Fixed typos

IPython/core/formatters.py

@@ -1,1024 +1,1024 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Display formatters.
 
 Inheritance diagram:
 
 .. inheritance-diagram:: IPython.core.formatters
    :parts: 3
 """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import abc
 import json
 import sys
 import traceback
 import warnings
 from io import StringIO
 
 from decorator import decorator
 
 from traitlets.config.configurable import Configurable
 from IPython.core.getipython import get_ipython
 from IPython.utils.sentinel import Sentinel
 from IPython.utils.dir2 import get_real_method
 from IPython.lib import pretty
 from traitlets import (
     Bool, Dict, Integer, Unicode, CUnicode, ObjectName, List,
     ForwardDeclaredInstance,
     default, observe,
 )
 
 
 class DisplayFormatter(Configurable):
 
     active_types = List(Unicode(),
         help="""List of currently active mime-types to display.
         You can use this to set a white-list for formats to display.
         
         Most users will not need to change this value.
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @default('active_types')
     def _active_types_default(self):
         return self.format_types
 
     @observe('active_types')
     def _active_types_changed(self, change):
         for key, formatter in self.formatters.items():
             if key in change['new']:
                 formatter.enabled = True
             else:
                 formatter.enabled = False
 
     ipython_display_formatter = ForwardDeclaredInstance('FormatterABC')
     @default('ipython_display_formatter')
     def _default_formatter(self):
         return IPythonDisplayFormatter(parent=self)
 
     mimebundle_formatter = ForwardDeclaredInstance('FormatterABC')
     @default('mimebundle_formatter')
     def _default_mime_formatter(self):
         return MimeBundleFormatter(parent=self)
 
     # A dict of formatter whose keys are format types (MIME types) and whose
     # values are subclasses of BaseFormatter.
     formatters = Dict()
     @default('formatters')
     def _formatters_default(self):
         """Activate the default formatters."""
         formatter_classes = [
             PlainTextFormatter,
             HTMLFormatter,
             MarkdownFormatter,
             SVGFormatter,
             PNGFormatter,
             PDFFormatter,
             JPEGFormatter,
             LatexFormatter,
             JSONFormatter,
             JavascriptFormatter
         ]
         d = {}
         for cls in formatter_classes:
             f = cls(parent=self)
             d[f.format_type] = f
         return d
 
     def format(self, obj, include=None, exclude=None):
         """Return a format data dict for an object.
 
         By default all format types will be computed.
 
         The following MIME types are usually implemented:
 
         * text/plain
         * text/html
         * text/markdown
         * text/latex
         * application/json
         * application/javascript
         * application/pdf
         * image/png
         * image/jpeg
         * image/svg+xml
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         obj : object
             The Python object whose format data will be computed.
         include : list, tuple or set; optional
             A list of format type strings (MIME types) to include in the
             format data dict. If this is set *only* the format types included
             in this list will be computed.
         exclude : list, tuple or set; optional
             A list of format type string (MIME types) to exclude in the format
             data dict. If this is set all format types will be computed,
             except for those included in this argument.
             Mimetypes present in exclude will take precedence over the ones in include
 
         Returns
         -------
         (format_dict, metadata_dict) : tuple of two dicts
         
             format_dict is a dictionary of key/value pairs, one of each format that was
             generated for the object. The keys are the format types, which
             will usually be MIME type strings and the values and JSON'able
             data structure containing the raw data for the representation in
             that format.
             
             metadata_dict is a dictionary of metadata about each mime-type output.
             Its keys will be a strict subset of the keys in format_dict.
 
         Notes
         -----
 
             If an object implement `_repr_mimebundle_` as well as various
             `_repr_*_`, the data returned by `_repr_mimebundle_` will take
             precedence and the corresponding `_repr_*_` for this mimetype will
             not be called.
 
         """
         format_dict = {}
         md_dict = {}
         
         if self.ipython_display_formatter(obj):
             # object handled itself, don't proceed
             return {}, {}
 
         format_dict, md_dict = self.mimebundle_formatter(obj, include=include, exclude=exclude)
 
         if format_dict or md_dict:
             if include:
                 format_dict = {k:v for k,v in format_dict.items() if k in include}
                 md_dict = {k:v for k,v in md_dict.items() if k in include}
             if exclude:
                 format_dict = {k:v for k,v in format_dict.items() if k not in exclude}
                 md_dict = {k:v for k,v in md_dict.items() if k not in exclude}
 
         for format_type, formatter in self.formatters.items():
             if format_type in format_dict:
                 # already got it from mimebundle, maybe don't render again.
                 # exception: manually registered per-mime renderer
                 # check priority:
                 # 1. user-registered per-mime formatter
                 # 2. mime-bundle (user-registered or repr method)
                 # 3. default per-mime formatter (e.g. repr method)
                 try:
                     formatter.lookup(obj)
                 except KeyError:
                     # no special formatter, use mime-bundle-provided value
                     continue
             if include and format_type not in include:
                 continue
             if exclude and format_type in exclude:
                 continue
             
             md = None
             try:
                 data = formatter(obj)
             except:
                 # FIXME: log the exception
                 raise
             
             # formatters can return raw data or (data, metadata)
             if isinstance(data, tuple) and len(data) == 2:
                 data, md = data
             
             if data is not None:
                 format_dict[format_type] = data
             if md is not None:
                 md_dict[format_type] = md
         return format_dict, md_dict
 
     @property
     def format_types(self):
         """Return the format types (MIME types) of the active formatters."""
         return list(self.formatters.keys())
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Formatters for specific format types (text, html, svg, etc.)
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def _safe_repr(obj):
     """Try to return a repr of an object
 
     always returns a string, at least.
     """
     try:
         return repr(obj)
     except Exception as e:
         return "un-repr-able object (%r)" % e
 
 
 class FormatterWarning(UserWarning):
     """Warning class for errors in formatters"""
 
 @decorator
 def catch_format_error(method, self, *args, **kwargs):
     """show traceback on failed format call"""
     try:
         r = method(self, *args, **kwargs)
     except NotImplementedError:
         # don't warn on NotImplementedErrors
         return self._check_return(None, args[0])
     except Exception:
         exc_info = sys.exc_info()
         ip = get_ipython()
         if ip is not None:
             ip.showtraceback(exc_info)
         else:
             traceback.print_exception(*exc_info)
         return self._check_return(None, args[0])
     return self._check_return(r, args[0])
 
 
 class FormatterABC(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """ Abstract base class for Formatters.
 
     A formatter is a callable class that is responsible for computing the
     raw format data for a particular format type (MIME type). For example,
     an HTML formatter would have a format type of `text/html` and would return
     the HTML representation of the object when called.
     """
 
     # The format type of the data returned, usually a MIME type.
     format_type = 'text/plain'
 
     # Is the formatter enabled...
     enabled = True
     
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def __call__(self, obj):
         """Return a JSON'able representation of the object.
 
         If the object cannot be formatted by this formatter,
         warn and return None.
         """
         return repr(obj)
 
 
 def _mod_name_key(typ):
     """Return a (__module__, __name__) tuple for a type.
     
     Used as key in Formatter.deferred_printers.
     """
     module = getattr(typ, '__module__', None)
     name = getattr(typ, '__name__', None)
     return (module, name)
 
 
 def _get_type(obj):
     """Return the type of an instance (old and new-style)"""
     return getattr(obj, '__class__', None) or type(obj)
 
 
 _raise_key_error = Sentinel('_raise_key_error', __name__, 
 """
 Special value to raise a KeyError
 
 Raise KeyError in `BaseFormatter.pop` if passed as the default value to `pop`
 """)
 
 
 class BaseFormatter(Configurable):
     """A base formatter class that is configurable.
 
     This formatter should usually be used as the base class of all formatters.
     It is a traited :class:`Configurable` class and includes an extensible
     API for users to determine how their objects are formatted. The following
     logic is used to find a function to format an given object.
 
     1. The object is introspected to see if it has a method with the name
        :attr:`print_method`. If is does, that object is passed to that method
        for formatting.
     2. If no print method is found, three internal dictionaries are consulted
        to find print method: :attr:`singleton_printers`, :attr:`type_printers`
        and :attr:`deferred_printers`.
 
     Users should use these dictionaries to register functions that will be
     used to compute the format data for their objects (if those objects don't
     have the special print methods). The easiest way of using these
     dictionaries is through the :meth:`for_type` and :meth:`for_type_by_name`
     methods.
 
     If no function/callable is found to compute the format data, ``None`` is
     returned and this format type is not used.
     """
 
     format_type = Unicode('text/plain')
     _return_type = str
 
     enabled = Bool(True).tag(config=True)
 
     print_method = ObjectName('__repr__')
 
     # The singleton printers.
     # Maps the IDs of the builtin singleton objects to the format functions.
     singleton_printers = Dict().tag(config=True)
 
     # The type-specific printers.
     # Map type objects to the format functions.
     type_printers = Dict().tag(config=True)
 
     # The deferred-import type-specific printers.
     # Map (modulename, classname) pairs to the format functions.
     deferred_printers = Dict().tag(config=True)
     
     @catch_format_error
     def __call__(self, obj):
         """Compute the format for an object."""
         if self.enabled:
             # lookup registered printer
             try:
                 printer = self.lookup(obj)
             except KeyError:
                 pass
             else:
                 return printer(obj)
             # Finally look for special method names
             method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
             if method is not None:
                 return method()
             return None
         else:
             return None
     
     def __contains__(self, typ):
         """map in to lookup_by_type"""
         try:
             self.lookup_by_type(typ)
         except KeyError:
             return False
         else:
             return True
     
     def _check_return(self, r, obj):
         """Check that a return value is appropriate
         
         Return the value if so, None otherwise, warning if invalid.
         """
         if r is None or isinstance(r, self._return_type) or \
             (isinstance(r, tuple) and r and isinstance(r[0], self._return_type)):
             return r
         else:
             warnings.warn(
                 "%s formatter returned invalid type %s (expected %s) for object: %s" % \
                 (self.format_type, type(r), self._return_type, _safe_repr(obj)),
                 FormatterWarning
             )
     
     def lookup(self, obj):
         """Look up the formatter for a given instance.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         obj  : object instance
 
         Returns
         -------
         f : callable
             The registered formatting callable for the type.
 
         Raises
         ------
         KeyError if the type has not been registered.
         """
         # look for singleton first
         obj_id = id(obj)
         if obj_id in self.singleton_printers:
             return self.singleton_printers[obj_id]
         # then lookup by type
         return self.lookup_by_type(_get_type(obj))
     
     def lookup_by_type(self, typ):
         """Look up the registered formatter for a type.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         typ  : type or '__module__.__name__' string for a type
 
         Returns
         -------
         f : callable
             The registered formatting callable for the type.
 
         Raises
         ------
         KeyError if the type has not been registered.
         """
         if isinstance(typ, str):
             typ_key = tuple(typ.rsplit('.',1))
             if typ_key not in self.deferred_printers:
                 # We may have it cached in the type map. We will have to
                 # iterate over all of the types to check.
                 for cls in self.type_printers:
                     if _mod_name_key(cls) == typ_key:
                         return self.type_printers[cls]
             else:
                 return self.deferred_printers[typ_key]
         else:
             for cls in pretty._get_mro(typ):
                 if cls in self.type_printers or self._in_deferred_types(cls):
                     return self.type_printers[cls]
         
         # If we have reached here, the lookup failed.
         raise KeyError("No registered printer for {0!r}".format(typ))
 
     def for_type(self, typ, func=None):
         """Add a format function for a given type.
         
         Parameters
         -----------
         typ : type or '__module__.__name__' string for a type
             The class of the object that will be formatted using `func`.
         func : callable
             A callable for computing the format data.
             `func` will be called with the object to be formatted,
             and will return the raw data in this formatter's format.
             Subclasses may use a different call signature for the
             `func` argument.
             
             If `func` is None or not specified, there will be no change,
             only returning the current value.
         
         Returns
         -------
         oldfunc : callable
             The currently registered callable.
             If you are registering a new formatter,
             this will be the previous value (to enable restoring later).
         """
         # if string given, interpret as 'pkg.module.class_name'
         if isinstance(typ, str):
             type_module, type_name = typ.rsplit('.', 1)
             return self.for_type_by_name(type_module, type_name, func)
         
         try:
             oldfunc = self.lookup_by_type(typ)
         except KeyError:
             oldfunc = None
         
         if func is not None:
             self.type_printers[typ] = func
         
         return oldfunc
 
     def for_type_by_name(self, type_module, type_name, func=None):
         """Add a format function for a type specified by the full dotted
         module and name of the type, rather than the type of the object.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         type_module : str
             The full dotted name of the module the type is defined in, like
             ``numpy``.
         type_name : str
             The name of the type (the class name), like ``dtype``
         func : callable
             A callable for computing the format data.
             `func` will be called with the object to be formatted,
             and will return the raw data in this formatter's format.
             Subclasses may use a different call signature for the
             `func` argument.
             
             If `func` is None or unspecified, there will be no change,
             only returning the current value.
         
         Returns
         -------
         oldfunc : callable
             The currently registered callable.
             If you are registering a new formatter,
             this will be the previous value (to enable restoring later).
         """
         key = (type_module, type_name)
         
         try:
             oldfunc = self.lookup_by_type("%s.%s" % key)
         except KeyError:
             oldfunc = None
         
         if func is not None:
             self.deferred_printers[key] = func
         return oldfunc
     
     def pop(self, typ, default=_raise_key_error):
         """Pop a formatter for the given type.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         typ : type or '__module__.__name__' string for a type
         default : object
             value to be returned if no formatter is registered for typ.
 
         Returns
         -------
         obj : object
             The last registered object for the type.
 
         Raises
         ------
         KeyError if the type is not registered and default is not specified.
         """
         
         if isinstance(typ, str):
             typ_key = tuple(typ.rsplit('.',1))
             if typ_key not in self.deferred_printers:
                 # We may have it cached in the type map. We will have to
                 # iterate over all of the types to check.
                 for cls in self.type_printers:
                     if _mod_name_key(cls) == typ_key:
                         old = self.type_printers.pop(cls)
                         break
                 else:
                     old = default
             else:
                 old = self.deferred_printers.pop(typ_key)
         else:
             if typ in self.type_printers:
                 old = self.type_printers.pop(typ)
             else:
                 old = self.deferred_printers.pop(_mod_name_key(typ), default)
         if old is _raise_key_error:
             raise KeyError("No registered value for {0!r}".format(typ))
         return old
 
     def _in_deferred_types(self, cls):
         """
         Check if the given class is specified in the deferred type registry.
 
         Successful matches will be moved to the regular type registry for future use.
         """
         mod = getattr(cls, '__module__', None)
         name = getattr(cls, '__name__', None)
         key = (mod, name)
         if key in self.deferred_printers:
             # Move the printer over to the regular registry.
             printer = self.deferred_printers.pop(key)
             self.type_printers[cls] = printer
             return True
         return False
 
 
 class PlainTextFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """The default pretty-printer.
 
     This uses :mod:`IPython.lib.pretty` to compute the format data of
     the object. If the object cannot be pretty printed, :func:`repr` is used.
     See the documentation of :mod:`IPython.lib.pretty` for details on
     how to write pretty printers.  Here is a simple example::
 
         def dtype_pprinter(obj, p, cycle):
             if cycle:
                 return p.text('dtype(...)')
             if hasattr(obj, 'fields'):
                 if obj.fields is None:
                     p.text(repr(obj))
                 else:
                     p.begin_group(7, 'dtype([')
                     for i, field in enumerate(obj.descr):
                         if i > 0:
                             p.text(',')
                             p.breakable()
                         p.pretty(field)
                     p.end_group(7, '])')
     """
 
     # The format type of data returned.
     format_type = Unicode('text/plain')
 
     # This subclass ignores this attribute as it always need to return
     # something.
     enabled = Bool(True).tag(config=False)
     
     max_seq_length = Integer(pretty.MAX_SEQ_LENGTH,
         help="""Truncate large collections (lists, dicts, tuples, sets) to this size.
         
         Set to 0 to disable truncation.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     
     # Look for a _repr_pretty_ methods to use for pretty printing.
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_pretty_')
 
     # Whether to pretty-print or not.
     pprint = Bool(True).tag(config=True)
 
     # Whether to be verbose or not.
     verbose = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
 
     # The maximum width.
     max_width = Integer(79).tag(config=True)
 
     # The newline character.
     newline = Unicode('\n').tag(config=True)
 
     # format-string for pprinting floats
     float_format = Unicode('%r')
     # setter for float precision, either int or direct format-string
     float_precision = CUnicode('').tag(config=True)
 
     @observe('float_precision')
     def _float_precision_changed(self, change):
         """float_precision changed, set float_format accordingly.
 
         float_precision can be set by int or str.
         This will set float_format, after interpreting input.
         If numpy has been imported, numpy print precision will also be set.
 
         integer `n` sets format to '%.nf', otherwise, format set directly.
 
         An empty string returns to defaults (repr for float, 8 for numpy).
 
         This parameter can be set via the '%precision' magic.
         """
 
         new = change['new']
         if '%' in new:
             # got explicit format string
             fmt = new
             try:
                 fmt%3.14159
             except Exception:
                 raise ValueError("Precision must be int or format string, not %r"%new)
         elif new:
             # otherwise, should be an int
             try:
                 i = int(new)
                 assert i >= 0
             except ValueError:
                 raise ValueError("Precision must be int or format string, not %r"%new)
             except AssertionError:
                 raise ValueError("int precision must be non-negative, not %r"%i)
 
             fmt = '%%.%if'%i
             if 'numpy' in sys.modules:
                 # set numpy precision if it has been imported
                 import numpy
                 numpy.set_printoptions(precision=i)
         else:
             # default back to repr
             fmt = '%r'
             if 'numpy' in sys.modules:
                 import numpy
                 # numpy default is 8
                 numpy.set_printoptions(precision=8)
         self.float_format = fmt
 
     # Use the default pretty printers from IPython.lib.pretty.
     @default('singleton_printers')
     def _singleton_printers_default(self):
         return pretty._singleton_pprinters.copy()
 
     @default('type_printers')
     def _type_printers_default(self):
         d = pretty._type_pprinters.copy()
         d[float] = lambda obj,p,cycle: p.text(self.float_format%obj)
         return d
 
     @default('deferred_printers')
     def _deferred_printers_default(self):
         return pretty._deferred_type_pprinters.copy()
 
     #### FormatterABC interface ####
 
     @catch_format_error
     def __call__(self, obj):
         """Compute the pretty representation of the object."""
         if not self.pprint:
             return repr(obj)
         else:
             stream = StringIO()
             printer = pretty.RepresentationPrinter(stream, self.verbose,
                 self.max_width, self.newline,
                 max_seq_length=self.max_seq_length,
                 singleton_pprinters=self.singleton_printers,
                 type_pprinters=self.type_printers,
                 deferred_pprinters=self.deferred_printers)
             printer.pretty(obj)
             printer.flush()
             return stream.getvalue()
 
 
 class HTMLFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """An HTML formatter.
 
     To define the callables that compute the HTML representation of your
     objects, define a :meth:`_repr_html_` method or use the :meth:`for_type`
     or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions that handle
     this.
 
     The return value of this formatter should be a valid HTML snippet that
     could be injected into an existing DOM. It should *not* include the
     ```<html>`` or ```<body>`` tags.
     """
     format_type = Unicode('text/html')
 
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_html_')
 
 
 class MarkdownFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """A Markdown formatter.
 
     To define the callables that compute the Markdown representation of your
     objects, define a :meth:`_repr_markdown_` method or use the :meth:`for_type`
     or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions that handle
     this.
 
     The return value of this formatter should be a valid Markdown.
     """
     format_type = Unicode('text/markdown')
 
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_markdown_')
 
 class SVGFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """An SVG formatter.
 
     To define the callables that compute the SVG representation of your
     objects, define a :meth:`_repr_svg_` method or use the :meth:`for_type`
     or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions that handle
     this.
 
     The return value of this formatter should be valid SVG enclosed in
     ```<svg>``` tags, that could be injected into an existing DOM. It should
     *not* include the ```<html>`` or ```<body>`` tags.
     """
     format_type = Unicode('image/svg+xml')
 
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_svg_')
 
 
 class PNGFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """A PNG formatter.
 
     To define the callables that compute the PNG representation of your
     objects, define a :meth:`_repr_png_` method or use the :meth:`for_type`
     or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions that handle
     this.
 
     The return value of this formatter should be raw PNG data, *not*
     base64 encoded.
     """
     format_type = Unicode('image/png')
 
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_png_')
     
     _return_type = (bytes, str)
 
 
 class JPEGFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """A JPEG formatter.
 
     To define the callables that compute the JPEG representation of your
     objects, define a :meth:`_repr_jpeg_` method or use the :meth:`for_type`
     or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions that handle
     this.
 
     The return value of this formatter should be raw JPEG data, *not*
     base64 encoded.
     """
     format_type = Unicode('image/jpeg')
 
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_jpeg_')
 
     _return_type = (bytes, str)
 
 
 class LatexFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """A LaTeX formatter.
 
     To define the callables that compute the LaTeX representation of your
     objects, define a :meth:`_repr_latex_` method or use the :meth:`for_type`
     or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions that handle
     this.
 
     The return value of this formatter should be a valid LaTeX equation,
     enclosed in either ```$```, ```$$``` or another LaTeX equation
     environment.
     """
     format_type = Unicode('text/latex')
 
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_latex_')
 
 
 class JSONFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """A JSON string formatter.
 
     To define the callables that compute the JSONable representation of
     your objects, define a :meth:`_repr_json_` method or use the :meth:`for_type`
     or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions that handle
     this.
 
     The return value of this formatter should be a JSONable list or dict.
     JSON scalars (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict or list containers.
     """
     format_type = Unicode('application/json')
     _return_type = (list, dict)
 
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_json_')
     
     def _check_return(self, r, obj):
         """Check that a return value is appropriate
         
         Return the value if so, None otherwise, warning if invalid.
         """
         if r is None:
             return
         md = None
         if isinstance(r, tuple):
             # unpack data, metadata tuple for type checking on first element
             r, md = r
         
         # handle deprecated JSON-as-string form from IPython < 3
         if isinstance(r, str):
             warnings.warn("JSON expects JSONable list/dict containers, not JSON strings",
             FormatterWarning)
             r = json.loads(r)
         
         if md is not None:
             # put the tuple back together
             r = (r, md)
         return super(JSONFormatter, self)._check_return(r, obj)
 
 
 class JavascriptFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """A Javascript formatter.
 
     To define the callables that compute the Javascript representation of
     your objects, define a :meth:`_repr_javascript_` method or use the
     :meth:`for_type` or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions
     that handle this.
 
     The return value of this formatter should be valid Javascript code and
     should *not* be enclosed in ```<script>``` tags.
     """
     format_type = Unicode('application/javascript')
 
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_javascript_')
 
 
 class PDFFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """A PDF formatter.
 
     To define the callables that compute the PDF representation of your
     objects, define a :meth:`_repr_pdf_` method or use the :meth:`for_type`
     or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions that handle
     this.
 
     The return value of this formatter should be raw PDF data, *not*
     base64 encoded.
     """
     format_type = Unicode('application/pdf')
 
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_pdf_')
 
     _return_type = (bytes, str)
 
 class IPythonDisplayFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """An escape-hatch Formatter for objects that know how to display themselves.
     
     To define the callables that compute the representation of your
     objects, define a :meth:`_ipython_display_` method or use the :meth:`for_type`
     or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions that handle
     this. Unlike mime-type displays, this method should not return anything,
     instead calling any appropriate display methods itself.
     
     This display formatter has highest priority.
     If it fires, no other display formatter will be called.
 
     Prior to IPython 6.1, `_ipython_display_` was the only way to display custom mime-types
     without registering a new Formatter.
     
     IPython 6.1 introduces `_repr_mimebundle_` for displaying custom mime-types,
     so `_ipython_display_` should only be used for objects that require unusual
     display patterns, such as multiple display calls.
     """
     print_method = ObjectName('_ipython_display_')
     _return_type = (type(None), bool)
 
     @catch_format_error
     def __call__(self, obj):
         """Compute the format for an object."""
         if self.enabled:
             # lookup registered printer
             try:
                 printer = self.lookup(obj)
             except KeyError:
                 pass
             else:
                 printer(obj)
                 return True
             # Finally look for special method names
             method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
             if method is not None:
                 method()
                 return True
 
 
 class MimeBundleFormatter(BaseFormatter):
     """A Formatter for arbitrary mime-types.
 
     Unlike other `_repr_<mimetype>_` methods,
     `_repr_mimebundle_` should return mime-bundle data,
     either the mime-keyed `data` dictionary or the tuple `(data, metadata)`.
     Any mime-type is valid.
 
     To define the callables that compute the mime-bundle representation of your
     objects, define a :meth:`_repr_mimebundle_` method or use the :meth:`for_type`
     or :meth:`for_type_by_name` methods to register functions that handle
     this.
 
     .. versionadded:: 6.1
     """
     print_method = ObjectName('_repr_mimebundle_')
     _return_type = dict
     
     def _check_return(self, r, obj):
         r = super(MimeBundleFormatter, self)._check_return(r, obj)
         # always return (data, metadata):
         if r is None:
             return {}, {}
         if not isinstance(r, tuple):
             return r, {}
         return r
 
     @catch_format_error
     def __call__(self, obj, include=None, exclude=None):
         """Compute the format for an object.
 
         Identical to parent's method but we pass extra parameters to the method.
 
         Unlike other _repr_*_ `_repr_mimebundle_` should allow extra kwargs, in
         particular `include` and `exclude`.
         """
         if self.enabled:
             # lookup registered printer
             try:
                 printer = self.lookup(obj)
             except KeyError:
                 pass
             else:
                 return printer(obj)
             # Finally look for special method names
             method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
 
             if method is not None:
                 return method(include=include, exclude=exclude)
             return None
         else:
             return None
 
 
 FormatterABC.register(BaseFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(PlainTextFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(HTMLFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(MarkdownFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(SVGFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(PNGFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(PDFFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(JPEGFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(LatexFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(JSONFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(JavascriptFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(IPythonDisplayFormatter)
 FormatterABC.register(MimeBundleFormatter)
 
 
 def format_display_data(obj, include=None, exclude=None):
     """Return a format data dict for an object.
 
     By default all format types will be computed.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     obj : object
         The Python object whose format data will be computed.
 
     Returns
     -------
     format_dict : dict
         A dictionary of key/value pairs, one or each format that was
         generated for the object. The keys are the format types, which
         will usually be MIME type strings and the values and JSON'able
         data structure containing the raw data for the representation in
         that format.
     include : list or tuple, optional
         A list of format type strings (MIME types) to include in the
         format data dict. If this is set *only* the format types included
         in this list will be computed.
     exclude : list or tuple, optional
-        A list of format type string (MIME types) to exclue in the format
+        A list of format type string (MIME types) to exclude in the format
         data dict. If this is set all format types will be computed,
         except for those included in this argument.
     """
     from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
 
     return InteractiveShell.instance().display_formatter.format(
         obj,
         include,
         exclude
     )

IPython/core/interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,3708 +1,3708 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Main IPython class."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 import abc
 import ast
 import asyncio
 import atexit
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import functools
 import inspect
 import os
 import re
 import runpy
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import traceback
 import types
 import subprocess
 import warnings
 from io import open as io_open
 
 from pickleshare import PickleShareDB
 
 from traitlets.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
 from traitlets.utils.importstring import import_item
 from IPython.core import oinspect
 from IPython.core import magic
 from IPython.core import page
 from IPython.core import prefilter
 from IPython.core import ultratb
 from IPython.core.alias import Alias, AliasManager
 from IPython.core.autocall import ExitAutocall
 from IPython.core.builtin_trap import BuiltinTrap
 from IPython.core.events import EventManager, available_events
 from IPython.core.compilerop import CachingCompiler, check_linecache_ipython
 from IPython.core.debugger import Pdb
 from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.core.displayhook import DisplayHook
 from IPython.core.displaypub import DisplayPublisher
 from IPython.core.error import InputRejected, UsageError
 from IPython.core.extensions import ExtensionManager
 from IPython.core.formatters import DisplayFormatter
 from IPython.core.history import HistoryManager
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer2 import ESC_MAGIC, ESC_MAGIC2
 from IPython.core.logger import Logger
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.payload import PayloadManager
 from IPython.core.prefilter import PrefilterManager
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.core.usage import default_banner
 from IPython.display import display
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize
 from IPython.utils import io
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
 from IPython.utils import openpy
 from IPython.utils.decorators import undoc
 from IPython.utils.io import ask_yes_no
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.paths import get_ipython_dir
 from IPython.utils.path import get_home_dir, get_py_filename, ensure_dir_exists
 from IPython.utils.process import system, getoutput
 from IPython.utils.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.text import format_screen, LSString, SList, DollarFormatter
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory
 from traitlets import (
     Integer, Bool, CaselessStrEnum, Enum, List, Dict, Unicode, Instance, Type,
     observe, default, validate, Any
 )
 from warnings import warn
 from logging import error
 import IPython.core.hooks
 
 from typing import List as ListType, Tuple
 from ast import AST
 
 # NoOpContext is deprecated, but ipykernel imports it from here.
 # See https://github.com/ipython/ipykernel/issues/157
 from IPython.utils.contexts import NoOpContext
 
 try:
     import docrepr.sphinxify as sphx
 
     def sphinxify(doc):
         with TemporaryDirectory() as dirname:
             return {
                 'text/html': sphx.sphinxify(doc, dirname),
                 'text/plain': doc
             }
 except ImportError:
     sphinxify = None
 
 
 class ProvisionalWarning(DeprecationWarning):
     """
     Warning class for unstable features
     """
     pass
 
 if sys.version_info > (3,8):
     from ast import Module
 else :
     # mock the new API, ignore second argument
     # see https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/11590
     from ast import Module as OriginalModule
     Module = lambda nodelist, type_ignores: OriginalModule(nodelist)
 
 if sys.version_info > (3,6):
     _assign_nodes         = (ast.AugAssign, ast.AnnAssign, ast.Assign)
     _single_targets_nodes = (ast.AugAssign, ast.AnnAssign)
 else:
     _assign_nodes         = (ast.AugAssign, ast.Assign )
     _single_targets_nodes = (ast.AugAssign, )
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Await Helpers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def removed_co_newlocals(function:types.FunctionType) -> types.FunctionType:
     """Return a function that do not create a new local scope. 
 
     Given a function, create a clone of this function where the co_newlocal flag
     has been removed, making this function code actually run in the sourounding
     scope. 
 
     We need this in order to run asynchronous code in user level namespace.
     """
     from types import CodeType, FunctionType
     CO_NEWLOCALS = 0x0002
     code = function.__code__
     new_co_flags = code.co_flags & ~CO_NEWLOCALS
     if sys.version_info > (3, 8, 0, 'alpha', 3):
         new_code = code.replace(co_flags=new_co_flags)
     else:
         new_code = CodeType(
             code.co_argcount,
             code.co_kwonlyargcount,
             code.co_nlocals,
             code.co_stacksize,
             new_co_flags,
             code.co_code,
             code.co_consts,
             code.co_names,
             code.co_varnames,
             code.co_filename,
             code.co_name,
             code.co_firstlineno,
             code.co_lnotab,
             code.co_freevars,
             code.co_cellvars
         )
     return FunctionType(new_code, globals(), function.__name__, function.__defaults__)
 
 
 # we still need to run things using the asyncio eventloop, but there is no
 # async integration
 from .async_helpers import (_asyncio_runner,  _asyncify, _pseudo_sync_runner)
 if sys.version_info > (3, 5):
     from .async_helpers import _curio_runner, _trio_runner, _should_be_async
 else :
     _curio_runner = _trio_runner = None
 
     def _should_be_async(cell:str)->bool:
         return False
 
 
 def _ast_asyncify(cell:str, wrapper_name:str) -> ast.Module:
     """
     Parse a cell with top-level await and modify the AST to be able to run it later.
 
     Parameter
     ---------
 
     cell: str
         The code cell to asyncronify
     wrapper_name: str
         The name of the function to be used to wrap the passed `cell`. It is
         advised to **not** use a python identifier in order to not pollute the
         global namespace in which the function will be ran.
 
     Return
     ------
 
     A module object AST containing **one** function named `wrapper_name`.
 
     The given code is wrapped in a async-def function, parsed into an AST, and
     the resulting function definition AST is modified to return the last
     expression.
 
     The last expression or await node is moved into a return statement at the
     end of the function, and removed from its original location. If the last
     node is not Expr or Await nothing is done.
 
     The function `__code__` will need to be later modified  (by
     ``removed_co_newlocals``) in a subsequent step to not create new `locals()`
     meaning that the local and global scope are the same, ie as if the body of
     the function was at module level.
 
     Lastly a call to `locals()` is made just before the last expression of the
     function, or just after the last assignment or statement to make sure the
     global dict is updated as python function work with a local fast cache which
     is updated only on `local()` calls.
     """
 
     from ast import Expr, Await, Return
     if sys.version_info >= (3,8):
         return ast.parse(cell)
     tree = ast.parse(_asyncify(cell))
 
     function_def = tree.body[0]
     function_def.name = wrapper_name
     try_block = function_def.body[0]
     lastexpr = try_block.body[-1]
     if isinstance(lastexpr, (Expr, Await)):
         try_block.body[-1] = Return(lastexpr.value)
     ast.fix_missing_locations(tree)
     return tree
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @undoc
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 @undoc
 def no_op(*a, **kw):
     pass
 
 
 class SpaceInInput(Exception): pass
 
 
 def get_default_colors():
     "DEPRECATED"
     warn('get_default_color is deprecated since IPython 5.0, and returns `Neutral` on all platforms.',
         DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
     return 'Neutral'
 
 
 class SeparateUnicode(Unicode):
     r"""A Unicode subclass to validate separate_in, separate_out, etc.
 
     This is a Unicode based trait that converts '0'->'' and ``'\\n'->'\n'``.
     """
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if value == '0': value = ''
         value = value.replace('\\n','\n')
         return super(SeparateUnicode, self).validate(obj, value)
 
 
 @undoc
 class DummyMod(object):
     """A dummy module used for IPython's interactive module when
     a namespace must be assigned to the module's __dict__."""
     __spec__ = None
 
 
 class ExecutionInfo(object):
     """The arguments used for a call to :meth:`InteractiveShell.run_cell`
 
     Stores information about what is going to happen.
     """
     raw_cell = None
     store_history = False
     silent = False
     shell_futures = True
 
     def __init__(self, raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures):
         self.raw_cell = raw_cell
         self.store_history = store_history
         self.silent = silent
         self.shell_futures = shell_futures
 
     def __repr__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__qualname__
         raw_cell = ((self.raw_cell[:50] + '..')
                     if len(self.raw_cell) > 50 else self.raw_cell)
         return '<%s object at %x, raw_cell="%s" store_history=%s silent=%s shell_futures=%s>' %\
                (name, id(self), raw_cell, self.store_history, self.silent, self.shell_futures)
 
 
 class ExecutionResult(object):
     """The result of a call to :meth:`InteractiveShell.run_cell`
 
     Stores information about what took place.
     """
     execution_count = None
     error_before_exec = None
     error_in_exec = None
     info = None
     result = None
 
     def __init__(self, info):
         self.info = info
 
     @property
     def success(self):
         return (self.error_before_exec is None) and (self.error_in_exec is None)
 
     def raise_error(self):
         """Reraises error if `success` is `False`, otherwise does nothing"""
         if self.error_before_exec is not None:
             raise self.error_before_exec
         if self.error_in_exec is not None:
             raise self.error_in_exec
 
     def __repr__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__qualname__
         return '<%s object at %x, execution_count=%s error_before_exec=%s error_in_exec=%s info=%s result=%s>' %\
                 (name, id(self), self.execution_count, self.error_before_exec, self.error_in_exec, repr(self.info), repr(self.result))
 
 
 class InteractiveShell(SingletonConfigurable):
     """An enhanced, interactive shell for Python."""
 
     _instance = None
     
     ast_transformers = List([], help=
         """
         A list of ast.NodeTransformer subclass instances, which will be applied
         to user input before code is run.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autocall = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0, help=
         """
         Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if you didn't
         type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes 'str(43)'
         automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature, '1' for
         'smart' autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more
         arguments on the line, and '2' for 'full' autocall, where all callable
         objects are automatically called (even if no arguments are present).
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autoindent = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Autoindent IPython code entered interactively.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autoawait = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Automatically run await statement in the top level repl.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     loop_runner_map ={
         'asyncio':(_asyncio_runner, True),
         'curio':(_curio_runner, True),
         'trio':(_trio_runner, True),
         'sync': (_pseudo_sync_runner, False)
     }
 
     loop_runner = Any(default_value="IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner",
         allow_none=True,
         help="""Select the loop runner that will be used to execute top-level asynchronous code"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     @default('loop_runner')
     def _default_loop_runner(self):
         return import_item("IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner")
 
     @validate('loop_runner')
     def _import_runner(self, proposal):
         if isinstance(proposal.value, str):
             if proposal.value in self.loop_runner_map:
                 runner, autoawait = self.loop_runner_map[proposal.value]
                 self.autoawait = autoawait
                 return runner
             runner = import_item(proposal.value)
             if not callable(runner):
                 raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
             return runner
         if not callable(proposal.value):
             raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
         return proposal.value
 
     automagic = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Enable magic commands to be called without the leading %.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     
     banner1 = Unicode(default_banner,
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed before the profile"""
     ).tag(config=True)
     banner2 = Unicode('',
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed after the profile"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     cache_size = Integer(1000, help=
         """
         Set the size of the output cache.  The default is 1000, you can
         change it permanently in your config file.  Setting it to 0 completely
         disables the caching system, and the minimum value accepted is 3 (if
         you provide a value less than 3, it is reset to 0 and a warning is
         issued).  This limit is defined because otherwise you'll spend more
         time re-flushing a too small cache than working
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     color_info = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Use colors for displaying information about objects. Because this
         information is passed through a pager (like 'less'), and some pagers
         get confused with color codes, this capability can be turned off.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     colors = CaselessStrEnum(('Neutral', 'NoColor','LightBG','Linux'),
                              default_value='Neutral',
         help="Set the color scheme (NoColor, Neutral, Linux, or LightBG)."
     ).tag(config=True)
     debug = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
     disable_failing_post_execute = Bool(False,
         help="Don't call post-execute functions that have failed in the past."
     ).tag(config=True)
     display_formatter = Instance(DisplayFormatter, allow_none=True)
     displayhook_class = Type(DisplayHook)
     display_pub_class = Type(DisplayPublisher)
     
     sphinxify_docstring = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Enables rich html representation of docstrings. (This requires the
         docrepr module).
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe("sphinxify_docstring")
     def _sphinxify_docstring_changed(self, change):
         if change['new']:
             warn("`sphinxify_docstring` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions." , ProvisionalWarning)
 
     enable_html_pager = Bool(False, help=
         """
         (Provisional API) enables html representation in mime bundles sent
         to pagers.
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe("enable_html_pager")
     def _enable_html_pager_changed(self, change):
         if change['new']:
             warn("`enable_html_pager` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions.", ProvisionalWarning)
 
     data_pub_class = None
 
     exit_now = Bool(False)
     exiter = Instance(ExitAutocall)
     @default('exiter')
     def _exiter_default(self):
         return ExitAutocall(self)
     # Monotonically increasing execution counter
     execution_count = Integer(1)
     filename = Unicode("<ipython console>")
     ipython_dir= Unicode('').tag(config=True) # Set to get_ipython_dir() in __init__
 
     # Used to transform cells before running them, and check whether code is complete
     input_transformer_manager = Instance('IPython.core.inputtransformer2.TransformerManager',
                                          ())
 
     @property
     def input_transformers_cleanup(self):
         return self.input_transformer_manager.cleanup_transforms
 
     input_transformers_post = List([],
         help="A list of string input transformers, to be applied after IPython's "
              "own input transformations."
     )
 
     @property
     def input_splitter(self):
         """Make this available for backward compatibility (pre-7.0 release) with existing code.
 
         For example, ipykernel ipykernel currently uses
         `shell.input_splitter.check_complete`
         """
         from warnings import warn
         warn("`input_splitter` is deprecated since IPython 7.0, prefer `input_transformer_manager`.",
              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
         )
         return self.input_transformer_manager
 
     logstart = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Start logging to the default log file in overwrite mode.
         Use `logappend` to specify a log file to **append** logs to.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     logfile = Unicode('', help=
         """
         The name of the logfile to use.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     logappend = Unicode('', help=
         """
         Start logging to the given file in append mode.
         Use `logfile` to specify a log file to **overwrite** logs to.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     object_info_string_level = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0,
     ).tag(config=True)
     pdb = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Automatically call the pdb debugger after every exception.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     display_page = Bool(False,
         help="""If True, anything that would be passed to the pager
         will be displayed as regular output instead."""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     # deprecated prompt traits:
     
     prompt_in1 = Unicode('In [\\#]: ',
         help="Deprecated since IPython 4.0 and ignored since 5.0, set TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts object directly."
     ).tag(config=True)
     prompt_in2 = Unicode('   .\\D.: ',
         help="Deprecated since IPython 4.0 and ignored since 5.0, set TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts object directly."
     ).tag(config=True)
     prompt_out = Unicode('Out[\\#]: ',
         help="Deprecated since IPython 4.0 and ignored since 5.0, set TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts object directly."
     ).tag(config=True)
     prompts_pad_left = Bool(True,
         help="Deprecated since IPython 4.0 and ignored since 5.0, set TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts object directly."
     ).tag(config=True)
     
     @observe('prompt_in1', 'prompt_in2', 'prompt_out', 'prompt_pad_left')
     def _prompt_trait_changed(self, change):
         name = change['name']
         warn("InteractiveShell.{name} is deprecated since IPython 4.0"
              " and ignored since 5.0, set TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts"
              " object directly.".format(name=name))
         
         # protect against weird cases where self.config may not exist:
 
     show_rewritten_input = Bool(True,
         help="Show rewritten input, e.g. for autocall."
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     quiet = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
 
     history_length = Integer(10000,
         help='Total length of command history'
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     history_load_length = Integer(1000, help=
         """
         The number of saved history entries to be loaded
         into the history buffer at startup.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     ast_node_interactivity = Enum(['all', 'last', 'last_expr', 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign'],
                                   default_value='last_expr',
                                   help="""
         'all', 'last', 'last_expr' or 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign' specifying
         which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output from expressions).
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     # TODO: this part of prompt management should be moved to the frontends.
     # Use custom TraitTypes that convert '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'
     separate_in = SeparateUnicode('\n').tag(config=True)
     separate_out = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
     separate_out2 = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
     wildcards_case_sensitive = Bool(True).tag(config=True)
     xmode = CaselessStrEnum(('Context', 'Plain', 'Verbose', 'Minimal'),
                             default_value='Context',
                             help="Switch modes for the IPython exception handlers."
                             ).tag(config=True)
 
     # Subcomponents of InteractiveShell
     alias_manager = Instance('IPython.core.alias.AliasManager', allow_none=True)
     prefilter_manager = Instance('IPython.core.prefilter.PrefilterManager', allow_none=True)
     builtin_trap = Instance('IPython.core.builtin_trap.BuiltinTrap', allow_none=True)
     display_trap = Instance('IPython.core.display_trap.DisplayTrap', allow_none=True)
     extension_manager = Instance('IPython.core.extensions.ExtensionManager', allow_none=True)
     payload_manager = Instance('IPython.core.payload.PayloadManager', allow_none=True)
     history_manager = Instance('IPython.core.history.HistoryAccessorBase', allow_none=True)
     magics_manager = Instance('IPython.core.magic.MagicsManager', allow_none=True)
 
     profile_dir = Instance('IPython.core.application.ProfileDir', allow_none=True)
     @property
     def profile(self):
         if self.profile_dir is not None:
             name = os.path.basename(self.profile_dir.location)
             return name.replace('profile_','')
 
 
     # Private interface
     _post_execute = Dict()
 
     # Tracks any GUI loop loaded for pylab
     pylab_gui_select = None
 
     last_execution_succeeded = Bool(True, help='Did last executed command succeeded')
 
     last_execution_result = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.ExecutionResult', help='Result of executing the last command', allow_none=True)
 
     def __init__(self, ipython_dir=None, profile_dir=None,
                  user_module=None, user_ns=None,
                  custom_exceptions=((), None), **kwargs):
 
         # This is where traits with a config_key argument are updated
         # from the values on config.
         super(InteractiveShell, self).__init__(**kwargs)
         if 'PromptManager' in self.config:
             warn('As of IPython 5.0 `PromptManager` config will have no effect'
                  ' and has been replaced by TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts_class')
         self.configurables = [self]
 
         # These are relatively independent and stateless
         self.init_ipython_dir(ipython_dir)
         self.init_profile_dir(profile_dir)
         self.init_instance_attrs()
         self.init_environment()
         
         # Check if we're in a virtualenv, and set up sys.path.
         self.init_virtualenv()
 
         # Create namespaces (user_ns, user_global_ns, etc.)
         self.init_create_namespaces(user_module, user_ns)
         # This has to be done after init_create_namespaces because it uses
         # something in self.user_ns, but before init_sys_modules, which
         # is the first thing to modify sys.
         # TODO: When we override sys.stdout and sys.stderr before this class
         # is created, we are saving the overridden ones here. Not sure if this
         # is what we want to do.
         self.save_sys_module_state()
         self.init_sys_modules()
 
         # While we're trying to have each part of the code directly access what
         # it needs without keeping redundant references to objects, we have too
         # much legacy code that expects ip.db to exist.
         self.db = PickleShareDB(os.path.join(self.profile_dir.location, 'db'))
 
         self.init_history()
         self.init_encoding()
         self.init_prefilter()
 
         self.init_syntax_highlighting()
         self.init_hooks()
         self.init_events()
         self.init_pushd_popd_magic()
         self.init_user_ns()
         self.init_logger()
         self.init_builtins()
 
         # The following was in post_config_initialization
         self.init_inspector()
         self.raw_input_original = input
         self.init_completer()
         # TODO: init_io() needs to happen before init_traceback handlers
         # because the traceback handlers hardcode the stdout/stderr streams.
         # This logic in in debugger.Pdb and should eventually be changed.
         self.init_io()
         self.init_traceback_handlers(custom_exceptions)
         self.init_prompts()
         self.init_display_formatter()
         self.init_display_pub()
         self.init_data_pub()
         self.init_displayhook()
         self.init_magics()
         self.init_alias()
         self.init_logstart()
         self.init_pdb()
         self.init_extension_manager()
         self.init_payload()
         self.init_deprecation_warnings()
         self.hooks.late_startup_hook()
         self.events.trigger('shell_initialized', self)
         atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
 
     def get_ipython(self):
         """Return the currently running IPython instance."""
         return self
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Trait changed handlers
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     @observe('ipython_dir')
     def _ipython_dir_changed(self, change):
         ensure_dir_exists(change['new'])
 
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # init_* methods called by __init__
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_ipython_dir(self, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is not None:
             self.ipython_dir = ipython_dir
             return
 
         self.ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
 
     def init_profile_dir(self, profile_dir):
         if profile_dir is not None:
             self.profile_dir = profile_dir
             return
         self.profile_dir =\
             ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(self.ipython_dir, 'default')
 
     def init_instance_attrs(self):
         self.more = False
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = CachingCompiler()
 
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         self.tempfiles = []
         self.tempdirs = []
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         # This is not being used anywhere currently.
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Indentation management
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
         # Dict to track post-execution functions that have been registered
         self._post_execute = {}
 
     def init_environment(self):
         """Any changes we need to make to the user's environment."""
         pass
 
     def init_encoding(self):
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
 
     @observe('colors')
     def init_syntax_highlighting(self, changes=None):
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser(style=self.colors, parent=self).format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str')
 
     def refresh_style(self):
         # No-op here, used in subclass
         pass
 
     def init_pushd_popd_magic(self):
         # for pushd/popd management
         self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
     def init_logger(self):
         self.logger = Logger(self.home_dir, logfname='ipython_log.py',
                              logmode='rotate')
 
     def init_logstart(self):
         """Initialize logging in case it was requested at the command line.
         """
         if self.logappend:
             self.magic('logstart %s append' % self.logappend)
         elif self.logfile:
             self.magic('logstart %s' % self.logfile)
         elif self.logstart:
             self.magic('logstart')
 
     def init_deprecation_warnings(self):
         """
         register default filter for deprecation warning.
 
         This will allow deprecation warning of function used interactively to show
         warning to users, and still hide deprecation warning from libraries import.
         """
         if sys.version_info < (3,7):
             warnings.filterwarnings("default", category=DeprecationWarning, module=self.user_ns.get("__name__"))
 
 
     def init_builtins(self):
         # A single, static flag that we set to True.  Its presence indicates
         # that an IPython shell has been created, and we make no attempts at
         # removing on exit or representing the existence of more than one
         # IPython at a time.
         builtin_mod.__dict__['__IPYTHON__'] = True
         builtin_mod.__dict__['display'] = display
 
         self.builtin_trap = BuiltinTrap(shell=self)
 
     @observe('colors')
     def init_inspector(self, changes=None):
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = oinspect.Inspector(oinspect.InspectColors,
                                             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
                                             self.colors,
                                             self.object_info_string_level)
 
     def init_io(self):
         # This will just use sys.stdout and sys.stderr. If you want to
         # override sys.stdout and sys.stderr themselves, you need to do that
         # *before* instantiating this class, because io holds onto
         # references to the underlying streams.
         # io.std* are deprecated, but don't show our own deprecation warnings
         # during initialization of the deprecated API.
         with warnings.catch_warnings():
             warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
             io.stdout = io.IOStream(sys.stdout)
             io.stderr = io.IOStream(sys.stderr)
 
     def init_prompts(self):
         # Set system prompts, so that scripts can decide if they are running
         # interactively.
         sys.ps1 = 'In : '
         sys.ps2 = '...: '
         sys.ps3 = 'Out: '
 
     def init_display_formatter(self):
         self.display_formatter = DisplayFormatter(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_formatter)
 
     def init_display_pub(self):
         self.display_pub = self.display_pub_class(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_pub)
 
     def init_data_pub(self):
         if not self.data_pub_class:
             self.data_pub = None
             return
         self.data_pub = self.data_pub_class(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.data_pub)
 
     def init_displayhook(self):
         # Initialize displayhook, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.displayhook = self.displayhook_class(
             parent=self,
             shell=self,
             cache_size=self.cache_size,
         )
         self.configurables.append(self.displayhook)
         # This is a context manager that installs/revmoes the displayhook at
         # the appropriate time.
         self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=self.displayhook)
 
     def init_virtualenv(self):
         """Add a virtualenv to sys.path so the user can import modules from it.
         This isn't perfect: it doesn't use the Python interpreter with which the
         virtualenv was built, and it ignores the --no-site-packages option. A
         warning will appear suggesting the user installs IPython in the
         virtualenv, but for many cases, it probably works well enough.
         
         Adapted from code snippets online.
         
         http://blog.ufsoft.org/2009/1/29/ipython-and-virtualenv
         """
         if 'VIRTUAL_ENV' not in os.environ:
             # Not in a virtualenv
             return
         
         p = os.path.normcase(sys.executable)
         p_venv = os.path.normcase(os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'])
 
         # executable path should end like /bin/python or \\scripts\\python.exe
         p_exe_up2 = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(p))
         if p_exe_up2 and os.path.exists(p_venv) and os.path.samefile(p_exe_up2, p_venv):
             # Our exe is inside the virtualenv, don't need to do anything.
             return
 
         # fallback venv detection:
         # stdlib venv may symlink sys.executable, so we can't use realpath.
         # but others can symlink *to* the venv Python, so we can't just use sys.executable.
         # So we just check every item in the symlink tree (generally <= 3)
         paths = [p]
         while os.path.islink(p):
             p = os.path.normcase(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(p), os.readlink(p)))
             paths.append(p)
         
         # In Cygwin paths like "c:\..." and '\cygdrive\c\...' are possible
         if p_venv.startswith('\\cygdrive'):
             p_venv = p_venv[11:]
         elif len(p_venv) >= 2 and p_venv[1] == ':':
             p_venv = p_venv[2:]
 
         if any(p_venv in p for p in paths):
             # Running properly in the virtualenv, don't need to do anything
             return
         
         warn("Attempting to work in a virtualenv. If you encounter problems, please "
              "install IPython inside the virtualenv.")
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             virtual_env = os.path.join(os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'], 'Lib', 'site-packages') 
         else:
             virtual_env = os.path.join(os.environ['VIRTUAL_ENV'], 'lib',
                        'python%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2], 'site-packages')
         
         import site
         sys.path.insert(0, virtual_env)
         site.addsitedir(virtual_env)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to injections into the sys module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def save_sys_module_state(self):
         """Save the state of hooks in the sys module.
 
         This has to be called after self.user_module is created.
         """
         self._orig_sys_module_state = {'stdin': sys.stdin,
                                        'stdout': sys.stdout,
                                        'stderr': sys.stderr,
                                        'excepthook': sys.excepthook}
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod = sys.modules.get(self.user_module.__name__)
 
     def restore_sys_module_state(self):
         """Restore the state of the sys module."""
         try:
             for k, v in self._orig_sys_module_state.items():
                 setattr(sys, k, v)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         # Reset what what done in self.init_sys_modules
         if self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod is not None:
             sys.modules[self._orig_sys_modules_main_name] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the banner
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
     @property
     def banner(self):
         banner = self.banner1
         if self.profile and self.profile != 'default':
             banner += '\nIPython profile: %s\n' % self.profile
         if self.banner2:
             banner += '\n' + self.banner2
         return banner
 
     def show_banner(self, banner=None):
         if banner is None:
             banner = self.banner
         sys.stdout.write(banner)
     
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to hooks
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_hooks(self):
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
 
         self.strdispatchers = {}
 
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.core.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name), 100, _warn_deprecated=False)
         
         if self.display_page:
             self.set_hook('show_in_pager', page.as_hook(page.display_page), 90)
     
     def set_hook(self,name,hook, priority=50, str_key=None, re_key=None,
                  _warn_deprecated=True):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
 
         f = types.MethodType(hook,self)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
 
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
             print("Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % \
                   (name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ ))
 
         if _warn_deprecated and (name in IPython.core.hooks.deprecated):
             alternative = IPython.core.hooks.deprecated[name]
             warn("Hook {} is deprecated. Use {} instead.".format(name, alternative), stacklevel=2)
 
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
 
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to events
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_events(self):
         self.events = EventManager(self, available_events)
 
         self.events.register("pre_execute", self._clear_warning_registry)
 
     def register_post_execute(self, func):
         """DEPRECATED: Use ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func)
         
         Register a function for calling after code execution.
         """
         warn("ip.register_post_execute is deprecated, use "
              "ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func) instead.", stacklevel=2)
         self.events.register('post_run_cell', func)
     
     def _clear_warning_registry(self):
         # clear the warning registry, so that different code blocks with
         # overlapping line number ranges don't cause spurious suppression of
         # warnings (see gh-6611 for details)
         if "__warningregistry__" in self.user_global_ns:
             del self.user_global_ns["__warningregistry__"]
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the "main" module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def new_main_mod(self, filename, modname):
         """Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
         
         ``filename`` should be the path of the script which will be run in the
         module. Requests with the same filename will get the same module, with
         its namespace cleared.
         
         ``modname`` should be the module name - normally either '__main__' or
         the basename of the file without the extension.
         
         When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to their
         __main__ module around so that Python doesn't
         clear it, rendering references to module globals useless.
 
         This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
         absolute path of the script. This way, for multiple executions of the
         same script we only keep one copy of the namespace (the last one),
         thus preventing memory leaks from old references while allowing the
         objects from the last execution to be accessible.
         """
         filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
         try:
             main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename]
         except KeyError:
             main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename] = types.ModuleType(
                         modname,
                         doc="Module created for script run in IPython")
         else:
             main_mod.__dict__.clear()
             main_mod.__name__ = modname
         
         main_mod.__file__ = filename
         # It seems pydoc (and perhaps others) needs any module instance to
         # implement a __nonzero__ method
         main_mod.__nonzero__ = lambda : True
         
         return main_mod
 
     def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
         """Clear the cache of main modules.
 
         Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [15]: import IPython
 
         In [16]: m = _ip.new_main_mod(IPython.__file__, 'IPython')
 
         In [17]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) > 0
         Out[17]: True
 
         In [18]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         In [19]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) == 0
         Out[19]: True
         """
         self._main_mod_cache.clear()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to debugging
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_pdb(self):
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         # self.call_pdb is a property
         self.call_pdb = self.pdb
 
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError('new call_pdb value must be boolean')
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
             flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
             The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
             is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython's various namespaces
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     default_user_namespaces = True
 
     def init_create_namespaces(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return a properly built module and dict as needed by
         # the rest of the code, and can also be used by extension writers to
         # generate properly initialized namespaces.
         if (user_ns is not None) or (user_module is not None):
             self.default_user_namespaces = False
         self.user_module, self.user_ns = self.prepare_user_module(user_module, user_ns)
 
         # A record of hidden variables we have added to the user namespace, so
         # we can list later only variables defined in actual interactive use.
         self.user_ns_hidden = {}
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so doctest and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  Top-level references to objects from the
         # script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them.  However,
         # calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
         # the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
         # to the original objects, which are now all None.  So we must protect
         # these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
         #
         # To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
         # last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
         # only the last version of the module is held in the cache.  Note,
         # however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
         # __dict__).  Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
         # (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
         # those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
         #
         # The %reset command will flush this cache.  See the cache_main_mod()
         # and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
 
         # This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
         self._main_mod_cache = {}
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user_global':self.user_module.__dict__,
                          'user_local':self.user_ns,
                          'builtin':builtin_mod.__dict__
                          }
     
     @property
     def user_global_ns(self):
         return self.user_module.__dict__
 
     def prepare_user_module(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         """Prepare the module and namespace in which user code will be run.
         
         When IPython is started normally, both parameters are None: a new module
         is created automatically, and its __dict__ used as the namespace.
         
         If only user_module is provided, its __dict__ is used as the namespace.
         If only user_ns is provided, a dummy module is created, and user_ns
         becomes the global namespace. If both are provided (as they may be
         when embedding), user_ns is the local namespace, and user_module
         provides the global namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         user_module : module, optional
             The current user module in which IPython is being run. If None,
             a clean module will be created.
         user_ns : dict, optional
             A namespace in which to run interactive commands.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A tuple of user_module and user_ns, each properly initialised.
         """
         if user_module is None and user_ns is not None:
             user_ns.setdefault("__name__", "__main__")
             user_module = DummyMod()
             user_module.__dict__ = user_ns
             
         if user_module is None:
             user_module = types.ModuleType("__main__",
                 doc="Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment")
         
         # We must ensure that __builtin__ (without the final 's') is always
         # available and pointing to the __builtin__ *module*.  For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtin__', builtin_mod)
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtins__', builtin_mod)
         
         if user_ns is None:
             user_ns = user_module.__dict__
 
         return user_module, user_ns
 
     def init_sys_modules(self):
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         # This is overridden in the InteractiveShellEmbed subclass to a no-op.
         main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         sys.modules[main_name] = self.user_module
 
     def init_user_ns(self):
         """Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
 
         Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
         act as user namespaces.
 
         Notes
         -----
         All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
         method.  If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
         them.
         """
         # This function works in two parts: first we put a few things in
         # user_ns, and we sync that contents into user_ns_hidden so that these
         # initial variables aren't shown by %who.  After the sync, we add the
         # rest of what we *do* want the user to see with %who even on a new
         # session (probably nothing, so they really only see their own stuff)
 
         # The user dict must *always* have a __builtin__ reference to the
         # Python standard __builtin__ namespace,  which must be imported.
         # This is so that certain operations in prompt evaluation can be
         # reliably executed with builtins.  Note that we can NOT use
         # __builtins__ (note the 's'),  because that can either be a dict or a
         # module, and can even mutate at runtime, depending on the context
         # (Python makes no guarantees on it).  In contrast, __builtin__ is
         # always a module object, though it must be explicitly imported.
 
         # For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         ns = {}
         
         # make global variables for user access to the histories
         ns['_ih'] = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['_oh'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
         ns['_dh'] = self.history_manager.dir_hist
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories.  These shouldn't show up
         # in %who, as they can have very large reprs.
         ns['In']  = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['Out'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
 
         # Store myself as the public api!!!
         ns['get_ipython'] = self.get_ipython
         
         ns['exit'] = self.exiter
         ns['quit'] = self.exiter
 
         # Sync what we've added so far to user_ns_hidden so these aren't seen
         # by %who
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
 
         # Anything put into ns now would show up in %who.  Think twice before
         # putting anything here, as we really want %who to show the user their
         # stuff, not our variables.
 
         # Finally, update the real user's namespace
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
     
     @property
     def all_ns_refs(self):
         """Get a list of references to all the namespace dictionaries in which
         IPython might store a user-created object.
         
         Note that this does not include the displayhook, which also caches
         objects from the output."""
         return [self.user_ns, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns_hidden] + \
                [m.__dict__ for m in self._main_mod_cache.values()]
 
     def reset(self, new_session=True):
         """Clear all internal namespaces, and attempt to release references to
         user objects.
 
         If new_session is True, a new history session will be opened.
         """
         # Clear histories
         self.history_manager.reset(new_session)
         # Reset counter used to index all histories
         if new_session:
             self.execution_count = 1
 
         # Reset last execution result
         self.last_execution_succeeded = True
         self.last_execution_result = None
         
         # Flush cached output items
         if self.displayhook.do_full_cache:
             self.displayhook.flush()
 
         # The main execution namespaces must be cleared very carefully,
         # skipping the deletion of the builtin-related keys, because doing so
         # would cause errors in many object's __del__ methods.
         if self.user_ns is not self.user_global_ns:
             self.user_ns.clear()
         ns = self.user_global_ns
         drop_keys = set(ns.keys())
         drop_keys.discard('__builtin__')
         drop_keys.discard('__builtins__')
         drop_keys.discard('__name__')
         for k in drop_keys:
             del ns[k]
 
         self.user_ns_hidden.clear()
 
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         self.init_user_ns()
 
         # Restore the default and user aliases
         self.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
         self.alias_manager.init_aliases()
 
         # Now define aliases that only make sense on the terminal, because they
         # need direct access to the console in a way that we can't emulate in
         # GUI or web frontend
         if os.name == 'posix':
             for cmd in ('clear', 'more', 'less', 'man'):
                 if cmd not in self.magics_manager.magics['line']:
                     self.alias_manager.soft_define_alias(cmd, cmd)
 
         # Flush the private list of module references kept for script
         # execution protection
         self.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
     def del_var(self, varname, by_name=False):
         """Delete a variable from the various namespaces, so that, as
         far as possible, we're not keeping any hidden references to it.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         varname : str
             The name of the variable to delete.
         by_name : bool
             If True, delete variables with the given name in each
             namespace. If False (default), find the variable in the user
             namespace, and delete references to it.
         """
         if varname in ('__builtin__', '__builtins__'):
             raise ValueError("Refusing to delete %s" % varname)
 
         ns_refs = self.all_ns_refs
         
         if by_name:                    # Delete by name
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 try:
                     del ns[varname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
         else:                         # Delete by object
             try:
                 obj = self.user_ns[varname]
             except KeyError:
                 raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % varname)
             # Also check in output history
             ns_refs.append(self.history_manager.output_hist)
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 to_delete = [n for n, o in ns.items() if o is obj]
                 for name in to_delete:
                     del ns[name]
 
             # Ensure it is removed from the last execution result
             if self.last_execution_result.result is obj:
                 self.last_execution_result = None
 
             # displayhook keeps extra references, but not in a dictionary
             for name in ('_', '__', '___'):
                 if getattr(self.displayhook, name) is obj:
                     setattr(self.displayhook, name, None)
 
     def reset_selective(self, regex=None):
         """Clear selective variables from internal namespaces based on a
         specified regular expression.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         regex : string or compiled pattern, optional
             A regular expression pattern that will be used in searching
             variable names in the users namespaces.
         """
         if regex is not None:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern')
             # Search for keys in each namespace that match the given regex
             # If a match is found, delete the key/value pair.
             for ns in self.all_ns_refs:
                 for var in ns:
                     if m.search(var):
                         del ns[var]
 
     def push(self, variables, interactive=True):
         """Inject a group of variables into the IPython user namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict, str or list/tuple of str
             The variables to inject into the user's namespace.  If a dict, a
             simple update is done.  If a str, the string is assumed to have
             variable names separated by spaces.  A list/tuple of str can also
             be used to give the variable names.  If just the variable names are
             give (list/tuple/str) then the variable values looked up in the
             callers frame.
         interactive : bool
             If True (default), the variables will be listed with the ``who``
             magic.
         """
         vdict = None
 
         # We need a dict of name/value pairs to do namespace updates.
         if isinstance(variables, dict):
             vdict = variables
         elif isinstance(variables, (str, list, tuple)):
             if isinstance(variables, str):
                 vlist = variables.split()
             else:
                 vlist = variables
             vdict = {}
             cf = sys._getframe(1)
             for name in vlist:
                 try:
                     vdict[name] = eval(name, cf.f_globals, cf.f_locals)
                 except:
                     print('Could not get variable %s from %s' %
                            (name,cf.f_code.co_name))
         else:
             raise ValueError('variables must be a dict/str/list/tuple')
 
         # Propagate variables to user namespace
         self.user_ns.update(vdict)
 
         # And configure interactive visibility
         user_ns_hidden = self.user_ns_hidden
         if interactive:
             for name in vdict:
                 user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
         else:
             user_ns_hidden.update(vdict)
 
     def drop_by_id(self, variables):
         """Remove a dict of variables from the user namespace, if they are the
         same as the values in the dictionary.
         
         This is intended for use by extensions: variables that they've added can
         be taken back out if they are unloaded, without removing any that the
         user has overwritten.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict
           A dictionary mapping object names (as strings) to the objects.
         """
         for name, obj in variables.items():
             if name in self.user_ns and self.user_ns[name] is obj:
                 del self.user_ns[name]
                 self.user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to object introspection
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
         self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         oname = oname.strip()
         if not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC) and \
                 not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2) and \
                 not all(a.isidentifier() for a in oname.split(".")):
             return {'found': False}
 
         if namespaces is None:
             # Namespaces to search in:
             # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
             # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
             namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.user_ns),
                            ('Interactive (global)', self.user_global_ns),
                            ('Python builtin', builtin_mod.__dict__),
                            ]
 
         ismagic = False
         isalias = False
         found = False
         ospace = None
         parent = None
         obj = None
 
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
         oname_parts = oname.split('.')
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 for idx, part in enumerate(oname_rest):
                     try:
                         parent = obj
                         # The last part is looked up in a special way to avoid
                         # descriptor invocation as it may raise or have side
                         # effects.
                         if idx == len(oname_rest) - 1:
                             obj = self._getattr_property(obj, part)
                         else:
                             obj = getattr(obj, part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = True
                     ospace = nsname
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             obj = None
             if oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2):
                 oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC2)
                 obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
             elif oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC)
                 obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
             else:
                 # search without prefix, so run? will find %run?
                 obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
                 if obj is None:
                     obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = True
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = True
                 isalias = isinstance(obj, Alias)
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = True
             ospace = 'Interactive'
 
         return {
                 'obj':obj,
                 'found':found,
                 'parent':parent,
                 'ismagic':ismagic,
                 'isalias':isalias,
                 'namespace':ospace
                }
 
     @staticmethod
     def _getattr_property(obj, attrname):
         """Property-aware getattr to use in object finding.
 
         If attrname represents a property, return it unevaluated (in case it has
         side effects or raises an error.
 
         """
         if not isinstance(obj, type):
             try:
                 # `getattr(type(obj), attrname)` is not guaranteed to return
                 # `obj`, but does so for property:
                 #
                 # property.__get__(self, None, cls) -> self
                 #
                 # The universal alternative is to traverse the mro manually
                 # searching for attrname in class dicts.
                 attr = getattr(type(obj), attrname)
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             else:
                 # This relies on the fact that data descriptors (with both
                 # __get__ & __set__ magic methods) take precedence over
                 # instance-level attributes:
                 #
                 #    class A(object):
                 #        @property
                 #        def foobar(self): return 123
                 #    a = A()
                 #    a.__dict__['foobar'] = 345
                 #    a.foobar  # == 123
                 #
                 # So, a property may be returned right away.
                 if isinstance(attr, property):
                     return attr
 
         # Nothing helped, fall back.
         return getattr(obj, attrname)
 
     def _object_find(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object and return a struct with info about it."""
         return Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces))
 
     def _inspect(self, meth, oname, namespaces=None, **kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends.
         """
         info = self._object_find(oname, namespaces)
         docformat = sphinxify if self.sphinxify_docstring else None
         if info.found:
             pmethod = getattr(self.inspector, meth)
             # TODO: only apply format_screen to the plain/text repr of the mime
             # bundle.
             formatter = format_screen if info.ismagic else docformat
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter, info, 
                         enable_html_pager=self.enable_html_pager, **kw)
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname)
         else:
             print('Object `%s` not found.' % oname)
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
 
     def object_inspect(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info about oname"""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 return self.inspector.info(info.obj, oname, info=info,
                             detail_level=detail_level
                 )
             else:
                 return oinspect.object_info(name=oname, found=False)
 
     def object_inspect_text(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info as formatted text"""
         return self.object_inspect_mime(oname, detail_level)['text/plain']
 
     def object_inspect_mime(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info as a mimebundle of formatted representations.
 
         A mimebundle is a dictionary, keyed by mime-type.
         It must always have the key `'text/plain'`.
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 return self.inspector._get_info(info.obj, oname, info=info,
                             detail_level=detail_level
                 )
             else:
                 raise KeyError(oname)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to history management
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_history(self):
         """Sets up the command history, and starts regular autosaves."""
         self.history_manager = HistoryManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.history_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to exception handling and tracebacks (not debugging)
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     debugger_cls = Pdb
 
     def init_traceback_handlers(self, custom_exceptions):
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultratb.SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor', parent=self)
 
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose','Minimal']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1,
                                    check_cache=check_linecache_ipython,
                                    debugger_cls=self.debugger_cls, parent=self)
 
         # The instance will store a pointer to the system-wide exception hook,
         # so that runtime code (such as magics) can access it.  This is because
         # during the read-eval loop, it may get temporarily overwritten.
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Set the exception mode
         self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=self.xmode)
 
     def set_custom_exc(self, exc_tuple, handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple, handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         run_code() method).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         exc_tuple : tuple of exception classes
             A *tuple* of exception classes, for which to call the defined
             handler.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
             LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
             you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple::
 
                 exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
         handler : callable
             handler must have the following signature::
 
                 def my_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
                     ...
                     return structured_traceback
 
             Your handler must return a structured traceback (a list of strings),
             or None.
 
             This will be made into an instance method (via types.MethodType)
             of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
             listed in the exc_tuple are caught. If the handler is None, an
             internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
             To protect IPython from crashes, if your handler ever raises an
             exception or returns an invalid result, it will be immediately
             disabled.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
         if not isinstance(exc_tuple, tuple):
             raise TypeError("The custom exceptions must be given as a tuple.")
 
         def dummy_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             print('*** Simple custom exception handler ***')
             print('Exception type :', etype)
             print('Exception value:', value)
             print('Traceback      :', tb)
         
         def validate_stb(stb):
             """validate structured traceback return type
             
             return type of CustomTB *should* be a list of strings, but allow
             single strings or None, which are harmless.
             
             This function will *always* return a list of strings,
             and will raise a TypeError if stb is inappropriate.
             """
             msg = "CustomTB must return list of strings, not %r" % stb
             if stb is None:
                 return []
             elif isinstance(stb, str):
                 return [stb]
             elif not isinstance(stb, list):
                 raise TypeError(msg)
             # it's a list
             for line in stb:
                 # check every element
                 if not isinstance(line, str):
                     raise TypeError(msg)
             return stb
 
         if handler is None:
             wrapped = dummy_handler
         else:
             def wrapped(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=None):
                 """wrap CustomTB handler, to protect IPython from user code
                 
                 This makes it harder (but not impossible) for custom exception
                 handlers to crash IPython.
                 """
                 try:
                     stb = handler(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=tb_offset)
                     return validate_stb(stb)
                 except:
                     # clear custom handler immediately
                     self.set_custom_exc((), None)
                     print("Custom TB Handler failed, unregistering", file=sys.stderr)
                     # show the exception in handler first
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(*sys.exc_info())
                     print(self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb))
                     print("The original exception:")
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
                                             (etype,value,tb), tb_offset=tb_offset
                     )
                 return stb
 
         self.CustomTB = types.MethodType(wrapped,self)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
         """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
         GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
         sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
         enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
         otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
         which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
         except: statement.
 
         Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
         any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
         IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
         CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
         regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
         call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
         IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
         crashes.
 
         This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
         to be true IPython errors.
         """
         self.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=0)
 
     def _get_exc_info(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """get exc_info from a given tuple, sys.exc_info() or sys.last_type etc.
         
         Ensures sys.last_type,value,traceback hold the exc_info we found,
         from whichever source.
         
         raises ValueError if none of these contain any information
         """
         if exc_tuple is None:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         else:
             etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
 
         if etype is None:
             if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
                 etype, value, tb = sys.last_type, sys.last_value, \
                                    sys.last_traceback
         
         if etype is None:
             raise ValueError("No exception to find")
         
         # Now store the exception info in sys.last_type etc.
         # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
         # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
         # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
         # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = tb
         
         return etype, value, tb
     
     def show_usage_error(self, exc):
         """Show a short message for UsageErrors
         
         These are special exceptions that shouldn't show a traceback.
         """
         print("UsageError: %s" % exc, file=sys.stderr)
     
     def get_exception_only(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """
         Return as a string (ending with a newline) the exception that
         just occurred, without any traceback.
         """
         etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
         msg = traceback.format_exception_only(etype, value)
         return ''.join(msg)
 
     def showtraceback(self, exc_tuple=None, filename=None, tb_offset=None,
                       exception_only=False, running_compiled_code=False):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
 
         try:
             try:
                 etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
             except ValueError:
                 print('No traceback available to show.', file=sys.stderr)
                 return
 
             if issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
                 # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input
                 # line, there may be SyntaxError cases with imported code.
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename, running_compiled_code)
             elif etype is UsageError:
                 self.show_usage_error(value)
             else:
                 if exception_only:
                     stb = ['An exception has occurred, use %tb to see '
                            'the full traceback.\n']
                     stb.extend(self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype,
                                                                      value))
                 else:
                     try:
                         # Exception classes can customise their traceback - we
                         # use this in IPython.parallel for exceptions occurring
                         # in the engines. This should return a list of strings.
                         stb = value._render_traceback_()
                     except Exception:
                         stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(etype,
                                             value, tb, tb_offset=tb_offset)
 
                     self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
                     if self.call_pdb:
                         # drop into debugger
                         self.debugger(force=True)
                     return
 
                 # Actually show the traceback
                 self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
 
     def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb):
         """Actually show a traceback.
 
         Subclasses may override this method to put the traceback on a different
         place, like a side channel.
         """
         print(self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb))
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None, running_compiled_code=False):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
 
         If the syntax error occurred when running a compiled code (i.e. running_compile_code=True),
         longer stack trace will be displayed.
          """
         etype, value, last_traceback = self._get_exc_info()
 
         if filename and issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
             try:
                 value.filename = filename
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
 
         # If the error occurred when executing compiled code, we should provide full stacktrace.
         elist = traceback.extract_tb(last_traceback) if running_compiled_code else []
         stb = self.SyntaxTB.structured_traceback(etype, value, elist)
         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
     # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
     # the %paste magic.
     def showindentationerror(self):
         """Called by _run_cell when there's an IndentationError in code entered
         at the prompt.
 
         This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
         the %paste magic."""
         self.showsyntaxerror()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to readline
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """DEPRECATED
         
         Moved to terminal subclass, here only to simplify the init logic."""
         # Set a number of methods that depend on readline to be no-op
         warnings.warn('`init_readline` is no-op since IPython 5.0 and is Deprecated',
                 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         self.set_custom_completer = no_op
 
     @skip_doctest
     def set_next_input(self, s, replace=False):
         """ Sets the 'default' input string for the next command line.
 
         Example::
 
             In [1]: _ip.set_next_input("Hello Word")
             In [2]: Hello Word_  # cursor is here
         """
         self.rl_next_input = s
 
     def _indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.input_splitter.get_indent_spaces() * ' '
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to text completion
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_completer(self):
         """Initialize the completion machinery.
 
         This creates completion machinery that can be used by client code,
         either interactively in-process (typically triggered by the readline
         library), programmatically (such as in test suites) or out-of-process
         (typically over the network by remote frontends).
         """
         from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
         from IPython.core.completerlib import (module_completer,
                 magic_run_completer, cd_completer, reset_completer)
 
         self.Completer = IPCompleter(shell=self,
                                      namespace=self.user_ns,
                                      global_namespace=self.user_global_ns,
                                      parent=self,
                                      )
         self.configurables.append(self.Completer)
 
         # Add custom completers to the basic ones built into IPCompleter
         sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
         self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
         self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
 
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'import')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'from')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = '%aimport')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', magic_run_completer, str_key = '%run')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', cd_completer, str_key = '%cd')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', reset_completer, str_key = '%reset')
 
     @skip_doctest
     def complete(self, text, line=None, cursor_pos=None):
         """Return the completed text and a list of completions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
            text : string
              A string of text to be completed on.  It can be given as empty and
              instead a line/position pair are given.  In this case, the
              completer itself will split the line like readline does.
 
            line : string, optional
              The complete line that text is part of.
 
            cursor_pos : int, optional
              The position of the cursor on the input line.
 
         Returns
         -------
           text : string
             The actual text that was completed.
 
           matches : list
             A sorted list with all possible completions.
 
         The optional arguments allow the completion to take more context into
         account, and are part of the low-level completion API.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: _ip.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ('x.l', ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip'])
         """
 
         # Inject names into __builtin__ so we can complete on the added names.
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return self.Completer.complete(text, line, cursor_pos)
 
     def set_custom_completer(self, completer, pos=0):
         """Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted."""
 
         newcomp = types.MethodType(completer,self.Completer)
         self.Completer.matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         """Set the frame of the completer."""
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to magics
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_magics(self):
         from IPython.core import magics as m
         self.magics_manager = magic.MagicsManager(shell=self,
                                    parent=self,
                                    user_magics=m.UserMagics(self))
         self.configurables.append(self.magics_manager)
 
         # Expose as public API from the magics manager
         self.register_magics = self.magics_manager.register
 
         self.register_magics(m.AutoMagics, m.BasicMagics, m.CodeMagics,
             m.ConfigMagics, m.DisplayMagics, m.ExecutionMagics,
             m.ExtensionMagics, m.HistoryMagics, m.LoggingMagics,
             m.NamespaceMagics, m.OSMagics, m.PackagingMagics,
             m.PylabMagics, m.ScriptMagics,
         )
         if sys.version_info >(3,5):
             self.register_magics(m.AsyncMagics)
 
         # Register Magic Aliases
         mman = self.magics_manager
         # FIXME: magic aliases should be defined by the Magics classes
         # or in MagicsManager, not here
         mman.register_alias('ed', 'edit')
         mman.register_alias('hist', 'history')
         mman.register_alias('rep', 'recall')
         mman.register_alias('SVG', 'svg', 'cell')
         mman.register_alias('HTML', 'html', 'cell')
         mman.register_alias('file', 'writefile', 'cell')
 
         # FIXME: Move the color initialization to the DisplayHook, which
         # should be split into a prompt manager and displayhook. We probably
         # even need a centralize colors management object.
         self.run_line_magic('colors', self.colors)
     
     # Defined here so that it's included in the documentation
     @functools.wraps(magic.MagicsManager.register_function)
     def register_magic_function(self, func, magic_kind='line', magic_name=None):
         self.magics_manager.register_function(func, 
                                   magic_kind=magic_kind, magic_name=magic_name)
 
     def run_line_magic(self, magic_name, line, _stack_depth=1):
         """Execute the given line magic.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic_name : str
           Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
 
         line : str
           The rest of the input line as a single string.
           
         _stack_depth : int
           If run_line_magic() is called from magic() then _stack_depth=2.
           This is added to ensure backward compatibility for use of 'get_ipython().magic()'
         """
         fn = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             cm = self.find_cell_magic(magic_name)
             etpl = "Line magic function `%%%s` not found%s."
             extra = '' if cm is None else (' (But cell magic `%%%%%s` exists, '
                                     'did you mean that instead?)' % magic_name )
             raise UsageError(etpl % (magic_name, extra))
         else:
             # Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
             # This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
             # refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
 
             # Determine stack_depth depending on where run_line_magic() has been called
             stack_depth = _stack_depth
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
                 # magic has opted out of var_expand
                 magic_arg_s = line
             else:
                 magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
             # Put magic args in a list so we can call with f(*a) syntax
             args = [magic_arg_s]
             kwargs = {}
             # Grab local namespace if we need it:
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 kwargs['local_ns'] = sys._getframe(stack_depth).f_locals
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
             return result
 
     def run_cell_magic(self, magic_name, line, cell):
         """Execute the given cell magic.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic_name : str
           Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
 
         line : str
           The rest of the first input line as a single string.
 
         cell : str
           The body of the cell as a (possibly multiline) string.
         """
         fn = self.find_cell_magic(magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             lm = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
             etpl = "Cell magic `%%{0}` not found{1}."
             extra = '' if lm is None else (' (But line magic `%{0}` exists, '
                             'did you mean that instead?)'.format(magic_name))
             raise UsageError(etpl.format(magic_name, extra))
         elif cell == '':
             message = '%%{0} is a cell magic, but the cell body is empty.'.format(magic_name)
             if self.find_line_magic(magic_name) is not None:
                 message += ' Did you mean the line magic %{0} (single %)?'.format(magic_name)
             raise UsageError(message)
         else:
             # Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
             # This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
             # refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
             stack_depth = 2
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
                 # magic has opted out of var_expand
                 magic_arg_s = line
             else:
                 magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
             kwargs = {}
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 kwargs['local_ns'] = self.user_ns
 
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 args = (magic_arg_s, cell)
                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
             return result
 
     def find_line_magic(self, magic_name):
         """Find and return a line magic by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics['line'].get(magic_name)
 
     def find_cell_magic(self, magic_name):
         """Find and return a cell magic by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics['cell'].get(magic_name)
 
     def find_magic(self, magic_name, magic_kind='line'):
         """Find and return a magic of the given type by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics[magic_kind].get(magic_name)
 
     def magic(self, arg_s):
         """DEPRECATED. Use run_line_magic() instead.
 
         Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and
         any additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         magic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use magic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.
         """
         # TODO: should we issue a loud deprecation warning here?
         magic_name, _, magic_arg_s = arg_s.partition(' ')
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(prefilter.ESC_MAGIC)
         return self.run_line_magic(magic_name, magic_arg_s, _stack_depth=2)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to macros
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def define_macro(self, name, themacro):
         """Define a new macro
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str
             The name of the macro.
         themacro : str or Macro
             The action to do upon invoking the macro.  If a string, a new
             Macro object is created by passing the string to it.
         """
 
         from IPython.core import macro
 
         if isinstance(themacro, str):
             themacro = macro.Macro(themacro)
         if not isinstance(themacro, macro.Macro):
             raise ValueError('A macro must be a string or a Macro instance.')
         self.user_ns[name] = themacro
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of system commands
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def system_piped(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess, piping stdout/err
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
           not supported.  Should not be a command that expects input
           other than simple text.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             # We do not support backgrounding processes because we either use
             # pexpect or pipes to read from.  Users can always just call
             # os.system() or use ip.system=ip.system_raw
             # if they really want a background process.
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
 
         # we explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = system(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1))
 
     def system_raw(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess using os.system on Windows or
         subprocess.call using the system shell on other platforms.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute.
         """
         cmd = self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1)
         # protect os.system from UNC paths on Windows, which it can't handle:
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             from IPython.utils._process_win32 import AvoidUNCPath
             with AvoidUNCPath() as path:
                 if path is not None:
                     cmd = '"pushd %s &&"%s' % (path, cmd)
                 try:
                     ec = os.system(cmd)
                 except KeyboardInterrupt:
                     print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
                     ec = -2
         else:
             # For posix the result of the subprocess.call() below is an exit
             # code, which by convention is zero for success, positive for
             # program failure.  Exit codes above 128 are reserved for signals,
             # and the formula for converting a signal to an exit code is usually
             # signal_number+128.  To more easily differentiate between exit
             # codes and signals, ipython uses negative numbers.  For instance
             # since control-c is signal 2 but exit code 130, ipython's
             # _exit_code variable will read -2.  Note that some shells like
             # csh and fish don't follow sh/bash conventions for exit codes.
             executable = os.environ.get('SHELL', None)
             try:
                 # Use env shell instead of default /bin/sh
                 ec = subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True, executable=executable)
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 # intercept control-C; a long traceback is not useful here
                 print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
                 ec = 130
             if ec > 128:
                 ec = -(ec - 128)
         
         # We explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.  Note the semantics
         # of _exit_code: for control-c, _exit_code == -signal.SIGNIT,
         # but raising SystemExit(_exit_code) will give status 254!
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = ec
 
     # use piped system by default, because it is better behaved
     system = system_piped
 
     def getoutput(self, cmd, split=True, depth=0):
         """Get output (possibly including stderr) from a subprocess.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
           not supported.
         split : bool, optional
           If True, split the output into an IPython SList.  Otherwise, an
           IPython LSString is returned.  These are objects similar to normal
           lists and strings, with a few convenience attributes for easier
           manipulation of line-based output.  You can use '?' on them for
           details.
         depth : int, optional
           How many frames above the caller are the local variables which should
           be expanded in the command string? The default (0) assumes that the
           expansion variables are in the stack frame calling this function.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
         out = getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=depth+1))
         if split:
             out = SList(out.splitlines())
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to aliases
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_alias(self):
         self.alias_manager = AliasManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.alias_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extensions
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_extension_manager(self):
         self.extension_manager = ExtensionManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.extension_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to payloads
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_payload(self):
         self.payload_manager = PayloadManager(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.payload_manager)
     
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the prefilter
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_prefilter(self):
         self.prefilter_manager = PrefilterManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.prefilter_manager)
         # Ultimately this will be refactored in the new interpreter code, but
         # for now, we should expose the main prefilter method (there's legacy
         # code out there that may rely on this).
         self.prefilter = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines
 
     def auto_rewrite_input(self, cmd):
         """Print to the screen the rewritten form of the user's command.
 
         This shows visual feedback by rewriting input lines that cause
         automatic calling to kick in, like::
 
           /f x
 
         into::
 
           ------> f(x)
 
         after the user's input prompt.  This helps the user understand that the
         input line was transformed automatically by IPython.
         """
         if not self.show_rewritten_input:
             return
 
         # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to use fancy prompts
         print("------> " + cmd)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extracting values/expressions from kernel and user_ns
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _user_obj_error(self):
         """return simple exception dict
         
         for use in user_expressions
         """
         
         etype, evalue, tb = self._get_exc_info()
         stb = self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype, evalue)
         
         exc_info = {
             u'status' : 'error',
             u'traceback' : stb,
             u'ename' : etype.__name__,
             u'evalue' : py3compat.safe_unicode(evalue),
         }
 
         return exc_info
     
     def _format_user_obj(self, obj):
         """format a user object to display dict
         
         for use in user_expressions
         """
         
         data, md = self.display_formatter.format(obj)
         value = {
             'status' : 'ok',
             'data' : data,
             'metadata' : md,
         }
         return value
     
     def user_expressions(self, expressions):
         """Evaluate a dict of expressions in the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         expressions : dict
           A dict with string keys and string values.  The expression values
           should be valid Python expressions, each of which will be evaluated
           in the user namespace.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed like the input expressions dict, with the rich mime-typed
         display_data of each value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         global_ns = self.user_global_ns
         
         for key, expr in expressions.items():
             try:
                 value = self._format_user_obj(eval(expr, global_ns, user_ns))
             except:
                 value = self._user_obj_error()
             out[key] = value
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of code
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def ex(self, cmd):
         """Execute a normal python statement in user namespace."""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             exec(cmd, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def ev(self, expr):
         """Evaluate python expression expr in user namespace.
 
         Returns the result of evaluation
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return eval(expr, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def safe_execfile(self, fname, *where, exit_ignore=False, raise_exceptions=False, shell_futures=False):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.  This only works on pure
         Python files with the .py extension.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : string
             The name of the file to be executed.
         where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
         exit_ignore : bool (False)
             If True, then silence SystemExit for non-zero status (it is always
             silenced for zero status, as it is so common).
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere. Meant for testing.
         shell_futures : bool (False)
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         """
         fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(fname))
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with open(fname):
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname), self.builtin_trap:
             try:
                 glob, loc = (where + (None, ))[:2]
                 py3compat.execfile(
                     fname, glob, loc,
                     self.compile if shell_futures else None)
             except SystemExit as status:
                 # If the call was made with 0 or None exit status (sys.exit(0)
                 # or sys.exit() ), don't bother showing a traceback, as both of
                 # these are considered normal by the OS:
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit(0)'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit()'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # For other exit status, we show the exception unless
                 # explicitly silenced, but only in short form.
                 if status.code:
                     if raise_exceptions:
                         raise
                     if not exit_ignore:
                         self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             except:
                 if raise_exceptions:
                     raise
                 # tb offset is 2 because we wrap execfile
                 self.showtraceback(tb_offset=2)
 
     def safe_execfile_ipy(self, fname, shell_futures=False, raise_exceptions=False):
         """Like safe_execfile, but for .ipy or .ipynb files with IPython syntax.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : str
             The name of the file to execute.  The filename must have a
             .ipy or .ipynb extension.
         shell_futures : bool (False)
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere.  Meant for testing.
         """
         fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(fname))
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with open(fname):
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
         
         def get_cells():
             """generator for sequence of code blocks to run"""
             if fname.endswith('.ipynb'):
                 from nbformat import read
                 nb = read(fname, as_version=4)
                 if not nb.cells:
                     return
                 for cell in nb.cells:
                     if cell.cell_type == 'code':
                         yield cell.source
             else:
                 with open(fname) as f:
                     yield f.read()
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 for cell in get_cells():
                     result = self.run_cell(cell, silent=True, shell_futures=shell_futures)
                     if raise_exceptions:
                         result.raise_error()
                     elif not result.success:
                         break
             except:
                 if raise_exceptions:
                     raise
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Unknown failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
     def safe_run_module(self, mod_name, where):
         """A safe version of runpy.run_module().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.
 
         `SystemExit` exceptions with status code 0 or None are ignored.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         mod_name : string
             The name of the module to be executed.
         where : dict
             The globals namespace.
         """
         try:
             try:
                 where.update(
                     runpy.run_module(str(mod_name), run_name="__main__",
                                      alter_sys=True)
                             )
             except SystemExit as status:
                 if status.code:
                     raise
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
             warn('Unknown failure executing module: <%s>' % mod_name)
 
     def run_cell(self, raw_cell, store_history=False, silent=False, shell_futures=True):
         """Run a complete IPython cell.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
           The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
           If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
           history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
           should be set to False.
         silent : bool
           If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
           and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         shell_futures : bool
           If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
           shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
           any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
           __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         Returns
         -------
         result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
         """
         result = None
         try:
             result = self._run_cell(
                 raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures)
         finally:
             self.events.trigger('post_execute')
             if not silent:
                 self.events.trigger('post_run_cell', result)
         return result
 
     def _run_cell(self, raw_cell:str, store_history:bool, silent:bool, shell_futures:bool):
         """Internal method to run a complete IPython cell."""
         coro = self.run_cell_async(
             raw_cell,
             store_history=store_history,
             silent=silent,
             shell_futures=shell_futures,
         )
 
         # run_cell_async is async, but may not actually need an eventloop.
         # when this is the case, we want to run it using the pseudo_sync_runner
         # so that code can invoke eventloops (for example via the %run , and
         # `%paste` magic.
         if self.should_run_async(raw_cell):
             runner = self.loop_runner
         else:
             runner = _pseudo_sync_runner
 
         try:
             return runner(coro)
         except BaseException as e:
             info = ExecutionInfo(raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures)
             result = ExecutionResult(info)
             result.error_in_exec = e
             self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
             return result
         return
 
     def should_run_async(self, raw_cell: str) -> bool:
         """Return whether a cell should be run asynchronously via a coroutine runner
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell: str
             The code to be executed
 
         Returns
         -------
         result: bool
             Whether the code needs to be run with a coroutine runner or not
 
         .. versionadded: 7.0
         """
         if not self.autoawait:
             return False
         try:
             cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
         except Exception:
             # any exception during transform will be raised
             # prior to execution
             return False
         return _should_be_async(cell)
 
     async def run_cell_async(self, raw_cell: str, store_history=False, silent=False, shell_futures=True) -> ExecutionResult:
         """Run a complete IPython cell asynchronously.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
           The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
           If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
           history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
           should be set to False.
         silent : bool
           If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
           and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         shell_futures : bool
           If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
           shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
           any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
           __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         Returns
         -------
         result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
 
         .. versionadded: 7.0
         """
         info = ExecutionInfo(
             raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures)
         result = ExecutionResult(info)
 
         if (not raw_cell) or raw_cell.isspace():
             self.last_execution_succeeded = True
             self.last_execution_result = result
             return result
 
         if silent:
             store_history = False
 
         if store_history:
             result.execution_count = self.execution_count
 
         def error_before_exec(value):
             if store_history:
                 self.execution_count += 1
             result.error_before_exec = value
             self.last_execution_succeeded = False
             self.last_execution_result = result
             return result
 
         self.events.trigger('pre_execute')
         if not silent:
             self.events.trigger('pre_run_cell', info)
 
         # If any of our input transformation (input_transformer_manager or
         # prefilter_manager) raises an exception, we store it in this variable
         # so that we can display the error after logging the input and storing
         # it in the history.
         try:
             cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
         except Exception:
             preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
             cell = raw_cell  # cell has to exist so it can be stored/logged
         else:
             preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
 
         # Store raw and processed history
         if store_history:
             self.history_manager.store_inputs(self.execution_count,
                                               cell, raw_cell)
         if not silent:
             self.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
 
         # Display the exception if input processing failed.
         if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
             self.showtraceback(preprocessing_exc_tuple)
             if store_history:
                 self.execution_count += 1
             return error_before_exec(preprocessing_exc_tuple[1])
 
         # Our own compiler remembers the __future__ environment. If we want to
         # run code with a separate __future__ environment, use the default
         # compiler
         compiler = self.compile if shell_futures else CachingCompiler()
 
         _run_async = False
 
         with self.builtin_trap:
             cell_name = self.compile.cache(cell, self.execution_count)
 
             with self.display_trap:
                 # Compile to bytecode
                 try:
                     if sys.version_info < (3,8) and self.autoawait:
                         if _should_be_async(cell):
                             # the code AST below will not be user code: we wrap it
                             # in an `async def`. This will likely make some AST
                             # transformer below miss some transform opportunity and
                             # introduce a small coupling to run_code (in which we
                             # bake some assumptions of what _ast_asyncify returns.
                             # they are ways around (like grafting part of the ast
                             # later:
                             #    - Here, return code_ast.body[0].body[1:-1], as well
                             #    as last expression in  return statement which is
                             #    the user code part.
                             #    - Let it go through the AST transformers, and graft
                             #    - it back after the AST transform
                             # But that seem unreasonable, at least while we
                             # do not need it.
                             code_ast = _ast_asyncify(cell, 'async-def-wrapper')
                             _run_async = True
                         else:
                             code_ast = compiler.ast_parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
                     else:
                         code_ast = compiler.ast_parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
                 except self.custom_exceptions as e:
                     etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                     self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
                     return error_before_exec(e)
                 except IndentationError as e:
                     self.showindentationerror()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
                 except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError,
                         MemoryError) as e:
                     self.showsyntaxerror()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
 
                 # Apply AST transformations
                 try:
                     code_ast = self.transform_ast(code_ast)
                 except InputRejected as e:
                     self.showtraceback()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
 
                 # Give the displayhook a reference to our ExecutionResult so it
                 # can fill in the output value.
                 self.displayhook.exec_result = result
 
                 # Execute the user code
                 interactivity = "none" if silent else self.ast_node_interactivity
                 if _run_async:
                     interactivity = 'async'
 
                 has_raised = await self.run_ast_nodes(code_ast.body, cell_name,
                        interactivity=interactivity, compiler=compiler, result=result)
 
                 self.last_execution_succeeded = not has_raised
                 self.last_execution_result = result
 
                 # Reset this so later displayed values do not modify the
                 # ExecutionResult
                 self.displayhook.exec_result = None
 
         if store_history:
             # Write output to the database. Does nothing unless
             # history output logging is enabled.
             self.history_manager.store_output(self.execution_count)
             # Each cell is a *single* input, regardless of how many lines it has
             self.execution_count += 1
 
         return result
 
     def transform_cell(self, raw_cell):
         """Transform an input cell before parsing it.
 
         Static transformations, implemented in IPython.core.inputtransformer2,
         deal with things like ``%magic`` and ``!system`` commands.
         These run on all input.
         Dynamic transformations, for things like unescaped magics and the exit
         autocall, depend on the state of the interpreter.
         These only apply to single line inputs.
 
         These string-based transformations are followed by AST transformations;
         see :meth:`transform_ast`.
         """
         # Static input transformations
         cell = self.input_transformer_manager.transform_cell(raw_cell)
 
         if len(cell.splitlines()) == 1:
             # Dynamic transformations - only applied for single line commands
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 # use prefilter_lines to handle trailing newlines
                 # restore trailing newline for ast.parse
                 cell = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(cell) + '\n'
 
         lines = cell.splitlines(keepends=True)
         for transform in self.input_transformers_post:
             lines = transform(lines)
         cell = ''.join(lines)
 
         return cell
 
     def transform_ast(self, node):
         """Apply the AST transformations from self.ast_transformers
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         node : ast.Node
           The root node to be transformed. Typically called with the ast.Module
           produced by parsing user input.
         
         Returns
         -------
         An ast.Node corresponding to the node it was called with. Note that it
         may also modify the passed object, so don't rely on references to the
         original AST.
         """
         for transformer in self.ast_transformers:
             try:
                 node = transformer.visit(node)
             except InputRejected:
                 # User-supplied AST transformers can reject an input by raising
                 # an InputRejected.  Short-circuit in this case so that we
                 # don't unregister the transform.
                 raise
             except Exception:
                 warn("AST transformer %r threw an error. It will be unregistered." % transformer)
                 self.ast_transformers.remove(transformer)
 
         if self.ast_transformers:
             ast.fix_missing_locations(node)
         return node
 
     async def run_ast_nodes(self, nodelist:ListType[AST], cell_name:str, interactivity='last_expr',
                         compiler=compile, result=None):
         """Run a sequence of AST nodes. The execution mode depends on the
         interactivity parameter.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         nodelist : list
           A sequence of AST nodes to run.
         cell_name : str
           Will be passed to the compiler as the filename of the cell. Typically
           the value returned by ip.compile.cache(cell).
         interactivity : str
           'all', 'last', 'last_expr' , 'last_expr_or_assign' or 'none',
           specifying which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output
           from expressions). 'last_expr' will run the last node interactively
           only if it is an expression (i.e. expressions in loops or other blocks
           are not displayed) 'last_expr_or_assign' will run the last expression
           or the last assignment. Other values for this parameter will raise a
           ValueError.
 
           Experimental value: 'async' Will try to run top level interactive
           async/await code in default runner, this will not respect the
-          interactivty setting and will only run the last node if it is an
+          interactivity setting and will only run the last node if it is an
           expression. 
 
         compiler : callable
           A function with the same interface as the built-in compile(), to turn
           the AST nodes into code objects. Default is the built-in compile().
         result : ExecutionResult, optional
           An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
 
         Returns
         -------
         True if an exception occurred while running code, False if it finished
         running.
         """
         if not nodelist:
             return
 
         if interactivity == 'last_expr_or_assign':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], _assign_nodes):
                 asg = nodelist[-1]
                 if isinstance(asg, ast.Assign) and len(asg.targets) == 1:
                     target = asg.targets[0]
                 elif isinstance(asg, _single_targets_nodes):
                     target = asg.target
                 else:
                     target = None
                 if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
                     nnode = ast.Expr(ast.Name(target.id, ast.Load()))
                     ast.fix_missing_locations(nnode)
                     nodelist.append(nnode)
             interactivity = 'last_expr'
 
         _async = False
         if interactivity == 'last_expr':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], ast.Expr):
                 interactivity = "last"
             else:
                 interactivity = "none"
 
         if interactivity == 'none':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist, []
         elif interactivity == 'last':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist[:-1], nodelist[-1:]
         elif interactivity == 'all':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
         elif interactivity == 'async':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
             _async = True
         else:
             raise ValueError("Interactivity was %r" % interactivity)
 
         try:
             if _async and sys.version_info > (3,8):
                 raise ValueError("This branch should never happen on Python 3.8 and above, "
                                  "please try to upgrade IPython and open a bug report with your case.")
             if _async:
                 # If interactivity is async the semantics of run_code are
                 # completely different Skip usual machinery.
                 mod = Module(nodelist, [])
                 async_wrapper_code = compiler(mod, cell_name, 'exec')
                 exec(async_wrapper_code, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
                 async_code = removed_co_newlocals(self.user_ns.pop('async-def-wrapper')).__code__
                 if (await self.run_code(async_code, result, async_=True)):
                     return True
             else:
                 if sys.version_info > (3, 8):
                     def compare(code):
                         is_async = (inspect.CO_COROUTINE & code.co_flags == inspect.CO_COROUTINE)
                         return is_async
                 else:
                     def compare(code):
                         return _async
 
                 # refactor that to just change the mod constructor.
                 to_run = []
                 for node in to_run_exec:
                     to_run.append((node, 'exec'))
 
                 for node in to_run_interactive:
                     to_run.append((node, 'single'))
 
                 for node,mode in to_run:
                     if mode == 'exec':
                         mod = Module([node], [])
                     elif mode == 'single':
                         mod = ast.Interactive([node])
                     with compiler.extra_flags(getattr(ast, 'PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT', 0x0) if self.autoawait else 0x0):
                         code = compiler(mod, cell_name, mode)
                         asy = compare(code)
                     if (await self.run_code(code, result,  async_=asy)):
                         return True
 
             # Flush softspace
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print()
 
         except:
             # It's possible to have exceptions raised here, typically by
             # compilation of odd code (such as a naked 'return' outside a
             # function) that did parse but isn't valid. Typically the exception
             # is a SyntaxError, but it's safest just to catch anything and show
             # the user a traceback.
 
             # We do only one try/except outside the loop to minimize the impact
             # on runtime, and also because if any node in the node list is
             # broken, we should stop execution completely.
             if result:
                 result.error_before_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
             self.showtraceback()
             return True
 
         return False
 
     def _async_exec(self, code_obj: types.CodeType, user_ns: dict):
         """
         Evaluate an asynchronous code object using a code runner
 
         Fake asynchronous execution of code_object in a namespace via a proxy namespace.
 
         Returns coroutine object, which can be executed via async loop runner
 
         WARNING: The semantics of `async_exec` are quite different from `exec`,
         in particular you can only pass a single namespace. It also return a
         handle to the value of the last things returned by code_object.
         """
 
         return eval(code_obj, user_ns)
 
     async def run_code(self, code_obj, result=None, *, async_=False):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code_obj : code object
           A compiled code object, to be executed
         result : ExecutionResult, optional
           An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
         async_ :  Bool (Experimental)
           Attempt to run top-level asynchronous code in a default loop.
 
         Returns
         -------
         False : successful execution.
         True : an error occurred.
         """
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook, sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = True  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 self.hooks.pre_run_code_hook()
                 if async_ and sys.version_info < (3,8):
                     last_expr = (await self._async_exec(code_obj, self.user_ns))
                     code = compile('last_expr', 'fake', "single")
                     exec(code, {'last_expr': last_expr})
                 elif async_ :
                     await eval(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
                 else:
                     exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit as e:
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = e
             self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             warn("To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.", stacklevel=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = value
             self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
         except:
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
             self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
         else:
             outflag = False
         return outflag
 
     # For backwards compatibility
     runcode = run_code
 
     def check_complete(self, code: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
         """Return whether a block of code is ready to execute, or should be continued
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         source : string
           Python input code, which can be multiline.
 
         Returns
         -------
         status : str
           One of 'complete', 'incomplete', or 'invalid' if source is not a
           prefix of valid code.
         indent : str
           When status is 'incomplete', this is some whitespace to insert on
           the next line of the prompt.
         """
         status, nspaces = self.input_transformer_manager.check_complete(code)
         return status, ' ' * (nspaces or 0)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to GUI support and pylab
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     active_eventloop = None
 
     def enable_gui(self, gui=None):
         raise NotImplementedError('Implement enable_gui in a subclass')
     
     def enable_matplotlib(self, gui=None):
         """Enable interactive matplotlib and inline figure support.
         
         This takes the following steps:
         
         1. select the appropriate eventloop and matplotlib backend
         2. set up matplotlib for interactive use with that backend
         3. configure formatters for inline figure display
         4. enable the selected gui eventloop
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
           If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
           (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
           'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
           matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
           user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
           make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
           display figures inline.
         """
         from IPython.core import pylabtools as pt
         gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(gui, self.pylab_gui_select)
     
         if gui != 'inline':
             # If we have our first gui selection, store it
             if self.pylab_gui_select is None:
                 self.pylab_gui_select = gui
             # Otherwise if they are different
             elif gui != self.pylab_gui_select:
                 print('Warning: Cannot change to a different GUI toolkit: %s.'
                         ' Using %s instead.' % (gui, self.pylab_gui_select))
                 gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(self.pylab_gui_select)
         
         pt.activate_matplotlib(backend)
         pt.configure_inline_support(self, backend)
         
         # Now we must activate the gui pylab wants to use, and fix %run to take
         # plot updates into account
         self.enable_gui(gui)
         self.magics_manager.registry['ExecutionMagics'].default_runner = \
             pt.mpl_runner(self.safe_execfile)
         
         return gui, backend
 
     def enable_pylab(self, gui=None, import_all=True, welcome_message=False):
         """Activate pylab support at runtime.
 
         This turns on support for matplotlib, preloads into the interactive
         namespace all of numpy and pylab, and configures IPython to correctly
         interact with the GUI event loop.  The GUI backend to be used can be
         optionally selected with the optional ``gui`` argument.
         
         This method only adds preloading the namespace to InteractiveShell.enable_matplotlib.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
           If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
           (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
           'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
           matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
           user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
           make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
           display figures inline.
         import_all : optional, bool, default: True
           Whether to do `from numpy import *` and `from pylab import *`
           in addition to module imports.
         welcome_message : deprecated
           This argument is ignored, no welcome message will be displayed.
         """
         from IPython.core.pylabtools import import_pylab
         
         gui, backend = self.enable_matplotlib(gui)
         
         # We want to prevent the loading of pylab to pollute the user's
         # namespace as shown by the %who* magics, so we execute the activation
         # code in an empty namespace, and we update *both* user_ns and
         # user_ns_hidden with this information.
         ns = {}
         import_pylab(ns, import_all)
         # warn about clobbered names
         ignored = {"__builtins__"}
         both = set(ns).intersection(self.user_ns).difference(ignored)
         clobbered = [ name for name in both if self.user_ns[name] is not ns[name] ]
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
         return gui, backend, clobbered
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Utilities
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def var_expand(self, cmd, depth=0, formatter=DollarFormatter()):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
         ns = self.user_ns.copy()
         try:
             frame = sys._getframe(depth+1)
         except ValueError:
             # This is thrown if there aren't that many frames on the stack,
             # e.g. if a script called run_line_magic() directly.
             pass
         else:
             ns.update(frame.f_locals)
 
         try:
             # We have to use .vformat() here, because 'self' is a valid and common
             # name, and expanding **ns for .format() would make it collide with
             # the 'self' argument of the method.
             cmd = formatter.vformat(cmd, args=[], kwargs=ns)
         except Exception:
             # if formatter couldn't format, just let it go untransformed
             pass
         return cmd
 
     def mktempfile(self, data=None, prefix='ipython_edit_'):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mkstemp (created in a tempfile.mkdtemp),
         but it registers the created filename internally so ipython cleans it up
         at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
             immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
         dirname = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix)
         self.tempdirs.append(dirname)
 
         handle, filename = tempfile.mkstemp('.py', prefix, dir=dirname)
         os.close(handle)  # On Windows, there can only be one open handle on a file
         self.tempfiles.append(filename)
 
         if data:
             with open(filename, 'w') as tmp_file:
                 tmp_file.write(data)
         return filename
 
     @undoc
     def write(self,data):
         """DEPRECATED: Write a string to the default output"""
         warn('InteractiveShell.write() is deprecated, use sys.stdout instead',
              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         sys.stdout.write(data)
 
     @undoc
     def write_err(self,data):
         """DEPRECATED: Write a string to the default error output"""
         warn('InteractiveShell.write_err() is deprecated, use sys.stderr instead',
              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         sys.stderr.write(data)
 
     def ask_yes_no(self, prompt, default=None, interrupt=None):
         if self.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default,interrupt)
 
     def show_usage(self):
         """Show a usage message"""
         page.page(IPython.core.usage.interactive_usage)
 
     def extract_input_lines(self, range_str, raw=False):
         """Return as a string a set of input history slices.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         range_str : string
             The set of slices is given as a string, like "~5/6-~4/2 4:8 9",
             since this function is for use by magic functions which get their
             arguments as strings. The number before the / is the session
             number: ~n goes n back from the current session.
 
         raw : bool, optional
             By default, the processed input is used.  If this is true, the raw
             input history is used instead.
 
         Notes
         -----
 
         Slices can be described with two notations:
 
         * ``N:M`` -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).
         * ``N-M`` -> include items N..M (closed endpoint).
         """
         lines = self.history_manager.get_range_by_str(range_str, raw=raw)
         return "\n".join(x for _, _, x in lines)
 
     def find_user_code(self, target, raw=True, py_only=False, skip_encoding_cookie=True, search_ns=False):
         """Get a code string from history, file, url, or a string or macro.
 
         This is mainly used by magic functions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         target : str
 
           A string specifying code to retrieve. This will be tried respectively
           as: ranges of input history (see %history for syntax), url,
           corresponding .py file, filename, or an expression evaluating to a
           string or Macro in the user namespace.
 
         raw : bool
           If true (default), retrieve raw history. Has no effect on the other
           retrieval mechanisms.
 
         py_only : bool (default False)
           Only try to fetch python code, do not try alternative methods to decode file
           if unicode fails.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A string of code.
 
         ValueError is raised if nothing is found, and TypeError if it evaluates
         to an object of another type. In each case, .args[0] is a printable
         message.
         """
         code = self.extract_input_lines(target, raw=raw)  # Grab history
         if code:
             return code
         try:
             if target.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
                 return openpy.read_py_url(target, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
         except UnicodeDecodeError:
             if not py_only :
                 # Deferred import
                 from urllib.request import urlopen
                 response = urlopen(target)
                 return response.read().decode('latin1')
             raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target)
 
         potential_target = [target]
         try :
             potential_target.insert(0,get_py_filename(target))
         except IOError:
             pass
 
         for tgt in potential_target :
             if os.path.isfile(tgt):                        # Read file
                 try :
                     return openpy.read_py_file(tgt, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
                 except UnicodeDecodeError :
                     if not py_only :
                         with io_open(tgt,'r', encoding='latin1') as f :
                             return f.read()
                     raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target)
             elif os.path.isdir(os.path.expanduser(tgt)):
                 raise ValueError("'%s' is a directory, not a regular file." % target)
 
         if search_ns:
             # Inspect namespace to load object source
             object_info = self.object_inspect(target, detail_level=1)
             if object_info['found'] and object_info['source']:
                 return object_info['source']
 
         try:                                              # User namespace
             codeobj = eval(target, self.user_ns)
         except Exception:
             raise ValueError(("'%s' was not found in history, as a file, url, "
                                 "nor in the user namespace.") % target)
 
         if isinstance(codeobj, str):
             return codeobj
         elif isinstance(codeobj, Macro):
             return codeobj.value
 
         raise TypeError("%s is neither a string nor a macro." % target,
                         codeobj)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython exiting
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Cleanup operations and saving of persistent data that is done
         unconditionally by IPython should be performed here.
 
         For things that may depend on startup flags or platform specifics (such
         as having readline or not), register a separate atexit function in the
         code that has the appropriate information, rather than trying to
         clutter
         """
         # Close the history session (this stores the end time and line count)
         # this must be *before* the tempfile cleanup, in case of temporary
         # history db
         self.history_manager.end_session()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles and folders left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 os.unlink(tfile)
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
         for tdir in self.tempdirs:
             try:
                 os.rmdir(tdir)
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
         # Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
         self.reset(new_session=False)
 
         # Run user hooks
         self.hooks.shutdown_hook()
 
     def cleanup(self):
         self.restore_sys_module_state()
 
 
     # Overridden in terminal subclass to change prompts
     def switch_doctest_mode(self, mode):
         pass
 
 
 class InteractiveShellABC(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """An abstract base class for InteractiveShell."""
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(InteractiveShell)

IPython/core/magics/execution.py

@@ -1,1501 +1,1501 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Implementation of execution-related magic functions."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 import ast
 import bdb
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import gc
 import itertools
 import os
 import shlex
 import sys
 import time
 import timeit
 import math
 import re
 from pdb import Restart
 
 # cProfile was added in Python2.5
 try:
     import cProfile as profile
     import pstats
 except ImportError:
     # profile isn't bundled by default in Debian for license reasons
     try:
         import profile, pstats
     except ImportError:
         profile = pstats = None
 
 from IPython.core import oinspect
 from IPython.core import magic_arguments
 from IPython.core import page
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.magic import (Magics, magics_class, line_magic, cell_magic,
                                 line_cell_magic, on_off, needs_local_scope,
                                 no_var_expand)
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.contexts import preserve_keys
 from IPython.utils.capture import capture_output
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.utils.module_paths import find_mod
 from IPython.utils.path import get_py_filename, shellglob
 from IPython.utils.timing import clock, clock2
 from warnings import warn
 from logging import error
 from io import StringIO
 
 if sys.version_info > (3,8):
     from ast import Module
 else :
     # mock the new API, ignore second argument
     # see https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/11590
     from ast import Module as OriginalModule
     Module = lambda nodelist, type_ignores: OriginalModule(nodelist)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Magic implementation classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class TimeitResult(object):
     """
     Object returned by the timeit magic with info about the run.
 
     Contains the following attributes :
 
     loops: (int) number of loops done per measurement
     repeat: (int) number of times the measurement has been repeated
     best: (float) best execution time / number
     all_runs: (list of float) execution time of each run (in s)
     compile_time: (float) time of statement compilation (s)
 
     """
     def __init__(self, loops, repeat, best, worst, all_runs, compile_time, precision):
         self.loops = loops
         self.repeat = repeat
         self.best = best
         self.worst = worst
         self.all_runs = all_runs
         self.compile_time = compile_time
         self._precision = precision
         self.timings = [ dt / self.loops for dt in all_runs]
 
     @property
     def average(self):
         return math.fsum(self.timings) / len(self.timings)
 
     @property
     def stdev(self):
         mean = self.average
         return (math.fsum([(x - mean) ** 2 for x in self.timings]) / len(self.timings)) ** 0.5
 
     def __str__(self):
         pm = '+-'
         if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding') and sys.stdout.encoding:
             try:
                 u'\xb1'.encode(sys.stdout.encoding)
                 pm = u'\xb1'
             except:
                 pass
         return (
             u"{mean} {pm} {std} per loop (mean {pm} std. dev. of {runs} run{run_plural}, {loops} loop{loop_plural} each)"
                 .format(
                     pm = pm,
                     runs = self.repeat,
                     loops = self.loops,
                     loop_plural = "" if self.loops == 1 else "s",
                     run_plural = "" if self.repeat == 1 else "s",
                     mean = _format_time(self.average, self._precision),
                     std = _format_time(self.stdev, self._precision))
                 )
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p , cycle):
         unic = self.__str__()
         p.text(u'<TimeitResult : '+unic+u'>')
 
 
 class TimeitTemplateFiller(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Fill in the AST template for timing execution.
 
     This is quite closely tied to the template definition, which is in
     :meth:`ExecutionMagics.timeit`.
     """
     def __init__(self, ast_setup, ast_stmt):
         self.ast_setup = ast_setup
         self.ast_stmt = ast_stmt
 
     def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
         "Fill in the setup statement"
         self.generic_visit(node)
         if node.name == "inner":
             node.body[:1] = self.ast_setup.body
 
         return node
 
     def visit_For(self, node):
         "Fill in the statement to be timed"
         if getattr(getattr(node.body[0], 'value', None), 'id', None) == 'stmt':
             node.body = self.ast_stmt.body
         return node
 
 
 class Timer(timeit.Timer):
     """Timer class that explicitly uses self.inner
     
     which is an undocumented implementation detail of CPython,
     not shared by PyPy.
     """
     # Timer.timeit copied from CPython 3.4.2
     def timeit(self, number=timeit.default_number):
         """Time 'number' executions of the main statement.
 
         To be precise, this executes the setup statement once, and
         then returns the time it takes to execute the main statement
         a number of times, as a float measured in seconds.  The
         argument is the number of times through the loop, defaulting
         to one million.  The main statement, the setup statement and
         the timer function to be used are passed to the constructor.
         """
         it = itertools.repeat(None, number)
         gcold = gc.isenabled()
         gc.disable()
         try:
             timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
         finally:
             if gcold:
                 gc.enable()
         return timing
 
 
 @magics_class
 class ExecutionMagics(Magics):
     """Magics related to code execution, debugging, profiling, etc.
 
     """
 
     def __init__(self, shell):
         super(ExecutionMagics, self).__init__(shell)
         if profile is None:
             self.prun = self.profile_missing_notice
         # Default execution function used to actually run user code.
         self.default_runner = None
 
     def profile_missing_notice(self, *args, **kwargs):
         error("""\
 The profile module could not be found. It has been removed from the standard
 python packages because of its non-free license. To use profiling, install the
 python-profiler package from non-free.""")
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     def prun(self, parameter_s='', cell=None):
 
         """Run a statement through the python code profiler.
 
         Usage, in line mode:
           %prun [options] statement
 
         Usage, in cell mode:
           %%prun [options] [statement]
           code...
           code...
 
         In cell mode, the additional code lines are appended to the (possibly
         empty) statement in the first line.  Cell mode allows you to easily
         profile multiline blocks without having to put them in a separate
         function.
 
         The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
         python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
         Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
         cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
         namespaces which do not hold under IPython.
 
         Options:
 
         -l <limit>
           you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
           profile gets printed. The limit value can be:
 
              * A string: only information for function names containing this string
                is printed.
 
              * An integer: only these many lines are printed.
 
              * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
                (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).
 
           You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
           example, ``-l __init__ -l 5`` will print only the topmost 5 lines of
           information about class constructors.
 
         -r
           return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
           object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
           later use it for further analysis or in other functions.
 
         -s <key>
           sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
           by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
           default sorting key is 'time'.
 
           The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
           referenced below:
 
           When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
           secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
           before them.
 
           Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
           abbreviation is unambiguous.  The following are the keys currently
           defined:
 
           ============  =====================
           Valid Arg     Meaning
           ============  =====================
           "calls"       call count
           "cumulative"  cumulative time
           "file"        file name
           "module"      file name
           "pcalls"      primitive call count
           "line"        line number
           "name"        function name
           "nfl"         name/file/line
           "stdname"     standard name
           "time"        internal time
           ============  =====================
 
           Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
           most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
           searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
           distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
           sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
           numbers get compared in an odd way.  For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
           would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
           "20" "3" and "40".  In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
           line numbers.  In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
           sort_stats("name", "file", "line").
 
         -T <filename>
           save profile results as shown on screen to a text
           file. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -D <filename>
           save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given
           filename. This data is in a format understood by the pstats module, and
           is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile
           objects. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -q
           suppress output to the pager.  Best used with -T and/or -D above.
 
         If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use
         ``%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]`` where prof_opts
         contains profiler specific options as described here.
 
         You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with::
 
           In [1]: import profile; profile.help()
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         """
         opts, arg_str = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'D:l:rs:T:q',
                                            list_all=True, posix=False)
         if cell is not None:
             arg_str += '\n' + cell
         arg_str = self.shell.transform_cell(arg_str)
         return self._run_with_profiler(arg_str, opts, self.shell.user_ns)
 
     def _run_with_profiler(self, code, opts, namespace):
         """
         Run `code` with profiler.  Used by ``%prun`` and ``%run -p``.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : str
             Code to be executed.
         opts : Struct
             Options parsed by `self.parse_options`.
         namespace : dict
             A dictionary for Python namespace (e.g., `self.shell.user_ns`).
 
         """
 
         # Fill default values for unspecified options:
         opts.merge(Struct(D=[''], l=[], s=['time'], T=['']))
 
         prof = profile.Profile()
         try:
             prof = prof.runctx(code, namespace, namespace)
             sys_exit = ''
         except SystemExit:
             sys_exit = """*** SystemExit exception caught in code being profiled."""
 
         stats = pstats.Stats(prof).strip_dirs().sort_stats(*opts.s)
 
         lims = opts.l
         if lims:
             lims = []  # rebuild lims with ints/floats/strings
             for lim in opts.l:
                 try:
                     lims.append(int(lim))
                 except ValueError:
                     try:
                         lims.append(float(lim))
                     except ValueError:
                         lims.append(lim)
 
         # Trap output.
         stdout_trap = StringIO()
         stats_stream = stats.stream
         try:
             stats.stream = stdout_trap
             stats.print_stats(*lims)
         finally:
             stats.stream = stats_stream
 
         output = stdout_trap.getvalue()
         output = output.rstrip()
 
         if 'q' not in opts:
             page.page(output)
         print(sys_exit, end=' ')
 
         dump_file = opts.D[0]
         text_file = opts.T[0]
         if dump_file:
             prof.dump_stats(dump_file)
             print('\n*** Profile stats marshalled to file',\
                   repr(dump_file)+'.',sys_exit)
         if text_file:
             with open(text_file, 'w') as pfile:
                 pfile.write(output)
             print('\n*** Profile printout saved to text file',\
                   repr(text_file)+'.',sys_exit)
 
         if 'r' in opts:
             return stats
         else:
             return None
 
     @line_magic
     def pdb(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
 
         Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
         argument it works as a toggle.
 
         When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
         interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
         this feature on and off.
 
         The initial state of this feature is set in your configuration
         file (the option is ``InteractiveShell.pdb``).
 
         If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired,
         without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use
         the %debug magic."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip().lower()
 
         if par:
             try:
                 new_pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par]
             except KeyError:
                 print ('Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0, '
                        'or nothing for a toggle.')
                 return
         else:
             # toggle
             new_pdb = not self.shell.call_pdb
 
         # set on the shell
         self.shell.call_pdb = new_pdb
         print('Automatic pdb calling has been turned',on_off(new_pdb))
 
     @skip_doctest
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument('--breakpoint', '-b', metavar='FILE:LINE',
         help="""
         Set break point at LINE in FILE.
         """
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('statement', nargs='*',
         help="""
         Code to run in debugger.
         You can omit this in cell magic mode.
         """
     )
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     def debug(self, line='', cell=None):
         """Activate the interactive debugger.
 
         This magic command support two ways of activating debugger.
         One is to activate debugger before executing code.  This way, you
         can set a break point, to step through the code from the point.
         You can use this mode by giving statements to execute and optionally
         a breakpoint.
 
         The other one is to activate debugger in post-mortem mode.  You can
         activate this mode simply running %debug without any argument.
         If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
         frames interactively.  Note that this will always work only on the last
         traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
         exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
         occurs, it clobbers the previous one.
 
         If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
         the %pdb magic for more details.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             When running code, user variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         """
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.debug, line)
 
         if not (args.breakpoint or args.statement or cell):
             self._debug_post_mortem()
         else:
             code = "\n".join(args.statement)
             if cell:
                 code += "\n" + cell
             self._debug_exec(code, args.breakpoint)
 
     def _debug_post_mortem(self):
         self.shell.debugger(force=True)
 
     def _debug_exec(self, code, breakpoint):
         if breakpoint:
             (filename, bp_line) = breakpoint.rsplit(':', 1)
             bp_line = int(bp_line)
         else:
             (filename, bp_line) = (None, None)
         self._run_with_debugger(code, self.shell.user_ns, filename, bp_line)
 
     @line_magic
     def tb(self, s):
         """Print the last traceback.
 
         Optionally, specify an exception reporting mode, tuning the
         verbosity of the traceback. By default the currently-active exception
         mode is used. See %xmode for changing exception reporting modes.
 
         Valid modes: Plain, Context, Verbose, and Minimal.
         """
         interactive_tb = self.shell.InteractiveTB
         if s:
             # Switch exception reporting mode for this one call.
             # Ensure it is switched back.
             def xmode_switch_err(name):
                 warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' %
                     (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
 
             new_mode = s.strip().capitalize()
             original_mode = interactive_tb.mode
             try:
                 try:
                     interactive_tb.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
                 except Exception:
                     xmode_switch_err('user')
                 else:
                     self.shell.showtraceback()
             finally:
                 interactive_tb.set_mode(mode=original_mode)
         else:
             self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def run(self, parameter_s='', runner=None,
                   file_finder=get_py_filename):
         """Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
 
         Usage::
         
           %run [-n -i -e -G]
                [( -t [-N<N>] | -d [-b<N>] | -p [profile options] )]
                ( -m mod | file ) [args]
 
         Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to
         the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's
         prompt.
 
         This is similar to running at a system prompt ``python file args``,
         but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of
         loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use
         (unless -p is used, see below).
 
         The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of
         ``__name__=='__main__'`` and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus
         sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program
         (except for sharing global objects such as previously imported
         modules). But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets
         updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__
         and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for
         interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in.
 
         Arguments are expanded using shell-like glob match.  Patterns
         '*', '?', '[seq]' and '[!seq]' can be used.  Additionally,
         tilde '~' will be expanded into user's home directory.  Unlike
         real shells, quotation does not suppress expansions.  Use
         *two* back slashes (e.g. ``\\\\*``) to suppress expansions.
         To completely disable these expansions, you can use -G flag.
 
         On Windows systems, the use of single quotes `'` when specifying 
         a file is not supported. Use double quotes `"`.
 
         Options:
 
         -n
           __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name
           without extension (as python does under import).  This allows running
           scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code
           protected by an ``if __name__ == "__main__"`` clause.
 
         -i
           run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This
           is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor
           which depends on variables defined interactively.
 
         -e
           ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script
           being run.  This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to
           run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call.  In such
           cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in
           seeing a traceback of the unittest module.
 
         -t
           print timing information at the end of the run.  IPython will give
           you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under
           Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of
           time.clock().  Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks
           is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).
 
         If -t is given, an additional ``-N<N>`` option can be given, where <N>
         must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to
         run.  The final timing report will include total and per run results.
 
         For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py)::
 
             In [1]: run -t uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):
               User  :    0.19597 s.
               System:        0.0 s.
 
             In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):
             Total runs performed: 5
               Times :      Total       Per run
               User  :   0.910862 s,  0.1821724 s.
               System:        0.0 s,        0.0 s.
 
         -d
           run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger.
           This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables,
           etc.  Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling::
 
               pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")')
 
           with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file.  You can change the line
           number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option
           (where N must be an integer). For example::
 
               %run -d -b40 myscript
 
           will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py.  Note that
           the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does
           something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.
 
           Or you can specify a breakpoint in a different file::
 
               %run -d -b myotherfile.py:20 myscript
 
           When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt.  You must
           first enter 'c' (without quotes) to start execution up to the first
           breakpoint.
 
           Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger.  You
           can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()"
           at a prompt.
 
         -p
           run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which
           prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).
 
           You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the
           profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.
 
           In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the
           IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace
           where the profiler executes them).
 
           Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for
           details on the options available specifically for profiling.
 
         There is one special usage for which the text above doesn't apply:
         if the filename ends with .ipy[nb], the file is run as ipython script,
         just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt.
 
         -m
           specify module name to load instead of script path. Similar to
           the -m option for the python interpreter. Use this option last if you
           want to combine with other %run options. Unlike the python interpreter
           only source modules are allowed no .pyc or .pyo files.
           For example::
 
               %run -m example
 
           will run the example module.
 
         -G
           disable shell-like glob expansion of arguments.
 
         """
 
         # Logic to handle issue #3664
         # Add '--' after '-m <module_name>' to ignore additional args passed to a module.
         if '-m' in parameter_s and '--' not in parameter_s:
             argv = shlex.split(parameter_s, posix=(os.name == 'posix'))
             for idx, arg in enumerate(argv):
                 if arg and arg.startswith('-') and arg != '-':
                     if arg == '-m':
                         argv.insert(idx + 2, '--')
                         break
                 else:
                     # Positional arg, break
                     break
             parameter_s = ' '.join(shlex.quote(arg) for arg in argv)
 
         # get arguments and set sys.argv for program to be run.
         opts, arg_lst = self.parse_options(parameter_s,
                                            'nidtN:b:pD:l:rs:T:em:G',
                                            mode='list', list_all=1)
         if "m" in opts:
             modulename = opts["m"][0]
             modpath = find_mod(modulename)
             if modpath is None:
                 warn('%r is not a valid modulename on sys.path'%modulename)
                 return
             arg_lst = [modpath] + arg_lst
         try:
             fpath = None # initialize to make sure fpath is in scope later
             fpath = arg_lst[0]
             filename = file_finder(fpath)
         except IndexError:
             warn('you must provide at least a filename.')
             print('\n%run:\n', oinspect.getdoc(self.run))
             return
         except IOError as e:
             try:
                 msg = str(e)
             except UnicodeError:
                 msg = e.message
             if os.name == 'nt' and re.match(r"^'.*'$",fpath):
                 warn('For Windows, use double quotes to wrap a filename: %run "mypath\\myfile.py"')
             error(msg)
             return
 
         if filename.lower().endswith(('.ipy', '.ipynb')):
             with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'):
                 self.shell.user_ns['__file__'] = filename
                 self.shell.safe_execfile_ipy(filename)
             return
 
         # Control the response to exit() calls made by the script being run
         exit_ignore = 'e' in opts
 
         # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it
         # were run from a system shell.
         save_argv = sys.argv # save it for later restoring
 
         if 'G' in opts:
             args = arg_lst[1:]
         else:
             # tilde and glob expansion
             args = shellglob(map(os.path.expanduser,  arg_lst[1:]))
 
         sys.argv = [filename] + args  # put in the proper filename
 
         if 'n' in opts:
             name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0]
         else:
             name = '__main__'
 
         if 'i' in opts:
             # Run in user's interactive namespace
             prog_ns = self.shell.user_ns
             __name__save = self.shell.user_ns['__name__']
             prog_ns['__name__'] = name
             main_mod = self.shell.user_module
 
             # Since '%run foo' emulates 'python foo.py' at the cmd line, we must
             # set the __file__ global in the script's namespace
             # TK: Is this necessary in interactive mode?
             prog_ns['__file__'] = filename
         else:
             # Run in a fresh, empty namespace
 
             # The shell MUST hold a reference to prog_ns so after %run
             # exits, the python deletion mechanism doesn't zero it out
             # (leaving dangling references). See interactiveshell for details
             main_mod = self.shell.new_main_mod(filename, name)
             prog_ns = main_mod.__dict__
 
         # pickle fix.  See interactiveshell for an explanation.  But we need to
         # make sure that, if we overwrite __main__, we replace it at the end
         main_mod_name = prog_ns['__name__']
 
         if main_mod_name == '__main__':
             restore_main = sys.modules['__main__']
         else:
             restore_main = False
 
         # This needs to be undone at the end to prevent holding references to
         # every single object ever created.
         sys.modules[main_mod_name] = main_mod
 
         if 'p' in opts or 'd' in opts:
             if 'm' in opts:
                 code = 'run_module(modulename, prog_ns)'
                 code_ns = {
                     'run_module': self.shell.safe_run_module,
                     'prog_ns': prog_ns,
                     'modulename': modulename,
                 }
             else:
                 if 'd' in opts:
                     # allow exceptions to raise in debug mode
                     code = 'execfile(filename, prog_ns, raise_exceptions=True)'
                 else:
                     code = 'execfile(filename, prog_ns)'
                 code_ns = {
                     'execfile': self.shell.safe_execfile,
                     'prog_ns': prog_ns,
                     'filename': get_py_filename(filename),
                 }
 
         try:
             stats = None
             if 'p' in opts:
                 stats = self._run_with_profiler(code, opts, code_ns)
             else:
                 if 'd' in opts:
                     bp_file, bp_line = parse_breakpoint(
                         opts.get('b', ['1'])[0], filename)
                     self._run_with_debugger(
                         code, code_ns, filename, bp_line, bp_file)
                 else:
                     if 'm' in opts:
                         def run():
                             self.shell.safe_run_module(modulename, prog_ns)
                     else:
                         if runner is None:
                             runner = self.default_runner
                         if runner is None:
                             runner = self.shell.safe_execfile
 
                         def run():
                             runner(filename, prog_ns, prog_ns,
                                     exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
 
                     if 't' in opts:
                         # timed execution
                         try:
                             nruns = int(opts['N'][0])
                             if nruns < 1:
                                 error('Number of runs must be >=1')
                                 return
                         except (KeyError):
                             nruns = 1
                         self._run_with_timing(run, nruns)
                     else:
                         # regular execution
                         run()
 
             if 'i' in opts:
                 self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] = __name__save
             else:
                 # update IPython interactive namespace
 
                 # Some forms of read errors on the file may mean the
                 # __name__ key was never set; using pop we don't have to
                 # worry about a possible KeyError.
                 prog_ns.pop('__name__', None)
 
                 with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'):
                     self.shell.user_ns.update(prog_ns)
         finally:
             # It's a bit of a mystery why, but __builtins__ can change from
             # being a module to becoming a dict missing some key data after
             # %run.  As best I can see, this is NOT something IPython is doing
             # at all, and similar problems have been reported before:
             # http://coding.derkeiler.com/Archive/Python/comp.lang.python/2004-10/0188.html
             # Since this seems to be done by the interpreter itself, the best
             # we can do is to at least restore __builtins__ for the user on
             # exit.
             self.shell.user_ns['__builtins__'] = builtin_mod
 
             # Ensure key global structures are restored
             sys.argv = save_argv
             if restore_main:
                 sys.modules['__main__'] = restore_main
             else:
                 # Remove from sys.modules the reference to main_mod we'd
                 # added.  Otherwise it will trap references to objects
                 # contained therein.
                 del sys.modules[main_mod_name]
 
         return stats
 
     def _run_with_debugger(self, code, code_ns, filename=None,
                            bp_line=None, bp_file=None):
         """
         Run `code` in debugger with a break point.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : str
             Code to execute.
         code_ns : dict
             A namespace in which `code` is executed.
         filename : str
             `code` is ran as if it is in `filename`.
         bp_line : int, optional
             Line number of the break point.
         bp_file : str, optional
             Path to the file in which break point is specified.
             `filename` is used if not given.
 
         Raises
         ------
         UsageError
             If the break point given by `bp_line` is not valid.
 
         """
         deb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb
         if not deb:
             self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.debugger_cls()
             deb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb
 
         # deb.checkline() fails if deb.curframe exists but is None; it can
         # handle it not existing. https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10028
         if hasattr(deb, 'curframe'):
             del deb.curframe
 
         # reset Breakpoint state, which is moronically kept
         # in a class
         bdb.Breakpoint.next = 1
         bdb.Breakpoint.bplist = {}
         bdb.Breakpoint.bpbynumber = [None]
         deb.clear_all_breaks()
         if bp_line is not None:
             # Set an initial breakpoint to stop execution
             maxtries = 10
             bp_file = bp_file or filename
             checkline = deb.checkline(bp_file, bp_line)
             if not checkline:
                 for bp in range(bp_line + 1, bp_line + maxtries + 1):
                     if deb.checkline(bp_file, bp):
                         break
                 else:
                     msg = ("\nI failed to find a valid line to set "
                            "a breakpoint\n"
                            "after trying up to line: %s.\n"
                            "Please set a valid breakpoint manually "
                            "with the -b option." % bp)
                     raise UsageError(msg)
             # if we find a good linenumber, set the breakpoint
             deb.do_break('%s:%s' % (bp_file, bp_line))
 
         if filename:
             # Mimic Pdb._runscript(...)
             deb._wait_for_mainpyfile = True
             deb.mainpyfile = deb.canonic(filename)
 
         # Start file run
         print("NOTE: Enter 'c' at the %s prompt to continue execution." % deb.prompt)
         try:
             if filename:
                 # save filename so it can be used by methods on the deb object
                 deb._exec_filename = filename
             while True:
                 try:
                     trace = sys.gettrace()
                     deb.run(code, code_ns)
                 except Restart:
                     print("Restarting")
                     if filename:
                         deb._wait_for_mainpyfile = True
                         deb.mainpyfile = deb.canonic(filename)
                     continue
                 else:
                     break
                 finally:
                     sys.settrace(trace)
             
 
         except:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             # Skip three frames in the traceback: the %run one,
             # one inside bdb.py, and the command-line typed by the
             # user (run by exec in pdb itself).
             self.shell.InteractiveTB(etype, value, tb, tb_offset=3)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _run_with_timing(run, nruns):
         """
         Run function `run` and print timing information.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         run : callable
             Any callable object which takes no argument.
         nruns : int
             Number of times to execute `run`.
 
         """
         twall0 = time.perf_counter()
         if nruns == 1:
             t0 = clock2()
             run()
             t1 = clock2()
             t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
             t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
             print("\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):")
             print("  User   : %10.2f s." % t_usr)
             print("  System : %10.2f s." % t_sys)
         else:
             runs = range(nruns)
             t0 = clock2()
             for nr in runs:
                 run()
             t1 = clock2()
             t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
             t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
             print("\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):")
             print("Total runs performed:", nruns)
             print("  Times  : %10s   %10s" % ('Total', 'Per run'))
             print("  User   : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_usr, t_usr / nruns))
             print("  System : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_sys, t_sys / nruns))
         twall1 = time.perf_counter()
         print("Wall time: %10.2f s." % (twall1 - twall0))
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     @needs_local_scope
     def timeit(self, line='', cell=None, local_ns=None):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression
 
         Usage, in line mode:
           %timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c] -q -p<P> -o] statement
         or in cell mode:
           %%timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c] -q -p<P> -o] setup_code
           code
           code...
 
         Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit
         module.  This function can be used both as a line and cell magic:
 
         - In line mode you can time a single-line statement (though multiple
           ones can be chained with using semicolons).
 
         - In cell mode, the statement in the first line is used as setup code
           (executed but not timed) and the body of the cell is timed.  The cell
           body has access to any variables created in the setup code.
 
         Options:
         -n<N>: execute the given statement <N> times in a loop. If <N> is not
         provided, <N> is determined so as to get sufficient accuracy.
 
         -r<R>: number of repeats <R>, each consisting of <N> loops, and take the
         best result.
         Default: 7
 
         -t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix.
         This function measures wall time.
 
         -c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on
         Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used
         instead and returns the CPU user time.
 
         -p<P>: use a precision of <P> digits to display the timing result.
         Default: 3
 
         -q: Quiet, do not print result.
 
         -o: return a TimeitResult that can be stored in a variable to inspect
             the result in more details.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: %timeit pass
           8.26 ns ± 0.12 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000000 loops each)
 
           In [2]: u = None
 
           In [3]: %timeit u is None
           29.9 ns ± 0.643 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000000 loops each)
 
           In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None
 
           In [5]: import time
 
           In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2)
 
 
         The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those
         reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is
         due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace
         of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup
         statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias
         does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with
         those from %timeit."""
 
         opts, stmt = self.parse_options(line,'n:r:tcp:qo',
                                         posix=False, strict=False)
         if stmt == "" and cell is None:
             return
         
         timefunc = timeit.default_timer
         number = int(getattr(opts, "n", 0))
         default_repeat = 7 if timeit.default_repeat < 7 else timeit.default_repeat
         repeat = int(getattr(opts, "r", default_repeat))
         precision = int(getattr(opts, "p", 3))
         quiet = 'q' in opts
         return_result = 'o' in opts
         if hasattr(opts, "t"):
             timefunc = time.time
         if hasattr(opts, "c"):
             timefunc = clock
 
         timer = Timer(timer=timefunc)
         # this code has tight coupling to the inner workings of timeit.Timer,
         # but is there a better way to achieve that the code stmt has access
         # to the shell namespace?
         transform  = self.shell.transform_cell
 
         if cell is None:
             # called as line magic
             ast_setup = self.shell.compile.ast_parse("pass")
             ast_stmt = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(stmt))
         else:
             ast_setup = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(stmt))
             ast_stmt = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(cell))
 
         ast_setup = self.shell.transform_ast(ast_setup)
         ast_stmt = self.shell.transform_ast(ast_stmt)
 
         # Check that these compile to valid Python code *outside* the timer func
         # Invalid code may become valid when put inside the function & loop,
         # which messes up error messages.
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10636
         self.shell.compile(ast_setup, "<magic-timeit-setup>", "exec")
         self.shell.compile(ast_stmt, "<magic-timeit-stmt>", "exec")
 
         # This codestring is taken from timeit.template - we fill it in as an
         # AST, so that we can apply our AST transformations to the user code
         # without affecting the timing code.
         timeit_ast_template = ast.parse('def inner(_it, _timer):\n'
                                         '    setup\n'
                                         '    _t0 = _timer()\n'
                                         '    for _i in _it:\n'
                                         '        stmt\n'
                                         '    _t1 = _timer()\n'
                                         '    return _t1 - _t0\n')
 
         timeit_ast = TimeitTemplateFiller(ast_setup, ast_stmt).visit(timeit_ast_template)
         timeit_ast = ast.fix_missing_locations(timeit_ast)
 
         # Track compilation time so it can be reported if too long
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
 
         t0 = clock()
         code = self.shell.compile(timeit_ast, "<magic-timeit>", "exec")
         tc = clock()-t0
 
         ns = {}
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         # handles global vars with same name as local vars. We store them in conflict_globs.
         conflict_globs = {}
         if local_ns and cell is None:
             for var_name, var_val in glob.items():
                 if var_name in local_ns:
                     conflict_globs[var_name] = var_val
             glob.update(local_ns)
             
         exec(code, glob, ns)
         timer.inner = ns["inner"]
 
         # This is used to check if there is a huge difference between the
         # best and worst timings.
         # Issue: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/6471
         if number == 0:
             # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
             for index in range(0, 10):
                 number = 10 ** index
                 time_number = timer.timeit(number)
                 if time_number >= 0.2:
                     break
 
         all_runs = timer.repeat(repeat, number)
         best = min(all_runs) / number
         worst = max(all_runs) / number
         timeit_result = TimeitResult(number, repeat, best, worst, all_runs, tc, precision)
 
         # Restore global vars from conflict_globs
         if conflict_globs:
            glob.update(conflict_globs)
                 
         if not quiet :
             # Check best timing is greater than zero to avoid a
             # ZeroDivisionError.
-            # In cases where the slowest timing is lesser than a micosecond
+            # In cases where the slowest timing is lesser than a microsecond
             # we assume that it does not really matter if the fastest
             # timing is 4 times faster than the slowest timing or not.
             if worst > 4 * best and best > 0 and worst > 1e-6:
                 print("The slowest run took %0.2f times longer than the "
                       "fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result "
                       "is being cached." % (worst / best))
            
             print( timeit_result )
 
             if tc > tc_min:
                 print("Compiler time: %.2f s" % tc)
         if return_result:
             return timeit_result
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @needs_local_scope
     @line_cell_magic
     def time(self,line='', cell=None, local_ns=None):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
 
         The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the
         expression (if any) is returned.  Note that under Win32, system time
         is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.
         
         This function can be used both as a line and cell magic:
 
         - In line mode you can time a single-line statement (though multiple
           ones can be chained with using semicolons).
 
         - In cell mode, you can time the cell body (a directly
           following statement raises an error).
 
         This function provides very basic timing functionality.  Use the timeit
         magic for more control over the measurement.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: %time 2**128
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
           Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
 
           In [2]: n = 1000000
 
           In [3]: %time sum(range(n))
           CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s
           Wall time: 1.37
           Out[3]: 499999500000L
 
           In [4]: %time print 'hello world'
           hello world
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
 
           Note that the time needed by Python to compile the given expression
           will be reported if it is more than 0.1s.  In this example, the
           actual exponentiation is done by Python at compilation time, so while
           the expression can take a noticeable amount of time to compute, that
           time is purely due to the compilation:
 
           In [5]: %time 3**9999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
 
           In [6]: %time 3**999999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
           Compiler : 0.78 s
           """
 
         # fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled
         
         if line and cell:
             raise UsageError("Can't use statement directly after '%%time'!")
         
         if cell:
             expr = self.shell.transform_cell(cell)
         else:
             expr = self.shell.transform_cell(line)
 
         # Minimum time above which parse time will be reported
         tp_min = 0.1
 
         t0 = clock()
         expr_ast = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(expr)
         tp = clock()-t0
 
         # Apply AST transformations
         expr_ast = self.shell.transform_ast(expr_ast)
 
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
 
         expr_val=None
         if len(expr_ast.body)==1 and isinstance(expr_ast.body[0], ast.Expr):
             mode = 'eval'
             source = '<timed eval>'
             expr_ast = ast.Expression(expr_ast.body[0].value)
         else:
             mode = 'exec'
             source = '<timed exec>'
             # multi-line %%time case
             if len(expr_ast.body) > 1 and isinstance(expr_ast.body[-1], ast.Expr):
                 expr_val= expr_ast.body[-1]
                 expr_ast = expr_ast.body[:-1]
                 expr_ast = Module(expr_ast, [])
                 expr_val = ast.Expression(expr_val.value)
 
         t0 = clock()
         code = self.shell.compile(expr_ast, source, mode)
         tc = clock()-t0
 
         # skew measurement as little as possible
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         wtime = time.time
         # time execution
         wall_st = wtime()
         if mode=='eval':
             st = clock2()
             try:
                 out = eval(code, glob, local_ns)
             except:
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
                 return
             end = clock2()
         else:
             st = clock2()
             try:
                 exec(code, glob, local_ns)
                 out=None
                 # multi-line %%time case
                 if expr_val is not None:
                     code_2 = self.shell.compile(expr_val, source, 'eval')
                     out = eval(code_2, glob, local_ns)
             except:
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
                 return
             end = clock2()
 
         wall_end = wtime()
         # Compute actual times and report
         wall_time = wall_end-wall_st
         cpu_user = end[0]-st[0]
         cpu_sys = end[1]-st[1]
         cpu_tot = cpu_user+cpu_sys
         # On windows cpu_sys is always zero, so no new information to the next print 
         if sys.platform != 'win32':
             print("CPU times: user %s, sys: %s, total: %s" % \
                 (_format_time(cpu_user),_format_time(cpu_sys),_format_time(cpu_tot)))
         print("Wall time: %s" % _format_time(wall_time))
         if tc > tc_min:
             print("Compiler : %s" % _format_time(tc))
         if tp > tp_min:
             print("Parser   : %s" % _format_time(tp))
         return out
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def macro(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Define a macro for future re-execution. It accepts ranges of history,
         filenames or string objects.
 
         Usage:\\
           %macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
 
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed at the
           command line is used instead.
           
           -q: quiet macro definition.  By default, a tag line is printed 
           to indicate the macro has been created, and then the contents of 
           the macro are printed.  If this option is given, then no printout
           is produced once the macro is created.
 
         This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string
         made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers
         above) from your input history into a single string. This variable
         acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if
         you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code
         executes.
 
         The syntax for indicating input ranges is described in %history.
 
         Note: as a 'hidden' feature, you can also use traditional python slice
         notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1.
 
         For example, if your history contains (print using %hist -n )::
 
           44: x=1
           45: y=3
           46: z=x+y
           47: print x
           48: a=5
           49: print 'x',x,'y',y
 
         you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49
         called my_macro with::
 
           In [55]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49
 
         Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code
         in one pass.
 
         You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line
         number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any
         lines from your input history in any order.
 
         The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute,
         but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as
         code instead of printing them when you type their name.
 
         You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with::
 
           print macro_name
 
         """
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'rq',mode='list')
         if not args:   # List existing macros
             return sorted(k for k,v in self.shell.user_ns.items() if isinstance(v, Macro))
         if len(args) == 1:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%macro insufficient args; usage '%macro name n1-n2 n3-4...")
         name, codefrom = args[0], " ".join(args[1:])
 
         #print 'rng',ranges  # dbg
         try:
             lines = self.shell.find_user_code(codefrom, 'r' in opts)
         except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
             print(e.args[0])
             return
         macro = Macro(lines)
         self.shell.define_macro(name, macro)
         if not ( 'q' in opts) : 
             print('Macro `%s` created. To execute, type its name (without quotes).' % name)
             print('=== Macro contents: ===')
             print(macro, end=' ')
 
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument('output', type=str, default='', nargs='?',
         help="""The name of the variable in which to store output.
         This is a utils.io.CapturedIO object with stdout/err attributes
         for the text of the captured output.
 
         CapturedOutput also has a show() method for displaying the output,
         and __call__ as well, so you can use that to quickly display the
         output.
 
         If unspecified, captured output is discarded.
         """
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-stderr', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture stderr."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-stdout', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture stdout."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-display', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture IPython's rich display."""
     )
     @cell_magic
     def capture(self, line, cell):
         """run the cell, capturing stdout, stderr, and IPython's rich display() calls."""
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.capture, line)
         out = not args.no_stdout
         err = not args.no_stderr
         disp = not args.no_display
         with capture_output(out, err, disp) as io:
             self.shell.run_cell(cell)
         if args.output:
             self.shell.user_ns[args.output] = io
 
 def parse_breakpoint(text, current_file):
     '''Returns (file, line) for file:line and (current_file, line) for line'''
     colon = text.find(':')
     if colon == -1:
         return current_file, int(text)
     else:
         return text[:colon], int(text[colon+1:])
     
 def _format_time(timespan, precision=3):
     """Formats the timespan in a human readable form"""
 
     if timespan >= 60.0:
         # we have more than a minute, format that in a human readable form
         # Idea from http://snipplr.com/view/5713/
         parts = [("d", 60*60*24),("h", 60*60),("min", 60), ("s", 1)]
         time = []
         leftover = timespan
         for suffix, length in parts:
             value = int(leftover / length)
             if value > 0:
                 leftover = leftover % length
                 time.append(u'%s%s' % (str(value), suffix))
             if leftover < 1:
                 break
         return " ".join(time)
 
     
     # Unfortunately the unicode 'micro' symbol can cause problems in
     # certain terminals.  
     # See bug: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/348466
     # Try to prevent crashes by being more secure than it needs to
     # E.g. eclipse is able to print a µ, but has no sys.stdout.encoding set.
     units = [u"s", u"ms",u'us',"ns"] # the save value   
     if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding') and sys.stdout.encoding:
         try:
             u'\xb5'.encode(sys.stdout.encoding)
             units = [u"s", u"ms",u'\xb5s',"ns"]
         except:
             pass
     scaling = [1, 1e3, 1e6, 1e9]
         
     if timespan > 0.0:
         order = min(-int(math.floor(math.log10(timespan)) // 3), 3)
     else:
         order = 3
     return u"%.*g %s" % (precision, timespan * scaling[order], units[order])

IPython/core/magics/osm.py

@@ -1,843 +1,843 b''
 """Implementation of magic functions for interaction with the OS.
 
 Note: this module is named 'osm' instead of 'os' to avoid a collision with the
 builtin.
 """
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import io
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 from pprint import pformat
 
 from IPython.core import magic_arguments
 from IPython.core import oinspect
 from IPython.core import page
 from IPython.core.alias import AliasError, Alias
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.magic import  (
     Magics, compress_dhist, magics_class, line_magic, cell_magic, line_cell_magic
 )
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.openpy import source_to_unicode
 from IPython.utils.process import abbrev_cwd
 from IPython.utils.terminal import set_term_title
 from traitlets import Bool
 
 
 @magics_class
 class OSMagics(Magics):
     """Magics to interact with the underlying OS (shell-type functionality).
     """
 
     cd_force_quiet = Bool(False,
         help="Force %cd magic to be quiet even if -q is not passed."
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     def __init__(self, shell=None, **kwargs):
 
         # Now define isexec in a cross platform manner.
         self.is_posix = False
         self.execre = None
         if os.name == 'posix':
             self.is_posix = True
         else:
             try:
                 winext = os.environ['pathext'].replace(';','|').replace('.','')
             except KeyError:
                 winext = 'exe|com|bat|py'
             
             self.execre = re.compile(r'(.*)\.(%s)$' % winext,re.IGNORECASE)
 
         # call up the chain
         super().__init__(shell=shell, **kwargs)
 
 
     @skip_doctest
     def _isexec_POSIX(self, file):
         """
-            Test for executible on a POSIX system
+            Test for executable on a POSIX system
         """
         if os.access(file.path, os.X_OK):
             # will fail on maxOS if access is not X_OK
             return file.is_file()
         return False
 
 
     
     @skip_doctest
     def _isexec_WIN(self, file):
         """
-            Test for executible file on non POSIX system
+            Test for executable file on non POSIX system
         """
         return file.is_file() and self.execre.match(file.name) is not None
 
     @skip_doctest
     def isexec(self, file):
         """
-            Test for executible file on non POSIX system
+            Test for executable file on non POSIX system
         """
         if self.is_posix:
             return self._isexec_POSIX(file)
         else:
             return self._isexec_WIN(file)
 
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def alias(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Define an alias for a system command.
 
         '%alias alias_name cmd' defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd'
 
         Then, typing 'alias_name params' will execute the system command 'cmd
         params' (from your underlying operating system).
 
         Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal
         variables, so if 'foo' is both a Python variable and an alias, the
         alias can not be executed until 'del foo' removes the Python variable.
 
         You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the
         whole line when the alias is called.  For example::
 
           In [2]: alias bracket echo "Input in brackets: <%l>"
           In [3]: bracket hello world
           Input in brackets: <hello world>
 
         You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one
         per parameter)::
 
           In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s
           In [2]: %parts A B
           first A second B
           In [3]: %parts A
           Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.
           parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s'
 
         Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive.  You can only use one or
         the other in your aliases.
 
         Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !!
         do: all expressions prefixed with '$' get expanded.  For details of
         the semantic rules, see PEP-215:
         http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html.  This is the library used by
         IPython for variable expansion.  If you want to access a true shell
         variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by
         IPython::
 
           In [6]: alias show echo
           In [7]: PATH='A Python string'
           In [8]: show $PATH
           A Python string
           In [9]: show $$PATH
           /usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:...
 
         You can use the alias facility to access all of $PATH.  See the %rehashx
         function, which automatically creates aliases for the contents of your
         $PATH.
 
         If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table
         for your system.  For posix systems, the default aliases are 'cat',
         'cp', 'mv', 'rm', 'rmdir', and 'mkdir', and other platform-specific
         aliases are added.  For windows-based systems, the default aliases are
         'copy', 'ddir', 'echo', 'ls', 'ldir', 'mkdir', 'ren', and 'rmdir'.
 
         You can see the definition of alias by adding a question mark in the
         end::
 
           In [1]: cat?
           Repr: <alias cat for 'cat'>"""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip()
         if not par:
             aliases = sorted(self.shell.alias_manager.aliases)
             # stored = self.shell.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
             # for k, v in stored:
             #     atab.append(k, v[0])
 
             print("Total number of aliases:", len(aliases))
             sys.stdout.flush()
             return aliases
 
         # Now try to define a new one
         try:
             alias,cmd = par.split(None, 1)
         except TypeError:
             print(oinspect.getdoc(self.alias))
             return
         
         try:
             self.shell.alias_manager.define_alias(alias, cmd)
         except AliasError as e:
             print(e)
     # end magic_alias
 
     @line_magic
     def unalias(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Remove an alias"""
 
         aname = parameter_s.strip()
         try:
             self.shell.alias_manager.undefine_alias(aname)
         except ValueError as e:
             print(e)
             return
         
         stored = self.shell.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
         if aname in stored:
             print("Removing %stored alias",aname)
             del stored[aname]
             self.shell.db['stored_aliases'] = stored
 
     @line_magic
     def rehashx(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
 
         rehashx explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file
         with execute access (os.X_OK).
 
         Under Windows, it checks executability as a match against a
         '|'-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config
         variable win_exec_ext.  This defaults to 'exe|com|bat'.
 
         This function also resets the root module cache of module completer,
         used on slow filesystems.
         """
         from IPython.core.alias import InvalidAliasError
 
         # for the benefit of module completer in ipy_completers.py
         del self.shell.db['rootmodules_cache']
 
         path = [os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(p)) for p in
             os.environ.get('PATH','').split(os.pathsep)]
 
         syscmdlist = []
         savedir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Now walk the paths looking for executables to alias.
         try:
             # write the whole loop for posix/Windows so we don't have an if in
             # the innermost part
             if self.is_posix:
                 for pdir in path:
                     try:
                         os.chdir(pdir)
                     except OSError:
                         continue
 
                     # for python 3.6+ rewrite to: with os.scandir(pdir) as dirlist:
                     dirlist = os.scandir(path=pdir)
                     for ff in dirlist:
                         if self.isexec(ff):
                             fname = ff.name
                             try:
                                 # Removes dots from the name since ipython
                                 # will assume names with dots to be python.
                                 if not self.shell.alias_manager.is_alias(fname):
                                     self.shell.alias_manager.define_alias(
                                         fname.replace('.',''), fname)
                             except InvalidAliasError:
                                 pass
                             else:
                                 syscmdlist.append(fname)
             else:
                 no_alias = Alias.blacklist
                 for pdir in path:
                     try:
                         os.chdir(pdir)
                     except OSError:
                         continue
 
                     # for python 3.6+ rewrite to: with os.scandir(pdir) as dirlist:
                     dirlist = os.scandir(pdir)
                     for ff in dirlist:
                         fname = ff.name
                         base, ext = os.path.splitext(fname)
                         if self.isexec(ff) and base.lower() not in no_alias:
                             if ext.lower() == '.exe':
                                 fname = base
                                 try:
                                     # Removes dots from the name since ipython
                                     # will assume names with dots to be python.
                                     self.shell.alias_manager.define_alias(
                                         base.lower().replace('.',''), fname)
                                 except InvalidAliasError:
                                     pass
                                 syscmdlist.append(fname)
 
             self.shell.db['syscmdlist'] = syscmdlist
         finally:
             os.chdir(savedir)
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def pwd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return the current working directory path.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [9]: pwd
           Out[9]: '/home/tsuser/sprint/ipython'
         """
         try:
             return os.getcwd()
         except FileNotFoundError:
             raise UsageError("CWD no longer exists - please use %cd to change directory.")
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def cd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change the current working directory.
 
         This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories
         you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The
         command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted. You can also
         do 'cd -<tab>' to see directory history conveniently.
 
         Usage:
 
           cd 'dir': changes to directory 'dir'.
 
           cd -: changes to the last visited directory.
 
           cd -<n>: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history.
 
           cd --foo: change to directory that matches 'foo' in history
 
           cd -b <bookmark_name>: jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark
              (note: cd <bookmark_name> is enough if there is no
               directory <bookmark_name>, but a bookmark with the name exists.)
               'cd -b <tab>' allows you to tab-complete bookmark names.
 
         Options:
 
         -q: quiet.  Do not print the working directory after the cd command is
         executed.  By default IPython's cd command does print this directory,
         since the default prompts do not display path information.
 
         Note that !cd doesn't work for this purpose because the shell where
         !command runs is immediately discarded after executing 'command'.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [10]: cd parent/child
           /home/tsuser/parent/child
         """
 
         try:
             oldcwd = os.getcwd()
         except FileNotFoundError:
             # Happens if the CWD has been deleted.
             oldcwd = None
 
         numcd = re.match(r'(-)(\d+)$',parameter_s)
         # jump in directory history by number
         if numcd:
             nn = int(numcd.group(2))
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][nn]
             except IndexError:
                 print('The requested directory does not exist in history.')
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
         elif parameter_s.startswith('--'):
             ps = None
             fallback = None
             pat = parameter_s[2:]
             dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
             # first search only by basename (last component)
             for ent in reversed(dh):
                 if pat in os.path.basename(ent) and os.path.isdir(ent):
                     ps = ent
                     break
 
                 if fallback is None and pat in ent and os.path.isdir(ent):
                     fallback = ent
 
             # if we have no last part match, pick the first full path match
             if ps is None:
                 ps = fallback
 
             if ps is None:
                 print("No matching entry in directory history")
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
 
 
         else:
             opts, ps = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'qb', mode='string')
         # jump to previous
         if ps == '-':
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-2]
             except IndexError:
                 raise UsageError('%cd -: No previous directory to change to.')
         # jump to bookmark if needed
         else:
             if not os.path.isdir(ps) or 'b' in opts:
                 bkms = self.shell.db.get('bookmarks', {})
 
                 if ps in bkms:
                     target = bkms[ps]
                     print('(bookmark:%s) -> %s' % (ps, target))
                     ps = target
                 else:
                     if 'b' in opts:
                         raise UsageError("Bookmark '%s' not found.  "
                               "Use '%%bookmark -l' to see your bookmarks." % ps)
 
         # at this point ps should point to the target dir
         if ps:
             try:
                 os.chdir(os.path.expanduser(ps))
                 if hasattr(self.shell, 'term_title') and self.shell.term_title:
                     set_term_title(self.shell.term_title_format.format(cwd=abbrev_cwd()))
             except OSError:
                 print(sys.exc_info()[1])
             else:
                 cwd = os.getcwd()
                 dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
                 if oldcwd != cwd:
                     dhist.append(cwd)
                     self.shell.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
 
         else:
             os.chdir(self.shell.home_dir)
             if hasattr(self.shell, 'term_title') and self.shell.term_title:
                 set_term_title(self.shell.term_title_format.format(cwd="~"))
             cwd = os.getcwd()
             dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
 
             if oldcwd != cwd:
                 dhist.append(cwd)
                 self.shell.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
         if not 'q' in opts and not self.cd_force_quiet and self.shell.user_ns['_dh']:
             print(self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-1])
 
     @line_magic
     def env(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Get, set, or list environment variables.
 
         Usage:\\
 
           %env: lists all environment variables/values
           %env var: get value for var
           %env var val: set value for var
           %env var=val: set value for var
           %env var=$val: set value for var, using python expansion if possible
         """
         if parameter_s.strip():
             split = '=' if '=' in parameter_s else ' '
             bits = parameter_s.split(split)
             if len(bits) == 1:
                 key = parameter_s.strip()
                 if key in os.environ:
                     return os.environ[key]
                 else:
                     err = "Environment does not have key: {0}".format(key)
                     raise UsageError(err)
             if len(bits) > 1:
                 return self.set_env(parameter_s)
         return dict(os.environ)
 
     @line_magic
     def set_env(self, parameter_s):
         """Set environment variables.  Assumptions are that either "val" is a
         name in the user namespace, or val is something that evaluates to a
         string.
 
         Usage:\\
           %set_env var val: set value for var
           %set_env var=val: set value for var
           %set_env var=$val: set value for var, using python expansion if possible
         """
         split = '=' if '=' in parameter_s else ' '
         bits = parameter_s.split(split, 1)
         if not parameter_s.strip() or len(bits)<2:
             raise UsageError("usage is 'set_env var=val'")
         var = bits[0].strip()
         val = bits[1].strip()
         if re.match(r'.*\s.*', var):
             # an environment variable with whitespace is almost certainly
             # not what the user intended.  what's more likely is the wrong
             # split was chosen, ie for "set_env cmd_args A=B", we chose
             # '=' for the split and should have chosen ' '.  to get around
             # this, users should just assign directly to os.environ or use
             # standard magic {var} expansion.
             err = "refusing to set env var with whitespace: '{0}'"
             err = err.format(val)
             raise UsageError(err)
         os.environ[var] = val
         print('env: {0}={1}'.format(var,val))
 
     @line_magic
     def pushd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
 
         Usage:\\
           %pushd ['dirname']
         """
 
         dir_s = self.shell.dir_stack
         tgt = os.path.expanduser(parameter_s)
         cwd = os.getcwd().replace(self.shell.home_dir,'~')
         if tgt:
             self.cd(parameter_s)
         dir_s.insert(0,cwd)
         return self.shell.magic('dirs')
 
     @line_magic
     def popd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
         """
         if not self.shell.dir_stack:
             raise UsageError("%popd on empty stack")
         top = self.shell.dir_stack.pop(0)
         self.cd(top)
         print("popd ->",top)
 
     @line_magic
     def dirs(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return the current directory stack."""
 
         return self.shell.dir_stack
 
     @line_magic
     def dhist(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print your history of visited directories.
 
         %dhist       -> print full history\\
         %dhist n     -> print last n entries only\\
         %dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n2 not included)\\
 
         This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and
         always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd -<n>
         to go to directory number <n>.
 
         Note that most of time, you should view directory history by entering
         cd -<TAB>.
 
         """
 
         dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
         if parameter_s:
             try:
                 args = map(int,parameter_s.split())
             except:
                 self.arg_err(self.dhist)
                 return
             if len(args) == 1:
                 ini,fin = max(len(dh)-(args[0]),0),len(dh)
             elif len(args) == 2:
                 ini,fin = args
                 fin = min(fin, len(dh))
             else:
                 self.arg_err(self.dhist)
                 return
         else:
             ini,fin = 0,len(dh)
         print('Directory history (kept in _dh)')
         for i in range(ini, fin):
             print("%d: %s" % (i, dh[i]))
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def sc(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Shell capture - run shell command and capture output (DEPRECATED use !).
 
         DEPRECATED. Suboptimal, retained for backwards compatibility.
 
         You should use the form 'var = !command' instead. Example:
 
          "%sc -l myfiles = ls ~" should now be written as
 
          "myfiles = !ls ~"
 
         myfiles.s, myfiles.l and myfiles.n still apply as documented
         below.
 
         --
         %sc [options] varname=command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         will then update the user's interactive namespace with a variable
         called varname, containing the value of the call.  Your command can
         contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc.
 
         The '=' sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you
         supply must follow Python's standard conventions for valid names.
 
         (A special format without variable name exists for internal use)
 
         Options:
 
           -l: list output.  Split the output on newlines into a list before
           assigning it to the given variable.  By default the output is stored
           as a single string.
 
           -v: verbose.  Print the contents of the variable.
 
         In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the
         returned value is a special type of string which can automatically
         provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a
         space-separated string.  These are convenient, respectively, either
         for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command.
 
         For example::
 
             # Capture into variable a
             In [1]: sc a=ls *py
 
             # a is a string with embedded newlines
             In [2]: a
             Out[2]: 'setup.py\\nwin32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # which can be seen as a list:
             In [3]: a.l
             Out[3]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             # or as a whitespace-separated string:
             In [4]: a.s
             Out[4]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # a.s is useful to pass as a single command line:
             In [5]: !wc -l $a.s
               146 setup.py
               130 win32_manual_post_install.py
               276 total
 
             # while the list form is useful to loop over:
             In [6]: for f in a.l:
               ...:      !wc -l $f
               ...:
             146 setup.py
             130 win32_manual_post_install.py
 
         Similarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in
         the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to
         automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents::
 
             In [7]: sc -l b=ls *py
 
             In [8]: b
             Out[8]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             In [9]: b.s
             Out[9]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
         In summary, both the lists and strings used for output capture have
         the following special attributes::
 
             .l (or .list) : value as list.
             .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
             .s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string.
         """
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'lv')
         # Try to get a variable name and command to run
         try:
             # the variable name must be obtained from the parse_options
             # output, which uses shlex.split to strip options out.
             var,_ = args.split('=', 1)
             var = var.strip()
             # But the command has to be extracted from the original input
             # parameter_s, not on what parse_options returns, to avoid the
             # quote stripping which shlex.split performs on it.
             _,cmd = parameter_s.split('=', 1)
         except ValueError:
             var,cmd = '',''
         # If all looks ok, proceed
         split = 'l' in opts
         out = self.shell.getoutput(cmd, split=split)
         if 'v' in opts:
             print('%s ==\n%s' % (var, pformat(out)))
         if var:
             self.shell.user_ns.update({var:out})
         else:
             return out
 
     @line_cell_magic
     def sx(self, line='', cell=None):
         """Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
 
         %sx command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         return the result formatted as a list (split on '\\n').  Since the
         output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython's regular output
         cache Out[N] and in the '_N' automatic variables.
 
         Notes:
 
         1) If an input line begins with '!!', then %sx is automatically
         invoked.  That is, while::
 
           !ls
 
         causes ipython to simply issue system('ls'), typing::
 
           !!ls
 
         is a shorthand equivalent to::
 
           %sx ls
 
         2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
         like '%sc -l'.  The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
         to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
         %sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
         typing.
 
         3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:
         ::
 
           .l (or .list) : value as list.
           .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
           .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
 
         This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
         system commands."""
         
         if cell is None:
             # line magic
             return self.shell.getoutput(line)
         else:
             opts,args = self.parse_options(line, '', 'out=')
             output = self.shell.getoutput(cell)
             out_name = opts.get('out', opts.get('o'))
             if out_name:
                 self.shell.user_ns[out_name] = output
             else:
                 return output
 
     system = line_cell_magic('system')(sx)
     bang = cell_magic('!')(sx)
 
     @line_magic
     def bookmark(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Manage IPython's bookmark system.
 
         %bookmark <name>       - set bookmark to current dir
         %bookmark <name> <dir> - set bookmark to <dir>
         %bookmark -l           - list all bookmarks
         %bookmark -d <name>    - remove bookmark
         %bookmark -r           - remove all bookmarks
 
         You can later on access a bookmarked folder with::
 
           %cd -b <name>
 
         or simply '%cd <name>' if there is no directory called <name> AND
         there is such a bookmark defined.
 
         Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are
         associated with each profile."""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'drl',mode='list')
         if len(args) > 2:
             raise UsageError("%bookmark: too many arguments")
 
         bkms = self.shell.db.get('bookmarks',{})
 
         if 'd' in opts:
             try:
                 todel = args[0]
             except IndexError:
                 raise UsageError(
                     "%bookmark -d: must provide a bookmark to delete")
             else:
                 try:
                     del bkms[todel]
                 except KeyError:
                     raise UsageError(
                         "%%bookmark -d: Can't delete bookmark '%s'" % todel)
 
         elif 'r' in opts:
             bkms = {}
         elif 'l' in opts:
             bks = sorted(bkms)
             if bks:
                 size = max(map(len, bks))
             else:
                 size = 0
             fmt = '%-'+str(size)+'s -> %s'
             print('Current bookmarks:')
             for bk in bks:
                 print(fmt % (bk, bkms[bk]))
         else:
             if not args:
                 raise UsageError("%bookmark: You must specify the bookmark name")
             elif len(args)==1:
                 bkms[args[0]] = os.getcwd()
             elif len(args)==2:
                 bkms[args[0]] = args[1]
         self.shell.db['bookmarks'] = bkms
 
     @line_magic
     def pycat(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
 
         This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file
         to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting.
 
         This magic command can either take a local filename, an url,
         an history range (see %history) or a macro as argument ::
 
         %pycat myscript.py
         %pycat 7-27
         %pycat myMacro
         %pycat http://www.example.com/myscript.py
         """
         if not parameter_s:
             raise UsageError('Missing filename, URL, input history range, '
                              'or macro.')
 
         try :
             cont = self.shell.find_user_code(parameter_s, skip_encoding_cookie=False)
         except (ValueError, IOError):
             print("Error: no such file, variable, URL, history range or macro")
             return
 
         page.page(self.shell.pycolorize(source_to_unicode(cont)))
 
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         '-a', '--append', action='store_true', default=False,
         help='Append contents of the cell to an existing file. '
              'The file will be created if it does not exist.'
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         'filename', type=str,
         help='file to write'
     )
     @cell_magic
     def writefile(self, line, cell):
         """Write the contents of the cell to a file.
         
         The file will be overwritten unless the -a (--append) flag is specified.
         """
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.writefile, line)
         if re.match(r'^(\'.*\')|(".*")$', args.filename):
             filename = os.path.expanduser(args.filename[1:-1])
         else:
             filename = os.path.expanduser(args.filename)
             
         if os.path.exists(filename):
             if args.append:
                 print("Appending to %s" % filename)
             else:
                 print("Overwriting %s" % filename)
         else:
             print("Writing %s" % filename)
         
         mode = 'a' if args.append else 'w'
         with io.open(filename, mode, encoding='utf-8') as f:
             f.write(cell)

IPython/core/tests/test_completerlib.py

@@ -1,178 +1,178 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Tests for completerlib.
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import unittest
 from os.path import join
 
 import nose.tools as nt
 
 from IPython.core.completerlib import magic_run_completer, module_completion, try_import
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory
 from IPython.testing.decorators import onlyif_unicode_paths
 
 
 class MockEvent(object):
     def __init__(self, line):
         self.line = line
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Test functions begin
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class Test_magic_run_completer(unittest.TestCase):
     files = [u"aao.py", u"a.py", u"b.py", u"aao.txt"]
     dirs = [u"adir/", "bdir/"]
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.BASETESTDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         for fil in self.files:
             with open(join(self.BASETESTDIR, fil), "w") as sfile:
                 sfile.write("pass\n")
         for d in self.dirs:
             os.mkdir(join(self.BASETESTDIR, d))
 
         self.oldpath = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         os.chdir(self.oldpath)
         shutil.rmtree(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     def test_1(self):
-        """Test magic_run_completer, should match two alterntives
+        """Test magic_run_completer, should match two alternatives
         """
         event = MockEvent(u"%run a")
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"a.py", u"aao.py", u"adir/"})
 
     def test_2(self):
-        """Test magic_run_completer, should match one alterntive
+        """Test magic_run_completer, should match one alternative
         """
         event = MockEvent(u"%run aa")
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"aao.py"})
 
     def test_3(self):
         """Test magic_run_completer with unterminated " """
         event = MockEvent(u'%run "a')
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"a.py", u"aao.py", u"adir/"})
 
     def test_completion_more_args(self):
         event = MockEvent(u'%run a.py ')
         match = set(magic_run_completer(None, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, set(self.files + self.dirs))
 
     def test_completion_in_dir(self):
         # Github issue #3459
         event = MockEvent(u'%run a.py {}'.format(join(self.BASETESTDIR, 'a')))
         print(repr(event.line))
         match = set(magic_run_completer(None, event))
         # We specifically use replace here rather than normpath, because
         # at one point there were duplicates 'adir' and 'adir/', and normpath
         # would hide the failure for that.
         self.assertEqual(match, {join(self.BASETESTDIR, f).replace('\\','/')
                             for f in (u'a.py', u'aao.py', u'aao.txt', u'adir/')})
 
 class Test_magic_run_completer_nonascii(unittest.TestCase):
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def setUp(self):
         self.BASETESTDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         for fil in [u"aaø.py", u"a.py", u"b.py"]:
             with open(join(self.BASETESTDIR, fil), "w") as sfile:
                 sfile.write("pass\n")
         self.oldpath = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         os.chdir(self.oldpath)
         shutil.rmtree(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_1(self):
-        """Test magic_run_completer, should match two alterntives
+        """Test magic_run_completer, should match two alternatives
         """
         event = MockEvent(u"%run a")
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"a.py", u"aaø.py"})
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_2(self):
-        """Test magic_run_completer, should match one alterntive
+        """Test magic_run_completer, should match one alternative
         """
         event = MockEvent(u"%run aa")
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"aaø.py"})
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_3(self):
         """Test magic_run_completer with unterminated " """
         event = MockEvent(u'%run "a')
         mockself = None
         match = set(magic_run_completer(mockself, event))
         self.assertEqual(match, {u"a.py", u"aaø.py"})
 
 # module_completer:
 
 def test_import_invalid_module():
     """Testing of issue https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1107"""
     invalid_module_names = {'foo-bar', 'foo:bar', '10foo'}
     valid_module_names = {'foobar'}
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         sys.path.insert( 0, tmpdir )
         for name in invalid_module_names | valid_module_names:
             filename = os.path.join(tmpdir, name + '.py')
             open(filename, 'w').close()
 
         s = set( module_completion('import foo') )
         intersection = s.intersection(invalid_module_names)
         nt.assert_equal(intersection, set())
 
         assert valid_module_names.issubset(s), valid_module_names.intersection(s)
 
 
 def test_bad_module_all():
     """Test module with invalid __all__
 
     https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/9678
     """
     testsdir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
     sys.path.insert(0, testsdir)
     try:
         results = module_completion('from bad_all import ')
         nt.assert_in('puppies', results)
         for r in results:
             nt.assert_is_instance(r, str)
     finally:
         sys.path.remove(testsdir)
 
 
 def test_module_without_init():
     """
     Test module without __init__.py.
     
     https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/11226
     """
     fake_module_name = "foo"
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         sys.path.insert(0, tmpdir)
         try:
             os.makedirs(os.path.join(tmpdir, fake_module_name))
             s = try_import(mod=fake_module_name)
             assert s == []
         finally:
             sys.path.remove(tmpdir)

IPython/core/tests/test_displayhook.py

@@ -1,112 +1,112 b''
 import sys
 from IPython.testing.tools import AssertPrints, AssertNotPrints
 from IPython.core.displayhook import CapturingDisplayHook
 from IPython.utils.capture import CapturedIO
 
 def test_output_displayed():
     """Checking to make sure that output is displayed"""
   
     with AssertPrints('2'):
        ip.run_cell('1+1', store_history=True)
       
     with AssertPrints('2'):
         ip.run_cell('1+1 # comment with a semicolon;', store_history=True)
 
     with AssertPrints('2'):
         ip.run_cell('1+1\n#commented_out_function();', store_history=True)
 
       
 def test_output_quiet():
     """Checking to make sure that output is quiet"""
   
     with AssertNotPrints('2'):
         ip.run_cell('1+1;', store_history=True)
       
     with AssertNotPrints('2'):
         ip.run_cell('1+1; # comment with a semicolon', store_history=True)
 
     with AssertNotPrints('2'):
         ip.run_cell('1+1;\n#commented_out_function()', store_history=True)
 
 def test_underscore_no_overrite_user():
     ip.run_cell('_ = 42', store_history=True)
     ip.run_cell('1+1', store_history=True)
 
     with AssertPrints('42'):
         ip.run_cell('print(_)', store_history=True)
 
     ip.run_cell('del _', store_history=True)
     ip.run_cell('6+6', store_history=True)
     with AssertPrints('12'):
         ip.run_cell('_', store_history=True)
 
 
 def test_underscore_no_overrite_builtins():
     ip.run_cell("import gettext ; gettext.install('foo')", store_history=True)
     ip.run_cell('3+3', store_history=True)
 
     with AssertPrints('gettext'):
         ip.run_cell('print(_)', store_history=True)
 
     ip.run_cell('_ = "userset"', store_history=True)
 
     with AssertPrints('userset'):
         ip.run_cell('print(_)', store_history=True)
     ip.run_cell('import builtins; del builtins._')
 
 
 def test_interactivehooks_ast_modes():
     """
     Test that ast nodes can be triggered with different modes
     """
     saved_mode = ip.ast_node_interactivity
     ip.ast_node_interactivity = 'last_expr_or_assign'
 
     try:
         with AssertPrints('2'):
             ip.run_cell('a = 1+1', store_history=True)
 
         with AssertPrints('9'):
             ip.run_cell('b = 1+8 # comment with a semicolon;', store_history=False)
 
         with AssertPrints('7'):
             ip.run_cell('c = 1+6\n#commented_out_function();', store_history=True)
 
         ip.run_cell('d = 11', store_history=True)
         with AssertPrints('12'):
             ip.run_cell('d += 1', store_history=True)
 
         with AssertNotPrints('42'):
             ip.run_cell('(u,v) = (41+1, 43-1)')
 
     finally:
         ip.ast_node_interactivity = saved_mode
 
-def test_interactivehooks_ast_modes_semi_supress():
+def test_interactivehooks_ast_modes_semi_suppress():
     """
     Test that ast nodes can be triggered with different modes and suppressed
     by semicolon
     """
     saved_mode = ip.ast_node_interactivity
     ip.ast_node_interactivity = 'last_expr_or_assign'
 
     try:
         with AssertNotPrints('2'):
             ip.run_cell('x = 1+1;', store_history=True)
 
         with AssertNotPrints('7'):
             ip.run_cell('y = 1+6; # comment with a semicolon', store_history=True)
 
         with AssertNotPrints('9'):
             ip.run_cell('z = 1+8;\n#commented_out_function()', store_history=True)
 
     finally:
         ip.ast_node_interactivity = saved_mode
 
 def test_capture_display_hook_format():
     """Tests that the capture display hook conforms to the CapturedIO output format"""
     hook = CapturingDisplayHook(ip)
     hook({"foo": "bar"})
     captured = CapturedIO(sys.stdout, sys.stderr, hook.outputs)
     # Should not raise with RichOutput transformation error
     captured.outputs

IPython/core/tests/test_interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,1000 +1,1000 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Tests for the key interactiveshell module.
 
 Historically the main classes in interactiveshell have been under-tested.  This
 module should grow as many single-method tests as possible to trap many of the
 recurring bugs we seem to encounter with high-level interaction.
 """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import asyncio
 import ast
 import os
 import signal
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import unittest
 from unittest import mock
 
 from os.path import join
 
 import nose.tools as nt
 
 from IPython.core.error import InputRejected
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer import InputTransformer
 from IPython.core import interactiveshell
 from IPython.testing.decorators import (
     skipif, skip_win32, onlyif_unicode_paths, onlyif_cmds_exist,
 )
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 from IPython.utils.process import find_cmd
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # This is used by every single test, no point repeating it ad nauseam
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Tests
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class DerivedInterrupt(KeyboardInterrupt):
     pass
 
 class InteractiveShellTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_naked_string_cells(self):
         """Test that cells with only naked strings are fully executed"""
         # First, single-line inputs
         ip.run_cell('"a"\n')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_'], 'a')
         # And also multi-line cells
         ip.run_cell('"""a\nb"""\n')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_'], 'a\nb')
 
     def test_run_empty_cell(self):
         """Just make sure we don't get a horrible error with a blank
         cell of input. Yes, I did overlook that."""
         old_xc = ip.execution_count
         res = ip.run_cell('')
         self.assertEqual(ip.execution_count, old_xc)
         self.assertEqual(res.execution_count, None)
 
     def test_run_cell_multiline(self):
         """Multi-block, multi-line cells must execute correctly.
         """
         src = '\n'.join(["x=1",
                          "y=2",
                          "if 1:",
                          "    x += 1",
                          "    y += 1",])
         res = ip.run_cell(src)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['x'], 2)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['y'], 3)
         self.assertEqual(res.success, True)
         self.assertEqual(res.result, None)
 
     def test_multiline_string_cells(self):
         "Code sprinkled with multiline strings should execute (GH-306)"
         ip.run_cell('tmp=0')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['tmp'], 0)
         res = ip.run_cell('tmp=1;"""a\nb"""\n')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['tmp'], 1)
         self.assertEqual(res.success, True)
         self.assertEqual(res.result, "a\nb")
 
     def test_dont_cache_with_semicolon(self):
         "Ending a line with semicolon should not cache the returned object (GH-307)"
         oldlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
         for cell in ['1;', '1;1;']:
             res = ip.run_cell(cell, store_history=True)
             newlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
             self.assertEqual(oldlen, newlen)
             self.assertIsNone(res.result)
         i = 0
         #also test the default caching behavior
         for cell in ['1', '1;1']:
             ip.run_cell(cell, store_history=True)
             newlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
             i += 1
             self.assertEqual(oldlen+i, newlen)
 
     def test_syntax_error(self):
         res = ip.run_cell("raise = 3")
         self.assertIsInstance(res.error_before_exec, SyntaxError)
 
     def test_In_variable(self):
         "Verify that In variable grows with user input (GH-284)"
         oldlen = len(ip.user_ns['In'])
         ip.run_cell('1;', store_history=True)
         newlen = len(ip.user_ns['In'])
         self.assertEqual(oldlen+1, newlen)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['In'][-1],'1;')
         
     def test_magic_names_in_string(self):
         ip.run_cell('a = """\n%exit\n"""')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['a'], '\n%exit\n')
     
     def test_trailing_newline(self):
         """test that running !(command) does not raise a SyntaxError"""
         ip.run_cell('!(true)\n', False)
         ip.run_cell('!(true)\n\n\n', False)
     
     def test_gh_597(self):
         """Pretty-printing lists of objects with non-ascii reprs may cause
         problems."""
         class Spam(object):
             def __repr__(self):
                 return "\xe9"*50
         import IPython.core.formatters
         f = IPython.core.formatters.PlainTextFormatter()
         f([Spam(),Spam()])
     
 
     def test_future_flags(self):
         """Check that future flags are used for parsing code (gh-777)"""
         ip.run_cell('from __future__ import barry_as_FLUFL')
         try:
             ip.run_cell('prfunc_return_val = 1 <> 2')
             assert 'prfunc_return_val' in ip.user_ns
         finally:
             # Reset compiler flags so we don't mess up other tests.
             ip.compile.reset_compiler_flags()
 
     def test_can_pickle(self):
         "Can we pickle objects defined interactively (GH-29)"
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.reset()
         ip.run_cell(("class Mylist(list):\n"
                      "    def __init__(self,x=[]):\n"
                      "        list.__init__(self,x)"))
         ip.run_cell("w=Mylist([1,2,3])")
         
         from pickle import dumps
         
         # We need to swap in our main module - this is only necessary
         # inside the test framework, because IPython puts the interactive module
         # in place (but the test framework undoes this).
         _main = sys.modules['__main__']
         sys.modules['__main__'] = ip.user_module
         try:
             res = dumps(ip.user_ns["w"])
         finally:
             sys.modules['__main__'] = _main
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(res, bytes))
         
     def test_global_ns(self):
         "Code in functions must be able to access variables outside them."
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.run_cell("a = 10")
         ip.run_cell(("def f(x):\n"
                      "    return x + a"))
         ip.run_cell("b = f(12)")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["b"], 22)
 
     def test_bad_custom_tb(self):
         """Check that InteractiveShell is protected from bad custom exception handlers"""
         ip.set_custom_exc((IOError,), lambda etype,value,tb: 1/0)
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, (IOError,))
         with tt.AssertPrints("Custom TB Handler failed", channel='stderr'):
             ip.run_cell(u'raise IOError("foo")')
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, ())
 
     def test_bad_custom_tb_return(self):
         """Check that InteractiveShell is protected from bad return types in custom exception handlers"""
         ip.set_custom_exc((NameError,),lambda etype,value,tb, tb_offset=None: 1)
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, (NameError,))
         with tt.AssertPrints("Custom TB Handler failed", channel='stderr'):
             ip.run_cell(u'a=abracadabra')
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, ())
 
     def test_drop_by_id(self):
         myvars = {"a":object(), "b":object(), "c": object()}
         ip.push(myvars, interactive=False)
         for name in myvars:
             assert name in ip.user_ns, name
             assert name in ip.user_ns_hidden, name
         ip.user_ns['b'] = 12
         ip.drop_by_id(myvars)
         for name in ["a", "c"]:
             assert name not in ip.user_ns, name
             assert name not in ip.user_ns_hidden, name
         assert ip.user_ns['b'] == 12
         ip.reset()
 
     def test_var_expand(self):
         ip.user_ns['f'] = u'Ca\xf1o'
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo $f'), u'echo Ca\xf1o')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {f}'), u'echo Ca\xf1o')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {f[:-1]}'), u'echo Ca\xf1')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {1*2}'), u'echo 2')
         
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"grep x | awk '{print $1}'"), u"grep x | awk '{print $1}'")
 
         ip.user_ns['f'] = b'Ca\xc3\xb1o'
         # This should not raise any exception:
         ip.var_expand(u'echo $f')
    
     def test_var_expand_local(self):
         """Test local variable expansion in !system and %magic calls"""
         # !system
         ip.run_cell('def test():\n'
                     '    lvar = "ttt"\n'
                     '    ret = !echo {lvar}\n'
                     '    return ret[0]\n')
         res = ip.user_ns['test']()
         nt.assert_in('ttt', res)
         
         # %magic
         ip.run_cell('def makemacro():\n'
                     '    macroname = "macro_var_expand_locals"\n'
                     '    %macro {macroname} codestr\n')
         ip.user_ns['codestr'] = "str(12)"
         ip.run_cell('makemacro()')
         nt.assert_in('macro_var_expand_locals', ip.user_ns)
     
     def test_var_expand_self(self):
         """Test variable expansion with the name 'self', which was failing.
         
         See https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1878#issuecomment-7698218
         """
         ip.run_cell('class cTest:\n'
                     '  classvar="see me"\n'
                     '  def test(self):\n'
                     '    res = !echo Variable: {self.classvar}\n'
                     '    return res[0]\n')
         nt.assert_in('see me', ip.user_ns['cTest']().test())
     
     def test_bad_var_expand(self):
         """var_expand on invalid formats shouldn't raise"""
         # SyntaxError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{'a':5}"), u"{'a':5}")
         # NameError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{asdf}"), u"{asdf}")
         # ZeroDivisionError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{1/0}"), u"{1/0}")
     
     def test_silent_postexec(self):
         """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't invoke pre/post_run_cell callbacks"""
         pre_explicit = mock.Mock()
         pre_always = mock.Mock()
         post_explicit = mock.Mock()
         post_always = mock.Mock()
         all_mocks = [pre_explicit, pre_always, post_explicit, post_always]
         
         ip.events.register('pre_run_cell', pre_explicit)
         ip.events.register('pre_execute', pre_always)
         ip.events.register('post_run_cell', post_explicit)
         ip.events.register('post_execute', post_always)
         
         try:
             ip.run_cell("1", silent=True)
             assert pre_always.called
             assert not pre_explicit.called
             assert post_always.called
             assert not post_explicit.called
             # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
             # silent to avoid
             ip.run_cell("1")
             assert pre_explicit.called
             assert post_explicit.called
             info, = pre_explicit.call_args[0]
             result, = post_explicit.call_args[0]
             self.assertEqual(info, result.info)
             # check that post hooks are always called
             [m.reset_mock() for m in all_mocks]
             ip.run_cell("syntax error")
             assert pre_always.called
             assert pre_explicit.called
             assert post_always.called
             assert post_explicit.called
             info, = pre_explicit.call_args[0]
             result, = post_explicit.call_args[0]
             self.assertEqual(info, result.info)
         finally:
             # remove post-exec
             ip.events.unregister('pre_run_cell', pre_explicit)
             ip.events.unregister('pre_execute', pre_always)
             ip.events.unregister('post_run_cell', post_explicit)
             ip.events.unregister('post_execute', post_always)
     
     def test_silent_noadvance(self):
         """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't advance execution_count"""
         ec = ip.execution_count
         # silent should force store_history=False
         ip.run_cell("1", store_history=True, silent=True)
         
         self.assertEqual(ec, ip.execution_count)
         # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
         # silent to avoid
         ip.run_cell("1", store_history=True)
         self.assertEqual(ec+1, ip.execution_count)
     
     def test_silent_nodisplayhook(self):
         """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't trigger displayhook"""
         d = dict(called=False)
         
         trap = ip.display_trap
         save_hook = trap.hook
         
         def failing_hook(*args, **kwargs):
             d['called'] = True
         
         try:
             trap.hook = failing_hook
             res = ip.run_cell("1", silent=True)
             self.assertFalse(d['called'])
             self.assertIsNone(res.result)
             # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
             # silent to avoid
             ip.run_cell("1")
             self.assertTrue(d['called'])
         finally:
             trap.hook = save_hook
 
     def test_ofind_line_magic(self):
         from IPython.core.magic import register_line_magic
         
         @register_line_magic
         def lmagic(line):
             "A line magic"
 
         # Get info on line magic
         lfind = ip._ofind('lmagic')
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=True,
                     namespace = 'IPython internal', obj= lmagic.__wrapped__,
                     parent = None)
         nt.assert_equal(lfind, info)
         
     def test_ofind_cell_magic(self):
         from IPython.core.magic import register_cell_magic
         
         @register_cell_magic
         def cmagic(line, cell):
             "A cell magic"
 
         # Get info on cell magic
         find = ip._ofind('cmagic')
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=True,
                     namespace = 'IPython internal', obj= cmagic.__wrapped__,
                     parent = None)
         nt.assert_equal(find, info)
 
     def test_ofind_property_with_error(self):
         class A(object):
             @property
             def foo(self):
                 raise NotImplementedError()
         a = A()
 
         found = ip._ofind('a.foo', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace='locals', obj=A.foo, parent=a)
         nt.assert_equal(found, info)
 
     def test_ofind_multiple_attribute_lookups(self):
         class A(object):
             @property
             def foo(self):
                 raise NotImplementedError()
 
         a = A()
         a.a = A()
         a.a.a = A()
 
         found = ip._ofind('a.a.a.foo', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace='locals', obj=A.foo, parent=a.a.a)
         nt.assert_equal(found, info)
 
     def test_ofind_slotted_attributes(self):
         class A(object):
             __slots__ = ['foo']
             def __init__(self):
                 self.foo = 'bar'
 
         a = A()
         found = ip._ofind('a.foo', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace='locals', obj=a.foo, parent=a)
         nt.assert_equal(found, info)
 
         found = ip._ofind('a.bar', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=False, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace=None, obj=None, parent=a)
         nt.assert_equal(found, info)
 
     def test_ofind_prefers_property_to_instance_level_attribute(self):
         class A(object):
             @property
             def foo(self):
                 return 'bar'
         a = A()
         a.__dict__['foo'] = 'baz'
         nt.assert_equal(a.foo, 'bar')
         found = ip._ofind('a.foo', [('locals', locals())])
         nt.assert_is(found['obj'], A.foo)
 
     def test_custom_syntaxerror_exception(self):
         called = []
         def my_handler(shell, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             called.append(etype)
             shell.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=tb_offset)
 
         ip.set_custom_exc((SyntaxError,), my_handler)
         try:
             ip.run_cell("1f")
             # Check that this was called, and only once.
             self.assertEqual(called, [SyntaxError])
         finally:
             # Reset the custom exception hook
             ip.set_custom_exc((), None)
 
     def test_custom_exception(self):
         called = []
         def my_handler(shell, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             called.append(etype)
             shell.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=tb_offset)
         
         ip.set_custom_exc((ValueError,), my_handler)
         try:
             res = ip.run_cell("raise ValueError('test')")
             # Check that this was called, and only once.
             self.assertEqual(called, [ValueError])
             # Check that the error is on the result object
             self.assertIsInstance(res.error_in_exec, ValueError)
         finally:
             # Reset the custom exception hook
             ip.set_custom_exc((), None)
     
     def test_mktempfile(self):
         filename = ip.mktempfile()
         # Check that we can open the file again on Windows
         with open(filename, 'w') as f:
             f.write('abc')
 
         filename = ip.mktempfile(data='blah')
         with open(filename, 'r') as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'blah')
 
     def test_new_main_mod(self):
         # Smoketest to check that this accepts a unicode module name
         name = u'jiefmw'
         mod = ip.new_main_mod(u'%s.py' % name, name)
         self.assertEqual(mod.__name__, name)
 
     def test_get_exception_only(self):
         try:
             raise KeyboardInterrupt
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             msg = ip.get_exception_only()
         self.assertEqual(msg, 'KeyboardInterrupt\n')
 
         try:
             raise DerivedInterrupt("foo")
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             msg = ip.get_exception_only()
         self.assertEqual(msg, 'IPython.core.tests.test_interactiveshell.DerivedInterrupt: foo\n')
 
     def test_inspect_text(self):
         ip.run_cell('a = 5')
         text = ip.object_inspect_text('a')
         self.assertIsInstance(text, str)
 
     def test_last_execution_result(self):
         """ Check that last execution result gets set correctly (GH-10702) """
         result = ip.run_cell('a = 5; a')
         self.assertTrue(ip.last_execution_succeeded)
         self.assertEqual(ip.last_execution_result.result, 5)
 
         result = ip.run_cell('a = x_invalid_id_x')
         self.assertFalse(ip.last_execution_succeeded)
         self.assertFalse(ip.last_execution_result.success)
         self.assertIsInstance(ip.last_execution_result.error_in_exec, NameError)
 
     def test_reset_aliasing(self):
         """ Check that standard posix aliases work after %reset. """
         if os.name != 'posix':
             return
 
         ip.reset()
         for cmd in ('clear', 'more', 'less', 'man'):
             res = ip.run_cell('%' + cmd)
             self.assertEqual(res.success, True)
 
 
 class TestSafeExecfileNonAsciiPath(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def setUp(self):
         self.BASETESTDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         self.TESTDIR = join(self.BASETESTDIR, u"åäö")
         os.mkdir(self.TESTDIR)
         with open(join(self.TESTDIR, u"åäötestscript.py"), "w") as sfile:
             sfile.write("pass\n")
         self.oldpath = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(self.TESTDIR)
         self.fname = u"åäötestscript.py"
 
     def tearDown(self):
         os.chdir(self.oldpath)
         shutil.rmtree(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_1(self):
         """Test safe_execfile with non-ascii path
         """
         ip.safe_execfile(self.fname, {}, raise_exceptions=True)
 
 class ExitCodeChecks(tt.TempFileMixin):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.system = ip.system_raw
 
     def test_exit_code_ok(self):
         self.system('exit 0')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_exit_code'], 0)
 
     def test_exit_code_error(self):
         self.system('exit 1')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_exit_code'], 1)
     
     @skipif(not hasattr(signal, 'SIGALRM'))
     def test_exit_code_signal(self):
         self.mktmp("import signal, time\n"
                    "signal.setitimer(signal.ITIMER_REAL, 0.1)\n"
                    "time.sleep(1)\n")
         self.system("%s %s" % (sys.executable, self.fname))
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_exit_code'], -signal.SIGALRM)
     
     @onlyif_cmds_exist("csh")
     def test_exit_code_signal_csh(self):
         SHELL = os.environ.get('SHELL', None)
         os.environ['SHELL'] = find_cmd("csh")
         try:
             self.test_exit_code_signal()
         finally:
             if SHELL is not None:
                 os.environ['SHELL'] = SHELL
             else:
                 del os.environ['SHELL']
 
 
 class TestSystemRaw(ExitCodeChecks):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.sytem = ip.system_raw
+        self.system = ip.system_raw
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_1(self):
         """Test system_raw with non-ascii cmd
         """
         cmd = u'''python -c "'åäö'"   '''
         ip.system_raw(cmd)
 
     @mock.patch('subprocess.call', side_effect=KeyboardInterrupt)
     @mock.patch('os.system', side_effect=KeyboardInterrupt)
     def test_control_c(self, *mocks):
         try:
             self.system("sleep 1 # wont happen")
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.fail("system call should intercept "
                       "keyboard interrupt from subprocess.call")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_exit_code'], -signal.SIGINT)
 
 # TODO: Exit codes are currently ignored on Windows.
 class TestSystemPipedExitCode(ExitCodeChecks):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
-        self.sytem = ip.system_piped
+        self.system = ip.system_piped
 
     @skip_win32
     def test_exit_code_ok(self):
         ExitCodeChecks.test_exit_code_ok(self)
 
     @skip_win32
     def test_exit_code_error(self):
         ExitCodeChecks.test_exit_code_error(self)
 
     @skip_win32
     def test_exit_code_signal(self):
         ExitCodeChecks.test_exit_code_signal(self)
 
 class TestModules(tt.TempFileMixin):
     def test_extraneous_loads(self):
         """Test we're not loading modules on startup that we shouldn't.
         """
         self.mktmp("import sys\n"
                    "print('numpy' in sys.modules)\n"
                    "print('ipyparallel' in sys.modules)\n"
                    "print('ipykernel' in sys.modules)\n"
                    )
         out = "False\nFalse\nFalse\n"
         tt.ipexec_validate(self.fname, out)
 
 class Negator(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Negates all number literals in an AST."""
 
     # for python 3.7 and earlier
     def visit_Num(self, node):
         node.n = -node.n
         return node
 
     # for python 3.8+
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, int):
             return self.visit_Num(node)
         return node
 
 class TestAstTransform(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.negator = Negator()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(self.negator)
     
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.ast_transformers.remove(self.negator)
     
     def test_run_cell(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints('-34'):
             ip.run_cell('print (12 + 22)')
         
         # A named reference to a number shouldn't be transformed.
         ip.user_ns['n'] = 55
         with tt.AssertNotPrints('-55'):
             ip.run_cell('print (n)')
     
     def test_timeit(self):
         called = set()
         def f(x):
             called.add(x)
         ip.push({'f':f})
         
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_line_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(1)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {-1})
         called.clear()
 
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_cell_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(2)", "f(3)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {-2, -3})
     
     def test_time(self):
         called = []
         def f(x):
             called.append(x)
         ip.push({'f':f})
         
         # Test with an expression
         with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
             ip.run_line_magic("time", "f(5+9)")
         self.assertEqual(called, [-14])
         called[:] = []
         
         # Test with a statement (different code path)
         with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
             ip.run_line_magic("time", "a = f(-3 + -2)")
         self.assertEqual(called, [5])
     
     def test_macro(self):
         ip.push({'a':10})
         # The AST transformation makes this do a+=-1
         ip.define_macro("amacro", "a+=1\nprint(a)")
         
         with tt.AssertPrints("9"):
             ip.run_cell("amacro")
         with tt.AssertPrints("8"):
             ip.run_cell("amacro")
 
 class IntegerWrapper(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Wraps all integers in a call to Integer()"""
 
     # for Python 3.7 and earlier
 
     # for Python 3.7 and earlier
     def visit_Num(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.n, int):
             return ast.Call(func=ast.Name(id='Integer', ctx=ast.Load()),
                             args=[node], keywords=[])
         return node
 
     # For Python 3.8+
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, int):
             return self.visit_Num(node)
         return node
 
 
 class TestAstTransform2(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.intwrapper = IntegerWrapper()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(self.intwrapper)
         
         self.calls = []
         def Integer(*args):
             self.calls.append(args)
             return args
         ip.push({"Integer": Integer})
     
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.ast_transformers.remove(self.intwrapper)
         del ip.user_ns['Integer']
     
     def test_run_cell(self):
         ip.run_cell("n = 2")
         self.assertEqual(self.calls, [(2,)])
         
         # This shouldn't throw an error
         ip.run_cell("o = 2.0")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['o'], 2.0)
     
     def test_timeit(self):
         called = set()
         def f(x):
             called.add(x)
         ip.push({'f':f})
 
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_line_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(1)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {(1,)})
         called.clear()
 
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_cell_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(2)", "f(3)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {(2,), (3,)})
 
 class ErrorTransformer(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Throws an error when it sees a number."""
 
     # for Python 3.7 and earlier
     def visit_Num(self, node):
         raise ValueError("test")
 
     # for Python 3.8+
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, int):
             return self.visit_Num(node)
         return node
 
 
 class TestAstTransformError(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_unregistering(self):
         err_transformer = ErrorTransformer()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(err_transformer)
         
         with self.assertWarnsRegex(UserWarning, "It will be unregistered"):
             ip.run_cell("1 + 2")
         
         # This should have been removed.
         nt.assert_not_in(err_transformer, ip.ast_transformers)
 
 
 class StringRejector(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Throws an InputRejected when it sees a string literal.
 
     Used to verify that NodeTransformers can signal that a piece of code should
     not be executed by throwing an InputRejected.
     """
     
     #for python 3.7 and earlier
     def visit_Str(self, node):
         raise InputRejected("test")
 
     # 3.8 only
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, str):
             raise InputRejected("test")
         return node
 
 
 class TestAstTransformInputRejection(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.transformer = StringRejector()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(self.transformer)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.ast_transformers.remove(self.transformer)
 
     def test_input_rejection(self):
         """Check that NodeTransformers can reject input."""
 
         expect_exception_tb = tt.AssertPrints("InputRejected: test")
         expect_no_cell_output = tt.AssertNotPrints("'unsafe'", suppress=False)
 
         # Run the same check twice to verify that the transformer is not
         # disabled after raising.
         with expect_exception_tb, expect_no_cell_output:
             ip.run_cell("'unsafe'")
 
         with expect_exception_tb, expect_no_cell_output:
             res = ip.run_cell("'unsafe'")
 
         self.assertIsInstance(res.error_before_exec, InputRejected)
 
 def test__IPYTHON__():
     # This shouldn't raise a NameError, that's all
     __IPYTHON__
 
 
 class DummyRepr(object):
     def __repr__(self):
         return "DummyRepr"
     
     def _repr_html_(self):
         return "<b>dummy</b>"
     
     def _repr_javascript_(self):
         return "console.log('hi');", {'key': 'value'}
     
 
 def test_user_variables():
     # enable all formatters
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ip.display_formatter.format_types
     
     ip.user_ns['dummy'] = d = DummyRepr()
     keys = {'dummy', 'doesnotexist'}
     r = ip.user_expressions({ key:key for key in keys})
 
     nt.assert_equal(keys, set(r.keys()))
     dummy = r['dummy']
     nt.assert_equal({'status', 'data', 'metadata'}, set(dummy.keys()))
     nt.assert_equal(dummy['status'], 'ok')
     data = dummy['data']
     metadata = dummy['metadata']
     nt.assert_equal(data.get('text/html'), d._repr_html_())
     js, jsmd = d._repr_javascript_()
     nt.assert_equal(data.get('application/javascript'), js)
     nt.assert_equal(metadata.get('application/javascript'), jsmd)
     
     dne = r['doesnotexist']
     nt.assert_equal(dne['status'], 'error')
     nt.assert_equal(dne['ename'], 'NameError')
     
     # back to text only
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ['text/plain']
     
 def test_user_expression():
     # enable all formatters
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ip.display_formatter.format_types
     query = {
         'a' : '1 + 2',
         'b' : '1/0',
     }
     r = ip.user_expressions(query)
     import pprint
     pprint.pprint(r)
     nt.assert_equal(set(r.keys()), set(query.keys()))
     a = r['a']
     nt.assert_equal({'status', 'data', 'metadata'}, set(a.keys()))
     nt.assert_equal(a['status'], 'ok')
     data = a['data']
     metadata = a['metadata']
     nt.assert_equal(data.get('text/plain'), '3')
     
     b = r['b']
     nt.assert_equal(b['status'], 'error')
     nt.assert_equal(b['ename'], 'ZeroDivisionError')
     
     # back to text only
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ['text/plain']
 
 
 class TestSyntaxErrorTransformer(unittest.TestCase):
     """Check that SyntaxError raised by an input transformer is handled by run_cell()"""
 
     @staticmethod
     def transformer(lines):
         for line in lines:
             pos = line.find('syntaxerror')
             if pos >= 0:
                 e = SyntaxError('input contains "syntaxerror"')
                 e.text = line
                 e.offset = pos + 1
                 raise e
         return lines
 
     def setUp(self):
         ip.input_transformers_post.append(self.transformer)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.input_transformers_post.remove(self.transformer)
 
     def test_syntaxerror_input_transformer(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints('1234'):
             ip.run_cell('1234')
         with tt.AssertPrints('SyntaxError: invalid syntax'):
             ip.run_cell('1 2 3')   # plain python syntax error
         with tt.AssertPrints('SyntaxError: input contains "syntaxerror"'):
             ip.run_cell('2345  # syntaxerror')  # input transformer syntax error
         with tt.AssertPrints('3456'):
             ip.run_cell('3456')
 
 
-class TestWarningSupression(unittest.TestCase):
+class TestWarningSuppression(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_warning_suppression(self):
         ip.run_cell("import warnings")
         try:
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(UserWarning, "asdf"):
                 ip.run_cell("warnings.warn('asdf')")
             # Here's the real test -- if we run that again, we should get the
             # warning again. Traditionally, each warning was only issued once per
             # IPython session (approximately), even if the user typed in new and
             # different code that should have also triggered the warning, leading
             # to much confusion.
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(UserWarning, "asdf"):
                 ip.run_cell("warnings.warn('asdf')")
         finally:
             ip.run_cell("del warnings")
 
 
     def test_deprecation_warning(self):
         ip.run_cell("""
 import warnings
 def wrn():
     warnings.warn(
         "I AM  A WARNING",
         DeprecationWarning
     )
         """)
         try:
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, "I AM  A WARNING"):
                 ip.run_cell("wrn()")
         finally:
             ip.run_cell("del warnings")
             ip.run_cell("del wrn")
 
 
 class TestImportNoDeprecate(tt.TempFileMixin):
 
     def setUp(self):
         """Make a valid python temp file."""
         self.mktmp("""
 import warnings
 def wrn():
     warnings.warn(
         "I AM  A WARNING",
         DeprecationWarning
     )
 """)
         super().setUp()
 
     def test_no_dep(self):
         """
         No deprecation warning should be raised from imported functions
         """
         ip.run_cell("from {} import wrn".format(self.fname))
 
         with tt.AssertNotPrints("I AM  A WARNING"):
             ip.run_cell("wrn()")
         ip.run_cell("del wrn")
 
 
 def test_custom_exc_count():
     hook = mock.Mock(return_value=None)
     ip.set_custom_exc((SyntaxError,), hook)
     before = ip.execution_count
     ip.run_cell("def foo()", store_history=True)
     # restore default excepthook
     ip.set_custom_exc((), None)
     nt.assert_equal(hook.call_count, 1)
     nt.assert_equal(ip.execution_count, before + 1)
 
 
 def test_run_cell_async():
     loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
     ip.run_cell("import asyncio")
     coro = ip.run_cell_async("await asyncio.sleep(0.01)\n5")
     assert asyncio.iscoroutine(coro)
     result = loop.run_until_complete(coro)
     assert isinstance(result, interactiveshell.ExecutionResult)
     assert result.result == 5
 
 
 def test_should_run_async():
     assert not ip.should_run_async("a = 5")
     assert ip.should_run_async("await x")
     assert ip.should_run_async("import asyncio; await asyncio.sleep(1)")

IPython/external/qt_loaders.py

@@ -1,329 +1,329 b''
 """
 This module contains factory functions that attempt
 to return Qt submodules from the various python Qt bindings.
 
 It also protects against double-importing Qt with different
 bindings, which is unstable and likely to crash
 
 This is used primarily by qt and qt_for_kernel, and shouldn't
 be accessed directly from the outside
 """
 import sys
 import types
 from functools import partial
 from importlib import import_module
 
 from IPython.utils.version import check_version
 
 # Available APIs.
 QT_API_PYQT = 'pyqt' # Force version 2
 QT_API_PYQT5 = 'pyqt5'
 QT_API_PYQTv1 = 'pyqtv1' # Force version 2
 QT_API_PYQT_DEFAULT = 'pyqtdefault' # use system default for version 1 vs. 2
 QT_API_PYSIDE = 'pyside'
 QT_API_PYSIDE2 = 'pyside2'
 
 api_to_module = {QT_API_PYSIDE2: 'PySide2',
                  QT_API_PYSIDE: 'PySide',
                  QT_API_PYQT: 'PyQt4',
                  QT_API_PYQTv1: 'PyQt4',
                  QT_API_PYQT5: 'PyQt5',
                  QT_API_PYQT_DEFAULT: 'PyQt4',
                 }
 
 
 class ImportDenier(object):
     """Import Hook that will guard against bad Qt imports
     once IPython commits to a specific binding
     """
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.__forbidden = set()
 
     def forbid(self, module_name):
         sys.modules.pop(module_name, None)
         self.__forbidden.add(module_name)
 
     def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
         if path:
             return
         if fullname in self.__forbidden:
             return self
 
     def load_module(self, fullname):
         raise ImportError("""
     Importing %s disabled by IPython, which has
     already imported an Incompatible QT Binding: %s
     """ % (fullname, loaded_api()))
 
 ID = ImportDenier()
 sys.meta_path.insert(0, ID)
 
 
 def commit_api(api):
     """Commit to a particular API, and trigger ImportErrors on subsequent
        dangerous imports"""
 
     if api == QT_API_PYSIDE2:
         ID.forbid('PySide')
         ID.forbid('PyQt4')
         ID.forbid('PyQt5')
     elif api == QT_API_PYSIDE:
         ID.forbid('PySide2')
         ID.forbid('PyQt4')
         ID.forbid('PyQt5')
     elif api == QT_API_PYQT5:
         ID.forbid('PySide2')
         ID.forbid('PySide')
         ID.forbid('PyQt4')
     else:   # There are three other possibilities, all representing PyQt4
         ID.forbid('PyQt5')
         ID.forbid('PySide2')
         ID.forbid('PySide')
 
 
 def loaded_api():
     """Return which API is loaded, if any
 
     If this returns anything besides None,
     importing any other Qt binding is unsafe.
 
     Returns
     -------
     None, 'pyside2', 'pyside', 'pyqt', 'pyqt5', or 'pyqtv1'
     """
     if 'PyQt4.QtCore' in sys.modules:
         if qtapi_version() == 2:
             return QT_API_PYQT
         else:
             return QT_API_PYQTv1
     elif 'PySide.QtCore' in sys.modules:
         return QT_API_PYSIDE
     elif 'PySide2.QtCore' in sys.modules:
         return QT_API_PYSIDE2
     elif 'PyQt5.QtCore' in sys.modules:
         return QT_API_PYQT5
     return None
 
 
 def has_binding(api):
     """Safely check for PyQt4/5, PySide or PySide2, without importing submodules
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         api : str [ 'pyqtv1' | 'pyqt' | 'pyqt5' | 'pyside' | 'pyside2' | 'pyqtdefault']
              Which module to check for
 
         Returns
         -------
         True if the relevant module appears to be importable
      """
     module_name = api_to_module[api]
     from importlib.util import find_spec
 
     required = ['QtCore', 'QtGui', 'QtSvg']
     if api in (QT_API_PYQT5, QT_API_PYSIDE2):
         # QT5 requires QtWidgets too
         required.append('QtWidgets')
 
     for submod in required:
         try:
             spec = find_spec('%s.%s' % (module_name, submod))
         except ImportError:
             # Package (e.g. PyQt5) not found
             return False
         else:
             if spec is None:
                 # Submodule (e.g. PyQt5.QtCore) not found
                 return False
 
     if api == QT_API_PYSIDE:
         # We can also safely check PySide version
         import PySide
         return check_version(PySide.__version__, '1.0.3')
 
     return True
 
 
 def qtapi_version():
     """Return which QString API has been set, if any
 
     Returns
     -------
     The QString API version (1 or 2), or None if not set
     """
     try:
         import sip
     except ImportError:
         return
     try:
         return sip.getapi('QString')
     except ValueError:
         return
 
 
 def can_import(api):
     """Safely query whether an API is importable, without importing it"""
     if not has_binding(api):
         return False
 
     current = loaded_api()
     if api == QT_API_PYQT_DEFAULT:
         return current in [QT_API_PYQT, QT_API_PYQTv1, None]
     else:
         return current in [api, None]
 
 
 def import_pyqt4(version=2):
     """
     Import PyQt4
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     version : 1, 2, or None
       Which QString/QVariant API to use. Set to None to use the system
       default
 
     ImportErrors rasied within this function are non-recoverable
     """
     # The new-style string API (version=2) automatically
     # converts QStrings to Unicode Python strings. Also, automatically unpacks
     # QVariants to their underlying objects.
     import sip
 
     if version is not None:
         sip.setapi('QString', version)
         sip.setapi('QVariant', version)
 
     from PyQt4 import QtGui, QtCore, QtSvg
 
     if not check_version(QtCore.PYQT_VERSION_STR, '4.7'):
         raise ImportError("IPython requires PyQt4 >= 4.7, found %s" %
                           QtCore.PYQT_VERSION_STR)
 
     # Alias PyQt-specific functions for PySide compatibility.
     QtCore.Signal = QtCore.pyqtSignal
     QtCore.Slot = QtCore.pyqtSlot
 
     # query for the API version (in case version == None)
     version = sip.getapi('QString')
     api = QT_API_PYQTv1 if version == 1 else QT_API_PYQT
     return QtCore, QtGui, QtSvg, api
 
 
 def import_pyqt5():
     """
     Import PyQt5
 
     ImportErrors rasied within this function are non-recoverable
     """
 
     from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtSvg, QtWidgets, QtGui
     
     # Alias PyQt-specific functions for PySide compatibility.
     QtCore.Signal = QtCore.pyqtSignal
     QtCore.Slot = QtCore.pyqtSlot
 
     # Join QtGui and QtWidgets for Qt4 compatibility.
     QtGuiCompat = types.ModuleType('QtGuiCompat')
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtGui.__dict__)
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtWidgets.__dict__)
 
     api = QT_API_PYQT5
     return QtCore, QtGuiCompat, QtSvg, api
 
 
 def import_pyside():
     """
     Import PySide
 
     ImportErrors raised within this function are non-recoverable
     """
     from PySide import QtGui, QtCore, QtSvg
     return QtCore, QtGui, QtSvg, QT_API_PYSIDE
 
 def import_pyside2():
     """
     Import PySide2
 
     ImportErrors raised within this function are non-recoverable
     """
     from PySide2 import QtGui, QtCore, QtSvg, QtWidgets, QtPrintSupport
 
     # Join QtGui and QtWidgets for Qt4 compatibility.
     QtGuiCompat = types.ModuleType('QtGuiCompat')
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtGui.__dict__)
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtWidgets.__dict__)
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtPrintSupport.__dict__)
 
     return QtCore, QtGuiCompat, QtSvg, QT_API_PYSIDE2
 
 
 def load_qt(api_options):
     """
     Attempt to import Qt, given a preference list
     of permissible bindings
 
     It is safe to call this function multiple times.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     api_options: List of strings
         The order of APIs to try. Valid items are 'pyside', 'pyside2',
         'pyqt', 'pyqt5', 'pyqtv1' and 'pyqtdefault'
 
     Returns
     -------
 
     A tuple of QtCore, QtGui, QtSvg, QT_API
     The first three are the Qt modules. The last is the
     string indicating which module was loaded.
 
     Raises
     ------
     ImportError, if it isn't possible to import any requested
-    bindings (either becaues they aren't installed, or because
+    bindings (either because they aren't installed, or because
     an incompatible library has already been installed)
     """
     loaders = {
                QT_API_PYSIDE2: import_pyside2,
                QT_API_PYSIDE: import_pyside,
                QT_API_PYQT: import_pyqt4,
                QT_API_PYQT5: import_pyqt5,
                QT_API_PYQTv1: partial(import_pyqt4, version=1),
                QT_API_PYQT_DEFAULT: partial(import_pyqt4, version=None)
               }
 
     for api in api_options:
 
         if api not in loaders:
             raise RuntimeError(
                 "Invalid Qt API %r, valid values are: %s" %
                 (api, ", ".join(["%r" % k for k in loaders.keys()])))
 
         if not can_import(api):
             continue
 
         #cannot safely recover from an ImportError during this
         result = loaders[api]()
         api = result[-1]  # changed if api = QT_API_PYQT_DEFAULT
         commit_api(api)
         return result
     else:
         raise ImportError("""
     Could not load requested Qt binding. Please ensure that
     PyQt4 >= 4.7, PyQt5, PySide >= 1.0.3 or PySide2 is available,
     and only one is imported per session.
 
     Currently-imported Qt library:                              %r
     PyQt4 available (requires QtCore, QtGui, QtSvg):            %s
     PyQt5 available (requires QtCore, QtGui, QtSvg, QtWidgets): %s
     PySide >= 1.0.3 installed:                                  %s
     PySide2 installed:                                          %s
     Tried to load:                                              %r
     """ % (loaded_api(),
            has_binding(QT_API_PYQT),
            has_binding(QT_API_PYQT5),
            has_binding(QT_API_PYSIDE),
            has_binding(QT_API_PYSIDE2),
            api_options))

IPython/lib/deepreload.py

@@ -1,347 +1,347 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Provides a reload() function that acts recursively.
 
 Python's normal :func:`python:reload` function only reloads the module that it's
 passed. The :func:`reload` function in this module also reloads everything
 imported from that module, which is useful when you're changing files deep
 inside a package.
 
 To use this as your default reload function, type this for Python 2::
 
     import __builtin__
     from IPython.lib import deepreload
     __builtin__.reload = deepreload.reload
 
 Or this for Python 3::
 
     import builtins
     from IPython.lib import deepreload
     builtins.reload = deepreload.reload
 
 A reference to the original :func:`python:reload` is stored in this module as
 :data:`original_reload`, so you can restore it later.
 
 This code is almost entirely based on knee.py, which is a Python
 re-implementation of hierarchical module import.
 """
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Nathaniel Gray <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 import imp
 import sys
 
 from types import ModuleType
 from warnings import warn
 import types
 
 original_import = builtin_mod.__import__
 
 @contextmanager
 def replace_import_hook(new_import):
     saved_import = builtin_mod.__import__
     builtin_mod.__import__ = new_import
     try:
         yield
     finally:
         builtin_mod.__import__ = saved_import
 
 def get_parent(globals, level):
     """
     parent, name = get_parent(globals, level)
 
     Return the package that an import is being performed in.  If globals comes
     from the module foo.bar.bat (not itself a package), this returns the
     sys.modules entry for foo.bar.  If globals is from a package's __init__.py,
     the package's entry in sys.modules is returned.
 
     If globals doesn't come from a package or a module in a package, or a
     corresponding entry is not found in sys.modules, None is returned.
     """
     orig_level = level
 
     if not level or not isinstance(globals, dict):
         return None, ''
 
     pkgname = globals.get('__package__', None)
 
     if pkgname is not None:
         # __package__ is set, so use it
         if not hasattr(pkgname, 'rindex'):
             raise ValueError('__package__ set to non-string')
         if len(pkgname) == 0:
             if level > 0:
                 raise ValueError('Attempted relative import in non-package')
             return None, ''
         name = pkgname
     else:
         # __package__ not set, so figure it out and set it
         if '__name__' not in globals:
             return None, ''
         modname = globals['__name__']
 
         if '__path__' in globals:
             # __path__ is set, so modname is already the package name
             globals['__package__'] = name = modname
         else:
             # Normal module, so work out the package name if any
             lastdot = modname.rfind('.')
             if lastdot < 0 < level:
                 raise ValueError("Attempted relative import in non-package")
             if lastdot < 0:
                 globals['__package__'] = None
                 return None, ''
             globals['__package__'] = name = modname[:lastdot]
 
     dot = len(name)
     for x in range(level, 1, -1):
         try:
             dot = name.rindex('.', 0, dot)
         except ValueError:
             raise ValueError("attempted relative import beyond top-level "
                              "package")
     name = name[:dot]
 
     try:
         parent = sys.modules[name]
     except:
         if orig_level < 1:
             warn("Parent module '%.200s' not found while handling absolute "
                  "import" % name)
             parent = None
         else:
             raise SystemError("Parent module '%.200s' not loaded, cannot "
                               "perform relative import" % name)
 
     # We expect, but can't guarantee, if parent != None, that:
     # - parent.__name__ == name
     # - parent.__dict__ is globals
     # If this is violated...  Who cares?
     return parent, name
 
 def load_next(mod, altmod, name, buf):
     """
     mod, name, buf = load_next(mod, altmod, name, buf)
 
     altmod is either None or same as mod
     """
 
     if len(name) == 0:
         # completely empty module name should only happen in
         # 'from . import' (or '__import__("")')
         return mod, None, buf
 
     dot = name.find('.')
     if dot == 0:
         raise ValueError('Empty module name')
 
     if dot < 0:
         subname = name
         next = None
     else:
         subname = name[:dot]
         next = name[dot+1:]
 
     if buf != '':
         buf += '.'
     buf += subname
 
     result = import_submodule(mod, subname, buf)
     if result is None and mod != altmod:
         result = import_submodule(altmod, subname, subname)
         if result is not None:
             buf = subname
 
     if result is None:
         raise ImportError("No module named %.200s" % name)
 
     return result, next, buf
 
 
 # Need to keep track of what we've already reloaded to prevent cyclic evil
 found_now = {}
 
 def import_submodule(mod, subname, fullname):
     """m = import_submodule(mod, subname, fullname)"""
     # Require:
     # if mod == None: subname == fullname
     # else: mod.__name__ + "." + subname == fullname
 
     global found_now
     if fullname in found_now and fullname in sys.modules:
         m = sys.modules[fullname]
     else:
         print('Reloading', fullname)
         found_now[fullname] = 1
         oldm = sys.modules.get(fullname, None)
 
         if mod is None:
             path = None
         elif hasattr(mod, '__path__'):
             path = mod.__path__
         else:
             return None
 
         try:
             # This appears to be necessary on Python 3, because imp.find_module()
             # tries to import standard libraries (like io) itself, and we don't
             # want them to be processed by our deep_import_hook.
             with replace_import_hook(original_import):
                 fp, filename, stuff = imp.find_module(subname, path)
         except ImportError:
             return None
 
         try:
             m = imp.load_module(fullname, fp, filename, stuff)
         except:
             # load_module probably removed name from modules because of
             # the error.  Put back the original module object.
             if oldm:
                 sys.modules[fullname] = oldm
             raise
         finally:
             if fp: fp.close()
 
         add_submodule(mod, m, fullname, subname)
 
     return m
 
 def add_submodule(mod, submod, fullname, subname):
     """mod.{subname} = submod"""
     if mod is None:
         return #Nothing to do here.
 
     if submod is None:
         submod = sys.modules[fullname]
 
     setattr(mod, subname, submod)
 
     return
 
 def ensure_fromlist(mod, fromlist, buf, recursive):
     """Handle 'from module import a, b, c' imports."""
     if not hasattr(mod, '__path__'):
         return
     for item in fromlist:
         if not hasattr(item, 'rindex'):
             raise TypeError("Item in ``from list'' not a string")
         if item == '*':
             if recursive:
                 continue # avoid endless recursion
             try:
                 all = mod.__all__
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             else:
                 ret = ensure_fromlist(mod, all, buf, 1)
                 if not ret:
                     return 0
         elif not hasattr(mod, item):
             import_submodule(mod, item, buf + '.' + item)
 
 def deep_import_hook(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=None, level=-1):
     """Replacement for __import__()"""
     parent, buf = get_parent(globals, level)
 
     head, name, buf = load_next(parent, None if level < 0 else parent, name, buf)
 
     tail = head
     while name:
         tail, name, buf = load_next(tail, tail, name, buf)
 
     # If tail is None, both get_parent and load_next found
     # an empty module name: someone called __import__("") or
     # doctored faulty bytecode
     if tail is None:
         raise ValueError('Empty module name')
 
     if not fromlist:
         return head
 
     ensure_fromlist(tail, fromlist, buf, 0)
     return tail
 
 modules_reloading = {}
 
 def deep_reload_hook(m):
     """Replacement for reload()."""
-    # Hardcode this one  as it would raise a NotImplemeentedError from the
+    # Hardcode this one  as it would raise a NotImplementedError from the
     # bowels of Python and screw up the import machinery after.
     # unlike other imports the `exclude` list already in place is not enough.
 
     if m is types:
         return m
     if not isinstance(m, ModuleType):
         raise TypeError("reload() argument must be module")
 
     name = m.__name__
 
     if name not in sys.modules:
         raise ImportError("reload(): module %.200s not in sys.modules" % name)
 
     global modules_reloading
     try:
         return modules_reloading[name]
     except:
         modules_reloading[name] = m
 
     dot = name.rfind('.')
     if dot < 0:
         subname = name
         path = None
     else:
         try:
             parent = sys.modules[name[:dot]]
         except KeyError:
             modules_reloading.clear()
             raise ImportError("reload(): parent %.200s not in sys.modules" % name[:dot])
         subname = name[dot+1:]
         path = getattr(parent, "__path__", None)
 
     try:
         # This appears to be necessary on Python 3, because imp.find_module()
         # tries to import standard libraries (like io) itself, and we don't
         # want them to be processed by our deep_import_hook.
         with replace_import_hook(original_import):
             fp, filename, stuff  = imp.find_module(subname, path)
     finally:
         modules_reloading.clear()
 
     try:
         newm = imp.load_module(name, fp, filename, stuff)
     except:
          # load_module probably removed name from modules because of
          # the error.  Put back the original module object.
         sys.modules[name] = m
         raise
     finally:
         if fp: fp.close()
 
     modules_reloading.clear()
     return newm
 
 # Save the original hooks
 original_reload = imp.reload
 
 # Replacement for reload()
 def reload(module, exclude=('sys', 'os.path', 'builtins', '__main__',
                             'numpy', 'numpy._globals')):
     """Recursively reload all modules used in the given module.  Optionally
     takes a list of modules to exclude from reloading.  The default exclude
     list contains sys, __main__, and __builtin__, to prevent, e.g., resetting
     display, exception, and io hooks.
     """
     global found_now
     for i in exclude:
         found_now[i] = 1
     try:
         with replace_import_hook(deep_import_hook):
             return deep_reload_hook(module)
     finally:
         found_now = {}

IPython/lib/display.py

@@ -1,648 +1,648 b''
 """Various display related classes.
 
 Authors : MinRK, gregcaporaso, dannystaple
 """
 from html import escape as html_escape
 from os.path import exists, isfile, splitext, abspath, join, isdir
 from os import walk, sep, fsdecode
 
 from IPython.core.display import DisplayObject, TextDisplayObject
 
 __all__ = ['Audio', 'IFrame', 'YouTubeVideo', 'VimeoVideo', 'ScribdDocument',
            'FileLink', 'FileLinks', 'Code']
 
 
 class Audio(DisplayObject):
     """Create an audio object.
 
     When this object is returned by an input cell or passed to the
     display function, it will result in Audio controls being displayed
     in the frontend (only works in the notebook).
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     data : numpy array, list, unicode, str or bytes
         Can be one of
 
           * Numpy 1d array containing the desired waveform (mono)
           * Numpy 2d array containing waveforms for each channel.
             Shape=(NCHAN, NSAMPLES). For the standard channel order, see
             http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/dn653308(v=vs.85).aspx
           * List of float or integer representing the waveform (mono)
           * String containing the filename
           * Bytestring containing raw PCM data or
           * URL pointing to a file on the web.
 
         If the array option is used, the waveform will be normalized.
 
         If a filename or url is used, the format support will be browser
         dependent.
     url : unicode
         A URL to download the data from.
     filename : unicode
         Path to a local file to load the data from.
     embed : boolean
         Should the audio data be embedded using a data URI (True) or should
         the original source be referenced. Set this to True if you want the
         audio to playable later with no internet connection in the notebook.
 
         Default is `True`, unless the keyword argument `url` is set, then
         default value is `False`.
     rate : integer
         The sampling rate of the raw data.
         Only required when data parameter is being used as an array
     autoplay : bool
         Set to True if the audio should immediately start playing.
         Default is `False`.
     normalize : bool
         Whether audio should be normalized (rescaled) to the maximum possible
         range. Default is `True`. When set to `False`, `data` must be between
         -1 and 1 (inclusive), otherwise an error is raised.
         Applies only when `data` is a list or array of samples; other types of
         audio are never normalized.
 
     Examples
     --------
     ::
 
         # Generate a sound
         import numpy as np
         framerate = 44100
         t = np.linspace(0,5,framerate*5)
         data = np.sin(2*np.pi*220*t) + np.sin(2*np.pi*224*t)
         Audio(data,rate=framerate)
 
         # Can also do stereo or more channels
         dataleft = np.sin(2*np.pi*220*t)
         dataright = np.sin(2*np.pi*224*t)
         Audio([dataleft, dataright],rate=framerate)
 
         Audio("http://www.nch.com.au/acm/8k16bitpcm.wav")  # From URL
         Audio(url="http://www.w3schools.com/html/horse.ogg")
 
         Audio('/path/to/sound.wav')  # From file
         Audio(filename='/path/to/sound.ogg')
 
         Audio(b'RAW_WAV_DATA..)  # From bytes
         Audio(data=b'RAW_WAV_DATA..)
 
     See Also
     --------
     
     See also the ``Audio`` widgets form the ``ipywidget`` package for more flexibility and options.
     
     """
     _read_flags = 'rb'
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, filename=None, url=None, embed=None, rate=None, autoplay=False, normalize=True, *,
                  element_id=None):
         if filename is None and url is None and data is None:
             raise ValueError("No audio data found. Expecting filename, url, or data.")
         if embed is False and url is None:
             raise ValueError("No url found. Expecting url when embed=False")
 
         if url is not None and embed is not True:
             self.embed = False
         else:
             self.embed = True
         self.autoplay = autoplay
         self.element_id = element_id
         super(Audio, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
         if self.data is not None and not isinstance(self.data, bytes):
             if rate is None:
                 raise ValueError("rate must be specified when data is a numpy array or list of audio samples.")
             self.data = Audio._make_wav(data, rate, normalize)
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload the raw data from file or URL."""
         import mimetypes
         if self.embed:
             super(Audio, self).reload()
 
         if self.filename is not None:
             self.mimetype = mimetypes.guess_type(self.filename)[0]
         elif self.url is not None:
             self.mimetype = mimetypes.guess_type(self.url)[0]
         else:
             self.mimetype = "audio/wav"
 
     @staticmethod
     def _make_wav(data, rate, normalize):
         """ Transform a numpy array to a PCM bytestring """
         import struct
         from io import BytesIO
         import wave
 
         try:
             scaled, nchan = Audio._validate_and_normalize_with_numpy(data, normalize)
         except ImportError:
             scaled, nchan = Audio._validate_and_normalize_without_numpy(data, normalize)
 
         fp = BytesIO()
         waveobj = wave.open(fp,mode='wb')
         waveobj.setnchannels(nchan)
         waveobj.setframerate(rate)
         waveobj.setsampwidth(2)
         waveobj.setcomptype('NONE','NONE')
         waveobj.writeframes(b''.join([struct.pack('<h',x) for x in scaled]))
         val = fp.getvalue()
         waveobj.close()
 
         return val
 
     @staticmethod
     def _validate_and_normalize_with_numpy(data, normalize):
         import numpy as np
 
         data = np.array(data, dtype=float)
         if len(data.shape) == 1:
             nchan = 1
         elif len(data.shape) == 2:
             # In wave files,channels are interleaved. E.g.,
             # "L1R1L2R2..." for stereo. See
             # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/dn653308(v=vs.85).aspx
             # for channel ordering
             nchan = data.shape[0]
             data = data.T.ravel()
         else:
             raise ValueError('Array audio input must be a 1D or 2D array')
         
         max_abs_value = np.max(np.abs(data))
         normalization_factor = Audio._get_normalization_factor(max_abs_value, normalize)
         scaled = np.int16(data / normalization_factor * 32767).tolist()
         return scaled, nchan
 
 
     @staticmethod
     def _validate_and_normalize_without_numpy(data, normalize):
         try:
             max_abs_value = float(max([abs(x) for x in data]))
         except TypeError:
             raise TypeError('Only lists of mono audio are '
                 'supported if numpy is not installed')
 
         normalization_factor = Audio._get_normalization_factor(max_abs_value, normalize)
         scaled = [int(x / normalization_factor * 32767) for x in data]
         nchan = 1
         return scaled, nchan
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_normalization_factor(max_abs_value, normalize):
         if not normalize and max_abs_value > 1:
             raise ValueError('Audio data must be between -1 and 1 when normalize=False.')
         return max_abs_value if normalize else 1
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self):
         """shortcut for returning metadata with url information, if defined"""
         md = {}
         if self.url:
             md['url'] = self.url
         if md:
             return self.data, md
         else:
             return self.data
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         src = """
                 <audio {element_id} controls="controls" {autoplay}>
                     <source src="{src}" type="{type}" />
                     Your browser does not support the audio element.
                 </audio>
               """
         return src.format(src=self.src_attr(), type=self.mimetype, autoplay=self.autoplay_attr(),
                           element_id=self.element_id_attr())
 
     def src_attr(self):
         import base64
         if self.embed and (self.data is not None):
             data = base64=base64.b64encode(self.data).decode('ascii')
             return """data:{type};base64,{base64}""".format(type=self.mimetype,
                                                             base64=data)
         elif self.url is not None:
             return self.url
         else:
             return ""
 
     def autoplay_attr(self):
         if(self.autoplay):
             return 'autoplay="autoplay"'
         else:
             return ''
     
     def element_id_attr(self):
         if (self.element_id):
             return 'id="{element_id}"'.format(element_id=self.element_id)
         else:
             return ''
 
 class IFrame(object):
     """
     Generic class to embed an iframe in an IPython notebook
     """
 
     iframe = """
         <iframe
             width="{width}"
             height="{height}"
             src="{src}{params}"
             frameborder="0"
             allowfullscreen
         ></iframe>
         """
 
     def __init__(self, src, width, height, **kwargs):
         self.src = src
         self.width = width
         self.height = height
         self.params = kwargs
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         """return the embed iframe"""
         if self.params:
             try:
                 from urllib.parse import urlencode # Py 3
             except ImportError:
                 from urllib import urlencode
             params = "?" + urlencode(self.params)
         else:
             params = ""
         return self.iframe.format(src=self.src,
                                   width=self.width,
                                   height=self.height,
                                   params=params)
 
 class YouTubeVideo(IFrame):
     """Class for embedding a YouTube Video in an IPython session, based on its video id.
 
     e.g. to embed the video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foo , you would
     do::
 
         vid = YouTubeVideo("foo")
         display(vid)
 
     To start from 30 seconds::
 
         vid = YouTubeVideo("abc", start=30)
         display(vid)
 
     To calculate seconds from time as hours, minutes, seconds use
     :class:`datetime.timedelta`::
 
         start=int(timedelta(hours=1, minutes=46, seconds=40).total_seconds())
 
     Other parameters can be provided as documented at
     https://developers.google.com/youtube/player_parameters#Parameters
     
     When converting the notebook using nbconvert, a jpeg representation of the video
     will be inserted in the document.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, id, width=400, height=300, **kwargs):
         self.id=id
         src = "https://www.youtube.com/embed/{0}".format(id)
         super(YouTubeVideo, self).__init__(src, width, height, **kwargs)
     
     def _repr_jpeg_(self):
         # Deferred import
         from urllib.request import urlopen
 
         try:
             return urlopen("https://img.youtube.com/vi/{id}/hqdefault.jpg".format(id=self.id)).read()
         except IOError:
             return None
 
 class VimeoVideo(IFrame):
     """
     Class for embedding a Vimeo video in an IPython session, based on its video id.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, id, width=400, height=300, **kwargs):
         src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/{0}".format(id)
         super(VimeoVideo, self).__init__(src, width, height, **kwargs)
 
 class ScribdDocument(IFrame):
     """
     Class for embedding a Scribd document in an IPython session
 
     Use the start_page params to specify a starting point in the document
     Use the view_mode params to specify display type one off scroll | slideshow | book
 
     e.g to Display Wes' foundational paper about PANDAS in book mode from page 3
 
     ScribdDocument(71048089, width=800, height=400, start_page=3, view_mode="book")
     """
 
     def __init__(self, id, width=400, height=300, **kwargs):
         src="https://www.scribd.com/embeds/{0}/content".format(id)
         super(ScribdDocument, self).__init__(src, width, height, **kwargs)
 
 class FileLink(object):
     """Class for embedding a local file link in an IPython session, based on path
 
     e.g. to embed a link that was generated in the IPython notebook as my/data.txt
 
     you would do::
 
         local_file = FileLink("my/data.txt")
         display(local_file)
 
     or in the HTML notebook, just::
 
         FileLink("my/data.txt")
     """
 
     html_link_str = "<a href='%s' target='_blank'>%s</a>"
 
     def __init__(self,
                  path,
                  url_prefix='',
                  result_html_prefix='',
                  result_html_suffix='<br>'):
         """
         Parameters
         ----------
         path : str
             path to the file or directory that should be formatted
         url_prefix : str
             prefix to be prepended to all files to form a working link [default:
             '']
         result_html_prefix : str
             text to append to beginning to link [default: '']
         result_html_suffix : str
             text to append at the end of link [default: '<br>']
         """
         if isdir(path):
             raise ValueError("Cannot display a directory using FileLink. "
               "Use FileLinks to display '%s'." % path)
         self.path = fsdecode(path)
         self.url_prefix = url_prefix
         self.result_html_prefix = result_html_prefix
         self.result_html_suffix = result_html_suffix
 
     def _format_path(self):
         fp = ''.join([self.url_prefix, html_escape(self.path)])
         return ''.join([self.result_html_prefix,
                         self.html_link_str % \
                             (fp, html_escape(self.path, quote=False)),
                         self.result_html_suffix])
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         """return html link to file
         """
         if not exists(self.path):
             return ("Path (<tt>%s</tt>) doesn't exist. "
                     "It may still be in the process of "
                     "being generated, or you may have the "
                     "incorrect path." % self.path)
 
         return self._format_path()
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """return absolute path to file
         """
         return abspath(self.path)
 
 class FileLinks(FileLink):
     """Class for embedding local file links in an IPython session, based on path
 
     e.g. to embed links to files that were generated in the IPython notebook
     under ``my/data``, you would do::
 
         local_files = FileLinks("my/data")
         display(local_files)
 
     or in the HTML notebook, just::
 
         FileLinks("my/data")
     """
     def __init__(self,
                  path,
                  url_prefix='',
                  included_suffixes=None,
                  result_html_prefix='',
                  result_html_suffix='<br>',
                  notebook_display_formatter=None,
                  terminal_display_formatter=None,
                  recursive=True):
         """
         See :class:`FileLink` for the ``path``, ``url_prefix``,
         ``result_html_prefix`` and ``result_html_suffix`` parameters.
 
         included_suffixes : list
           Filename suffixes to include when formatting output [default: include
           all files]
 
         notebook_display_formatter : function
           Used to format links for display in the notebook. See discussion of
           formatter functions below.
 
         terminal_display_formatter : function
           Used to format links for display in the terminal. See discussion of
           formatter functions below.
 
         Formatter functions must be of the form::
 
             f(dirname, fnames, included_suffixes)
 
         dirname : str
           The name of a directory
         fnames : list
           The files in that directory
         included_suffixes : list
           The file suffixes that should be included in the output (passing None
           meansto include all suffixes in the output in the built-in formatters)
         recursive : boolean
           Whether to recurse into subdirectories. Default is True.
 
         The function should return a list of lines that will be printed in the
         notebook (if passing notebook_display_formatter) or the terminal (if
         passing terminal_display_formatter). This function is iterated over for
         each directory in self.path. Default formatters are in place, can be
         passed here to support alternative formatting.
 
         """
         if isfile(path):
             raise ValueError("Cannot display a file using FileLinks. "
               "Use FileLink to display '%s'." % path)
         self.included_suffixes = included_suffixes
         # remove trailing slashes for more consistent output formatting
         path = path.rstrip('/')
 
         self.path = path
         self.url_prefix = url_prefix
         self.result_html_prefix = result_html_prefix
         self.result_html_suffix = result_html_suffix
 
         self.notebook_display_formatter = \
              notebook_display_formatter or self._get_notebook_display_formatter()
         self.terminal_display_formatter = \
              terminal_display_formatter or self._get_terminal_display_formatter()
 
         self.recursive = recursive
 
     def _get_display_formatter(self,
                                dirname_output_format,
                                fname_output_format,
                                fp_format,
                                fp_cleaner=None):
         """ generate built-in formatter function
 
            this is used to define both the notebook and terminal built-in
             formatters as they only differ by some wrapper text for each entry
 
            dirname_output_format: string to use for formatting directory
             names, dirname will be substituted for a single "%s" which
             must appear in this string
            fname_output_format: string to use for formatting file names,
             if a single "%s" appears in the string, fname will be substituted
             if two "%s" appear in the string, the path to fname will be
              substituted for the first and fname will be substituted for the
              second
            fp_format: string to use for formatting filepaths, must contain
-            exactly two "%s" and the dirname will be subsituted for the first
+            exactly two "%s" and the dirname will be substituted for the first
             and fname will be substituted for the second
         """
         def f(dirname, fnames, included_suffixes=None):
             result = []
             # begin by figuring out which filenames, if any,
             # are going to be displayed
             display_fnames = []
             for fname in fnames:
                 if (isfile(join(dirname,fname)) and
                        (included_suffixes is None or
                         splitext(fname)[1] in included_suffixes)):
                       display_fnames.append(fname)
 
             if len(display_fnames) == 0:
                 # if there are no filenames to display, don't print anything
                 # (not even the directory name)
                 pass
             else:
                 # otherwise print the formatted directory name followed by
                 # the formatted filenames
                 dirname_output_line = dirname_output_format % dirname
                 result.append(dirname_output_line)
                 for fname in display_fnames:
                     fp = fp_format % (dirname,fname)
                     if fp_cleaner is not None:
                         fp = fp_cleaner(fp)
                     try:
                         # output can include both a filepath and a filename...
                         fname_output_line = fname_output_format % (fp, fname)
                     except TypeError:
                         # ... or just a single filepath
                         fname_output_line = fname_output_format % fname
                     result.append(fname_output_line)
             return result
         return f
 
     def _get_notebook_display_formatter(self,
                                         spacer="&nbsp;&nbsp;"):
         """ generate function to use for notebook formatting
         """
         dirname_output_format = \
          self.result_html_prefix + "%s/" + self.result_html_suffix
         fname_output_format = \
          self.result_html_prefix + spacer + self.html_link_str + self.result_html_suffix
         fp_format = self.url_prefix + '%s/%s'
         if sep == "\\":
             # Working on a platform where the path separator is "\", so
             # must convert these to "/" for generating a URI
             def fp_cleaner(fp):
                 # Replace all occurrences of backslash ("\") with a forward
                 # slash ("/") - this is necessary on windows when a path is
                 # provided as input, but we must link to a URI
                 return fp.replace('\\','/')
         else:
             fp_cleaner = None
 
         return self._get_display_formatter(dirname_output_format,
                                            fname_output_format,
                                            fp_format,
                                            fp_cleaner)
 
     def _get_terminal_display_formatter(self,
                                         spacer="  "):
         """ generate function to use for terminal formatting
         """
         dirname_output_format = "%s/"
         fname_output_format = spacer + "%s"
         fp_format = '%s/%s'
 
         return self._get_display_formatter(dirname_output_format,
                                            fname_output_format,
                                            fp_format)
 
     def _format_path(self):
         result_lines = []
         if self.recursive:
             walked_dir = list(walk(self.path))
         else:
             walked_dir = [next(walk(self.path))]
         walked_dir.sort()
         for dirname, subdirs, fnames in walked_dir:
             result_lines += self.notebook_display_formatter(dirname, fnames, self.included_suffixes)
         return '\n'.join(result_lines)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """return newline-separated absolute paths
         """
         result_lines = []
         if self.recursive:
             walked_dir = list(walk(self.path))
         else:
             walked_dir = [next(walk(self.path))]
         walked_dir.sort()
         for dirname, subdirs, fnames in walked_dir:
             result_lines += self.terminal_display_formatter(dirname, fnames, self.included_suffixes)
         return '\n'.join(result_lines)
 
 
 class Code(TextDisplayObject):
     """Display syntax-highlighted source code.
 
     This uses Pygments to highlight the code for HTML and Latex output.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     data : str
         The code as a string
     url : str
         A URL to fetch the code from
     filename : str
         A local filename to load the code from
     language : str
         The short name of a Pygments lexer to use for highlighting.
         If not specified, it will guess the lexer based on the filename
         or the code. Available lexers: http://pygments.org/docs/lexers/
     """
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, language=None):
         self.language = language
         super().__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _get_lexer(self):
         if self.language:
             from pygments.lexers import get_lexer_by_name
             return get_lexer_by_name(self.language)
         elif self.filename:
             from pygments.lexers import get_lexer_for_filename
             return get_lexer_for_filename(self.filename)
         else:
             from pygments.lexers import guess_lexer
             return guess_lexer(self.data)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return self.data
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         from pygments import highlight
         from pygments.formatters import HtmlFormatter
         fmt = HtmlFormatter()
         style = '<style>{}</style>'.format(fmt.get_style_defs('.output_html'))
         return style + highlight(self.data, self._get_lexer(), fmt)
 
     def _repr_latex_(self):
         from pygments import highlight
         from pygments.formatters import LatexFormatter
         return highlight(self.data, self._get_lexer(), LatexFormatter())

IPython/lib/inputhookgtk.py

@@ -1,35 +1,35 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
-Enable pygtk to be used interacive by setting PyOS_InputHook.
+Enable pygtk to be used interactively by setting PyOS_InputHook.
 
 Authors: Brian Granger
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import sys
 import gtk, gobject
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Code
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def _main_quit(*args, **kwargs):
     gtk.main_quit()
     return False
 
 def inputhook_gtk():
     gobject.io_add_watch(sys.stdin, gobject.IO_IN, _main_quit)
     gtk.main()
     return 0
 

IPython/lib/inputhookgtk3.py

@@ -1,34 +1,34 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
-Enable Gtk3 to be used interacive by IPython.
+Enable Gtk3 to be used interactively by IPython.
 
 Authors: Thomi Richards
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Copyright (c) 2012, the IPython Development Team.
 #
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 # The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import sys
 from gi.repository import Gtk, GLib
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Code
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def _main_quit(*args, **kwargs):
     Gtk.main_quit()
     return False
 
 
 def inputhook_gtk3():
     GLib.io_add_watch(sys.stdin, GLib.PRIORITY_DEFAULT, GLib.IO_IN, _main_quit)
     Gtk.main()
     return 0

IPython/lib/inputhookpyglet.py

@@ -1,111 +1,111 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
-Enable pyglet to be used interacive by setting PyOS_InputHook.
+Enable pyglet to be used interactively by setting PyOS_InputHook.
 
 Authors
 -------
 
 * Nicolas P. Rougier
 * Fernando Perez
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import sys
 import time
 from timeit import default_timer as clock
 import pyglet
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Platform-dependent imports and functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 if os.name == 'posix':
     import select
 
     def stdin_ready():
         infds, outfds, erfds = select.select([sys.stdin],[],[],0)
         if infds:
             return True
         else:
             return False
 
 elif sys.platform == 'win32':
     import msvcrt
 
     def stdin_ready():
         return msvcrt.kbhit()
 
 
 # On linux only, window.flip() has a bug that causes an AttributeError on
 # window close.  For details, see:
 # http://groups.google.com/group/pyglet-users/browse_thread/thread/47c1aab9aa4a3d23/c22f9e819826799e?#c22f9e819826799e
 
 if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
     def flip(window):
         try:
             window.flip()
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 else:
     def flip(window):
         window.flip()
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Code
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def inputhook_pyglet():
     """Run the pyglet event loop by processing pending events only.
 
     This keeps processing pending events until stdin is ready.  After
     processing all pending events, a call to time.sleep is inserted.  This is
     needed, otherwise, CPU usage is at 100%.  This sleep time should be tuned
     though for best performance.
     """
     # We need to protect against a user pressing Control-C when IPython is
     # idle and this is running. We trap KeyboardInterrupt and pass.
     try:
         t = clock()
         while not stdin_ready():
             pyglet.clock.tick()
             for window in pyglet.app.windows:
                 window.switch_to()
                 window.dispatch_events()
                 window.dispatch_event('on_draw')
                 flip(window)
 
             # We need to sleep at this point to keep the idle CPU load
             # low.  However, if sleep to long, GUI response is poor.  As
             # a compromise, we watch how often GUI events are being processed
             # and switch between a short and long sleep time.  Here are some
             # stats useful in helping to tune this.
             # time    CPU load
             # 0.001   13%
             # 0.005   3%
             # 0.01    1.5%
             # 0.05    0.5%
             used_time = clock() - t
             if used_time > 10.0:
                 # print 'Sleep for 1 s'  # dbg
                 time.sleep(1.0)
             elif used_time > 0.1:
                 # Few GUI events coming in, so we can sleep longer
                 # print 'Sleep for 0.05 s'  # dbg
                 time.sleep(0.05)
             else:
                 # Many GUI events coming in, so sleep only very little
                 time.sleep(0.001)
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         pass
     return 0

IPython/lib/inputhookwx.py

@@ -1,167 +1,167 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 
 """
-Enable wxPython to be used interacive by setting PyOS_InputHook.
+Enable wxPython to be used interactively by setting PyOS_InputHook.
 
 Authors:  Robin Dunn, Brian Granger, Ondrej Certik
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import sys
 import signal
 import time
 from timeit import default_timer as clock
 import wx
 
 from IPython.lib.inputhook import stdin_ready
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Code
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def inputhook_wx1():
     """Run the wx event loop by processing pending events only.
 
     This approach seems to work, but its performance is not great as it
     relies on having PyOS_InputHook called regularly.
     """
     try:
         app = wx.GetApp()
         if app is not None:
             assert wx.Thread_IsMain()
 
             # Make a temporary event loop and process system events until
             # there are no more waiting, then allow idle events (which
             # will also deal with pending or posted wx events.)
             evtloop = wx.EventLoop()
             ea = wx.EventLoopActivator(evtloop)
             while evtloop.Pending():
                 evtloop.Dispatch()
             app.ProcessIdle()
             del ea
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         pass
     return 0
 
 class EventLoopTimer(wx.Timer):
 
     def __init__(self, func):
         self.func = func
         wx.Timer.__init__(self)
 
     def Notify(self):
         self.func()
 
 class EventLoopRunner(object):
 
     def Run(self, time):
         self.evtloop = wx.EventLoop()
         self.timer = EventLoopTimer(self.check_stdin)
         self.timer.Start(time)
         self.evtloop.Run()
 
     def check_stdin(self):
         if stdin_ready():
             self.timer.Stop()
             self.evtloop.Exit()
 
 def inputhook_wx2():
     """Run the wx event loop, polling for stdin.
 
     This version runs the wx eventloop for an undetermined amount of time,
     during which it periodically checks to see if anything is ready on
     stdin.  If anything is ready on stdin, the event loop exits.
 
     The argument to elr.Run controls how often the event loop looks at stdin.
     This determines the responsiveness at the keyboard.  A setting of 1000
     enables a user to type at most 1 char per second.  I have found that a
     setting of 10 gives good keyboard response.  We can shorten it further,
     but eventually performance would suffer from calling select/kbhit too
     often.
     """
     try:
         app = wx.GetApp()
         if app is not None:
             assert wx.Thread_IsMain()
             elr = EventLoopRunner()
             # As this time is made shorter, keyboard response improves, but idle
             # CPU load goes up.  10 ms seems like a good compromise.
             elr.Run(time=10)  # CHANGE time here to control polling interval
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         pass
     return 0
 
 def inputhook_wx3():
     """Run the wx event loop by processing pending events only.
 
     This is like inputhook_wx1, but it keeps processing pending events
     until stdin is ready.  After processing all pending events, a call to
     time.sleep is inserted.  This is needed, otherwise, CPU usage is at 100%.
     This sleep time should be tuned though for best performance.
     """
     # We need to protect against a user pressing Control-C when IPython is
     # idle and this is running. We trap KeyboardInterrupt and pass.
     try:
         app = wx.GetApp()
         if app is not None:
             assert wx.Thread_IsMain()
 
             # The import of wx on Linux sets the handler for signal.SIGINT
             # to 0.  This is a bug in wx or gtk.  We fix by just setting it
             # back to the Python default.
             if not callable(signal.getsignal(signal.SIGINT)):
                 signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.default_int_handler)
 
             evtloop = wx.EventLoop()
             ea = wx.EventLoopActivator(evtloop)
             t = clock()
             while not stdin_ready():
                 while evtloop.Pending():
                     t = clock()
                     evtloop.Dispatch()
                 app.ProcessIdle()
                 # We need to sleep at this point to keep the idle CPU load
                 # low.  However, if sleep to long, GUI response is poor.  As
                 # a compromise, we watch how often GUI events are being processed
                 # and switch between a short and long sleep time.  Here are some
                 # stats useful in helping to tune this.
                 # time    CPU load
                 # 0.001   13%
                 # 0.005   3%
                 # 0.01    1.5%
                 # 0.05    0.5%
                 used_time = clock() - t
                 if used_time > 10.0:
                     # print 'Sleep for 1 s'  # dbg
                     time.sleep(1.0)
                 elif used_time > 0.1:
                     # Few GUI events coming in, so we can sleep longer
                     # print 'Sleep for 0.05 s'  # dbg
                     time.sleep(0.05)
                 else:
                     # Many GUI events coming in, so sleep only very little
                     time.sleep(0.001)
             del ea
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         pass
     return 0
 
 if sys.platform == 'darwin':
     # On OSX, evtloop.Pending() always returns True, regardless of there being
     # any events pending. As such we can't use implementations 1 or 3 of the
     # inputhook as those depend on a pending/dispatch loop.
     inputhook_wx = inputhook_wx2
 else:
     # This is our default implementation
     inputhook_wx = inputhook_wx3

IPython/lib/tests/test_display.py

@@ -1,271 +1,271 b''
 """Tests for IPython.lib.display.
 
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Copyright (c) 2012, the IPython Development Team.
 #
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 # The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile, mkdtemp
 from os.path import split, join as pjoin, dirname
 import sys
 try:
     import pathlib
 except ImportError:
     pass
 from unittest import TestCase, mock
 import struct
 import wave
 from io import BytesIO
 
 # Third-party imports
 import nose.tools as nt
 
 try:
     import numpy
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 # Our own imports
 from IPython.lib import display
 
 from IPython.testing.decorators import skipif_not_numpy
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes and functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #--------------------------
 # FileLink tests
 #--------------------------
 
 def test_instantiation_FileLink():
     """FileLink: Test class can be instantiated"""
     fl = display.FileLink('example.txt')
     # TODO: remove if when only Python >= 3.6 is supported
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 6):
         fl = display.FileLink(pathlib.PurePath('example.txt'))
 
-def test_warning_on_non_existant_path_FileLink():
-    """FileLink: Calling _repr_html_ on non-existant files returns a warning
+def test_warning_on_non_existent_path_FileLink():
+    """FileLink: Calling _repr_html_ on non-existent files returns a warning
     """
     fl = display.FileLink('example.txt')
     nt.assert_true(fl._repr_html_().startswith('Path (<tt>example.txt</tt>)'))
 
 def test_existing_path_FileLink():
     """FileLink: Calling _repr_html_ functions as expected on existing filepath
     """
     tf = NamedTemporaryFile()
     fl = display.FileLink(tf.name)
     actual = fl._repr_html_()
     expected = "<a href='%s' target='_blank'>%s</a><br>" % (tf.name,tf.name)
     nt.assert_equal(actual,expected)
 
 def test_existing_path_FileLink_repr():
     """FileLink: Calling repr() functions as expected on existing filepath
     """
     tf = NamedTemporaryFile()
     fl = display.FileLink(tf.name)
     actual = repr(fl)
     expected = tf.name
     nt.assert_equal(actual,expected)
 
 def test_error_on_directory_to_FileLink():
     """FileLink: Raises error when passed directory
     """
     td = mkdtemp()
     nt.assert_raises(ValueError,display.FileLink,td)
 
 #--------------------------
 # FileLinks tests
 #--------------------------
 
 def test_instantiation_FileLinks():
     """FileLinks: Test class can be instantiated
     """
     fls = display.FileLinks('example')
 
-def test_warning_on_non_existant_path_FileLinks():
-    """FileLinks: Calling _repr_html_ on non-existant files returns a warning
+def test_warning_on_non_existent_path_FileLinks():
+    """FileLinks: Calling _repr_html_ on non-existent files returns a warning
     """
     fls = display.FileLinks('example')
     nt.assert_true(fls._repr_html_().startswith('Path (<tt>example</tt>)'))
 
 def test_existing_path_FileLinks():
     """FileLinks: Calling _repr_html_ functions as expected on existing dir
     """
     td = mkdtemp()
     tf1 = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=td)
     tf2 = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=td)
     fl = display.FileLinks(td)
     actual = fl._repr_html_()
     actual = actual.split('\n')
     actual.sort()
     # the links should always have forward slashes, even on windows, so replace
     # backslashes with forward slashes here
     expected = ["%s/<br>" % td,
                 "&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='%s' target='_blank'>%s</a><br>" %\
                  (tf2.name.replace("\\","/"),split(tf2.name)[1]),
                 "&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href='%s' target='_blank'>%s</a><br>" %\
                  (tf1.name.replace("\\","/"),split(tf1.name)[1])]
     expected.sort()
     # We compare the sorted list of links here as that's more reliable
     nt.assert_equal(actual,expected)
 
 def test_existing_path_FileLinks_alt_formatter():
     """FileLinks: Calling _repr_html_ functions as expected w/ an alt formatter
     """
     td = mkdtemp()
     tf1 = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=td)
     tf2 = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=td)
     def fake_formatter(dirname,fnames,included_suffixes):
         return ["hello","world"]
     fl = display.FileLinks(td,notebook_display_formatter=fake_formatter)
     actual = fl._repr_html_()
     actual = actual.split('\n')
     actual.sort()
     expected = ["hello","world"]
     expected.sort()
     # We compare the sorted list of links here as that's more reliable
     nt.assert_equal(actual,expected)
 
 def test_existing_path_FileLinks_repr():
     """FileLinks: Calling repr() functions as expected on existing directory """
     td = mkdtemp()
     tf1 = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=td)
     tf2 = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=td)
     fl = display.FileLinks(td)
     actual = repr(fl)
     actual = actual.split('\n')
     actual.sort()
     expected = ['%s/' % td, '  %s' % split(tf1.name)[1],'  %s' % split(tf2.name)[1]]
     expected.sort()
     # We compare the sorted list of links here as that's more reliable
     nt.assert_equal(actual,expected)
     
 def test_existing_path_FileLinks_repr_alt_formatter():
     """FileLinks: Calling repr() functions as expected w/ alt formatter
     """
     td = mkdtemp()
     tf1 = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=td)
     tf2 = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=td)
     def fake_formatter(dirname,fnames,included_suffixes):
         return ["hello","world"]
     fl = display.FileLinks(td,terminal_display_formatter=fake_formatter)
     actual = repr(fl)
     actual = actual.split('\n')
     actual.sort()
     expected = ["hello","world"]
     expected.sort()
     # We compare the sorted list of links here as that's more reliable
     nt.assert_equal(actual,expected)
     
 def test_error_on_file_to_FileLinks():
     """FileLinks: Raises error when passed file
     """
     td = mkdtemp()
     tf1 = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=td)
     nt.assert_raises(ValueError,display.FileLinks,tf1.name)
 
 def test_recursive_FileLinks():
     """FileLinks: Does not recurse when recursive=False
     """
     td = mkdtemp()
     tf = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=td)
     subtd = mkdtemp(dir=td)
     subtf = NamedTemporaryFile(dir=subtd)
     fl = display.FileLinks(td)
     actual = str(fl)
     actual = actual.split('\n')
     nt.assert_equal(len(actual), 4, actual)
     fl = display.FileLinks(td, recursive=False)
     actual = str(fl)
     actual = actual.split('\n')
     nt.assert_equal(len(actual), 2, actual)
 
 def test_audio_from_file():
     path = pjoin(dirname(__file__), 'test.wav')
     display.Audio(filename=path)
 
 class TestAudioDataWithNumpy(TestCase):
 
     @skipif_not_numpy
     def test_audio_from_numpy_array(self):
         test_tone = get_test_tone()
         audio = display.Audio(test_tone, rate=44100)
         nt.assert_equal(len(read_wav(audio.data)), len(test_tone))
 
     @skipif_not_numpy
     def test_audio_from_list(self):
         test_tone = get_test_tone()
         audio = display.Audio(list(test_tone), rate=44100)
         nt.assert_equal(len(read_wav(audio.data)), len(test_tone))
 
     @skipif_not_numpy
     def test_audio_from_numpy_array_without_rate_raises(self):
         nt.assert_raises(ValueError, display.Audio, get_test_tone())
 
     @skipif_not_numpy
     def test_audio_data_normalization(self):
         expected_max_value = numpy.iinfo(numpy.int16).max
         for scale in [1, 0.5, 2]:
             audio = display.Audio(get_test_tone(scale), rate=44100)
             actual_max_value = numpy.max(numpy.abs(read_wav(audio.data)))
             nt.assert_equal(actual_max_value, expected_max_value)
 
     @skipif_not_numpy
     def test_audio_data_without_normalization(self):
         max_int16 = numpy.iinfo(numpy.int16).max
         for scale in [1, 0.5, 0.2]:
             test_tone = get_test_tone(scale)
             test_tone_max_abs = numpy.max(numpy.abs(test_tone))
             expected_max_value = int(max_int16 * test_tone_max_abs)
             audio = display.Audio(test_tone, rate=44100, normalize=False)
             actual_max_value = numpy.max(numpy.abs(read_wav(audio.data)))
             nt.assert_equal(actual_max_value, expected_max_value)
 
     def test_audio_data_without_normalization_raises_for_invalid_data(self):
         nt.assert_raises(
             ValueError,
             lambda: display.Audio([1.001], rate=44100, normalize=False))
         nt.assert_raises(
             ValueError,
             lambda: display.Audio([-1.001], rate=44100, normalize=False))
 
 def simulate_numpy_not_installed():
     try:
         import numpy
         return mock.patch('numpy.array', mock.MagicMock(side_effect=ImportError))
     except ModuleNotFoundError:
         return lambda x:x
 
 @simulate_numpy_not_installed()
 class TestAudioDataWithoutNumpy(TestAudioDataWithNumpy):
     # All tests from `TestAudioDataWithNumpy` are inherited.
 
     @skipif_not_numpy
     def test_audio_raises_for_nested_list(self):
         stereo_signal = [list(get_test_tone())] * 2
         nt.assert_raises(
             TypeError,
             lambda: display.Audio(stereo_signal, rate=44100))
 
 @skipif_not_numpy
 def get_test_tone(scale=1):
     return numpy.sin(2 * numpy.pi * 440 * numpy.linspace(0, 1, 44100)) * scale
 
 def read_wav(data):
     with wave.open(BytesIO(data)) as wave_file:
         wave_data = wave_file.readframes(wave_file.getnframes())
         num_samples = wave_file.getnframes() * wave_file.getnchannels()
         return struct.unpack('<%sh' % num_samples, wave_data)
 
 def test_code_from_file():
     c = display.Code(filename=__file__)
     assert c._repr_html_().startswith('<style>')

IPython/sphinxext/ipython_directive.py

@@ -1,1251 +1,1251 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Sphinx directive to support embedded IPython code.
 
 IPython provides an extension for `Sphinx <http://www.sphinx-doc.org/>`_ to
 highlight and run code.
 
 This directive allows pasting of entire interactive IPython sessions, prompts
 and all, and their code will actually get re-executed at doc build time, with
 all prompts renumbered sequentially. It also allows you to input code as a pure
 python input by giving the argument python to the directive. The output looks
 like an interactive ipython section.
 
 Here is an example of how the IPython directive can
 **run** python code, at build time.
 
 .. ipython::
 
    In [1]: 1+1
 
    In [1]: import datetime
       ...: datetime.datetime.now()
 
 It supports IPython construct that plain
 Python does not understand (like magics):
 
 .. ipython::
 
    In [0]: import time
 
    In [0]: %timeit time.sleep(0.05)
 
 This will also support top-level async when using IPython 7.0+
 
 .. ipython::
 
    In [2]: import asyncio
       ...: print('before')
       ...: await asyncio.sleep(1)
       ...: print('after')
 
 
 The namespace will persist across multiple code chucks, Let's define a variable:
 
 .. ipython::
 
    In [0]: who = "World"
 
 And now say hello:
 
 .. ipython::
 
    In [0]: print('Hello,', who)
 
 If the current section raises an exception, you can add the ``:okexcept:`` flag
 to the current block, otherwise the build will fail.
 
 .. ipython::
    :okexcept:
 
    In [1]: 1/0
 
 IPython Sphinx directive module
 ===============================
 
 To enable this directive, simply list it in your Sphinx ``conf.py`` file
 (making sure the directory where you placed it is visible to sphinx, as is
 needed for all Sphinx directives). For example, to enable syntax highlighting
 and the IPython directive::
 
     extensions = ['IPython.sphinxext.ipython_console_highlighting',
                   'IPython.sphinxext.ipython_directive']
 
 The IPython directive outputs code-blocks with the language 'ipython'. So
 if you do not have the syntax highlighting extension enabled as well, then
 all rendered code-blocks will be uncolored. By default this directive assumes
 that your prompts are unchanged IPython ones, but this can be customized.
 The configurable options that can be placed in conf.py are:
 
 ipython_savefig_dir:
     The directory in which to save the figures. This is relative to the
     Sphinx source directory. The default is `html_static_path`.
 ipython_rgxin:
     The compiled regular expression to denote the start of IPython input
     lines. The default is ``re.compile('In \\[(\\d+)\\]:\\s?(.*)\\s*')``. You
     shouldn't need to change this.
 ipython_warning_is_error: [default to True]
     Fail the build if something unexpected happen, for example if a block raise
     an exception but does not have the `:okexcept:` flag. The exact behavior of
     what is considered strict, may change between the sphinx directive version.
 ipython_rgxout:
     The compiled regular expression to denote the start of IPython output
     lines. The default is ``re.compile('Out\\[(\\d+)\\]:\\s?(.*)\\s*')``. You
     shouldn't need to change this.
 ipython_promptin:
     The string to represent the IPython input prompt in the generated ReST.
     The default is ``'In [%d]:'``. This expects that the line numbers are used
     in the prompt.
 ipython_promptout:
     The string to represent the IPython prompt in the generated ReST. The
     default is ``'Out [%d]:'``. This expects that the line numbers are used
     in the prompt.
 ipython_mplbackend:
     The string which specifies if the embedded Sphinx shell should import
     Matplotlib and set the backend. The value specifies a backend that is
     passed to `matplotlib.use()` before any lines in `ipython_execlines` are
     executed. If not specified in conf.py, then the default value of 'agg' is
     used. To use the IPython directive without matplotlib as a dependency, set
     the value to `None`. It may end up that matplotlib is still imported
     if the user specifies so in `ipython_execlines` or makes use of the
     @savefig pseudo decorator.
 ipython_execlines:
     A list of strings to be exec'd in the embedded Sphinx shell. Typical
     usage is to make certain packages always available. Set this to an empty
     list if you wish to have no imports always available. If specified in
     ``conf.py`` as `None`, then it has the effect of making no imports available.
     If omitted from conf.py altogether, then the default value of
     ['import numpy as np', 'import matplotlib.pyplot as plt'] is used.
 ipython_holdcount
     When the @suppress pseudo-decorator is used, the execution count can be
     incremented or not. The default behavior is to hold the execution count,
     corresponding to a value of `True`. Set this to `False` to increment
     the execution count after each suppressed command.
 
 As an example, to use the IPython directive when `matplotlib` is not available,
 one sets the backend to `None`::
 
     ipython_mplbackend = None
 
 An example usage of the directive is:
 
 .. code-block:: rst
 
     .. ipython::
 
         In [1]: x = 1
 
         In [2]: y = x**2
 
         In [3]: print(y)
 
 See http://matplotlib.org/sampledoc/ipython_directive.html for additional
 documentation.
 
 Pseudo-Decorators
 =================
 
 Note: Only one decorator is supported per input. If more than one decorator
 is specified, then only the last one is used.
 
 In addition to the Pseudo-Decorators/options described at the above link,
 several enhancements have been made. The directive will emit a message to the
 console at build-time if code-execution resulted in an exception or warning.
 You can suppress these on a per-block basis by specifying the :okexcept:
 or :okwarning: options:
 
 .. code-block:: rst
 
     .. ipython::
         :okexcept:
         :okwarning:
 
         In [1]: 1/0
         In [2]: # raise warning.
 
 To Do
 =====
 
 - Turn the ad-hoc test() function into a real test suite.
 - Break up ipython-specific functionality from matplotlib stuff into better
   separated code.
 
 """
 
 # Authors
 # =======
 # 
 # - John D Hunter: original author.
 # - Fernando Perez: refactoring, documentation, cleanups, port to 0.11.
 # - VáclavŠmilauer <eudoxos-AT-arcig.cz>: Prompt generalizations.
 # - Skipper Seabold, refactoring, cleanups, pure python addition
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Stdlib
 import atexit
 import errno
 import os
 import pathlib
 import re
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import ast
 import warnings
 import shutil
 from io import StringIO
 
 # Third-party
 from docutils.parsers.rst import directives
 from docutils.parsers.rst import Directive
 
 # Our own
 from traitlets.config import Config
 from IPython import InteractiveShell
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 
-use_matpltolib = False
+use_matplotlib = False
 try:
     import matplotlib
-    use_matpltolib = True
+    use_matplotlib = True
 except Exception:
     pass
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # for tokenizing blocks
 COMMENT, INPUT, OUTPUT =  range(3)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Functions and class declarations
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def block_parser(part, rgxin, rgxout, fmtin, fmtout):
     """
     part is a string of ipython text, comprised of at most one
     input, one output, comments, and blank lines.  The block parser
     parses the text into a list of::
 
       blocks = [ (TOKEN0, data0), (TOKEN1, data1), ...]
 
     where TOKEN is one of [COMMENT | INPUT | OUTPUT ] and
     data is, depending on the type of token::
 
       COMMENT : the comment string
 
       INPUT: the (DECORATOR, INPUT_LINE, REST) where
          DECORATOR: the input decorator (or None)
          INPUT_LINE: the input as string (possibly multi-line)
          REST : any stdout generated by the input line (not OUTPUT)
 
       OUTPUT: the output string, possibly multi-line
 
     """
     block = []
     lines = part.split('\n')
     N = len(lines)
     i = 0
     decorator = None
     while 1:
 
         if i==N:
             # nothing left to parse -- the last line
             break
 
         line = lines[i]
         i += 1
         line_stripped = line.strip()
         if line_stripped.startswith('#'):
             block.append((COMMENT, line))
             continue
 
         if line_stripped.startswith('@'):
             # Here is where we assume there is, at most, one decorator.
             # Might need to rethink this.
             decorator = line_stripped
             continue
 
         # does this look like an input line?
         matchin = rgxin.match(line)
         if matchin:
             lineno, inputline = int(matchin.group(1)), matchin.group(2)
 
             # the ....: continuation string
             continuation = '   %s:'%''.join(['.']*(len(str(lineno))+2))
             Nc = len(continuation)
             # input lines can continue on for more than one line, if
             # we have a '\' line continuation char or a function call
             # echo line 'print'.  The input line can only be
             # terminated by the end of the block or an output line, so
             # we parse out the rest of the input line if it is
             # multiline as well as any echo text
 
             rest = []
             while i<N:
 
                 # look ahead; if the next line is blank, or a comment, or
                 # an output line, we're done
 
                 nextline = lines[i]
                 matchout = rgxout.match(nextline)
                 #print "nextline=%s, continuation=%s, starts=%s"%(nextline, continuation, nextline.startswith(continuation))
                 if matchout or nextline.startswith('#'):
                     break
                 elif nextline.startswith(continuation):
                     # The default ipython_rgx* treat the space following the colon as optional.
                     # However, If the space is there we must consume it or code
                     # employing the cython_magic extension will fail to execute.
                     #
                     # This works with the default ipython_rgx* patterns,
                     # If you modify them, YMMV.
                     nextline = nextline[Nc:]
                     if nextline and nextline[0] == ' ':
                         nextline = nextline[1:]
 
                     inputline += '\n' +  nextline
                 else:
                     rest.append(nextline)
                 i+= 1
 
             block.append((INPUT, (decorator, inputline, '\n'.join(rest))))
             continue
 
         # if it looks like an output line grab all the text to the end
         # of the block
         matchout = rgxout.match(line)
         if matchout:
             lineno, output = int(matchout.group(1)), matchout.group(2)
             if i<N-1:
                 output = '\n'.join([output] + lines[i:])
 
             block.append((OUTPUT, output))
             break
 
     return block
 
 
 class EmbeddedSphinxShell(object):
     """An embedded IPython instance to run inside Sphinx"""
 
     def __init__(self, exec_lines=None):
 
         self.cout = StringIO()
 
         if exec_lines is None:
             exec_lines = []
 
         # Create config object for IPython
         config = Config()
         config.HistoryManager.hist_file = ':memory:'
         config.InteractiveShell.autocall = False
         config.InteractiveShell.autoindent = False
         config.InteractiveShell.colors = 'NoColor'
 
         # create a profile so instance history isn't saved
         tmp_profile_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='profile_')
         profname = 'auto_profile_sphinx_build'
         pdir = os.path.join(tmp_profile_dir,profname)
         profile = ProfileDir.create_profile_dir(pdir)
 
         # Create and initialize global ipython, but don't start its mainloop.
         # This will persist across different EmbeddedSphinxShell instances.
         IP = InteractiveShell.instance(config=config, profile_dir=profile)
         atexit.register(self.cleanup)
 
         # Store a few parts of IPython we'll need.
         self.IP = IP
         self.user_ns = self.IP.user_ns
         self.user_global_ns = self.IP.user_global_ns
 
         self.input = ''
         self.output = ''
         self.tmp_profile_dir = tmp_profile_dir
 
         self.is_verbatim = False
         self.is_doctest = False
         self.is_suppress = False
 
         # Optionally, provide more detailed information to shell.
         # this is assigned by the SetUp method of IPythonDirective
         # to point at itself.
         #
         # So, you can access handy things at self.directive.state
         self.directive = None
 
         # on the first call to the savefig decorator, we'll import
         # pyplot as plt so we can make a call to the plt.gcf().savefig
         self._pyplot_imported = False
 
         # Prepopulate the namespace.
         for line in exec_lines:
             self.process_input_line(line, store_history=False)
 
     def cleanup(self):
         shutil.rmtree(self.tmp_profile_dir, ignore_errors=True)
 
     def clear_cout(self):
         self.cout.seek(0)
         self.cout.truncate(0)
 
     def process_input_line(self, line, store_history):
         return self.process_input_lines([line], store_history=store_history)
 
     def process_input_lines(self, lines, store_history=True):
         """process the input, capturing stdout"""
         stdout = sys.stdout
         source_raw = '\n'.join(lines)
         try:
             sys.stdout = self.cout
             self.IP.run_cell(source_raw, store_history=store_history)
         finally:
             sys.stdout = stdout
 
     def process_image(self, decorator):
         """
         # build out an image directive like
         # .. image:: somefile.png
         #    :width 4in
         #
         # from an input like
         # savefig somefile.png width=4in
         """
         savefig_dir = self.savefig_dir
         source_dir = self.source_dir
         saveargs = decorator.split(' ')
         filename = saveargs[1]
         # insert relative path to image file in source 
         # as absolute path for Sphinx
         # sphinx expects a posix path, even on Windows
         posix_path = pathlib.Path(savefig_dir,filename).as_posix()
         outfile = '/' + os.path.relpath(posix_path, source_dir)
 
         imagerows = ['.. image:: %s' % outfile]
 
         for kwarg in saveargs[2:]:
             arg, val = kwarg.split('=')
             arg = arg.strip()
             val = val.strip()
             imagerows.append('   :%s: %s'%(arg, val))
 
         image_file = os.path.basename(outfile) # only return file name
         image_directive = '\n'.join(imagerows)
         return image_file, image_directive
 
     # Callbacks for each type of token
     def process_input(self, data, input_prompt, lineno):
         """
         Process data block for INPUT token.
 
         """
         decorator, input, rest = data
         image_file = None
         image_directive = None
 
         is_verbatim = decorator=='@verbatim' or self.is_verbatim
         is_doctest = (decorator is not None and \
                      decorator.startswith('@doctest')) or self.is_doctest
         is_suppress = decorator=='@suppress' or self.is_suppress
         is_okexcept = decorator=='@okexcept' or self.is_okexcept
         is_okwarning = decorator=='@okwarning' or self.is_okwarning
         is_savefig = decorator is not None and \
                      decorator.startswith('@savefig')
 
         input_lines = input.split('\n')
         if len(input_lines) > 1:
             if input_lines[-1] != "":
                 input_lines.append('') # make sure there's a blank line
                                        # so splitter buffer gets reset
 
         continuation = '   %s:'%''.join(['.']*(len(str(lineno))+2))
 
         if is_savefig:
             image_file, image_directive = self.process_image(decorator)
 
         ret = []
         is_semicolon = False
 
         # Hold the execution count, if requested to do so.
         if is_suppress and self.hold_count:
             store_history = False
         else:
             store_history = True
 
         # Note: catch_warnings is not thread safe
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as ws:
             if input_lines[0].endswith(';'):
                 is_semicolon = True
             #for i, line in enumerate(input_lines):
 
             # process the first input line
             if is_verbatim:
                 self.process_input_lines([''])
                 self.IP.execution_count += 1 # increment it anyway
             else:
                 # only submit the line in non-verbatim mode
                 self.process_input_lines(input_lines, store_history=store_history)
 
         if not is_suppress:
             for i, line in enumerate(input_lines):
                 if i == 0:
                     formatted_line = '%s %s'%(input_prompt, line)
                 else:
                     formatted_line = '%s %s'%(continuation, line)
                 ret.append(formatted_line)
 
         if not is_suppress and len(rest.strip()) and is_verbatim:
             # The "rest" is the standard output of the input. This needs to be
             # added when in verbatim mode. If there is no "rest", then we don't
             # add it, as the new line will be added by the processed output.
             ret.append(rest)
 
         # Fetch the processed output. (This is not the submitted output.)
         self.cout.seek(0)
         processed_output = self.cout.read()
         if not is_suppress and not is_semicolon:
             #
             # In IPythonDirective.run, the elements of `ret` are eventually
             # combined such that '' entries correspond to newlines. So if
             # `processed_output` is equal to '', then the adding it to `ret`
             # ensures that there is a blank line between consecutive inputs
             # that have no outputs, as in:
             #
             #    In [1]: x = 4
             #
             #    In [2]: x = 5
             #
             # When there is processed output, it has a '\n' at the tail end. So
             # adding the output to `ret` will provide the necessary spacing
             # between consecutive input/output blocks, as in:
             #
             #   In [1]: x
             #   Out[1]: 5
             #
             #   In [2]: x
             #   Out[2]: 5
             #
             # When there is stdout from the input, it also has a '\n' at the
             # tail end, and so this ensures proper spacing as well. E.g.:
             #
             #   In [1]: print x
             #   5
             #
             #   In [2]: x = 5
             #
             # When in verbatim mode, `processed_output` is empty (because
             # nothing was passed to IP. Sometimes the submitted code block has
             # an Out[] portion and sometimes it does not. When it does not, we
             # need to ensure proper spacing, so we have to add '' to `ret`.
             # However, if there is an Out[] in the submitted code, then we do
             # not want to add a newline as `process_output` has stuff to add.
             # The difficulty is that `process_input` doesn't know if
             # `process_output` will be called---so it doesn't know if there is
             # Out[] in the code block. The requires that we include a hack in
             # `process_block`. See the comments there.
             #
             ret.append(processed_output)
         elif is_semicolon:
             # Make sure there is a newline after the semicolon.
             ret.append('')
 
         # context information
         filename = "Unknown"
         lineno = 0
         if self.directive.state:
             filename = self.directive.state.document.current_source
             lineno = self.directive.state.document.current_line
 
         # output any exceptions raised during execution to stdout
         # unless :okexcept: has been specified.
         if not is_okexcept and (("Traceback" in processed_output) or ("SyntaxError" in processed_output)):
             s =  "\nException in %s at block ending on line %s\n" % (filename, lineno)
             s += "Specify :okexcept: as an option in the ipython:: block to suppress this message\n"
             sys.stdout.write('\n\n>>>' + ('-' * 73))
             sys.stdout.write(s)
             sys.stdout.write(processed_output)
             sys.stdout.write('<<<' + ('-' * 73) + '\n\n')
             if self.warning_is_error:
                 raise RuntimeError('Non Expected exception in `{}` line {}'.format(filename, lineno))
 
         # output any warning raised during execution to stdout
         # unless :okwarning: has been specified.
         if not is_okwarning:
             for w in ws:
                 s =  "\nWarning in %s at block ending on line %s\n" % (filename, lineno)
                 s += "Specify :okwarning: as an option in the ipython:: block to suppress this message\n"
                 sys.stdout.write('\n\n>>>' + ('-' * 73))
                 sys.stdout.write(s)
                 sys.stdout.write(('-' * 76) + '\n')
                 s=warnings.formatwarning(w.message, w.category,
                                          w.filename, w.lineno, w.line)
                 sys.stdout.write(s)
                 sys.stdout.write('<<<' + ('-' * 73) + '\n')
                 if self.warning_is_error:
                     raise RuntimeError('Non Expected warning in `{}` line {}'.format(filename, lineno))
 
         self.cout.truncate(0)
         return (ret, input_lines, processed_output,
                 is_doctest, decorator, image_file, image_directive)
 
 
     def process_output(self, data, output_prompt, input_lines, output,
                        is_doctest, decorator, image_file):
         """
         Process data block for OUTPUT token.
 
         """
         # Recall: `data` is the submitted output, and `output` is the processed
         # output from `input_lines`.
 
         TAB = ' ' * 4
 
         if is_doctest and output is not None:
 
             found = output # This is the processed output
             found = found.strip()
             submitted = data.strip()
 
             if self.directive is None:
                 source = 'Unavailable'
                 content = 'Unavailable'
             else:
                 source = self.directive.state.document.current_source
                 content = self.directive.content
                 # Add tabs and join into a single string.
                 content = '\n'.join([TAB + line for line in content])
 
             # Make sure the output contains the output prompt.
             ind = found.find(output_prompt)
             if ind < 0:
                 e = ('output does not contain output prompt\n\n'
                      'Document source: {0}\n\n'
                      'Raw content: \n{1}\n\n'
                      'Input line(s):\n{TAB}{2}\n\n'
                      'Output line(s):\n{TAB}{3}\n\n')
                 e = e.format(source, content, '\n'.join(input_lines),
                              repr(found), TAB=TAB)
                 raise RuntimeError(e)
             found = found[len(output_prompt):].strip()
 
             # Handle the actual doctest comparison.
             if decorator.strip() == '@doctest':
                 # Standard doctest
                 if found != submitted:
                     e = ('doctest failure\n\n'
                          'Document source: {0}\n\n'
                          'Raw content: \n{1}\n\n'
                          'On input line(s):\n{TAB}{2}\n\n'
                          'we found output:\n{TAB}{3}\n\n'
                          'instead of the expected:\n{TAB}{4}\n\n')
                     e = e.format(source, content, '\n'.join(input_lines),
                                  repr(found), repr(submitted), TAB=TAB)
                     raise RuntimeError(e)
             else:
                 self.custom_doctest(decorator, input_lines, found, submitted)
 
         # When in verbatim mode, this holds additional submitted output
         # to be written in the final Sphinx output.
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/5776
         out_data = []
 
         is_verbatim = decorator=='@verbatim' or self.is_verbatim
         if is_verbatim and data.strip():
             # Note that `ret` in `process_block` has '' as its last element if
             # the code block was in verbatim mode. So if there is no submitted
             # output, then we will have proper spacing only if we do not add
             # an additional '' to `out_data`. This is why we condition on
             # `and data.strip()`.
 
             # The submitted output has no output prompt. If we want the
             # prompt and the code to appear, we need to join them now
             # instead of adding them separately---as this would create an
             # undesired newline. How we do this ultimately depends on the
             # format of the output regex. I'll do what works for the default
             # prompt for now, and we might have to adjust if it doesn't work
             # in other cases. Finally, the submitted output does not have
             # a trailing newline, so we must add it manually.
             out_data.append("{0} {1}\n".format(output_prompt, data))
 
         return out_data
 
     def process_comment(self, data):
         """Process data fPblock for COMMENT token."""
         if not self.is_suppress:
             return [data]
 
     def save_image(self, image_file):
         """
         Saves the image file to disk.
         """
         self.ensure_pyplot()
         command = 'plt.gcf().savefig("%s")'%image_file
         #print 'SAVEFIG', command  # dbg
         self.process_input_line('bookmark ipy_thisdir', store_history=False)
         self.process_input_line('cd -b ipy_savedir', store_history=False)
         self.process_input_line(command, store_history=False)
         self.process_input_line('cd -b ipy_thisdir', store_history=False)
         self.process_input_line('bookmark -d ipy_thisdir', store_history=False)
         self.clear_cout()
 
     def process_block(self, block):
         """
         process block from the block_parser and return a list of processed lines
         """
         ret = []
         output = None
         input_lines = None
         lineno = self.IP.execution_count
 
         input_prompt = self.promptin % lineno
         output_prompt = self.promptout % lineno
         image_file = None
         image_directive = None
 
         found_input = False
         for token, data in block:
             if token == COMMENT:
                 out_data = self.process_comment(data)
             elif token == INPUT:
                 found_input = True
                 (out_data, input_lines, output, is_doctest,
                  decorator, image_file, image_directive) = \
                           self.process_input(data, input_prompt, lineno)
             elif token == OUTPUT:
                 if not found_input:
 
                     TAB = ' ' * 4
                     linenumber = 0
                     source = 'Unavailable'
                     content = 'Unavailable'
                     if self.directive:
                         linenumber = self.directive.state.document.current_line
                         source = self.directive.state.document.current_source
                         content = self.directive.content
                         # Add tabs and join into a single string.
                         content = '\n'.join([TAB + line for line in content])
 
                     e = ('\n\nInvalid block: Block contains an output prompt '
                          'without an input prompt.\n\n'
                          'Document source: {0}\n\n'
                          'Content begins at line {1}: \n\n{2}\n\n'
                          'Problematic block within content: \n\n{TAB}{3}\n\n')
                     e = e.format(source, linenumber, content, block, TAB=TAB)
 
                     # Write, rather than include in exception, since Sphinx
                     # will truncate tracebacks.
                     sys.stdout.write(e)
                     raise RuntimeError('An invalid block was detected.')
                 out_data = \
                     self.process_output(data, output_prompt, input_lines,
                                         output, is_doctest, decorator,
                                         image_file)
                 if out_data:
                     # Then there was user submitted output in verbatim mode.
                     # We need to remove the last element of `ret` that was
                     # added in `process_input`, as it is '' and would introduce
                     # an undesirable newline.
                     assert(ret[-1] == '')
                     del ret[-1]
 
             if out_data:
                 ret.extend(out_data)
 
         # save the image files
         if image_file is not None:
             self.save_image(image_file)
 
         return ret, image_directive
 
     def ensure_pyplot(self):
         """
         Ensures that pyplot has been imported into the embedded IPython shell.
 
         Also, makes sure to set the backend appropriately if not set already.
 
         """
         # We are here if the @figure pseudo decorator was used. Thus, it's
         # possible that we could be here even if python_mplbackend were set to
         # `None`. That's also strange and perhaps worthy of raising an
         # exception, but for now, we just set the backend to 'agg'.
 
         if not self._pyplot_imported:
             if 'matplotlib.backends' not in sys.modules:
                 # Then ipython_matplotlib was set to None but there was a
                 # call to the @figure decorator (and ipython_execlines did
                 # not set a backend).
                 #raise Exception("No backend was set, but @figure was used!")
                 import matplotlib
                 matplotlib.use('agg')
 
             # Always import pyplot into embedded shell.
             self.process_input_line('import matplotlib.pyplot as plt',
                                     store_history=False)
             self._pyplot_imported = True
 
     def process_pure_python(self, content):
         """
         content is a list of strings. it is unedited directive content
 
         This runs it line by line in the InteractiveShell, prepends
         prompts as needed capturing stderr and stdout, then returns
         the content as a list as if it were ipython code
         """
         output = []
         savefig = False # keep up with this to clear figure
         multiline = False # to handle line continuation
         multiline_start = None
         fmtin = self.promptin
 
         ct = 0
 
         for lineno, line in enumerate(content):
 
             line_stripped = line.strip()
             if not len(line):
                 output.append(line)
                 continue
 
             # handle decorators
             if line_stripped.startswith('@'):
                 output.extend([line])
                 if 'savefig' in line:
                     savefig = True # and need to clear figure
                 continue
 
             # handle comments
             if line_stripped.startswith('#'):
                 output.extend([line])
                 continue
 
             # deal with lines checking for multiline
             continuation  = u'   %s:'% ''.join(['.']*(len(str(ct))+2))
             if not multiline:
                 modified = u"%s %s" % (fmtin % ct, line_stripped)
                 output.append(modified)
                 ct += 1
                 try:
                     ast.parse(line_stripped)
                     output.append(u'')
                 except Exception: # on a multiline
                     multiline = True
                     multiline_start = lineno
             else: # still on a multiline
                 modified = u'%s %s' % (continuation, line)
                 output.append(modified)
 
                 # if the next line is indented, it should be part of multiline
                 if len(content) > lineno + 1:
                     nextline = content[lineno + 1]
                     if len(nextline) - len(nextline.lstrip()) > 3:
                         continue
                 try:
                     mod = ast.parse(
                             '\n'.join(content[multiline_start:lineno+1]))
                     if isinstance(mod.body[0], ast.FunctionDef):
                         # check to see if we have the whole function
                         for element in mod.body[0].body:
                             if isinstance(element, ast.Return):
                                 multiline = False
                     else:
                         output.append(u'')
                         multiline = False
                 except Exception:
                     pass
 
             if savefig: # clear figure if plotted
                 self.ensure_pyplot()
                 self.process_input_line('plt.clf()', store_history=False)
                 self.clear_cout()
                 savefig = False
 
         return output
 
     def custom_doctest(self, decorator, input_lines, found, submitted):
         """
         Perform a specialized doctest.
 
         """
         from .custom_doctests import doctests
 
         args = decorator.split()
         doctest_type = args[1]
         if doctest_type in doctests:
             doctests[doctest_type](self, args, input_lines, found, submitted)
         else:
             e = "Invalid option to @doctest: {0}".format(doctest_type)
             raise Exception(e)
 
 
 class IPythonDirective(Directive):
 
     has_content = True
     required_arguments = 0
     optional_arguments = 4 # python, suppress, verbatim, doctest
     final_argumuent_whitespace = True
     option_spec = { 'python': directives.unchanged,
                     'suppress' : directives.flag,
                     'verbatim' : directives.flag,
                     'doctest' : directives.flag,
                     'okexcept': directives.flag,
                     'okwarning': directives.flag
                   }
 
     shell = None
 
     seen_docs = set()
 
     def get_config_options(self):
         # contains sphinx configuration variables
         config = self.state.document.settings.env.config
 
         # get config variables to set figure output directory
         savefig_dir = config.ipython_savefig_dir
         source_dir = self.state.document.settings.env.srcdir
         savefig_dir = os.path.join(source_dir, savefig_dir)
 
         # get regex and prompt stuff
         rgxin      = config.ipython_rgxin
         rgxout     = config.ipython_rgxout
         warning_is_error= config.ipython_warning_is_error
         promptin   = config.ipython_promptin
         promptout  = config.ipython_promptout
         mplbackend = config.ipython_mplbackend
         exec_lines = config.ipython_execlines
         hold_count = config.ipython_holdcount
 
         return (savefig_dir, source_dir, rgxin, rgxout,
                 promptin, promptout, mplbackend, exec_lines, hold_count, warning_is_error)
 
     def setup(self):
         # Get configuration values.
         (savefig_dir, source_dir, rgxin, rgxout, promptin, promptout,
          mplbackend, exec_lines, hold_count, warning_is_error) = self.get_config_options()
 
         try:
             os.makedirs(savefig_dir)
         except OSError as e:
             if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
                 raise
 
         if self.shell is None:
             # We will be here many times.  However, when the
             # EmbeddedSphinxShell is created, its interactive shell member
             # is the same for each instance.
 
-            if mplbackend and 'matplotlib.backends' not in sys.modules and use_matpltolib:
+            if mplbackend and 'matplotlib.backends' not in sys.modules and use_matplotlib:
                 import matplotlib
                 matplotlib.use(mplbackend)
 
             # Must be called after (potentially) importing matplotlib and
             # setting its backend since exec_lines might import pylab.
             self.shell = EmbeddedSphinxShell(exec_lines)
 
             # Store IPython directive to enable better error messages
             self.shell.directive = self
 
         # reset the execution count if we haven't processed this doc
         #NOTE: this may be borked if there are multiple seen_doc tmp files
         #check time stamp?
         if not self.state.document.current_source in self.seen_docs:
             self.shell.IP.history_manager.reset()
             self.shell.IP.execution_count = 1
             self.seen_docs.add(self.state.document.current_source)
 
         # and attach to shell so we don't have to pass them around
         self.shell.rgxin = rgxin
         self.shell.rgxout = rgxout
         self.shell.promptin = promptin
         self.shell.promptout = promptout
         self.shell.savefig_dir = savefig_dir
         self.shell.source_dir = source_dir
         self.shell.hold_count = hold_count
         self.shell.warning_is_error = warning_is_error
 
         # setup bookmark for saving figures directory
         self.shell.process_input_line('bookmark ipy_savedir %s'%savefig_dir,
                                       store_history=False)
         self.shell.clear_cout()
 
         return rgxin, rgxout, promptin, promptout
 
     def teardown(self):
         # delete last bookmark
         self.shell.process_input_line('bookmark -d ipy_savedir',
                                       store_history=False)
         self.shell.clear_cout()
 
     def run(self):
         debug = False
 
         #TODO, any reason block_parser can't be a method of embeddable shell
         # then we wouldn't have to carry these around
         rgxin, rgxout, promptin, promptout = self.setup()
 
         options = self.options
         self.shell.is_suppress = 'suppress' in options
         self.shell.is_doctest = 'doctest' in options
         self.shell.is_verbatim = 'verbatim' in options
         self.shell.is_okexcept = 'okexcept' in options
         self.shell.is_okwarning = 'okwarning' in options
 
         # handle pure python code
         if 'python' in self.arguments:
             content = self.content
             self.content = self.shell.process_pure_python(content)
 
         # parts consists of all text within the ipython-block.
         # Each part is an input/output block.
         parts = '\n'.join(self.content).split('\n\n')
 
         lines = ['.. code-block:: ipython', '']
         figures = []
 
         for part in parts:
             block = block_parser(part, rgxin, rgxout, promptin, promptout)
             if len(block):
                 rows, figure = self.shell.process_block(block)
                 for row in rows:
                     lines.extend(['   {0}'.format(line)
                                   for line in row.split('\n')])
 
                 if figure is not None:
                     figures.append(figure)
             else:
                 message = 'Code input with no code at {}, line {}'\
                             .format(
                                 self.state.document.current_source,
                                 self.state.document.current_line)
                 if self.shell.warning_is_error:
                     raise RuntimeError(message)
                 else:
                     warnings.warn(message)
 
         for figure in figures:
             lines.append('')
             lines.extend(figure.split('\n'))
             lines.append('')
 
         if len(lines) > 2:
             if debug:
                 print('\n'.join(lines))
             else:
                 # This has to do with input, not output. But if we comment
                 # these lines out, then no IPython code will appear in the
                 # final output.
                 self.state_machine.insert_input(
                     lines, self.state_machine.input_lines.source(0))
 
         # cleanup
         self.teardown()
 
         return []
 
 # Enable as a proper Sphinx directive
 def setup(app):
     setup.app = app
 
     app.add_directive('ipython', IPythonDirective)
     app.add_config_value('ipython_savefig_dir', 'savefig', 'env')
     app.add_config_value('ipython_warning_is_error', True, 'env')
     app.add_config_value('ipython_rgxin',
                          re.compile(r'In \[(\d+)\]:\s?(.*)\s*'), 'env')
     app.add_config_value('ipython_rgxout',
                          re.compile(r'Out\[(\d+)\]:\s?(.*)\s*'), 'env')
     app.add_config_value('ipython_promptin', 'In [%d]:', 'env')
     app.add_config_value('ipython_promptout', 'Out[%d]:', 'env')
 
     # We could just let matplotlib pick whatever is specified as the default
     # backend in the matplotlibrc file, but this would cause issues if the
     # backend didn't work in headless environments. For this reason, 'agg'
     # is a good default backend choice.
     app.add_config_value('ipython_mplbackend', 'agg', 'env')
 
     # If the user sets this config value to `None`, then EmbeddedSphinxShell's
     # __init__ method will treat it as [].
     execlines = ['import numpy as np']
-    if use_matpltolib:
+    if use_matplotlib:
         execlines.append('import matplotlib.pyplot as plt')
     app.add_config_value('ipython_execlines', execlines, 'env')
 
     app.add_config_value('ipython_holdcount', True, 'env')
 
     metadata = {'parallel_read_safe': True, 'parallel_write_safe': True}
     return metadata
 
 # Simple smoke test, needs to be converted to a proper automatic test.
 def test():
 
     examples = [
         r"""
 In [9]: pwd
 Out[9]: '/home/jdhunter/py4science/book'
 
 In [10]: cd bookdata/
 /home/jdhunter/py4science/book/bookdata
 
 In [2]: from pylab import *
 
 In [2]: ion()
 
 In [3]: im = imread('stinkbug.png')
 
 @savefig mystinkbug.png width=4in
 In [4]: imshow(im)
 Out[4]: <matplotlib.image.AxesImage object at 0x39ea850>
 
 """,
         r"""
 
 In [1]: x = 'hello world'
 
 # string methods can be
 # used to alter the string
 @doctest
 In [2]: x.upper()
 Out[2]: 'HELLO WORLD'
 
 @verbatim
 In [3]: x.st<TAB>
 x.startswith  x.strip
 """,
     r"""
 
 In [130]: url = 'http://ichart.finance.yahoo.com/table.csv?s=CROX\
    .....: &d=9&e=22&f=2009&g=d&a=1&br=8&c=2006&ignore=.csv'
 
 In [131]: print url.split('&')
 ['http://ichart.finance.yahoo.com/table.csv?s=CROX', 'd=9', 'e=22', 'f=2009', 'g=d', 'a=1', 'b=8', 'c=2006', 'ignore=.csv']
 
 In [60]: import urllib
 
 """,
     r"""\
 
 In [133]: import numpy.random
 
 @suppress
 In [134]: numpy.random.seed(2358)
 
 @doctest
 In [135]: numpy.random.rand(10,2)
 Out[135]:
 array([[ 0.64524308,  0.59943846],
        [ 0.47102322,  0.8715456 ],
        [ 0.29370834,  0.74776844],
        [ 0.99539577,  0.1313423 ],
        [ 0.16250302,  0.21103583],
        [ 0.81626524,  0.1312433 ],
        [ 0.67338089,  0.72302393],
        [ 0.7566368 ,  0.07033696],
        [ 0.22591016,  0.77731835],
        [ 0.0072729 ,  0.34273127]])
 
 """,
 
     r"""
 In [106]: print x
 jdh
 
 In [109]: for i in range(10):
    .....:     print i
    .....:
    .....:
 0
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
 """,
 
         r"""
 
 In [144]: from pylab import *
 
 In [145]: ion()
 
 # use a semicolon to suppress the output
 @savefig test_hist.png width=4in
 In [151]: hist(np.random.randn(10000), 100);
 
 
 @savefig test_plot.png width=4in
 In [151]: plot(np.random.randn(10000), 'o');
    """,
 
         r"""
 # use a semicolon to suppress the output
 In [151]: plt.clf()
 
 @savefig plot_simple.png width=4in
 In [151]: plot([1,2,3])
 
 @savefig hist_simple.png width=4in
 In [151]: hist(np.random.randn(10000), 100);
 
 """,
      r"""
 # update the current fig
 In [151]: ylabel('number')
 
 In [152]: title('normal distribution')
 
 
 @savefig hist_with_text.png
 In [153]: grid(True)
 
 @doctest float
 In [154]: 0.1 + 0.2
 Out[154]: 0.3
 
 @doctest float
 In [155]: np.arange(16).reshape(4,4)
 Out[155]:
 array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3],
        [ 4,  5,  6,  7],
        [ 8,  9, 10, 11],
        [12, 13, 14, 15]])
 
 In [1]: x = np.arange(16, dtype=float).reshape(4,4)
 
 In [2]: x[0,0] = np.inf
 
 In [3]: x[0,1] = np.nan
 
 @doctest float
 In [4]: x
 Out[4]:
 array([[ inf,  nan,   2.,   3.],
        [  4.,   5.,   6.,   7.],
        [  8.,   9.,  10.,  11.],
        [ 12.,  13.,  14.,  15.]])
 
 
         """,
         ]
     # skip local-file depending first example:
     examples = examples[1:]
 
     #ipython_directive.DEBUG = True  # dbg
     #options = dict(suppress=True)  # dbg
     options = {}
     for example in examples:
         content = example.split('\n')
         IPythonDirective('debug', arguments=None, options=options,
                           content=content, lineno=0,
                           content_offset=None, block_text=None,
                           state=None, state_machine=None,
                           )
 
 # Run test suite as a script
 if __name__=='__main__':
     if not os.path.isdir('_static'):
         os.mkdir('_static')
     test()
     print('All OK? Check figures in _static/')

IPython/terminal/pt_inputhooks/wx.py

@@ -1,147 +1,147 b''
-"""Enable wxPython to be used interacively in prompt_toolkit
+"""Enable wxPython to be used interactively in prompt_toolkit
 """
 
 import sys
 import signal
 import time
 from timeit import default_timer as clock
 import wx
 
 
 def inputhook_wx1(context):
     """Run the wx event loop by processing pending events only.
 
     This approach seems to work, but its performance is not great as it
     relies on having PyOS_InputHook called regularly.
     """
     try:
         app = wx.GetApp()
         if app is not None:
             assert wx.Thread_IsMain()
 
             # Make a temporary event loop and process system events until
             # there are no more waiting, then allow idle events (which
             # will also deal with pending or posted wx events.)
             evtloop = wx.EventLoop()
             ea = wx.EventLoopActivator(evtloop)
             while evtloop.Pending():
                 evtloop.Dispatch()
             app.ProcessIdle()
             del ea
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         pass
     return 0
 
 class EventLoopTimer(wx.Timer):
 
     def __init__(self, func):
         self.func = func
         wx.Timer.__init__(self)
 
     def Notify(self):
         self.func()
 
 class EventLoopRunner(object):
 
     def Run(self, time, input_is_ready):
         self.input_is_ready = input_is_ready
         self.evtloop = wx.EventLoop()
         self.timer = EventLoopTimer(self.check_stdin)
         self.timer.Start(time)
         self.evtloop.Run()
 
     def check_stdin(self):
         if self.input_is_ready():
             self.timer.Stop()
             self.evtloop.Exit()
 
 def inputhook_wx2(context):
     """Run the wx event loop, polling for stdin.
 
     This version runs the wx eventloop for an undetermined amount of time,
     during which it periodically checks to see if anything is ready on
     stdin.  If anything is ready on stdin, the event loop exits.
 
     The argument to elr.Run controls how often the event loop looks at stdin.
     This determines the responsiveness at the keyboard.  A setting of 1000
     enables a user to type at most 1 char per second.  I have found that a
     setting of 10 gives good keyboard response.  We can shorten it further,
     but eventually performance would suffer from calling select/kbhit too
     often.
     """
     try:
         app = wx.GetApp()
         if app is not None:
             assert wx.Thread_IsMain()
             elr = EventLoopRunner()
             # As this time is made shorter, keyboard response improves, but idle
             # CPU load goes up.  10 ms seems like a good compromise.
             elr.Run(time=10,  # CHANGE time here to control polling interval
                     input_is_ready=context.input_is_ready)
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         pass
     return 0
 
 def inputhook_wx3(context):
     """Run the wx event loop by processing pending events only.
 
     This is like inputhook_wx1, but it keeps processing pending events
     until stdin is ready.  After processing all pending events, a call to
     time.sleep is inserted.  This is needed, otherwise, CPU usage is at 100%.
     This sleep time should be tuned though for best performance.
     """
     # We need to protect against a user pressing Control-C when IPython is
     # idle and this is running. We trap KeyboardInterrupt and pass.
     try:
         app = wx.GetApp()
         if app is not None:
             assert wx.Thread_IsMain()
 
             # The import of wx on Linux sets the handler for signal.SIGINT
             # to 0.  This is a bug in wx or gtk.  We fix by just setting it
             # back to the Python default.
             if not callable(signal.getsignal(signal.SIGINT)):
                 signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.default_int_handler)
 
             evtloop = wx.EventLoop()
             ea = wx.EventLoopActivator(evtloop)
             t = clock()
             while not context.input_is_ready():
                 while evtloop.Pending():
                     t = clock()
                     evtloop.Dispatch()
                 app.ProcessIdle()
                 # We need to sleep at this point to keep the idle CPU load
                 # low.  However, if sleep to long, GUI response is poor.  As
                 # a compromise, we watch how often GUI events are being processed
                 # and switch between a short and long sleep time.  Here are some
                 # stats useful in helping to tune this.
                 # time    CPU load
                 # 0.001   13%
                 # 0.005   3%
                 # 0.01    1.5%
                 # 0.05    0.5%
                 used_time = clock() - t
                 if used_time > 10.0:
                     # print 'Sleep for 1 s'  # dbg
                     time.sleep(1.0)
                 elif used_time > 0.1:
                     # Few GUI events coming in, so we can sleep longer
                     # print 'Sleep for 0.05 s'  # dbg
                     time.sleep(0.05)
                 else:
                     # Many GUI events coming in, so sleep only very little
                     time.sleep(0.001)
             del ea
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         pass
     return 0
 
 if sys.platform == 'darwin':
     # On OSX, evtloop.Pending() always returns True, regardless of there being
     # any events pending. As such we can't use implementations 1 or 3 of the
     # inputhook as those depend on a pending/dispatch loop.
     inputhook = inputhook_wx2
 else:
     # This is our default implementation
     inputhook = inputhook_wx3

IPython/utils/tests/test_tokenutil.py

@@ -1,133 +1,133 b''
 """Tests for tokenutil"""
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import nose.tools as nt
 
 from IPython.utils.tokenutil import token_at_cursor, line_at_cursor
 
 def expect_token(expected, cell, cursor_pos):
     token = token_at_cursor(cell, cursor_pos)
     offset = 0
     for line in cell.splitlines():
         if offset + len(line) >= cursor_pos:
             break
         else:
             offset += len(line)+1
     column = cursor_pos - offset
     line_with_cursor = '%s|%s' % (line[:column], line[column:])
     nt.assert_equal(token, expected,
         "Expected %r, got %r in: %r (pos %i)" % (
         expected, token, line_with_cursor, cursor_pos)
     )
 
 def test_simple(): 
     cell = "foo"
     for i in range(len(cell)):
         expect_token("foo", cell, i)
 
 def test_function():
     cell = "foo(a=5, b='10')"
     expected = 'foo'
     # up to `foo(|a=`
     for i in range(cell.find('a=') + 1):
         expect_token("foo", cell, i)
     # find foo after `=`
     for i in [cell.find('=') + 1, cell.rfind('=') + 1]:
         expect_token("foo", cell, i)
     # in between `5,|` and `|b=`
     for i in range(cell.find(','), cell.find('b=')):
         expect_token("foo", cell, i)
 
 def test_multiline():
     cell = '\n'.join([
         'a = 5',
         'b = hello("string", there)'
     ])
     expected = 'hello'
     start = cell.index(expected) + 1
     for i in range(start, start + len(expected)):
         expect_token(expected, cell, i)
     expected = 'hello'
     start = cell.index(expected) + 1
     for i in range(start, start + len(expected)):
         expect_token(expected, cell, i)
 
 def test_multiline_token():
     cell = '\n'.join([
         '"""\n\nxxxxxxxxxx\n\n"""',
         '5, """',
         'docstring',
         'multiline token',
         '""", [',
         '2, 3, "complicated"]',
         'b = hello("string", there)'
     ])
     expected = 'hello'
     start = cell.index(expected) + 1
     for i in range(start, start + len(expected)):
         expect_token(expected, cell, i)
     expected = 'hello'
     start = cell.index(expected) + 1
     for i in range(start, start + len(expected)):
         expect_token(expected, cell, i)
 
 def test_nested_call():
     cell = "foo(bar(a=5), b=10)"
     expected = 'foo'
     start = cell.index('bar') + 1
     for i in range(start, start + 3):
         expect_token(expected, cell, i)
     expected = 'bar'
     start = cell.index('a=')
     for i in range(start, start + 3):
         expect_token(expected, cell, i)
     expected = 'foo'
     start = cell.index(')') + 1
     for i in range(start, len(cell)-1):
         expect_token(expected, cell, i)
 
 def test_attrs():
     cell = "a = obj.attr.subattr"
     expected = 'obj'
     idx = cell.find('obj') + 1
     for i in range(idx, idx + 3):
         expect_token(expected, cell, i)
     idx = cell.find('.attr') + 2
     expected = 'obj.attr'
     for i in range(idx, idx + 4):
         expect_token(expected, cell, i)
     idx = cell.find('.subattr') + 2
     expected = 'obj.attr.subattr'
     for i in range(idx, len(cell)):
         expect_token(expected, cell, i)
 
 def test_line_at_cursor():
     cell = ""
     (line, offset) = line_at_cursor(cell, cursor_pos=11)
     nt.assert_equal(line, "")
     nt.assert_equal(offset, 0)
 
     # The position after a newline should be the start of the following line.
     cell = "One\nTwo\n"
     (line, offset) = line_at_cursor(cell, cursor_pos=4)
     nt.assert_equal(line, "Two\n")
     nt.assert_equal(offset, 4)
 
     # The end of a cell should be on the last line
     cell = "pri\npri"
     (line, offset) = line_at_cursor(cell, cursor_pos=7)
     nt.assert_equal(line, "pri")
     nt.assert_equal(offset, 4)
 
-def test_muliline_statement():
+def test_multiline_statement():
     cell = """a = (1,
     3)
 
 int()
 map()
 """
     for c in range(16, 22):
         yield lambda cell, c: expect_token("int", cell, c), cell, c
     for c in range(22, 28):
         yield lambda cell, c: expect_token("map", cell, c), cell, c

docs/source/whatsnew/version0.10.rst

@@ -1,360 +1,360 b''
 =============
  0.10 series
 =============
 
 Release 0.10.2
 ==============
 
 IPython 0.10.2 was released April 9, 2011.  This is a minor bugfix release that
 preserves backward compatibility.  At this point, all IPython development
 resources are focused on the 0.11 series that includes a complete architectural
 restructuring of the project as well as many new capabilities, so this is
 likely to be the last release of the 0.10.x series.  We have tried to fix all
 major bugs in this series so that it remains a viable platform for those not
 ready yet to transition to the 0.11 and newer codebase (since that will require
 some porting effort, as a number of APIs have changed).
 
 Thus, we are not opening a 0.10.3 active development branch yet, but if the
 user community requires new patches and is willing to maintain/release such a
 branch, we'll be happy to host it on the IPython github repositories.
 
 Highlights of this release:
 
 - The main one is the closing of github ticket #185, a major regression we had
   in 0.10.1 where pylab mode with GTK (or gthread) was not working correctly,
   hence plots were blocking with GTK.  Since this is the default matplotlib
   backend on Unix systems, this was a major annoyance for many users.  Many
   thanks to Paul Ivanov for helping resolve this issue.
   
 - Fix IOError bug on Windows when used with -gthread.
 - Work robustly if $HOME is missing from environment.
 - Better POSIX support in ssh scripts (remove bash-specific idioms).
 - Improved support for non-ascii characters in log files.
 - Work correctly in environments where GTK can be imported but not started
   (such as a linux text console without X11).
   
 For this release we merged 24 commits, contributed by the following people
 (please let us know if we omitted your name and we'll gladly fix this in the
 notes for the future):
 
 * Fernando Perez
 * MinRK
 * Paul Ivanov
 * Pieter Cristiaan de Groot
 * TvrtkoM
 
 Release 0.10.1
 ==============
 
 IPython 0.10.1 was released October 11, 2010, over a year after version 0.10.
 This is mostly a bugfix release, since after version 0.10 was released, the
 development team's energy has been focused on the 0.11 series.  We have
 nonetheless tried to backport what fixes we could into 0.10.1, as it remains
 the stable series that many users have in production systems they rely on.
 
 Since the 0.11 series changes many APIs in backwards-incompatible ways, we are
 willing to continue maintaining the 0.10.x series.  We don't really have time
 to actively write new code for 0.10.x, but we are happy to accept patches and
 pull requests on the IPython `github site`_.  If sufficient contributions are
 made that improve 0.10.1, we will roll them into future releases.  For this
 purpose, we will have a branch called 0.10.2 on github, on which you can base
 your contributions.
 
 .. _github site: http://github.com/ipython
 
 For this release, we applied approximately 60 commits totaling a diff of over
 7000 lines::
 
     (0.10.1)amirbar[dist]> git diff --oneline rel-0.10.. | wc -l
     7296
 
 Highlights of this release:
 
 - The only significant new feature is that IPython's parallel computing
   machinery now supports natively the Sun Grid Engine and LSF schedulers.  This
   work was a joint contribution from Justin Riley, Satra Ghosh and Matthieu
   Brucher, who put a lot of work into it.  We also improved traceback handling
   in remote tasks, as well as providing better control for remote task IDs.
 
 - New IPython Sphinx directive contributed by John Hunter.  You can use this
-  directive to mark blocks in reSructuredText documents as containing IPython
+  directive to mark blocks in reStructuredText documents as containing IPython
   syntax (including figures) and the will be executed during the build:
 
   .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
       In [2]: plt.figure()  # ensure a fresh figure
 
       @savefig psimple.png width=4in
       In [3]: plt.plot([1,2,3])
       Out[3]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x9b74d8c>]
 
 - Various fixes to the standalone ipython-wx application.
 
 - We now ship internally the excellent argparse library, graciously licensed
   under BSD terms by Steven Bethard.  Now (2010) that argparse has become part
   of Python 2.7 this will be less of an issue, but Steven's relicensing allowed
   us to start updating IPython to using argparse well before Python 2.7.  Many
   thanks!
 
 - Robustness improvements so that IPython doesn't crash if the readline library
   is absent (though obviously a lot of functionality that requires readline
   will not be available).
 
 - Improvements to tab completion in Emacs with Python 2.6.
 
 - Logging now supports timestamps (see ``%logstart?`` for full details).
 
 - A long-standing and quite annoying bug where parentheses would be added to
   ``print`` statements, under Python 2.5 and 2.6, was finally fixed.
 
 - Improved handling of libreadline on Apple OSX.
 
 - Fix ``reload`` method of IPython demos, which was broken.
 
 - Fixes for the ipipe/ibrowse system on OSX.
 
 - Fixes for Zope profile.
 
 - Fix %timeit reporting when the time is longer than 1000s.
 
 - Avoid lockups with ? or ?? in SunOS, due to a bug in termios.
 
 - The usual assortment of miscellaneous bug fixes and small improvements.
 
 The following people contributed to this release (please let us know if we
 omitted your name and we'll gladly fix this in the notes for the future):
 
 * Beni Cherniavsky
 * Boyd Waters.
 * David Warde-Farley
 * Fernando Perez
 * Gökhan Sever
 * John Hunter
 * Justin Riley
 * Kiorky
 * Laurent Dufrechou
 * Mark E. Smith
 * Matthieu Brucher
 * Satrajit Ghosh
 * Sebastian Busch
 * Václav Šmilauer
 
 Release 0.10
 ============
 
 This release brings months of slow but steady development, and will be the last
 before a major restructuring and cleanup of IPython's internals that is already
 under way.  For this reason, we hope that 0.10 will be a stable and robust
 release so that while users adapt to some of the API changes that will come
 with the refactoring that will become IPython 0.11, they can safely use 0.10 in
 all existing projects with minimal changes (if any).
 
 IPython 0.10 is now a medium-sized project, with roughly (as reported by David
 Wheeler's :command:`sloccount` utility) 40750 lines of Python code, and a diff
 between 0.9.1 and this release that contains almost 28000 lines of code and
 documentation.  Our documentation, in PDF format, is a 495-page long PDF
 document (also available in HTML format, both generated from the same sources).
 
 Many users and developers contributed code, features, bug reports and ideas to
 this release.  Please do not hesitate in contacting us if we've failed to
 acknowledge your contribution here.  In particular, for this release we have
 contribution from the following people, a mix of new and regular names (in
 alphabetical order by first name):
 
 * Alexander Clausen: fix #341726.
 * Brian Granger: lots of work everywhere (features, bug fixes, etc).
 * Daniel Ashbrook: bug report on MemoryError during compilation, now fixed.
 * Darren Dale: improvements to documentation build system, feedback, design
   ideas.
 * Fernando Perez: various places.
 * Gaël Varoquaux: core code, ipythonx GUI, design discussions, etc. Lots...
 * John Hunter: suggestions, bug fixes, feedback.
 * Jorgen Stenarson: work on many fronts, tests, fixes, win32 support, etc.
 * Laurent Dufréchou: many improvements to ipython-wx standalone app.
 * Lukasz Pankowski: prefilter, `%edit`, demo improvements.
 * Matt Foster: TextMate support in `%edit`.
 * Nathaniel Smith: fix #237073.
 * Pauli Virtanen: fixes and improvements to extensions, documentation.
 * Prabhu Ramachandran: improvements to `%timeit`.
 * Robert Kern: several extensions.
 * Sameer D'Costa: help on critical bug #269966.
 * Stephan Peijnik: feedback on Debian compliance and many man pages.
 * Steven Bethard: we are now shipping his :mod:`argparse` module.
 * Tom Fetherston: many improvements to :mod:`IPython.demo` module.
 * Ville Vainio: lots of work everywhere (features, bug fixes, etc).
 * Vishal Vasta: ssh support in ipcluster.
 * Walter Doerwald: work on the :mod:`IPython.ipipe` system.
 
 Below we give an overview of new features, bug fixes and backwards-incompatible
 changes.  For a detailed account of every change made, feel free to view the
 project log with :command:`bzr log`.
 
 New features
 ------------
 
 * New `%paste` magic automatically extracts current contents of clipboard and
   pastes it directly, while correctly handling code that is indented or
   prepended with `>>>` or `...` python prompt markers.  A very useful new
   feature contributed by Robert Kern.
 
 * IPython 'demos', created with the :mod:`IPython.demo` module, can now be
   created from files on disk or strings in memory.  Other fixes and
   improvements to the demo system, by Tom Fetherston.
 
 * Added :func:`find_cmd` function to :mod:`IPython.platutils` module, to find
   commands in a cross-platform manner.
 
 * Many improvements and fixes to Gaël Varoquaux's :command:`ipythonx`, a
   WX-based lightweight IPython instance that can be easily embedded in other WX
   applications.  These improvements have made it possible to now have an
   embedded IPython in Mayavi and other tools.
 
 * :class:`MultiengineClient` objects now have a :meth:`benchmark` method.
 
 * The manual now includes a full set of auto-generated API documents from the
   code sources, using Sphinx and some of our own support code.  We are now
   using the `Numpy Documentation Standard`_  for all docstrings, and we have
   tried to update as many existing ones as possible to this format.
 
 * The new :mod:`IPython.Extensions.ipy_pretty` extension by Robert Kern
   provides configurable pretty-printing.
 
 * Many improvements to the :command:`ipython-wx` standalone WX-based IPython
   application by Laurent Dufréchou.  It can optionally run in a thread, and
   this can be toggled at runtime (allowing the loading of Matplotlib in a
   running session without ill effects).
 
 * IPython includes a copy of Steven Bethard's argparse_ in the
   :mod:`IPython.external` package, so we can use it internally and it is also
   available to any IPython user.  By installing it in this manner, we ensure
   zero conflicts with any system-wide installation you may already have while
   minimizing external dependencies for new users.  In IPython 0.10, We ship
   argparse version 1.0.
 
 * An improved and much more robust test suite, that runs groups of tests in
   separate subprocesses using either Nose or Twisted's :command:`trial` runner
   to ensure proper management of Twisted-using code.  The test suite degrades
   gracefully if optional dependencies are not available, so that the
   :command:`iptest` command can be run with only Nose installed and nothing
   else.  We also have more and cleaner test decorators to better select tests
   depending on runtime conditions, do setup/teardown, etc.
 
 * The new ipcluster now has a fully working ssh mode that should work on
   Linux, Unix and OS X.  Thanks to Vishal Vatsa for implementing this!
 
 * The wonderful TextMate editor can now be used with %edit on OS X.  Thanks
   to Matt Foster for this patch.
 
 * The documentation regarding parallel uses of IPython, including MPI and PBS,
   has been significantly updated and improved.
 
 * The developer guidelines in the documentation have been updated to explain
   our workflow using :command:`bzr` and Launchpad.
   
 * Fully refactored :command:`ipcluster` command line program for starting
   IPython clusters.  This new version is a complete rewrite and 1) is fully
   cross platform (we now use Twisted's process management), 2) has much
   improved performance, 3) uses subcommands for different types of clusters, 4)
   uses argparse for parsing command line options, 5) has better support for
   starting clusters using :command:`mpirun`, 6) has experimental support for
   starting engines using PBS.  It can also reuse FURL files, by appropriately
   passing options to its subcommands.  However, this new version of ipcluster
   should be considered a technology preview.  We plan on changing the API in
   significant ways before it is final.
 
 * Full description of the security model added to the docs.
 
 * cd completer: show bookmarks if no other completions are available.
 
 * sh profile: easy way to give 'title' to prompt: assign to variable
   '_prompt_title'. It looks like this::
       
         [~]|1> _prompt_title = 'sudo!'
         sudo![~]|2>
 
 * %edit: If you do '%edit pasted_block', pasted_block variable gets updated
   with new data (so repeated editing makes sense)
 
 .. _Numpy Documentation Standard: https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/master/doc/HOWTO_DOCUMENT.rst.txt#docstring-standard
 
 .. _argparse: http://code.google.com/p/argparse/
 
 Bug fixes
 ---------
 
 * Fix #368719, removed top-level debian/ directory to make the job of Debian
   packagers easier.
   
 * Fix #291143 by including man pages contributed by Stephan Peijnik from the
   Debian project.
 
 * Fix #358202, effectively a race condition, by properly synchronizing file
   creation at cluster startup time.
 
 * `%timeit` now handles correctly functions that take a long time to execute
   even the first time, by not repeating them.
 
 * Fix #239054, releasing of references after exiting.
 
 * Fix #341726, thanks to Alexander Clausen.
 
 * Fix #269966.  This long-standing and very difficult bug (which is actually a
   problem in Python itself) meant long-running sessions would inevitably grow
   in memory size, often with catastrophic consequences if users had large
   objects in their scripts.  Now, using `%run` repeatedly should not cause any
   memory leaks.  Special thanks to John Hunter and Sameer D'Costa for their
   help with this bug.
 
 * Fix #295371, bug in `%history`.
 
 * Improved support for py2exe.
 
 * Fix #270856: IPython hangs with PyGTK
 
 * Fix #270998: A magic with no docstring breaks the '%magic magic'
 
 * fix #271684: -c startup commands screw up raw vs. native history
 
 * Numerous bugs on Windows with the new ipcluster have been fixed.
 
 * The ipengine and ipcontroller scripts now handle missing furl files
   more gracefully by giving better error messages.
 
 * %rehashx: Aliases no longer contain dots. python3.0 binary
   will create alias python30. Fixes:
   #259716 "commands with dots in them don't work"
 
 * %cpaste: %cpaste -r repeats the last pasted block.
   The block is assigned to pasted_block even if code
   raises exception.
 
 * Bug #274067 'The code in get_home_dir is broken for py2exe' was
   fixed.
 
 * Many other small bug fixes not listed here by number (see the bzr log for
   more info).
   
 Backwards incompatible changes
 ------------------------------
 
 * `ipykit` and related files were unmaintained and have been removed.
 
 * The :func:`IPython.genutils.doctest_reload` does not actually call
   `reload(doctest)` anymore, as this was causing many problems with the test
   suite.  It still resets `doctest.master` to None.
 
 * While we have not deliberately broken Python 2.4 compatibility, only minor
   testing was done with Python 2.4, while 2.5 and 2.6 were fully tested.  But
   if you encounter problems with 2.4, please do report them as bugs.
 
 * The :command:`ipcluster` now requires a mode argument; for example to start a
   cluster on the local machine with 4 engines, you must now type::
 
     $ ipcluster local -n 4
 
 * The controller now has a ``-r`` flag that needs to be used if you want to
   reuse existing furl files.  Otherwise they are deleted (the default).
 
 * Remove ipy_leo.py. You can use :command:`easy_install ipython-extension` to
   get it.  (done to decouple it from ipython release cycle)
 

docs/source/whatsnew/version0.11.rst

@@ -1,765 +1,765 b''
 =============
  0.11 Series
 =============
 
 Release 0.11
 ============
 
 IPython 0.11 is a *major* overhaul of IPython, two years in the making.  Most
 of the code base has been rewritten or at least reorganized, breaking backward
 compatibility with several APIs in previous versions.  It is the first major
 release in two years, and probably the most significant change to IPython since
 its inception.  We plan to have a relatively quick succession of releases, as
 people discover new bugs and regressions.  Once we iron out any significant
 bugs in this process and settle down the new APIs, this series will become
 IPython 1.0.  We encourage feedback now on the core APIs, which we hope to
 maintain stable during the 1.0 series.
 
 Since the internal APIs have changed so much, projects using IPython as a
 library (as opposed to end-users of the application) are the most likely to
 encounter regressions or changes that break their existing use patterns.  We
 will make every effort to provide updated versions of the APIs to facilitate
 the transition, and we encourage you to contact us on the `development mailing
 list`__ with questions and feedback.
 
 .. __: http://mail.scipy.org/mailman/listinfo/ipython-dev
 
 Chris Fonnesbeck recently wrote an `excellent post`__ that highlights some of
 our major new features, with examples and screenshots.  We encourage you to
 read it as it provides an illustrated, high-level overview complementing the
 detailed feature breakdown in this document.
 
 .. __: http://stronginference.com/post/innovations-in-ipython
 
 A quick summary of the major changes (see below for details):
 
 * **Standalone Qt console**: a new rich console has been added to IPython,
   started with `ipython qtconsole`.  In this application we have tried to
   retain the feel of a terminal for fast and efficient workflows, while adding
   many features that a line-oriented terminal simply can not support, such as
   inline figures, full multiline editing with syntax highlighting, graphical
   tooltips for function calls and much more.  This development was sponsored by
   `Enthought Inc.`__. See :ref:`below <qtconsole_011>` for details.
 
 .. __: http://enthought.com
 
 * **High-level parallel computing with ZeroMQ**. Using the same architecture
   that our Qt console is based on, we have completely rewritten our high-level
   parallel computing machinery that in prior versions used the Twisted
   networking framework.  While this change will require users to update their
   codes, the improvements in performance, memory control and internal
   consistency across our codebase convinced us it was a price worth paying.  We
   have tried to explain how to best proceed with this update, and will be happy
   to answer questions that may arise.  A full tutorial describing these
   features `was presented at SciPy'11`__, more details :ref:`below
   <parallel_011>`.
 
 .. __: http://minrk.github.com/scipy-tutorial-2011
 
 * **New model for GUI/plotting support in the terminal**.  Now instead of the
   various `-Xthread` flags we had before, GUI support is provided without the
   use of any threads, by directly integrating GUI event loops with Python's
   `PyOS_InputHook` API.  A new command-line flag `--gui` controls GUI support,
   and it can also be enabled after IPython startup via the new `%gui` magic.
   This requires some changes if you want to execute GUI-using scripts inside
   IPython, see :ref:`the GUI support section <gui_support>` for more details.
 
 * **A two-process architecture.** The Qt console is the first use of a new
   model that splits IPython between a kernel process where code is executed and
   a client that handles user interaction.  We plan on also providing terminal
   and web-browser based clients using this infrastructure in future releases.
   This model allows multiple clients to interact with an IPython process
   through a :ref:`well-documented messaging protocol <messaging>` using the
   ZeroMQ networking library.
 
 * **Refactoring.** the entire codebase has been refactored, in order to make it
   more modular and easier to contribute to.  IPython has traditionally been a
   hard project to participate because the old codebase was very monolithic.  We
   hope this (ongoing) restructuring will make it easier for new developers to
   join us.
 
 * **Vim integration**. Vim can be configured to seamlessly control an IPython
   kernel, see the files in :file:`docs/examples/vim` for the full details.
   This work was done by Paul Ivanov, who prepared a nice `video
   demonstration`__ of the features it provides.
 
 .. __: http://pirsquared.org/blog/2011/07/28/vim-ipython/
   
 * **Integration into Microsoft Visual Studio**. Thanks to the work of the
   Microsoft `Python Tools for Visual Studio`__ team, this version of IPython
   has been integrated into Microsoft Visual Studio's Python tools open source
   plug-in.  `Details below`_
 
 .. __: http://pytools.codeplex.com
 .. _details below: ms_visual_studio_011_
 
 * **Improved unicode support**. We closed many bugs related to unicode input.
 
 * **Python 3**. IPython now runs on Python 3.x. See :ref:`python3_011` for
   details.
 
 * **New profile model**. Profiles are now directories that contain all relevant
   information for that session, and thus better isolate IPython use-cases.
 
 * **SQLite storage for history**. All history is now stored in a SQLite
   database, providing support for multiple simultaneous sessions that won't
   clobber each other as well as the ability to perform queries on all stored
   data.
 
 * **New configuration system**. All parts of IPython are now configured via a
   mechanism inspired by the Enthought Traits library.  Any configurable element
   can have its attributes set either via files that now use real Python syntax
   or from the command-line.
 
 * **Pasting of code with prompts**. IPython now intelligently strips out input
   prompts , be they plain Python ones (``>>>`` and ``...``) or IPython ones
   (``In [N]:`` and ``...:``).  More details :ref:`here <pasting_with_prompts>`.
   
 
 Authors and support
 -------------------
 
 Over 60 separate authors have contributed to this release, see :ref:`below
 <credits_011>` for a full list.  In particular, we want to highlight the
 extremely active participation of two new core team members: Evan Patterson
 implemented the Qt console, and Thomas Kluyver started with our Python 3 port
 and by now has made major contributions to just about every area of IPython.
 
 We are also grateful for the support we have received during this development
 cycle from several institutions:
 
 - `Enthought Inc`__ funded the development of our new Qt console, an effort that
   required developing major pieces of underlying infrastructure, which now
   power not only the Qt console but also our new parallel machinery.  We'd like
   to thank Eric Jones and Travis Oliphant for their support, as well as Ilan
   Schnell for his tireless work integrating and testing IPython in the
   `Enthought Python Distribution`_.
 
 .. __: http://enthought.com
 .. _Enthought Python Distribution: http://www.enthought.com/products/epd.php
 
 - Nipy/NIH: funding via the `NiPy project`__ (NIH grant 5R01MH081909-02) helped
   us jumpstart the development of this series by restructuring the entire
   codebase two years ago in a way that would make modular development and
   testing more approachable.  Without this initial groundwork, all the new
   features we have added would have been impossible to develop.
 
 .. __: http://nipy.org
 
 - Sage/NSF: funding via the grant `Sage: Unifying Mathematical Software for
   Scientists, Engineers, and Mathematicians`__ (NSF grant DMS-1015114)
   supported a meeting in spring 2011 of several of the core IPython developers
   where major progress was made integrating the last key pieces leading to this
   release.
 
 .. __: http://modular.math.washington.edu/grants/compmath09
 
 - Microsoft's team working on `Python Tools for Visual Studio`__ developed the 
-  integraton of IPython into the Python plugin for Visual Studio 2010.
+  integratron of IPython into the Python plugin for Visual Studio 2010.
 
 .. __: http://pytools.codeplex.com
 
 - Google Summer of Code: in 2010, we had two students developing prototypes of
   the new machinery that is now maturing in this release: `Omar Zapata`_ and
   `Gerardo Gutiérrez`_.
 
 .. _Omar Zapata: http://ipythonzmq.blogspot.com/2010/08/ipython-zmq-status.html
 .. _Gerardo Gutiérrez: http://ipythonqt.blogspot.com/2010/04/ipython-qt-interface-gsoc-2010-proposal.html>
 
 
 Development summary: moving to Git and Github
 ---------------------------------------------
 
 In April 2010, after `one breakage too many with bzr`__, we decided to move our
 entire development process to Git and Github.com.  This has proven to be one of
 the best decisions in the project's history, as the combination of git and
 github have made us far, far more productive than we could be with our previous
 tools.  We first converted our bzr repo to a git one without losing history,
 and a few weeks later ported all open Launchpad bugs to github issues with
 their comments mostly intact (modulo some formatting changes).  This ensured a
 smooth transition where no development history or submitted bugs were lost.
 Feel free to use our little Launchpad to Github issues `porting script`_ if you
 need to make a similar transition.
 
 .. __: http://mail.scipy.org/pipermail/ipython-dev/2010-April/005944.html
 .. _porting script: https://gist.github.com/835577
 
 These simple statistics show how much work has been done on the new release, by
 comparing the current code to the last point it had in common with the 0.10
 series.  A huge diff and ~2200 commits make up this cycle::
 
     git diff $(git merge-base 0.10.2 HEAD)  | wc -l
     288019
 
     git log $(git merge-base 0.10.2 HEAD)..HEAD --oneline | wc -l
     2200
 
 Since our move to github, 511 issues were closed, 226 of which were pull
 requests and 285 regular issues (:ref:`a full list with links
 <issues_list_011>` is available for those interested in the details).  Github's
 pull requests are a fantastic mechanism for reviewing code and building a
 shared ownership of the project, and we are making enthusiastic use of it.
 
 .. Note::
 
    This undercounts the number of issues closed in this development cycle,
    since we only moved to github for issue tracking in May 2010, but we have no
    way of collecting statistics on the number of issues closed in the old
    Launchpad bug tracker prior to that.
 
    
 .. _qtconsole_011:
 
 Qt Console
 ----------
 
 IPython now ships with a Qt application that feels very much like a terminal,
 but is in fact a rich GUI that runs an IPython client but supports inline
 figures, saving sessions to PDF and HTML, multiline editing with syntax
 highlighting, graphical calltips and much more:
 
 .. figure:: ../_images/qtconsole.png
     :width: 400px
     :alt: IPython Qt console with embedded plots
     :align: center
     :target: ../_images/qtconsole.png
 
     The Qt console for IPython, using inline matplotlib plots.
 
 We hope that many projects will embed this widget, which we've kept
 deliberately very lightweight, into their own environments.  In the future we
 may also offer a slightly more featureful application (with menus and other GUI
 elements), but we remain committed to always shipping this easy to embed
 widget.
 
 See the `Jupyter Qt Console site <https://jupyter.org/qtconsole>`_ for a detailed
 description of the console's features and use.
 
 
 .. _parallel_011:
 
 High-level parallel computing with ZeroMQ
 -----------------------------------------
 
 We have completely rewritten the Twisted-based code for high-level parallel
 computing to work atop our new ZeroMQ architecture.  While we realize this will
 break compatibility for a number of users, we hope to make the transition as
 easy as possible with our docs, and we are convinced the change is worth it.
 ZeroMQ provides us with much tighter control over memory, higher performance,
 and its communications are impervious to the Python Global Interpreter Lock
 because they take place in a system-level C++ thread.  The impact of the GIL in
 our previous code was something we could simply not work around, given that
 Twisted is itself a Python library.  So while Twisted is a very capable
 framework, we think ZeroMQ fits our needs much better and we hope you will find
 the change to be a significant improvement in the long run.
 
 Our manual contains a full description of how to use IPython for parallel
 computing, and the `tutorial`__ presented by Min
 Ragan-Kelley at the SciPy 2011 conference provides a hands-on complement to the
 reference docs.
 
 .. __: http://minrk.github.com/scipy-tutorial-2011
 
 
 Refactoring
 -----------
 
 As of this release, a significant portion of IPython has been refactored.  This
 refactoring is founded on a number of new abstractions.  The main new classes
 that implement these abstractions are:
 
 * :class:`traitlets.HasTraits`.
 * :class:`traitlets.config.configurable.Configurable`.
 * :class:`traitlets.config.application.Application`.
 * :class:`traitlets.config.loader.ConfigLoader`.
 * :class:`traitlets.config.loader.Config`
 
 We are still in the process of writing developer focused documentation about
 these classes, but for now our :ref:`configuration documentation
 <config_overview>` contains a high level overview of the concepts that these
 classes express.
 
 The biggest user-visible change is likely the move to using the config system
 to determine the command-line arguments for IPython applications. The benefit
 of this is that *all* configurable values in IPython are exposed on the
 command-line, but the syntax for specifying values has changed. The gist is
 that assigning values is pure Python assignment.  Simple flags exist for
 commonly used options, these are always prefixed with '--'.
 
 The IPython command-line help has the details of all the options (via
 ``ipython --help``), but a simple example should clarify things; the ``pylab``
 flag can be used to start in pylab mode with the qt4 backend::
 
   ipython --pylab=qt
 
 which is equivalent to using the fully qualified form::
 
   ipython --TerminalIPythonApp.pylab=qt
 
 The long-form options can be listed via ``ipython --help-all``.
 
 
 ZeroMQ architecture
 -------------------
 
 There is a new GUI framework for IPython, based on a client-server model in
 which multiple clients can communicate with one IPython kernel, using the
 ZeroMQ messaging framework. There is already a Qt console client, which can
 be started by calling ``ipython qtconsole``. The protocol is :ref:`documented
 <messaging>`.
 
 The parallel computing framework has also been rewritten using ZMQ. The
 protocol is described :ref:`here <parallel_messages>`, and the code is in the
 new :mod:`IPython.parallel` module.
 
 .. _python3_011:
 
 Python 3 support
 ----------------
 
 A Python 3 version of IPython has been prepared. For the time being, this is
 maintained separately and updated from the main codebase. Its code can be found
 `here <https://github.com/ipython/ipython-py3k>`_. The parallel computing
 components are not perfect on Python3, but most functionality appears to be
 working.  As this work is evolving quickly, the best place to find updated
 information about it is our `Python 3 wiki page`__.
 
 .. __: http://wiki.ipython.org/index.php?title=Python_3
 
 
 Unicode
 -------
 
 Entering non-ascii characters in unicode literals (``u"€ø"``) now works
 properly on all platforms. However, entering these in byte/string literals
 (``"€ø"``) will not work as expected on Windows (or any platform where the
 terminal encoding is not UTF-8, as it typically is for Linux & Mac OS X). You
 can use escape sequences (``"\xe9\x82"``) to get bytes above 128, or use
 unicode literals and encode them. This is a limitation of Python 2 which we
 cannot easily work around.
 
 .. _ms_visual_studio_011:
 
 Integration with Microsoft Visual Studio
 ----------------------------------------
 
 IPython can be used as the interactive shell in the `Python plugin for
 Microsoft Visual Studio`__, as seen here:
 
 .. figure:: ../_images/ms_visual_studio.png
     :width: 500px
     :alt: IPython console embedded in Microsoft Visual Studio.
     :align: center
     :target: ../_images/ms_visual_studio.png
 
     IPython console embedded in Microsoft Visual Studio.
 
 The Microsoft team developing this currently has a release candidate out using
 IPython 0.11. We will continue to collaborate with them to ensure that as they
 approach their final release date, the integration with IPython remains smooth.
 We'd like to thank Dino Viehland and Shahrokh Mortazavi for the work they have
 done towards this feature, as well as Wenming Ye for his support of our WinHPC
 capabilities.
 
 .. __: http://pytools.codeplex.com
 
 
 Additional new features
 -----------------------
 
 * Added ``Bytes`` traitlet, removing ``Str``.  All 'string' traitlets should
   either be ``Unicode`` if a real string, or ``Bytes`` if a C-string. This
   removes ambiguity and helps the Python 3 transition.
 
 * New magic ``%loadpy`` loads a python file from disk or web URL into
   the current input buffer.
 
 * New magic ``%pastebin`` for sharing code via the 'Lodge it' pastebin.
 
 * New magic ``%precision`` for controlling float and numpy pretty printing.
 
 * IPython applications initiate logging, so any object can gain access to
   a the logger of the currently running Application with:
 
 .. sourcecode:: python
 
     from traitlets.config.application import Application
     logger = Application.instance().log
 
 * You can now get help on an object halfway through typing a command. For
   instance, typing ``a = zip?`` shows the details of :func:`zip`. It also
   leaves the command at the next prompt so you can carry on with it.
 
 * The input history is now written to an SQLite database. The API for
   retrieving items from the history has also been redesigned.
 
 * The :mod:`IPython.extensions.pretty` extension has been moved out of
   quarantine and fully updated to the new extension API.
 
 * New magics for loading/unloading/reloading extensions have been added:
   ``%load_ext``, ``%unload_ext`` and ``%reload_ext``.
 
 * The configuration system and configuration files are brand new. See the
   configuration system :ref:`documentation <config_index>` for more details.
 
 * The :class:`~IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShell` class is now a
   :class:`~traitlets.config.configurable.Configurable` subclass and has traitlets
   that determine the defaults and runtime environment. The ``__init__`` method
   has also been refactored so this class can be instantiated and run without
   the old :mod:`ipmaker` module.
 
 * The methods of :class:`~IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShell` have
   been organized into sections to make it easier to turn more sections
   of functionality into components.
 
 * The embedded shell has been refactored into a truly standalone subclass of
   :class:`InteractiveShell` called :class:`InteractiveShellEmbed`.  All
   embedding logic has been taken out of the base class and put into the 
   embedded subclass.
 
 * Added methods of :class:`~IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShell` to
   help it cleanup after itself. The :meth:`cleanup` method controls this. We
   couldn't do this in :meth:`__del__` because we have cycles in our object
   graph that prevent it from being called.
 
 * Created a new module :mod:`IPython.utils.importstring` for resolving
   strings like ``foo.bar.Bar`` to the actual class.
 
 * Completely refactored the :mod:`IPython.core.prefilter` module into
   :class:`~traitlets.config.configurable.Configurable` subclasses. Added a new
   layer into the prefilter system, called "transformations" that all new
   prefilter logic should use (rather than the older "checker/handler"
   approach).
 
 * Aliases are now components (:mod:`IPython.core.alias`).
 
 * New top level :func:`~IPython.frontend.terminal.embed.embed` function that can
   be called to embed IPython at any place in user's code. On the first call it
   will create an :class:`~IPython.frontend.terminal.embed.InteractiveShellEmbed`
   instance and call it. In later calls, it just calls the previously created
   :class:`~IPython.frontend.terminal.embed.InteractiveShellEmbed`.
 
 * Created a configuration system (:mod:`traitlets.config.configurable`) that is
   based on :mod:`traitlets`. Configurables are arranged into a
   runtime containment tree (not inheritance) that i) automatically propagates
   configuration information and ii) allows singletons to discover each other in
   a loosely coupled manner. In the future all parts of IPython will be
   subclasses of :class:`~traitlets.config.configurable.Configurable`. All IPython
   developers should become familiar with the config system.
 
 * Created a new :class:`~traitlets.config.loader.Config` for holding
   configuration information. This is a dict like class with a few extras: i)
   it supports attribute style access, ii) it has a merge function that merges
   two :class:`~traitlets.config.loader.Config` instances recursively and iii) it
   will automatically create sub-:class:`~traitlets.config.loader.Config`
   instances for attributes that start with an uppercase character.
 
 * Created new configuration loaders in :mod:`traitlets.config.loader`. These
   loaders provide a unified loading interface for all configuration
   information including command line arguments and configuration files. We
   have two default implementations based on :mod:`argparse` and plain python
   files.  These are used to implement the new configuration system.
 
 * Created a top-level :class:`Application` class in
   :mod:`IPython.core.application` that is designed to encapsulate the starting
   of any basic Python program. An application loads and merges all the
   configuration objects, constructs the main application, configures and
   initiates logging, and creates and configures any :class:`Configurable`
   instances and then starts the application running. An extended
   :class:`BaseIPythonApplication` class adds logic for handling the
   IPython directory as well as profiles, and all IPython entry points
   extend it.
 
 * The :class:`Type` and :class:`Instance` traitlets now handle classes given
   as strings, like ``foo.bar.Bar``. This is needed for forward declarations.
   But, this was implemented in a careful way so that string to class
   resolution is done at a single point, when the parent
   :class:`~traitlets.HasTraitlets` is instantiated.
 
 * :mod:`IPython.utils.ipstruct` has been refactored to be a subclass of 
   dict.  It also now has full docstrings and doctests.
 
 * Created a Traits like implementation in :mod:`traitlets`.  This
   is a pure Python, lightweight version of a library that is similar to
   Enthought's Traits project, but has no dependencies on Enthought's code.  We
   are using this for validation, defaults and notification in our new component
   system.  Although it is not 100% API compatible with Enthought's Traits, we
   plan on moving in this direction so that eventually our implementation could
   be replaced by a (yet to exist) pure Python version of Enthought Traits.
 
 * Added a new module :mod:`IPython.lib.inputhook` to manage the integration
   with GUI event loops using `PyOS_InputHook`.  See the docstrings in this
   module or the main IPython docs for details.
 
 * For users, GUI event loop integration is now handled through the new
   :command:`%gui` magic command.  Type ``%gui?`` at an IPython prompt for
   documentation.
 
 * For developers :mod:`IPython.lib.inputhook` provides a simple interface
   for managing the event loops in their interactive GUI applications.
   Examples can be found in our :file:`examples/lib` directory.
 
 Backwards incompatible changes
 ------------------------------
 
 * The Twisted-based :mod:`IPython.kernel` has been removed, and completely
   rewritten as :mod:`IPython.parallel`, using ZeroMQ.
 
 * Profiles are now directories. Instead of a profile being a single config file,
   profiles are now self-contained directories. By default, profiles get their
   own IPython history, log files, and everything. To create a new profile, do
   ``ipython profile create <name>``.
 
 * All IPython applications have been rewritten to use
   :class:`~traitlets.config.loader.KeyValueConfigLoader`. This means that
   command-line options have changed. Now, all configurable values are accessible
   from the command-line with the same syntax as in a configuration file.
 
 * The command line options ``-wthread``, ``-qthread`` and
   ``-gthread`` have been removed. Use ``--gui=wx``, ``--gui=qt``, ``--gui=gtk``
   instead.
 
 * The extension loading functions have been renamed to
   :func:`load_ipython_extension` and :func:`unload_ipython_extension`.
 
 * :class:`~IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShell` no longer takes an
   ``embedded`` argument. Instead just use the
   :class:`~IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellEmbed` class.
 
 * ``__IPYTHON__`` is no longer injected into ``__builtin__``.
 
 * :meth:`Struct.__init__` no longer takes `None` as its first argument.  It
   must be a :class:`dict` or :class:`Struct`.
 
 * :meth:`~IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShell.ipmagic` has been
   renamed :meth:`~IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShell.magic.`
 
 * The functions :func:`ipmagic` and :func:`ipalias` have been removed from
   :mod:`__builtins__`.
 
 * The references to the global
   :class:`~IPython.core.interactivehell.InteractiveShell` instance (``_ip``, and
   ``__IP``) have been removed from the user's namespace. They are replaced by a
   new function called :func:`get_ipython` that returns the current
   :class:`~IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShell` instance. This
   function is injected into the user's namespace and is now the main way of
   accessing the running IPython.
 
 * Old style configuration files :file:`ipythonrc` and :file:`ipy_user_conf.py`
   are no longer supported. Users should migrate there configuration files to
   the new format described :doc:`here </config/intro>` and
   :ref:`here <config_overview>`.
 
 * The old IPython extension API that relied on :func:`ipapi` has been
   completely removed. The new extension API is described :ref:`here
   <extensions_overview>`.
 
 * Support for ``qt3`` has been dropped.  Users who need this should use
   previous versions of IPython.
 
 * Removed :mod:`shellglobals` as it was obsolete.
 
 * Removed all the threaded shells in :mod:`IPython.core.shell`. These are no
   longer needed because of the new capabilities in
   :mod:`IPython.lib.inputhook`.
 
 * New top-level sub-packages have been created: :mod:`IPython.core`, 
   :mod:`IPython.lib`, :mod:`IPython.utils`, :mod:`IPython.deathrow`,
   :mod:`IPython.quarantine`.  All existing top-level modules have been
   moved to appropriate sub-packages.  All internal import statements
   have been updated and tests have been added.  The build system (setup.py
   and friends) have been updated. See :doc:`/api/index` for details of these
   new sub-packages.
 
 * :mod:`IPython.ipapi` has been moved to :mod:`IPython.core.ipapi`.
   :mod:`IPython.Shell` and :mod:`IPython.iplib` have been split and removed as
   part of the refactor.
 
 * :mod:`Extensions` has been moved to :mod:`extensions` and all existing
   extensions have been moved to either :mod:`IPython.quarantine` or
   :mod:`IPython.deathrow`. :mod:`IPython.quarantine` contains modules that we
   plan on keeping but that need to be updated. :mod:`IPython.deathrow` contains
   modules that are either dead or that should be maintained as third party
   libraries.
 
 * Previous IPython GUIs in :mod:`IPython.frontend` and :mod:`IPython.gui` are
   likely broken, and have been removed to :mod:`IPython.deathrow` because of the
   refactoring in the core. With proper updates, these should still work.
 
 
 Known Regressions
 -----------------
 
 We do our best to improve IPython, but there are some known regressions in 0.11
 relative to 0.10.2.  First of all, there are features that have yet to be
 ported to the new APIs, and in order to ensure that all of the installed code
 runs for our users, we have moved them to two separate directories in the
 source distribution, `quarantine` and `deathrow`.  Finally, we have some other
 miscellaneous regressions that we hope to fix as soon as possible.  We now
 describe all of these in more detail.
 
 Quarantine
 ~~~~~~~~~~
 
 These are tools and extensions that we consider relatively easy to update to
 the new classes and APIs, but that we simply haven't had time for.  Any user
 who is interested in one of these is encouraged to help us by porting it and
 submitting a pull request on our `development site`_.
 
 .. _development site: http://github.com/ipython/ipython
 
 Currently, the quarantine directory contains::
 
     clearcmd.py            ipy_fsops.py            ipy_signals.py
     envpersist.py          ipy_gnuglobal.py        ipy_synchronize_with.py
     ext_rescapture.py      ipy_greedycompleter.py  ipy_system_conf.py
     InterpreterExec.py     ipy_jot.py              ipy_which.py
     ipy_app_completers.py  ipy_lookfor.py          ipy_winpdb.py
     ipy_autoreload.py      ipy_profile_doctest.py  ipy_workdir.py
     ipy_completers.py      ipy_pydb.py             jobctrl.py
     ipy_editors.py         ipy_rehashdir.py        ledit.py
     ipy_exportdb.py        ipy_render.py           pspersistence.py
     ipy_extutil.py         ipy_server.py           win32clip.py
 
 Deathrow
 ~~~~~~~~
 
 These packages may be harder to update or make most sense as third-party
 libraries.  Some of them are completely obsolete and have been already replaced
 by better functionality (we simply haven't had the time to carefully weed them
 out so they are kept here for now). Others simply require fixes to code that
 the current core team may not be familiar with.  If a tool you were used to is
 included here, we encourage you to contact the dev list and we can discuss
 whether it makes sense to keep it in IPython (if it can be maintained).
 
 Currently, the deathrow directory contains::
 
     astyle.py              ipy_defaults.py          ipy_vimserver.py
     dtutils.py             ipy_kitcfg.py            numeric_formats.py
     Gnuplot2.py            ipy_legacy.py            numutils.py
     GnuplotInteractive.py  ipy_p4.py                outputtrap.py
     GnuplotRuntime.py      ipy_profile_none.py      PhysicalQInput.py
     ibrowse.py             ipy_profile_numpy.py     PhysicalQInteractive.py
     igrid.py               ipy_profile_scipy.py     quitter.py*
     ipipe.py               ipy_profile_sh.py        scitedirector.py
     iplib.py               ipy_profile_zope.py      Shell.py
     ipy_constants.py       ipy_traits_completer.py  twshell.py
 
 
 Other regressions
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 * The machinery that adds functionality to the 'sh' profile for using IPython
   as your system shell has not been updated to use the new APIs.  As a result,
   only the aesthetic (prompt) changes are still implemented. We intend to fix
   this by 0.12.  Tracked as issue 547_.
 
 .. _547: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/547
 
 * The installation of scripts on Windows was broken without setuptools, so we
   now depend on setuptools on Windows.  We hope to fix setuptools-less
   installation, and then remove the setuptools dependency.  Issue 539_.
 
 .. _539: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/539
 
 * The directory history `_dh` is not saved between sessions.  Issue 634_.
 
 .. _634: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/634
 
 
 Removed Features
 ----------------
 
 As part of the updating of IPython, we have removed a few features for the
 purposes of cleaning up the codebase and interfaces.  These removals are
 permanent, but for any item listed below, equivalent functionality is
 available.
 
 * The magics Exit and Quit have been dropped as ways to exit IPython. Instead,
   the lowercase forms of both work either as a bare name (``exit``) or a
   function call (``exit()``).  You can assign these to other names using
   exec_lines in the config file.
 
 
 .. _credits_011:
 
 Credits
 -------
 
 Many users and developers contributed code, features, bug reports and ideas to
 this release.  Please do not hesitate in contacting us if we've failed to
 acknowledge your contribution here.  In particular, for this release we have
 contribution from the following people, a mix of new and regular names (in
 alphabetical order by first name):
 
 * Aenugu Sai Kiran Reddy <saikrn08-at-gmail.com>
 * andy wilson <wilson.andrew.j+github-at-gmail.com>
 * Antonio Cuni <antocuni>
 * Barry Wark <barrywark-at-gmail.com>
 * Beetoju Anuradha <anu.beethoju-at-gmail.com>
 * Benjamin Ragan-Kelley <minrk-at-Mercury.local>
 * Brad Reisfeld
 * Brian E. Granger <ellisonbg-at-gmail.com>
 * Christoph Gohlke <cgohlke-at-uci.edu>
 * Cody Precord
 * dan.milstein
 * Darren Dale <dsdale24-at-gmail.com>
 * Dav Clark <davclark-at-berkeley.edu>
 * David Warde-Farley <wardefar-at-iro.umontreal.ca>
 * epatters <ejpatters-at-gmail.com>
 * epatters <epatters-at-caltech.edu>
 * epatters <epatters-at-enthought.com>
 * Eric Firing <efiring-at-hawaii.edu>
 * Erik Tollerud <erik.tollerud-at-gmail.com>
 * Evan Patterson <epatters-at-enthought.com>
 * Fernando Perez <Fernando.Perez-at-berkeley.edu>
 * Gael Varoquaux <gael.varoquaux-at-normalesup.org>
 * Gerardo <muzgash-at-Muzpelheim>
 * Jason Grout <jason.grout-at-drake.edu>
 * John Hunter <jdh2358-at-gmail.com>
 * Jens Hedegaard Nielsen <jenshnielsen-at-gmail.com>
 * Johann Cohen-Tanugi <johann.cohentanugi-at-gmail.com>
 * Jörgen Stenarson <jorgen.stenarson-at-bostream.nu>
 * Justin Riley <justin.t.riley-at-gmail.com>
 * Kiorky
 * Laurent Dufrechou <laurent.dufrechou-at-gmail.com>
 * Luis Pedro Coelho <lpc-at-cmu.edu>
 * Mani chandra <mchandra-at-iitk.ac.in>
 * Mark E. Smith
 * Mark Voorhies <mark.voorhies-at-ucsf.edu>
 * Martin Spacek <git-at-mspacek.mm.st>
 * Michael Droettboom <mdroe-at-stsci.edu>
 * MinRK <benjaminrk-at-gmail.com>
 * muzuiget <muzuiget-at-gmail.com>
 * Nick Tarleton <nick-at-quixey.com>
 * Nicolas Rougier <Nicolas.rougier-at-inria.fr>
 * Omar Andres Zapata Mesa <andresete.chaos-at-gmail.com>
 * Paul Ivanov <pivanov314-at-gmail.com>
 * Pauli Virtanen <pauli.virtanen-at-iki.fi>
 * Prabhu Ramachandran
 * Ramana <sramana9-at-gmail.com>
 * Robert Kern <robert.kern-at-gmail.com>
 * Sathesh Chandra <satheshchandra88-at-gmail.com>
 * Satrajit Ghosh <satra-at-mit.edu>
 * Sebastian Busch
 * Skipper Seabold <jsseabold-at-gmail.com>
 * Stefan van der Walt <bzr-at-mentat.za.net>
 * Stephan Peijnik <debian-at-sp.or.at>
 * Steven Bethard
 * Thomas Kluyver <takowl-at-gmail.com>
 * Thomas Spura <tomspur-at-fedoraproject.org>
 * Tom Fetherston <tfetherston-at-aol.com>
 * Tom MacWright
 * tzanko
 * vankayala sowjanya <hai.sowjanya-at-gmail.com>
 * Vivian De Smedt <vds2212-at-VIVIAN>
 * Ville M. Vainio <vivainio-at-gmail.com>
 * Vishal Vatsa <vishal.vatsa-at-gmail.com>
 * Vishnu S G <sgvishnu777-at-gmail.com>
 * Walter Doerwald <walter-at-livinglogic.de>
 
 .. note::
 
     This list was generated with the output of
     ``git log dev-0.11 HEAD --format='* %aN <%aE>' | sed 's/@/\-at\-/' | sed 's/<>//' | sort -u``
     after some cleanup.  If you should be on this list, please add yourself.