait = cls.class_traits(config=True)[traitname]
             help = cls.class_get_trait_help(trait).splitlines()
             # reformat first line
             help[0] = help[0].replace(longname, alias) + ' (%s)'%longname
             if len(alias) == 1:
                 help[0] = help[0].replace('--%s='%alias, '-%s '%alias)
             lines.extend(help)
         # lines.append('')
         print os.linesep.join(lines)
 
     def print_flag_help(self):
         """Print the flag part of the help."""
         if not self.flags:
             return
 
         lines = []
         for m, (cfg,help) in self.flags.iteritems():
             prefix = '--' if len(m) > 1 else '-'
             lines.append(prefix+m)
             lines.append(indent(dedent(help.strip())))
         # lines.append('')
         print os.linesep.join(lines)
 
     def print_options(self):
         if not self.flags and not self.aliases:
             return
         lines = ['Options']
         lines.append('-'*len(lines[0]))
         lines.append('')
         for p in wrap_paragraphs(self.option_description):
             lines.append(p)
             lines.append('')
         print os.linesep.join(lines)
         self.print_flag_help()
         self.print_alias_help()
         print
 
     def print_subcommands(self):
         """Print the subcommand part of the help."""
         if not self.subcommands:
             return
 
         lines = ["Subcommands"]
         lines.append('-'*len(lines[0]))
         lines.append('')
         for p in wrap_paragraphs(self.subcommand_description):
             lines.append(p)
             lines.append('')
         for subc, (cls, help) in self.subcommands.iteritems():
             lines.append(subc)
             if help:
                 lines.append(indent(dedent(help.strip())))
         lines.append('')
         print os.linesep.join(lines)
 
     def print_help(self, classes=False):
         """Print the help for each Configurable class in self.classes.
 
         If classes=False (the default), only flags and aliases are printed.
         """
         self.print_subcommands()
         self.print_options()
 
         if classes:
             if self.classes:
                 print "Class parameters"
                 print "----------------"
                 print
                 for p in wrap_paragraphs(self.keyvalue_description):
                     print p
                     print
 
             for cls in self.classes:
                 cls.class_print_help()
                 print
         else:
             print "To see all available configurables, use `--help-all`"
             print
 
     def print_description(self):
         """Print the application description."""
         for p in wrap_paragraphs(self.description):
             print p
             print
 
     def print_examples(self):
         """Print usage and examples.
 
         This usage string goes at the end of the command line help string
         and should contain examples of the application's usage.
         """
         if self.examples:
             print "Examples"
             print "--------"
             print
             print indent(dedent(self.examples.strip()))
             print
 
     def print_version(self):
         """Print the version string."""
         print self.version
 
     def update_config(self, config):
         """Fire the traits events when the config is updated."""
         # Save a copy of the current config.
         newconfig = deepcopy(self.config)
         # Merge the new config into the current one.
         newconfig._merge(config)
         # Save the combined config as self.config, which triggers the traits
         # events.
         self.config = newconfig
 
     @catch_config_error
     def initialize_subcommand(self, subc, argv=None):
         """Initialize a subcommand with argv."""
         subapp,help = self.subcommands.get(subc)
 
         if isinstance(subapp, basestring):
             subapp = import_item(subapp)
 
         # clear existing instances
         self.__class__.clear_instance()
         # instantiate
         self.subapp = subapp.instance()
         # and initialize subapp
         self.subapp.initialize(argv)
     
     def flatten_flags(self):
         """flatten flags and aliases, so cl-args override as expected.
         
         This prevents issues such as an alias pointing to InteractiveShell,
         but a config file setting the same trait in TerminalInteraciveShell
         getting inappropriate priority over the command-line arg.
 
         Only aliases with exactly one descendent in the class list
         will be promoted.
         
         """
         # build a tree of classes in our list that inherit from a particular
         # it will be a dict by parent classname of classes in our list
         # that are descendents
         mro_tree = defaultdict(list)
         for cls in self.classes:
             clsname = cls.__name__
             for parent in cls.mro()[1:-3]:
                 # exclude cls itself and Configurable,HasTraits,object
                 mro_tree[parent.__name__].append(clsname)
         # flatten aliases, which have the form:
         # { 'alias' : 'Class.trait' }
         aliases = {}
         for alias, cls_trait in self.aliases.iteritems():
             cls,trait = cls_trait.split('.',1)
             children = mro_tree[cls]
             if len(children) == 1:
                 # exactly one descendent, promote alias
                 cls = children[0]
             aliases[alias] = '.'.join([cls,trait])
         
         # flatten flags, which are of the form:
         # { 'key' : ({'Cls' : {'trait' : value}}, 'help')}
         flags = {}
         for key, (flagdict, help) in self.flags.iteritems():
             newflag = {}
             for cls, subdict in flagdict.iteritems():
                 children = mro_tree[cls]
                 # exactly one descendent, promote flag section
                 if len(children) == 1:
                     cls = children[0]
                 newflag[cls] = subdict
             flags[key] = (newflag, help)
         return flags, aliases
 
     @catch_config_error
     def parse_command_line(self, argv=None):
         """Parse the command line arguments."""
         argv = sys.argv[1:] if argv is None else argv
         
         if argv and argv[0] == 'help':
             # turn `ipython help notebook` into `ipython notebook -h`
             argv = argv[1:] + ['-h']
 
         if self.subcommands and len(argv) > 0:
             # we have subcommands, and one may have been specified
             subc, subargv = argv[0], argv[1:]
             if re.match(r'^\w(\-?\w)*$', subc) and subc in self.subcommands:
                 # it's a subcommand, and *not* a flag or class parameter
                 return self.initialize_subcommand(subc, subargv)
 
         if '-h' in argv or '--help' in argv or '--help-all' in argv:
             self.print_description()
             self.print_help('--help-all' in argv)
             self.print_examples()
             self.exit(0)
 
         if '--version' in argv or '-V' in argv:
             self.print_version()
             self.exit(0)
         
         # flatten flags&aliases, so cl-args get appropriate priority:
         flags,aliases = self.flatten_flags()
 
         loader = KVArgParseConfigLoader(argv=argv, aliases=aliases,
                                         flags=flags)
         config = loader.load_config()
         self.update_config(config)
         # store unparsed args in extra_args
         self.extra_args = loader.extra_args
 
     @catch_config_error
     def load_config_file(self, filename, path=None):
         """Load a .py based config file by filename and path."""
         loader = PyFileConfigLoader(filename, path=path)
         try:
             config = loader.load_config()
         except ConfigFileNotFound:
             # problem finding the file, raise
             raise
         except Exception:
             # try to get the full filename, but it will be empty in the
             # unlikely event that the error raised before filefind finished
             filename = loader.full_filename or filename
             # problem while running the file
             self.log.error("Exception while loading config file %s",
                             filename, exc_info=True)
         else:
             self.log.debug("Loaded config file: %s", loader.full_filename)
             self.update_config(config)
 
     def generate_config_file(self):
         """generate default config file from Configurables"""
         lines = ["# Configuration file for %s."%self.name]
         lines.append('')
         lines.append('c = get_config()')
         lines.append('')
         for cls in self.classes:
             lines.append(cls.class_config_section())
         return '\n'.join(lines)
 
     def exit(self, exit_status=0):
         self.log.debug("Exiting application: %s" % self.name)
         sys.exit(exit_status)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # utility functions, for convenience
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def boolean_flag(name, configurable, set_help='', unset_help=''):
     """Helper for building basic --trait, --no-trait flags.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
 
     name : str
         The name of the flag.
     configurable : str
         The 'Class.trait' string of the trait to be set/unset with the flag
     set_help : unicode
         help string for --name flag
     unset_help : unicode
         help string for --no-name flag
 
     Returns
     -------
 
     cfg : dict
         A dict with two keys: 'name', and 'no-name', for setting and unsetting
         the trait, respectively.
     """
     # default helpstrings
     set_help = set_help or "set %s=True"%configurable
     unset_help = unset_help or "set %s=False"%configurable
 
     cls,trait = configurable.split('.')
 
     setter = {cls : {trait : True}}
     unsetter = {cls : {trait : False}}
     return {name : (setter, set_help), 'no-'+name : (unsetter, unset_help)}
 

IPython/core/history.py

@@ -1,976 +1,977 b''
 """ History related magics and functionality """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2010-2011 The IPython Development Team.
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 # Stdlib imports
 import atexit
 import datetime
 from io import open as io_open
 import os
 import re
 try:
     import sqlite3
 except ImportError:
     sqlite3 = None
 import threading
 
 # Our own packages
 from IPython.core.error import StdinNotImplementedError
 from IPython.config.configurable import Configurable
 from IPython.external.decorator import decorator
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils import io
 from IPython.utils.path import locate_profile
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Bool, Dict, Instance, Integer, List, Unicode
 from IPython.utils.warn import warn
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes and functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class DummyDB(object):
     """Dummy DB that will act as a black hole for history.
     
     Only used in the absence of sqlite"""
     def execute(*args, **kwargs):
         return []
     
     def commit(self, *args, **kwargs):
         pass
     
     def __enter__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         pass
     
     def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         pass
     
 @decorator
 def needs_sqlite(f,*a,**kw):
     """return an empty list in the absence of sqlite"""
     if sqlite3 is None:
         return []
     else:
         return f(*a,**kw)
 
 class HistoryAccessor(Configurable):
     """Access the history database without adding to it.
     
     This is intended for use by standalone history tools. IPython shells use
     HistoryManager, below, which is a subclass of this."""
 
     # String holding the path to the history file
     hist_file = Unicode(config=True,
         help="""Path to file to use for SQLite history database.
         
         By default, IPython will put the history database in the IPython profile
         directory.  If you would rather share one history among profiles,
         you ca set this value in each, so that they are consistent.
         
         Due to an issue with fcntl, SQLite is known to misbehave on some NFS mounts.
         If you see IPython hanging, try setting this to something on a local disk,
         e.g::
         
             ipython --HistoryManager.hist_file=/tmp/ipython_hist.sqlite
         
         """)
 
 
     # The SQLite database
     if sqlite3:
         db = Instance(sqlite3.Connection)
     else:
         db = Instance(DummyDB)
     
     def __init__(self, profile='default', hist_file=u'', config=None, **traits):
         """Create a new history accessor.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         profile : str
           The name of the profile from which to open history.
         hist_file : str
           Path to an SQLite history database stored by IPython. If specified,
           hist_file overrides profile.
         config :
           Config object. hist_file can also be set through this.
         """
         # We need a pointer back to the shell for various tasks.
         super(HistoryAccessor, self).__init__(config=config, **traits)
         # defer setting hist_file from kwarg until after init,
         # otherwise the default kwarg value would clobber any value
         # set by config
         if hist_file:
             self.hist_file = hist_file
         
         if self.hist_file == u'':
             # No one has set the hist_file, yet.
             self.hist_file = self._get_hist_file_name(profile)
 
         if sqlite3 is None:
             warn("IPython History requires SQLite, your history will not be saved\n")
             self.db = DummyDB()
             return
         
         try:
             self.init_db()
         except sqlite3.DatabaseError:
             if os.path.isfile(self.hist_file):
                 # Try to move the file out of the way
                 base,ext = os.path.splitext(self.hist_file)
                 newpath = base + '-corrupt' + ext
                 os.rename(self.hist_file, newpath)
                 print("ERROR! History file wasn't a valid SQLite database.",
                 "It was moved to %s" % newpath, "and a new file created.")
                 self.init_db()
             else:
                 # The hist_file is probably :memory: or something else.
                 raise
     
     def _get_hist_file_name(self, profile='default'):
         """Find the history file for the given profile name.
         
         This is overridden by the HistoryManager subclass, to use the shell's
         active profile.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         profile : str
           The name of a profile which has a history file.
         """
         return os.path.join(locate_profile(profile), 'history.sqlite')
     
     def init_db(self):
         """Connect to the database, and create tables if necessary."""
         # use detect_types so that timestamps return datetime objects
         self.db = sqlite3.connect(self.hist_file, detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES|sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES)
         self.db.execute("""CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sessions (session integer
                         primary key autoincrement, start timestamp,
                         end timestamp, num_cmds integer, remark text)""")
         self.db.execute("""CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS history
                 (session integer, line integer, source text, source_raw text,
                 PRIMARY KEY (session, line))""")
         # Output history is optional, but ensure the table's there so it can be
         # enabled later.
         self.db.execute("""CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS output_history
                         (session integer, line integer, output text,
                         PRIMARY KEY (session, line))""")
         self.db.commit()
 
     def writeout_cache(self):
         """Overridden by HistoryManager to dump the cache before certain
         database lookups."""
         pass
 
     ## -------------------------------
     ## Methods for retrieving history:
     ## -------------------------------
     def _run_sql(self, sql, params, raw=True, output=False):
         """Prepares and runs an SQL query for the history database.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         sql : str
           Any filtering expressions to go after SELECT ... FROM ...
         params : tuple
           Parameters passed to the SQL query (to replace "?")
         raw, output : bool
           See :meth:`get_range`
 
         Returns
         -------
         Tuples as :meth:`get_range`
         """
         toget = 'source_raw' if raw else 'source'
         sqlfrom = "history"
         if output:
             sqlfrom = "history LEFT JOIN output_history USING (session, line)"
             toget = "history.%s, output_history.output" % toget
         cur = self.db.execute("SELECT session, line, %s FROM %s " %\
                                 (toget, sqlfrom) + sql, params)
         if output:    # Regroup into 3-tuples, and parse JSON
             return ((ses, lin, (inp, out)) for ses, lin, inp, out in cur)
         return cur
 
     @needs_sqlite
     def get_session_info(self, session=0):
         """get info about a session
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         session : int
             Session number to retrieve. The current session is 0, and negative
             numbers count back from current session, so -1 is previous session.
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         (session_id [int], start [datetime], end [datetime], num_cmds [int], remark [unicode])
 
         Sessions that are running or did not exit cleanly will have `end=None`
         and `num_cmds=None`.
 
         """
 
         if session <= 0:
             session += self.session_number
 
         query = "SELECT * from sessions where session == ?"
         return self.db.execute(query, (session,)).fetchone()
 
     def get_tail(self, n=10, raw=True, output=False, include_latest=False):
         """Get the last n lines from the history database.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         n : int
           The number of lines to get
         raw, output : bool
           See :meth:`get_range`
         include_latest : bool
           If False (default), n+1 lines are fetched, and the latest one
           is discarded. This is intended to be used where the function
           is called by a user command, which it should not return.
 
         Returns
         -------
         Tuples as :meth:`get_range`
         """
         self.writeout_cache()
         if not include_latest:
             n += 1
         cur = self._run_sql("ORDER BY session DESC, line DESC LIMIT ?",
                                 (n,), raw=raw, output=output)
         if not include_latest:
             return reversed(list(cur)[1:])
         return reversed(list(cur))
 
     def search(self, pattern="*", raw=True, search_raw=True,
                                                         output=False):
         """Search the database using unix glob-style matching (wildcards
         * and ?).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         pattern : str
           The wildcarded pattern to match when searching
         search_raw : bool
           If True, search the raw input, otherwise, the parsed input
         raw, output : bool
           See :meth:`get_range`
 
         Returns
         -------
         Tuples as :meth:`get_range`
         """
         tosearch = "source_raw" if search_raw else "source"
         if output:
             tosearch = "history." + tosearch
         self.writeout_cache()
         return self._run_sql("WHERE %s GLOB ?" % tosearch, (pattern,),
                                     raw=raw, output=output)
     
     def get_range(self, session, start=1, stop=None, raw=True,output=False):
         """Retrieve input by session.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         session : int
             Session number to retrieve.
         start : int
             First line to retrieve.
         stop : int
             End of line range (excluded from output itself). If None, retrieve
             to the end of the session.
         raw : bool
             If True, return untranslated input
         output : bool
             If True, attempt to include output. This will be 'real' Python
             objects for the current session, or text reprs from previous
             sessions if db_log_output was enabled at the time. Where no output
             is found, None is used.
 
         Returns
         -------
         An iterator over the desired lines. Each line is a 3-tuple, either
         (session, line, input) if output is False, or
         (session, line, (input, output)) if output is True.
         """
         if stop:
             lineclause = "line >= ? AND line < ?"
             params = (session, start, stop)
         else:
             lineclause = "line>=?"
             params = (session, start)
 
         return self._run_sql("WHERE session==? AND %s""" % lineclause,
                                     params, raw=raw, output=output)
 
     def get_range_by_str(self, rangestr, raw=True, output=False):
         """Get lines of history from a string of ranges, as used by magic
         commands %hist, %save, %macro, etc.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         rangestr : str
           A string specifying ranges, e.g. "5 ~2/1-4". See
           :func:`magic_history` for full details.
         raw, output : bool
           As :meth:`get_range`
 
         Returns
         -------
         Tuples as :meth:`get_range`
         """
         for sess, s, e in extract_hist_ranges(rangestr):
             for line in self.get_range(sess, s, e, raw=raw, output=output):
                 yield line
 
 
 class HistoryManager(HistoryAccessor):
     """A class to organize all history-related functionality in one place.
     """
     # Public interface
 
     # An instance of the IPython shell we are attached to
     shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC')
     # Lists to hold processed and raw history. These start with a blank entry
     # so that we can index them starting from 1
     input_hist_parsed = List([""])
     input_hist_raw = List([""])
     # A list of directories visited during session
     dir_hist = List()
     def _dir_hist_default(self):
         try:
             return [os.getcwdu()]
         except OSError:
             return []
 
     # A dict of output history, keyed with ints from the shell's
     # execution count.
     output_hist = Dict()
     # The text/plain repr of outputs.
     output_hist_reprs = Dict()
 
     # The number of the current session in the history database
     session_number = Integer()
     # Should we log output to the database? (default no)
     db_log_output = Bool(False, config=True)
     # Write to database every x commands (higher values save disk access & power)
     #  Values of 1 or less effectively disable caching. 
     db_cache_size = Integer(0, config=True)
     # The input and output caches
     db_input_cache = List()
     db_output_cache = List()
     
     # History saving in separate thread
     save_thread = Instance('IPython.core.history.HistorySavingThread')
     try:               # Event is a function returning an instance of _Event...
         save_flag = Instance(threading._Event)
     except AttributeError:         # ...until Python 3.3, when it's a class.
         save_flag = Instance(threading.Event)
     
     # Private interface
     # Variables used to store the three last inputs from the user.  On each new
     # history update, we populate the user's namespace with these, shifted as
     # necessary.
     _i00 = Unicode(u'')
     _i = Unicode(u'')
     _ii = Unicode(u'')
     _iii = Unicode(u'')
 
     # A regex matching all forms of the exit command, so that we don't store
     # them in the history (it's annoying to rewind the first entry and land on
     # an exit call).
     _exit_re = re.compile(r"(exit|quit)(\s*\(.*\))?$")
 
     def __init__(self, shell=None, config=None, **traits):
         """Create a new history manager associated with a shell instance.
         """
         # We need a pointer back to the shell for various tasks.
         super(HistoryManager, self).__init__(shell=shell, config=config,
             **traits)
         self.save_flag = threading.Event()
         self.db_input_cache_lock = threading.Lock()
         self.db_output_cache_lock = threading.Lock()
-        self.save_thread = HistorySavingThread(self)
-        self.save_thread.start()
+        if self.hist_file != ':memory:':
+            self.save_thread = HistorySavingThread(self)
+            self.save_thread.start()
 
         self.new_session()
 
     def _get_hist_file_name(self, profile=None):
         """Get default history file name based on the Shell's profile.
         
         The profile parameter is ignored, but must exist for compatibility with
         the parent class."""
         profile_dir = self.shell.profile_dir.location
         return os.path.join(profile_dir, 'history.sqlite')
     
     @needs_sqlite
     def new_session(self, conn=None):
         """Get a new session number."""
         if conn is None:
             conn = self.db
         
         with conn:
             cur = conn.execute("""INSERT INTO sessions VALUES (NULL, ?, NULL,
                             NULL, "") """, (datetime.datetime.now(),))
             self.session_number = cur.lastrowid
             
     def end_session(self):
         """Close the database session, filling in the end time and line count."""
         self.writeout_cache()
         with self.db:
             self.db.execute("""UPDATE sessions SET end=?, num_cmds=? WHERE
                             session==?""", (datetime.datetime.now(),
                             len(self.input_hist_parsed)-1, self.session_number))
         self.session_number = 0
                             
     def name_session(self, name):
         """Give the current session a name in the history database."""
         with self.db:
             self.db.execute("UPDATE sessions SET remark=? WHERE session==?",
                             (name, self.session_number))
                             
     def reset(self, new_session=True):
         """Clear the session history, releasing all object references, and
         optionally open a new session."""
         self.output_hist.clear()
         # The directory history can't be completely empty
         self.dir_hist[:] = [os.getcwdu()]
         
         if new_session:
             if self.session_number:
                 self.end_session()
             self.input_hist_parsed[:] = [""]
             self.input_hist_raw[:] = [""]
             self.new_session()
     
     # ------------------------------
     # Methods for retrieving history
     # ------------------------------
     def _get_range_session(self, start=1, stop=None, raw=True, output=False):
         """Get input and output history from the current session. Called by
         get_range, and takes similar parameters."""
         input_hist = self.input_hist_raw if raw else self.input_hist_parsed
             
         n = len(input_hist)
         if start < 0:
             start += n
         if not stop or (stop > n):
             stop = n
         elif stop < 0:
             stop += n
         
         for i in range(start, stop):
             if output:
                 line = (input_hist[i], self.output_hist_reprs.get(i))
             else:
                 line = input_hist[i]
             yield (0, i, line)
     
     def get_range(self, session=0, start=1, stop=None, raw=True,output=False):
         """Retrieve input by session.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         session : int
             Session number to retrieve. The current session is 0, and negative
             numbers count back from current session, so -1 is previous session.
         start : int
             First line to retrieve.
         stop : int
             End of line range (excluded from output itself). If None, retrieve
             to the end of the session.
         raw : bool
             If True, return untranslated input
         output : bool
             If True, attempt to include output. This will be 'real' Python
             objects for the current session, or text reprs from previous
             sessions if db_log_output was enabled at the time. Where no output
             is found, None is used.
             
         Returns
         -------
         An iterator over the desired lines. Each line is a 3-tuple, either
         (session, line, input) if output is False, or
         (session, line, (input, output)) if output is True.
         """
         if session <= 0:
             session += self.session_number
         if session==self.session_number:          # Current session
             return self._get_range_session(start, stop, raw, output)
         return super(HistoryManager, self).get_range(session, start, stop, raw, output)
 
     ## ----------------------------
     ## Methods for storing history:
     ## ----------------------------
     def store_inputs(self, line_num, source, source_raw=None):
         """Store source and raw input in history and create input cache
         variables _i*.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         line_num : int
           The prompt number of this input.
 
         source : str
           Python input.
 
         source_raw : str, optional
           If given, this is the raw input without any IPython transformations
           applied to it.  If not given, ``source`` is used.
         """
         if source_raw is None:
             source_raw = source
         source = source.rstrip('\n')
         source_raw = source_raw.rstrip('\n')
 
         # do not store exit/quit commands
         if self._exit_re.match(source_raw.strip()):
             return
 
         self.input_hist_parsed.append(source)
         self.input_hist_raw.append(source_raw)
 
         with self.db_input_cache_lock:
             self.db_input_cache.append((line_num, source, source_raw))
             # Trigger to flush cache and write to DB.
             if len(self.db_input_cache) >= self.db_cache_size:
                 self.save_flag.set()
 
         # update the auto _i variables
         self._iii = self._ii
         self._ii = self._i
         self._i = self._i00
         self._i00 = source_raw
 
         # hackish access to user namespace to create _i1,_i2... dynamically
         new_i = '_i%s' % line_num
         to_main = {'_i': self._i,
                    '_ii': self._ii,
                    '_iii': self._iii,
                    new_i : self._i00 }
 
         self.shell.push(to_main, interactive=False)
 
     def store_output(self, line_num):
         """If database output logging is enabled, this saves all the
         outputs from the indicated prompt number to the database. It's
         called by run_cell after code has been executed.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         line_num : int
           The line number from which to save outputs
         """
         if (not self.db_log_output) or (line_num not in self.output_hist_reprs):
             return
         output = self.output_hist_reprs[line_num]
 
         with self.db_output_cache_lock:
             self.db_output_cache.append((line_num, output))
         if self.db_cache_size <= 1:
             self.save_flag.set()
 
     def _writeout_input_cache(self, conn):
         with conn:
             for line in self.db_input_cache:
                 conn.execute("INSERT INTO history VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)",
                                 (self.session_number,)+line)
 
     def _writeout_output_cache(self, conn):
         with conn:
             for line in self.db_output_cache:
                 conn.execute("INSERT INTO output_history VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
                                 (self.session_number,)+line)
 
     @needs_sqlite
     def writeout_cache(self, conn=None):
         """Write any entries in the cache to the database."""
         if conn is None:
             conn = self.db
 
         with self.db_input_cache_lock:
             try:
                 self._writeout_input_cache(conn)
             except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
                 self.new_session(conn)
                 print("ERROR! Session/line number was not unique in",
                       "database. History logging moved to new session",
                                                 self.session_number)
                 try: # Try writing to the new session. If this fails, don't recurse
                     self._writeout_input_cache(conn)
                 except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
                     pass
             finally:
                 self.db_input_cache = []
 
         with self.db_output_cache_lock:
             try:
                 self._writeout_output_cache(conn)
             except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
                 print("!! Session/line number for output was not unique",
                       "in database. Output will not be stored.")
             finally:
                 self.db_output_cache = []
 
 
 class HistorySavingThread(threading.Thread):
     """This thread takes care of writing history to the database, so that
     the UI isn't held up while that happens.
 
     It waits for the HistoryManager's save_flag to be set, then writes out
     the history cache. The main thread is responsible for setting the flag when
     the cache size reaches a defined threshold."""
     daemon = True
     stop_now = False
     def __init__(self, history_manager):
         super(HistorySavingThread, self).__init__()
         self.history_manager = history_manager
         atexit.register(self.stop)
 
     @needs_sqlite
     def run(self):
         # We need a separate db connection per thread:
         try:
             self.db = sqlite3.connect(self.history_manager.hist_file)
             while True:
                 self.history_manager.save_flag.wait()
                 if self.stop_now:
                     return
                 self.history_manager.save_flag.clear()
                 self.history_manager.writeout_cache(self.db)
         except Exception as e:
             print(("The history saving thread hit an unexpected error (%s)."
                    "History will not be written to the database.") % repr(e))
 
     def stop(self):
         """This can be called from the main thread to safely stop this thread.
 
         Note that it does not attempt to write out remaining history before
         exiting. That should be done by calling the HistoryManager's
         end_session method."""
         self.stop_now = True
         self.history_manager.save_flag.set()
         self.join()
 
 
 # To match, e.g. ~5/8-~2/3
 range_re = re.compile(r"""
 ((?P<startsess>~?\d+)/)?
 (?P<start>\d+)                    # Only the start line num is compulsory
 ((?P<sep>[\-:])
  ((?P<endsess>~?\d+)/)?
  (?P<end>\d+))?
 $""", re.VERBOSE)
 
 def extract_hist_ranges(ranges_str):
     """Turn a string of history ranges into 3-tuples of (session, start, stop).
 
     Examples
     --------
     list(extract_input_ranges("~8/5-~7/4 2"))
     [(-8, 5, None), (-7, 1, 4), (0, 2, 3)]
     """
     for range_str in ranges_str.split():
         rmatch = range_re.match(range_str)
         if not rmatch:
             continue
         start = int(rmatch.group("start"))
         end = rmatch.group("end")
         end = int(end) if end else start+1   # If no end specified, get (a, a+1)
         if rmatch.group("sep") == "-":       # 1-3 == 1:4 --> [1, 2, 3]
             end += 1
         startsess = rmatch.group("startsess") or "0"
         endsess = rmatch.group("endsess") or startsess
         startsess = int(startsess.replace("~","-"))
         endsess = int(endsess.replace("~","-"))
         assert endsess >= startsess
 
         if endsess == startsess:
             yield (startsess, start, end)
             continue
         # Multiple sessions in one range:
         yield (startsess, start, None)
         for sess in range(startsess+1, endsess):
             yield (sess, 1, None)
         yield (endsess, 1, end)
 
 def _format_lineno(session, line):
     """Helper function to format line numbers properly."""
     if session == 0:
         return str(line)
     return "%s#%s" % (session, line)
 
 @skip_doctest
 def magic_history(self, parameter_s = ''):
     """Print input history (_i<n> variables), with most recent last.
 
     %history [-o -p -t -n] [-f filename] [range | -g pattern | -l number]
 
     By default, input history is printed without line numbers so it can be
     directly pasted into an editor. Use -n to show them.
 
     By default, all input history from the current session is displayed.
     Ranges of history can be indicated using the syntax: 
     4      : Line 4, current session
     4-6    : Lines 4-6, current session
     243/1-5: Lines 1-5, session 243
     ~2/7   : Line 7, session 2 before current
     ~8/1-~6/5 : From the first line of 8 sessions ago, to the fifth line
                 of 6 sessions ago.
     Multiple ranges can be entered, separated by spaces
 
     The same syntax is used by %macro, %save, %edit, %rerun
 
     Options:
 
       -n: print line numbers for each input.
       This feature is only available if numbered prompts are in use.
 
       -o: also print outputs for each input.
 
       -p: print classic '>>>' python prompts before each input.  This is useful
        for making documentation, and in conjunction with -o, for producing
        doctest-ready output.
 
       -r: (default) print the 'raw' history, i.e. the actual commands you typed.
 
       -t: print the 'translated' history, as IPython understands it.  IPython
       filters your input and converts it all into valid Python source before
       executing it (things like magics or aliases are turned into function
       calls, for example). With this option, you'll see the native history
       instead of the user-entered version: '%cd /' will be seen as
       'get_ipython().magic("%cd /")' instead of '%cd /'.
 
       -g: treat the arg as a pattern to grep for in (full) history.
       This includes the saved history (almost all commands ever written).
       Use '%hist -g' to show full saved history (may be very long).
 
       -l: get the last n lines from all sessions. Specify n as a single arg, or
       the default is the last 10 lines.
 
       -f FILENAME: instead of printing the output to the screen, redirect it to
        the given file.  The file is always overwritten, though *when it can*,
        IPython asks for confirmation first. In particular, running the command
        "history -f FILENAME" from the IPython Notebook interface will replace
        FILENAME even if it already exists *without* confirmation.
 
     Examples
     --------
     ::
 
       In [6]: %hist -n 4-6
       4:a = 12
       5:print a**2
       6:%hist -n 4-6
 
     """
 
     if not self.shell.displayhook.do_full_cache:
         print('This feature is only available if numbered prompts are in use.')
         return
     opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'noprtglf:',mode='string')
 
     # For brevity
     history_manager = self.shell.history_manager
 
     def _format_lineno(session, line):
         """Helper function to format line numbers properly."""
         if session in (0, history_manager.session_number):
             return str(line)
         return "%s/%s" % (session, line)
 
     # Check if output to specific file was requested.
     try:
         outfname = opts['f']
     except KeyError:
         outfile = io.stdout  # default
         # We don't want to close stdout at the end!
         close_at_end = False
     else:
         if os.path.exists(outfname):
             try:
                 ans = io.ask_yes_no("File %r exists. Overwrite?" % outfname)
             except StdinNotImplementedError:
                 ans = True
             if not ans:
                 print('Aborting.')
                 return
             print("Overwriting file.")
         outfile = io_open(outfname, 'w', encoding='utf-8')
         close_at_end = True
 
     print_nums = 'n' in opts
     get_output = 'o' in opts
     pyprompts = 'p' in opts
     # Raw history is the default
     raw = not('t' in opts)
 
     default_length = 40
     pattern = None
 
     if 'g' in opts:         # Glob search
         pattern = "*" + args + "*" if args else "*"
         hist = history_manager.search(pattern, raw=raw, output=get_output)
         print_nums = True
     elif 'l' in opts:       # Get 'tail'
         try:
             n = int(args)
         except ValueError, IndexError:
             n = 10
         hist = history_manager.get_tail(n, raw=raw, output=get_output)
     else:
         if args:            # Get history by ranges
             hist = history_manager.get_range_by_str(args, raw, get_output)
         else:               # Just get history for the current session
             hist = history_manager.get_range(raw=raw, output=get_output)
 
     # We could be displaying the entire history, so let's not try to pull it
     # into a list in memory. Anything that needs more space will just misalign.
     width = 4
 
     for session, lineno, inline in hist:
         # Print user history with tabs expanded to 4 spaces.  The GUI clients
         # use hard tabs for easier usability in auto-indented code, but we want
         # to produce PEP-8 compliant history for safe pasting into an editor.
         if get_output:
             inline, output = inline
         inline = inline.expandtabs(4).rstrip()
 
         multiline = "\n" in inline
         line_sep = '\n' if multiline else ' '
         if print_nums:
             print(u'%s:%s' % (_format_lineno(session, lineno).rjust(width),
                     line_sep),  file=outfile, end=u'')
         if pyprompts:
             print(u">>> ", end=u"", file=outfile)
             if multiline:
                 inline = "\n... ".join(inline.splitlines()) + "\n..."
         print(inline, file=outfile)
         if get_output and output:
             print(output, file=outfile)
 
     if close_at_end:
         outfile.close()
 
 
 def magic_rep(self, arg):
     r"""Repeat a command, or get command to input line for editing.
     
     %recall and %rep are equivalent.
 
     - %recall (no arguments):
 
     Place a string version of last computation result (stored in the special '_'
     variable) to the next input prompt. Allows you to create elaborate command
     lines without using copy-paste::
 
          In[1]: l = ["hei", "vaan"]
          In[2]: "".join(l)
         Out[2]: heivaan
          In[3]: %rep
          In[4]: heivaan_ <== cursor blinking
 
     %recall 45
 
     Place history line 45 on the next input prompt. Use %hist to find
     out the number.
 
     %recall 1-4
 
     Combine the specified lines into one cell, and place it on the next
     input prompt. See %history for the slice syntax.
 
     %recall foo+bar
 
     If foo+bar can be evaluated in the user namespace, the result is
     placed at the next input prompt. Otherwise, the history is searched
     for lines which contain that substring, and the most recent one is
     placed at the next input prompt.
     """
     if not arg:                 # Last output
         self.set_next_input(str(self.shell.user_ns["_"]))
         return
                                 # Get history range
     histlines = self.history_manager.get_range_by_str(arg)
     cmd = "\n".join(x[2] for x in histlines)
     if cmd:
         self.set_next_input(cmd.rstrip())
         return
 
     try:                        # Variable in user namespace
         cmd = str(eval(arg, self.shell.user_ns))
     except Exception:           # Search for term in history
         histlines = self.history_manager.search("*"+arg+"*")
         for h in reversed([x[2] for x in histlines]):
             if 'rep' in h:
                 continue
             self.set_next_input(h.rstrip())
             return
     else:
         self.set_next_input(cmd.rstrip())
     print("Couldn't evaluate or find in history:", arg)
 
 def magic_rerun(self, parameter_s=''):
     """Re-run previous input
 
     By default, you can specify ranges of input history to be repeated
     (as with %history). With no arguments, it will repeat the last line.
 
     Options:
 
       -l <n> : Repeat the last n lines of input, not including the
       current command.
 
       -g foo : Repeat the most recent line which contains foo
     """
     opts, args = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'l:g:', mode='string')
     if "l" in opts:         # Last n lines
         n = int(opts['l'])
         hist = self.history_manager.get_tail(n)
     elif "g" in opts:       # Search
         p = "*"+opts['g']+"*"
         hist = list(self.history_manager.search(p))
         for l in reversed(hist):
             if "rerun" not in l[2]:
                 hist = [l]     # The last match which isn't a %rerun
                 break
         else:
             hist = []          # No matches except %rerun
     elif args:              # Specify history ranges
         hist = self.history_manager.get_range_by_str(args)
     else:                   # Last line
         hist = self.history_manager.get_tail(1)
     hist = [x[2] for x in hist]
     if not hist:
         print("No lines in history match specification")
         return
     histlines = "\n".join(hist)
     print("=== Executing: ===")
     print(histlines)
     print("=== Output: ===")
     self.run_cell("\n".join(hist), store_history=False)
 
 
 def init_ipython(ip):
     ip.define_magic("rep", magic_rep)
     ip.define_magic("recall", magic_rep)
     ip.define_magic("rerun", magic_rerun)
     ip.define_magic("hist",magic_history)    # Alternative name
     ip.define_magic("history",magic_history)
 
     # XXX - ipy_completers are in quarantine, need to be updated to new apis
     #import ipy_completers
     #ipy_completers.quick_completer('%hist' ,'-g -t -r -n')

IPython/core/interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,2853 +1,2865 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Main IPython class."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from __future__ import with_statement
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 import __builtin__ as builtin_mod
 import __future__
 import abc
 import ast
 import atexit
 import os
 import re
 import runpy
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import types
 import urllib
 from io import open as io_open
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
 from IPython.core import debugger, oinspect
 from IPython.core import page
 from IPython.core import prefilter
 from IPython.core import shadowns
 from IPython.core import ultratb
 from IPython.core.alias import AliasManager, AliasError
 from IPython.core.autocall import ExitAutocall
 from IPython.core.builtin_trap import BuiltinTrap
 from IPython.core.compilerop import CachingCompiler
 from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.core.displayhook import DisplayHook
 from IPython.core.displaypub import DisplayPublisher
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.extensions import ExtensionManager
 from IPython.core.fakemodule import FakeModule, init_fakemod_dict
 from IPython.core.formatters import DisplayFormatter
 from IPython.core.history import HistoryManager
 from IPython.core.inputsplitter import IPythonInputSplitter
 from IPython.core.logger import Logger
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.magic import Magic
 from IPython.core.payload import PayloadManager
 from IPython.core.plugin import PluginManager
 from IPython.core.prefilter import PrefilterManager, ESC_MAGIC
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.core.pylabtools import pylab_activate
 from IPython.core.prompts import PromptManager
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize
 from IPython.utils import io
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
 from IPython.utils import openpy
 from IPython.utils.doctestreload import doctest_reload
 from IPython.utils.io import ask_yes_no
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.utils.path import get_home_dir, get_ipython_dir, get_py_filename, unquote_filename
 from IPython.utils.pickleshare import PickleShareDB
 from IPython.utils.process import system, getoutput
 from IPython.utils.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.text import (format_screen, LSString, SList,
                                 DollarFormatter)
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (Integer, CBool, CaselessStrEnum, Enum,
                                      List, Unicode, Instance, Type)
 from IPython.utils.warn import warn, error
 import IPython.core.hooks
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 
 def no_op(*a, **kw): pass
 
 class NoOpContext(object):
     def __enter__(self): pass
     def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): pass
 no_op_context = NoOpContext()
 
 class SpaceInInput(Exception): pass
 
 class Bunch: pass
 
 
 def get_default_colors():
     if sys.platform=='darwin':
         return "LightBG"
     elif os.name=='nt':
         return 'Linux'
     else:
         return 'Linux'
 
 
 class SeparateUnicode(Unicode):
     """A Unicode subclass to validate separate_in, separate_out, etc.
 
     This is a Unicode based trait that converts '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'.
     """
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if value == '0': value = ''
         value = value.replace('\\n','\n')
         return super(SeparateUnicode, self).validate(obj, value)
 
 
 class ReadlineNoRecord(object):
     """Context manager to execute some code, then reload readline history
     so that interactive input to the code doesn't appear when pressing up."""
     def __init__(self, shell):
         self.shell = shell
         self._nested_level = 0
 
     def __enter__(self):
         if self._nested_level == 0:
             try:
                 self.orig_length = self.current_length()
                 self.readline_tail = self.get_readline_tail()
             except (AttributeError, IndexError):   # Can fail with pyreadline
                 self.orig_length, self.readline_tail = 999999, []
         self._nested_level += 1
 
     def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
         self._nested_level -= 1
         if self._nested_level == 0:
             # Try clipping the end if it's got longer
             try:
                 e = self.current_length() - self.orig_length
                 if e > 0:
                     for _ in range(e):
                         self.shell.readline.remove_history_item(self.orig_length)
 
                 # If it still doesn't match, just reload readline history.
                 if self.current_length() != self.orig_length \
                     or self.get_readline_tail() != self.readline_tail:
                     self.shell.refill_readline_hist()
             except (AttributeError, IndexError):
                 pass
         # Returning False will cause exceptions to propagate
         return False
 
     def current_length(self):
         return self.shell.readline.get_current_history_length()
 
     def get_readline_tail(self, n=10):
         """Get the last n items in readline history."""
         end = self.shell.readline.get_current_history_length() + 1
         start = max(end-n, 1)
         ghi = self.shell.readline.get_history_item
         return [ghi(x) for x in range(start, end)]
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main IPython class
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class InteractiveShell(SingletonConfigurable, Magic):
     """An enhanced, interactive shell for Python."""
 
     _instance = None
 
     autocall = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0, config=True, help=
         """
         Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if you didn't
         type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes 'str(43)'
         automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature, '1' for
         'smart' autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more
         arguments on the line, and '2' for 'full' autocall, where all callable
         objects are automatically called (even if no arguments are present).
         """
     )
     # TODO: remove all autoindent logic and put into frontends.
     # We can't do this yet because even runlines uses the autoindent.
     autoindent = CBool(True, config=True, help=
         """
         Autoindent IPython code entered interactively.
         """
     )
     automagic = CBool(True, config=True, help=
         """
         Enable magic commands to be called without the leading %.
         """
     )
     cache_size = Integer(1000, config=True, help=
         """
         Set the size of the output cache.  The default is 1000, you can
         change it permanently in your config file.  Setting it to 0 completely
         disables the caching system, and the minimum value accepted is 20 (if
         you provide a value less than 20, it is reset to 0 and a warning is
         issued).  This limit is defined because otherwise you'll spend more
         time re-flushing a too small cache than working
         """
     )
     color_info = CBool(True, config=True, help=
         """
         Use colors for displaying information about objects. Because this
         information is passed through a pager (like 'less'), and some pagers
         get confused with color codes, this capability can be turned off.
         """
     )
     colors = CaselessStrEnum(('NoColor','LightBG','Linux'),
                              default_value=get_default_colors(), config=True,
         help="Set the color scheme (NoColor, Linux, or LightBG)."
     )
     colors_force = CBool(False, help=
         """
         Force use of ANSI color codes, regardless of OS and readline
         availability.
         """
         # FIXME: This is essentially a hack to allow ZMQShell to show colors
         # without readline on Win32. When the ZMQ formatting system is
         # refactored, this should be removed.
     )
     debug = CBool(False, config=True)
     deep_reload = CBool(False, config=True, help=
         """
         Enable deep (recursive) reloading by default. IPython can use the
         deep_reload module which reloads changes in modules recursively (it
         replaces the reload() function, so you don't need to change anything to
         use it). deep_reload() forces a full reload of modules whose code may
         have changed, which the default reload() function does not.  When
         deep_reload is off, IPython will use the normal reload(), but
         deep_reload will still be available as dreload().
         """
     )
     disable_failing_post_execute = CBool(False, config=True,
         help="Don't call post-execute functions that have failed in the past."""
     )
     display_formatter = Instance(DisplayFormatter)
     displayhook_class = Type(DisplayHook)
     display_pub_class = Type(DisplayPublisher)
 
     exit_now = CBool(False)
     exiter = Instance(ExitAutocall)
     def _exiter_default(self):
         return ExitAutocall(self)
     # Monotonically increasing execution counter
     execution_count = Integer(1)
     filename = Unicode("<ipython console>")
     ipython_dir= Unicode('', config=True) # Set to get_ipython_dir() in __init__
 
     # Input splitter, to split entire cells of input into either individual
     # interactive statements or whole blocks.
     input_splitter = Instance('IPython.core.inputsplitter.IPythonInputSplitter',
                               (), {})
     logstart = CBool(False, config=True, help=
         """
         Start logging to the default log file.
         """
     )
     logfile = Unicode('', config=True, help=
         """
         The name of the logfile to use.
         """
     )
     logappend = Unicode('', config=True, help=
         """
         Start logging to the given file in append mode.
         """
     )
     object_info_string_level = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0,
                                     config=True)
     pdb = CBool(False, config=True, help=
         """
         Automatically call the pdb debugger after every exception.
         """
     )
     multiline_history = CBool(sys.platform != 'win32', config=True,
         help="Save multi-line entries as one entry in readline history"
     )
 
     # deprecated prompt traits:
     
     prompt_in1 = Unicode('In [\\#]: ', config=True,
         help="Deprecated, use PromptManager.in_template")
     prompt_in2 = Unicode('   .\\D.: ', config=True,
         help="Deprecated, use PromptManager.in2_template")
     prompt_out = Unicode('Out[\\#]: ', config=True,
         help="Deprecated, use PromptManager.out_template")
     prompts_pad_left = CBool(True, config=True,
         help="Deprecated, use PromptManager.justify")
     
     def _prompt_trait_changed(self, name, old, new):
         table = {
             'prompt_in1' : 'in_template',
             'prompt_in2' : 'in2_template',
             'prompt_out' : 'out_template',
             'prompts_pad_left' : 'justify',
         }
         warn("InteractiveShell.{name} is deprecated, use PromptManager.{newname}\n".format(
                 name=name, newname=table[name])
         )
         # protect against weird cases where self.config may not exist:
         if self.config is not None:
             # propagate to corresponding PromptManager trait
             setattr(self.config.PromptManager, table[name], new)
     
     _prompt_in1_changed = _prompt_trait_changed
     _prompt_in2_changed = _prompt_trait_changed
     _prompt_out_changed = _prompt_trait_changed
     _prompt_pad_left_changed = _prompt_trait_changed
     
     show_rewritten_input = CBool(True, config=True,
         help="Show rewritten input, e.g. for autocall."
     )
     
     quiet = CBool(False, config=True)
 
     history_length = Integer(10000, config=True)
 
     # The readline stuff will eventually be moved to the terminal subclass
     # but for now, we can't do that as readline is welded in everywhere.
     readline_use = CBool(True, config=True)
     readline_remove_delims = Unicode('-/~', config=True)
     # don't use \M- bindings by default, because they
     # conflict with 8-bit encodings. See gh-58,gh-88
     readline_parse_and_bind = List([
             'tab: complete',
             '"\C-l": clear-screen',
             'set show-all-if-ambiguous on',
             '"\C-o": tab-insert',
             '"\C-r": reverse-search-history',
             '"\C-s": forward-search-history',
             '"\C-p": history-search-backward',
             '"\C-n": history-search-forward',
             '"\e[A": history-search-backward',
             '"\e[B": history-search-forward',
             '"\C-k": kill-line',
             '"\C-u": unix-line-discard',
         ], allow_none=False, config=True)
 
     # TODO: this part of prompt management should be moved to the frontends.
     # Use custom TraitTypes that convert '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'
     separate_in = SeparateUnicode('\n', config=True)
     separate_out = SeparateUnicode('', config=True)
     separate_out2 = SeparateUnicode('', config=True)
     wildcards_case_sensitive = CBool(True, config=True)
     xmode = CaselessStrEnum(('Context','Plain', 'Verbose'),
                             default_value='Context', config=True)
 
     # Subcomponents of InteractiveShell
     alias_manager = Instance('IPython.core.alias.AliasManager')
     prefilter_manager = Instance('IPython.core.prefilter.PrefilterManager')
     builtin_trap = Instance('IPython.core.builtin_trap.BuiltinTrap')
     display_trap = Instance('IPython.core.display_trap.DisplayTrap')
     extension_manager = Instance('IPython.core.extensions.ExtensionManager')
     plugin_manager = Instance('IPython.core.plugin.PluginManager')
     payload_manager = Instance('IPython.core.payload.PayloadManager')
     history_manager = Instance('IPython.core.history.HistoryManager')
 
     profile_dir = Instance('IPython.core.application.ProfileDir')
     @property
     def profile(self):
         if self.profile_dir is not None:
             name = os.path.basename(self.profile_dir.location)
             return name.replace('profile_','')
 
 
     # Private interface
     _post_execute = Instance(dict)
 
     def __init__(self, config=None, ipython_dir=None, profile_dir=None,
                  user_module=None, user_ns=None,
                  custom_exceptions=((), None)):
 
         # This is where traits with a config_key argument are updated
         # from the values on config.
         super(InteractiveShell, self).__init__(config=config)
         self.configurables = [self]
 
         # These are relatively independent and stateless
         self.init_ipython_dir(ipython_dir)
         self.init_profile_dir(profile_dir)
         self.init_instance_attrs()
         self.init_environment()
         
         # Check if we're in a virtualenv, and set up sys.path.
         self.init_virtualenv()
 
         # Create namespaces (user_ns, user_global_ns, etc.)
         self.init_create_namespaces(user_module, user_ns)
         # This has to be done after init_create_namespaces because it uses
         # something in self.user_ns, but before init_sys_modules, which
         # is the first thing to modify sys.
         # TODO: When we override sys.stdout and sys.stderr before this class
         # is created, we are saving the overridden ones here. Not sure if this
         # is what we want to do.
         self.save_sys_module_state()
         self.init_sys_modules()
 
         # While we're trying to have each part of the code directly access what
         # it needs without keeping redundant references to objects, we have too
         # much legacy code that expects ip.db to exist.
         self.db = PickleShareDB(os.path.join(self.profile_dir.location, 'db'))
 
         self.init_history()
         self.init_encoding()
         self.init_prefilter()
 
         Magic.__init__(self, self)
 
         self.init_syntax_highlighting()
         self.init_hooks()
         self.init_pushd_popd_magic()
         # self.init_traceback_handlers use to be here, but we moved it below
         # because it and init_io have to come after init_readline.
         self.init_user_ns()
         self.init_logger()
         self.init_alias()
         self.init_builtins()
 
         # pre_config_initialization
 
         # The next section should contain everything that was in ipmaker.
         self.init_logstart()
 
         # The following was in post_config_initialization
         self.init_inspector()
         # init_readline() must come before init_io(), because init_io uses
         # readline related things.
         self.init_readline()
         # We save this here in case user code replaces raw_input, but it needs
         # to be after init_readline(), because PyPy's readline works by replacing
         # raw_input.
         if py3compat.PY3:
             self.raw_input_original = input
         else:
             self.raw_input_original = raw_input
         # init_completer must come after init_readline, because it needs to
         # know whether readline is present or not system-wide to configure the
         # completers, since the completion machinery can now operate
         # independently of readline (e.g. over the network)
         self.init_completer()
         # TODO: init_io() needs to happen before init_traceback handlers
         # because the traceback handlers hardcode the stdout/stderr streams.
         # This logic in in debugger.Pdb and should eventually be changed.
         self.init_io()
         self.init_traceback_handlers(custom_exceptions)
         self.init_prompts()
         self.init_display_formatter()
         self.init_display_pub()
         self.init_displayhook()
         self.init_reload_doctest()
         self.init_magics()
         self.init_pdb()
         self.init_extension_manager()
         self.init_plugin_manager()
         self.init_payload()
         self.hooks.late_startup_hook()
         atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
 
     def get_ipython(self):
         """Return the currently running IPython instance."""
         return self
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Trait changed handlers
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ipython_dir_changed(self, name, new):
         if not os.path.isdir(new):
             os.makedirs(new, mode = 0777)
 
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag, checking for readline support.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
 
         if value != 0 and not self.has_readline:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn("The auto-indent feature requires the readline library")
             self.autoindent = 0
             return
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # init_* methods called by __init__
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_ipython_dir(self, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is not None:
             self.ipython_dir = ipython_dir
             return
 
         self.ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
 
     def init_profile_dir(self, profile_dir):
         if profile_dir is not None:
             self.profile_dir = profile_dir
             return
         self.profile_dir =\
             ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(self.ipython_dir, 'default')
 
     def init_instance_attrs(self):
         self.more = False
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = CachingCompiler()
 
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         self.tempfiles = []
 
         # Keep track of readline usage (later set by init_readline)
         self.has_readline = False
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         # This is not being used anywhere currently.
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwdu()
 
         # Indentation management
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
         # Dict to track post-execution functions that have been registered
         self._post_execute = {}
 
     def init_environment(self):
         """Any changes we need to make to the user's environment."""
         pass
 
     def init_encoding(self):
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
     def init_syntax_highlighting(self):
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser().format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str',self.colors)
 
     def init_pushd_popd_magic(self):
         # for pushd/popd management
         self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
     def init_logger(self):
         self.logger = Logger(self.home_dir, logfname='ipython_log.py',
                              logmode='rotate')
 
     def init_logstart(self):
         """Initialize logging in case it was requested at the command line.
         """
         if self.logappend:
             self.magic_logstart(self.logappend + ' append')
         elif self.logfile:
             self.magic_logstart(self.logfile)
         elif self.logstart:
             self.magic_logstart()
 
     def init_builtins(self):
         # A single, static flag that we set to True.  Its presence indicates
         # that an IPython shell has been created, and we make no attempts at
         # removing on exit or representing the existence of more than one
         # IPython at a time.
         builtin_mod.__dict__['__IPYTHON__'] = True
 
         # In 0.11 we introduced '__IPYTHON__active' as an integer we'd try to
         # manage on enter/exit, but with all our shells it's virtually
         # impossible to get all the cases right.  We're leaving the name in for
         # those who adapted their codes to check for this flag, but will
         # eventually remove it after a few more releases.
         builtin_mod.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] = \
                                           'Deprecated, check for __IPYTHON__'
 
         self.builtin_trap = BuiltinTrap(shell=self)
 
     def init_inspector(self):
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = oinspect.Inspector(oinspect.InspectColors,
                                             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
                                             'NoColor',
                                             self.object_info_string_level)
 
     def init_io(self):
         # This will just use sys.stdout and sys.stderr. If you want to
         # override sys.stdout and sys.stderr themselves, you need to do that
         # *before* instantiating this class, because io holds onto
         # references to the underlying streams.
         if sys.platform == 'win32' and self.has_readline:
             io.stdout = io.stderr = io.IOStream(self.readline._outputfile)
         else:
             io.stdout = io.IOStream(sys.stdout)
             io.stderr = io.IOStream(sys.stderr)
 
     def init_prompts(self):
         self.prompt_manager = PromptManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.prompt_manager)
         # Set system prompts, so that scripts can decide if they are running
         # interactively.
         sys.ps1 = 'In : '
         sys.ps2 = '...: '
         sys.ps3 = 'Out: '
 
     def init_display_formatter(self):
         self.display_formatter = DisplayFormatter(config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_formatter)
 
     def init_display_pub(self):
         self.display_pub = self.display_pub_class(config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_pub)
 
     def init_displayhook(self):
         # Initialize displayhook, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.displayhook = self.displayhook_class(
             config=self.config,
             shell=self,
             cache_size=self.cache_size,
         )
         self.configurables.append(self.displayhook)
         # This is a context manager that installs/revmoes the displayhook at
         # the appropriate time.
         self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=self.displayhook)
 
     def init_reload_doctest(self):
         # Do a proper resetting of doctest, including the necessary displayhook
         # monkeypatching
         try:
             doctest_reload()
         except ImportError:
             warn("doctest module does not exist.")
     
     def init_virtualenv(self):
         """Add a virtualenv to sys.path so the user can import modules from it.
         This isn't perfect: it doesn't use the Python interpreter with which the
         virtualenv was built, and it ignores the --no-site-packages option. A
         warning will appear suggesting the user installs IPython in the
         virtualenv, but for many cases, it probably works well enough.
         
         Adapted from code snippets online.
         
         http://blog.ufsoft.org/2009/1/29/ipython-and-virtualenv
         """
         if 'VIRTUAL_ENV' not in os.environ:
             # Not in a virtualenv
             return
         
         if sys.executable.startswith(os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV']):
             # Running properly in the virtualenv, don't need to do anything
             return
         
         warn("Attempting to work in a virtualenv. If you encounter problems, please "
              "install IPython inside the virtualenv.\n")
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             virtual_env = os.path.join(os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'], 'Lib', 'site-packages') 
         else:
             virtual_env = os.path.join(os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'], 'lib',
                        'python%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2], 'site-packages')
         
         import site
         sys.path.insert(0, virtual_env)
         site.addsitedir(virtual_env)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to injections into the sys module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def save_sys_module_state(self):
         """Save the state of hooks in the sys module.
 
         This has to be called after self.user_module is created.
         """
         self._orig_sys_module_state = {}
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stdin'] = sys.stdin
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stdout'] = sys.stdout
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stderr'] = sys.stderr
         self._orig_sys_module_state['excepthook'] = sys.excepthook
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_name = self.user_module.__name__
+        self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod = sys.modules.get(self.user_module.__name__)
 
     def restore_sys_module_state(self):
         """Restore the state of the sys module."""
         try:
             for k, v in self._orig_sys_module_state.iteritems():
                 setattr(sys, k, v)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         # Reset what what done in self.init_sys_modules
-        sys.modules[self.user_module.__name__] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_name
+        if self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod is not None:
+            sys.modules[self._orig_sys_modules_main_name] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to hooks
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_hooks(self):
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
 
         self.strdispatchers = {}
 
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.core.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name), 100)
 
     def set_hook(self,name,hook, priority = 50, str_key = None, re_key = None):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
 
         f = types.MethodType(hook,self)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
 
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
             print "Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % \
                   (name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ )
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
 
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
 
     def register_post_execute(self, func):
         """Register a function for calling after code execution.
         """
         if not callable(func):
             raise ValueError('argument %s must be callable' % func)
         self._post_execute[func] = True
     
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the "main" module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def new_main_mod(self,ns=None):
         """Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
         """
         main_mod = self._user_main_module
         init_fakemod_dict(main_mod,ns)
         return main_mod
 
     def cache_main_mod(self,ns,fname):
         """Cache a main module's namespace.
 
         When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to the
         namespace of their __main__ module (a FakeModule instance) around so
         that Python doesn't clear it, rendering objects defined therein
         useless.
 
         This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
         absolute path of the module object (which corresponds to the script
         path).  This way, for multiple executions of the same script we only
         keep one copy of the namespace (the last one), thus preventing memory
         leaks from old references while allowing the objects from the last
         execution to be accessible.
 
         Note: we can not allow the actual FakeModule instances to be deleted,
         because of how Python tears down modules (it hard-sets all their
         references to None without regard for reference counts).  This method
         must therefore make a *copy* of the given namespace, to allow the
         original module's __dict__ to be cleared and reused.
 
 
         Parameters
         ----------
           ns : a namespace (a dict, typically)
 
           fname : str
             Filename associated with the namespace.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [10]: import IPython
 
         In [11]: _ip.cache_main_mod(IPython.__dict__,IPython.__file__)
 
         In [12]: IPython.__file__ in _ip._main_ns_cache
         Out[12]: True
         """
         self._main_ns_cache[os.path.abspath(fname)] = ns.copy()
 
     def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
         """Clear the cache of main modules.
 
         Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [15]: import IPython
 
         In [16]: _ip.cache_main_mod(IPython.__dict__,IPython.__file__)
 
         In [17]: len(_ip._main_ns_cache) > 0
         Out[17]: True
 
         In [18]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         In [19]: len(_ip._main_ns_cache) == 0
         Out[19]: True
         """
         self._main_ns_cache.clear()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to debugging
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_pdb(self):
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         # self.call_pdb is a property
         self.call_pdb = self.pdb
 
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError,'new call_pdb value must be boolean'
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pydb/pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
           flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
           The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
           is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         # use pydb if available
         if debugger.has_pydb:
             from pydb import pm
         else:
             # fallback to our internal debugger
             pm = lambda : self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
 
         with self.readline_no_record:
             pm()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython's various namespaces
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     default_user_namespaces = True
 
     def init_create_namespaces(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return a properly built module and dict as needed by
         # the rest of the code, and can also be used by extension writers to
         # generate properly initialized namespaces.
         if (user_ns is not None) or (user_module is not None):
             self.default_user_namespaces = False
         self.user_module, self.user_ns = self.prepare_user_module(user_module, user_ns)
 
         # A record of hidden variables we have added to the user namespace, so
         # we can list later only variables defined in actual interactive use.
         self.user_ns_hidden = set()
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so docetst and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  Top-level references to objects from the
         # script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them.  However,
         # calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
         # the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
         # to the original objects, which are now all None.  So we must protect
         # these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
         #
         # To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
         # last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
         # only the last version of the module is held in the cache.  Note,
         # however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
         # __dict__).  Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
         # (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
         # those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
         #
         # The %reset command will flush this cache.  See the cache_main_mod()
         # and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
 
         # This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
         self._main_ns_cache = {}
         # And this is the single instance of FakeModule whose __dict__ we keep
         # copying and clearing for reuse on each %run
         self._user_main_module = FakeModule()
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user_global':self.user_module.__dict__,
                          'user_local':self.user_ns,
                          'builtin':builtin_mod.__dict__
                          }
     
     @property
     def user_global_ns(self):
         return self.user_module.__dict__
 
     def prepare_user_module(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         """Prepare the module and namespace in which user code will be run.
         
         When IPython is started normally, both parameters are None: a new module
         is created automatically, and its __dict__ used as the namespace.
         
         If only user_module is provided, its __dict__ is used as the namespace.
         If only user_ns is provided, a dummy module is created, and user_ns
         becomes the global namespace. If both are provided (as they may be
         when embedding), user_ns is the local namespace, and user_module
         provides the global namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         user_module : module, optional
             The current user module in which IPython is being run. If None,
             a clean module will be created.
         user_ns : dict, optional
             A namespace in which to run interactive commands.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A tuple of user_module and user_ns, each properly initialised.
         """
         if user_module is None and user_ns is not None:
             user_ns.setdefault("__name__", "__main__")
             class DummyMod(object):
                 "A dummy module used for IPython's interactive namespace."
                 pass
             user_module = DummyMod()
             user_module.__dict__ = user_ns
             
         if user_module is None:
             user_module = types.ModuleType("__main__",
                 doc="Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment")
         
         # We must ensure that __builtin__ (without the final 's') is always
         # available and pointing to the __builtin__ *module*.  For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtin__', builtin_mod)
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtins__', builtin_mod)
         
         if user_ns is None:
             user_ns = user_module.__dict__
 
         return user_module, user_ns
 
     def init_sys_modules(self):
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         # This is overridden in the InteractiveShellEmbed subclass to a no-op.
         main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         sys.modules[main_name] = self.user_module
 
     def init_user_ns(self):
         """Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
 
         Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
         act as user namespaces.
 
         Notes
         -----
         All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
         method.  If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
         therm.
         """
         # This function works in two parts: first we put a few things in
         # user_ns, and we sync that contents into user_ns_hidden so that these
         # initial variables aren't shown by %who.  After the sync, we add the
         # rest of what we *do* want the user to see with %who even on a new
         # session (probably nothing, so theye really only see their own stuff)
 
         # The user dict must *always* have a __builtin__ reference to the
         # Python standard __builtin__ namespace,  which must be imported.
         # This is so that certain operations in prompt evaluation can be
         # reliably executed with builtins.  Note that we can NOT use
         # __builtins__ (note the 's'),  because that can either be a dict or a
         # module, and can even mutate at runtime, depending on the context
         # (Python makes no guarantees on it).  In contrast, __builtin__ is
         # always a module object, though it must be explicitly imported.
 
         # For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         ns = dict()
         
         # Put 'help' in the user namespace
         try:
             from site import _Helper
             ns['help'] = _Helper()
         except ImportError:
             warn('help() not available - check site.py')
 
         # make global variables for user access to the histories
         ns['_ih'] = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['_oh'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
         ns['_dh'] = self.history_manager.dir_hist
 
         ns['_sh'] = shadowns
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories.  These shouldn't show up
         # in %who, as they can have very large reprs.
         ns['In']  = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['Out'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
 
         # Store myself as the public api!!!
         ns['get_ipython'] = self.get_ipython
         
         ns['exit'] = self.exiter
         ns['quit'] = self.exiter
 
         # Sync what we've added so far to user_ns_hidden so these aren't seen
         # by %who
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
 
         # Anything put into ns now would show up in %who.  Think twice before
         # putting anything here, as we really want %who to show the user their
         # stuff, not our variables.
 
         # Finally, update the real user's namespace
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
     
     @property
     def all_ns_refs(self):
         """Get a list of references to all the namespace dictionaries in which
         IPython might store a user-created object.
         
         Note that this does not include the displayhook, which also caches
         objects from the output."""
         return [self.user_ns, self.user_global_ns,
                 self._user_main_module.__dict__] + self._main_ns_cache.values()
 
     def reset(self, new_session=True):
         """Clear all internal namespaces, and attempt to release references to
         user objects.
 
         If new_session is True, a new history session will be opened.
         """
         # Clear histories
         self.history_manager.reset(new_session)
         # Reset counter used to index all histories
         if new_session:
             self.execution_count = 1
 
         # Flush cached output items
         if self.displayhook.do_full_cache:
             self.displayhook.flush()
 
         # The main execution namespaces must be cleared very carefully,
         # skipping the deletion of the builtin-related keys, because doing so
         # would cause errors in many object's __del__ methods.
         if self.user_ns is not self.user_global_ns:
             self.user_ns.clear()
         ns = self.user_global_ns
         drop_keys = set(ns.keys())
         drop_keys.discard('__builtin__')
         drop_keys.discard('__builtins__')
         drop_keys.discard('__name__')
         for k in drop_keys:
             del ns[k]
         
         self.user_ns_hidden.clear()
         
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         self.init_user_ns()
 
         # Restore the default and user aliases
         self.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
         self.alias_manager.init_aliases()
 
         # Flush the private list of module references kept for script
         # execution protection
         self.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         # Clear out the namespace from the last %run
         self.new_main_mod()
 
     def del_var(self, varname, by_name=False):
         """Delete a variable from the various namespaces, so that, as
         far as possible, we're not keeping any hidden references to it.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         varname : str
             The name of the variable to delete.
         by_name : bool
             If True, delete variables with the given name in each
             namespace. If False (default), find the variable in the user
             namespace, and delete references to it.
         """
         if varname in ('__builtin__', '__builtins__'):
             raise ValueError("Refusing to delete %s" % varname)
 
         ns_refs = self.all_ns_refs
         
         if by_name:                    # Delete by name
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 try:
                     del ns[varname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
         else:                         # Delete by object
             try:
                 obj = self.user_ns[varname]
             except KeyError:
                 raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % varname)
             # Also check in output history
             ns_refs.append(self.history_manager.output_hist)
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 to_delete = [n for n, o in ns.iteritems() if o is obj]
                 for name in to_delete:
                     del ns[name]
 
             # displayhook keeps extra references, but not in a dictionary
             for name in ('_', '__', '___'):
                 if getattr(self.displayhook, name) is obj:
                     setattr(self.displayhook, name, None)
 
     def reset_selective(self, regex=None):
         """Clear selective variables from internal namespaces based on a
         specified regular expression.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         regex : string or compiled pattern, optional
             A regular expression pattern that will be used in searching
             variable names in the users namespaces.
         """
         if regex is not None:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern')
             # Search for keys in each namespace that match the given regex
             # If a match is found, delete the key/value pair.
             for ns in self.all_ns_refs:
                 for var in ns:
                     if m.search(var):
                         del ns[var]
 
     def push(self, variables, interactive=True):
         """Inject a group of variables into the IPython user namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict, str or list/tuple of str
             The variables to inject into the user's namespace.  If a dict, a
             simple update is done.  If a str, the string is assumed to have
             variable names separated by spaces.  A list/tuple of str can also
             be used to give the variable names.  If just the variable names are
             give (list/tuple/str) then the variable values looked up in the
             callers frame.
         interactive : bool
             If True (default), the variables will be listed with the ``who``
             magic.
         """
         vdict = None
 
         # We need a dict of name/value pairs to do namespace updates.
         if isinstance(variables, dict):
             vdict = variables
         elif isinstance(variables, (basestring, list, tuple)):
             if isinstance(variables, basestring):
                 vlist = variables.split()
             else:
                 vlist = variables
             vdict = {}
             cf = sys._getframe(1)
             for name in vlist:
                 try:
                     vdict[name] = eval(name, cf.f_globals, cf.f_locals)
                 except:
                     print ('Could not get variable %s from %s' %
                            (name,cf.f_code.co_name))
         else:
             raise ValueError('variables must be a dict/str/list/tuple')
 
         # Propagate variables to user namespace
         self.user_ns.update(vdict)
 
         # And configure interactive visibility
         user_ns_hidden = self.user_ns_hidden
         if interactive:
             user_ns_hidden.difference_update(vdict)
         else:
             user_ns_hidden.update(vdict)
     
     def drop_by_id(self, variables):
         """Remove a dict of variables from the user namespace, if they are the
         same as the values in the dictionary.
         
         This is intended for use by extensions: variables that they've added can
         be taken back out if they are unloaded, without removing any that the
         user has overwritten.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict
           A dictionary mapping object names (as strings) to the objects.
         """
         for name, obj in variables.iteritems():
             if name in self.user_ns and self.user_ns[name] is obj:
                 del self.user_ns[name]
                 self.user_ns_hidden.discard(name)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to object introspection
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
         self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         oname = oname.strip()
         #print '1- oname: <%r>' % oname  # dbg
         if not py3compat.isidentifier(oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC), dotted=True):
             return dict(found=False)
 
         alias_ns = None
         if namespaces is None:
             # Namespaces to search in:
             # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
             # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
             namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.user_ns),
                            ('Interactive (global)', self.user_global_ns),
                            ('Python builtin', builtin_mod.__dict__),
                            ('Alias', self.alias_manager.alias_table),
                            ]
             alias_ns = self.alias_manager.alias_table
 
         # initialize results to 'null'
         found = False; obj = None;  ospace = None;  ds = None;
         ismagic = False; isalias = False; parent = None
 
         # We need to special-case 'print', which as of python2.6 registers as a
         # function but should only be treated as one if print_function was
         # loaded with a future import.  In this case, just bail.
         if (oname == 'print' and not py3compat.PY3 and not \
             (self.compile.compiler_flags & __future__.CO_FUTURE_PRINT_FUNCTION)):
             return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace,
                     'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias, 'parent':parent}
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
         oname_parts = oname.split('.')
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 #print 'oname_rest:', oname_rest  # dbg
                 for part in oname_rest:
                     try:
                         parent = obj
                         obj = getattr(obj,part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = True
                     ospace = nsname
                     if ns == alias_ns:
                         isalias = True
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             if oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname[1:]
             obj = getattr(self,'magic_'+oname,None)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = True
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = True
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = True
             ospace = 'Interactive'
 
         return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace,
                 'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias, 'parent':parent}
 
     def _ofind_property(self, oname, info):
         """Second part of object finding, to look for property details."""
         if info.found:
             # Get the docstring of the class property if it exists.
             path = oname.split('.')
             root = '.'.join(path[:-1])
             if info.parent is not None:
                 try:
                     target = getattr(info.parent, '__class__')
                     # The object belongs to a class instance.
                     try:
                         target = getattr(target, path[-1])
                         # The class defines the object.
                         if isinstance(target, property):
                             oname = root + '.__class__.' + path[-1]
                             info = Struct(self._ofind(oname))
                     except AttributeError: pass
                 except AttributeError: pass
 
         # We return either the new info or the unmodified input if the object
         # hadn't been found
         return info
 
     def _object_find(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object and return a struct with info about it."""
         inf = Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces))
         return Struct(self._ofind_property(oname, inf))
 
     def _inspect(self, meth, oname, namespaces=None, **kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends."""
         info = self._object_find(oname)
         if info.found:
             pmethod = getattr(self.inspector, meth)
             formatter = format_screen if info.ismagic else None
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter, info, **kw)
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname)
         else:
             print 'Object `%s` not found.' % oname
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
 
     def object_inspect(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 return self.inspector.info(info.obj, oname, info=info,
                             detail_level=detail_level
                 )
             else:
                 return oinspect.object_info(name=oname, found=False)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to history management
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_history(self):
         """Sets up the command history, and starts regular autosaves."""
         self.history_manager = HistoryManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.history_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to exception handling and tracebacks (not debugging)
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_traceback_handlers(self, custom_exceptions):
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultratb.SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor')
 
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1,
                                    check_cache=self.compile.check_cache)
 
         # The instance will store a pointer to the system-wide exception hook,
         # so that runtime code (such as magics) can access it.  This is because
         # during the read-eval loop, it may get temporarily overwritten.
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Set the exception mode
         self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=self.xmode)
 
     def set_custom_exc(self, exc_tuple, handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple,handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         run_code() method).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         exc_tuple : tuple of exception classes
             A *tuple* of exception classes, for which to call the defined
             handler.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
             LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
             you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple::
 
                 exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
         handler : callable
             handler must have the following signature::
 
                 def my_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
                     ...
                     return structured_traceback
 
             Your handler must return a structured traceback (a list of strings),
             or None.
 
             This will be made into an instance method (via types.MethodType)
             of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
             listed in the exc_tuple are caught. If the handler is None, an
             internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
             To protect IPython from crashes, if your handler ever raises an
             exception or returns an invalid result, it will be immediately
             disabled.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
 
         assert type(exc_tuple)==type(()) , \
                "The custom exceptions must be given AS A TUPLE."
 
         def dummy_handler(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=None):
             print '*** Simple custom exception handler ***'
             print 'Exception type :',etype
             print 'Exception value:',value
             print 'Traceback      :',tb
             #print 'Source code    :','\n'.join(self.buffer)
         
         def validate_stb(stb):
             """validate structured traceback return type
             
             return type of CustomTB *should* be a list of strings, but allow
             single strings or None, which are harmless.
             
             This function will *always* return a list of strings,
             and will raise a TypeError if stb is inappropriate.
             """
             msg = "CustomTB must return list of strings, not %r" % stb
             if stb is None:
                 return []
             elif isinstance(stb, basestring):
                 return [stb]
             elif not isinstance(stb, list):
                 raise TypeError(msg)
             # it's a list
             for line in stb:
                 # check every element
                 if not isinstance(line, basestring):
                     raise TypeError(msg)
             return stb
 
         if handler is None:
             wrapped = dummy_handler
         else:
             def wrapped(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=None):
                 """wrap CustomTB handler, to protect IPython from user code
                 
                 This makes it harder (but not impossible) for custom exception
                 handlers to crash IPython.
                 """
                 try:
                     stb = handler(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=tb_offset)
                     return validate_stb(stb)
                 except:
                     # clear custom handler immediately
                     self.set_custom_exc((), None)
                     print >> io.stderr, "Custom TB Handler failed, unregistering"
                     # show the exception in handler first
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(*sys.exc_info())
                     print >> io.stdout, self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb)
                     print >> io.stdout, "The original exception:"
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
                                             (etype,value,tb), tb_offset=tb_offset
                     )
                 return stb
 
         self.CustomTB = types.MethodType(wrapped,self)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
       """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
       GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
       sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
       enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
       otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
       which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
       except: statement.
 
       Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
       any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
       IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
       CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
       regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
       call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
       IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
       crashes.
 
       This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
       to be true IPython errors.
       """
       self.showtraceback((etype,value,tb),tb_offset=0)
 
     def _get_exc_info(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """get exc_info from a given tuple, sys.exc_info() or sys.last_type etc.
         
         Ensures sys.last_type,value,traceback hold the exc_info we found,
         from whichever source.
         
         raises ValueError if none of these contain any information
         """
         if exc_tuple is None:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         else:
             etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
 
         if etype is None:
             if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
                 etype, value, tb = sys.last_type, sys.last_value, \
                                    sys.last_traceback
         
         if etype is None:
             raise ValueError("No exception to find")
         
         # Now store the exception info in sys.last_type etc.
         # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
         # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
         # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
         # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = tb
         
         return etype, value, tb
     
 
     def showtraceback(self,exc_tuple = None,filename=None,tb_offset=None,
                       exception_only=False):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
 
         try:
             try:
                 etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
             except ValueError:
                 self.write_err('No traceback available to show.\n')
                 return
 
             if etype is SyntaxError:
                 # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input
                 # line, there may be SyntaxError cases with imported code.
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             elif etype is UsageError:
                 self.write_err("UsageError: %s" % value)
             else:
                 if etype in self.custom_exceptions:
                     stb = self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb, tb_offset)
                 else:
                     if exception_only:
                         stb = ['An exception has occurred, use %tb to see '
                                'the full traceback.\n']
                         stb.extend(self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype,
                                                                          value))
                     else:
                         stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(etype,
                                                 value, tb, tb_offset=tb_offset)
 
                         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
                         if self.call_pdb:
                             # drop into debugger
                             self.debugger(force=True)
                         return
 
                 # Actually show the traceback
                 self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.write_err("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
 
     def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb):
         """Actually show a traceback.
 
         Subclasses may override this method to put the traceback on a different
         place, like a side channel.
         """
         print >> io.stdout, self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb)
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
         """
         etype, value, last_traceback = self._get_exc_info()
 
         if filename and etype is SyntaxError:
             try:
                 value.filename = filename
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
         
         stb = self.SyntaxTB.structured_traceback(etype, value, [])
         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
     # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
     # the %paste magic.
     def showindentationerror(self):
         """Called by run_cell when there's an IndentationError in code entered
         at the prompt.
 
         This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
         the %paste magic."""
         self.showsyntaxerror()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to readline
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """Command history completion/saving/reloading."""
 
         if self.readline_use:
             import IPython.utils.rlineimpl as readline
 
         self.rl_next_input = None
         self.rl_do_indent = False
 
         if not self.readline_use or not readline.have_readline:
             self.has_readline = False
             self.readline = None
             # Set a number of methods that depend on readline to be no-op
             self.readline_no_record = no_op_context
             self.set_readline_completer = no_op
             self.set_custom_completer = no_op
             self.set_completer_frame = no_op
             if self.readline_use:
                 warn('Readline services not available or not loaded.')
         else:
             self.has_readline = True
             self.readline = readline
             sys.modules['readline'] = readline
 
             # Platform-specific configuration
             if os.name == 'nt':
                 # FIXME - check with Frederick to see if we can harmonize
                 # naming conventions with pyreadline to avoid this
                 # platform-dependent check
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_pre_input_hook
             else:
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_startup_hook
 
             # Load user's initrc file (readline config)
             # Or if libedit is used, load editrc.
             inputrc_name = os.environ.get('INPUTRC')
             if inputrc_name is None:
                 inputrc_name = '.inputrc'
                 if readline.uses_libedit:
                     inputrc_name = '.editrc'
                 inputrc_name = os.path.join(self.home_dir, inputrc_name)
             if os.path.isfile(inputrc_name):
                 try:
                     readline.read_init_file(inputrc_name)
                 except:
                     warn('Problems reading readline initialization file <%s>'
                          % inputrc_name)
 
             # Configure readline according to user's prefs
             # This is only done if GNU readline is being used.  If libedit
             # is being used (as on Leopard) the readline config is
             # not run as the syntax for libedit is different.
             if not readline.uses_libedit:
                 for rlcommand in self.readline_parse_and_bind:
                     #print "loading rl:",rlcommand  # dbg
                     readline.parse_and_bind(rlcommand)
 
             # Remove some chars from the delimiters list.  If we encounter
             # unicode chars, discard them.
             delims = readline.get_completer_delims()
             if not py3compat.PY3:
                 delims = delims.encode("ascii", "ignore")
             for d in self.readline_remove_delims:
                 delims = delims.replace(d, "")
             delims = delims.replace(ESC_MAGIC, '')
             readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             # otherwise we end up with a monster history after a while:
             readline.set_history_length(self.history_length)
 
             self.refill_readline_hist()
             self.readline_no_record = ReadlineNoRecord(self)
 
         # Configure auto-indent for all platforms
         self.set_autoindent(self.autoindent)
 
     def refill_readline_hist(self):
         # Load the last 1000 lines from history
         self.readline.clear_history()
         stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or "utf-8"
         last_cell = u""
         for _, _, cell in self.history_manager.get_tail(1000,
                                                         include_latest=True):
             # Ignore blank lines and consecutive duplicates
             cell = cell.rstrip()
             if cell and (cell != last_cell):
                 if self.multiline_history:
                       self.readline.add_history(py3compat.unicode_to_str(cell,
                                                                 stdin_encoding))
                 else:
                     for line in cell.splitlines():
                         self.readline.add_history(py3compat.unicode_to_str(line,
                                                                 stdin_encoding))
                 last_cell = cell
 
     def set_next_input(self, s):
         """ Sets the 'default' input string for the next command line.
 
         Requires readline.
 
         Example:
 
         [D:\ipython]|1> _ip.set_next_input("Hello Word")
         [D:\ipython]|2> Hello Word_  # cursor is here
         """
         self.rl_next_input = py3compat.cast_bytes_py2(s)
 
     # Maybe move this to the terminal subclass?
     def pre_readline(self):
         """readline hook to be used at the start of each line.
 
         Currently it handles auto-indent only."""
 
         if self.rl_do_indent:
             self.readline.insert_text(self._indent_current_str())
         if self.rl_next_input is not None:
             self.readline.insert_text(self.rl_next_input)
             self.rl_next_input = None
 
     def _indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.input_splitter.indent_spaces * ' '
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to text completion
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_completer(self):
         """Initialize the completion machinery.
 
         This creates completion machinery that can be used by client code,
         either interactively in-process (typically triggered by the readline
         library), programatically (such as in test suites) or out-of-prcess
         (typically over the network by remote frontends).
         """
         from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
         from IPython.core.completerlib import (module_completer,
                 magic_run_completer, cd_completer, reset_completer)
 
         self.Completer = IPCompleter(shell=self,
                                      namespace=self.user_ns,
                                      global_namespace=self.user_global_ns,
                                      alias_table=self.alias_manager.alias_table,
                                      use_readline=self.has_readline,
                                      config=self.config,
                                      )
         self.configurables.append(self.Completer)
 
         # Add custom completers to the basic ones built into IPCompleter
         sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
         self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
         self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
 
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'import')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'from')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', magic_run_completer, str_key = '%run')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', cd_completer, str_key = '%cd')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', reset_completer, str_key = '%reset')
 
         # Only configure readline if we truly are using readline.  IPython can
         # do tab-completion over the network, in GUIs, etc, where readline
         # itself may be absent
         if self.has_readline:
             self.set_readline_completer()
 
     def complete(self, text, line=None, cursor_pos=None):
         """Return the completed text and a list of completions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
            text : string
              A string of text to be completed on.  It can be given as empty and
              instead a line/position pair are given.  In this case, the
              completer itself will split the line like readline does.
 
            line : string, optional
              The complete line that text is part of.
 
            cursor_pos : int, optional
              The position of the cursor on the input line.
 
         Returns
         -------
           text : string
             The actual text that was completed.
 
           matches : list
             A sorted list with all possible completions.
 
         The optional arguments allow the completion to take more context into
         account, and are part of the low-level completion API.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: _ip.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ('x.l', ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip'])
         """
 
         # Inject names into __builtin__ so we can complete on the added names.
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return self.Completer.complete(text, line, cursor_pos)
 
     def set_custom_completer(self, completer, pos=0):
         """Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted."""
 
         newcomp = types.MethodType(completer,self.Completer)
         self.Completer.matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_readline_completer(self):
         """Reset readline's completer to be our own."""
         self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.rlcomplete)
 
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         """Set the frame of the completer."""
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to magics
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_magics(self):
         # FIXME: Move the color initialization to the DisplayHook, which
         # should be split into a prompt manager and displayhook. We probably
         # even need a centralize colors management object.
         self.magic_colors(self.colors)
         # History was moved to a separate module
         from IPython.core import history
         history.init_ipython(self)
 
     def magic(self, arg_s, next_input=None):
         """Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and
         any additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         magic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use magic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.
         """
         # Allow setting the next input - this is used if the user does `a=abs?`.
         # We do this first so that magic functions can override it.
         if next_input:
             self.set_next_input(next_input)
 
         magic_name, _, magic_args = arg_s.partition(' ')
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(prefilter.ESC_MAGIC)
 
         fn = getattr(self,'magic_'+magic_name,None)
         if fn is None:
             error("Magic function `%s` not found." % magic_name)
         else:
             magic_args = self.var_expand(magic_args,1)
             # Grab local namespace if we need it:
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 self._magic_locals = sys._getframe(1).f_locals
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 result = fn(magic_args)
             # Ensure we're not keeping object references around:
             self._magic_locals = {}
             return result
 
     def define_magic(self, magicname, func):
         """Expose own function as magic function for ipython
         
         Example::
 
           def foo_impl(self,parameter_s=''):
               'My very own magic!. (Use docstrings, IPython reads them).'
               print 'Magic function. Passed parameter is between < >:'
               print '<%s>' % parameter_s
               print 'The self object is:', self
 
           ip.define_magic('foo',foo_impl)
         """
         im = types.MethodType(func,self)
         old = getattr(self, "magic_" + magicname, None)
         setattr(self, "magic_" + magicname, im)
         return old
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to macros
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def define_macro(self, name, themacro):
         """Define a new macro
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str
             The name of the macro.
         themacro : str or Macro
             The action to do upon invoking the macro.  If a string, a new
             Macro object is created by passing the string to it.
         """
 
         from IPython.core import macro
 
         if isinstance(themacro, basestring):
             themacro = macro.Macro(themacro)
         if not isinstance(themacro, macro.Macro):
             raise ValueError('A macro must be a string or a Macro instance.')
         self.user_ns[name] = themacro
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of system commands
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def system_piped(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess, piping stdout/err
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
           not supported.  Should not be a command that expects input
           other than simple text.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             # We do not support backgrounding processes because we either use
             # pexpect or pipes to read from.  Users can always just call
             # os.system() or use ip.system=ip.system_raw
             # if they really want a background process.
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
 
         # we explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = system(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2))
 
     def system_raw(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess using os.system
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute.
         """
         cmd = self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2)
         # protect os.system from UNC paths on Windows, which it can't handle:
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             from IPython.utils._process_win32 import AvoidUNCPath
             with AvoidUNCPath() as path:
                 if path is not None:
                     cmd = '"pushd %s &&"%s' % (path, cmd)
                 cmd = py3compat.unicode_to_str(cmd)
                 ec = os.system(cmd)
         else:
             cmd = py3compat.unicode_to_str(cmd)
             ec = os.system(cmd)
         
         # We explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = ec
 
     # use piped system by default, because it is better behaved
     system = system_piped
 
     def getoutput(self, cmd, split=True):
         """Get output (possibly including stderr) from a subprocess.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
           not supported.
         split : bool, optional
 
           If True, split the output into an IPython SList.  Otherwise, an
           IPython LSString is returned.  These are objects similar to normal
           lists and strings, with a few convenience attributes for easier
           manipulation of line-based output.  You can use '?' on them for
           details.
           """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
         out = getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2))
         if split:
             out = SList(out.splitlines())
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to aliases
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_alias(self):
         self.alias_manager = AliasManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.alias_manager)
         self.ns_table['alias'] = self.alias_manager.alias_table,
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extensions and plugins
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_extension_manager(self):
         self.extension_manager = ExtensionManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.extension_manager)
 
     def init_plugin_manager(self):
         self.plugin_manager = PluginManager(config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.plugin_manager)
         
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to payloads
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_payload(self):
         self.payload_manager = PayloadManager(config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.payload_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the prefilter
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_prefilter(self):
         self.prefilter_manager = PrefilterManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.configurables.append(self.prefilter_manager)
         # Ultimately this will be refactored in the new interpreter code, but
         # for now, we should expose the main prefilter method (there's legacy
         # code out there that may rely on this).
         self.prefilter = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines
 
     def auto_rewrite_input(self, cmd):
         """Print to the screen the rewritten form of the user's command.
 
         This shows visual feedback by rewriting input lines that cause
         automatic calling to kick in, like::
 
           /f x
 
         into::
 
           ------> f(x)
 
         after the user's input prompt.  This helps the user understand that the
         input line was transformed automatically by IPython.
         """
         if not self.show_rewritten_input:
             return
         
         rw = self.prompt_manager.render('rewrite') + cmd
 
         try:
             # plain ascii works better w/ pyreadline, on some machines, so
             # we use it and only print uncolored rewrite if we have unicode
             rw = str(rw)
             print >> io.stdout, rw
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print "------> " + cmd
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extracting values/expressions from kernel and user_ns
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _simple_error(self):
         etype, value = sys.exc_info()[:2]
         return u'[ERROR] {e.__name__}: {v}'.format(e=etype, v=value)
 
     def user_variables(self, names):
         """Get a list of variable names from the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         names : list of strings
           A list of names of variables to be read from the user namespace.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed by the input names and with the repr() of each value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         for varname in names:
             try:
                 value = repr(user_ns[varname])
             except:
                 value = self._simple_error()
             out[varname] = value
         return out
 
     def user_expressions(self, expressions):
         """Evaluate a dict of expressions in the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         expressions : dict
           A dict with string keys and string values.  The expression values
           should be valid Python expressions, each of which will be evaluated
           in the user namespace.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed like the input expressions dict, with the repr() of each
         value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         global_ns = self.user_global_ns
         for key, expr in expressions.iteritems():
             try:
                 value = repr(eval(expr, global_ns, user_ns))
             except:
                 value = self._simple_error()
             out[key] = value
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of code
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def ex(self, cmd):
         """Execute a normal python statement in user namespace."""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             exec cmd in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
 
     def ev(self, expr):
         """Evaluate python expression expr in user namespace.
 
         Returns the result of evaluation
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return eval(expr, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def safe_execfile(self, fname, *where, **kw):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.  This only works on pure
         Python files with the .py extension.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : string
             The name of the file to be executed.
         where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
         exit_ignore : bool (False)
             If True, then silence SystemExit for non-zero status (it is always
             silenced for zero status, as it is so common).
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere. Meant for testing.
 
         """
         kw.setdefault('exit_ignore', False)
         kw.setdefault('raise_exceptions', False)
 
         fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(fname))
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with open(fname) as thefile:
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 py3compat.execfile(fname,*where)
             except SystemExit, status:
                 # If the call was made with 0 or None exit status (sys.exit(0)
                 # or sys.exit() ), don't bother showing a traceback, as both of
                 # these are considered normal by the OS:
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit(0)'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit()'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # For other exit status, we show the exception unless
                 # explicitly silenced, but only in short form.
                 if kw['raise_exceptions']:
                     raise
                 if status.code not in (0, None) and not kw['exit_ignore']:
                     self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             except:
                 if kw['raise_exceptions']:
                     raise
                 self.showtraceback()
 
     def safe_execfile_ipy(self, fname):
         """Like safe_execfile, but for .ipy files with IPython syntax.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : str
             The name of the file to execute.  The filename must have a
             .ipy extension.
         """
         fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(fname))
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with open(fname) as thefile:
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 with open(fname) as thefile:
                     # self.run_cell currently captures all exceptions
                     # raised in user code.  It would be nice if there were
                     # versions of runlines, execfile that did raise, so
                     # we could catch the errors.
                     self.run_cell(thefile.read(), store_history=False)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Unknown failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
     def safe_run_module(self, mod_name, where):
         """A safe version of runpy.run_module().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         mod_name : string
             The name of the module to be executed.
         where : dict
             The globals namespace.
         """
         try:
             where.update(
                 runpy.run_module(str(mod_name), run_name="__main__",
                                  alter_sys=True)
                 )
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
             warn('Unknown failure executing module: <%s>' % mod_name)
 
-    def run_cell(self, raw_cell, store_history=False):
+    def run_cell(self, raw_cell, store_history=False, silent=False):
         """Run a complete IPython cell.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
           The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
           If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
           history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
           should be set to False.
+        silent : bool
+          If True, avoid side-effets, such as implicit displayhooks, history,
+          and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         """
         if (not raw_cell) or raw_cell.isspace():
             return
+        
+        if silent:
+            store_history = False
 
         for line in raw_cell.splitlines():
             self.input_splitter.push(line)
         cell = self.input_splitter.source_reset()
 
         with self.builtin_trap:
             prefilter_failed = False
             if len(cell.splitlines()) == 1:
                 try:
                     # use prefilter_lines to handle trailing newlines
                     # restore trailing newline for ast.parse
                     cell = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(cell) + '\n'
                 except AliasError as e:
                     error(e)
                     prefilter_failed = True
                 except Exception:
                     # don't allow prefilter errors to crash IPython
                     self.showtraceback()
                     prefilter_failed = True
 
             # Store raw and processed history
             if store_history:
                 self.history_manager.store_inputs(self.execution_count,
                                                   cell, raw_cell)
-
-            self.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
+            if not silent:
+                self.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
 
             if not prefilter_failed:
                 # don't run if prefilter failed
                 cell_name = self.compile.cache(cell, self.execution_count)
 
                 with self.display_trap:
                     try:
                         code_ast = self.compile.ast_parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
                     except IndentationError:
                         self.showindentationerror()
                         if store_history:
                             self.execution_count += 1
                         return None
                     except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError,
                             MemoryError):
                         self.showsyntaxerror()
                         if store_history:
                             self.execution_count += 1
                         return None
-
+                    
+                    interactivity = "none" if silent else "last_expr"
                     self.run_ast_nodes(code_ast.body, cell_name,
-                                       interactivity="last_expr")
-
+                                       interactivity=interactivity)
+                    
                     # Execute any registered post-execution functions.
-                    for func, status in self._post_execute.iteritems():
+                    # unless we are silent
+                    post_exec = [] if silent else self._post_execute.iteritems()
+                    
+                    for func, status in post_exec:
                         if self.disable_failing_post_execute and not status:
                             continue
                         try:
                             func()
                         except KeyboardInterrupt:
                             print >> io.stderr, "\nKeyboardInterrupt"
                         except Exception:
                             # register as failing:
                             self._post_execute[func] = False
                             self.showtraceback()
                             print >> io.stderr, '\n'.join([
                                 "post-execution function %r produced an error." % func,
                                 "If this problem persists, you can disable failing post-exec functions with:",
                                 "",
                                 "    get_ipython().disable_failing_post_execute = True"
                             ])
 
         if store_history:
             # Write output to the database. Does nothing unless
             # history output logging is enabled.
             self.history_manager.store_output(self.execution_count)
             # Each cell is a *single* input, regardless of how many lines it has
             self.execution_count += 1
 
     def run_ast_nodes(self, nodelist, cell_name, interactivity='last_expr'):
         """Run a sequence of AST nodes. The execution mode depends on the
         interactivity parameter.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         nodelist : list
           A sequence of AST nodes to run.
         cell_name : str
           Will be passed to the compiler as the filename of the cell. Typically
           the value returned by ip.compile.cache(cell).
         interactivity : str
           'all', 'last', 'last_expr' or 'none', specifying which nodes should be
           run interactively (displaying output from expressions). 'last_expr'
           will run the last node interactively only if it is an expression (i.e.
           expressions in loops or other blocks are not displayed. Other values
           for this parameter will raise a ValueError.
         """
         if not nodelist:
             return
 
         if interactivity == 'last_expr':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], ast.Expr):
                 interactivity = "last"
             else:
                 interactivity = "none"
 
         if interactivity == 'none':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist, []
         elif interactivity == 'last':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist[:-1], nodelist[-1:]
         elif interactivity == 'all':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
         else:
             raise ValueError("Interactivity was %r" % interactivity)
 
         exec_count = self.execution_count
 
         try:
             for i, node in enumerate(to_run_exec):
                 mod = ast.Module([node])
                 code = self.compile(mod, cell_name, "exec")
                 if self.run_code(code):
                     return True
 
             for i, node in enumerate(to_run_interactive):
                 mod = ast.Interactive([node])
                 code = self.compile(mod, cell_name, "single")
                 if self.run_code(code):
                     return True
 
             # Flush softspace
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print
 
         except:
             # It's possible to have exceptions raised here, typically by
             # compilation of odd code (such as a naked 'return' outside a
             # function) that did parse but isn't valid. Typically the exception
             # is a SyntaxError, but it's safest just to catch anything and show
             # the user a traceback.
 
             # We do only one try/except outside the loop to minimize the impact
             # on runtime, and also because if any node in the node list is
             # broken, we should stop execution completely.
             self.showtraceback()
 
         return False
 
     def run_code(self, code_obj):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code_obj : code object
           A compiled code object, to be executed
 
         Returns
         -------
         False : successful execution.
         True : an error occurred.
         """
 
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook,sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = 1  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 self.hooks.pre_run_code_hook()
                 #rprint('Running code', repr(code_obj)) # dbg
                 exec code_obj in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit:
             self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             warn("To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.", level=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype,value,tb = sys.exc_info()
             self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
         else:
             outflag = 0
         return outflag
 
     # For backwards compatibility
     runcode = run_code
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to GUI support and pylab
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def enable_gui(self, gui=None):
         raise NotImplementedError('Implement enable_gui in a subclass')
 
     def enable_pylab(self, gui=None, import_all=True):
         """Activate pylab support at runtime.
 
         This turns on support for matplotlib, preloads into the interactive
         namespace all of numpy and pylab, and configures IPython to correctly
         interact with the GUI event loop.  The GUI backend to be used can be
         optionally selected with the optional :param:`gui` argument.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
 
           If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
           (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
           'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
           matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
           user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
           make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
           display figures inline.
         """
 
         # We want to prevent the loading of pylab to pollute the user's
         # namespace as shown by the %who* magics, so we execute the activation
         # code in an empty namespace, and we update *both* user_ns and
         # user_ns_hidden with this information.
         ns = {}
         try:
             gui = pylab_activate(ns, gui, import_all, self)
         except KeyError:
             error("Backend %r not supported" % gui)
             return
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
         # Now we must activate the gui pylab wants to use, and fix %run to take
         # plot updates into account
         self.enable_gui(gui)
         self.magic_run = self._pylab_magic_run
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Utilities
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def var_expand(self, cmd, depth=0, formatter=DollarFormatter()):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
         ns = self.user_ns.copy()
         ns.update(sys._getframe(depth+1).f_locals)
         ns.pop('self', None)
         try:
             cmd = formatter.format(cmd, **ns)
         except Exception:
             # if formatter couldn't format, just let it go untransformed
             pass
         return cmd
 
     def mktempfile(self, data=None, prefix='ipython_edit_'):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mktemp, but it registers the created
         filename internally so ipython cleans it up at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
           immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
         filename = tempfile.mktemp('.py', prefix)
         self.tempfiles.append(filename)
 
         if data:
             tmp_file = open(filename,'w')
             tmp_file.write(data)
             tmp_file.close()
         return filename
 
     # TODO:  This should be removed when Term is refactored.
     def write(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default output"""
         io.stdout.write(data)
 
     # TODO:  This should be removed when Term is refactored.
     def write_err(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default error output"""
         io.stderr.write(data)
 
     def ask_yes_no(self, prompt, default=None):
         if self.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default)
 
     def show_usage(self):
         """Show a usage message"""
         page.page(IPython.core.usage.interactive_usage)
 
     def find_user_code(self, target, raw=True, py_only=False):
         """Get a code string from history, file, url, or a string or macro.
 
         This is mainly used by magic functions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         target : str
 
           A string specifying code to retrieve. This will be tried respectively
           as: ranges of input history (see %history for syntax), url,
           correspnding .py file, filename, or an expression evaluating to a
           string or Macro in the user namespace.
 
         raw : bool
           If true (default), retrieve raw history. Has no effect on the other
           retrieval mechanisms.
 
         py_only : bool (default False)
           Only try to fetch python code, do not try alternative methods to decode file
           if unicode fails.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A string of code.
 
         ValueError is raised if nothing is found, and TypeError if it evaluates
         to an object of another type. In each case, .args[0] is a printable
         message.
         """
         code = self.extract_input_lines(target, raw=raw)  # Grab history
         if code:
             return code
         utarget = unquote_filename(target)
         try:
             if utarget.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
                 return openpy.read_py_url(utarget, skip_encoding_cookie=True)
         except UnicodeDecodeError:
             if not py_only :
                 response = urllib.urlopen(target)
                 return response.read().decode('latin1')
             raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % utarget)
 
         potential_target = [target]
         try :
             potential_target.insert(0,get_py_filename(target))
         except IOError:
             pass
 
         for tgt in potential_target :
             if os.path.isfile(tgt):                        # Read file
                 try :
                     return openpy.read_py_file(tgt, skip_encoding_cookie=True)
                 except UnicodeDecodeError :
                     if not py_only :
                         with io_open(tgt,'r', encoding='latin1') as f :
                             return f.read()
                     raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target)
 
         try:                                              # User namespace
             codeobj = eval(target, self.user_ns)
         except Exception:
             raise ValueError(("'%s' was not found in history, as a file, url, "
                                 "nor in the user namespace.") % target)
         if isinstance(codeobj, basestring):
             return codeobj
         elif isinstance(codeobj, Macro):
             return codeobj.value
 
         raise TypeError("%s is neither a string nor a macro." % target,
                         codeobj)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython exiting
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Cleanup operations and saving of persistent data that is done
         unconditionally by IPython should be performed here.
 
         For things that may depend on startup flags or platform specifics (such
         as having readline or not), register a separate atexit function in the
         code that has the appropriate information, rather than trying to
         clutter
         """
         # Close the history session (this stores the end time and line count)
         # this must be *before* the tempfile cleanup, in case of temporary
         # history db
         self.history_manager.end_session()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 os.unlink(tfile)
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
         # Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
         self.reset(new_session=False)
 
         # Run user hooks
         self.hooks.shutdown_hook()
 
     def cleanup(self):
         self.restore_sys_module_state()
 
 
 class InteractiveShellABC(object):
     """An abstract base class for InteractiveShell."""
     __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(InteractiveShell)

IPython/core/tests/test_interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,304 +1,359 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Tests for the key interactiveshell module.
 
 Historically the main classes in interactiveshell have been under-tested.  This
 module should grow as many single-method tests as possible to trap many of the
 recurring bugs we seem to encounter with high-level interaction.
 
 Authors
 -------
 * Fernando Perez
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # stdlib
 import os
 import shutil
 import tempfile
 import unittest
 from os.path import join
 import sys
 from StringIO import StringIO
 
 from IPython.testing.decorators import skipif
 from IPython.utils import io
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Tests
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class InteractiveShellTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_naked_string_cells(self):
         """Test that cells with only naked strings are fully executed"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         # First, single-line inputs
         ip.run_cell('"a"\n')
         self.assertEquals(ip.user_ns['_'], 'a')
         # And also multi-line cells
         ip.run_cell('"""a\nb"""\n')
         self.assertEquals(ip.user_ns['_'], 'a\nb')
 
     def test_run_empty_cell(self):
         """Just make sure we don't get a horrible error with a blank
         cell of input. Yes, I did overlook that."""
         ip = get_ipython()
         old_xc = ip.execution_count
         ip.run_cell('')
         self.assertEquals(ip.execution_count, old_xc)
 
     def test_run_cell_multiline(self):
         """Multi-block, multi-line cells must execute correctly.
         """
         ip = get_ipython()
         src = '\n'.join(["x=1",
                          "y=2",
                          "if 1:",
                          "    x += 1",
                          "    y += 1",])
         ip.run_cell(src)
         self.assertEquals(ip.user_ns['x'], 2)
         self.assertEquals(ip.user_ns['y'], 3)
 
     def test_multiline_string_cells(self):
         "Code sprinkled with multiline strings should execute (GH-306)"
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.run_cell('tmp=0')
         self.assertEquals(ip.user_ns['tmp'], 0)
         ip.run_cell('tmp=1;"""a\nb"""\n')
         self.assertEquals(ip.user_ns['tmp'], 1)
 
     def test_dont_cache_with_semicolon(self):
         "Ending a line with semicolon should not cache the returned object (GH-307)"
         ip = get_ipython()
         oldlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
         a = ip.run_cell('1;', store_history=True)
         newlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
         self.assertEquals(oldlen, newlen)
         #also test the default caching behavior
         ip.run_cell('1', store_history=True)
         newlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
         self.assertEquals(oldlen+1, newlen)
 
     def test_In_variable(self):
         "Verify that In variable grows with user input (GH-284)"
         ip = get_ipython()
         oldlen = len(ip.user_ns['In'])
         ip.run_cell('1;', store_history=True)
         newlen = len(ip.user_ns['In'])
         self.assertEquals(oldlen+1, newlen)
         self.assertEquals(ip.user_ns['In'][-1],'1;')
         
     def test_magic_names_in_string(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.run_cell('a = """\n%exit\n"""')
         self.assertEquals(ip.user_ns['a'], '\n%exit\n')
     
     def test_alias_crash(self):
         """Errors in prefilter can't crash IPython"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.run_cell('%alias parts echo first %s second %s')
         # capture stderr:
         save_err = io.stderr
         io.stderr = StringIO()
         ip.run_cell('parts 1')
         err = io.stderr.getvalue()
         io.stderr = save_err
         self.assertEquals(err.split(':')[0], 'ERROR')
     
     def test_trailing_newline(self):
         """test that running !(command) does not raise a SyntaxError"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.run_cell('!(true)\n', False)
         ip.run_cell('!(true)\n\n\n', False)
     
     def test_gh_597(self):
         """Pretty-printing lists of objects with non-ascii reprs may cause
         problems."""
         class Spam(object):
           def __repr__(self):
             return "\xe9"*50
         import IPython.core.formatters
         f = IPython.core.formatters.PlainTextFormatter()
         f([Spam(),Spam()])
     
 
     def test_future_flags(self):
         """Check that future flags are used for parsing code (gh-777)"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.run_cell('from __future__ import print_function')
         try:
             ip.run_cell('prfunc_return_val = print(1,2, sep=" ")')
             assert 'prfunc_return_val' in ip.user_ns
         finally:
             # Reset compiler flags so we don't mess up other tests.
             ip.compile.reset_compiler_flags()
 
     def test_future_unicode(self):
         """Check that unicode_literals is imported from __future__ (gh #786)"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         try:
             ip.run_cell(u'byte_str = "a"')
             assert isinstance(ip.user_ns['byte_str'], str) # string literals are byte strings by default
             ip.run_cell('from __future__ import unicode_literals')
             ip.run_cell(u'unicode_str = "a"')
             assert isinstance(ip.user_ns['unicode_str'], unicode) # strings literals are now unicode
         finally:
             # Reset compiler flags so we don't mess up other tests.
             ip.compile.reset_compiler_flags()
     
     def test_can_pickle(self):
         "Can we pickle objects defined interactively (GH-29)"
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.reset()
         ip.run_cell(("class Mylist(list):\n"
                      "    def __init__(self,x=[]):\n"
                      "        list.__init__(self,x)"))
         ip.run_cell("w=Mylist([1,2,3])")
         
         from cPickle import dumps
         
         # We need to swap in our main module - this is only necessary
         # inside the test framework, because IPython puts the interactive module
         # in place (but the test framework undoes this).
         _main = sys.modules['__main__']
         sys.modules['__main__'] = ip.user_module
         try:
             res = dumps(ip.user_ns["w"])
         finally:
             sys.modules['__main__'] = _main
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(res, bytes))
         
     def test_global_ns(self):
         "Code in functions must be able to access variables outside them."
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.run_cell("a = 10")
         ip.run_cell(("def f(x):\n"
                      "    return x + a"))
         ip.run_cell("b = f(12)")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["b"], 22)
 
     def test_bad_custom_tb(self):
         """Check that InteractiveShell is protected from bad custom exception handlers"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         from IPython.utils import io
         save_stderr = io.stderr
         try:
             # capture stderr
             io.stderr = StringIO()
             ip.set_custom_exc((IOError,), lambda etype,value,tb: 1/0)
             self.assertEquals(ip.custom_exceptions, (IOError,))
             ip.run_cell(u'raise IOError("foo")')
             self.assertEquals(ip.custom_exceptions, ())
             self.assertTrue("Custom TB Handler failed" in io.stderr.getvalue())
         finally:
             io.stderr = save_stderr
 
     def test_bad_custom_tb_return(self):
         """Check that InteractiveShell is protected from bad return types in custom exception handlers"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         from IPython.utils import io
         save_stderr = io.stderr
         try:
             # capture stderr
             io.stderr = StringIO()
             ip.set_custom_exc((NameError,),lambda etype,value,tb, tb_offset=None: 1)
             self.assertEquals(ip.custom_exceptions, (NameError,))
             ip.run_cell(u'a=abracadabra')
             self.assertEquals(ip.custom_exceptions, ())
             self.assertTrue("Custom TB Handler failed" in io.stderr.getvalue())
         finally:
             io.stderr = save_stderr
 
     def test_drop_by_id(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         myvars = {"a":object(), "b":object(), "c": object()}
         ip.push(myvars, interactive=False)
         for name in myvars:
             assert name in ip.user_ns, name
             assert name in ip.user_ns_hidden, name
         ip.user_ns['b'] = 12
         ip.drop_by_id(myvars)
         for name in ["a", "c"]:
             assert name not in ip.user_ns, name
             assert name not in ip.user_ns_hidden, name
         assert ip.user_ns['b'] == 12
         ip.reset()
 
     def test_var_expand(self):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.user_ns['f'] = u'Ca\xf1o'
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo $f'), u'echo Ca\xf1o')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {f}'), u'echo Ca\xf1o')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {f[:-1]}'), u'echo Ca\xf1')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {1*2}'), u'echo 2')
 
         ip.user_ns['f'] = b'Ca\xc3\xb1o'
         # This should not raise any exception:
         ip.var_expand(u'echo $f')
     
     def test_bad_var_expand(self):
         """var_expand on invalid formats shouldn't raise"""
         ip = get_ipython()
         
         # SyntaxError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{'a':5}"), u"{'a':5}")
         # NameError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{asdf}"), u"{asdf}")
         # ZeroDivisionError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{1/0}"), u"{1/0}")
+    
+    def test_silent_nopostexec(self):
+        """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't invoke post-exec funcs"""
+        ip = get_ipython()
+        
+        d = dict(called=False)
+        def set_called():
+            d['called'] = True
+        
+        ip.register_post_execute(set_called)
+        ip.run_cell("1", silent=True)
+        self.assertFalse(d['called'])
+        # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
+        # silent to avoid
+        ip.run_cell("1")
+        self.assertTrue(d['called'])
+        # remove post-exec
+        ip._post_execute.pop(set_called)
+    
+    def test_silent_noadvance(self):
+        """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't advance execution_count"""
+        ip = get_ipython()
+        
+        ec = ip.execution_count
+        # silent should force store_history=False
+        ip.run_cell("1", store_history=True, silent=True)
+        
+        self.assertEquals(ec, ip.execution_count)
+        # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
+        # silent to avoid
+        ip.run_cell("1", store_history=True)
+        self.assertEquals(ec+1, ip.execution_count)
+    
+    def test_silent_nodisplayhook(self):
+        """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't trigger displayhook"""
+        ip = get_ipython()
+        
+        d = dict(called=False)
+        
+        trap = ip.display_trap
+        save_hook = trap.hook
+        
+        def failing_hook(*args, **kwargs):
+            d['called'] = True
+        
+        try:
+            trap.hook = failing_hook
+            ip.run_cell("1", silent=True)
+            self.assertFalse(d['called'])
+            # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
+            # silent to avoid
+            ip.run_cell("1")
+            self.assertTrue(d['called'])
+        finally:
+            trap.hook = save_hook
 
     @skipif(sys.version_info[0] >= 3, "softspace removed in py3")
     def test_print_softspace(self):
         """Verify that softspace is handled correctly when executing multiple
         statements.
 
         In [1]: print 1; print 2
         1
         2
 
         In [2]: print 1,; print 2
         1 2
         """
 
 class TestSafeExecfileNonAsciiPath(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.BASETESTDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         self.TESTDIR = join(self.BASETESTDIR, u"åäö")
         os.mkdir(self.TESTDIR)
         with open(join(self.TESTDIR, u"åäötestscript.py"), "w") as sfile:
             sfile.write("pass\n")
         self.oldpath = os.getcwdu()
         os.chdir(self.TESTDIR)
         self.fname = u"åäötestscript.py"
 
 
     def tearDown(self):
         os.chdir(self.oldpath)
         shutil.rmtree(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     def test_1(self):
         """Test safe_execfile with non-ascii path
         """
         _ip.shell.safe_execfile(self.fname, {}, raise_exceptions=True)
 
 
 class TestSystemRaw(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_1(self):
         """Test system_raw with non-ascii cmd
         """
         cmd = ur'''python -c "'åäö'"   '''
         _ip.shell.system_raw(cmd)
 
 
 def test__IPYTHON__():
     # This shouldn't raise a NameError, that's all
     __IPYTHON__

IPython/extensions/parallelmagic.py

@@ -1,325 +1,325 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 =============
 parallelmagic
 =============
 
 Magic command interface for interactive parallel work.
 
 Usage
 =====
 
 ``%autopx``
 
 @AUTOPX_DOC@
 
 ``%px``
 
 @PX_DOC@
 
 ``%result``
 
 @RESULT_DOC@
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import ast
 import re
 
 from IPython.core.plugin import Plugin
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Bool, Any, Instance
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Definitions of magic functions for use with IPython
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 NO_ACTIVE_VIEW = """
 Use activate() on a DirectView object to activate it for magics.
 """
 
 
 class ParalleMagic(Plugin):
     """A component to manage the %result, %px and %autopx magics."""
 
     active_view = Instance('IPython.parallel.client.view.DirectView')
     verbose = Bool(False, config=True)
     shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC')
 
     def __init__(self, shell=None, config=None):
         super(ParalleMagic, self).__init__(shell=shell, config=config)
         self._define_magics()
         # A flag showing if autopx is activated or not
         self.autopx = False
 
     def _define_magics(self):
         """Define the magic functions."""
         self.shell.define_magic('result', self.magic_result)
         self.shell.define_magic('px', self.magic_px)
         self.shell.define_magic('autopx', self.magic_autopx)
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_result(self, ipself, parameter_s=''):
         """Print the result of command i on all engines..
 
         To use this a :class:`DirectView` instance must be created
         and then activated by calling its :meth:`activate` method.
 
         Then you can do the following::
 
             In [23]: %result
             Out[23]:
             <Results List>
             [0] In [6]: a = 10
             [1] In [6]: a = 10
 
             In [22]: %result 6
             Out[22]:
             <Results List>
             [0] In [6]: a = 10
             [1] In [6]: a = 10
         """
         if self.active_view is None:
             print NO_ACTIVE_VIEW
             return
 
         try:
             index = int(parameter_s)
         except:
             index = None
         result = self.active_view.get_result(index)
         return result
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_px(self, ipself, parameter_s=''):
         """Executes the given python command in parallel.
 
         To use this a :class:`DirectView` instance must be created
         and then activated by calling its :meth:`activate` method.
 
         Then you can do the following::
 
             In [24]: %px a = 5
             Parallel execution on engine(s): all
             Out[24]:
             <Results List>
             [0] In [7]: a = 5
             [1] In [7]: a = 5
         """
 
         if self.active_view is None:
             print NO_ACTIVE_VIEW
             return
         print "Parallel execution on engine(s): %s" % self.active_view.targets
         result = self.active_view.execute(parameter_s, block=False)
         if self.active_view.block:
             result.get()
             self._maybe_display_output(result)
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_autopx(self, ipself, parameter_s=''):
         """Toggles auto parallel mode.
 
         To use this a :class:`DirectView` instance must be created
         and then activated by calling its :meth:`activate` method. Once this
         is called, all commands typed at the command line are send to
         the engines to be executed in parallel. To control which engine
         are used, set the ``targets`` attributed of the multiengine client
         before entering ``%autopx`` mode.
 
         Then you can do the following::
 
             In [25]: %autopx
             %autopx to enabled
 
             In [26]: a = 10
             Parallel execution on engine(s): [0,1,2,3]
             In [27]: print a
             Parallel execution on engine(s): [0,1,2,3]
             [stdout:0] 10
             [stdout:1] 10
             [stdout:2] 10
             [stdout:3] 10
 
 
             In [27]: %autopx
             %autopx disabled
         """
         if self.autopx:
             self._disable_autopx()
         else:
             self._enable_autopx()
 
     def _enable_autopx(self):
         """Enable %autopx mode by saving the original run_cell and installing
         pxrun_cell.
         """
         if self.active_view is None:
             print NO_ACTIVE_VIEW
             return
 
         # override run_cell and run_code
         self._original_run_cell = self.shell.run_cell
         self.shell.run_cell = self.pxrun_cell
         self._original_run_code = self.shell.run_code
         self.shell.run_code = self.pxrun_code
 
         self.autopx = True
         print "%autopx enabled"
 
     def _disable_autopx(self):
         """Disable %autopx by restoring the original InteractiveShell.run_cell.
         """
         if self.autopx:
             self.shell.run_cell = self._original_run_cell
             self.shell.run_code = self._original_run_code
             self.autopx = False
             print "%autopx disabled"
 
     def _maybe_display_output(self, result):
         """Maybe display the output of a parallel result.
 
         If self.active_view.block is True, wait for the result
         and display the result.  Otherwise, this is a noop.
         """
         if isinstance(result.stdout, basestring):
             # single result
             stdouts = [result.stdout.rstrip()]
         else:
             stdouts = [s.rstrip() for s in result.stdout]
 
         targets = self.active_view.targets
         if isinstance(targets, int):
             targets = [targets]
         elif targets == 'all':
             targets = self.active_view.client.ids
 
         if any(stdouts):
             for eid,stdout in zip(targets, stdouts):
                 print '[stdout:%i]'%eid, stdout
 
 
-    def pxrun_cell(self, raw_cell, store_history=True):
+    def pxrun_cell(self, raw_cell, store_history=False, silent=False):
         """drop-in replacement for InteractiveShell.run_cell.
 
         This executes code remotely, instead of in the local namespace.
 
         See InteractiveShell.run_cell for details.
         """
 
         if (not raw_cell) or raw_cell.isspace():
             return
 
         ipself = self.shell
 
         with ipself.builtin_trap:
             cell = ipself.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(raw_cell)
 
             # Store raw and processed history
             if store_history:
                 ipself.history_manager.store_inputs(ipself.execution_count,
                                                   cell, raw_cell)
 
             # ipself.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
 
             cell_name = ipself.compile.cache(cell, ipself.execution_count)
 
             try:
                 code_ast = ast.parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
             except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError, MemoryError):
                 # Case 1
                 ipself.showsyntaxerror()
                 ipself.execution_count += 1
                 return None
             except NameError:
                 # ignore name errors, because we don't know the remote keys
                 pass
 
         if store_history:
             # Write output to the database. Does nothing unless
             # history output logging is enabled.
             ipself.history_manager.store_output(ipself.execution_count)
             # Each cell is a *single* input, regardless of how many lines it has
             ipself.execution_count += 1
         if re.search(r'get_ipython\(\)\.magic\(u?["\']%?autopx', cell):
             self._disable_autopx()
             return False
         else:
             try:
-                result = self.active_view.execute(cell, block=False)
+                result = self.active_view.execute(cell, silent=False, block=False)
             except:
                 ipself.showtraceback()
                 return True
             else:
                 if self.active_view.block:
                     try:
                         result.get()
                     except:
                         self.shell.showtraceback()
                         return True
                     else:
                         self._maybe_display_output(result)
                 return False
 
     def pxrun_code(self, code_obj):
         """drop-in replacement for InteractiveShell.run_code.
 
         This executes code remotely, instead of in the local namespace.
 
         See InteractiveShell.run_code for details.
         """
         ipself = self.shell
         # check code object for the autopx magic
         if 'get_ipython' in code_obj.co_names and 'magic' in code_obj.co_names and \
             any( [ isinstance(c, basestring) and 'autopx' in c for c in code_obj.co_consts ]):
             self._disable_autopx()
             return False
         else:
             try:
                 result = self.active_view.execute(code_obj, block=False)
             except:
                 ipself.showtraceback()
                 return True
             else:
                 if self.active_view.block:
                     try:
                         result.get()
                     except:
                         self.shell.showtraceback()
                         return True
                     else:
                         self._maybe_display_output(result)
                 return False
 
 
 __doc__ = __doc__.replace('@AUTOPX_DOC@',
                           "        " + ParalleMagic.magic_autopx.__doc__)
 __doc__ = __doc__.replace('@PX_DOC@',
                           "        " + ParalleMagic.magic_px.__doc__)
 __doc__ = __doc__.replace('@RESULT_DOC@',
                           "        " + ParalleMagic.magic_result.__doc__)
 
 
 _loaded = False
 
 
 def load_ipython_extension(ip):
     """Load the extension in IPython."""
     global _loaded
     if not _loaded:
         plugin = ParalleMagic(shell=ip, config=ip.config)
         ip.plugin_manager.register_plugin('parallelmagic', plugin)
         _loaded = True
 

IPython/frontend/consoleapp.py

@@ -1,352 +1,348 b''
 """ A minimal application base mixin for all ZMQ based IPython frontends.
 
 This is not a complete console app, as subprocess will not be able to receive
 input, there is no real readline support, among other limitations. This is a
 refactoring of what used to be the IPython/frontend/qt/console/qtconsoleapp.py
 
 Authors:
 
 * Evan Patterson
 * Min RK
 * Erik Tollerud
 * Fernando Perez
 * Bussonnier Matthias
 * Thomas Kluyver
 * Paul Ivanov
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # stdlib imports
 import atexit
 import json
 import os
 import signal
 import sys
 import uuid
 
 
 # Local imports
 from IPython.config.application import boolean_flag
 from IPython.config.configurable import Configurable
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.lib.kernel import tunnel_to_kernel, find_connection_file, swallow_argv
 from IPython.zmq.blockingkernelmanager import BlockingKernelManager
 from IPython.utils.path import filefind
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import str_to_bytes
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (
     Dict, List, Unicode, CUnicode, Int, CBool, Any
 )
 from IPython.zmq.ipkernel import (
     flags as ipkernel_flags,
     aliases as ipkernel_aliases,
     IPKernelApp
 )
 from IPython.zmq.session import Session, default_secure
 from IPython.zmq.zmqshell import ZMQInteractiveShell
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Network Constants
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from IPython.utils.localinterfaces import LOCALHOST, LOCAL_IPS
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Aliases and Flags
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 flags = dict(ipkernel_flags)
 
 # the flags that are specific to the frontend
 # these must be scrubbed before being passed to the kernel,
 # or it will raise an error on unrecognized flags
 app_flags = {
     'existing' : ({'IPythonConsoleApp' : {'existing' : 'kernel*.json'}},
             "Connect to an existing kernel. If no argument specified, guess most recent"),
 }
 app_flags.update(boolean_flag(
     'confirm-exit', 'IPythonConsoleApp.confirm_exit',
     """Set to display confirmation dialog on exit. You can always use 'exit' or 'quit',
        to force a direct exit without any confirmation.
     """,
     """Don't prompt the user when exiting. This will terminate the kernel
        if it is owned by the frontend, and leave it alive if it is external.
     """
 ))
 flags.update(app_flags)
 
 aliases = dict(ipkernel_aliases)
 
 # also scrub aliases from the frontend
 app_aliases = dict(
     hb = 'IPythonConsoleApp.hb_port',
     shell = 'IPythonConsoleApp.shell_port',
     iopub = 'IPythonConsoleApp.iopub_port',
     stdin = 'IPythonConsoleApp.stdin_port',
     ip = 'IPythonConsoleApp.ip',
     existing = 'IPythonConsoleApp.existing',
     f = 'IPythonConsoleApp.connection_file',
 
 
     ssh = 'IPythonConsoleApp.sshserver',
 )
 aliases.update(app_aliases)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # IPythonConsole
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class IPythonConsoleApp(Configurable):
     name = 'ipython-console-mixin'
     default_config_file_name='ipython_config.py'
 
     description = """
         The IPython Mixin Console.
         
         This class contains the common portions of console client (QtConsole,
         ZMQ-based terminal console, etc).  It is not a full console, in that
         launched terminal subprocesses will not be able to accept input.
         
         The Console using this mixing supports various extra features beyond
         the single-process Terminal IPython shell, such as connecting to
         existing kernel, via:
         
             ipython <appname> --existing
         
         as well as tunnel via SSH
         
     """
 
     classes = [IPKernelApp, ZMQInteractiveShell, ProfileDir, Session]
     flags = Dict(flags)
     aliases = Dict(aliases)
     kernel_manager_class = BlockingKernelManager
 
     kernel_argv = List(Unicode)
     # frontend flags&aliases to be stripped when building kernel_argv
     frontend_flags = Any(app_flags)
     frontend_aliases = Any(app_aliases)
 
-    pure = CBool(False, config=True,
-        help="Use a pure Python kernel instead of an IPython kernel.")
     # create requested profiles by default, if they don't exist:
     auto_create = CBool(True)
     # connection info:
     ip = Unicode(LOCALHOST, config=True,
         help="""Set the kernel\'s IP address [default localhost].
         If the IP address is something other than localhost, then
         Consoles on other machines will be able to connect
         to the Kernel, so be careful!"""
     )
     
     sshserver = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="""The SSH server to use to connect to the kernel.""")
     sshkey = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="""Path to the ssh key to use for logging in to the ssh server.""")
     
     hb_port = Int(0, config=True,
         help="set the heartbeat port [default: random]")
     shell_port = Int(0, config=True,
         help="set the shell (XREP) port [default: random]")
     iopub_port = Int(0, config=True,
         help="set the iopub (PUB) port [default: random]")
     stdin_port = Int(0, config=True,
         help="set the stdin (XREQ) port [default: random]")
     connection_file = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="""JSON file in which to store connection info [default: kernel-<pid>.json]
 
         This file will contain the IP, ports, and authentication key needed to connect
         clients to this kernel. By default, this file will be created in the security-dir
         of the current profile, but can be specified by absolute path.
         """)
     def _connection_file_default(self):
         return 'kernel-%i.json' % os.getpid()
 
     existing = CUnicode('', config=True,
         help="""Connect to an already running kernel""")
 
     confirm_exit = CBool(True, config=True,
         help="""
         Set to display confirmation dialog on exit. You can always use 'exit' or 'quit',
         to force a direct exit without any confirmation.""",
     )
 
 
     def build_kernel_argv(self, argv=None):
         """build argv to be passed to kernel subprocess"""
         if argv is None:
             argv = sys.argv[1:]
         self.kernel_argv = swallow_argv(argv, self.frontend_aliases, self.frontend_flags)
         # kernel should inherit default config file from frontend
         self.kernel_argv.append("--KernelApp.parent_appname='%s'"%self.name)
     
     def init_connection_file(self):
         """find the connection file, and load the info if found.
         
         The current working directory and the current profile's security
         directory will be searched for the file if it is not given by
         absolute path.
         
         When attempting to connect to an existing kernel and the `--existing`
         argument does not match an existing file, it will be interpreted as a
         fileglob, and the matching file in the current profile's security dir
         with the latest access time will be used.
         
         After this method is called, self.connection_file contains the *full path*
         to the connection file, never just its name.
         """
         if self.existing:
             try:
                 cf = find_connection_file(self.existing)
             except Exception:
                 self.log.critical("Could not find existing kernel connection file %s", self.existing)
                 self.exit(1)
             self.log.info("Connecting to existing kernel: %s" % cf)
             self.connection_file = cf
         else:
             # not existing, check if we are going to write the file
             # and ensure that self.connection_file is a full path, not just the shortname
             try:
                 cf = find_connection_file(self.connection_file)
             except Exception:
                 # file might not exist
                 if self.connection_file == os.path.basename(self.connection_file):
                     # just shortname, put it in security dir
                     cf = os.path.join(self.profile_dir.security_dir, self.connection_file)
                 else:
                     cf = self.connection_file
                 self.connection_file = cf
         
         # should load_connection_file only be used for existing?
         # as it is now, this allows reusing ports if an existing
         # file is requested
         try:
             self.load_connection_file()
         except Exception:
             self.log.error("Failed to load connection file: %r", self.connection_file, exc_info=True)
             self.exit(1)
     
     def load_connection_file(self):
         """load ip/port/hmac config from JSON connection file"""
         # this is identical to KernelApp.load_connection_file
         # perhaps it can be centralized somewhere?
         try:
             fname = filefind(self.connection_file, ['.', self.profile_dir.security_dir])
         except IOError:
             self.log.debug("Connection File not found: %s", self.connection_file)
             return
         self.log.debug(u"Loading connection file %s", fname)
         with open(fname) as f:
             s = f.read()
         cfg = json.loads(s)
         if self.ip == LOCALHOST and 'ip' in cfg:
             # not overridden by config or cl_args
             self.ip = cfg['ip']
         for channel in ('hb', 'shell', 'iopub', 'stdin'):
             name = channel + '_port'
             if getattr(self, name) == 0 and name in cfg:
                 # not overridden by config or cl_args
                 setattr(self, name, cfg[name])
         if 'key' in cfg:
             self.config.Session.key = str_to_bytes(cfg['key'])
     
     def init_ssh(self):
         """set up ssh tunnels, if needed."""
         if not self.sshserver and not self.sshkey:
             return
         
         if self.sshkey and not self.sshserver:
             # specifying just the key implies that we are connecting directly
             self.sshserver = self.ip
             self.ip = LOCALHOST
         
         # build connection dict for tunnels:
         info = dict(ip=self.ip,
                     shell_port=self.shell_port,
                     iopub_port=self.iopub_port,
                     stdin_port=self.stdin_port,
                     hb_port=self.hb_port
         )
         
         self.log.info("Forwarding connections to %s via %s"%(self.ip, self.sshserver))
         
         # tunnels return a new set of ports, which will be on localhost:
         self.ip = LOCALHOST
         try:
             newports = tunnel_to_kernel(info, self.sshserver, self.sshkey)
         except:
             # even catch KeyboardInterrupt
             self.log.error("Could not setup tunnels", exc_info=True)
             self.exit(1)
         
         self.shell_port, self.iopub_port, self.stdin_port, self.hb_port = newports
         
         cf = self.connection_file
         base,ext = os.path.splitext(cf)
         base = os.path.basename(base)
         self.connection_file = os.path.basename(base)+'-ssh'+ext
         self.log.critical("To connect another client via this tunnel, use:")
         self.log.critical("--existing %s" % self.connection_file)
     
     def _new_connection_file(self):
         cf = ''
         while not cf:
             # we don't need a 128b id to distinguish kernels, use more readable
             # 48b node segment (12 hex chars).  Users running more than 32k simultaneous
             # kernels can subclass.
             ident = str(uuid.uuid4()).split('-')[-1]
             cf = os.path.join(self.profile_dir.security_dir, 'kernel-%s.json' % ident)
             # only keep if it's actually new.  Protect against unlikely collision
             # in 48b random search space
             cf = cf if not os.path.exists(cf) else ''
         return cf
 
     def init_kernel_manager(self):
         # Don't let Qt or ZMQ swallow KeyboardInterupts.
         signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.SIG_DFL)
 
         # Create a KernelManager and start a kernel.
         self.kernel_manager = self.kernel_manager_class(
                                 ip=self.ip,
                                 shell_port=self.shell_port,
                                 iopub_port=self.iopub_port,
                                 stdin_port=self.stdin_port,
                                 hb_port=self.hb_port,
                                 connection_file=self.connection_file,
                                 config=self.config,
         )
         # start the kernel
         if not self.existing:
-            kwargs = dict(ipython=not self.pure)
-            kwargs['extra_arguments'] = self.kernel_argv
-            self.kernel_manager.start_kernel(**kwargs)
+            self.kernel_manager.start_kernel(extra_arguments=self.kernel_argv)
         elif self.sshserver:
             # ssh, write new connection file
             self.kernel_manager.write_connection_file()
         atexit.register(self.kernel_manager.cleanup_connection_file)
         self.kernel_manager.start_channels()
 
 
     def initialize(self, argv=None):
         """
         Classes which mix this class in should call:
                IPythonConsoleApp.initialize(self,argv)
         """
         self.init_connection_file()
         default_secure(self.config)
         self.init_ssh()
         self.init_kernel_manager()
 

IPython/frontend/html/notebook/clustermanager.py

@@ -1,174 +1,172 b''
 """Manage IPython.parallel clusters in the notebook.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Brian Granger
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 
 from tornado import web
 from zmq.eventloop import ioloop
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import LoggingConfigurable
 from IPython.config.loader import load_pyconfig_files
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Dict, Instance, CFloat
 from IPython.parallel.apps.ipclusterapp import IPClusterStart
 from IPython.core.profileapp import list_profiles_in
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.utils.path import get_ipython_dir
 from IPython.utils.sysinfo import num_cpus
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class DummyIPClusterStart(IPClusterStart):
     """Dummy subclass to skip init steps that conflict with global app.
     
     Instantiating and initializing this class should result in fully configured
     launchers, but no other side effects or state.
     """
 
     def init_signal(self):
         pass
-    def init_logging(self):
-        pass
     def reinit_logging(self):
         pass
 
 
 class ClusterManager(LoggingConfigurable):
 
     profiles = Dict()
 
     delay = CFloat(1., config=True,
         help="delay (in s) between starting the controller and the engines")
 
     loop = Instance('zmq.eventloop.ioloop.IOLoop')
     def _loop_default(self):
         from zmq.eventloop.ioloop import IOLoop
         return IOLoop.instance()
 
     def build_launchers(self, profile_dir):
         starter = DummyIPClusterStart(log=self.log)
         starter.initialize(['--profile-dir', profile_dir])
         cl = starter.controller_launcher
         esl = starter.engine_launcher
         n = starter.n
         return cl, esl, n
 
     def get_profile_dir(self, name, path):
         p = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir_by_name(path,name=name)
         return p.location
 
     def update_profiles(self):
         """List all profiles in the ipython_dir and cwd.
         """
         for path in [get_ipython_dir(), os.getcwdu()]:
             for profile in list_profiles_in(path):
                 pd = self.get_profile_dir(profile, path)
                 if profile not in self.profiles:
                     self.log.debug("Overwriting profile %s" % profile)
                     self.profiles[profile] = {
                         'profile': profile,
                         'profile_dir': pd,
                         'status': 'stopped'
                     }
 
     def list_profiles(self):
         self.update_profiles()
         result = [self.profile_info(p) for p in sorted(self.profiles.keys())]
         return result
 
     def check_profile(self, profile):
         if profile not in self.profiles:
             raise web.HTTPError(404, u'profile not found')
 
     def profile_info(self, profile):
         self.check_profile(profile)
         result = {}
         data = self.profiles.get(profile)
         result['profile'] = profile
         result['profile_dir'] = data['profile_dir']
         result['status'] = data['status']
         if 'n' in data:
             result['n'] = data['n']
         return result
 
     def start_cluster(self, profile, n=None):
         """Start a cluster for a given profile."""
         self.check_profile(profile)
         data = self.profiles[profile]
         if data['status'] == 'running':
             raise web.HTTPError(409, u'cluster already running')
         cl, esl, default_n = self.build_launchers(data['profile_dir'])
         n = n if n is not None else default_n
         def clean_data():
             data.pop('controller_launcher',None)
             data.pop('engine_set_launcher',None)
             data.pop('n',None)
             data['status'] = 'stopped'
         def engines_stopped(r):
             self.log.debug('Engines stopped')
             if cl.running:
                 cl.stop()
             clean_data()
         esl.on_stop(engines_stopped)
         def controller_stopped(r):
             self.log.debug('Controller stopped')
             if esl.running:
                 esl.stop()
             clean_data()
         cl.on_stop(controller_stopped)
 
         dc = ioloop.DelayedCallback(lambda: cl.start(), 0, self.loop)
         dc.start()
         dc = ioloop.DelayedCallback(lambda: esl.start(n), 1000*self.delay, self.loop)
         dc.start()
 
         self.log.debug('Cluster started')
         data['controller_launcher'] = cl
         data['engine_set_launcher'] = esl
         data['n'] = n
         data['status'] = 'running'
         return self.profile_info(profile)
 
     def stop_cluster(self, profile):
         """Stop a cluster for a given profile."""
         self.check_profile(profile)
         data = self.profiles[profile]
         if data['status'] == 'stopped':
             raise web.HTTPError(409, u'cluster not running')
         data = self.profiles[profile]
         cl = data['controller_launcher']
         esl = data['engine_set_launcher']
         if cl.running:
             cl.stop()
         if esl.running:
             esl.stop()
         # Return a temp info dict, the real one is updated in the on_stop
         # logic above.
         result = {
             'profile': data['profile'],
             'profile_dir': data['profile_dir'],
             'status': 'stopped'
         }
         return result
 
     def stop_all_clusters(self):
         for p in self.profiles.keys():
             self.stop_cluster(p)

IPython/frontend/html/notebook/handlers.py

@@ -1,733 +1,734 b''
 """Tornado handlers for the notebook.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Brian Granger
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import logging
 import Cookie
 import time
 import uuid
 
 from tornado import web
 from tornado import websocket
 
 from zmq.eventloop import ioloop
 from zmq.utils import jsonapi
 
 from IPython.external.decorator import decorator
 from IPython.zmq.session import Session
 from IPython.lib.security import passwd_check
+from IPython.utils.jsonutil import date_default
 
 try:
     from docutils.core import publish_string
 except ImportError:
     publish_string = None
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Monkeypatch for Tornado <= 2.1.1 - Remove when no longer necessary!
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Google Chrome, as of release 16, changed its websocket protocol number.  The
 # parts tornado cares about haven't really changed, so it's OK to continue
 # accepting Chrome connections, but as of Tornado 2.1.1 (the currently released
 # version as of Oct 30/2011) the version check fails, see the issue report:
 
 # https://github.com/facebook/tornado/issues/385
 
 # This issue has been fixed in Tornado post 2.1.1:
 
 # https://github.com/facebook/tornado/commit/84d7b458f956727c3b0d6710
 
 # Here we manually apply the same patch as above so that users of IPython can
 # continue to work with an officially released Tornado.  We make the
 # monkeypatch version check as narrow as possible to limit its effects; once
 # Tornado 2.1.1 is no longer found in the wild we'll delete this code.
 
 import tornado
 
 if tornado.version_info <= (2,1,1):
 
     def _execute(self, transforms, *args, **kwargs):
         from tornado.websocket import WebSocketProtocol8, WebSocketProtocol76
         
         self.open_args = args
         self.open_kwargs = kwargs
 
         # The difference between version 8 and 13 is that in 8 the
         # client sends a "Sec-Websocket-Origin" header and in 13 it's
         # simply "Origin".
         if self.request.headers.get("Sec-WebSocket-Version") in ("7", "8", "13"):
             self.ws_connection = WebSocketProtocol8(self)
             self.ws_connection.accept_connection()
             
         elif self.request.headers.get("Sec-WebSocket-Version"):
             self.stream.write(tornado.escape.utf8(
                 "HTTP/1.1 426 Upgrade Required\r\n"
                 "Sec-WebSocket-Version: 8\r\n\r\n"))
             self.stream.close()
             
         else:
             self.ws_connection = WebSocketProtocol76(self)
             self.ws_connection.accept_connection()
 
     websocket.WebSocketHandler._execute = _execute
     del _execute
     
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Decorator for disabling read-only handlers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @decorator
 def not_if_readonly(f, self, *args, **kwargs):
     if self.application.read_only:
         raise web.HTTPError(403, "Notebook server is read-only")
     else:
         return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
 @decorator
 def authenticate_unless_readonly(f, self, *args, **kwargs):
     """authenticate this page *unless* readonly view is active.
     
     In read-only mode, the notebook list and print view should
     be accessible without authentication.
     """
     
     @web.authenticated
     def auth_f(self, *args, **kwargs):
         return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
     if self.application.read_only:
         return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
     else:
         return auth_f(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Top-level handlers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class RequestHandler(web.RequestHandler):
     """RequestHandler with default variable setting."""
 
     def render(*args, **kwargs):
         kwargs.setdefault('message', '')
         return web.RequestHandler.render(*args, **kwargs)
 
 class AuthenticatedHandler(RequestHandler):
     """A RequestHandler with an authenticated user."""
 
     def get_current_user(self):
         user_id = self.get_secure_cookie("username")
         # For now the user_id should not return empty, but it could eventually
         if user_id == '':
             user_id = 'anonymous'
         if user_id is None:
             # prevent extra Invalid cookie sig warnings:
             self.clear_cookie('username')
             if not self.application.password and not self.application.read_only:
                 user_id = 'anonymous'
         return user_id
 
     @property
     def logged_in(self):
         """Is a user currently logged in?
 
         """
         user = self.get_current_user()
         return (user and not user == 'anonymous')
 
     @property
     def login_available(self):
         """May a user proceed to log in?
 
         This returns True if login capability is available, irrespective of
         whether the user is already logged in or not.
 
         """
         return bool(self.application.password)
 
     @property
     def read_only(self):
         """Is the notebook read-only?
 
         """
         return self.application.read_only
 
     @property
     def ws_url(self):
         """websocket url matching the current request
 
         turns http[s]://host[:port] into
                 ws[s]://host[:port]
         """
         proto = self.request.protocol.replace('http', 'ws')
         host = self.application.ipython_app.websocket_host # default to config value
         if host == '':
             host = self.request.host # get from request
         return "%s://%s" % (proto, host)
 
 
 class AuthenticatedFileHandler(AuthenticatedHandler, web.StaticFileHandler):
     """static files should only be accessible when logged in"""
 
     @authenticate_unless_readonly
     def get(self, path):
         return web.StaticFileHandler.get(self, path)
 
 
 class ProjectDashboardHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @authenticate_unless_readonly
     def get(self):
         nbm = self.application.notebook_manager
         project = nbm.notebook_dir
         self.render(
             'projectdashboard.html', project=project,
             base_project_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_project_url,
             base_kernel_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_kernel_url,
             read_only=self.read_only,
             logged_in=self.logged_in,
             login_available=self.login_available
         )
 
 
 class LoginHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     def _render(self, message=None):
         self.render('login.html',
                 next=self.get_argument('next', default='/'),
                 read_only=self.read_only,
                 logged_in=self.logged_in,
                 login_available=self.login_available,
                 base_project_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_project_url,
                 message=message
         )
 
     def get(self):
         if self.current_user:
             self.redirect(self.get_argument('next', default='/'))
         else:
             self._render()
 
     def post(self):
         pwd = self.get_argument('password', default=u'')
         if self.application.password:
             if passwd_check(self.application.password, pwd):
                 self.set_secure_cookie('username', str(uuid.uuid4()))
             else:
                 self._render(message={'error': 'Invalid password'})
                 return
 
         self.redirect(self.get_argument('next', default='/'))
 
 
 class LogoutHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     def get(self):
         self.clear_cookie('username')
         if self.login_available:
             message = {'info': 'Successfully logged out.'}
         else:
             message = {'warning': 'Cannot log out.  Notebook authentication '
                        'is disabled.'}
 
         self.render('logout.html',
                     read_only=self.read_only,
                     logged_in=self.logged_in,
                     login_available=self.login_available,
                     base_project_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_project_url,
                     message=message)
 
 
 class NewHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @web.authenticated
     def get(self):
         nbm = self.application.notebook_manager
         project = nbm.notebook_dir
         notebook_id = nbm.new_notebook()
         self.render(
             'notebook.html', project=project,
             notebook_id=notebook_id,
             base_project_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_project_url,
             base_kernel_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_kernel_url,
             kill_kernel=False,
             read_only=False,
             logged_in=self.logged_in,
             login_available=self.login_available,
             mathjax_url=self.application.ipython_app.mathjax_url,
         )
 
 
 class NamedNotebookHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @authenticate_unless_readonly
     def get(self, notebook_id):
         nbm = self.application.notebook_manager
         project = nbm.notebook_dir
         if not nbm.notebook_exists(notebook_id):
             raise web.HTTPError(404, u'Notebook does not exist: %s' % notebook_id)
         
         self.render(
             'notebook.html', project=project,
             notebook_id=notebook_id,
             base_project_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_project_url,
             base_kernel_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_kernel_url,
             kill_kernel=False,
             read_only=self.read_only,
             logged_in=self.logged_in,
             login_available=self.login_available,
             mathjax_url=self.application.ipython_app.mathjax_url,
         )
 
 
 class PrintNotebookHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @authenticate_unless_readonly
     def get(self, notebook_id):
         nbm = self.application.notebook_manager
         project = nbm.notebook_dir
         if not nbm.notebook_exists(notebook_id):
             raise web.HTTPError(404, u'Notebook does not exist: %s' % notebook_id)
         
         self.render(
             'printnotebook.html', project=project,
             notebook_id=notebook_id,
             base_project_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_project_url,
             base_kernel_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_kernel_url,
             kill_kernel=False,
             read_only=self.read_only,
             logged_in=self.logged_in,
             login_available=self.login_available,
             mathjax_url=self.application.ipython_app.mathjax_url,
         )
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Kernel handlers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class MainKernelHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @web.authenticated
     def get(self):
         km = self.application.kernel_manager
         self.finish(jsonapi.dumps(km.kernel_ids))
 
     @web.authenticated
     def post(self):
         km = self.application.kernel_manager
         notebook_id = self.get_argument('notebook', default=None)
         kernel_id = km.start_kernel(notebook_id)
         data = {'ws_url':self.ws_url,'kernel_id':kernel_id}
         self.set_header('Location', '/'+kernel_id)
         self.finish(jsonapi.dumps(data))
 
 
 class KernelHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     SUPPORTED_METHODS = ('DELETE')
 
     @web.authenticated
     def delete(self, kernel_id):
         km = self.application.kernel_manager
         km.kill_kernel(kernel_id)
         self.set_status(204)
         self.finish()
 
 
 class KernelActionHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @web.authenticated
     def post(self, kernel_id, action):
         km = self.application.kernel_manager
         if action == 'interrupt':
             km.interrupt_kernel(kernel_id)
             self.set_status(204)
         if action == 'restart':
             new_kernel_id = km.restart_kernel(kernel_id)
             data = {'ws_url':self.ws_url,'kernel_id':new_kernel_id}
             self.set_header('Location', '/'+new_kernel_id)
             self.write(jsonapi.dumps(data))
         self.finish()
 
 
 class ZMQStreamHandler(websocket.WebSocketHandler):
 
     def _reserialize_reply(self, msg_list):
         """Reserialize a reply message using JSON.
 
         This takes the msg list from the ZMQ socket, unserializes it using
         self.session and then serializes the result using JSON. This method
         should be used by self._on_zmq_reply to build messages that can
         be sent back to the browser.
         """
         idents, msg_list = self.session.feed_identities(msg_list)
         msg = self.session.unserialize(msg_list)
         try:
             msg['header'].pop('date')
         except KeyError:
             pass
         try:
             msg['parent_header'].pop('date')
         except KeyError:
             pass
         msg.pop('buffers')
-        return jsonapi.dumps(msg)
+        return jsonapi.dumps(msg, default=date_default)
 
     def _on_zmq_reply(self, msg_list):
         try:
             msg = self._reserialize_reply(msg_list)
-        except:
-            self.application.log.critical("Malformed message: %r" % msg_list)
+        except Exception:
+            self.application.log.critical("Malformed message: %r" % msg_list, exc_info=True)
         else:
             self.write_message(msg)
 
     def allow_draft76(self):
         """Allow draft 76, until browsers such as Safari update to RFC 6455.
         
         This has been disabled by default in tornado in release 2.2.0, and
         support will be removed in later versions.
         """
         return True
 
 
 class AuthenticatedZMQStreamHandler(ZMQStreamHandler):
 
     def open(self, kernel_id):
         self.kernel_id = kernel_id.decode('ascii')
         try:
             cfg = self.application.ipython_app.config
         except AttributeError:
             # protect from the case where this is run from something other than
             # the notebook app:
             cfg = None
         self.session = Session(config=cfg)
         self.save_on_message = self.on_message
         self.on_message = self.on_first_message
 
     def get_current_user(self):
         user_id = self.get_secure_cookie("username")
         if user_id == '' or (user_id is None and not self.application.password):
             user_id = 'anonymous'
         return user_id
 
     def _inject_cookie_message(self, msg):
         """Inject the first message, which is the document cookie,
         for authentication."""
         if isinstance(msg, unicode):
             # Cookie can't constructor doesn't accept unicode strings for some reason
             msg = msg.encode('utf8', 'replace')
         try:
             self.request._cookies = Cookie.SimpleCookie(msg)
         except:
             logging.warn("couldn't parse cookie string: %s",msg, exc_info=True)
 
     def on_first_message(self, msg):
         self._inject_cookie_message(msg)
         if self.get_current_user() is None:
             logging.warn("Couldn't authenticate WebSocket connection")
             raise web.HTTPError(403)
         self.on_message = self.save_on_message
 
 
 class IOPubHandler(AuthenticatedZMQStreamHandler):
 
     def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self._kernel_alive = True
         self._beating = False
         self.iopub_stream = None
         self.hb_stream = None
 
     def on_first_message(self, msg):
         try:
             super(IOPubHandler, self).on_first_message(msg)
         except web.HTTPError:
             self.close()
             return
         km = self.application.kernel_manager
         self.time_to_dead = km.time_to_dead
         self.first_beat = km.first_beat
         kernel_id = self.kernel_id
         try:
             self.iopub_stream = km.create_iopub_stream(kernel_id)
             self.hb_stream = km.create_hb_stream(kernel_id)
         except web.HTTPError:
             # WebSockets don't response to traditional error codes so we
             # close the connection.
             if not self.stream.closed():
                 self.stream.close()
             self.close()
         else:
             self.iopub_stream.on_recv(self._on_zmq_reply)
             self.start_hb(self.kernel_died)
 
     def on_message(self, msg):
         pass
 
     def on_close(self):
         # This method can be called twice, once by self.kernel_died and once
         # from the WebSocket close event. If the WebSocket connection is
         # closed before the ZMQ streams are setup, they could be None.
         self.stop_hb()
         if self.iopub_stream is not None and not self.iopub_stream.closed():
             self.iopub_stream.on_recv(None)
             self.iopub_stream.close()
         if self.hb_stream is not None and not self.hb_stream.closed():
             self.hb_stream.close()
 
     def start_hb(self, callback):
         """Start the heartbeating and call the callback if the kernel dies."""
         if not self._beating:
             self._kernel_alive = True
 
             def ping_or_dead():
                 self.hb_stream.flush()
                 if self._kernel_alive:
                     self._kernel_alive = False
                     self.hb_stream.send(b'ping')
                     # flush stream to force immediate socket send
                     self.hb_stream.flush()
                 else:
                     try:
                         callback()
                     except:
                         pass
                     finally:
                         self.stop_hb()
 
             def beat_received(msg):
                 self._kernel_alive = True
 
             self.hb_stream.on_recv(beat_received)
             loop = ioloop.IOLoop.instance()
             self._hb_periodic_callback = ioloop.PeriodicCallback(ping_or_dead, self.time_to_dead*1000, loop)
             loop.add_timeout(time.time()+self.first_beat, self._really_start_hb)
             self._beating= True
     
     def _really_start_hb(self):
         """callback for delayed heartbeat start
         
         Only start the hb loop if we haven't been closed during the wait.
         """
         if self._beating and not self.hb_stream.closed():
             self._hb_periodic_callback.start()
 
     def stop_hb(self):
         """Stop the heartbeating and cancel all related callbacks."""
         if self._beating:
             self._beating = False
             self._hb_periodic_callback.stop()
             if not self.hb_stream.closed():
                 self.hb_stream.on_recv(None)
 
     def kernel_died(self):
         self.application.kernel_manager.delete_mapping_for_kernel(self.kernel_id)
         self.application.log.error("Kernel %s failed to respond to heartbeat", self.kernel_id)
         self.write_message(
             {'header': {'msg_type': 'status'},
              'parent_header': {},
              'content': {'execution_state':'dead'}
             }
         )
         self.on_close()
 
 
 class ShellHandler(AuthenticatedZMQStreamHandler):
 
     def initialize(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.shell_stream = None
 
     def on_first_message(self, msg):
         try:
             super(ShellHandler, self).on_first_message(msg)
         except web.HTTPError:
             self.close()
             return
         km = self.application.kernel_manager
         self.max_msg_size = km.max_msg_size
         kernel_id = self.kernel_id
         try:
             self.shell_stream = km.create_shell_stream(kernel_id)
         except web.HTTPError:
             # WebSockets don't response to traditional error codes so we
             # close the connection.
             if not self.stream.closed():
                 self.stream.close()
             self.close()
         else:
             self.shell_stream.on_recv(self._on_zmq_reply)
 
     def on_message(self, msg):
         if len(msg) < self.max_msg_size:
             msg = jsonapi.loads(msg)
             self.session.send(self.shell_stream, msg)
 
     def on_close(self):
         # Make sure the stream exists and is not already closed.
         if self.shell_stream is not None and not self.shell_stream.closed():
             self.shell_stream.close()
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Notebook web service handlers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class NotebookRootHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @authenticate_unless_readonly
     def get(self):
         nbm = self.application.notebook_manager
         files = nbm.list_notebooks()
         self.finish(jsonapi.dumps(files))
 
     @web.authenticated
     def post(self):
         nbm = self.application.notebook_manager
         body = self.request.body.strip()
         format = self.get_argument('format', default='json')
         name = self.get_argument('name', default=None)
         if body:
             notebook_id = nbm.save_new_notebook(body, name=name, format=format)
         else:
             notebook_id = nbm.new_notebook()
         self.set_header('Location', '/'+notebook_id)
         self.finish(jsonapi.dumps(notebook_id))
 
 
 class NotebookHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     SUPPORTED_METHODS = ('GET', 'PUT', 'DELETE')
 
     @authenticate_unless_readonly
     def get(self, notebook_id):
         nbm = self.application.notebook_manager
         format = self.get_argument('format', default='json')
         last_mod, name, data = nbm.get_notebook(notebook_id, format)
         
         if format == u'json':
             self.set_header('Content-Type', 'application/json')
             self.set_header('Content-Disposition','attachment; filename="%s.ipynb"' % name)
         elif format == u'py':
             self.set_header('Content-Type', 'application/x-python')
             self.set_header('Content-Disposition','attachment; filename="%s.py"' % name)
         self.set_header('Last-Modified', last_mod)
         self.finish(data)
 
     @web.authenticated
     def put(self, notebook_id):
         nbm = self.application.notebook_manager
         format = self.get_argument('format', default='json')
         name = self.get_argument('name', default=None)
         nbm.save_notebook(notebook_id, self.request.body, name=name, format=format)
         self.set_status(204)
         self.finish()
 
     @web.authenticated
     def delete(self, notebook_id):
         nbm = self.application.notebook_manager
         nbm.delete_notebook(notebook_id)
         self.set_status(204)
         self.finish()
 
 
 class NotebookCopyHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @web.authenticated
     def get(self, notebook_id):
         nbm = self.application.notebook_manager
         project = nbm.notebook_dir
         notebook_id = nbm.copy_notebook(notebook_id)
         self.render(
             'notebook.html', project=project,
             notebook_id=notebook_id,
             base_project_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_project_url,
             base_kernel_url=self.application.ipython_app.base_kernel_url,
             kill_kernel=False,
             read_only=False,
             logged_in=self.logged_in,
             login_available=self.login_available,
             mathjax_url=self.application.ipython_app.mathjax_url,
         )
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Cluster handlers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class MainClusterHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @web.authenticated
     def get(self):
         cm = self.application.cluster_manager
         self.finish(jsonapi.dumps(cm.list_profiles()))
 
 
 class ClusterProfileHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @web.authenticated
     def get(self, profile):
         cm = self.application.cluster_manager
         self.finish(jsonapi.dumps(cm.profile_info(profile)))
 
 
 class ClusterActionHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @web.authenticated
     def post(self, profile, action):
         cm = self.application.cluster_manager
         if action == 'start':
             n = self.get_argument('n',default=None)
             if n is None:
                 data = cm.start_cluster(profile)
             else:
                 data = cm.start_cluster(profile,int(n))
         if action == 'stop':
             data = cm.stop_cluster(profile)
         self.finish(jsonapi.dumps(data))
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # RST web service handlers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class RSTHandler(AuthenticatedHandler):
 
     @web.authenticated
     def post(self):
         if publish_string is None:
             raise web.HTTPError(503, u'docutils not available')
         body = self.request.body.strip()
         source = body
         # template_path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), u'templates', u'rst_template.html')
         defaults = {'file_insertion_enabled': 0,
                     'raw_enabled': 0,
                     '_disable_config': 1,
                     'stylesheet_path': 0
                     # 'template': template_path
         }
         try:
             html = publish_string(source, writer_name='html',
                                   settings_overrides=defaults
             )
         except:
             raise web.HTTPError(400, u'Invalid RST')
         print html
         self.set_header('Content-Type', 'text/html')
         self.finish(html)
 
 

IPython/frontend/html/notebook/notebookapp.py

@@ -1,565 +1,565 b''
 # coding: utf-8
 """A tornado based IPython notebook server.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Brian Granger
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # stdlib
 import errno
 import logging
 import os
 import re
 import select
 import signal
 import socket
 import sys
 import threading
 import time
 import webbrowser
 
 # Third party
 import zmq
 
 # Install the pyzmq ioloop. This has to be done before anything else from
 # tornado is imported.
 from zmq.eventloop import ioloop
 ioloop.install()
 
 from tornado import httpserver
 from tornado import web
 
 # Our own libraries
 from .kernelmanager import MappingKernelManager
 from .handlers import (LoginHandler, LogoutHandler,
     ProjectDashboardHandler, NewHandler, NamedNotebookHandler,
     MainKernelHandler, KernelHandler, KernelActionHandler, IOPubHandler,
     ShellHandler, NotebookRootHandler, NotebookHandler, NotebookCopyHandler,
     RSTHandler, AuthenticatedFileHandler, PrintNotebookHandler,
     MainClusterHandler, ClusterProfileHandler, ClusterActionHandler
 )
 from .notebookmanager import NotebookManager
 from .clustermanager import ClusterManager
 
 from IPython.config.application import catch_config_error, boolean_flag
 from IPython.core.application import BaseIPythonApplication
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.lib.kernel import swallow_argv
 from IPython.zmq.session import Session, default_secure
 from IPython.zmq.zmqshell import ZMQInteractiveShell
 from IPython.zmq.ipkernel import (
     flags as ipkernel_flags,
     aliases as ipkernel_aliases,
     IPKernelApp
 )
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Dict, Unicode, Integer, List, Enum, Bool
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Module globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 _kernel_id_regex = r"(?P<kernel_id>\w+-\w+-\w+-\w+-\w+)"
 _kernel_action_regex = r"(?P<action>restart|interrupt)"
 _notebook_id_regex = r"(?P<notebook_id>\w+-\w+-\w+-\w+-\w+)"
 _profile_regex = r"(?P<profile>[a-zA-Z0-9]+)"
 _cluster_action_regex = r"(?P<action>start|stop)"
 
 
 LOCALHOST = '127.0.0.1'
 
 _examples = """
 ipython notebook                       # start the notebook
 ipython notebook --profile=sympy       # use the sympy profile
 ipython notebook --pylab=inline        # pylab in inline plotting mode
 ipython notebook --certfile=mycert.pem # use SSL/TLS certificate
 ipython notebook --port=5555 --ip=*    # Listen on port 5555, all interfaces
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Helper functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def url_path_join(a,b):
     if a.endswith('/') and b.startswith('/'):
         return a[:-1]+b
     else:
         return a+b
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # The Tornado web application
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class NotebookWebApplication(web.Application):
 
     def __init__(self, ipython_app, kernel_manager, notebook_manager, 
                  cluster_manager, log,
                  base_project_url, settings_overrides):
         handlers = [
             (r"/", ProjectDashboardHandler),
             (r"/login", LoginHandler),
             (r"/logout", LogoutHandler),
             (r"/new", NewHandler),
             (r"/%s" % _notebook_id_regex, NamedNotebookHandler),
             (r"/%s/copy" % _notebook_id_regex, NotebookCopyHandler),
             (r"/%s/print" % _notebook_id_regex, PrintNotebookHandler),
             (r"/kernels", MainKernelHandler),
             (r"/kernels/%s" % _kernel_id_regex, KernelHandler),
             (r"/kernels/%s/%s" % (_kernel_id_regex, _kernel_action_regex), KernelActionHandler),
             (r"/kernels/%s/iopub" % _kernel_id_regex, IOPubHandler),
             (r"/kernels/%s/shell" % _kernel_id_regex, ShellHandler),
             (r"/notebooks", NotebookRootHandler),
             (r"/notebooks/%s" % _notebook_id_regex, NotebookHandler),
             (r"/rstservice/render", RSTHandler),
             (r"/files/(.*)", AuthenticatedFileHandler, {'path' : notebook_manager.notebook_dir}),
             (r"/clusters", MainClusterHandler),
             (r"/clusters/%s/%s" % (_profile_regex, _cluster_action_regex), ClusterActionHandler),
             (r"/clusters/%s" % _profile_regex, ClusterProfileHandler),
         ]
         settings = dict(
             template_path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "templates"),
             static_path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "static"),
             cookie_secret=os.urandom(1024),
             login_url="/login",
         )
 
         # allow custom overrides for the tornado web app.
         settings.update(settings_overrides)
 
         # Python < 2.6.5 doesn't accept unicode keys in f(**kwargs), and
         # base_project_url will always be unicode, which will in turn
         # make the patterns unicode, and ultimately result in unicode
         # keys in kwargs to handler._execute(**kwargs) in tornado.
         # This enforces that base_project_url be ascii in that situation.
         # 
         # Note that the URLs these patterns check against are escaped,
         # and thus guaranteed to be ASCII: 'héllo' is really 'h%C3%A9llo'.
         base_project_url = py3compat.unicode_to_str(base_project_url, 'ascii')
         
         # prepend base_project_url onto the patterns that we match
         new_handlers = []
         for handler in handlers:
             pattern = url_path_join(base_project_url, handler[0])
             new_handler = tuple([pattern]+list(handler[1:]))
             new_handlers.append( new_handler )
 
         super(NotebookWebApplication, self).__init__(new_handlers, **settings)
 
         self.kernel_manager = kernel_manager
         self.notebook_manager = notebook_manager
         self.cluster_manager = cluster_manager
         self.ipython_app = ipython_app
         self.read_only = self.ipython_app.read_only
         self.log = log
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Aliases and Flags
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 flags = dict(ipkernel_flags)
 flags['no-browser']=(
     {'NotebookApp' : {'open_browser' : False}},
     "Don't open the notebook in a browser after startup."
 )
 flags['no-mathjax']=(
     {'NotebookApp' : {'enable_mathjax' : False}},
     """Disable MathJax
     
     MathJax is the javascript library IPython uses to render math/LaTeX. It is
     very large, so you may want to disable it if you have a slow internet
     connection, or for offline use of the notebook.
     
     When disabled, equations etc. will appear as their untransformed TeX source.
     """
 )
 flags['read-only'] = (
     {'NotebookApp' : {'read_only' : True}},
     """Allow read-only access to notebooks.
     
     When using a password to protect the notebook server, this flag
     allows unauthenticated clients to view the notebook list, and
     individual notebooks, but not edit them, start kernels, or run
     code.
     
     If no password is set, the server will be entirely read-only.
     """
 )
 
 # Add notebook manager flags
 flags.update(boolean_flag('script', 'NotebookManager.save_script',
                'Auto-save a .py script everytime the .ipynb notebook is saved',
                'Do not auto-save .py scripts for every notebook'))
 
 # the flags that are specific to the frontend
 # these must be scrubbed before being passed to the kernel,
 # or it will raise an error on unrecognized flags
 notebook_flags = ['no-browser', 'no-mathjax', 'read-only', 'script', 'no-script']
 
 aliases = dict(ipkernel_aliases)
 
 aliases.update({
     'ip': 'NotebookApp.ip',
     'port': 'NotebookApp.port',
     'keyfile': 'NotebookApp.keyfile',
     'certfile': 'NotebookApp.certfile',
     'notebook-dir': 'NotebookManager.notebook_dir',
     'browser': 'NotebookApp.browser',
 })
 
 # remove ipkernel flags that are singletons, and don't make sense in
 # multi-kernel evironment:
 aliases.pop('f', None)
 
 notebook_aliases = [u'port', u'ip', u'keyfile', u'certfile',
                     u'notebook-dir']
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # NotebookApp
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class NotebookApp(BaseIPythonApplication):
 
     name = 'ipython-notebook'
     default_config_file_name='ipython_notebook_config.py'
     
     description = """
         The IPython HTML Notebook.
         
         This launches a Tornado based HTML Notebook Server that serves up an
         HTML5/Javascript Notebook client.
     """
     examples = _examples
     
     classes = [IPKernelApp, ZMQInteractiveShell, ProfileDir, Session,
                MappingKernelManager, NotebookManager]
     flags = Dict(flags)
     aliases = Dict(aliases)
 
     kernel_argv = List(Unicode)
 
     log_level = Enum((0,10,20,30,40,50,'DEBUG','INFO','WARN','ERROR','CRITICAL'),
                     default_value=logging.INFO,
                     config=True,
                     help="Set the log level by value or name.")
 
     # create requested profiles by default, if they don't exist:
     auto_create = Bool(True)
 
     # file to be opened in the notebook server
     file_to_run = Unicode('')
 
     # Network related information.
 
     ip = Unicode(LOCALHOST, config=True,
         help="The IP address the notebook server will listen on."
     )
 
     def _ip_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if new == u'*': self.ip = u''
 
     port = Integer(8888, config=True,
         help="The port the notebook server will listen on."
     )
 
     certfile = Unicode(u'', config=True, 
         help="""The full path to an SSL/TLS certificate file."""
     )
     
     keyfile = Unicode(u'', config=True, 
         help="""The full path to a private key file for usage with SSL/TLS."""
     )
 
     password = Unicode(u'', config=True,
                       help="""Hashed password to use for web authentication.
 
                       To generate, type in a python/IPython shell:
 
                         from IPython.lib import passwd; passwd()
 
                       The string should be of the form type:salt:hashed-password.
                       """
     )
 
     open_browser = Bool(True, config=True,
                         help="""Whether to open in a browser after starting.
                         The specific browser used is platform dependent and
                         determined by the python standard library `webbrowser`
                         module, unless it is overridden using the --browser
                         (NotebookApp.browser) configuration option.
                         """)
 
     browser = Unicode(u'', config=True,
                       help="""Specify what command to use to invoke a web
                       browser when opening the notebook. If not specified, the
                       default browser will be determined by the `webbrowser`
                       standard library module, which allows setting of the
                       BROWSER environment variable to override it.
                       """)
     
     read_only = Bool(False, config=True,
         help="Whether to prevent editing/execution of notebooks."
     )
     
     webapp_settings = Dict(config=True,
             help="Supply overrides for the tornado.web.Application that the "
                  "IPython notebook uses.")
     
     enable_mathjax = Bool(True, config=True,
         help="""Whether to enable MathJax for typesetting math/TeX
 
         MathJax is the javascript library IPython uses to render math/LaTeX. It is
         very large, so you may want to disable it if you have a slow internet
         connection, or for offline use of the notebook.
 
         When disabled, equations etc. will appear as their untransformed TeX source.
         """
     )
     def _enable_mathjax_changed(self, name, old, new):
         """set mathjax url to empty if mathjax is disabled"""
         if not new:
             self.mathjax_url = u''
 
     base_project_url = Unicode('/', config=True,
                                help='''The base URL for the notebook server''')
     base_kernel_url = Unicode('/', config=True,
                                help='''The base URL for the kernel server''')
     websocket_host = Unicode("", config=True,
         help="""The hostname for the websocket server."""
     )
 
     mathjax_url = Unicode("", config=True,
         help="""The url for MathJax.js."""
     )
     def _mathjax_url_default(self):
         if not self.enable_mathjax:
             return u''
         static_path = self.webapp_settings.get("static_path", os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "static"))
         static_url_prefix = self.webapp_settings.get("static_url_prefix",
                                                      "/static/")
         if os.path.exists(os.path.join(static_path, 'mathjax', "MathJax.js")):
             self.log.info("Using local MathJax")
             return static_url_prefix+u"mathjax/MathJax.js"
         else:
             if self.certfile:
                 # HTTPS: load from Rackspace CDN, because SSL certificate requires it
                 base = u"https://c328740.ssl.cf1.rackcdn.com"
             else:
                 base = u"http://cdn.mathjax.org"
             
             url = base + u"/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js"
             self.log.info("Using MathJax from CDN: %s", url)
             return url
     
     def _mathjax_url_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if new and not self.enable_mathjax:
             # enable_mathjax=False overrides mathjax_url
             self.mathjax_url = u''
         else:
             self.log.info("Using MathJax: %s", new)
 
     def parse_command_line(self, argv=None):
         super(NotebookApp, self).parse_command_line(argv)
         if argv is None:
             argv = sys.argv[1:]
 
         # Scrub frontend-specific flags
         self.kernel_argv = swallow_argv(argv, notebook_aliases, notebook_flags)
         # Kernel should inherit default config file from frontend
         self.kernel_argv.append("--KernelApp.parent_appname='%s'"%self.name)
 
         if self.extra_args:
             self.file_to_run = os.path.abspath(self.extra_args[0])
             self.config.NotebookManager.notebook_dir = os.path.dirname(self.file_to_run)
 
     def init_configurables(self):
         # force Session default to be secure
         default_secure(self.config)
         # Create a KernelManager and start a kernel.
         self.kernel_manager = MappingKernelManager(
             config=self.config, log=self.log, kernel_argv=self.kernel_argv,
             connection_dir = self.profile_dir.security_dir,
         )
         self.notebook_manager = NotebookManager(config=self.config, log=self.log)
         self.notebook_manager.list_notebooks()
         self.cluster_manager = ClusterManager(config=self.config, log=self.log)
         self.cluster_manager.update_profiles()
 
     def init_logging(self):
-        super(NotebookApp, self).init_logging()
         # This prevents double log messages because tornado use a root logger that
         # self.log is a child of. The logging module dipatches log messages to a log
         # and all of its ancenstors until propagate is set to False.
         self.log.propagate = False
     
     def init_webapp(self):
         """initialize tornado webapp and httpserver"""
         self.web_app = NotebookWebApplication(
             self, self.kernel_manager, self.notebook_manager, 
             self.cluster_manager, self.log,
             self.base_project_url, self.webapp_settings
         )
         if self.certfile:
             ssl_options = dict(certfile=self.certfile)
             if self.keyfile:
                 ssl_options['keyfile'] = self.keyfile
         else:
             ssl_options = None
         self.web_app.password = self.password
         self.http_server = httpserver.HTTPServer(self.web_app, ssl_options=ssl_options)
         if ssl_options is None and not self.ip and not (self.read_only and not self.password):
             self.log.critical('WARNING: the notebook server is listening on all IP addresses '
                               'but not using any encryption or authentication. This is highly '
                               'insecure and not recommended.')
 
         # Try random ports centered around the default.
         from random import randint
         n = 50  # Max number of attempts, keep reasonably large.
         for port in range(self.port, self.port+5) + [self.port + randint(-2*n, 2*n) for i in range(n-5)]:
             try:
                 self.http_server.listen(port, self.ip)
             except socket.error, e:
                 if e.errno != errno.EADDRINUSE:
                     raise
                 self.log.info('The port %i is already in use, trying another random port.' % port)
             else:
                 self.port = port
                 break
     
     def init_signal(self):
         # FIXME: remove this check when pyzmq dependency is >= 2.1.11
         # safely extract zmq version info:
         try:
             zmq_v = zmq.pyzmq_version_info()
         except AttributeError:
             zmq_v = [ int(n) for n in re.findall(r'\d+', zmq.__version__) ]
             if 'dev' in zmq.__version__:
                 zmq_v.append(999)
             zmq_v = tuple(zmq_v)
         if zmq_v >= (2,1,9):
             # This won't work with 2.1.7 and
             # 2.1.9-10 will log ugly 'Interrupted system call' messages,
             # but it will work
             signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self._handle_sigint)
         signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, self._signal_stop)
     
     def _handle_sigint(self, sig, frame):
         """SIGINT handler spawns confirmation dialog"""
         # register more forceful signal handler for ^C^C case
         signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self._signal_stop)
         # request confirmation dialog in bg thread, to avoid
         # blocking the App
         thread = threading.Thread(target=self._confirm_exit)
         thread.daemon = True
         thread.start()
     
     def _restore_sigint_handler(self):
         """callback for restoring original SIGINT handler"""
         signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self._handle_sigint)
     
     def _confirm_exit(self):
         """confirm shutdown on ^C
         
         A second ^C, or answering 'y' within 5s will cause shutdown,
         otherwise original SIGINT handler will be restored.
         """
         # FIXME: remove this delay when pyzmq dependency is >= 2.1.11
         time.sleep(0.1)
         sys.stdout.write("Shutdown Notebook Server (y/[n])? ")
         sys.stdout.flush()
         r,w,x = select.select([sys.stdin], [], [], 5)
         if r:
             line = sys.stdin.readline()
             if line.lower().startswith('y'):
                 self.log.critical("Shutdown confirmed")
                 ioloop.IOLoop.instance().stop()
                 return
         else:
             print "No answer for 5s:",
         print "resuming operation..."
         # no answer, or answer is no:
         # set it back to original SIGINT handler
         # use IOLoop.add_callback because signal.signal must be called
         # from main thread
         ioloop.IOLoop.instance().add_callback(self._restore_sigint_handler)
     
     def _signal_stop(self, sig, frame):
         self.log.critical("received signal %s, stopping", sig)
         ioloop.IOLoop.instance().stop()
     
     @catch_config_error
     def initialize(self, argv=None):
+        self.init_logging()
         super(NotebookApp, self).initialize(argv)
         self.init_configurables()
         self.init_webapp()
         self.init_signal()
 
     def cleanup_kernels(self):
         """shutdown all kernels
         
         The kernels will shutdown themselves when this process no longer exists,
         but explicit shutdown allows the KernelManagers to cleanup the connection files.
         """
         self.log.info('Shutting down kernels')
         km = self.kernel_manager
         # copy list, since kill_kernel deletes keys
         for kid in list(km.kernel_ids):
             km.kill_kernel(kid)
 
     def start(self):
         ip = self.ip if self.ip else '[all ip addresses on your system]'
         proto = 'https' if self.certfile else 'http'
         info = self.log.info
         info("The IPython Notebook is running at: %s://%s:%i%s" %
              (proto, ip, self.port,self.base_project_url) )
         info("Use Control-C to stop this server and shut down all kernels.")
 
         if self.open_browser:
             ip = self.ip or '127.0.0.1'
             if self.browser:
                 browser = webbrowser.get(self.browser)
             else:
                 browser = webbrowser.get()
 
             if self.file_to_run:
                 filename, _ = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(self.file_to_run))
                 for nb in self.notebook_manager.list_notebooks():
                     if filename == nb['name']:
                         url = nb['notebook_id']
                         break
                 else:
                     url = ''
             else:
                 url = ''
             b = lambda : browser.open("%s://%s:%i%s%s" % (proto, ip,
                                         self.port, self.base_project_url, url),
                                     new=2)
             threading.Thread(target=b).start()
         try:
             ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             info("Interrupted...")
         finally:
             self.cleanup_kernels()
     
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main entry point
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def launch_new_instance():
     app = NotebookApp.instance()
     app.initialize()
     app.start()
 

IPython/frontend/qt/console/qtconsoleapp.py

@@ -1,382 +1,372 b''
 """ A minimal application using the Qt console-style IPython frontend.
 
 This is not a complete console app, as subprocess will not be able to receive
 input, there is no real readline support, among other limitations.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Evan Patterson
 * Min RK
 * Erik Tollerud
 * Fernando Perez
 * Bussonnier Matthias
 * Thomas Kluyver
 * Paul Ivanov
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # stdlib imports
 import json
 import os
 import signal
 import sys
 import uuid
 
 # If run on Windows, install an exception hook which pops up a
 # message box. Pythonw.exe hides the console, so without this
 # the application silently fails to load.
 #
 # We always install this handler, because the expectation is for
 # qtconsole to bring up a GUI even if called from the console.
 # The old handler is called, so the exception is printed as well.
 # If desired, check for pythonw with an additional condition
 # (sys.executable.lower().find('pythonw.exe') >= 0).
 if os.name == 'nt':
     old_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
     def gui_excepthook(exctype, value, tb):
         try:
             import ctypes, traceback
             MB_ICONERROR = 0x00000010L
             title = u'Error starting IPython QtConsole'
             msg = u''.join(traceback.format_exception(exctype, value, tb))
             ctypes.windll.user32.MessageBoxW(0, msg, title, MB_ICONERROR)
         finally:
             # Also call the old exception hook to let it do
             # its thing too.
             old_excepthook(exctype, value, tb)
 
     sys.excepthook = gui_excepthook
 
 # System library imports
 from IPython.external.qt import QtCore, QtGui
 
 # Local imports
 from IPython.config.application import boolean_flag, catch_config_error
 from IPython.core.application import BaseIPythonApplication
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.lib.kernel import tunnel_to_kernel, find_connection_file
 from IPython.frontend.qt.console.frontend_widget import FrontendWidget
 from IPython.frontend.qt.console.ipython_widget import IPythonWidget
 from IPython.frontend.qt.console.rich_ipython_widget import RichIPythonWidget
 from IPython.frontend.qt.console import styles
 from IPython.frontend.qt.console.mainwindow import MainWindow
 from IPython.frontend.qt.kernelmanager import QtKernelManager
 from IPython.utils.path import filefind
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import str_to_bytes
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (
     Dict, List, Unicode, Integer, CaselessStrEnum, CBool, Any
 )
 from IPython.zmq.ipkernel import IPKernelApp
 from IPython.zmq.session import Session, default_secure
 from IPython.zmq.zmqshell import ZMQInteractiveShell
 
 from IPython.frontend.consoleapp import (
         IPythonConsoleApp, app_aliases, app_flags, flags, aliases
     )
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Network Constants
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from IPython.utils.localinterfaces import LOCALHOST, LOCAL_IPS
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 _examples = """
 ipython qtconsole                 # start the qtconsole
 ipython qtconsole --pylab=inline  # start with pylab in inline plotting mode
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Aliases and Flags
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # start with copy of flags
 flags = dict(flags)
 qt_flags = {
-    'pure' : ({'IPythonQtConsoleApp' : {'pure' : True}},
-            "Use a pure Python kernel instead of an IPython kernel."),
-    'plain' : ({'ConsoleWidget' : {'kind' : 'plain'}},
+    'plain' : ({'IPythonQtConsoleApp' : {'plain' : True}},
             "Disable rich text support."),
 }
 qt_flags.update(boolean_flag(
     'gui-completion', 'ConsoleWidget.gui_completion',
     "use a GUI widget for tab completion",
     "use plaintext output for completion"
 ))
 # and app_flags from the Console Mixin
 qt_flags.update(app_flags)
 # add frontend flags to the full set
 flags.update(qt_flags)
 
 # start with copy of front&backend aliases list
 aliases = dict(aliases)
 qt_aliases = dict(
 
     style = 'IPythonWidget.syntax_style',
     stylesheet = 'IPythonQtConsoleApp.stylesheet',
     colors = 'ZMQInteractiveShell.colors',
 
     editor = 'IPythonWidget.editor',
     paging = 'ConsoleWidget.paging',
 )
 # and app_aliases from the Console Mixin
 qt_aliases.update(app_aliases)
 # add frontend aliases to the full set
 aliases.update(qt_aliases)
 
 # get flags&aliases into sets, and remove a couple that
 # shouldn't be scrubbed from backend flags:
 qt_aliases = set(qt_aliases.keys())
 qt_aliases.remove('colors')
 qt_flags = set(qt_flags.keys())
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # IPythonQtConsole
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class IPythonQtConsoleApp(BaseIPythonApplication, IPythonConsoleApp):
     name = 'ipython-qtconsole'
 
     description = """
         The IPython QtConsole.
         
         This launches a Console-style application using Qt.  It is not a full
         console, in that launched terminal subprocesses will not be able to accept
         input.
         
         The QtConsole supports various extra features beyond the Terminal IPython
         shell, such as inline plotting with matplotlib, via:
         
             ipython qtconsole --pylab=inline
         
         as well as saving your session as HTML, and printing the output.
         
     """
     examples = _examples
 
     classes = [IPKernelApp, IPythonWidget, ZMQInteractiveShell, ProfileDir, Session]
     flags = Dict(flags)
     aliases = Dict(aliases)
     frontend_flags = Any(qt_flags)
     frontend_aliases = Any(qt_aliases)
     kernel_manager_class = QtKernelManager
 
     stylesheet = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="path to a custom CSS stylesheet")
 
     plain = CBool(False, config=True,
         help="Use a plaintext widget instead of rich text (plain can't print/save).")
 
-    def _pure_changed(self, name, old, new):
-        kind = 'plain' if self.plain else 'rich'
+    def _plain_changed(self, name, old, new):
+        kind = 'plain' if new else 'rich'
         self.config.ConsoleWidget.kind = kind
-        if self.pure:
-            self.widget_factory = FrontendWidget
-        elif self.plain:
+        if new:
             self.widget_factory = IPythonWidget
         else:
             self.widget_factory = RichIPythonWidget
 
-    _plain_changed = _pure_changed
-
     # the factory for creating a widget
     widget_factory = Any(RichIPythonWidget)
 
     def parse_command_line(self, argv=None):
         super(IPythonQtConsoleApp, self).parse_command_line(argv)
         self.build_kernel_argv(argv)
 
 
     def new_frontend_master(self):
         """ Create and return new frontend attached to new kernel, launched on localhost.
         """
         ip = self.ip if self.ip in LOCAL_IPS else LOCALHOST
         kernel_manager = self.kernel_manager_class(
                                 ip=ip,
                                 connection_file=self._new_connection_file(),
                                 config=self.config,
         )
         # start the kernel
-        kwargs = dict(ipython=not self.pure)
+        kwargs = dict()
         kwargs['extra_arguments'] = self.kernel_argv
         kernel_manager.start_kernel(**kwargs)
         kernel_manager.start_channels()
         widget = self.widget_factory(config=self.config,
                                    local_kernel=True)
         self.init_colors(widget)
         widget.kernel_manager = kernel_manager
         widget._existing = False
         widget._may_close = True
         widget._confirm_exit = self.confirm_exit
         return widget
 
     def new_frontend_slave(self, current_widget):
         """Create and return a new frontend attached to an existing kernel.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         current_widget : IPythonWidget
             The IPythonWidget whose kernel this frontend is to share
         """
         kernel_manager = self.kernel_manager_class(
                                 connection_file=current_widget.kernel_manager.connection_file,
                                 config = self.config,
         )
         kernel_manager.load_connection_file()
         kernel_manager.start_channels()
         widget = self.widget_factory(config=self.config,
                                 local_kernel=False)
         self.init_colors(widget)
         widget._existing = True
         widget._may_close = False
         widget._confirm_exit = False
         widget.kernel_manager = kernel_manager
         return widget
 
     def init_qt_elements(self):
         # Create the widget.
         self.app = QtGui.QApplication([])
 
         base_path = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
         icon_path = os.path.join(base_path, 'resources', 'icon', 'IPythonConsole.svg')
         self.app.icon = QtGui.QIcon(icon_path)
         QtGui.QApplication.setWindowIcon(self.app.icon)
 
         local_kernel = (not self.existing) or self.ip in LOCAL_IPS
         self.widget = self.widget_factory(config=self.config,
                                         local_kernel=local_kernel)
         self.init_colors(self.widget)
         self.widget._existing = self.existing
         self.widget._may_close = not self.existing
         self.widget._confirm_exit = self.confirm_exit
 
         self.widget.kernel_manager = self.kernel_manager
         self.window = MainWindow(self.app,
                                 confirm_exit=self.confirm_exit,
                                 new_frontend_factory=self.new_frontend_master,
                                 slave_frontend_factory=self.new_frontend_slave,
                                 )
         self.window.log = self.log
         self.window.add_tab_with_frontend(self.widget)
         self.window.init_menu_bar()
 
-        self.window.setWindowTitle('Python' if self.pure else 'IPython')
+        self.window.setWindowTitle('IPython')
 
     def init_colors(self, widget):
         """Configure the coloring of the widget"""
         # Note: This will be dramatically simplified when colors
         # are removed from the backend.
 
-        if self.pure:
-            # only IPythonWidget supports styling
-            return
-
         # parse the colors arg down to current known labels
         try:
             colors = self.config.ZMQInteractiveShell.colors
         except AttributeError:
             colors = None
         try:
             style = self.config.IPythonWidget.syntax_style
         except AttributeError:
             style = None
         try:
             sheet = self.config.IPythonWidget.style_sheet
         except AttributeError:
             sheet = None
 
         # find the value for colors:
         if colors:
             colors=colors.lower()
             if colors in ('lightbg', 'light'):
                 colors='lightbg'
             elif colors in ('dark', 'linux'):
                 colors='linux'
             else:
                 colors='nocolor'
         elif style:
             if style=='bw':
                 colors='nocolor'
             elif styles.dark_style(style):
                 colors='linux'
             else:
                 colors='lightbg'
         else:
             colors=None
 
         # Configure the style
         if style:
             widget.style_sheet = styles.sheet_from_template(style, colors)
             widget.syntax_style = style
             widget._syntax_style_changed()
             widget._style_sheet_changed()
         elif colors:
             # use a default dark/light/bw style
             widget.set_default_style(colors=colors)
 
         if self.stylesheet:
             # we got an explicit stylesheet
             if os.path.isfile(self.stylesheet):
                 with open(self.stylesheet) as f:
                     sheet = f.read()
             else:
                 raise IOError("Stylesheet %r not found." % self.stylesheet)
         if sheet:
             widget.style_sheet = sheet
             widget._style_sheet_changed()
             
 
     def init_signal(self):
         """allow clean shutdown on sigint"""
         signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, lambda sig, frame: self.exit(-2))
         # need a timer, so that QApplication doesn't block until a real
         # Qt event fires (can require mouse movement)
         # timer trick from http://stackoverflow.com/q/4938723/938949
         timer = QtCore.QTimer()
          # Let the interpreter run each 200 ms:
         timer.timeout.connect(lambda: None)
         timer.start(200)
         # hold onto ref, so the timer doesn't get cleaned up
         self._sigint_timer = timer
 
     @catch_config_error
     def initialize(self, argv=None):
         super(IPythonQtConsoleApp, self).initialize(argv)
         IPythonConsoleApp.initialize(self,argv)
         self.init_qt_elements()
         self.init_signal()
 
     def start(self):
 
         # draw the window
         self.window.show()
         self.window.raise_()
 
         # Start the application main loop.
         self.app.exec_()
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main entry point
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def main():
     app = IPythonQtConsoleApp()
     app.initialize()
     app.start()
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     main()

IPython/lib/kernel.py

@@ -1,315 +1,315 b''
 """Utilities for connecting to kernels
 
 Authors:
 
 * Min Ragan-Kelley
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import glob
 import json
 import os
 import sys
 from getpass import getpass
 from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
 
 # external imports
 from IPython.external.ssh import tunnel
 
 # IPython imports
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.utils.path import filefind, get_ipython_dir
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import str_to_bytes
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def get_connection_file(app=None):
     """Return the path to the connection file of an app
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     app : KernelApp instance [optional]
         If unspecified, the currently running app will be used
     """
     if app is None:
-        from IPython.zmq.kernelapp import KernelApp
-        if not KernelApp.initialized():
+        from IPython.zmq.ipkernel import IPKernelApp
+        if not IPKernelApp.initialized():
             raise RuntimeError("app not specified, and not in a running Kernel")
 
-        app = KernelApp.instance()
+        app = IPKernelApp.instance()
     return filefind(app.connection_file, ['.', app.profile_dir.security_dir])
 
 def find_connection_file(filename, profile=None):
     """find a connection file, and return its absolute path.
     
     The current working directory and the profile's security
     directory will be searched for the file if it is not given by
     absolute path.
     
     If profile is unspecified, then the current running application's
     profile will be used, or 'default', if not run from IPython.
     
     If the argument does not match an existing file, it will be interpreted as a
     fileglob, and the matching file in the profile's security dir with
     the latest access time will be used.
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     filename : str
         The connection file or fileglob to search for.
     profile : str [optional]
         The name of the profile to use when searching for the connection file,
         if different from the current IPython session or 'default'.
     
     Returns
     -------
     str : The absolute path of the connection file.
     """
     from IPython.core.application import BaseIPythonApplication as IPApp
     try:
         # quick check for absolute path, before going through logic
         return filefind(filename)
     except IOError:
         pass
     
     if profile is None:
         # profile unspecified, check if running from an IPython app
         if IPApp.initialized():
             app = IPApp.instance()
             profile_dir = app.profile_dir
         else:
             # not running in IPython, use default profile
             profile_dir = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir_by_name(get_ipython_dir(), 'default')
     else:
         # find profiledir by profile name:
         profile_dir = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir_by_name(get_ipython_dir(), profile)
     security_dir = profile_dir.security_dir
     
     try:
         # first, try explicit name
         return filefind(filename, ['.', security_dir])
     except IOError:
         pass
     
     # not found by full name
     
     if '*' in filename:
         # given as a glob already
         pat = filename
     else:
         # accept any substring match
         pat = '*%s*' % filename
     matches = glob.glob( os.path.join(security_dir, pat) )
     if not matches:
         raise IOError("Could not find %r in %r" % (filename, security_dir))
     elif len(matches) == 1:
         return matches[0]
     else:
         # get most recent match, by access time:
         return sorted(matches, key=lambda f: os.stat(f).st_atime)[-1]
 
 def get_connection_info(connection_file=None, unpack=False, profile=None):
     """Return the connection information for the current Kernel.
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     connection_file : str [optional]
         The connection file to be used. Can be given by absolute path, or
         IPython will search in the security directory of a given profile.
         If run from IPython, 
         
         If unspecified, the connection file for the currently running
         IPython Kernel will be used, which is only allowed from inside a kernel.
     unpack : bool [default: False]
         if True, return the unpacked dict, otherwise just the string contents
         of the file.
     profile : str [optional]
         The name of the profile to use when searching for the connection file,
         if different from the current IPython session or 'default'.
         
     
     Returns
     -------
     The connection dictionary of the current kernel, as string or dict,
     depending on `unpack`.
     """
     if connection_file is None:
         # get connection file from current kernel
         cf = get_connection_file()
     else:
         # connection file specified, allow shortnames:
         cf = find_connection_file(connection_file, profile=profile)
     
     with open(cf) as f:
         info = f.read()
     
     if unpack:
         info = json.loads(info)
         # ensure key is bytes:
         info['key'] = str_to_bytes(info.get('key', ''))
     return info
 
 def connect_qtconsole(connection_file=None, argv=None, profile=None):
     """Connect a qtconsole to the current kernel.
     
     This is useful for connecting a second qtconsole to a kernel, or to a
     local notebook.
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     connection_file : str [optional]
         The connection file to be used. Can be given by absolute path, or
         IPython will search in the security directory of a given profile.
         If run from IPython, 
         
         If unspecified, the connection file for the currently running
         IPython Kernel will be used, which is only allowed from inside a kernel.
     argv : list [optional]
         Any extra args to be passed to the console.
     profile : str [optional]
         The name of the profile to use when searching for the connection file,
         if different from the current IPython session or 'default'.
     
     
     Returns
     -------
     subprocess.Popen instance running the qtconsole frontend
     """
     argv = [] if argv is None else argv
     
     if connection_file is None:
         # get connection file from current kernel
         cf = get_connection_file()
     else:
         cf = find_connection_file(connection_file, profile=profile)
     
     cmd = ';'.join([
         "from IPython.frontend.qt.console import qtconsoleapp",
         "qtconsoleapp.main()"
     ])
     
     return Popen([sys.executable, '-c', cmd, '--existing', cf] + argv, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE)
 
 def tunnel_to_kernel(connection_info, sshserver, sshkey=None):
     """tunnel connections to a kernel via ssh
     
     This will open four SSH tunnels from localhost on this machine to the
     ports associated with the kernel.  They can be either direct
     localhost-localhost tunnels, or if an intermediate server is necessary,
     the kernel must be listening on a public IP.
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     connection_info : dict or str (path)
         Either a connection dict, or the path to a JSON connection file
     sshserver : str
         The ssh sever to use to tunnel to the kernel. Can be a full
         `user@server:port` string. ssh config aliases are respected.
     sshkey : str [optional]
         Path to file containing ssh key to use for authentication.
         Only necessary if your ssh config does not already associate
         a keyfile with the host.
     
     Returns
     -------
     
     (shell, iopub, stdin, hb) : ints
         The four ports on localhost that have been forwarded to the kernel.
     """
     if isinstance(connection_info, basestring):
         # it's a path, unpack it
         with open(connection_info) as f:
             connection_info = json.loads(f.read())
     
     cf = connection_info
     
     lports = tunnel.select_random_ports(4)
     rports = cf['shell_port'], cf['iopub_port'], cf['stdin_port'], cf['hb_port']
     
     remote_ip = cf['ip']
     
     if tunnel.try_passwordless_ssh(sshserver, sshkey):
         password=False
     else:
         password = getpass("SSH Password for %s: "%sshserver)
     
     for lp,rp in zip(lports, rports):
         tunnel.ssh_tunnel(lp, rp, sshserver, remote_ip, sshkey, password)
     
     return tuple(lports)
     
 
 def swallow_argv(argv, aliases=None, flags=None):
     """strip frontend-specific aliases and flags from an argument list
     
     For use primarily in frontend apps that want to pass a subset of command-line
     arguments through to a subprocess, where frontend-specific flags and aliases
     should be removed from the list.
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     
     argv : list(str)
         The starting argv, to be filtered
     aliases : container of aliases (dict, list, set, etc.)
         The frontend-specific aliases to be removed
     flags : container of flags (dict, list, set, etc.)
         The frontend-specific flags to be removed
     
     Returns
     -------
     
     argv : list(str)
         The argv list, excluding flags and aliases that have been stripped
     """
     
     if aliases is None:
         aliases = set()
     if flags is None:
         flags = set()
     
     stripped = list(argv) # copy
     
     swallow_next = False
     was_flag = False
     for a in argv:
         if swallow_next:
             swallow_next = False
             # last arg was an alias, remove the next one
             # *unless* the last alias has a no-arg flag version, in which
             # case, don't swallow the next arg if it's also a flag:
             if not (was_flag and a.startswith('-')):
                 stripped.remove(a)
                 continue
         if a.startswith('-'):
             split = a.lstrip('-').split('=')
             alias = split[0]
             if alias in aliases:
                 stripped.remove(a)
                 if len(split) == 1:
                     # alias passed with arg via space
                     swallow_next = True
                     # could have been a flag that matches an alias, e.g. `existing`
                     # in which case, we might not swallow the next arg
                     was_flag = alias in flags
             elif alias in flags and len(split) == 1:
                 # strip flag, but don't swallow next, as flags don't take args
                 stripped.remove(a)
     
     # return shortened list
     return stripped
 

IPython/parallel/__init__.py

@@ -1,40 +1,62 b''
 """The IPython ZMQ-based parallel computing interface.
 
 Authors:
 
 * MinRK
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2011 The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import warnings
 
 import zmq
 
 from IPython.zmq import check_for_zmq
 
 if os.name == 'nt':
     min_pyzmq = '2.1.7'
 else:
     min_pyzmq = '2.1.4'
 
 check_for_zmq(min_pyzmq, 'IPython.parallel')
 
 from IPython.utils.pickleutil import Reference
 
 from .client.asyncresult import *
 from .client.client import Client
 from .client.remotefunction import *
 from .client.view import *
+from .util import interactive
 from .controller.dependency import *
 
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Functions
+#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def bind_kernel(**kwargs):
+    """Bind an Engine's Kernel to be used as a full IPython kernel.
+    
+    This allows a running Engine to be used simultaneously as a full IPython kernel
+    with the QtConsole or other frontends.
+    
+    This function returns immediately.
+    """
+    from IPython.parallel.apps.ipengineapp import IPEngineApp
+    if IPEngineApp.initialized():
+        app = IPEngineApp.instance()
+    else:
+        raise RuntimeError("Must be called from an IPEngineApp instance")
+    
+    return app.bind_kernel(**kwargs)
+
 

IPython/parallel/apps/baseapp.py

@@ -1,265 +1,272 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 The Base Application class for IPython.parallel apps
 
 Authors:
 
 * Brian Granger
 * Min RK
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from __future__ import with_statement
 
 import os
 import logging
 import re
 import sys
 
 from subprocess import Popen, PIPE
 
 from IPython.config.application import catch_config_error
 from IPython.core import release
 from IPython.core.crashhandler import CrashHandler
 from IPython.core.application import (
     BaseIPythonApplication,
     base_aliases as base_ip_aliases,
     base_flags as base_ip_flags
 )
 from IPython.utils.path import expand_path
 
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Unicode, Bool, Instance, Dict, List
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Module errors
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class PIDFileError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Crash handler for this application
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class ParallelCrashHandler(CrashHandler):
     """sys.excepthook for IPython itself, leaves a detailed report on disk."""
 
     def __init__(self, app):
         contact_name = release.authors['Min'][0]
         contact_email = release.author_email
         bug_tracker = 'https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues'
         super(ParallelCrashHandler,self).__init__(
             app, contact_name, contact_email, bug_tracker
         )
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main application
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 base_aliases = {}
 base_aliases.update(base_ip_aliases)
 base_aliases.update({
     'profile-dir' : 'ProfileDir.location',
     'work-dir' : 'BaseParallelApplication.work_dir',
     'log-to-file' : 'BaseParallelApplication.log_to_file',
     'clean-logs' : 'BaseParallelApplication.clean_logs',
     'log-url' : 'BaseParallelApplication.log_url',
     'cluster-id' : 'BaseParallelApplication.cluster_id',
 })
 
 base_flags = {
     'log-to-file' : (
         {'BaseParallelApplication' : {'log_to_file' : True}},
         "send log output to a file"
     )
 }
 base_flags.update(base_ip_flags)
 
 class BaseParallelApplication(BaseIPythonApplication):
     """The base Application for IPython.parallel apps
     
     Principle extensions to BaseIPyythonApplication:
     
     * work_dir
     * remote logging via pyzmq
     * IOLoop instance
     """
 
     crash_handler_class = ParallelCrashHandler
     
     def _log_level_default(self):
         # temporarily override default_log_level to INFO
         return logging.INFO
+    
+    def _log_format_default(self):
+        """override default log format to include time"""
+        return u"%(asctime)s.%(msecs).03d [%(name)s] %(message)s"
 
     work_dir = Unicode(os.getcwdu(), config=True,
         help='Set the working dir for the process.'
     )
     def _work_dir_changed(self, name, old, new):
         self.work_dir = unicode(expand_path(new))
 
     log_to_file = Bool(config=True,
         help="whether to log to a file")
 
     clean_logs = Bool(False, config=True,
         help="whether to cleanup old logfiles before starting")
 
     log_url = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="The ZMQ URL of the iplogger to aggregate logging.")
 
     cluster_id = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="""String id to add to runtime files, to prevent name collisions when
         using multiple clusters with a single profile simultaneously.
         
         When set, files will be named like: 'ipcontroller-<cluster_id>-engine.json'
         
         Since this is text inserted into filenames, typical recommendations apply:
         Simple character strings are ideal, and spaces are not recommended (but should
         generally work).
         """
     )
     def _cluster_id_changed(self, name, old, new):
         self.name = self.__class__.name
         if new:
             self.name += '-%s'%new
     
     def _config_files_default(self):
         return ['ipcontroller_config.py', 'ipengine_config.py', 'ipcluster_config.py']
     
     loop = Instance('zmq.eventloop.ioloop.IOLoop')
     def _loop_default(self):
         from zmq.eventloop.ioloop import IOLoop
         return IOLoop.instance()
 
     aliases = Dict(base_aliases)
     flags = Dict(base_flags)
     
     @catch_config_error
     def initialize(self, argv=None):
         """initialize the app"""
         super(BaseParallelApplication, self).initialize(argv)
         self.to_work_dir()
         self.reinit_logging()
         
     def to_work_dir(self):
         wd = self.work_dir
         if unicode(wd) != os.getcwdu():
             os.chdir(wd)
             self.log.info("Changing to working dir: %s" % wd)
         # This is the working dir by now.
         sys.path.insert(0, '')
 
     def reinit_logging(self):
         # Remove old log files
         log_dir = self.profile_dir.log_dir
         if self.clean_logs:
             for f in os.listdir(log_dir):
                 if re.match(r'%s-\d+\.(log|err|out)'%self.name,f):
                     os.remove(os.path.join(log_dir, f))
         if self.log_to_file:
             # Start logging to the new log file
             log_filename = self.name + u'-' + str(os.getpid()) + u'.log'
             logfile = os.path.join(log_dir, log_filename)
             open_log_file = open(logfile, 'w')
         else:
             open_log_file = None
         if open_log_file is not None:
-            self.log.removeHandler(self._log_handler)
+            while self.log.handlers:
+                self.log.removeHandler(self.log.handlers[0])
             self._log_handler = logging.StreamHandler(open_log_file)
             self.log.addHandler(self._log_handler)
+        else:
+            self._log_handler = self.log.handlers[0]
         # Add timestamps to log format:
-        self._log_formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s.%(msecs).03d [%(name)s] %(message)s",
+        self._log_formatter = logging.Formatter(self.log_format,
                                                 datefmt="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
         self._log_handler.setFormatter(self._log_formatter)
         # do not propagate log messages to root logger
         # ipcluster app will sometimes print duplicate messages during shutdown
         # if this is 1 (default):
         self.log.propagate = False
 
     def write_pid_file(self, overwrite=False):
         """Create a .pid file in the pid_dir with my pid.
 
         This must be called after pre_construct, which sets `self.pid_dir`.
         This raises :exc:`PIDFileError` if the pid file exists already.
         """
         pid_file = os.path.join(self.profile_dir.pid_dir, self.name + u'.pid')
         if os.path.isfile(pid_file):
             pid = self.get_pid_from_file()
             if not overwrite:
                 raise PIDFileError(
                     'The pid file [%s] already exists. \nThis could mean that this '
                     'server is already running with [pid=%s].' % (pid_file, pid)
                 )
         with open(pid_file, 'w') as f:
             self.log.info("Creating pid file: %s" % pid_file)
             f.write(repr(os.getpid())+'\n')
 
     def remove_pid_file(self):
         """Remove the pid file.
 
         This should be called at shutdown by registering a callback with
         :func:`reactor.addSystemEventTrigger`. This needs to return
         ``None``.
         """
         pid_file = os.path.join(self.profile_dir.pid_dir, self.name + u'.pid')
         if os.path.isfile(pid_file):
             try:
                 self.log.info("Removing pid file: %s" % pid_file)
                 os.remove(pid_file)
             except:
                 self.log.warn("Error removing the pid file: %s" % pid_file)
 
     def get_pid_from_file(self):
         """Get the pid from the pid file.
 
         If the  pid file doesn't exist a :exc:`PIDFileError` is raised.
         """
         pid_file = os.path.join(self.profile_dir.pid_dir, self.name + u'.pid')
         if os.path.isfile(pid_file):
             with open(pid_file, 'r') as f:
                 s = f.read().strip()
                 try:
                     pid = int(s)
                 except:
                     raise PIDFileError("invalid pid file: %s (contents: %r)"%(pid_file, s))
                 return pid
         else:
             raise PIDFileError('pid file not found: %s' % pid_file)
     
     def check_pid(self, pid):
         if os.name == 'nt':
             try:
                 import ctypes
                 # returns 0 if no such process (of ours) exists
                 # positive int otherwise
                 p = ctypes.windll.kernel32.OpenProcess(1,0,pid)
             except Exception:
                 self.log.warn(
                     "Could not determine whether pid %i is running via `OpenProcess`. "
                     " Making the likely assumption that it is."%pid
                 )
                 return True
             return bool(p)
         else:
             try:
                 p = Popen(['ps','x'], stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE)
                 output,_ = p.communicate()
             except OSError:
                 self.log.warn(
                     "Could not determine whether pid %i is running via `ps x`. "
                     " Making the likely assumption that it is."%pid
                 )
                 return True
             pids = map(int, re.findall(r'^\W*\d+', output, re.MULTILINE))
             return pid in pids

IPython/parallel/apps/ipcontrollerapp.py

@@ -1,493 +1,491 b''
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 The IPython controller application.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Brian Granger
 * MinRK
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from __future__ import with_statement
 
 import json
 import os
 import socket
 import stat
 import sys
 
 from multiprocessing import Process
 from signal import signal, SIGINT, SIGABRT, SIGTERM
 
 import zmq
 from zmq.devices import ProcessMonitoredQueue
 from zmq.log.handlers import PUBHandler
 
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 
 from IPython.parallel.apps.baseapp import (
     BaseParallelApplication,
     base_aliases,
     base_flags,
     catch_config_error,
 )
 from IPython.utils.importstring import import_item
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Instance, Unicode, Bool, List, Dict, TraitError
 
 from IPython.zmq.session import (
     Session, session_aliases, session_flags, default_secure
 )
 
 from IPython.parallel.controller.heartmonitor import HeartMonitor
 from IPython.parallel.controller.hub import HubFactory
 from IPython.parallel.controller.scheduler import TaskScheduler,launch_scheduler
 from IPython.parallel.controller.sqlitedb import SQLiteDB
 
 from IPython.parallel.util import split_url, disambiguate_url
 
 # conditional import of MongoDB backend class
 
 try:
     from IPython.parallel.controller.mongodb import MongoDB
 except ImportError:
     maybe_mongo = []
 else:
     maybe_mongo = [MongoDB]
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Module level variables
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 #: The default config file name for this application
 default_config_file_name = u'ipcontroller_config.py'
 
 
 _description = """Start the IPython controller for parallel computing.
 
 The IPython controller provides a gateway between the IPython engines and
 clients. The controller needs to be started before the engines and can be
 configured using command line options or using a cluster directory. Cluster
 directories contain config, log and security files and are usually located in
 your ipython directory and named as "profile_name". See the `profile`
 and `profile-dir` options for details.
 """
 
 _examples = """
 ipcontroller --ip=192.168.0.1 --port=1000  # listen on ip, port for engines
 ipcontroller --scheme=pure  # use the pure zeromq scheduler
 """
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # The main application
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 flags = {}
 flags.update(base_flags)
 flags.update({
     'usethreads' : ( {'IPControllerApp' : {'use_threads' : True}},
                     'Use threads instead of processes for the schedulers'),
     'sqlitedb' : ({'HubFactory' : {'db_class' : 'IPython.parallel.controller.sqlitedb.SQLiteDB'}},
                     'use the SQLiteDB backend'),
     'mongodb' : ({'HubFactory' : {'db_class' : 'IPython.parallel.controller.mongodb.MongoDB'}},
                     'use the MongoDB backend'),
     'dictdb' : ({'HubFactory' : {'db_class' : 'IPython.parallel.controller.dictdb.DictDB'}},
                     'use the in-memory DictDB backend'),
     'nodb' : ({'HubFactory' : {'db_class' : 'IPython.parallel.controller.dictdb.NoDB'}},
                     """use dummy DB backend, which doesn't store any information.
                     
                     This can be used to prevent growth of the memory footprint of the Hub
                     in cases where its record-keeping is not required.  Requesting results
                     of tasks submitted by other clients, db_queries, and task resubmission
                     will not be available."""),
     'reuse' : ({'IPControllerApp' : {'reuse_files' : True}},
                     'reuse existing json connection files')
 })
 
 flags.update(session_flags)
 
 aliases = dict(
     ssh = 'IPControllerApp.ssh_server',
     enginessh = 'IPControllerApp.engine_ssh_server',
     location = 'IPControllerApp.location',
 
     url = 'HubFactory.url',
     ip = 'HubFactory.ip',
     transport = 'HubFactory.transport',
     port = 'HubFactory.regport',
 
     ping = 'HeartMonitor.period',
 
     scheme = 'TaskScheduler.scheme_name',
     hwm = 'TaskScheduler.hwm',
 )
 aliases.update(base_aliases)
 aliases.update(session_aliases)
 
 
 class IPControllerApp(BaseParallelApplication):
 
     name = u'ipcontroller'
     description = _description
     examples = _examples
     config_file_name = Unicode(default_config_file_name)
     classes = [ProfileDir, Session, HubFactory, TaskScheduler, HeartMonitor, SQLiteDB] + maybe_mongo
     
     # change default to True
     auto_create = Bool(True, config=True,
         help="""Whether to create profile dir if it doesn't exist.""")
     
     reuse_files = Bool(False, config=True,
         help="""Whether to reuse existing json connection files.
         If False, connection files will be removed on a clean exit.
         """
     )
     ssh_server = Unicode(u'', config=True,
         help="""ssh url for clients to use when connecting to the Controller
         processes. It should be of the form: [user@]server[:port]. The
         Controller's listening addresses must be accessible from the ssh server""",
     )
     engine_ssh_server = Unicode(u'', config=True,
         help="""ssh url for engines to use when connecting to the Controller
         processes. It should be of the form: [user@]server[:port]. The
         Controller's listening addresses must be accessible from the ssh server""",
     )
     location = Unicode(u'', config=True,
         help="""The external IP or domain name of the Controller, used for disambiguating
         engine and client connections.""",
     )
     import_statements = List([], config=True,
         help="import statements to be run at startup.  Necessary in some environments"
     )
 
     use_threads = Bool(False, config=True,
         help='Use threads instead of processes for the schedulers',
     )
 
     engine_json_file = Unicode('ipcontroller-engine.json', config=True,
         help="JSON filename where engine connection info will be stored.")
     client_json_file = Unicode('ipcontroller-client.json', config=True,
         help="JSON filename where client connection info will be stored.")
     
     def _cluster_id_changed(self, name, old, new):
         super(IPControllerApp, self)._cluster_id_changed(name, old, new)
         self.engine_json_file = "%s-engine.json" % self.name
         self.client_json_file = "%s-client.json" % self.name
 
 
     # internal
     children = List()
     mq_class = Unicode('zmq.devices.ProcessMonitoredQueue')
 
     def _use_threads_changed(self, name, old, new):
         self.mq_class = 'zmq.devices.%sMonitoredQueue'%('Thread' if new else 'Process')
     
     write_connection_files = Bool(True,
         help="""Whether to write connection files to disk.
         True in all cases other than runs with `reuse_files=True` *after the first*
         """
     )
 
     aliases = Dict(aliases)
     flags = Dict(flags)
     
 
     def save_connection_dict(self, fname, cdict):
         """save a connection dict to json file."""
         c = self.config
         url = cdict['url']
         location = cdict['location']
         if not location:
             try:
                 proto,ip,port = split_url(url)
             except AssertionError:
                 pass
             else:
                 try:
                     location = socket.gethostbyname_ex(socket.gethostname())[2][-1]
                 except (socket.gaierror, IndexError):
                     self.log.warn("Could not identify this machine's IP, assuming 127.0.0.1."
                     " You may need to specify '--location=<external_ip_address>' to help"
                     " IPython decide when to connect via loopback.")
                     location = '127.0.0.1'
             cdict['location'] = location
         fname = os.path.join(self.profile_dir.security_dir, fname)
         self.log.info("writing connection info to %s", fname)
         with open(fname, 'w') as f:
             f.write(json.dumps(cdict, indent=2))
         os.chmod(fname, stat.S_IRUSR|stat.S_IWUSR)
     
     def load_config_from_json(self):
         """load config from existing json connector files."""
         c = self.config
         self.log.debug("loading config from JSON")
         # load from engine config
         fname = os.path.join(self.profile_dir.security_dir, self.engine_json_file)
         self.log.info("loading connection info from %s", fname)
         with open(fname) as f:
             cfg = json.loads(f.read())
         key = cfg['exec_key']
         # json gives unicode, Session.key wants bytes
         c.Session.key = key.encode('ascii')
         xport,addr = cfg['url'].split('://')
         c.HubFactory.engine_transport = xport
         ip,ports = addr.split(':')
         c.HubFactory.engine_ip = ip
         c.HubFactory.regport = int(ports)
         self.location = cfg['location']
         if not self.engine_ssh_server:
             self.engine_ssh_server = cfg['ssh']
         # load client config
         fname = os.path.join(self.profile_dir.security_dir, self.client_json_file)
         self.log.info("loading connection info from %s", fname)
         with open(fname) as f:
             cfg = json.loads(f.read())
         assert key == cfg['exec_key'], "exec_key mismatch between engine and client keys"
         xport,addr = cfg['url'].split('://')
         c.HubFactory.client_transport = xport
         ip,ports = addr.split(':')
         c.HubFactory.client_ip = ip
         if not self.ssh_server:
             self.ssh_server = cfg['ssh']
         assert int(ports) == c.HubFactory.regport, "regport mismatch"
     
     def cleanup_connection_files(self):
         if self.reuse_files:
             self.log.debug("leaving JSON connection files for reuse")
             return
         self.log.debug("cleaning up JSON connection files")
         for f in (self.client_json_file, self.engine_json_file):
             f = os.path.join(self.profile_dir.security_dir, f)
             try:
                 os.remove(f)
             except Exception as e:
                 self.log.error("Failed to cleanup connection file: %s", e)
             else:
                 self.log.debug(u"removed %s", f)
     
     def load_secondary_config(self):
         """secondary config, loading from JSON and setting defaults"""
         if self.reuse_files:
             try:
                 self.load_config_from_json()
             except (AssertionError,IOError) as e:
                 self.log.error("Could not load config from JSON: %s" % e)
             else:
                 # successfully loaded config from JSON, and reuse=True
                 # no need to wite back the same file
                 self.write_connection_files = False
                 
         # switch Session.key default to secure
         default_secure(self.config)
         self.log.debug("Config changed")
         self.log.debug(repr(self.config))
         
     def init_hub(self):
         c = self.config
         
         self.do_import_statements()
         
         try:
             self.factory = HubFactory(config=c, log=self.log)
             # self.start_logging()
             self.factory.init_hub()
         except TraitError:
             raise
         except Exception:
             self.log.error("Couldn't construct the Controller", exc_info=True)
             self.exit(1)
         
         if self.write_connection_files:
             # save to new json config files
             f = self.factory
             cdict = {'exec_key' : f.session.key.decode('ascii'),
                     'ssh' : self.ssh_server,
                     'url' : "%s://%s:%s"%(f.client_transport, f.client_ip, f.regport),
                     'location' : self.location
                     }
             self.save_connection_dict(self.client_json_file, cdict)
             edict = cdict
             edict['url']="%s://%s:%s"%((f.client_transport, f.client_ip, f.regport))
             edict['ssh'] = self.engine_ssh_server
             self.save_connection_dict(self.engine_json_file, edict)
 
     def init_schedulers(self):
         children = self.children
         mq = import_item(str(self.mq_class))
         
         hub = self.factory
         # disambiguate url, in case of *
         monitor_url = disambiguate_url(hub.monitor_url)
         # maybe_inproc = 'inproc://monitor' if self.use_threads else monitor_url
         # IOPub relay (in a Process)
         q = mq(zmq.PUB, zmq.SUB, zmq.PUB, b'N/A',b'iopub')
         q.bind_in(hub.client_info['iopub'])
         q.bind_out(hub.engine_info['iopub'])
         q.setsockopt_out(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, b'')
         q.connect_mon(monitor_url)
         q.daemon=True
         children.append(q)
 
         # Multiplexer Queue (in a Process)
         q = mq(zmq.ROUTER, zmq.ROUTER, zmq.PUB, b'in', b'out')
         q.bind_in(hub.client_info['mux'])
         q.setsockopt_in(zmq.IDENTITY, b'mux')
         q.bind_out(hub.engine_info['mux'])
         q.connect_mon(monitor_url)
         q.daemon=True
         children.append(q)
 
         # Control Queue (in a Process)
         q = mq(zmq.ROUTER, zmq.ROUTER, zmq.PUB, b'incontrol', b'outcontrol')
         q.bind_in(hub.client_info['control'])
         q.setsockopt_in(zmq.IDENTITY, b'control')
         q.bind_out(hub.engine_info['control'])
         q.connect_mon(monitor_url)
         q.daemon=True
         children.append(q)
         try:
             scheme = self.config.TaskScheduler.scheme_name
         except AttributeError:
             scheme = TaskScheduler.scheme_name.get_default_value()
         # Task Queue (in a Process)
         if scheme == 'pure':
             self.log.warn("task::using pure XREQ Task scheduler")
             q = mq(zmq.ROUTER, zmq.DEALER, zmq.PUB, b'intask', b'outtask')
             # q.setsockopt_out(zmq.HWM, hub.hwm)
             q.bind_in(hub.client_info['task'][1])
             q.setsockopt_in(zmq.IDENTITY, b'task')
             q.bind_out(hub.engine_info['task'])
             q.connect_mon(monitor_url)
             q.daemon=True
             children.append(q)
         elif scheme == 'none':
             self.log.warn("task::using no Task scheduler")
 
         else:
             self.log.info("task::using Python %s Task scheduler"%scheme)
             sargs = (hub.client_info['task'][1], hub.engine_info['task'],
                                 monitor_url, disambiguate_url(hub.client_info['notification']))
             kwargs = dict(logname='scheduler', loglevel=self.log_level,
                             log_url = self.log_url, config=dict(self.config))
             if 'Process' in self.mq_class:
                 # run the Python scheduler in a Process
                 q = Process(target=launch_scheduler, args=sargs, kwargs=kwargs)
                 q.daemon=True
                 children.append(q)
             else:
                 # single-threaded Controller
                 kwargs['in_thread'] = True
                 launch_scheduler(*sargs, **kwargs)
 
     def terminate_children(self):
         child_procs = []
         for child in self.children:
             if isinstance(child, ProcessMonitoredQueue):
                 child_procs.append(child.launcher)
             elif isinstance(child, Process):
                 child_procs.append(child)
         if child_procs:
             self.log.critical("terminating children...")
             for child in child_procs:
                 try:
                     child.terminate()
                 except OSError:
                     # already dead
                     pass
     
     def handle_signal(self, sig, frame):
         self.log.critical("Received signal %i, shutting down", sig)
         self.terminate_children()
         self.loop.stop()
     
     def init_signal(self):
         for sig in (SIGINT, SIGABRT, SIGTERM):
             signal(sig, self.handle_signal)
 
     def do_import_statements(self):
         statements = self.import_statements
         for s in statements:
             try:
                 self.log.msg("Executing statement: '%s'" % s)
                 exec s in globals(), locals()
             except:
                 self.log.msg("Error running statement: %s" % s)
 
     def forward_logging(self):
         if self.log_url:
             self.log.info("Forwarding logging to %s"%self.log_url)
             context = zmq.Context.instance()
             lsock = context.socket(zmq.PUB)
             lsock.connect(self.log_url)
             handler = PUBHandler(lsock)
-            self.log.removeHandler(self._log_handler)
             handler.root_topic = 'controller'
             handler.setLevel(self.log_level)
             self.log.addHandler(handler)
-            self._log_handler = handler
     
     @catch_config_error
     def initialize(self, argv=None):
         super(IPControllerApp, self).initialize(argv)
         self.forward_logging()
         self.load_secondary_config()
         self.init_hub()
         self.init_schedulers()
     
     def start(self):
         # Start the subprocesses:
         self.factory.start()
         # children must be started before signals are setup,
         # otherwise signal-handling will fire multiple times
         for child in self.children:
             child.start()
         self.init_signal()
 
         self.write_pid_file(overwrite=True)
 
         try:
             self.factory.loop.start()
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.log.critical("Interrupted, Exiting...\n")
         finally:
             self.cleanup_connection_files()
             
 
 
 def launch_new_instance():
     """Create and run the IPython controller"""
     if sys.platform == 'win32':
         # make sure we don't get called from a multiprocessing subprocess
         # this can result in infinite Controllers being started on Windows
         # which doesn't have a proper fork, so multiprocessing is wonky
         
         # this only comes up when IPython has been installed using vanilla
         # setuptools, and *not* distribute.
         import multiprocessing
         p = multiprocessing.current_process()
         # the main process has name 'MainProcess'
         # subprocesses will have names like 'Process-1'
         if p.name != 'MainProcess':
             # we are a subprocess, don't start another Controller!
             return
     app = IPControllerApp.instance()
     app.initialize()
     app.start()
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     launch_new_instance()

IPython/parallel/apps/ipengineapp.py

@@ -1,330 +1,377 b''
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 The IPython engine application
 
 Authors:
 
 * Brian Granger
 * MinRK
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import json
 import os
 import sys
 import time
 
 import zmq
 from zmq.eventloop import ioloop
 
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.parallel.apps.baseapp import (
     BaseParallelApplication,
     base_aliases,
     base_flags,
     catch_config_error,
 )
 from IPython.zmq.log import EnginePUBHandler
+from IPython.zmq.ipkernel import Kernel, IPKernelApp
 from IPython.zmq.session import (
     Session, session_aliases, session_flags
 )
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import Configurable
 
 from IPython.parallel.engine.engine import EngineFactory
-from IPython.parallel.engine.streamkernel import Kernel
-from IPython.parallel.util import disambiguate_url, asbytes
+from IPython.parallel.util import disambiguate_url
 
 from IPython.utils.importstring import import_item
-from IPython.utils.traitlets import Bool, Unicode, Dict, List, Float
+from IPython.utils.py3compat import cast_bytes
+from IPython.utils.traitlets import Bool, Unicode, Dict, List, Float, Instance
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Module level variables
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #: The default config file name for this application
 default_config_file_name = u'ipengine_config.py'
 
 _description = """Start an IPython engine for parallel computing.
 
 IPython engines run in parallel and perform computations on behalf of a client
 and controller. A controller needs to be started before the engines. The
 engine can be configured using command line options or using a cluster
 directory. Cluster directories contain config, log and security files and are
 usually located in your ipython directory and named as "profile_name".
 See the `profile` and `profile-dir` options for details.
 """
 
 _examples = """
 ipengine --ip=192.168.0.1 --port=1000     # connect to hub at ip and port
 ipengine --log-to-file --log-level=DEBUG  # log to a file with DEBUG verbosity
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # MPI configuration
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 mpi4py_init = """from mpi4py import MPI as mpi
 mpi.size = mpi.COMM_WORLD.Get_size()
 mpi.rank = mpi.COMM_WORLD.Get_rank()
 """
 
 
 pytrilinos_init = """from PyTrilinos import Epetra
 class SimpleStruct:
 pass
 mpi = SimpleStruct()
 mpi.rank = 0
 mpi.size = 0
 """
 
 class MPI(Configurable):
     """Configurable for MPI initialization"""
     use = Unicode('', config=True,
         help='How to enable MPI (mpi4py, pytrilinos, or empty string to disable).'
         )
 
     def _use_changed(self, name, old, new):
         # load default init script if it's not set
         if not self.init_script:
             self.init_script = self.default_inits.get(new, '')
 
     init_script = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="Initialization code for MPI")
 
     default_inits = Dict({'mpi4py' : mpi4py_init, 'pytrilinos':pytrilinos_init},
         config=True)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main application
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 aliases = dict(
     file = 'IPEngineApp.url_file',
     c = 'IPEngineApp.startup_command',
     s = 'IPEngineApp.startup_script',
 
     url = 'EngineFactory.url',
     ssh = 'EngineFactory.sshserver',
     sshkey = 'EngineFactory.sshkey',
     ip = 'EngineFactory.ip',
     transport = 'EngineFactory.transport',
     port = 'EngineFactory.regport',
     location = 'EngineFactory.location',
 
     timeout = 'EngineFactory.timeout',
 
     mpi = 'MPI.use',
 
 )
 aliases.update(base_aliases)
 aliases.update(session_aliases)
 flags = {}
 flags.update(base_flags)
 flags.update(session_flags)
 
 class IPEngineApp(BaseParallelApplication):
 
     name = 'ipengine'
     description = _description
     examples = _examples
     config_file_name = Unicode(default_config_file_name)
     classes = List([ProfileDir, Session, EngineFactory, Kernel, MPI])
 
     startup_script = Unicode(u'', config=True,
         help='specify a script to be run at startup')
     startup_command = Unicode('', config=True,
             help='specify a command to be run at startup')
 
     url_file = Unicode(u'', config=True,
         help="""The full location of the file containing the connection information for
         the controller. If this is not given, the file must be in the
         security directory of the cluster directory.  This location is
         resolved using the `profile` or `profile_dir` options.""",
         )
     wait_for_url_file = Float(5, config=True,
         help="""The maximum number of seconds to wait for url_file to exist.
         This is useful for batch-systems and shared-filesystems where the
         controller and engine are started at the same time and it
         may take a moment for the controller to write the connector files.""")
 
     url_file_name = Unicode(u'ipcontroller-engine.json', config=True)
 
     def _cluster_id_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if new:
             base = 'ipcontroller-%s' % new
         else:
             base = 'ipcontroller'
         self.url_file_name = "%s-engine.json" % base
 
     log_url = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="""The URL for the iploggerapp instance, for forwarding
         logging to a central location.""")
+    
+    # an IPKernelApp instance, used to setup listening for shell frontends
+    kernel_app = Instance(IPKernelApp)
 
     aliases = Dict(aliases)
     flags = Dict(flags)
+    
+    @property
+    def kernel(self):
+        """allow access to the Kernel object, so I look like IPKernelApp"""
+        return self.engine.kernel
 
     def find_url_file(self):
         """Set the url file.
 
         Here we don't try to actually see if it exists for is valid as that
         is hadled by the connection logic.
         """
         config = self.config
         # Find the actual controller key file
         if not self.url_file:
             self.url_file = os.path.join(
                 self.profile_dir.security_dir,
                 self.url_file_name
             )
     
     def load_connector_file(self):
         """load config from a JSON connector file,
         at a *lower* priority than command-line/config files.
         """
         
         self.log.info("Loading url_file %r", self.url_file)
         config = self.config
         
         with open(self.url_file) as f:
             d = json.loads(f.read())
         
         if 'exec_key' in d:
-            config.Session.key = asbytes(d['exec_key'])
+            config.Session.key = cast_bytes(d['exec_key'])
         
         try:
             config.EngineFactory.location
         except AttributeError:
             config.EngineFactory.location = d['location']
         
         d['url'] = disambiguate_url(d['url'], config.EngineFactory.location)
         try:
             config.EngineFactory.url
         except AttributeError:
             config.EngineFactory.url = d['url']
         
         try:
             config.EngineFactory.sshserver
         except AttributeError:
             config.EngineFactory.sshserver = d['ssh']
+    
+    def bind_kernel(self, **kwargs):
+        """Promote engine to listening kernel, accessible to frontends."""
+        if self.kernel_app is not None:
+            return
+        
+        self.log.info("Opening ports for direct connections as an IPython kernel")
+        
+        kernel = self.kernel
+        
+        kwargs.setdefault('config', self.config)
+        kwargs.setdefault('log', self.log)
+        kwargs.setdefault('profile_dir', self.profile_dir)
+        kwargs.setdefault('session', self.engine.session)
+        
+        app = self.kernel_app = IPKernelApp(**kwargs)
+        
+        # allow IPKernelApp.instance():
+        IPKernelApp._instance = app
         
+        app.init_connection_file()
+        # relevant contents of init_sockets:
+        
+        app.shell_port = app._bind_socket(kernel.shell_streams[0], app.shell_port)
+        app.log.debug("shell ROUTER Channel on port: %i", app.shell_port)
+        
+        app.iopub_port = app._bind_socket(kernel.iopub_socket, app.iopub_port)
+        app.log.debug("iopub PUB Channel on port: %i", app.iopub_port)
+        
+        kernel.stdin_socket = self.engine.context.socket(zmq.ROUTER)
+        app.stdin_port = app._bind_socket(kernel.stdin_socket, app.stdin_port)
+        app.log.debug("stdin ROUTER Channel on port: %i", app.stdin_port)
+        
+        # start the heartbeat, and log connection info:
+        
+        app.init_heartbeat()
+        
+        app.log_connection_info()
+        app.write_connection_file()
+        
+    
     def init_engine(self):
         # This is the working dir by now.
         sys.path.insert(0, '')
         config = self.config
         # print config
         self.find_url_file()
         
         # was the url manually specified?
         keys = set(self.config.EngineFactory.keys())
         keys = keys.union(set(self.config.RegistrationFactory.keys()))
         
         if keys.intersection(set(['ip', 'url', 'port'])):
             # Connection info was specified, don't wait for the file
             url_specified = True
             self.wait_for_url_file = 0
         else:
             url_specified = False
 
         if self.wait_for_url_file and not os.path.exists(self.url_file):
             self.log.warn("url_file %r not found", self.url_file)
             self.log.warn("Waiting up to %.1f seconds for it to arrive.", self.wait_for_url_file)
             tic = time.time()
             while not os.path.exists(self.url_file) and (time.time()-tic < self.wait_for_url_file):
                 # wait for url_file to exist, or until time limit
                 time.sleep(0.1)
             
         if os.path.exists(self.url_file):
             self.load_connector_file()
         elif not url_specified:
             self.log.fatal("Fatal: url file never arrived: %s", self.url_file)
             self.exit(1)
         
         
         try:
             exec_lines = config.Kernel.exec_lines
         except AttributeError:
             config.Kernel.exec_lines = []
             exec_lines = config.Kernel.exec_lines
         
         if self.startup_script:
             enc = sys.getfilesystemencoding() or 'utf8'
             cmd="execfile(%r)" % self.startup_script.encode(enc)
             exec_lines.append(cmd)
         if self.startup_command:
             exec_lines.append(self.startup_command)
 
         # Create the underlying shell class and Engine
         # shell_class = import_item(self.master_config.Global.shell_class)
         # print self.config
         try:
             self.engine = EngineFactory(config=config, log=self.log)
         except:
             self.log.error("Couldn't start the Engine", exc_info=True)
             self.exit(1)
     
     def forward_logging(self):
         if self.log_url:
             self.log.info("Forwarding logging to %s", self.log_url)
             context = self.engine.context
             lsock = context.socket(zmq.PUB)
             lsock.connect(self.log_url)
-            self.log.removeHandler(self._log_handler)
             handler = EnginePUBHandler(self.engine, lsock)
             handler.setLevel(self.log_level)
             self.log.addHandler(handler)
-            self._log_handler = handler
     
     def init_mpi(self):
         global mpi
         self.mpi = MPI(config=self.config)
 
         mpi_import_statement = self.mpi.init_script
         if mpi_import_statement:
             try:
                 self.log.info("Initializing MPI:")
                 self.log.info(mpi_import_statement)
                 exec mpi_import_statement in globals()
             except:
                 mpi = None
         else:
             mpi = None
 
     @catch_config_error
     def initialize(self, argv=None):
         super(IPEngineApp, self).initialize(argv)
         self.init_mpi()
         self.init_engine()
         self.forward_logging()
     
     def start(self):
         self.engine.start()
         try:
             self.engine.loop.start()
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.log.critical("Engine Interrupted, shutting down...\n")
 
 
 def launch_new_instance():
     """Create and run the IPython engine"""
     app = IPEngineApp.instance()
     app.initialize()
     app.start()
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     launch_new_instance()
 

IPython/parallel/apps/launcher.py

@@ -1,1345 +1,1341 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 Facilities for launching IPython processes asynchronously.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Brian Granger
 * MinRK
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import copy
 import logging
 import os
 import stat
+import sys
 import time
 
 # signal imports, handling various platforms, versions
 
 from signal import SIGINT, SIGTERM
 try:
     from signal import SIGKILL
 except ImportError:
     # Windows
     SIGKILL=SIGTERM
 
 try:
     # Windows >= 2.7, 3.2
     from signal import CTRL_C_EVENT as SIGINT
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 from subprocess import Popen, PIPE, STDOUT
 try:
     from subprocess import check_output
 except ImportError:
     # pre-2.7, define check_output with Popen
     def check_output(*args, **kwargs):
         kwargs.update(dict(stdout=PIPE))
         p = Popen(*args, **kwargs)
         out,err = p.communicate()
         return out
 
 from zmq.eventloop import ioloop
 
 from IPython.config.application import Application
 from IPython.config.configurable import LoggingConfigurable
 from IPython.utils.text import EvalFormatter
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (
     Any, Integer, CFloat, List, Unicode, Dict, Instance, HasTraits, CRegExp
 )
-from IPython.utils.path import get_ipython_module_path, get_home_dir
-from IPython.utils.process import find_cmd, pycmd2argv, FindCmdError
+from IPython.utils.path import get_home_dir
+from IPython.utils.process import find_cmd, FindCmdError
 
 from .win32support import forward_read_events
 
 from .winhpcjob import IPControllerTask, IPEngineTask, IPControllerJob, IPEngineSetJob
 
 WINDOWS = os.name == 'nt'
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Paths to the kernel apps
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+cmd = "from IPython.parallel.apps.%s import launch_new_instance; launch_new_instance()"
 
-ipcluster_cmd_argv = pycmd2argv(get_ipython_module_path(
-    'IPython.parallel.apps.ipclusterapp'
-))
+ipcluster_cmd_argv = [sys.executable, "-c", cmd % "ipclusterapp"]
 
-ipengine_cmd_argv = pycmd2argv(get_ipython_module_path(
-    'IPython.parallel.apps.ipengineapp'
-))
+ipengine_cmd_argv = [sys.executable, "-c", cmd % "ipengineapp"]
 
-ipcontroller_cmd_argv = pycmd2argv(get_ipython_module_path(
-    'IPython.parallel.apps.ipcontrollerapp'
-))
+ipcontroller_cmd_argv = [sys.executable, "-c", cmd % "ipcontrollerapp"]
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Base launchers and errors
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class LauncherError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
 class ProcessStateError(LauncherError):
     pass
 
 
 class UnknownStatus(LauncherError):
     pass
 
 
 class BaseLauncher(LoggingConfigurable):
     """An asbtraction for starting, stopping and signaling a process."""
 
     # In all of the launchers, the work_dir is where child processes will be
     # run. This will usually be the profile_dir, but may not be. any work_dir
     # passed into the __init__ method will override the config value.
     # This should not be used to set the work_dir for the actual engine
     # and controller. Instead, use their own config files or the
     # controller_args, engine_args attributes of the launchers to add
     # the work_dir option.
     work_dir = Unicode(u'.')
     loop = Instance('zmq.eventloop.ioloop.IOLoop')
 
     start_data = Any()
     stop_data = Any()
 
     def _loop_default(self):
         return ioloop.IOLoop.instance()
 
     def __init__(self, work_dir=u'.', config=None, **kwargs):
         super(BaseLauncher, self).__init__(work_dir=work_dir, config=config, **kwargs)
         self.state = 'before' # can be before, running, after
         self.stop_callbacks = []
         self.start_data = None
         self.stop_data = None
 
     @property
     def args(self):
         """A list of cmd and args that will be used to start the process.
 
         This is what is passed to :func:`spawnProcess` and the first element
         will be the process name.
         """
         return self.find_args()
 
     def find_args(self):
         """The ``.args`` property calls this to find the args list.
 
         Subcommand should implement this to construct the cmd and args.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError('find_args must be implemented in a subclass')
 
     @property
     def arg_str(self):
         """The string form of the program arguments."""
         return ' '.join(self.args)
 
     @property
     def running(self):
         """Am I running."""
         if self.state == 'running':
             return True
         else:
             return False
 
     def start(self):
         """Start the process."""
         raise NotImplementedError('start must be implemented in a subclass')
 
     def stop(self):
         """Stop the process and notify observers of stopping.
 
         This method will return None immediately.
         To observe the actual process stopping, see :meth:`on_stop`.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError('stop must be implemented in a subclass')
 
     def on_stop(self, f):
         """Register a callback to be called with this Launcher's stop_data
         when the process actually finishes.
         """
         if self.state=='after':
             return f(self.stop_data)
         else:
             self.stop_callbacks.append(f)
 
     def notify_start(self, data):
         """Call this to trigger startup actions.
 
         This logs the process startup and sets the state to 'running'.  It is
         a pass-through so it can be used as a callback.
         """
 
         self.log.debug('Process %r started: %r', self.args[0], data)
         self.start_data = data
         self.state = 'running'
         return data
 
     def notify_stop(self, data):
         """Call this to trigger process stop actions.
 
         This logs the process stopping and sets the state to 'after'. Call
         this to trigger callbacks registered via :meth:`on_stop`."""
 
         self.log.debug('Process %r stopped: %r', self.args[0], data)
         self.stop_data = data
         self.state = 'after'
         for i in range(len(self.stop_callbacks)):
             d = self.stop_callbacks.pop()
             d(data)
         return data
 
     def signal(self, sig):
         """Signal the process.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         sig : str or int
             'KILL', 'INT', etc., or any signal number
         """
         raise NotImplementedError('signal must be implemented in a subclass')
 
 class ClusterAppMixin(HasTraits):
     """MixIn for cluster args as traits"""
     profile_dir=Unicode('')
     cluster_id=Unicode('')
 
     @property
     def cluster_args(self):
         return ['--profile-dir', self.profile_dir, '--cluster-id', self.cluster_id]
 
 class ControllerMixin(ClusterAppMixin):
     controller_cmd = List(ipcontroller_cmd_argv, config=True,
         help="""Popen command to launch ipcontroller.""")
     # Command line arguments to ipcontroller.
     controller_args = List(['--log-to-file','--log-level=%i' % logging.INFO], config=True,
         help="""command-line args to pass to ipcontroller""")
 
 class EngineMixin(ClusterAppMixin):
     engine_cmd = List(ipengine_cmd_argv, config=True,
         help="""command to launch the Engine.""")
     # Command line arguments for ipengine.
     engine_args = List(['--log-to-file','--log-level=%i' % logging.INFO], config=True,
         help="command-line arguments to pass to ipengine"
     )
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Local process launchers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class LocalProcessLauncher(BaseLauncher):
     """Start and stop an external process in an asynchronous manner.
 
     This will launch the external process with a working directory of
     ``self.work_dir``.
     """
 
     # This is used to to construct self.args, which is passed to
     # spawnProcess.
     cmd_and_args = List([])
     poll_frequency = Integer(100) # in ms
 
     def __init__(self, work_dir=u'.', config=None, **kwargs):
         super(LocalProcessLauncher, self).__init__(
             work_dir=work_dir, config=config, **kwargs
         )
         self.process = None
         self.poller = None
 
     def find_args(self):
         return self.cmd_and_args
 
     def start(self):
         self.log.debug("Starting %s: %r", self.__class__.__name__, self.args)
         if self.state == 'before':
             self.process = Popen(self.args,
                 stdout=PIPE,stderr=PIPE,stdin=PIPE,
                 env=os.environ,
                 cwd=self.work_dir
             )
             if WINDOWS:
                 self.stdout = forward_read_events(self.process.stdout)
                 self.stderr = forward_read_events(self.process.stderr)
             else:
                 self.stdout = self.process.stdout.fileno()
                 self.stderr = self.process.stderr.fileno()
             self.loop.add_handler(self.stdout, self.handle_stdout, self.loop.READ)
             self.loop.add_handler(self.stderr, self.handle_stderr, self.loop.READ)
             self.poller = ioloop.PeriodicCallback(self.poll, self.poll_frequency, self.loop)
             self.poller.start()
             self.notify_start(self.process.pid)
         else:
             s = 'The process was already started and has state: %r' % self.state
             raise ProcessStateError(s)
 
     def stop(self):
         return self.interrupt_then_kill()
 
     def signal(self, sig):
         if self.state == 'running':
             if WINDOWS and sig != SIGINT:
                 # use Windows tree-kill for better child cleanup
                 check_output(['taskkill', '-pid', str(self.process.pid), '-t', '-f'])
             else:
                 self.process.send_signal(sig)
 
     def interrupt_then_kill(self, delay=2.0):
         """Send INT, wait a delay and then send KILL."""
         try:
             self.signal(SIGINT)
         except Exception:
             self.log.debug("interrupt failed")
             pass
         self.killer  = ioloop.DelayedCallback(lambda : self.signal(SIGKILL), delay*1000, self.loop)
         self.killer.start()
 
     # callbacks, etc:
 
     def handle_stdout(self, fd, events):
         if WINDOWS:
             line = self.stdout.recv()
         else:
             line = self.process.stdout.readline()
         # a stopped process will be readable but return empty strings
         if line:
             self.log.debug(line[:-1])
         else:
             self.poll()
 
     def handle_stderr(self, fd, events):
         if WINDOWS:
             line = self.stderr.recv()
         else:
             line = self.process.stderr.readline()
         # a stopped process will be readable but return empty strings
         if line:
             self.log.debug(line[:-1])
         else:
             self.poll()
 
     def poll(self):
         status = self.process.poll()
         if status is not None:
             self.poller.stop()
             self.loop.remove_handler(self.stdout)
             self.loop.remove_handler(self.stderr)
             self.notify_stop(dict(exit_code=status, pid=self.process.pid))
         return status
 
 class LocalControllerLauncher(LocalProcessLauncher, ControllerMixin):
     """Launch a controller as a regular external process."""
 
     def find_args(self):
         return self.controller_cmd + self.cluster_args + self.controller_args
 
     def start(self):
         """Start the controller by profile_dir."""
         return super(LocalControllerLauncher, self).start()
 
 
 class LocalEngineLauncher(LocalProcessLauncher, EngineMixin):
     """Launch a single engine as a regular externall process."""
 
     def find_args(self):
         return self.engine_cmd + self.cluster_args + self.engine_args
 
 
 class LocalEngineSetLauncher(LocalEngineLauncher):
     """Launch a set of engines as regular external processes."""
 
     delay = CFloat(0.1, config=True,
         help="""delay (in seconds) between starting each engine after the first.
         This can help force the engines to get their ids in order, or limit
         process flood when starting many engines."""
     )
 
     # launcher class
     launcher_class = LocalEngineLauncher
 
     launchers = Dict()
     stop_data = Dict()
 
     def __init__(self, work_dir=u'.', config=None, **kwargs):
         super(LocalEngineSetLauncher, self).__init__(
             work_dir=work_dir, config=config, **kwargs
         )
         self.stop_data = {}
 
     def start(self, n):
         """Start n engines by profile or profile_dir."""
         dlist = []
         for i in range(n):
             if i > 0:
                 time.sleep(self.delay)
             el = self.launcher_class(work_dir=self.work_dir, config=self.config, log=self.log,
                                     profile_dir=self.profile_dir, cluster_id=self.cluster_id,
             )
 
             # Copy the engine args over to each engine launcher.
             el.engine_cmd = copy.deepcopy(self.engine_cmd)
             el.engine_args = copy.deepcopy(self.engine_args)
             el.on_stop(self._notice_engine_stopped)
             d = el.start()
             self.launchers[i] = el
             dlist.append(d)
         self.notify_start(dlist)
         return dlist
 
     def find_args(self):
         return ['engine set']
 
     def signal(self, sig):
         dlist = []
         for el in self.launchers.itervalues():
             d = el.signal(sig)
             dlist.append(d)
         return dlist
 
     def interrupt_then_kill(self, delay=1.0):
         dlist = []
         for el in self.launchers.itervalues():
             d = el.interrupt_then_kill(delay)
             dlist.append(d)
         return dlist
 
     def stop(self):
         return self.interrupt_then_kill()
 
     def _notice_engine_stopped(self, data):
         pid = data['pid']
         for idx,el in self.launchers.iteritems():
             if el.process.pid == pid:
                 break
         self.launchers.pop(idx)
         self.stop_data[idx] = data
         if not self.launchers:
             self.notify_stop(self.stop_data)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # MPI launchers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class MPILauncher(LocalProcessLauncher):
     """Launch an external process using mpiexec."""
 
     mpi_cmd = List(['mpiexec'], config=True,
         help="The mpiexec command to use in starting the process."
     )
     mpi_args = List([], config=True,
         help="The command line arguments to pass to mpiexec."
     )
     program = List(['date'],
         help="The program to start via mpiexec.")
     program_args = List([],
         help="The command line argument to the program."
     )
     n = Integer(1)
     
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         # deprecation for old MPIExec names:
         config = kwargs.get('config', {})
         for oldname in ('MPIExecLauncher', 'MPIExecControllerLauncher', 'MPIExecEngineSetLauncher'):
             deprecated = config.get(oldname)
             if deprecated:
                 newname = oldname.replace('MPIExec', 'MPI')
                 config[newname].update(deprecated)
                 self.log.warn("WARNING: %s name has been deprecated, use %s", oldname, newname)
 
         super(MPILauncher, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def find_args(self):
         """Build self.args using all the fields."""
         return self.mpi_cmd + ['-n', str(self.n)] + self.mpi_args + \
                self.program + self.program_args
 
     def start(self, n):
         """Start n instances of the program using mpiexec."""
         self.n = n
         return super(MPILauncher, self).start()
 
 
 class MPIControllerLauncher(MPILauncher, ControllerMixin):
     """Launch a controller using mpiexec."""
 
     # alias back to *non-configurable* program[_args] for use in find_args()
     # this way all Controller/EngineSetLaunchers have the same form, rather
     # than *some* having `program_args` and others `controller_args`
     @property
     def program(self):
         return self.controller_cmd
 
     @property
     def program_args(self):
         return self.cluster_args + self.controller_args
 
     def start(self):
         """Start the controller by profile_dir."""
         return super(MPIControllerLauncher, self).start(1)
 
 
 class MPIEngineSetLauncher(MPILauncher, EngineMixin):
     """Launch engines using mpiexec"""
 
     # alias back to *non-configurable* program[_args] for use in find_args()
     # this way all Controller/EngineSetLaunchers have the same form, rather
     # than *some* having `program_args` and others `controller_args`
     @property
     def program(self):
         return self.engine_cmd
 
     @property
     def program_args(self):
         return self.cluster_args + self.engine_args
 
     def start(self, n):
         """Start n engines by profile or profile_dir."""
         self.n = n
         return super(MPIEngineSetLauncher, self).start(n)
 
 # deprecated MPIExec names
 class DeprecatedMPILauncher(object):
     def warn(self):
         oldname = self.__class__.__name__
         newname = oldname.replace('MPIExec', 'MPI')
         self.log.warn("WARNING: %s name is deprecated, use %s", oldname, newname)
     
 class MPIExecLauncher(MPILauncher, DeprecatedMPILauncher):
     """Deprecated, use MPILauncher"""
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super(MPIExecLauncher, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.warn()
 
 class MPIExecControllerLauncher(MPIControllerLauncher, DeprecatedMPILauncher):
     """Deprecated, use MPIControllerLauncher"""
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super(MPIExecControllerLauncher, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.warn()
 
 class MPIExecEngineSetLauncher(MPIEngineSetLauncher, DeprecatedMPILauncher):
     """Deprecated, use MPIEngineSetLauncher"""
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         super(MPIExecEngineSetLauncher, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.warn()
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # SSH launchers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # TODO: Get SSH Launcher back to level of sshx in 0.10.2
 
 class SSHLauncher(LocalProcessLauncher):
     """A minimal launcher for ssh.
 
     To be useful this will probably have to be extended to use the ``sshx``
     idea for environment variables.  There could be other things this needs
     as well.
     """
 
     ssh_cmd = List(['ssh'], config=True,
         help="command for starting ssh")
     ssh_args = List(['-tt'], config=True,
         help="args to pass to ssh")
     scp_cmd = List(['scp'], config=True,
         help="command for sending files")
     program = List(['date'],
         help="Program to launch via ssh")
     program_args = List([],
         help="args to pass to remote program")
     hostname = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="hostname on which to launch the program")
     user = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="username for ssh")
     location = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="user@hostname location for ssh in one setting")
     to_fetch = List([], config=True,
         help="List of (remote, local) files to fetch after starting")
     to_send = List([], config=True,
         help="List of (local, remote) files to send before starting")
 
     def _hostname_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if self.user:
             self.location = u'%s@%s' % (self.user, new)
         else:
             self.location = new
 
     def _user_changed(self, name, old, new):
         self.location = u'%s@%s' % (new, self.hostname)
 
     def find_args(self):
         return self.ssh_cmd + self.ssh_args + [self.location] + \
                self.program + self.program_args
     
     def _send_file(self, local, remote):
         """send a single file"""
         remote = "%s:%s" % (self.location, remote)
         for i in range(10):
             if not os.path.exists(local):
                 self.log.debug("waiting for %s" % local)
                 time.sleep(1)
             else:
                 break
         self.log.info("sending %s to %s", local, remote)
         check_output(self.scp_cmd + [local, remote])
     
     def send_files(self):
         """send our files (called before start)"""
         if not self.to_send:
             return
         for local_file, remote_file in self.to_send:
             self._send_file(local_file, remote_file)
 
     def _fetch_file(self, remote, local):
         """fetch a single file"""
         full_remote = "%s:%s" % (self.location, remote)
         self.log.info("fetching %s from %s", local, full_remote)
         for i in range(10):
             # wait up to 10s for remote file to exist
             check = check_output(self.ssh_cmd + self.ssh_args + \
                 [self.location, 'test -e', remote, "&& echo 'yes' || echo 'no'"])
             check = check.strip()
             if check == 'no':
                 time.sleep(1)
             elif check == 'yes':
                 break
         check_output(self.scp_cmd + [full_remote, local])
     
     def fetch_files(self):
         """fetch remote files (called after start)"""
         if not self.to_fetch:
             return
         for remote_file, local_file in self.to_fetch:
             self._fetch_file(remote_file, local_file)
 
     def start(self, hostname=None, user=None):
         if hostname is not None:
             self.hostname = hostname
         if user is not None:
             self.user = user
         
         self.send_files()
         super(SSHLauncher, self).start()
         self.fetch_files()
 
     def signal(self, sig):
         if self.state == 'running':
             # send escaped ssh connection-closer
             self.process.stdin.write('~.')
             self.process.stdin.flush()
 
 class SSHClusterLauncher(SSHLauncher):
     
     remote_profile_dir = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="""The remote profile_dir to use.  
         
         If not specified, use calling profile, stripping out possible leading homedir.
         """)
 
     def _remote_profie_dir_default(self):
         """turns /home/you/.ipython/profile_foo into .ipython/profile_foo
         """
         home = get_home_dir()
         if not home.endswith('/'):
             home = home+'/'
         
         if self.profile_dir.startswith(home):
             return self.profile_dir[len(home):]
         else:
             return self.profile_dir
     
     def _cluster_id_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if new:
             raise ValueError("cluster id not supported by SSH launchers")
     
     @property
     def cluster_args(self):
         return ['--profile-dir', self.remote_profile_dir]
 
 class SSHControllerLauncher(SSHClusterLauncher, ControllerMixin):
 
     # alias back to *non-configurable* program[_args] for use in find_args()
     # this way all Controller/EngineSetLaunchers have the same form, rather
     # than *some* having `program_args` and others `controller_args`
 
     def _controller_cmd_default(self):
         return ['ipcontroller']
     
     @property
     def program(self):
         return self.controller_cmd
     
     @property
     def program_args(self):
         return self.cluster_args + self.controller_args
 
     def _to_fetch_default(self):
         return [
             (os.path.join(self.remote_profile_dir, 'security', cf),
              os.path.join(self.profile_dir, 'security', cf),)
             for cf in ('ipcontroller-client.json', 'ipcontroller-engine.json')
         ]
 
 class SSHEngineLauncher(SSHClusterLauncher, EngineMixin):
 
     # alias back to *non-configurable* program[_args] for use in find_args()
     # this way all Controller/EngineSetLaunchers have the same form, rather
     # than *some* having `program_args` and others `controller_args`
     
     def _engine_cmd_default(self):
         return ['ipengine']
     
     @property
     def program(self):
         return self.engine_cmd
 
     @property
     def program_args(self):
         return self.cluster_args + self.engine_args
     
     def _to_send_default(self):
         return [
             (os.path.join(self.profile_dir, 'security', cf), 
              os.path.join(self.remote_profile_dir, 'security', cf))
             for cf in ('ipcontroller-client.json', 'ipcontroller-engine.json')
         ]
 
 
 class SSHEngineSetLauncher(LocalEngineSetLauncher):
     launcher_class = SSHEngineLauncher
     engines = Dict(config=True,
         help="""dict of engines to launch.  This is a dict by hostname of ints,
         corresponding to the number of engines to start on that host.""")
     
     @property
     def engine_count(self):
         """determine engine count from `engines` dict"""
         count = 0
         for n in self.engines.itervalues():
             if isinstance(n, (tuple,list)):
                 n,args = n
             count += n
         return count
     
     def start(self, n):
         """Start engines by profile or profile_dir.
         `n` is ignored, and the `engines` config property is used instead.
         """
 
         dlist = []
         for host, n in self.engines.iteritems():
             if isinstance(n, (tuple, list)):
                 n, args = n
             else:
                 args = copy.deepcopy(self.engine_args)
 
             if '@' in host:
                 user,host = host.split('@',1)
             else:
                 user=None
             for i in range(n):
                 if i > 0:
                     time.sleep(self.delay)
                 el = self.launcher_class(work_dir=self.work_dir, config=self.config, log=self.log,
                                         profile_dir=self.profile_dir, cluster_id=self.cluster_id,
                 )
                 if i > 0:
                     # only send files for the first engine on each host
                     el.to_send = []
 
                 # Copy the engine args over to each engine launcher.
                 el.engine_cmd = self.engine_cmd
                 el.engine_args = args
                 el.on_stop(self._notice_engine_stopped)
                 d = el.start(user=user, hostname=host)
                 self.launchers[ "%s/%i" % (host,i) ] = el
                 dlist.append(d)
         self.notify_start(dlist)
         return dlist
 
 
 class SSHProxyEngineSetLauncher(SSHClusterLauncher):
     """Launcher for calling
     `ipcluster engines` on a remote machine.
     
     Requires that remote profile is already configured.
     """
     
     n = Integer()
     ipcluster_cmd = List(['ipcluster'], config=True)
     
     @property
     def program(self):
         return self.ipcluster_cmd + ['engines']
     
     @property
     def program_args(self):
         return ['-n', str(self.n), '--profile-dir', self.remote_profile_dir]
     
     def _to_send_default(self):
         return [
             (os.path.join(self.profile_dir, 'security', cf), 
              os.path.join(self.remote_profile_dir, 'security', cf))
             for cf in ('ipcontroller-client.json', 'ipcontroller-engine.json')
     ]
     
     def start(self, n):
         self.n = n
         super(SSHProxyEngineSetLauncher, self).start()
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Windows HPC Server 2008 scheduler launchers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 # This is only used on Windows.
 def find_job_cmd():
     if WINDOWS:
         try:
             return find_cmd('job')
         except (FindCmdError, ImportError):
             # ImportError will be raised if win32api is not installed
             return 'job'
     else:
         return 'job'
 
 
 class WindowsHPCLauncher(BaseLauncher):
 
     job_id_regexp = CRegExp(r'\d+', config=True,
         help="""A regular expression used to get the job id from the output of the
         submit_command. """
         )
     job_file_name = Unicode(u'ipython_job.xml', config=True,
         help="The filename of the instantiated job script.")
     # The full path to the instantiated job script. This gets made dynamically
     # by combining the work_dir with the job_file_name.
     job_file = Unicode(u'')
     scheduler = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="The hostname of the scheduler to submit the job to.")
     job_cmd = Unicode(find_job_cmd(), config=True,
         help="The command for submitting jobs.")
 
     def __init__(self, work_dir=u'.', config=None, **kwargs):
         super(WindowsHPCLauncher, self).__init__(
             work_dir=work_dir, config=config, **kwargs
         )
 
     @property
     def job_file(self):
         return os.path.join(self.work_dir, self.job_file_name)
 
     def write_job_file(self, n):
         raise NotImplementedError("Implement write_job_file in a subclass.")
 
     def find_args(self):
         return [u'job.exe']
 
     def parse_job_id(self, output):
         """Take the output of the submit command and return the job id."""
         m = self.job_id_regexp.search(output)
         if m is not None:
             job_id = m.group()
         else:
             raise LauncherError("Job id couldn't be determined: %s" % output)
         self.job_id = job_id
         self.log.info('Job started with id: %r', job_id)
         return job_id
 
     def start(self, n):
         """Start n copies of the process using the Win HPC job scheduler."""
         self.write_job_file(n)
         args = [
             'submit',
             '/jobfile:%s' % self.job_file,
             '/scheduler:%s' % self.scheduler
         ]
         self.log.debug("Starting Win HPC Job: %s" % (self.job_cmd + ' ' + ' '.join(args),))
 
         output = check_output([self.job_cmd]+args,
             env=os.environ,
             cwd=self.work_dir,
             stderr=STDOUT
         )
         job_id = self.parse_job_id(output)
         self.notify_start(job_id)
         return job_id
 
     def stop(self):
         args = [
             'cancel',
             self.job_id,
             '/scheduler:%s' % self.scheduler
         ]
         self.log.info("Stopping Win HPC Job: %s" % (self.job_cmd + ' ' + ' '.join(args),))
         try:
             output = check_output([self.job_cmd]+args,
                 env=os.environ,
                 cwd=self.work_dir,
                 stderr=STDOUT
             )
         except:
             output = 'The job already appears to be stoppped: %r' % self.job_id
         self.notify_stop(dict(job_id=self.job_id, output=output))  # Pass the output of the kill cmd
         return output
 
 
 class WindowsHPCControllerLauncher(WindowsHPCLauncher, ClusterAppMixin):
 
     job_file_name = Unicode(u'ipcontroller_job.xml', config=True,
         help="WinHPC xml job file.")
     controller_args = List([], config=False,
         help="extra args to pass to ipcontroller")
 
     def write_job_file(self, n):
         job = IPControllerJob(config=self.config)
 
         t = IPControllerTask(config=self.config)
         # The tasks work directory is *not* the actual work directory of
         # the controller. It is used as the base path for the stdout/stderr
         # files that the scheduler redirects to.
         t.work_directory = self.profile_dir
         # Add the profile_dir and from self.start().
         t.controller_args.extend(self.cluster_args)
         t.controller_args.extend(self.controller_args)
         job.add_task(t)
 
         self.log.debug("Writing job description file: %s", self.job_file)
         job.write(self.job_file)
 
     @property
     def job_file(self):
         return os.path.join(self.profile_dir, self.job_file_name)
 
     def start(self):
         """Start the controller by profile_dir."""
         return super(WindowsHPCControllerLauncher, self).start(1)
 
 
 class WindowsHPCEngineSetLauncher(WindowsHPCLauncher, ClusterAppMixin):
 
     job_file_name = Unicode(u'ipengineset_job.xml', config=True,
         help="jobfile for ipengines job")
     engine_args = List([], config=False,
         help="extra args to pas to ipengine")
 
     def write_job_file(self, n):
         job = IPEngineSetJob(config=self.config)
 
         for i in range(n):
             t = IPEngineTask(config=self.config)
             # The tasks work directory is *not* the actual work directory of
             # the engine. It is used as the base path for the stdout/stderr
             # files that the scheduler redirects to.
             t.work_directory = self.profile_dir
             # Add the profile_dir and from self.start().
             t.engine_args.extend(self.cluster_args)
             t.engine_args.extend(self.engine_args)
             job.add_task(t)
 
         self.log.debug("Writing job description file: %s", self.job_file)
         job.write(self.job_file)
 
     @property
     def job_file(self):
         return os.path.join(self.profile_dir, self.job_file_name)
 
     def start(self, n):
         """Start the controller by profile_dir."""
         return super(WindowsHPCEngineSetLauncher, self).start(n)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Batch (PBS) system launchers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class BatchClusterAppMixin(ClusterAppMixin):
     """ClusterApp mixin that updates the self.context dict, rather than cl-args."""
     def _profile_dir_changed(self, name, old, new):
         self.context[name] = new
     _cluster_id_changed = _profile_dir_changed
 
     def _profile_dir_default(self):
         self.context['profile_dir'] = ''
         return ''
     def _cluster_id_default(self):
         self.context['cluster_id'] = ''
         return ''
 
 
 class BatchSystemLauncher(BaseLauncher):
     """Launch an external process using a batch system.
 
     This class is designed to work with UNIX batch systems like PBS, LSF,
     GridEngine, etc.  The overall model is that there are different commands
     like qsub, qdel, etc. that handle the starting and stopping of the process.
 
     This class also has the notion of a batch script. The ``batch_template``
     attribute can be set to a string that is a template for the batch script.
     This template is instantiated using string formatting. Thus the template can
     use {n} fot the number of instances. Subclasses can add additional variables
     to the template dict.
     """
 
     # Subclasses must fill these in.  See PBSEngineSet
     submit_command = List([''], config=True,
         help="The name of the command line program used to submit jobs.")
     delete_command = List([''], config=True,
         help="The name of the command line program used to delete jobs.")
     job_id_regexp = CRegExp('', config=True,
         help="""A regular expression used to get the job id from the output of the
         submit_command.""")
     batch_template = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="The string that is the batch script template itself.")
     batch_template_file = Unicode(u'', config=True,
         help="The file that contains the batch template.")
     batch_file_name = Unicode(u'batch_script', config=True,
         help="The filename of the instantiated batch script.")
     queue = Unicode(u'', config=True,
         help="The PBS Queue.")
 
     def _queue_changed(self, name, old, new):
         self.context[name] = new
 
     n = Integer(1)
     _n_changed = _queue_changed
 
     # not configurable, override in subclasses
     # PBS Job Array regex
     job_array_regexp = CRegExp('')
     job_array_template = Unicode('')
     # PBS Queue regex
     queue_regexp = CRegExp('')
     queue_template = Unicode('')
     # The default batch template, override in subclasses
     default_template = Unicode('')
     # The full path to the instantiated batch script.
     batch_file = Unicode(u'')
     # the format dict used with batch_template:
     context = Dict()
     def _context_default(self):
         """load the default context with the default values for the basic keys
 
         because the _trait_changed methods only load the context if they
         are set to something other than the default value.
         """
         return dict(n=1, queue=u'', profile_dir=u'', cluster_id=u'')
     
     # the Formatter instance for rendering the templates:
     formatter = Instance(EvalFormatter, (), {})
 
 
     def find_args(self):
         return self.submit_command + [self.batch_file]
 
     def __init__(self, work_dir=u'.', config=None, **kwargs):
         super(BatchSystemLauncher, self).__init__(
             work_dir=work_dir, config=config, **kwargs
         )
         self.batch_file = os.path.join(self.work_dir, self.batch_file_name)
 
     def parse_job_id(self, output):
         """Take the output of the submit command and return the job id."""
         m = self.job_id_regexp.search(output)
         if m is not None:
             job_id = m.group()
         else:
             raise LauncherError("Job id couldn't be determined: %s" % output)
         self.job_id = job_id
         self.log.info('Job submitted with job id: %r', job_id)
         return job_id
 
     def write_batch_script(self, n):
         """Instantiate and write the batch script to the work_dir."""
         self.n = n
         # first priority is batch_template if set
         if self.batch_template_file and not self.batch_template:
             # second priority is batch_template_file
             with open(self.batch_template_file) as f:
                 self.batch_template = f.read()
         if not self.batch_template:
             # third (last) priority is default_template
             self.batch_template = self.default_template
 
             # add jobarray or queue lines to user-specified template
             # note that this is *only* when user did not specify a template.
             # print self.job_array_regexp.search(self.batch_template)
             if not self.job_array_regexp.search(self.batch_template):
                 self.log.debug("adding job array settings to batch script")
                 firstline, rest = self.batch_template.split('\n',1)
                 self.batch_template = u'\n'.join([firstline, self.job_array_template, rest])
 
             # print self.queue_regexp.search(self.batch_template)
             if self.queue and not self.queue_regexp.search(self.batch_template):
                 self.log.debug("adding PBS queue settings to batch script")
                 firstline, rest = self.batch_template.split('\n',1)
                 self.batch_template = u'\n'.join([firstline, self.queue_template, rest])
 
         script_as_string = self.formatter.format(self.batch_template, **self.context)
         self.log.debug('Writing batch script: %s', self.batch_file)
 
         with open(self.batch_file, 'w') as f:
             f.write(script_as_string)
         os.chmod(self.batch_file, stat.S_IRUSR | stat.S_IWUSR | stat.S_IXUSR)
 
     def start(self, n):
         """Start n copies of the process using a batch system."""
         self.log.debug("Starting %s: %r", self.__class__.__name__, self.args)
         # Here we save profile_dir in the context so they
         # can be used in the batch script template as {profile_dir}
         self.write_batch_script(n)
         output = check_output(self.args, env=os.environ)
 
         job_id = self.parse_job_id(output)
         self.notify_start(job_id)
         return job_id
 
     def stop(self):
         output = check_output(self.delete_command+[self.job_id], env=os.environ)
         self.notify_stop(dict(job_id=self.job_id, output=output)) # Pass the output of the kill cmd
         return output
 
 
 class PBSLauncher(BatchSystemLauncher):
     """A BatchSystemLauncher subclass for PBS."""
 
     submit_command = List(['qsub'], config=True,
         help="The PBS submit command ['qsub']")
     delete_command = List(['qdel'], config=True,
         help="The PBS delete command ['qsub']")
     job_id_regexp = CRegExp(r'\d+', config=True,
         help="Regular expresion for identifying the job ID [r'\d+']")
 
     batch_file = Unicode(u'')
     job_array_regexp = CRegExp('#PBS\W+-t\W+[\w\d\-\$]+')
     job_array_template = Unicode('#PBS -t 1-{n}')
     queue_regexp = CRegExp('#PBS\W+-q\W+\$?\w+')
     queue_template = Unicode('#PBS -q {queue}')
 
 
 class PBSControllerLauncher(PBSLauncher, BatchClusterAppMixin):
     """Launch a controller using PBS."""
 
     batch_file_name = Unicode(u'pbs_controller', config=True,
         help="batch file name for the controller job.")
     default_template= Unicode("""#!/bin/sh
 #PBS -V
 #PBS -N ipcontroller
 %s --log-to-file --profile-dir="{profile_dir}" --cluster-id="{cluster_id}"
 """%(' '.join(ipcontroller_cmd_argv)))
 
 
     def start(self):
         """Start the controller by profile or profile_dir."""
         return super(PBSControllerLauncher, self).start(1)
 
 
 class PBSEngineSetLauncher(PBSLauncher, BatchClusterAppMixin):
     """Launch Engines using PBS"""
     batch_file_name = Unicode(u'pbs_engines', config=True,
         help="batch file name for the engine(s) job.")
     default_template= Unicode(u"""#!/bin/sh
 #PBS -V
 #PBS -N ipengine
 %s --profile-dir="{profile_dir}" --cluster-id="{cluster_id}"
 """%(' '.join(ipengine_cmd_argv)))
 
     def start(self, n):
         """Start n engines by profile or profile_dir."""
         return super(PBSEngineSetLauncher, self).start(n)
 
 #SGE is very similar to PBS
 
 class SGELauncher(PBSLauncher):
     """Sun GridEngine is a PBS clone with slightly different syntax"""
     job_array_regexp = CRegExp('#\$\W+\-t')
     job_array_template = Unicode('#$ -t 1-{n}')
     queue_regexp = CRegExp('#\$\W+-q\W+\$?\w+')
     queue_template = Unicode('#$ -q {queue}')
 
 class SGEControllerLauncher(SGELauncher, BatchClusterAppMixin):
     """Launch a controller using SGE."""
 
     batch_file_name = Unicode(u'sge_controller', config=True,
         help="batch file name for the ipontroller job.")
     default_template= Unicode(u"""#$ -V
 #$ -S /bin/sh
 #$ -N ipcontroller
 %s --log-to-file --profile-dir="{profile_dir}" --cluster-id="{cluster_id}"
 """%(' '.join(ipcontroller_cmd_argv)))
 
     def start(self):
         """Start the controller by profile or profile_dir."""
         return super(SGEControllerLauncher, self).start(1)
 
 class SGEEngineSetLauncher(SGELauncher, BatchClusterAppMixin):
     """Launch Engines with SGE"""
     batch_file_name = Unicode(u'sge_engines', config=True,
         help="batch file name for the engine(s) job.")
     default_template = Unicode("""#$ -V
 #$ -S /bin/sh
 #$ -N ipengine
 %s --profile-dir="{profile_dir}" --cluster-id="{cluster_id}"
 """%(' '.join(ipengine_cmd_argv)))
 
     def start(self, n):
         """Start n engines by profile or profile_dir."""
         return super(SGEEngineSetLauncher, self).start(n)
 
 
 # LSF launchers
 
 class LSFLauncher(BatchSystemLauncher):
     """A BatchSystemLauncher subclass for LSF."""
 
     submit_command = List(['bsub'], config=True,
                           help="The PBS submit command ['bsub']")
     delete_command = List(['bkill'], config=True,
                           help="The PBS delete command ['bkill']")
     job_id_regexp = CRegExp(r'\d+', config=True,
                             help="Regular expresion for identifying the job ID [r'\d+']")
 
     batch_file = Unicode(u'')
     job_array_regexp = CRegExp('#BSUB[ \t]-J+\w+\[\d+-\d+\]')
     job_array_template = Unicode('#BSUB -J ipengine[1-{n}]')
     queue_regexp = CRegExp('#BSUB[ \t]+-q[ \t]+\w+')
     queue_template = Unicode('#BSUB -q {queue}')
 
     def start(self, n):
         """Start n copies of the process using LSF batch system.
         This cant inherit from the base class because bsub expects
         to be piped a shell script in order to honor the #BSUB directives :
         bsub < script
         """
         # Here we save profile_dir in the context so they
         # can be used in the batch script template as {profile_dir}
         self.write_batch_script(n)
         #output = check_output(self.args, env=os.environ)
         piped_cmd = self.args[0]+'<\"'+self.args[1]+'\"'
         self.log.debug("Starting %s: %s", self.__class__.__name__, piped_cmd)
         p = Popen(piped_cmd, shell=True,env=os.environ,stdout=PIPE)
         output,err = p.communicate()
         job_id = self.parse_job_id(output)
         self.notify_start(job_id)
         return job_id
 
 
 class LSFControllerLauncher(LSFLauncher, BatchClusterAppMixin):
     """Launch a controller using LSF."""
 
     batch_file_name = Unicode(u'lsf_controller', config=True,
                               help="batch file name for the controller job.")
     default_template= Unicode("""#!/bin/sh
     #BSUB -J ipcontroller
     #BSUB -oo ipcontroller.o.%%J
     #BSUB -eo ipcontroller.e.%%J
     %s --log-to-file --profile-dir="{profile_dir}" --cluster-id="{cluster_id}"
     """%(' '.join(ipcontroller_cmd_argv)))
 
     def start(self):
         """Start the controller by profile or profile_dir."""
         return super(LSFControllerLauncher, self).start(1)
 
 
 class LSFEngineSetLauncher(LSFLauncher, BatchClusterAppMixin):
     """Launch Engines using LSF"""
     batch_file_name = Unicode(u'lsf_engines', config=True,
                               help="batch file name for the engine(s) job.")
     default_template= Unicode(u"""#!/bin/sh
     #BSUB -oo ipengine.o.%%J
     #BSUB -eo ipengine.e.%%J
     %s --profile-dir="{profile_dir}" --cluster-id="{cluster_id}"
     """%(' '.join(ipengine_cmd_argv)))
 
     def start(self, n):
         """Start n engines by profile or profile_dir."""
         return super(LSFEngineSetLauncher, self).start(n)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # A launcher for ipcluster itself!
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class IPClusterLauncher(LocalProcessLauncher):
     """Launch the ipcluster program in an external process."""
 
     ipcluster_cmd = List(ipcluster_cmd_argv, config=True,
         help="Popen command for ipcluster")
     ipcluster_args = List(
         ['--clean-logs=True', '--log-to-file', '--log-level=%i'%logging.INFO], config=True,
         help="Command line arguments to pass to ipcluster.")
     ipcluster_subcommand = Unicode('start')
     profile = Unicode('default')
     n = Integer(2)
 
     def find_args(self):
         return self.ipcluster_cmd + [self.ipcluster_subcommand] + \
             ['--n=%i'%self.n, '--profile=%s'%self.profile] + \
             self.ipcluster_args
 
     def start(self):
         return super(IPClusterLauncher, self).start()
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Collections of launchers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 local_launchers = [
     LocalControllerLauncher,
     LocalEngineLauncher,
     LocalEngineSetLauncher,
 ]
 mpi_launchers = [
     MPILauncher,
     MPIControllerLauncher,
     MPIEngineSetLauncher,
 ]
 ssh_launchers = [
     SSHLauncher,
     SSHControllerLauncher,
     SSHEngineLauncher,
     SSHEngineSetLauncher,
 ]
 winhpc_launchers = [
     WindowsHPCLauncher,
     WindowsHPCControllerLauncher,
     WindowsHPCEngineSetLauncher,
 ]
 pbs_launchers = [
     PBSLauncher,
     PBSControllerLauncher,
     PBSEngineSetLauncher,
 ]
 sge_launchers = [
     SGELauncher,
     SGEControllerLauncher,
     SGEEngineSetLauncher,
 ]
 lsf_launchers = [
     LSFLauncher,
     LSFControllerLauncher,
     LSFEngineSetLauncher,
 ]
 all_launchers = local_launchers + mpi_launchers + ssh_launchers + winhpc_launchers\
                 + pbs_launchers + sge_launchers + lsf_launchers
 

IPython/parallel/client/client.py

@@ -1,1505 +1,1628 b''
 """A semi-synchronous Client for the ZMQ cluster
 
 Authors:
 
 * MinRK
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2010-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import json
 import sys
 from threading import Thread, Event
 import time
 import warnings
 from datetime import datetime
 from getpass import getpass
 from pprint import pprint
 
 pjoin = os.path.join
 
 import zmq
 # from zmq.eventloop import ioloop, zmqstream
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import MultipleInstanceError
 from IPython.core.application import BaseIPythonApplication
 
 from IPython.utils.jsonutil import rekey
 from IPython.utils.localinterfaces import LOCAL_IPS
 from IPython.utils.path import get_ipython_dir
+from IPython.utils.py3compat import cast_bytes
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (HasTraits, Integer, Instance, Unicode,
                                     Dict, List, Bool, Set, Any)
 from IPython.external.decorator import decorator
 from IPython.external.ssh import tunnel
 
 from IPython.parallel import Reference
 from IPython.parallel import error
 from IPython.parallel import util
 
 from IPython.zmq.session import Session, Message
 
 from .asyncresult import AsyncResult, AsyncHubResult
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir, ProfileDirError
 from .view import DirectView, LoadBalancedView
 
 if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
     # xrange is used in a couple 'isinstance' tests in py2
     # should be just 'range' in 3k
     xrange = range
 
 #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Decorators for Client methods
 #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @decorator
 def spin_first(f, self, *args, **kwargs):
     """Call spin() to sync state prior to calling the method."""
     self.spin()
     return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
 #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+
+class ExecuteReply(object):
+    """wrapper for finished Execute results"""
+    def __init__(self, msg_id, content, metadata):
+        self.msg_id = msg_id
+        self._content = content
+        self.execution_count = content['execution_count']
+        self.metadata = metadata
+    
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.metadata[key]
+    
+    def __getattr__(self, key):
+        if key not in self.metadata:
+            raise AttributeError(key)
+        return self.metadata[key]
+    
+    def __repr__(self):
+        pyout = self.metadata['pyout'] or {}
+        text_out = pyout.get('data', {}).get('text/plain', '')
+        if len(text_out) > 32:
+            text_out = text_out[:29] + '...'
+        
+        return "<ExecuteReply[%i]: %s>" % (self.execution_count, text_out)
+    
+    def _repr_html_(self):
+        pyout = self.metadata['pyout'] or {'data':{}}
+        return pyout['data'].get("text/html")
+    
+    def _repr_latex_(self):
+        pyout = self.metadata['pyout'] or {'data':{}}
+        return pyout['data'].get("text/latex")
+    
+    def _repr_json_(self):
+        pyout = self.metadata['pyout'] or {'data':{}}
+        return pyout['data'].get("application/json")
+    
+    def _repr_javascript_(self):
+        pyout = self.metadata['pyout'] or {'data':{}}
+        return pyout['data'].get("application/javascript")
+    
+    def _repr_png_(self):
+        pyout = self.metadata['pyout'] or {'data':{}}
+        return pyout['data'].get("image/png")
+    
+    def _repr_jpeg_(self):
+        pyout = self.metadata['pyout'] or {'data':{}}
+        return pyout['data'].get("image/jpeg")
+    
+    def _repr_svg_(self):
+        pyout = self.metadata['pyout'] or {'data':{}}
+        return pyout['data'].get("image/svg+xml")
+
+
 class Metadata(dict):
     """Subclass of dict for initializing metadata values.
 
     Attribute access works on keys.
 
     These objects have a strict set of keys - errors will raise if you try
     to add new keys.
     """
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         dict.__init__(self)
         md = {'msg_id' : None,
               'submitted' : None,
               'started' : None,
               'completed' : None,
               'received' : None,
               'engine_uuid' : None,
               'engine_id' : None,
               'follow' : None,
               'after' : None,
               'status' : None,
 
               'pyin' : None,
               'pyout' : None,
               'pyerr' : None,
               'stdout' : '',
               'stderr' : '',
+              'outputs' : [],
             }
         self.update(md)
         self.update(dict(*args, **kwargs))
 
     def __getattr__(self, key):
         """getattr aliased to getitem"""
         if key in self.iterkeys():
             return self[key]
         else:
             raise AttributeError(key)
 
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         """setattr aliased to setitem, with strict"""
         if key in self.iterkeys():
             self[key] = value
         else:
             raise AttributeError(key)
 
     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
         """strict static key enforcement"""
         if key in self.iterkeys():
             dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
         else:
             raise KeyError(key)
 
 
 class Client(HasTraits):
     """A semi-synchronous client to the IPython ZMQ cluster
 
     Parameters
     ----------
 
     url_or_file : bytes or unicode; zmq url or path to ipcontroller-client.json
         Connection information for the Hub's registration.  If a json connector
         file is given, then likely no further configuration is necessary.
         [Default: use profile]
     profile : bytes
         The name of the Cluster profile to be used to find connector information.
         If run from an IPython application, the default profile will be the same
         as the running application, otherwise it will be 'default'.
     context : zmq.Context
         Pass an existing zmq.Context instance, otherwise the client will create its own.
     debug : bool
         flag for lots of message printing for debug purposes
     timeout : int/float
         time (in seconds) to wait for connection replies from the Hub
         [Default: 10]
 
     #-------------- session related args ----------------
 
     config : Config object
         If specified, this will be relayed to the Session for configuration
     username : str
         set username for the session object
     packer : str (import_string) or callable
         Can be either the simple keyword 'json' or 'pickle', or an import_string to a
         function to serialize messages. Must support same input as
         JSON, and output must be bytes.
         You can pass a callable directly as `pack`
     unpacker : str (import_string) or callable
         The inverse of packer.  Only necessary if packer is specified as *not* one
         of 'json' or 'pickle'.
 
     #-------------- ssh related args ----------------
     # These are args for configuring the ssh tunnel to be used
     # credentials are used to forward connections over ssh to the Controller
     # Note that the ip given in `addr` needs to be relative to sshserver
     # The most basic case is to leave addr as pointing to localhost (127.0.0.1),
     # and set sshserver as the same machine the Controller is on. However,
     # the only requirement is that sshserver is able to see the Controller
     # (i.e. is within the same trusted network).
 
     sshserver : str
         A string of the form passed to ssh, i.e. 'server.tld' or '[e-mail]:port'
         If keyfile or password is specified, and this is not, it will default to
         the ip given in addr.
     sshkey : str; path to ssh private key file
         This specifies a key to be used in ssh login, default None.
         Regular default ssh keys will be used without specifying this argument.
     password : str
         Your ssh password to sshserver. Note that if this is left None,
         you will be prompted for it if passwordless key based login is unavailable.
     paramiko : bool
         flag for whether to use paramiko instead of shell ssh for tunneling.
         [default: True on win32, False else]
 
     ------- exec authentication args -------
     If even localhost is untrusted, you can have some protection against
     unauthorized execution by signing messages with HMAC digests.
     Messages are still sent as cleartext, so if someone can snoop your
     loopback traffic this will not protect your privacy, but will prevent
     unauthorized execution.
 
     exec_key : str
         an authentication key or file containing a key
         default: None
 
 
     Attributes
     ----------
 
     ids : list of int engine IDs
         requesting the ids attribute always synchronizes
         the registration state. To request ids without synchronization,
         use semi-private _ids attributes.
 
     history : list of msg_ids
         a list of msg_ids, keeping track of all the execution
         messages you have submitted in order.
 
     outstanding : set of msg_ids
         a set of msg_ids that have been submitted, but whose
         results have not yet been received.
 
     results : dict
         a dict of all our results, keyed by msg_id
 
     block : bool
         determines default behavior when block not specified
         in execution methods
 
     Methods
     -------
 
     spin
         flushes incoming results and registration state changes
         control methods spin, and requesting `ids` also ensures up to date
 
     wait
         wait on one or more msg_ids
 
     execution methods
         apply
         legacy: execute, run
 
     data movement
         push, pull, scatter, gather
 
     query methods
         queue_status, get_result, purge, result_status
 
     control methods
         abort, shutdown
 
     """
 
 
     block = Bool(False)
     outstanding = Set()
     results = Instance('collections.defaultdict', (dict,))
     metadata = Instance('collections.defaultdict', (Metadata,))
     history = List()
     debug = Bool(False)
     _spin_thread = Any()
     _stop_spinning = Any()
 
     profile=Unicode()
     def _profile_default(self):
         if BaseIPythonApplication.initialized():
             # an IPython app *might* be running, try to get its profile
             try:
                 return BaseIPythonApplication.instance().profile
             except (AttributeError, MultipleInstanceError):
                 # could be a *different* subclass of config.Application,
                 # which would raise one of these two errors.
                 return u'default'
         else:
             return u'default'
 
 
     _outstanding_dict = Instance('collections.defaultdict', (set,))
     _ids = List()
     _connected=Bool(False)
     _ssh=Bool(False)
     _context = Instance('zmq.Context')
     _config = Dict()
     _engines=Instance(util.ReverseDict, (), {})
     # _hub_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _query_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _control_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _iopub_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _notification_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _mux_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _task_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _task_scheme=Unicode()
     _closed = False
     _ignored_control_replies=Integer(0)
     _ignored_hub_replies=Integer(0)
 
     def __new__(self, *args, **kw):
         # don't raise on positional args
         return HasTraits.__new__(self, **kw)
 
     def __init__(self, url_or_file=None, profile=None, profile_dir=None, ipython_dir=None,
             context=None, debug=False, exec_key=None,
             sshserver=None, sshkey=None, password=None, paramiko=None,
             timeout=10, **extra_args
             ):
         if profile:
             super(Client, self).__init__(debug=debug, profile=profile)
         else:
             super(Client, self).__init__(debug=debug)
         if context is None:
             context = zmq.Context.instance()
         self._context = context
         self._stop_spinning = Event()
 
         self._setup_profile_dir(self.profile, profile_dir, ipython_dir)
         if self._cd is not None:
             if url_or_file is None:
                 url_or_file = pjoin(self._cd.security_dir, 'ipcontroller-client.json')
-        assert url_or_file is not None, "I can't find enough information to connect to a hub!"\
-            " Please specify at least one of url_or_file or profile."
+        if url_or_file is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "I can't find enough information to connect to a hub!"
+                " Please specify at least one of url_or_file or profile."
+            )
 
         if not util.is_url(url_or_file):
             # it's not a url, try for a file
             if not os.path.exists(url_or_file):
                 if self._cd:
                     url_or_file = os.path.join(self._cd.security_dir, url_or_file)
-                assert os.path.exists(url_or_file), "Not a valid connection file or url: %r"%url_or_file
+                if not os.path.exists(url_or_file):
+                    raise IOError("Connection file not found: %r" % url_or_file)
             with open(url_or_file) as f:
                 cfg = json.loads(f.read())
         else:
             cfg = {'url':url_or_file}
 
         # sync defaults from args, json:
         if sshserver:
             cfg['ssh'] = sshserver
         if exec_key:
             cfg['exec_key'] = exec_key
         exec_key = cfg['exec_key']
         location = cfg.setdefault('location', None)
         cfg['url'] = util.disambiguate_url(cfg['url'], location)
         url = cfg['url']
         proto,addr,port = util.split_url(url)
         if location is not None and addr == '127.0.0.1':
             # location specified, and connection is expected to be local
             if location not in LOCAL_IPS and not sshserver:
                 # load ssh from JSON *only* if the controller is not on
                 # this machine
                 sshserver=cfg['ssh']
             if location not in LOCAL_IPS and not sshserver:
                 # warn if no ssh specified, but SSH is probably needed
                 # This is only a warning, because the most likely cause
                 # is a local Controller on a laptop whose IP is dynamic
                 warnings.warn("""
             Controller appears to be listening on localhost, but not on this machine.
             If this is true, you should specify Client(...,sshserver='you@%s')
             or instruct your controller to listen on an external IP."""%location,
                 RuntimeWarning)
         elif not sshserver:
             # otherwise sync with cfg
             sshserver = cfg['ssh']
 
         self._config = cfg
 
         self._ssh = bool(sshserver or sshkey or password)
         if self._ssh and sshserver is None:
             # default to ssh via localhost
             sshserver = url.split('://')[1].split(':')[0]
         if self._ssh and password is None:
             if tunnel.try_passwordless_ssh(sshserver, sshkey, paramiko):
                 password=False
             else:
                 password = getpass("SSH Password for %s: "%sshserver)
         ssh_kwargs = dict(keyfile=sshkey, password=password, paramiko=paramiko)
 
         # configure and construct the session
         if exec_key is not None:
             if os.path.isfile(exec_key):
                 extra_args['keyfile'] = exec_key
             else:
-                exec_key = util.asbytes(exec_key)
+                exec_key = cast_bytes(exec_key)
                 extra_args['key'] = exec_key
         self.session = Session(**extra_args)
 
         self._query_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.DEALER)
         self._query_socket.setsockopt(zmq.IDENTITY, self.session.bsession)
         if self._ssh:
             tunnel.tunnel_connection(self._query_socket, url, sshserver, **ssh_kwargs)
         else:
             self._query_socket.connect(url)
 
         self.session.debug = self.debug
 
         self._notification_handlers = {'registration_notification' : self._register_engine,
                                     'unregistration_notification' : self._unregister_engine,
                                     'shutdown_notification' : lambda msg: self.close(),
                                     }
         self._queue_handlers = {'execute_reply' : self._handle_execute_reply,
                                 'apply_reply' : self._handle_apply_reply}
         self._connect(sshserver, ssh_kwargs, timeout)
 
     def __del__(self):
         """cleanup sockets, but _not_ context."""
         self.close()
 
     def _setup_profile_dir(self, profile, profile_dir, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is None:
             ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
         if profile_dir is not None:
             try:
                 self._cd = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir(profile_dir)
                 return
             except ProfileDirError:
                 pass
         elif profile is not None:
             try:
                 self._cd = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir_by_name(
                     ipython_dir, profile)
                 return
             except ProfileDirError:
                 pass
         self._cd = None
 
     def _update_engines(self, engines):
         """Update our engines dict and _ids from a dict of the form: {id:uuid}."""
         for k,v in engines.iteritems():
             eid = int(k)
             self._engines[eid] = v
             self._ids.append(eid)
         self._ids = sorted(self._ids)
         if sorted(self._engines.keys()) != range(len(self._engines)) and \
                         self._task_scheme == 'pure' and self._task_socket:
             self._stop_scheduling_tasks()
 
     def _stop_scheduling_tasks(self):
         """Stop scheduling tasks because an engine has been unregistered
         from a pure ZMQ scheduler.
         """
         self._task_socket.close()
         self._task_socket = None
         msg = "An engine has been unregistered, and we are using pure " +\
               "ZMQ task scheduling.  Task farming will be disabled."
         if self.outstanding:
             msg += " If you were running tasks when this happened, " +\
                    "some `outstanding` msg_ids may never resolve."
         warnings.warn(msg, RuntimeWarning)
 
     def _build_targets(self, targets):
         """Turn valid target IDs or 'all' into two lists:
         (int_ids, uuids).
         """
         if not self._ids:
             # flush notification socket if no engines yet, just in case
             if not self.ids:
                 raise error.NoEnginesRegistered("Can't build targets without any engines")
 
         if targets is None:
             targets = self._ids
         elif isinstance(targets, basestring):
             if targets.lower() == 'all':
                 targets = self._ids
             else:
                 raise TypeError("%r not valid str target, must be 'all'"%(targets))
         elif isinstance(targets, int):
             if targets < 0:
                 targets = self.ids[targets]
             if targets not in self._ids:
                 raise IndexError("No such engine: %i"%targets)
             targets = [targets]
 
         if isinstance(targets, slice):
             indices = range(len(self._ids))[targets]
             ids = self.ids
             targets = [ ids[i] for i in indices ]
 
         if not isinstance(targets, (tuple, list, xrange)):
             raise TypeError("targets by int/slice/collection of ints only, not %s"%(type(targets)))
 
-        return [util.asbytes(self._engines[t]) for t in targets], list(targets)
+        return [cast_bytes(self._engines[t]) for t in targets], list(targets)
 
     def _connect(self, sshserver, ssh_kwargs, timeout):
         """setup all our socket connections to the cluster. This is called from
         __init__."""
 
         # Maybe allow reconnecting?
         if self._connected:
             return
         self._connected=True
 
         def connect_socket(s, url):
             url = util.disambiguate_url(url, self._config['location'])
             if self._ssh:
                 return tunnel.tunnel_connection(s, url, sshserver, **ssh_kwargs)
             else:
                 return s.connect(url)
 
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, 'connection_request')
         # use Poller because zmq.select has wrong units in pyzmq 2.1.7
         poller = zmq.Poller()
         poller.register(self._query_socket, zmq.POLLIN)
         # poll expects milliseconds, timeout is seconds
         evts = poller.poll(timeout*1000)
         if not evts:
             raise error.TimeoutError("Hub connection request timed out")
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket,mode=0)
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         msg = Message(msg)
         content = msg.content
         self._config['registration'] = dict(content)
         if content.status == 'ok':
             ident = self.session.bsession
             if content.mux:
                 self._mux_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.DEALER)
                 self._mux_socket.setsockopt(zmq.IDENTITY, ident)
                 connect_socket(self._mux_socket, content.mux)
             if content.task:
                 self._task_scheme, task_addr = content.task
                 self._task_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.DEALER)
                 self._task_socket.setsockopt(zmq.IDENTITY, ident)
                 connect_socket(self._task_socket, task_addr)
             if content.notification:
                 self._notification_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.SUB)
                 connect_socket(self._notification_socket, content.notification)
                 self._notification_socket.setsockopt(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, b'')
             # if content.query:
             #     self._query_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.DEALER)
             #     self._query_socket.setsockopt(zmq.IDENTITY, self.session.bsession)
             #     connect_socket(self._query_socket, content.query)
             if content.control:
                 self._control_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.DEALER)
                 self._control_socket.setsockopt(zmq.IDENTITY, ident)
                 connect_socket(self._control_socket, content.control)
             if content.iopub:
                 self._iopub_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.SUB)
                 self._iopub_socket.setsockopt(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, b'')
                 self._iopub_socket.setsockopt(zmq.IDENTITY, ident)
                 connect_socket(self._iopub_socket, content.iopub)
             self._update_engines(dict(content.engines))
         else:
             self._connected = False
             raise Exception("Failed to connect!")
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # handlers and callbacks for incoming messages
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _unwrap_exception(self, content):
         """unwrap exception, and remap engine_id to int."""
         e = error.unwrap_exception(content)
         # print e.traceback
         if e.engine_info:
             e_uuid = e.engine_info['engine_uuid']
             eid = self._engines[e_uuid]
             e.engine_info['engine_id'] = eid
         return e
 
     def _extract_metadata(self, header, parent, content):
         md = {'msg_id' : parent['msg_id'],
               'received' : datetime.now(),
               'engine_uuid' : header.get('engine', None),
               'follow' : parent.get('follow', []),
               'after' : parent.get('after', []),
               'status' : content['status'],
             }
 
         if md['engine_uuid'] is not None:
             md['engine_id'] = self._engines.get(md['engine_uuid'], None)
 
         if 'date' in parent:
             md['submitted'] = parent['date']
         if 'started' in header:
             md['started'] = header['started']
         if 'date' in header:
             md['completed'] = header['date']
         return md
 
     def _register_engine(self, msg):
         """Register a new engine, and update our connection info."""
         content = msg['content']
         eid = content['id']
         d = {eid : content['queue']}
         self._update_engines(d)
 
     def _unregister_engine(self, msg):
         """Unregister an engine that has died."""
         content = msg['content']
         eid = int(content['id'])
         if eid in self._ids:
             self._ids.remove(eid)
             uuid = self._engines.pop(eid)
 
             self._handle_stranded_msgs(eid, uuid)
 
         if self._task_socket and self._task_scheme == 'pure':
             self._stop_scheduling_tasks()
 
     def _handle_stranded_msgs(self, eid, uuid):
         """Handle messages known to be on an engine when the engine unregisters.
 
         It is possible that this will fire prematurely - that is, an engine will
         go down after completing a result, and the client will be notified
         of the unregistration and later receive the successful result.
         """
 
         outstanding = self._outstanding_dict[uuid]
 
         for msg_id in list(outstanding):
             if msg_id in self.results:
                 # we already
                 continue
             try:
                 raise error.EngineError("Engine %r died while running task %r"%(eid, msg_id))
             except:
                 content = error.wrap_exception()
             # build a fake message:
             parent = {}
             header = {}
             parent['msg_id'] = msg_id
             header['engine'] = uuid
             header['date'] = datetime.now()
             msg = dict(parent_header=parent, header=header, content=content)
             self._handle_apply_reply(msg)
 
     def _handle_execute_reply(self, msg):
         """Save the reply to an execute_request into our results.
 
         execute messages are never actually used. apply is used instead.
         """
 
         parent = msg['parent_header']
         msg_id = parent['msg_id']
         if msg_id not in self.outstanding:
             if msg_id in self.history:
                 print ("got stale result: %s"%msg_id)
             else:
                 print ("got unknown result: %s"%msg_id)
         else:
             self.outstanding.remove(msg_id)
-        self.results[msg_id] = self._unwrap_exception(msg['content'])
+
+        content = msg['content']
+        header = msg['header']
+
+        # construct metadata:
+        md = self.metadata[msg_id]
+        md.update(self._extract_metadata(header, parent, content))
+        # is this redundant?
+        self.metadata[msg_id] = md
+        
+        e_outstanding = self._outstanding_dict[md['engine_uuid']]
+        if msg_id in e_outstanding:
+            e_outstanding.remove(msg_id)
+
+        # construct result:
+        if content['status'] == 'ok':
+            self.results[msg_id] = ExecuteReply(msg_id, content, md)
+        elif content['status'] == 'aborted':
+            self.results[msg_id] = error.TaskAborted(msg_id)
+        elif content['status'] == 'resubmitted':
+            # TODO: handle resubmission
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.results[msg_id] = self._unwrap_exception(content)
 
     def _handle_apply_reply(self, msg):
         """Save the reply to an apply_request into our results."""
         parent = msg['parent_header']
         msg_id = parent['msg_id']
         if msg_id not in self.outstanding:
             if msg_id in self.history:
                 print ("got stale result: %s"%msg_id)
                 print self.results[msg_id]
                 print msg
             else:
                 print ("got unknown result: %s"%msg_id)
         else:
             self.outstanding.remove(msg_id)
         content = msg['content']
         header = msg['header']
 
         # construct metadata:
         md = self.metadata[msg_id]
         md.update(self._extract_metadata(header, parent, content))
         # is this redundant?
         self.metadata[msg_id] = md
 
         e_outstanding = self._outstanding_dict[md['engine_uuid']]
         if msg_id in e_outstanding:
             e_outstanding.remove(msg_id)
 
         # construct result:
         if content['status'] == 'ok':
             self.results[msg_id] = util.unserialize_object(msg['buffers'])[0]
         elif content['status'] == 'aborted':
             self.results[msg_id] = error.TaskAborted(msg_id)
         elif content['status'] == 'resubmitted':
             # TODO: handle resubmission
             pass
         else:
             self.results[msg_id] = self._unwrap_exception(content)
 
     def _flush_notifications(self):
         """Flush notifications of engine registrations waiting
         in ZMQ queue."""
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._notification_socket, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
         while msg is not None:
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             msg_type = msg['header']['msg_type']
             handler = self._notification_handlers.get(msg_type, None)
             if handler is None:
                 raise Exception("Unhandled message type: %s"%msg.msg_type)
             else:
                 handler(msg)
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._notification_socket, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
 
     def _flush_results(self, sock):
         """Flush task or queue results waiting in ZMQ queue."""
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
         while msg is not None:
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             msg_type = msg['header']['msg_type']
             handler = self._queue_handlers.get(msg_type, None)
             if handler is None:
                 raise Exception("Unhandled message type: %s"%msg.msg_type)
             else:
                 handler(msg)
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
 
     def _flush_control(self, sock):
         """Flush replies from the control channel waiting
         in the ZMQ queue.
 
         Currently: ignore them."""
         if self._ignored_control_replies <= 0:
             return
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
         while msg is not None:
             self._ignored_control_replies -= 1
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
 
     def _flush_ignored_control(self):
         """flush ignored control replies"""
         while self._ignored_control_replies > 0:
             self.session.recv(self._control_socket)
             self._ignored_control_replies -= 1
 
     def _flush_ignored_hub_replies(self):
         ident,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
         while msg is not None:
             ident,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
 
     def _flush_iopub(self, sock):
         """Flush replies from the iopub channel waiting
         in the ZMQ queue.
         """
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
         while msg is not None:
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             parent = msg['parent_header']
             # ignore IOPub messages with no parent.
             # Caused by print statements or warnings from before the first execution.
             if not parent:
                 continue
             msg_id = parent['msg_id']
             content = msg['content']
             header = msg['header']
             msg_type = msg['header']['msg_type']
 
             # init metadata:
             md = self.metadata[msg_id]
 
             if msg_type == 'stream':
                 name = content['name']
                 s = md[name] or ''
                 md[name] = s + content['data']
             elif msg_type == 'pyerr':
                 md.update({'pyerr' : self._unwrap_exception(content)})
             elif msg_type == 'pyin':
                 md.update({'pyin' : content['code']})
+            elif msg_type == 'display_data':
+                md['outputs'].append(content)
+            elif msg_type == 'pyout':
+                md['pyout'] = content
             else:
-                md.update({msg_type : content.get('data', '')})
+                # unhandled msg_type (status, etc.)
+                pass
 
             # reduntant?
             self.metadata[msg_id] = md
 
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # len, getitem
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def __len__(self):
         """len(client) returns # of engines."""
         return len(self.ids)
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         """index access returns DirectView multiplexer objects
 
         Must be int, slice, or list/tuple/xrange of ints"""
         if not isinstance(key, (int, slice, tuple, list, xrange)):
             raise TypeError("key by int/slice/iterable of ints only, not %s"%(type(key)))
         else:
             return self.direct_view(key)
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Begin public methods
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @property
     def ids(self):
         """Always up-to-date ids property."""
         self._flush_notifications()
         # always copy:
         return list(self._ids)
 
     def close(self):
         if self._closed:
             return
         self.stop_spin_thread()
         snames = filter(lambda n: n.endswith('socket'), dir(self))
         for socket in map(lambda name: getattr(self, name), snames):
             if isinstance(socket, zmq.Socket) and not socket.closed:
                 socket.close()
         self._closed = True
 
     def _spin_every(self, interval=1):
         """target func for use in spin_thread"""
         while True:
             if self._stop_spinning.is_set():
                 return
             time.sleep(interval)
             self.spin()
 
     def spin_thread(self, interval=1):
         """call Client.spin() in a background thread on some regular interval
         
         This helps ensure that messages don't pile up too much in the zmq queue
         while you are working on other things, or just leaving an idle terminal.
         
         It also helps limit potential padding of the `received` timestamp
         on AsyncResult objects, used for timings.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         
         interval : float, optional
             The interval on which to spin the client in the background thread
             (simply passed to time.sleep).
         
         Notes
         -----
         
         For precision timing, you may want to use this method to put a bound
         on the jitter (in seconds) in `received` timestamps used
         in AsyncResult.wall_time.
         
         """
         if self._spin_thread is not None:
             self.stop_spin_thread()
         self._stop_spinning.clear()
         self._spin_thread = Thread(target=self._spin_every, args=(interval,))
         self._spin_thread.daemon = True
         self._spin_thread.start()
     
     def stop_spin_thread(self):
         """stop background spin_thread, if any"""
         if self._spin_thread is not None:
             self._stop_spinning.set()
             self._spin_thread.join()
             self._spin_thread = None
 
     def spin(self):
         """Flush any registration notifications and execution results
         waiting in the ZMQ queue.
         """
         if self._notification_socket:
             self._flush_notifications()
+        if self._iopub_socket:
+            self._flush_iopub(self._iopub_socket)
         if self._mux_socket:
             self._flush_results(self._mux_socket)
         if self._task_socket:
             self._flush_results(self._task_socket)
         if self._control_socket:
             self._flush_control(self._control_socket)
-        if self._iopub_socket:
-            self._flush_iopub(self._iopub_socket)
         if self._query_socket:
             self._flush_ignored_hub_replies()
 
     def wait(self, jobs=None, timeout=-1):
         """waits on one or more `jobs`, for up to `timeout` seconds.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         jobs : int, str, or list of ints and/or strs, or one or more AsyncResult objects
                 ints are indices to self.history
                 strs are msg_ids
                 default: wait on all outstanding messages
         timeout : float
                 a time in seconds, after which to give up.
                 default is -1, which means no timeout
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         True : when all msg_ids are done
         False : timeout reached, some msg_ids still outstanding
         """
         tic = time.time()
         if jobs is None:
             theids = self.outstanding
         else:
             if isinstance(jobs, (int, basestring, AsyncResult)):
                 jobs = [jobs]
             theids = set()
             for job in jobs:
                 if isinstance(job, int):
                     # index access
                     job = self.history[job]
                 elif isinstance(job, AsyncResult):
                     map(theids.add, job.msg_ids)
                     continue
                 theids.add(job)
         if not theids.intersection(self.outstanding):
             return True
         self.spin()
         while theids.intersection(self.outstanding):
             if timeout >= 0 and ( time.time()-tic ) > timeout:
                 break
             time.sleep(1e-3)
             self.spin()
         return len(theids.intersection(self.outstanding)) == 0
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Control methods
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @spin_first
     def clear(self, targets=None, block=None):
         """Clear the namespace in target(s)."""
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         targets = self._build_targets(targets)[0]
         for t in targets:
             self.session.send(self._control_socket, 'clear_request', content={}, ident=t)
         error = False
         if block:
             self._flush_ignored_control()
             for i in range(len(targets)):
                 idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._control_socket,0)
                 if self.debug:
                     pprint(msg)
                 if msg['content']['status'] != 'ok':
                     error = self._unwrap_exception(msg['content'])
         else:
             self._ignored_control_replies += len(targets)
         if error:
             raise error
 
 
     @spin_first
     def abort(self, jobs=None, targets=None, block=None):
         """Abort specific jobs from the execution queues of target(s).
 
         This is a mechanism to prevent jobs that have already been submitted
         from executing.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         jobs : msg_id, list of msg_ids, or AsyncResult
             The jobs to be aborted
             
             If unspecified/None: abort all outstanding jobs.
 
         """
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         jobs = jobs if jobs is not None else list(self.outstanding)
         targets = self._build_targets(targets)[0]
         
         msg_ids = []
         if isinstance(jobs, (basestring,AsyncResult)):
             jobs = [jobs]
         bad_ids = filter(lambda obj: not isinstance(obj, (basestring, AsyncResult)), jobs)
         if bad_ids:
             raise TypeError("Invalid msg_id type %r, expected str or AsyncResult"%bad_ids[0])
         for j in jobs:
             if isinstance(j, AsyncResult):
                 msg_ids.extend(j.msg_ids)
             else:
                 msg_ids.append(j)
         content = dict(msg_ids=msg_ids)
         for t in targets:
             self.session.send(self._control_socket, 'abort_request',
                     content=content, ident=t)
         error = False
         if block:
             self._flush_ignored_control()
             for i in range(len(targets)):
                 idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._control_socket,0)
                 if self.debug:
                     pprint(msg)
                 if msg['content']['status'] != 'ok':
                     error = self._unwrap_exception(msg['content'])
         else:
             self._ignored_control_replies += len(targets)
         if error:
             raise error
 
     @spin_first
     def shutdown(self, targets=None, restart=False, hub=False, block=None):
         """Terminates one or more engine processes, optionally including the hub."""
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         if hub:
             targets = 'all'
         targets = self._build_targets(targets)[0]
         for t in targets:
             self.session.send(self._control_socket, 'shutdown_request',
                         content={'restart':restart},ident=t)
         error = False
         if block or hub:
             self._flush_ignored_control()
             for i in range(len(targets)):
                 idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._control_socket, 0)
                 if self.debug:
                     pprint(msg)
                 if msg['content']['status'] != 'ok':
                     error = self._unwrap_exception(msg['content'])
         else:
             self._ignored_control_replies += len(targets)
 
         if hub:
             time.sleep(0.25)
             self.session.send(self._query_socket, 'shutdown_request')
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, 0)
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             if msg['content']['status'] != 'ok':
                 error = self._unwrap_exception(msg['content'])
 
         if error:
             raise error
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Execution related methods
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _maybe_raise(self, result):
         """wrapper for maybe raising an exception if apply failed."""
         if isinstance(result, error.RemoteError):
             raise result
 
         return result
 
-    def send_apply_message(self, socket, f, args=None, kwargs=None, subheader=None, track=False,
+    def send_apply_request(self, socket, f, args=None, kwargs=None, subheader=None, track=False,
                             ident=None):
         """construct and send an apply message via a socket.
 
         This is the principal method with which all engine execution is performed by views.
         """
 
-        assert not self._closed, "cannot use me anymore, I'm closed!"
+        if self._closed:
+            raise RuntimeError("Client cannot be used after its sockets have been closed")
+        
         # defaults:
         args = args if args is not None else []
         kwargs = kwargs if kwargs is not None else {}
         subheader = subheader if subheader is not None else {}
 
         # validate arguments
         if not callable(f) and not isinstance(f, Reference):
             raise TypeError("f must be callable, not %s"%type(f))
         if not isinstance(args, (tuple, list)):
             raise TypeError("args must be tuple or list, not %s"%type(args))
         if not isinstance(kwargs, dict):
             raise TypeError("kwargs must be dict, not %s"%type(kwargs))
         if not isinstance(subheader, dict):
             raise TypeError("subheader must be dict, not %s"%type(subheader))
 
         bufs = util.pack_apply_message(f,args,kwargs)
 
         msg = self.session.send(socket, "apply_request", buffers=bufs, ident=ident,
                             subheader=subheader, track=track)
 
         msg_id = msg['header']['msg_id']
         self.outstanding.add(msg_id)
         if ident:
             # possibly routed to a specific engine
             if isinstance(ident, list):
                 ident = ident[-1]
             if ident in self._engines.values():
                 # save for later, in case of engine death
                 self._outstanding_dict[ident].add(msg_id)
         self.history.append(msg_id)
         self.metadata[msg_id]['submitted'] = datetime.now()
 
         return msg
 
+    def send_execute_request(self, socket, code, silent=True, subheader=None, ident=None):
+        """construct and send an execute request via a socket.
+
+        """
+
+        if self._closed:
+            raise RuntimeError("Client cannot be used after its sockets have been closed")
+        
+        # defaults:
+        subheader = subheader if subheader is not None else {}
+
+        # validate arguments
+        if not isinstance(code, basestring):
+            raise TypeError("code must be text, not %s" % type(code))
+        if not isinstance(subheader, dict):
+            raise TypeError("subheader must be dict, not %s" % type(subheader))
+        
+        content = dict(code=code, silent=bool(silent), user_variables=[], user_expressions={})
+
+
+        msg = self.session.send(socket, "execute_request", content=content, ident=ident,
+                            subheader=subheader)
+
+        msg_id = msg['header']['msg_id']
+        self.outstanding.add(msg_id)
+        if ident:
+            # possibly routed to a specific engine
+            if isinstance(ident, list):
+                ident = ident[-1]
+            if ident in self._engines.values():
+                # save for later, in case of engine death
+                self._outstanding_dict[ident].add(msg_id)
+        self.history.append(msg_id)
+        self.metadata[msg_id]['submitted'] = datetime.now()
+
+        return msg
+
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # construct a View object
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def load_balanced_view(self, targets=None):
         """construct a DirectView object.
 
         If no arguments are specified, create a LoadBalancedView
         using all engines.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         targets: list,slice,int,etc. [default: use all engines]
             The subset of engines across which to load-balance
         """
         if targets == 'all':
             targets = None
         if targets is not None:
             targets = self._build_targets(targets)[1]
         return LoadBalancedView(client=self, socket=self._task_socket, targets=targets)
 
     def direct_view(self, targets='all'):
         """construct a DirectView object.
 
         If no targets are specified, create a DirectView using all engines.
         
         rc.direct_view('all') is distinguished from rc[:] in that 'all' will
         evaluate the target engines at each execution, whereas rc[:] will connect to
         all *current* engines, and that list will not change.
         
         That is, 'all' will always use all engines, whereas rc[:] will not use
         engines added after the DirectView is constructed.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         targets: list,slice,int,etc. [default: use all engines]
             The engines to use for the View
         """
         single = isinstance(targets, int)
         # allow 'all' to be lazily evaluated at each execution
         if targets != 'all':
             targets = self._build_targets(targets)[1]
         if single:
             targets = targets[0]
         return DirectView(client=self, socket=self._mux_socket, targets=targets)
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Query methods
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @spin_first
     def get_result(self, indices_or_msg_ids=None, block=None):
         """Retrieve a result by msg_id or history index, wrapped in an AsyncResult object.
 
         If the client already has the results, no request to the Hub will be made.
 
         This is a convenient way to construct AsyncResult objects, which are wrappers
         that include metadata about execution, and allow for awaiting results that
         were not submitted by this Client.
 
         It can also be a convenient way to retrieve the metadata associated with
         blocking execution, since it always retrieves
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
             In [10]: r = client.apply()
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         indices_or_msg_ids : integer history index, str msg_id, or list of either
             The indices or msg_ids of indices to be retrieved
 
         block : bool
             Whether to wait for the result to be done
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         AsyncResult
             A single AsyncResult object will always be returned.
 
         AsyncHubResult
             A subclass of AsyncResult that retrieves results from the Hub
 
         """
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         if indices_or_msg_ids is None:
             indices_or_msg_ids = -1
 
         if not isinstance(indices_or_msg_ids, (list,tuple)):
             indices_or_msg_ids = [indices_or_msg_ids]
 
         theids = []
         for id in indices_or_msg_ids:
             if isinstance(id, int):
                 id = self.history[id]
             if not isinstance(id, basestring):
                 raise TypeError("indices must be str or int, not %r"%id)
             theids.append(id)
 
         local_ids = filter(lambda msg_id: msg_id in self.history or msg_id in self.results, theids)
         remote_ids = filter(lambda msg_id: msg_id not in local_ids, theids)
 
         if remote_ids:
             ar = AsyncHubResult(self, msg_ids=theids)
         else:
             ar = AsyncResult(self, msg_ids=theids)
 
         if block:
             ar.wait()
 
         return ar
 
     @spin_first
     def resubmit(self, indices_or_msg_ids=None, subheader=None, block=None):
         """Resubmit one or more tasks.
 
         in-flight tasks may not be resubmitted.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         indices_or_msg_ids : integer history index, str msg_id, or list of either
             The indices or msg_ids of indices to be retrieved
 
         block : bool
             Whether to wait for the result to be done
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         AsyncHubResult
             A subclass of AsyncResult that retrieves results from the Hub
 
         """
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         if indices_or_msg_ids is None:
             indices_or_msg_ids = -1
 
         if not isinstance(indices_or_msg_ids, (list,tuple)):
             indices_or_msg_ids = [indices_or_msg_ids]
 
         theids = []
         for id in indices_or_msg_ids:
             if isinstance(id, int):
                 id = self.history[id]
             if not isinstance(id, basestring):
                 raise TypeError("indices must be str or int, not %r"%id)
             theids.append(id)
 
-        for msg_id in theids:
-            self.outstanding.discard(msg_id)
-            if msg_id in self.history:
-                self.history.remove(msg_id)
-            self.results.pop(msg_id, None)
-            self.metadata.pop(msg_id, None)
         content = dict(msg_ids = theids)
 
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, 'resubmit_request', content)
 
         zmq.select([self._query_socket], [], [])
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, zmq.NOBLOCK)
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         if content['status'] != 'ok':
             raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
+        mapping = content['resubmitted']
+        new_ids = [ mapping[msg_id] for msg_id in theids ]
 
-        ar = AsyncHubResult(self, msg_ids=theids)
+        ar = AsyncHubResult(self, msg_ids=new_ids)
 
         if block:
             ar.wait()
 
         return ar
 
     @spin_first
     def result_status(self, msg_ids, status_only=True):
         """Check on the status of the result(s) of the apply request with `msg_ids`.
 
         If status_only is False, then the actual results will be retrieved, else
         only the status of the results will be checked.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         msg_ids : list of msg_ids
             if int:
                 Passed as index to self.history for convenience.
         status_only : bool (default: True)
             if False:
                 Retrieve the actual results of completed tasks.
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         results : dict
             There will always be the keys 'pending' and 'completed', which will
             be lists of msg_ids that are incomplete or complete. If `status_only`
             is False, then completed results will be keyed by their `msg_id`.
         """
         if not isinstance(msg_ids, (list,tuple)):
             msg_ids = [msg_ids]
 
         theids = []
         for msg_id in msg_ids:
             if isinstance(msg_id, int):
                 msg_id = self.history[msg_id]
             if not isinstance(msg_id, basestring):
                 raise TypeError("msg_ids must be str, not %r"%msg_id)
             theids.append(msg_id)
 
         completed = []
         local_results = {}
 
         # comment this block out to temporarily disable local shortcut:
         for msg_id in theids:
             if msg_id in self.results:
                 completed.append(msg_id)
                 local_results[msg_id] = self.results[msg_id]
                 theids.remove(msg_id)
 
         if theids: # some not locally cached
             content = dict(msg_ids=theids, status_only=status_only)
             msg = self.session.send(self._query_socket, "result_request", content=content)
             zmq.select([self._query_socket], [], [])
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, zmq.NOBLOCK)
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             content = msg['content']
             if content['status'] != 'ok':
                 raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
             buffers = msg['buffers']
         else:
             content = dict(completed=[],pending=[])
 
         content['completed'].extend(completed)
 
         if status_only:
             return content
 
         failures = []
         # load cached results into result:
         content.update(local_results)
 
         # update cache with results:
         for msg_id in sorted(theids):
             if msg_id in content['completed']:
                 rec = content[msg_id]
                 parent = rec['header']
                 header = rec['result_header']
                 rcontent = rec['result_content']
                 iodict = rec['io']
                 if isinstance(rcontent, str):
                     rcontent = self.session.unpack(rcontent)
 
                 md = self.metadata[msg_id]
                 md.update(self._extract_metadata(header, parent, rcontent))
                 if rec.get('received'):
                     md['received'] = rec['received']
                 md.update(iodict)
 
                 if rcontent['status'] == 'ok':
                     res,buffers = util.unserialize_object(buffers)
                 else:
                     print rcontent
                     res = self._unwrap_exception(rcontent)
                     failures.append(res)
 
                 self.results[msg_id] = res
                 content[msg_id] = res
 
         if len(theids) == 1 and failures:
                 raise failures[0]
 
         error.collect_exceptions(failures, "result_status")
         return content
 
     @spin_first
     def queue_status(self, targets='all', verbose=False):
         """Fetch the status of engine queues.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         targets : int/str/list of ints/strs
                 the engines whose states are to be queried.
                 default : all
         verbose : bool
                 Whether to return lengths only, or lists of ids for each element
         """
         if targets == 'all':
             # allow 'all' to be evaluated on the engine
             engine_ids = None
         else:
             engine_ids = self._build_targets(targets)[1]
         content = dict(targets=engine_ids, verbose=verbose)
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, "queue_request", content=content)
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, 0)
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         status = content.pop('status')
         if status != 'ok':
             raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
         content = rekey(content)
         if isinstance(targets, int):
             return content[targets]
         else:
             return content
 
     @spin_first
     def purge_results(self, jobs=[], targets=[]):
         """Tell the Hub to forget results.
 
         Individual results can be purged by msg_id, or the entire
         history of specific targets can be purged.
 
         Use `purge_results('all')` to scrub everything from the Hub's db.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         jobs : str or list of str or AsyncResult objects
                 the msg_ids whose results should be forgotten.
         targets : int/str/list of ints/strs
                 The targets, by int_id, whose entire history is to be purged.
 
                 default : None
         """
         if not targets and not jobs:
             raise ValueError("Must specify at least one of `targets` and `jobs`")
         if targets:
             targets = self._build_targets(targets)[1]
 
         # construct msg_ids from jobs
         if jobs == 'all':
             msg_ids = jobs
         else:
             msg_ids = []
             if isinstance(jobs, (basestring,AsyncResult)):
                 jobs = [jobs]
             bad_ids = filter(lambda obj: not isinstance(obj, (basestring, AsyncResult)), jobs)
             if bad_ids:
                 raise TypeError("Invalid msg_id type %r, expected str or AsyncResult"%bad_ids[0])
             for j in jobs:
                 if isinstance(j, AsyncResult):
                     msg_ids.extend(j.msg_ids)
                 else:
                     msg_ids.append(j)
 
         content = dict(engine_ids=targets, msg_ids=msg_ids)
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, "purge_request", content=content)
         idents, msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, 0)
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         if content['status'] != 'ok':
             raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
 
     @spin_first
     def hub_history(self):
         """Get the Hub's history
 
         Just like the Client, the Hub has a history, which is a list of msg_ids.
         This will contain the history of all clients, and, depending on configuration,
         may contain history across multiple cluster sessions.
 
         Any msg_id returned here is a valid argument to `get_result`.
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         msg_ids : list of strs
                 list of all msg_ids, ordered by task submission time.
         """
 
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, "history_request", content={})
         idents, msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, 0)
 
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         if content['status'] != 'ok':
             raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
         else:
             return content['history']
 
     @spin_first
     def db_query(self, query, keys=None):
         """Query the Hub's TaskRecord database
 
         This will return a list of task record dicts that match `query`
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         query : mongodb query dict
             The search dict. See mongodb query docs for details.
         keys : list of strs [optional]
             The subset of keys to be returned.  The default is to fetch everything but buffers.
             'msg_id' will *always* be included.
         """
         if isinstance(keys, basestring):
             keys = [keys]
         content = dict(query=query, keys=keys)
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, "db_request", content=content)
         idents, msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, 0)
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         if content['status'] != 'ok':
             raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
 
         records = content['records']
 
         buffer_lens = content['buffer_lens']
         result_buffer_lens = content['result_buffer_lens']
         buffers = msg['buffers']
         has_bufs = buffer_lens is not None
         has_rbufs = result_buffer_lens is not None
         for i,rec in enumerate(records):
             # relink buffers
             if has_bufs:
                 blen = buffer_lens[i]
                 rec['buffers'], buffers = buffers[:blen],buffers[blen:]
             if has_rbufs:
                 blen = result_buffer_lens[i]
                 rec['result_buffers'], buffers = buffers[:blen],buffers[blen:]
 
         return records
 
 __all__ = [ 'Client' ]

IPython/parallel/client/view.py

@@ -1,1075 +1,1100 b''
 """Views of remote engines.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Min RK
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2010-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import imp
 import sys
 import warnings
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from types import ModuleType
 
 import zmq
 
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (
     HasTraits, Any, Bool, List, Dict, Set, Instance, CFloat, Integer
 )
 from IPython.external.decorator import decorator
 
 from IPython.parallel import util
 from IPython.parallel.controller.dependency import Dependency, dependent
 
 from . import map as Map
 from .asyncresult import AsyncResult, AsyncMapResult
 from .remotefunction import ParallelFunction, parallel, remote, getname
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Decorators
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @decorator
 def save_ids(f, self, *args, **kwargs):
     """Keep our history and outstanding attributes up to date after a method call."""
     n_previous = len(self.client.history)
     try:
         ret = f(self, *args, **kwargs)
     finally:
         nmsgs = len(self.client.history) - n_previous
         msg_ids = self.client.history[-nmsgs:]
         self.history.extend(msg_ids)
         map(self.outstanding.add, msg_ids)
     return ret
 
 @decorator
 def sync_results(f, self, *args, **kwargs):
     """sync relevant results from self.client to our results attribute."""
     ret = f(self, *args, **kwargs)
     delta = self.outstanding.difference(self.client.outstanding)
     completed = self.outstanding.intersection(delta)
     self.outstanding = self.outstanding.difference(completed)
     for msg_id in completed:
         self.results[msg_id] = self.client.results[msg_id]
     return ret
 
 @decorator
 def spin_after(f, self, *args, **kwargs):
     """call spin after the method."""
     ret = f(self, *args, **kwargs)
     self.spin()
     return ret
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @skip_doctest
 class View(HasTraits):
     """Base View class for more convenint apply(f,*args,**kwargs) syntax via attributes.
 
     Don't use this class, use subclasses.
 
     Methods
     -------
 
     spin
         flushes incoming results and registration state changes
         control methods spin, and requesting `ids` also ensures up to date
 
     wait
         wait on one or more msg_ids
 
     execution methods
         apply
         legacy: execute, run
 
     data movement
         push, pull, scatter, gather
 
     query methods
         get_result, queue_status, purge_results, result_status
 
     control methods
         abort, shutdown
 
     """
     # flags
     block=Bool(False)
     track=Bool(True)
     targets = Any()
 
     history=List()
     outstanding = Set()
     results = Dict()
     client = Instance('IPython.parallel.Client')
 
     _socket = Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _flag_names = List(['targets', 'block', 'track'])
     _targets = Any()
     _idents = Any()
 
     def __init__(self, client=None, socket=None, **flags):
         super(View, self).__init__(client=client, _socket=socket)
         self.block = client.block
 
         self.set_flags(**flags)
 
         assert not self.__class__ is View, "Don't use base View objects, use subclasses"
 
-
     def __repr__(self):
         strtargets = str(self.targets)
         if len(strtargets) > 16:
             strtargets = strtargets[:12]+'...]'
         return "<%s %s>"%(self.__class__.__name__, strtargets)
-
+    
+    def __len__(self):
+        if isinstance(self.targets, list):
+            return len(self.targets)
+        elif isinstance(self.targets, int):
+            return 1
+        else:
+            return len(self.client)
+    
     def set_flags(self, **kwargs):
         """set my attribute flags by keyword.
 
         Views determine behavior with a few attributes (`block`, `track`, etc.).
         These attributes can be set all at once by name with this method.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         block : bool
             whether to wait for results
         track : bool
             whether to create a MessageTracker to allow the user to
             safely edit after arrays and buffers during non-copying
             sends.
         """
         for name, value in kwargs.iteritems():
             if name not in self._flag_names:
                 raise KeyError("Invalid name: %r"%name)
             else:
                 setattr(self, name, value)
 
     @contextmanager
     def temp_flags(self, **kwargs):
         """temporarily set flags, for use in `with` statements.
 
         See set_flags for permanent setting of flags
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         >>> view.track=False
         ...
         >>> with view.temp_flags(track=True):
         ...    ar = view.apply(dostuff, my_big_array)
         ...    ar.tracker.wait() # wait for send to finish
         >>> view.track
         False
 
         """
         # preflight: save flags, and set temporaries
         saved_flags = {}
         for f in self._flag_names:
             saved_flags[f] = getattr(self, f)
         self.set_flags(**kwargs)
         # yield to the with-statement block
         try:
             yield
         finally:
             # postflight: restore saved flags
             self.set_flags(**saved_flags)
 
 
     #----------------------------------------------------------------
     # apply
     #----------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @sync_results
     @save_ids
     def _really_apply(self, f, args, kwargs, block=None, **options):
-        """wrapper for client.send_apply_message"""
+        """wrapper for client.send_apply_request"""
         raise NotImplementedError("Implement in subclasses")
 
     def apply(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
         """calls f(*args, **kwargs) on remote engines, returning the result.
 
         This method sets all apply flags via this View's attributes.
 
         if self.block is False:
             returns AsyncResult
         else:
             returns actual result of f(*args, **kwargs)
         """
         return self._really_apply(f, args, kwargs)
 
     def apply_async(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
         """calls f(*args, **kwargs) on remote engines in a nonblocking manner.
 
         returns AsyncResult
         """
         return self._really_apply(f, args, kwargs, block=False)
 
     @spin_after
     def apply_sync(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
         """calls f(*args, **kwargs) on remote engines in a blocking manner,
          returning the result.
 
         returns: actual result of f(*args, **kwargs)
         """
         return self._really_apply(f, args, kwargs, block=True)
 
     #----------------------------------------------------------------
     # wrappers for client and control methods
     #----------------------------------------------------------------
     @sync_results
     def spin(self):
         """spin the client, and sync"""
         self.client.spin()
 
     @sync_results
     def wait(self, jobs=None, timeout=-1):
         """waits on one or more `jobs`, for up to `timeout` seconds.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         jobs : int, str, or list of ints and/or strs, or one or more AsyncResult objects
                 ints are indices to self.history
                 strs are msg_ids
                 default: wait on all outstanding messages
         timeout : float
                 a time in seconds, after which to give up.
                 default is -1, which means no timeout
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         True : when all msg_ids are done
         False : timeout reached, some msg_ids still outstanding
         """
         if jobs is None:
             jobs = self.history
         return self.client.wait(jobs, timeout)
 
     def abort(self, jobs=None, targets=None, block=None):
         """Abort jobs on my engines.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         jobs : None, str, list of strs, optional
             if None: abort all jobs.
             else: abort specific msg_id(s).
         """
         block = block if block is not None else self.block
         targets = targets if targets is not None else self.targets
         jobs = jobs if jobs is not None else list(self.outstanding)
         
         return self.client.abort(jobs=jobs, targets=targets, block=block)
 
     def queue_status(self, targets=None, verbose=False):
         """Fetch the Queue status of my engines"""
         targets = targets if targets is not None else self.targets
         return self.client.queue_status(targets=targets, verbose=verbose)
 
     def purge_results(self, jobs=[], targets=[]):
         """Instruct the controller to forget specific results."""
         if targets is None or targets == 'all':
             targets = self.targets
         return self.client.purge_results(jobs=jobs, targets=targets)
 
     def shutdown(self, targets=None, restart=False, hub=False, block=None):
         """Terminates one or more engine processes, optionally including the hub.
         """
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         if targets is None or targets == 'all':
             targets = self.targets
         return self.client.shutdown(targets=targets, restart=restart, hub=hub, block=block)
 
     @spin_after
     def get_result(self, indices_or_msg_ids=None):
         """return one or more results, specified by history index or msg_id.
 
         See client.get_result for details.
 
         """
 
         if indices_or_msg_ids is None:
             indices_or_msg_ids = -1
         if isinstance(indices_or_msg_ids, int):
             indices_or_msg_ids = self.history[indices_or_msg_ids]
         elif isinstance(indices_or_msg_ids, (list,tuple,set)):
             indices_or_msg_ids = list(indices_or_msg_ids)
             for i,index in enumerate(indices_or_msg_ids):
                 if isinstance(index, int):
                     indices_or_msg_ids[i] = self.history[index]
         return self.client.get_result(indices_or_msg_ids)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Map
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def map(self, f, *sequences, **kwargs):
         """override in subclasses"""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def map_async(self, f, *sequences, **kwargs):
         """Parallel version of builtin `map`, using this view's engines.
 
         This is equivalent to map(...block=False)
 
         See `self.map` for details.
         """
         if 'block' in kwargs:
             raise TypeError("map_async doesn't take a `block` keyword argument.")
         kwargs['block'] = False
         return self.map(f,*sequences,**kwargs)
 
     def map_sync(self, f, *sequences, **kwargs):
         """Parallel version of builtin `map`, using this view's engines.
 
         This is equivalent to map(...block=True)
 
         See `self.map` for details.
         """
         if 'block' in kwargs:
             raise TypeError("map_sync doesn't take a `block` keyword argument.")
         kwargs['block'] = True
         return self.map(f,*sequences,**kwargs)
 
     def imap(self, f, *sequences, **kwargs):
         """Parallel version of `itertools.imap`.
 
         See `self.map` for details.
 
         """
 
         return iter(self.map_async(f,*sequences, **kwargs))
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Decorators
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def remote(self, block=True, **flags):
         """Decorator for making a RemoteFunction"""
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         return remote(self, block=block, **flags)
 
     def parallel(self, dist='b', block=None, **flags):
         """Decorator for making a ParallelFunction"""
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         return parallel(self, dist=dist, block=block, **flags)
 
 @skip_doctest
 class DirectView(View):
     """Direct Multiplexer View of one or more engines.
 
     These are created via indexed access to a client:
 
     >>> dv_1 = client[1]
     >>> dv_all = client[:]
     >>> dv_even = client[::2]
     >>> dv_some = client[1:3]
 
     This object provides dictionary access to engine namespaces:
 
     # push a=5:
     >>> dv['a'] = 5
     # pull 'foo':
     >>> db['foo']
 
     """
 
     def __init__(self, client=None, socket=None, targets=None):
         super(DirectView, self).__init__(client=client, socket=socket, targets=targets)
 
     @property
     def importer(self):
         """sync_imports(local=True) as a property.
 
         See sync_imports for details.
 
         """
         return self.sync_imports(True)
 
     @contextmanager
     def sync_imports(self, local=True, quiet=False):
         """Context Manager for performing simultaneous local and remote imports.
 
         'import x as y' will *not* work.  The 'as y' part will simply be ignored.
         
         If `local=True`, then the package will also be imported locally.
         
         If `quiet=True`, no output will be produced when attempting remote 
         imports. 
         
         Note that remote-only (`local=False`) imports have not been implemented.
         
         >>> with view.sync_imports():
         ...    from numpy import recarray
         importing recarray from numpy on engine(s)
 
         """
         import __builtin__
         local_import = __builtin__.__import__
         modules = set()
         results = []
         @util.interactive
         def remote_import(name, fromlist, level):
             """the function to be passed to apply, that actually performs the import
             on the engine, and loads up the user namespace.
             """
             import sys
             user_ns = globals()
             mod = __import__(name, fromlist=fromlist, level=level)
             if fromlist:
                 for key in fromlist:
                     user_ns[key] = getattr(mod, key)
             else:
                 user_ns[name] = sys.modules[name]
 
         def view_import(name, globals={}, locals={}, fromlist=[], level=-1):
             """the drop-in replacement for __import__, that optionally imports
             locally as well.
             """
             # don't override nested imports
             save_import = __builtin__.__import__
             __builtin__.__import__ = local_import
 
             if imp.lock_held():
                 # this is a side-effect import, don't do it remotely, or even
                 # ignore the local effects
                 return local_import(name, globals, locals, fromlist, level)
 
             imp.acquire_lock()
             if local:
                 mod = local_import(name, globals, locals, fromlist, level)
             else:
                 raise NotImplementedError("remote-only imports not yet implemented")
             imp.release_lock()
 
             key = name+':'+','.join(fromlist or [])
             if level == -1 and key not in modules:
                 modules.add(key)
                 if not quiet:
                     if fromlist:
                         print "importing %s from %s on engine(s)"%(','.join(fromlist), name)
                     else:
                         print "importing %s on engine(s)"%name
                 results.append(self.apply_async(remote_import, name, fromlist, level))
             # restore override
             __builtin__.__import__ = save_import
 
             return mod
 
         # override __import__
         __builtin__.__import__ = view_import
         try:
             # enter the block
             yield
         except ImportError:
             if local:
                 raise
             else:
                 # ignore import errors if not doing local imports
                 pass
         finally:
             # always restore __import__
             __builtin__.__import__ = local_import
 
         for r in results:
             # raise possible remote ImportErrors here
             r.get()
 
 
     @sync_results
     @save_ids
     def _really_apply(self, f, args=None, kwargs=None, targets=None, block=None, track=None):
         """calls f(*args, **kwargs) on remote engines, returning the result.
 
         This method sets all of `apply`'s flags via this View's attributes.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         f : callable
 
         args : list [default: empty]
 
         kwargs : dict [default: empty]
 
         targets : target list [default: self.targets]
             where to run
         block : bool [default: self.block]
             whether to block
         track : bool [default: self.track]
             whether to ask zmq to track the message, for safe non-copying sends
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         if self.block is False:
             returns AsyncResult
         else:
             returns actual result of f(*args, **kwargs) on the engine(s)
             This will be a list of self.targets is also a list (even length 1), or
             the single result if self.targets is an integer engine id
         """
         args = [] if args is None else args
         kwargs = {} if kwargs is None else kwargs
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         track = self.track if track is None else track
         targets = self.targets if targets is None else targets
 
         _idents = self.client._build_targets(targets)[0]
         msg_ids = []
         trackers = []
         for ident in _idents:
-            msg = self.client.send_apply_message(self._socket, f, args, kwargs, track=track,
+            msg = self.client.send_apply_request(self._socket, f, args, kwargs, track=track,
                                     ident=ident)
             if track:
                 trackers.append(msg['tracker'])
             msg_ids.append(msg['header']['msg_id'])
         tracker = None if track is False else zmq.MessageTracker(*trackers)
         ar = AsyncResult(self.client, msg_ids, fname=getname(f), targets=targets, tracker=tracker)
         if block:
             try:
                 return ar.get()
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 pass
         return ar
 
+
     @spin_after
     def map(self, f, *sequences, **kwargs):
         """view.map(f, *sequences, block=self.block) => list|AsyncMapResult
 
         Parallel version of builtin `map`, using this View's `targets`.
 
         There will be one task per target, so work will be chunked
         if the sequences are longer than `targets`.
 
         Results can be iterated as they are ready, but will become available in chunks.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         f : callable
             function to be mapped
         *sequences: one or more sequences of matching length
             the sequences to be distributed and passed to `f`
         block : bool
             whether to wait for the result or not [default self.block]
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         if block=False:
             AsyncMapResult
                 An object like AsyncResult, but which reassembles the sequence of results
                 into a single list. AsyncMapResults can be iterated through before all
                 results are complete.
         else:
             list
                 the result of map(f,*sequences)
         """
 
         block = kwargs.pop('block', self.block)
         for k in kwargs.keys():
             if k not in ['block', 'track']:
                 raise TypeError("invalid keyword arg, %r"%k)
 
         assert len(sequences) > 0, "must have some sequences to map onto!"
         pf = ParallelFunction(self, f, block=block, **kwargs)
         return pf.map(*sequences)
 
-    def execute(self, code, targets=None, block=None):
+    @sync_results
+    @save_ids
+    def execute(self, code, silent=True, targets=None, block=None):
         """Executes `code` on `targets` in blocking or nonblocking manner.
 
         ``execute`` is always `bound` (affects engine namespace)
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         code : str
                 the code string to be executed
         block : bool
                 whether or not to wait until done to return
                 default: self.block
         """
-        return self._really_apply(util._execute, args=(code,), block=block, targets=targets)
+        block = self.block if block is None else block
+        targets = self.targets if targets is None else targets
+
+        _idents = self.client._build_targets(targets)[0]
+        msg_ids = []
+        trackers = []
+        for ident in _idents:
+            msg = self.client.send_execute_request(self._socket, code, silent=silent, ident=ident)
+            msg_ids.append(msg['header']['msg_id'])
+        ar = AsyncResult(self.client, msg_ids, fname='execute', targets=targets)
+        if block:
+            try:
+                ar.get()
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                pass
+        return ar
 
     def run(self, filename, targets=None, block=None):
         """Execute contents of `filename` on my engine(s).
 
         This simply reads the contents of the file and calls `execute`.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         filename : str
                 The path to the file
         targets : int/str/list of ints/strs
                 the engines on which to execute
                 default : all
         block : bool
                 whether or not to wait until done
                 default: self.block
 
         """
         with open(filename, 'r') as f:
             # add newline in case of trailing indented whitespace
             # which will cause SyntaxError
             code = f.read()+'\n'
         return self.execute(code, block=block, targets=targets)
 
     def update(self, ns):
         """update remote namespace with dict `ns`
 
         See `push` for details.
         """
         return self.push(ns, block=self.block, track=self.track)
 
     def push(self, ns, targets=None, block=None, track=None):
         """update remote namespace with dict `ns`
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         ns : dict
             dict of keys with which to update engine namespace(s)
         block : bool [default : self.block]
             whether to wait to be notified of engine receipt
 
         """
 
         block = block if block is not None else self.block
         track = track if track is not None else self.track
         targets = targets if targets is not None else self.targets
         # applier = self.apply_sync if block else self.apply_async
         if not isinstance(ns, dict):
             raise TypeError("Must be a dict, not %s"%type(ns))
         return self._really_apply(util._push, kwargs=ns, block=block, track=track, targets=targets)
 
     def get(self, key_s):
         """get object(s) by `key_s` from remote namespace
 
         see `pull` for details.
         """
         # block = block if block is not None else self.block
         return self.pull(key_s, block=True)
 
     def pull(self, names, targets=None, block=None):
         """get object(s) by `name` from remote namespace
 
         will return one object if it is a key.
         can also take a list of keys, in which case it will return a list of objects.
         """
         block = block if block is not None else self.block
         targets = targets if targets is not None else self.targets
         applier = self.apply_sync if block else self.apply_async
         if isinstance(names, basestring):
             pass
         elif isinstance(names, (list,tuple,set)):
             for key in names:
                 if not isinstance(key, basestring):
                     raise TypeError("keys must be str, not type %r"%type(key))
         else:
             raise TypeError("names must be strs, not %r"%names)
         return self._really_apply(util._pull, (names,), block=block, targets=targets)
 
     def scatter(self, key, seq, dist='b', flatten=False, targets=None, block=None, track=None):
         """
         Partition a Python sequence and send the partitions to a set of engines.
         """
         block = block if block is not None else self.block
         track = track if track is not None else self.track
         targets = targets if targets is not None else self.targets
         
         # construct integer ID list:
         targets = self.client._build_targets(targets)[1]
 
         mapObject = Map.dists[dist]()
         nparts = len(targets)
         msg_ids = []
         trackers = []
         for index, engineid in enumerate(targets):
             partition = mapObject.getPartition(seq, index, nparts)
             if flatten and len(partition) == 1:
                 ns = {key: partition[0]}
             else:
                 ns = {key: partition}
             r = self.push(ns, block=False, track=track, targets=engineid)
             msg_ids.extend(r.msg_ids)
             if track:
                 trackers.append(r._tracker)
 
         if track:
             tracker = zmq.MessageTracker(*trackers)
         else:
             tracker = None
 
         r = AsyncResult(self.client, msg_ids, fname='scatter', targets=targets, tracker=tracker)
         if block:
             r.wait()
         else:
             return r
 
     @sync_results
     @save_ids
     def gather(self, key, dist='b', targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Gather a partitioned sequence on a set of engines as a single local seq.
         """
         block = block if block is not None else self.block
         targets = targets if targets is not None else self.targets
         mapObject = Map.dists[dist]()
         msg_ids = []
 
         # construct integer ID list:
         targets = self.client._build_targets(targets)[1]
         
         for index, engineid in enumerate(targets):
             msg_ids.extend(self.pull(key, block=False, targets=engineid).msg_ids)
 
         r = AsyncMapResult(self.client, msg_ids, mapObject, fname='gather')
 
         if block:
             try:
                 return r.get()
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 pass
         return r
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         return self.get(key)
 
     def __setitem__(self,key, value):
         self.update({key:value})
 
     def clear(self, targets=None, block=False):
         """Clear the remote namespaces on my engines."""
         block = block if block is not None else self.block
         targets = targets if targets is not None else self.targets
         return self.client.clear(targets=targets, block=block)
 
     def kill(self, targets=None, block=True):
         """Kill my engines."""
         block = block if block is not None else self.block
         targets = targets if targets is not None else self.targets
         return self.client.kill(targets=targets, block=block)
 
     #----------------------------------------
     # activate for %px,%autopx magics
     #----------------------------------------
     def activate(self):
         """Make this `View` active for parallel magic commands.
 
         IPython has a magic command syntax to work with `MultiEngineClient` objects.
         In a given IPython session there is a single active one.  While
         there can be many `Views` created and used by the user,
         there is only one active one.  The active `View` is used whenever
         the magic commands %px and %autopx are used.
 
         The activate() method is called on a given `View` to make it
         active.  Once this has been done, the magic commands can be used.
         """
 
         try:
             # This is injected into __builtins__.
             ip = get_ipython()
         except NameError:
             print "The IPython parallel magics (%result, %px, %autopx) only work within IPython."
         else:
             pmagic = ip.plugin_manager.get_plugin('parallelmagic')
             if pmagic is None:
                 ip.magic_load_ext('parallelmagic')
                 pmagic = ip.plugin_manager.get_plugin('parallelmagic')
 
             pmagic.active_view = self
 
 
 @skip_doctest
 class LoadBalancedView(View):
     """An load-balancing View that only executes via the Task scheduler.
 
     Load-balanced views can be created with the client's `view` method:
 
     >>> v = client.load_balanced_view()
 
     or targets can be specified, to restrict the potential destinations:
 
     >>> v = client.client.load_balanced_view([1,3])
 
     which would restrict loadbalancing to between engines 1 and 3.
 
     """
 
     follow=Any()
     after=Any()
     timeout=CFloat()
     retries = Integer(0)
 
     _task_scheme = Any()
     _flag_names = List(['targets', 'block', 'track', 'follow', 'after', 'timeout', 'retries'])
 
     def __init__(self, client=None, socket=None, **flags):
         super(LoadBalancedView, self).__init__(client=client, socket=socket, **flags)
         self._task_scheme=client._task_scheme
 
     def _validate_dependency(self, dep):
         """validate a dependency.
 
         For use in `set_flags`.
         """
         if dep is None or isinstance(dep, (basestring, AsyncResult, Dependency)):
             return True
         elif isinstance(dep, (list,set, tuple)):
             for d in dep:
                 if not isinstance(d, (basestring, AsyncResult)):
                     return False
         elif isinstance(dep, dict):
             if set(dep.keys()) != set(Dependency().as_dict().keys()):
                 return False
             if not isinstance(dep['msg_ids'], list):
                 return False
             for d in dep['msg_ids']:
                 if not isinstance(d, basestring):
                     return False
         else:
             return False
 
         return True
 
     def _render_dependency(self, dep):
         """helper for building jsonable dependencies from various input forms."""
         if isinstance(dep, Dependency):
             return dep.as_dict()
         elif isinstance(dep, AsyncResult):
             return dep.msg_ids
         elif dep is None:
             return []
         else:
             # pass to Dependency constructor
             return list(Dependency(dep))
 
     def set_flags(self, **kwargs):
         """set my attribute flags by keyword.
 
         A View is a wrapper for the Client's apply method, but with attributes
         that specify keyword arguments, those attributes can be set by keyword
         argument with this method.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         block : bool
             whether to wait for results
         track : bool
             whether to create a MessageTracker to allow the user to
             safely edit after arrays and buffers during non-copying
             sends.
 
         after : Dependency or collection of msg_ids
             Only for load-balanced execution (targets=None)
             Specify a list of msg_ids as a time-based dependency.
             This job will only be run *after* the dependencies
             have been met.
 
         follow : Dependency or collection of msg_ids
             Only for load-balanced execution (targets=None)
             Specify a list of msg_ids as a location-based dependency.
             This job will only be run on an engine where this dependency
             is met.
 
         timeout : float/int or None
             Only for load-balanced execution (targets=None)
             Specify an amount of time (in seconds) for the scheduler to
             wait for dependencies to be met before failing with a
             DependencyTimeout.
 
         retries : int
             Number of times a task will be retried on failure.
         """
 
         super(LoadBalancedView, self).set_flags(**kwargs)
         for name in ('follow', 'after'):
             if name in kwargs:
                 value = kwargs[name]
                 if self._validate_dependency(value):
                     setattr(self, name, value)
                 else:
                     raise ValueError("Invalid dependency: %r"%value)
         if 'timeout' in kwargs:
             t = kwargs['timeout']
             if not isinstance(t, (int, long, float, type(None))):
                 raise TypeError("Invalid type for timeout: %r"%type(t))
             if t is not None:
                 if t < 0:
                     raise ValueError("Invalid timeout: %s"%t)
             self.timeout = t
 
     @sync_results
     @save_ids
     def _really_apply(self, f, args=None, kwargs=None, block=None, track=None,
                                         after=None, follow=None, timeout=None,
                                         targets=None, retries=None):
         """calls f(*args, **kwargs) on a remote engine, returning the result.
 
         This method temporarily sets all of `apply`'s flags for a single call.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         f : callable
 
         args : list [default: empty]
 
         kwargs : dict [default: empty]
 
         block : bool [default: self.block]
             whether to block
         track : bool [default: self.track]
             whether to ask zmq to track the message, for safe non-copying sends
 
         !!!!!! TODO: THE REST HERE  !!!!
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         if self.block is False:
             returns AsyncResult
         else:
             returns actual result of f(*args, **kwargs) on the engine(s)
             This will be a list of self.targets is also a list (even length 1), or
             the single result if self.targets is an integer engine id
         """
 
         # validate whether we can run
         if self._socket.closed:
             msg = "Task farming is disabled"
             if self._task_scheme == 'pure':
                 msg += " because the pure ZMQ scheduler cannot handle"
                 msg += " disappearing engines."
             raise RuntimeError(msg)
 
         if self._task_scheme == 'pure':
             # pure zmq scheme doesn't support extra features
             msg = "Pure ZMQ scheduler doesn't support the following flags:"
             "follow, after, retries, targets, timeout"
             if (follow or after or retries or targets or timeout):
                 # hard fail on Scheduler flags
                 raise RuntimeError(msg)
             if isinstance(f, dependent):
                 # soft warn on functional dependencies
                 warnings.warn(msg, RuntimeWarning)
 
         # build args
         args = [] if args is None else args
         kwargs = {} if kwargs is None else kwargs
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         track = self.track if track is None else track
         after = self.after if after is None else after
         retries = self.retries if retries is None else retries
         follow = self.follow if follow is None else follow
         timeout = self.timeout if timeout is None else timeout
         targets = self.targets if targets is None else targets
 
         if not isinstance(retries, int):
             raise TypeError('retries must be int, not %r'%type(retries))
 
         if targets is None:
             idents = []
         else:
             idents = self.client._build_targets(targets)[0]
             # ensure *not* bytes
             idents = [ ident.decode() for ident in idents ]
 
         after = self._render_dependency(after)
         follow = self._render_dependency(follow)
         subheader = dict(after=after, follow=follow, timeout=timeout, targets=idents, retries=retries)
 
-        msg = self.client.send_apply_message(self._socket, f, args, kwargs, track=track,
+        msg = self.client.send_apply_request(self._socket, f, args, kwargs, track=track,
                                 subheader=subheader)
         tracker = None if track is False else msg['tracker']
 
         ar = AsyncResult(self.client, msg['header']['msg_id'], fname=getname(f), targets=None, tracker=tracker)
 
         if block:
             try:
                 return ar.get()
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 pass
         return ar
 
     @spin_after
     @save_ids
     def map(self, f, *sequences, **kwargs):
         """view.map(f, *sequences, block=self.block, chunksize=1, ordered=True) => list|AsyncMapResult
 
         Parallel version of builtin `map`, load-balanced by this View.
 
         `block`, and `chunksize` can be specified by keyword only.
 
         Each `chunksize` elements will be a separate task, and will be
         load-balanced. This lets individual elements be available for iteration
         as soon as they arrive.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         f : callable
             function to be mapped
         *sequences: one or more sequences of matching length
             the sequences to be distributed and passed to `f`
         block : bool [default self.block]
             whether to wait for the result or not
         track : bool
             whether to create a MessageTracker to allow the user to
             safely edit after arrays and buffers during non-copying
             sends.
         chunksize : int [default 1]
             how many elements should be in each task.
         ordered : bool [default True]
             Whether the results should be gathered as they arrive, or enforce
             the order of submission.
             
             Only applies when iterating through AsyncMapResult as results arrive.
             Has no effect when block=True.
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         if block=False:
             AsyncMapResult
                 An object like AsyncResult, but which reassembles the sequence of results
                 into a single list. AsyncMapResults can be iterated through before all
                 results are complete.
             else:
                 the result of map(f,*sequences)
 
         """
 
         # default
         block = kwargs.get('block', self.block)
         chunksize = kwargs.get('chunksize', 1)
         ordered = kwargs.get('ordered', True)
 
         keyset = set(kwargs.keys())
         extra_keys = keyset.difference_update(set(['block', 'chunksize']))
         if extra_keys:
             raise TypeError("Invalid kwargs: %s"%list(extra_keys))
 
         assert len(sequences) > 0, "must have some sequences to map onto!"
 
         pf = ParallelFunction(self, f, block=block, chunksize=chunksize, ordered=ordered)
         return pf.map(*sequences)
 
 __all__ = ['LoadBalancedView', 'DirectView']

IPython/parallel/controller/heartmonitor.py

@@ -1,181 +1,182 b''
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 """
 A multi-heart Heartbeat system using PUB and XREP sockets. pings are sent out on the PUB,
 and hearts are tracked based on their XREQ identities.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Min RK
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2010-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from __future__ import print_function
 import time
 import uuid
 
 import zmq
 from zmq.devices import ThreadDevice
 from zmq.eventloop import ioloop, zmqstream
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import LoggingConfigurable
+from IPython.utils.py3compat import str_to_bytes
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Set, Instance, CFloat, Integer
 
-from IPython.parallel.util import asbytes, log_errors
+from IPython.parallel.util import log_errors
 
 class Heart(object):
     """A basic heart object for responding to a HeartMonitor.
     This is a simple wrapper with defaults for the most common
     Device model for responding to heartbeats.
 
     It simply builds a threadsafe zmq.FORWARDER Device, defaulting to using
     SUB/XREQ for in/out.
 
     You can specify the XREQ's IDENTITY via the optional heart_id argument."""
     device=None
     id=None
     def __init__(self, in_addr, out_addr, in_type=zmq.SUB, out_type=zmq.DEALER, heart_id=None):
         self.device = ThreadDevice(zmq.FORWARDER, in_type, out_type)
         # do not allow the device to share global Context.instance,
         # which is the default behavior in pyzmq > 2.1.10
         self.device.context_factory = zmq.Context
         
         self.device.daemon=True
         self.device.connect_in(in_addr)
         self.device.connect_out(out_addr)
         if in_type == zmq.SUB:
             self.device.setsockopt_in(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, b"")
         if heart_id is None:
             heart_id = uuid.uuid4().bytes
         self.device.setsockopt_out(zmq.IDENTITY, heart_id)
         self.id = heart_id
 
     def start(self):
         return self.device.start()
 
 
 class HeartMonitor(LoggingConfigurable):
     """A basic HeartMonitor class
     pingstream: a PUB stream
     pongstream: an XREP stream
     period: the period of the heartbeat in milliseconds"""
 
     period = Integer(3000, config=True,
         help='The frequency at which the Hub pings the engines for heartbeats '
         '(in ms)',
     )
 
     pingstream=Instance('zmq.eventloop.zmqstream.ZMQStream')
     pongstream=Instance('zmq.eventloop.zmqstream.ZMQStream')
     loop = Instance('zmq.eventloop.ioloop.IOLoop')
     def _loop_default(self):
         return ioloop.IOLoop.instance()
 
     # not settable:
     hearts=Set()
     responses=Set()
     on_probation=Set()
     last_ping=CFloat(0)
     _new_handlers = Set()
     _failure_handlers = Set()
     lifetime = CFloat(0)
     tic = CFloat(0)
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         super(HeartMonitor, self).__init__(**kwargs)
 
         self.pongstream.on_recv(self.handle_pong)
 
     def start(self):
         self.tic = time.time()
         self.caller = ioloop.PeriodicCallback(self.beat, self.period, self.loop)
         self.caller.start()
 
     def add_new_heart_handler(self, handler):
         """add a new handler for new hearts"""
         self.log.debug("heartbeat::new_heart_handler: %s", handler)
         self._new_handlers.add(handler)
 
     def add_heart_failure_handler(self, handler):
         """add a new handler for heart failure"""
         self.log.debug("heartbeat::new heart failure handler: %s", handler)
         self._failure_handlers.add(handler)
 
     def beat(self):
         self.pongstream.flush()
         self.last_ping = self.lifetime
 
         toc = time.time()
         self.lifetime += toc-self.tic
         self.tic = toc
         self.log.debug("heartbeat::sending %s", self.lifetime)
         goodhearts = self.hearts.intersection(self.responses)
         missed_beats = self.hearts.difference(goodhearts)
         heartfailures = self.on_probation.intersection(missed_beats)
         newhearts = self.responses.difference(goodhearts)
         map(self.handle_new_heart, newhearts)
         map(self.handle_heart_failure, heartfailures)
         self.on_probation = missed_beats.intersection(self.hearts)
         self.responses = set()
         # print self.on_probation, self.hearts
         # self.log.debug("heartbeat::beat %.3f, %i beating hearts", self.lifetime, len(self.hearts))
-        self.pingstream.send(asbytes(str(self.lifetime)))
+        self.pingstream.send(str_to_bytes(str(self.lifetime)))
         # flush stream to force immediate socket send
         self.pingstream.flush()
 
     def handle_new_heart(self, heart):
         if self._new_handlers:
             for handler in self._new_handlers:
                 handler(heart)
         else:
             self.log.info("heartbeat::yay, got new heart %s!", heart)
         self.hearts.add(heart)
 
     def handle_heart_failure(self, heart):
         if self._failure_handlers:
             for handler in self._failure_handlers:
                 try:
                     handler(heart)
                 except Exception as e:
                     self.log.error("heartbeat::Bad Handler! %s", handler, exc_info=True)
                     pass
         else:
             self.log.info("heartbeat::Heart %s failed :(", heart)
         self.hearts.remove(heart)
 
 
     @log_errors
     def handle_pong(self, msg):
         "a heart just beat"
-        current = asbytes(str(self.lifetime))
-        last = asbytes(str(self.last_ping))
+        current = str_to_bytes(str(self.lifetime))
+        last = str_to_bytes(str(self.last_ping))
         if msg[1] == current:
             delta = time.time()-self.tic
             # self.log.debug("heartbeat::heart %r took %.2f ms to respond"%(msg[0], 1000*delta))
             self.responses.add(msg[0])
         elif msg[1] == last:
             delta = time.time()-self.tic + (self.lifetime-self.last_ping)
             self.log.warn("heartbeat::heart %r missed a beat, and took %.2f ms to respond", msg[0], 1000*delta)
             self.responses.add(msg[0])
         else:
             self.log.warn("heartbeat::got bad heartbeat (possibly old?): %s (current=%.3f)", msg[1], self.lifetime)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     loop = ioloop.IOLoop.instance()
     context = zmq.Context()
     pub = context.socket(zmq.PUB)
     pub.bind('tcp://127.0.0.1:5555')
     xrep = context.socket(zmq.ROUTER)
     xrep.bind('tcp://127.0.0.1:5556')
 
     outstream = zmqstream.ZMQStream(pub, loop)
     instream = zmqstream.ZMQStream(xrep, loop)
 
     hb = HeartMonitor(loop, outstream, instream)
 
     loop.start()