Merging -r 1182 from lp:ipython.

Minor conflicts with removal of testing/attic.

IPython/core/iplib.py

@@ -1,2865 +1,2865 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python
 
 Requires Python 2.4 or newer.
 
 This file contains all the classes and helper functions specific to IPython.
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #
 # Note: this code originally subclassed code.InteractiveConsole from the
 # Python standard library.  Over time, all of that class has been copied
 # verbatim here for modifications which could not be accomplished by
 # subclassing.  At this point, there are no dependencies at all on the code
 # module anymore (it is not even imported).  The Python License (sec. 2)
 # allows for this, but it's always nice to acknowledge credit where credit is
 # due.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Modules and globals
 
 # Python standard modules
 import __main__
 import __builtin__
 import StringIO
 import bdb
 import codeop
 import exceptions
 import glob
 import keyword
 import new
 import os
 import re
 import shutil
 import string
 import sys
 import tempfile
 
 # IPython's own modules
 #import IPython
 from IPython.core import ultratb
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize
 from IPython.core import debugger, oinspect
 from IPython.extensions import pickleshare
 from IPython.core.fakemodule import FakeModule, init_fakemod_dict
 from IPython.external.Itpl import ItplNS
 from IPython.core.logger import Logger
 from IPython.core.magic import Magic
 from IPython.core.prompts import CachedOutput
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.lib.backgroundjobs import BackgroundJobManager
 from IPython.utils.genutils import *
 from IPython.utils.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 from IPython.core import ipapi
 import IPython.core.history
 import IPython.core.prefilter as prefilter
 from IPython.core import shadowns
 # Globals
 
 # store the builtin raw_input globally, and use this always, in case user code
 # overwrites it (like wx.py.PyShell does)
 raw_input_original = raw_input
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Some utility function definitions
 
 ini_spaces_re = re.compile(r'^(\s+)')
 
 def num_ini_spaces(strng):
     """Return the number of initial spaces in a string"""
 
     ini_spaces = ini_spaces_re.match(strng)
     if ini_spaces:
         return ini_spaces.end()
     else:
         return 0
 
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 
 def user_setup(ipythondir,rc_suffix,mode='install',interactive=True):
     """Install or upgrade the user configuration directory.
 
     Can be called when running for the first time or to upgrade the user's
     .ipython/ directory.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
       ipythondir : path
         The directory to be used for installation/upgrade.  In 'install' mode,
         if this path already exists, the function exits immediately.
 
       rc_suffix : str
         Extension for the config files.  On *nix platforms it is typically the
         empty string, while Windows normally uses '.ini'.
 
       mode : str, optional
         Valid modes are 'install' and 'upgrade'.
 
       interactive : bool, optional
         If False, do not wait for user input on any errors.  Normally after
         printing its status information, this function waits for the user to
         hit Return before proceeding.  This is because the default use case is
         when first installing the IPython configuration, so we want the user to
         acknowledge the initial message, which contains some useful
         information.
         """
 
     # For automatic use, deactivate all i/o
     if interactive:
         def wait():
             try:
                 raw_input("Please press <RETURN> to start IPython.")
             except EOFError:
                 print >> Term.cout
             print '*'*70
 
         def printf(s):
             print s
     else:
         wait = lambda : None
         printf = lambda s : None
 
     # Install mode should be re-entrant: if the install dir already exists,
     # bail out cleanly.
     # XXX.  This is too hasty to return.  We need to check to make sure that
     # all the expected config files and directories are actually there. We
     # currently have a failure mode if someone deletes a needed config file
     # but still has the ipythondir.
     if mode == 'install' and os.path.isdir(ipythondir):
         return
 
     cwd = os.getcwd()  # remember where we started
     glb = glob.glob
 
     printf('*'*70)
     if mode == 'install':
         printf(
 """Welcome to IPython. I will try to create a personal configuration directory
 where you can customize many aspects of IPython's functionality in:\n""")
     else:
         printf('I am going to upgrade your configuration in:')
 
     printf(ipythondir)
 
     rcdirend = os.path.join('IPython','config','userconfig')
     cfg = lambda d: os.path.join(d,rcdirend)
     try:
         rcdir = filter(os.path.isdir,map(cfg,sys.path))[0]
         printf("Initializing from configuration: %s" % rcdir)
     except IndexError:
         warning = """
 Installation error. IPython's directory was not found.
 
 Check the following:
 
 The ipython/IPython directory should be in a directory belonging to your
 PYTHONPATH environment variable (that is, it should be in a directory
 belonging to sys.path). You can copy it explicitly there or just link to it.
 
 IPython will create a minimal default configuration for you.
 
 """
         warn(warning)
         wait()
 
         if sys.platform =='win32':
             inif = 'ipythonrc.ini'
         else:
             inif = 'ipythonrc'
         minimal_setup = {'ipy_user_conf.py' : 'import ipy_defaults',
                          inif : '# intentionally left blank' }
         os.makedirs(ipythondir, mode = 0777)
         for f, cont in minimal_setup.items():
             # In 2.5, this can be more cleanly done using 'with'
             fobj = file(ipythondir + '/' + f,'w')
             fobj.write(cont)
             fobj.close()
 
         return
 
     if mode == 'install':
         try:
             shutil.copytree(rcdir,ipythondir)
             os.chdir(ipythondir)
             rc_files = glb("ipythonrc*")
             for rc_file in rc_files:
                 os.rename(rc_file,rc_file+rc_suffix)
         except:
             warning = """
 
 There was a problem with the installation:
 %s
 Try to correct it or contact the developers if you think it's a bug.
 IPython will proceed with builtin defaults.""" % sys.exc_info()[1]
             warn(warning)
             wait()
             return
 
     elif mode == 'upgrade':
         try:
             os.chdir(ipythondir)
         except:
             printf("""
 Can not upgrade: changing to directory %s failed. Details:
 %s
 """ % (ipythondir,sys.exc_info()[1]) )
             wait()
             return
         else:
             sources = glb(os.path.join(rcdir,'[A-Za-z]*'))
             for new_full_path in sources:
                 new_filename = os.path.basename(new_full_path)
                 if new_filename.startswith('ipythonrc'):
                     new_filename = new_filename + rc_suffix
                 # The config directory should only contain files, skip any
                 # directories which may be there (like CVS)
                 if os.path.isdir(new_full_path):
                     continue
                 if os.path.exists(new_filename):
                     old_file = new_filename+'.old'
                     if os.path.exists(old_file):
                         os.remove(old_file)
                     os.rename(new_filename,old_file)
                 shutil.copy(new_full_path,new_filename)
     else:
         raise ValueError('unrecognized mode for install: %r' % mode)
 
     # Fix line-endings to those native to each platform in the config
     # directory.
     try:
         os.chdir(ipythondir)
     except:
         printf("""
 Problem: changing to directory %s failed.
 Details:
 %s
 
 Some configuration files may have incorrect line endings.  This should not
 cause any problems during execution.  """ % (ipythondir,sys.exc_info()[1]) )
         wait()
     else:
         for fname in glb('ipythonrc*'):
             try:
                 native_line_ends(fname,backup=0)
             except IOError:
                 pass
 
     if mode == 'install':
         printf("""
 Successful installation!
 
 Please read the sections 'Initial Configuration' and 'Quick Tips' in the
 IPython manual (there are both HTML and PDF versions supplied with the
 distribution) to make sure that your system environment is properly configured
 to take advantage of IPython's features.
 
 Important note: the configuration system has changed! The old system is
 still in place, but its setting may be partly overridden by the settings in 
 "~/.ipython/ipy_user_conf.py" config file. Please take a look at the file 
 if some of the new settings bother you. 
 
 """)
     else:
         printf("""
 Successful upgrade!
 
 All files in your directory:
 %(ipythondir)s
 which would have been overwritten by the upgrade were backed up with a .old
 extension.  If you had made particular customizations in those files you may
 want to merge them back into the new files.""" % locals() )
     wait()
     os.chdir(cwd)
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Local use exceptions
 class SpaceInInput(exceptions.Exception): pass
 
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Local use classes
 class Bunch: pass
 
 class Undefined: pass
 
 class Quitter(object):
     """Simple class to handle exit, similar to Python 2.5's.
 
     It handles exiting in an ipython-safe manner, which the one in Python 2.5
     doesn't do (obviously, since it doesn't know about ipython)."""
     
     def __init__(self,shell,name):
         self.shell = shell
         self.name = name
         
     def __repr__(self):
         return 'Type %s() to exit.' % self.name
     __str__ = __repr__
 
     def __call__(self):
         self.shell.exit()
 
 class InputList(list):
     """Class to store user input.
 
     It's basically a list, but slices return a string instead of a list, thus
     allowing things like (assuming 'In' is an instance):
 
     exec In[4:7]
 
     or
 
     exec In[5:9] + In[14] + In[21:25]"""
 
     def __getslice__(self,i,j):
         return ''.join(list.__getslice__(self,i,j))
 
 class SyntaxTB(ultratb.ListTB):
     """Extension which holds some state: the last exception value"""
 
     def __init__(self,color_scheme = 'NoColor'):
         ultratb.ListTB.__init__(self,color_scheme)
         self.last_syntax_error = None
 
     def __call__(self, etype, value, elist):
         self.last_syntax_error = value
         ultratb.ListTB.__call__(self,etype,value,elist)
 
     def clear_err_state(self):
         """Return the current error state and clear it"""
         e = self.last_syntax_error
         self.last_syntax_error = None
         return e
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Main IPython class
 
 # FIXME: the Magic class is a mixin for now, and will unfortunately remain so
 # until a full rewrite is made.  I've cleaned all cross-class uses of
 # attributes and methods, but too much user code out there relies on the
 # equlity %foo == __IP.magic_foo, so I can't actually remove the mixin usage.
 #
 # But at least now, all the pieces have been separated and we could, in
 # principle, stop using the mixin.  This will ease the transition to the
 # chainsaw branch.
 
 # For reference, the following is the list of 'self.foo' uses in the Magic
 # class as of 2005-12-28.  These are names we CAN'T use in the main ipython
 # class, to prevent clashes.
 
 # ['self.__class__', 'self.__dict__', 'self._inspect', 'self._ofind',
 #  'self.arg_err', 'self.extract_input', 'self.format_', 'self.lsmagic',
 #  'self.magic_', 'self.options_table', 'self.parse', 'self.shell',
 #  'self.value']
 
 class InteractiveShell(object,Magic):
     """An enhanced console for Python."""
 
     # class attribute to indicate whether the class supports threads or not.
     # Subclasses with thread support should override this as needed.
     isthreaded = False
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,banner2='',
                  custom_exceptions=((),None),embedded=False):
 
         # log system
         self.logger = Logger(self,logfname='ipython_log.py',logmode='rotate')
             
         # Job manager (for jobs run as background threads)
         self.jobs = BackgroundJobManager()
 
         # Store the actual shell's name
         self.name = name
         self.more = False
 
         # We need to know whether the instance is meant for embedding, since
         # global/local namespaces need to be handled differently in that case
         self.embedded = embedded
         if embedded:
             # Control variable so users can, from within the embedded instance,
             # permanently deactivate it.
             self.embedded_active = True
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = codeop.CommandCompiler()
 
         # User input buffer
         self.buffer = []
 
         # Default name given in compilation of code
         self.filename = '<ipython console>'
 
         # Install our own quitter instead of the builtins.  For python2.3-2.4,
         # this brings in behavior like 2.5, and for 2.5 it's identical.
         __builtin__.exit = Quitter(self,'exit')
         __builtin__.quit = Quitter(self,'quit')
         
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return properly built dicts as needed by the rest of
         # the code, and can also be used by extension writers to generate
         # properly initialized namespaces.
         user_ns, user_global_ns = ipapi.make_user_namespaces(user_ns,
             user_global_ns)
 
         # Assign namespaces
         # This is the namespace where all normal user variables live
         self.user_ns = user_ns
         self.user_global_ns = user_global_ns
 
         # An auxiliary namespace that checks what parts of the user_ns were
         # loaded at startup, so we can list later only variables defined in
         # actual interactive use.  Since it is always a subset of user_ns, it
         # doesn't need to be seaparately tracked in the ns_table
         self.user_config_ns = {}
 
         # A namespace to keep track of internal data structures to prevent
         # them from cluttering user-visible stuff.  Will be updated later
         self.internal_ns = {}
 
         # Namespace of system aliases.  Each entry in the alias
         # table must be a 2-tuple of the form (N,name), where N is the number
         # of positional arguments of the alias.
         self.alias_table = {}
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so docetst and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  Top-level references to objects from the
         # script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them.  However,
         # calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
         # the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
         # to the original objects, which are now all None.  So we must protect
         # these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
         # 
         # To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
         # last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
         # only the last version of the module is held in the cache.  Note,
         # however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
         # __dict__).  Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
         # (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
         # those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
         # 
         # The %reset command will flush this cache.  See the cache_main_mod()
         # and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
 
         # This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
         self._main_ns_cache = {}
         # And this is the single instance of FakeModule whose __dict__ we keep
         # copying and clearing for reuse on each %run
         self._user_main_module = FakeModule()
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user':user_ns,
                          'user_global':user_global_ns,
                          'alias':self.alias_table,
                          'internal':self.internal_ns,
                          'builtin':__builtin__.__dict__
                          }
 
         # Similarly, track all namespaces where references can be held and that
         # we can safely clear (so it can NOT include builtin).  This one can be
         # a simple list.
         self.ns_refs_table = [ user_ns, user_global_ns, self.user_config_ns,
                                self.alias_table, self.internal_ns,
                                self._main_ns_cache ]
         
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         if not embedded:
             try:
                 main_name = self.user_ns['__name__']
             except KeyError:
                 raise KeyError,'user_ns dictionary MUST have a "__name__" key'
             else:
                 #print "pickle hack in place"  # dbg
                 #print 'main_name:',main_name # dbg
                 sys.modules[main_name] = FakeModule(self.user_ns)
         
         # List of input with multi-line handling.
         self.input_hist = InputList()
         # This one will hold the 'raw' input history, without any
         # pre-processing.  This will allow users to retrieve the input just as
         # it was exactly typed in by the user, with %hist -r.
         self.input_hist_raw = InputList()
 
         # list of visited directories
         try:
             self.dir_hist = [os.getcwd()]
         except OSError:
             self.dir_hist = []
 
         # dict of output history
         self.output_hist = {}
 
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
         # dict of things NOT to alias (keywords, builtins and some magics)
         no_alias = {}
         no_alias_magics = ['cd','popd','pushd','dhist','alias','unalias']
         for key in keyword.kwlist + no_alias_magics:
             no_alias[key] = 1
         no_alias.update(__builtin__.__dict__)
         self.no_alias = no_alias
 
         # Object variable to store code object waiting execution.  This is
         # used mainly by the multithreaded shells, but it can come in handy in
         # other situations.  No need to use a Queue here, since it's a single
         # item which gets cleared once run.
         self.code_to_run = None
         
         # escapes for automatic behavior on the command line
         self.ESC_SHELL  = '!'
         self.ESC_SH_CAP = '!!'
         self.ESC_HELP   = '?'
         self.ESC_MAGIC  = '%'
         self.ESC_QUOTE  = ','
         self.ESC_QUOTE2 = ';'
         self.ESC_PAREN  = '/'
 
         # And their associated handlers
         self.esc_handlers = {self.ESC_PAREN  : self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_QUOTE  : self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_QUOTE2 : self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_MAGIC  : self.handle_magic,
                              self.ESC_HELP   : self.handle_help,
                              self.ESC_SHELL  : self.handle_shell_escape,
                              self.ESC_SH_CAP : self.handle_shell_escape,
                              }
 
         # class initializations
         Magic.__init__(self,self)
 
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser().format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str',self.rc['colors'])
 
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
         
         self.strdispatchers = {}
         
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         import IPython.core.hooks
         hooks = IPython.core.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name), 100)
             #print "bound hook",hook_name
 
         # Flag to mark unconditional exit
         self.exit_now = False
 
         self.usage_min =  """\
         An enhanced console for Python.
         Some of its features are:
         - Readline support if the readline library is present.
         - Tab completion in the local namespace.
         - Logging of input, see command-line options.
         - System shell escape via ! , eg !ls.
         - Magic commands, starting with a % (like %ls, %pwd, %cd, etc.)
         - Keeps track of locally defined variables via %who, %whos.
         - Show object information with a ? eg ?x or x? (use ?? for more info).
         """
         if usage: self.usage = usage
         else: self.usage = self.usage_min
 
         # Storage
         self.rc = rc   # This will hold all configuration information
         self.pager = 'less'
         # temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         self.tempfiles = []
 
         # Keep track of readline usage (later set by init_readline)
         self.has_readline = False
 
         # template for logfile headers.  It gets resolved at runtime by the
         # logstart method.
         self.loghead_tpl = \
 """#log# Automatic Logger file. *** THIS MUST BE THE FIRST LINE ***
 #log# DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE OR THE TWO BELOW
 #log# opts = %s
 #log# args = %s
 #log# It is safe to make manual edits below here.
 #log#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 """
         # for pushd/popd management
         try:
             self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
         except HomeDirError,msg:
             fatal(msg)
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
         # Functions to call the underlying shell.
 
         # The first is similar to os.system, but it doesn't return a value,
         # and it allows interpolation of variables in the user's namespace.
         self.system = lambda cmd: \
                       self.hooks.shell_hook(self.var_expand(cmd,depth=2))
 
         # These are for getoutput and getoutputerror:
         self.getoutput = lambda cmd: \
                          getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd,depth=2),
                                    header=self.rc.system_header,
                                    verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
 
         self.getoutputerror = lambda cmd: \
                               getoutputerror(self.var_expand(cmd,depth=2),
                                              header=self.rc.system_header,
                                              verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
  
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Various switches which can be set
         self.CACHELENGTH = 5000  # this is cheap, it's just text
         self.BANNER = "Python %(version)s on %(platform)s\n" % sys.__dict__
         self.banner2 = banner2
 
         # TraceBack handlers:
 
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor')
         
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1)
 
         # IPython itself shouldn't crash. This will produce a detailed
         # post-mortem if it does.  But we only install the crash handler for
         # non-threaded shells, the threaded ones use a normal verbose reporter
         # and lose the crash handler.  This is because exceptions in the main
         # thread (such as in GUI code) propagate directly to sys.excepthook,
         # and there's no point in printing crash dumps for every user exception.
         if self.isthreaded:
             ipCrashHandler = ultratb.FormattedTB()
         else:
             from IPython.core import crashhandler
             ipCrashHandler = crashhandler.IPythonCrashHandler(self)
         self.set_crash_handler(ipCrashHandler)
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # indentation management
         self.autoindent = False
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
         # Make some aliases automatically
         # Prepare list of shell aliases to auto-define
         if os.name == 'posix':
             auto_alias = ('mkdir mkdir', 'rmdir rmdir',
                           'mv mv -i','rm rm -i','cp cp -i',
                           'cat cat','less less','clear clear',
                           # a better ls
                           'ls ls -F',
                           # long ls
                           'll ls -lF')
             # Extra ls aliases with color, which need special treatment on BSD
             # variants
             ls_extra = ( # color ls
                          'lc ls -F -o --color',
                          # ls normal files only
                          'lf ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^-',
                          # ls symbolic links
                          'lk ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^l',
                          # directories or links to directories,
                          'ldir ls -F -o --color %l | grep /$',
                          # things which are executable
                          'lx ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^-..x',
                          )
             # The BSDs don't ship GNU ls, so they don't understand the
             # --color switch out of the box
             if 'bsd' in sys.platform:
                 ls_extra = ( # ls normal files only
                              'lf ls -lF | grep ^-',
                              # ls symbolic links
                              'lk ls -lF | grep ^l',
                              # directories or links to directories,
                              'ldir ls -lF | grep /$',
                              # things which are executable
                              'lx ls -lF | grep ^-..x',
                              )
             auto_alias = auto_alias + ls_extra
         elif os.name in ['nt','dos']:
             auto_alias = ('ls dir /on',
                           'ddir dir /ad /on', 'ldir dir /ad /on',
                           'mkdir mkdir','rmdir rmdir','echo echo',
                           'ren ren','cls cls','copy copy')
         else:
             auto_alias = ()
         self.auto_alias = [s.split(None,1) for s in auto_alias]
         
         # Produce a public API instance
         self.api = ipapi.IPApi(self)
 
         # Initialize all user-visible namespaces
         self.init_namespaces()
         
         # Call the actual (public) initializer
         self.init_auto_alias()
 
         # track which builtins we add, so we can clean up later
         self.builtins_added = {}
         # This method will add the necessary builtins for operation, but
         # tracking what it did via the builtins_added dict.
         
         #TODO: remove this, redundant
         self.add_builtins()
     # end __init__
 
     def var_expand(self,cmd,depth=0):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
 
         return str(ItplNS(cmd,
                           self.user_ns,  # globals
                           # Skip our own frame in searching for locals:
                           sys._getframe(depth+1).f_locals # locals
                           ))
 
     def pre_config_initialization(self):
         """Pre-configuration init method
 
         This is called before the configuration files are processed to
         prepare the services the config files might need.
         
         self.rc already has reasonable default values at this point.
         """
         rc = self.rc
         try:
             self.db = pickleshare.PickleShareDB(rc.ipythondir + "/db")
         except exceptions.UnicodeDecodeError:
             print "Your ipythondir can't be decoded to unicode!"
             print "Please set HOME environment variable to something that"
             print r"only has ASCII characters, e.g. c:\home"
             print "Now it is",rc.ipythondir
             sys.exit()
         self.shadowhist = IPython.core.history.ShadowHist(self.db)
 
     def post_config_initialization(self):
         """Post configuration init method
 
         This is called after the configuration files have been processed to
         'finalize' the initialization."""
 
         rc = self.rc
 
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = oinspect.Inspector(oinspect.InspectColors,
                                             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
                                             'NoColor',
                                             rc.object_info_string_level)
         
         self.rl_next_input = None
         self.rl_do_indent = False
         # Load readline proper
         if rc.readline:
             self.init_readline()
         
         # local shortcut, this is used a LOT
         self.log = self.logger.log
 
         # Initialize cache, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.outputcache = CachedOutput(self,
                                         rc.cache_size,
                                         rc.pprint,
                                         input_sep = rc.separate_in,
                                         output_sep = rc.separate_out,
                                         output_sep2 = rc.separate_out2,
                                         ps1 = rc.prompt_in1,
                                         ps2 = rc.prompt_in2,
                                         ps_out = rc.prompt_out,
                                         pad_left = rc.prompts_pad_left)
 
         # user may have over-ridden the default print hook:
         try:
             self.outputcache.__class__.display = self.hooks.display
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 
         # I don't like assigning globally to sys, because it means when
         # embedding instances, each embedded instance overrides the previous
         # choice. But sys.displayhook seems to be called internally by exec,
         # so I don't see a way around it.  We first save the original and then
         # overwrite it.
         self.sys_displayhook = sys.displayhook
         sys.displayhook = self.outputcache
 
         # Do a proper resetting of doctest, including the necessary displayhook
         # monkeypatching
         try:
             doctest_reload()
         except ImportError:
             warn("doctest module does not exist.")
         
         # Set user colors (don't do it in the constructor above so that it
         # doesn't crash if colors option is invalid)
         self.magic_colors(rc.colors)
 
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         self.call_pdb = rc.pdb
 
         # Load user aliases
         for alias in rc.alias:
             self.magic_alias(alias)
         
         self.hooks.late_startup_hook()
         
         for cmd in self.rc.autoexec:
             #print "autoexec>",cmd #dbg
             self.api.runlines(cmd)
             
         batchrun = False
         for batchfile in [path(arg) for arg in self.rc.args 
             if arg.lower().endswith('.ipy')]:
             if not batchfile.isfile():
                 print "No such batch file:", batchfile
                 continue
             self.api.runlines(batchfile.text())
             batchrun = True
         # without -i option, exit after running the batch file
         if batchrun and not self.rc.interact:
             self.ask_exit()            
 
     def init_namespaces(self):
         """Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
 
         Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
         act as user namespaces.
 
-        Note
-        ----
+        Notes
+        -----
         All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
         method.  If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
         therm.
         """
         # The user namespace MUST have a pointer to the shell itself.
         self.user_ns[self.name] = self
 
         # Store the public api instance
         self.user_ns['_ip'] = self.api
 
         # make global variables for user access to the histories
         self.user_ns['_ih'] = self.input_hist
         self.user_ns['_oh'] = self.output_hist
         self.user_ns['_dh'] = self.dir_hist
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories
         self.user_ns['In']  = self.input_hist
         self.user_ns['Out'] = self.output_hist
 
         self.user_ns['_sh'] = shadowns
 
         # Fill the history zero entry, user counter starts at 1
         self.input_hist.append('\n')
         self.input_hist_raw.append('\n')
 
     def add_builtins(self):
         """Store ipython references into the builtin namespace.
 
         Some parts of ipython operate via builtins injected here, which hold a
         reference to IPython itself."""
 
         # TODO: deprecate all of these, they are unsafe
         builtins_new  = dict(__IPYTHON__ = self,
              ip_set_hook = self.set_hook, 
              jobs = self.jobs,
              ipmagic = wrap_deprecated(self.ipmagic,'_ip.magic()'),  
              ipalias = wrap_deprecated(self.ipalias),  
              ipsystem = wrap_deprecated(self.ipsystem,'_ip.system()'),
              #_ip = self.api
              )
         for biname,bival in builtins_new.items():
             try:
                 # store the orignal value so we can restore it
                 self.builtins_added[biname] =  __builtin__.__dict__[biname]
             except KeyError:
                 # or mark that it wasn't defined, and we'll just delete it at
                 # cleanup
                 self.builtins_added[biname] = Undefined
             __builtin__.__dict__[biname] = bival
             
         # Keep in the builtins a flag for when IPython is active.  We set it
         # with setdefault so that multiple nested IPythons don't clobber one
         # another.  Each will increase its value by one upon being activated,
         # which also gives us a way to determine the nesting level.
         __builtin__.__dict__.setdefault('__IPYTHON__active',0)
 
     def clean_builtins(self):
         """Remove any builtins which might have been added by add_builtins, or
         restore overwritten ones to their previous values."""
         for biname,bival in self.builtins_added.items():
             if bival is Undefined:
                 del __builtin__.__dict__[biname]
             else:
                 __builtin__.__dict__[biname] = bival
         self.builtins_added.clear()
     
     def set_hook(self,name,hook, priority = 50, str_key = None, re_key = None):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's 
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
         
         f = new.instancemethod(hook,self,self.__class__)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
             
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
             print "Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % (name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ )
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
         
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
         
         
         #setattr(self.hooks,name,new.instancemethod(hook,self,self.__class__))
 
     def set_crash_handler(self,crashHandler):
         """Set the IPython crash handler.
 
         This must be a callable with a signature suitable for use as
         sys.excepthook."""
 
         # Install the given crash handler as the Python exception hook
         sys.excepthook = crashHandler
         
         # The instance will store a pointer to this, so that runtime code
         # (such as magics) can access it.  This is because during the
         # read-eval loop, it gets temporarily overwritten (to deal with GUI
         # frameworks).
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
 
     def set_custom_exc(self,exc_tuple,handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple,handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         runcode() method.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - exc_tuple: a *tuple* of valid exceptions to call the defined
           handler for.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
           LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
           you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple:
 
             exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
           - handler: this must be defined as a function with the following
           basic interface: def my_handler(self,etype,value,tb).
 
           This will be made into an instance method (via new.instancemethod)
           of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
           listed in the exc_tuple are caught.  If the handler is None, an
           internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
 
         assert type(exc_tuple)==type(()) , \
                "The custom exceptions must be given AS A TUPLE."
 
         def dummy_handler(self,etype,value,tb):
             print '*** Simple custom exception handler ***'
             print 'Exception type :',etype
             print 'Exception value:',value
             print 'Traceback      :',tb
             print 'Source code    :','\n'.join(self.buffer)
 
         if handler is None: handler = dummy_handler
 
         self.CustomTB = new.instancemethod(handler,self,self.__class__)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def set_custom_completer(self,completer,pos=0):
         """set_custom_completer(completer,pos=0)
 
         Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted."""
 
         newcomp = new.instancemethod(completer,self.Completer,
                                      self.Completer.__class__)
         self.Completer.matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_completer(self):
         """reset readline's completer to be our own."""
         self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
         
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError,'new call_pdb value must be boolean'
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
         if self.isthreaded:
             try:
                 self.sys_excepthook.call_pdb = val
             except:
                 warn('Failed to activate pdb for threaded exception handler')
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
  
     # These special functions get installed in the builtin namespace, to
     # provide programmatic (pure python) access to magics, aliases and system
     # calls.  This is important for logging, user scripting, and more.
 
     # We are basically exposing, via normal python functions, the three
     # mechanisms in which ipython offers special call modes (magics for
     # internal control, aliases for direct system access via pre-selected
     # names, and !cmd for calling arbitrary system commands).
 
     def ipmagic(self,arg_s):
         """Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and any
         additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         ipmagic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use ipmagic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
         namespace upon initialization."""
 
         args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
         magic_name = args[0]
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(self.ESC_MAGIC)
 
         try:
             magic_args = args[1]
         except IndexError:
             magic_args = ''
         fn = getattr(self,'magic_'+magic_name,None)
         if fn is None:
             error("Magic function `%s` not found." % magic_name)
         else:
             magic_args = self.var_expand(magic_args,1)
             return fn(magic_args)
 
     def ipalias(self,arg_s):
         """Call an alias by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the alias to call and any
         additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         ipalias('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: name -opt foo bar
 
         To call an alias without arguments, simply use ipalias('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's aliases in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
         namespace upon initialization."""
 
         args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
         alias_name = args[0]
         try:
             alias_args = args[1]
         except IndexError:
             alias_args = ''
         if alias_name in self.alias_table:
             self.call_alias(alias_name,alias_args)
         else:
             error("Alias `%s` not found." % alias_name)
 
     def ipsystem(self,arg_s):
         """Make a system call, using IPython."""
 
         self.system(arg_s)
 
     def complete(self,text):
         """Return a sorted list of all possible completions on text.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - text: a string of text to be completed on.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [7]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [8]: x
         Out[8]: 'hello'
 
         In [9]: print x
         hello
 
         In [10]: _ip.IP.complete('x.l')
         Out[10]: ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip']
         """
         
         complete = self.Completer.complete
         state = 0
         # use a dict so we get unique keys, since ipyhton's multiple
         # completers can return duplicates.  When we make 2.4 a requirement,
         # start using sets instead, which are faster.
         comps = {}
         while True:
             newcomp = complete(text,state,line_buffer=text)
             if newcomp is None:
                 break
             comps[newcomp] = 1
             state += 1
         outcomps = comps.keys()
         outcomps.sort()
         #print "T:",text,"OC:",outcomps  # dbg
         #print "vars:",self.user_ns.keys()
         return outcomps
         
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     def init_auto_alias(self):
         """Define some aliases automatically.
 
         These are ALL parameter-less aliases"""
 
         for alias,cmd in self.auto_alias:
             self.getapi().defalias(alias,cmd)
             
 
     def alias_table_validate(self,verbose=0):
         """Update information about the alias table.
 
         In particular, make sure no Python keywords/builtins are in it."""
 
         no_alias = self.no_alias
         for k in self.alias_table.keys():
             if k in no_alias:
                 del self.alias_table[k]
                 if verbose:
                     print ("Deleting alias <%s>, it's a Python "
                            "keyword or builtin." % k)
     
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag, checking for readline support.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
 
         if not self.has_readline:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn("The auto-indent feature requires the readline library")
             self.autoindent = 0
             return
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     def rc_set_toggle(self,rc_field,value=None):
         """Set or toggle a field in IPython's rc config. structure.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle.
 
         If called with a non-existent field, the resulting AttributeError
         exception will propagate out."""
 
         rc_val = getattr(self.rc,rc_field)
         if value is None:
             value = not rc_val
         setattr(self.rc,rc_field,value)
 
     def user_setup(self,ipythondir,rc_suffix,mode='install'):
         """Install the user configuration directory.
 
-        Note
-        ----
+        Notes
+        -----
         DEPRECATED: use the top-level user_setup() function instead.
         """
         return user_setup(ipythondir,rc_suffix,mode)
 
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Saving of persistent data should be performed here. """
 
         #print '*** IPython exit cleanup ***' # dbg
         # input history
         self.savehist()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 os.unlink(tfile)
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
         # Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
         self.reset()
 
         # Run user hooks
         self.hooks.shutdown_hook()
 
     def reset(self):
         """Clear all internal namespaces.
 
         Note that this is much more aggressive than %reset, since it clears
         fully all namespaces, as well as all input/output lists.
         """
         for ns in self.ns_refs_table:
             ns.clear()
 
         # Clear input and output histories
         self.input_hist[:] = []
         self.input_hist_raw[:] = []
         self.output_hist.clear()
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         self.init_namespaces()
         
     def savehist(self):
         """Save input history to a file (via readline library)."""
 
         if not self.has_readline:
             return
         
         try:
             self.readline.write_history_file(self.histfile)
         except:
             print 'Unable to save IPython command history to file: ' + \
                   `self.histfile`
 
     def reloadhist(self):
         """Reload the input history from disk file."""
 
         if self.has_readline:
             try:
                 self.readline.clear_history()
                 self.readline.read_history_file(self.shell.histfile)
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             
 
     def history_saving_wrapper(self, func):
         """ Wrap func for readline history saving
         
         Convert func into callable that saves & restores
         history around the call """
         
         if not self.has_readline:
             return func
         
         def wrapper():
             self.savehist()
             try:
                 func()
             finally:
                 readline.read_history_file(self.histfile)
         return wrapper
             
     def pre_readline(self):
         """readline hook to be used at the start of each line.
 
         Currently it handles auto-indent only."""
 
         #debugx('self.indent_current_nsp','pre_readline:')
 
         if self.rl_do_indent:
             self.readline.insert_text(self.indent_current_str())
         if self.rl_next_input is not None:
             self.readline.insert_text(self.rl_next_input)
             self.rl_next_input = None
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """Command history completion/saving/reloading."""
 
 
         import IPython.utils.rlineimpl as readline
                   
         if not readline.have_readline:
             self.has_readline = 0
             self.readline = None
             # no point in bugging windows users with this every time:
             warn('Readline services not available on this platform.')
         else:
             sys.modules['readline'] = readline
             import atexit
             from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
             self.Completer = IPCompleter(self,
                                             self.user_ns,
                                             self.user_global_ns,
                                             self.rc.readline_omit__names,
                                             self.alias_table)
             sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
             self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
             self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
             # Platform-specific configuration
             if os.name == 'nt':
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_pre_input_hook
             else:
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_startup_hook
 
             # Load user's initrc file (readline config)
             # Or if libedit is used, load editrc.
             inputrc_name = os.environ.get('INPUTRC')
             if inputrc_name is None:
                 home_dir = get_home_dir()
                 if home_dir is not None:
                     inputrc_name = '.inputrc'
                     if readline.uses_libedit:
                         inputrc_name = '.editrc'
                     inputrc_name = os.path.join(home_dir, inputrc_name)
             if os.path.isfile(inputrc_name):
                 try:
                     readline.read_init_file(inputrc_name)
                 except:
                     warn('Problems reading readline initialization file <%s>'
                          % inputrc_name)
             
             self.has_readline = 1
             self.readline = readline
             # save this in sys so embedded copies can restore it properly
             sys.ipcompleter = self.Completer.complete
             self.set_completer()
 
             # Configure readline according to user's prefs
             # This is only done if GNU readline is being used.  If libedit
             # is being used (as on Leopard) the readline config is
             # not run as the syntax for libedit is different.
             if not readline.uses_libedit:
                 for rlcommand in self.rc.readline_parse_and_bind:
                     #print "loading rl:",rlcommand  # dbg
                     readline.parse_and_bind(rlcommand)
 
             # Remove some chars from the delimiters list.  If we encounter
             # unicode chars, discard them.
             delims = readline.get_completer_delims().encode("ascii", "ignore")
             delims = delims.translate(string._idmap,
                                       self.rc.readline_remove_delims)
             readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             # otherwise we end up with a monster history after a while:
             readline.set_history_length(1000)
             try:
                 #print '*** Reading readline history'  # dbg
                 readline.read_history_file(self.histfile)
             except IOError:
                 pass  # It doesn't exist yet.
 
             atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
             del atexit
 
         # Configure auto-indent for all platforms
         self.set_autoindent(self.rc.autoindent)
 
     def ask_yes_no(self,prompt,default=True):
         if self.rc.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default)
 
     def new_main_mod(self,ns=None):
         """Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
         """
         main_mod = self._user_main_module
         init_fakemod_dict(main_mod,ns)
         return main_mod
 
     def cache_main_mod(self,ns,fname):
         """Cache a main module's namespace.
 
         When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to the
         namespace of their __main__ module (a FakeModule instance) around so
         that Python doesn't clear it, rendering objects defined therein
         useless.
 
         This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
         absolute path of the module object (which corresponds to the script
         path).  This way, for multiple executions of the same script we only
         keep one copy of the namespace (the last one), thus preventing memory
         leaks from old references while allowing the objects from the last
         execution to be accessible.
 
         Note: we can not allow the actual FakeModule instances to be deleted,
         because of how Python tears down modules (it hard-sets all their
         references to None without regard for reference counts).  This method
         must therefore make a *copy* of the given namespace, to allow the
         original module's __dict__ to be cleared and reused.
 
         
         Parameters
         ----------
           ns : a namespace (a dict, typically)
 
           fname : str
             Filename associated with the namespace.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [10]: import IPython
 
         In [11]: _ip.IP.cache_main_mod(IPython.__dict__,IPython.__file__)
 
         In [12]: IPython.__file__ in _ip.IP._main_ns_cache
         Out[12]: True
         """
         self._main_ns_cache[os.path.abspath(fname)] = ns.copy()
 
     def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
         """Clear the cache of main modules.
 
         Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [15]: import IPython
 
         In [16]: _ip.IP.cache_main_mod(IPython.__dict__,IPython.__file__)
 
         In [17]: len(_ip.IP._main_ns_cache) > 0
         Out[17]: True
 
         In [18]: _ip.IP.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         In [19]: len(_ip.IP._main_ns_cache) == 0
         Out[19]: True
         """
         self._main_ns_cache.clear()
 
     def _should_recompile(self,e):
         """Utility routine for edit_syntax_error"""
 
         if e.filename in ('<ipython console>','<input>','<string>',
                           '<console>','<BackgroundJob compilation>',
                           None):
                               
             return False
         try:
             if (self.rc.autoedit_syntax and 
                 not self.ask_yes_no('Return to editor to correct syntax error? '
                               '[Y/n] ','y')):
                 return False
         except EOFError:
             return False
 
         def int0(x):
             try:
                 return int(x)
             except TypeError:
                 return 0
         # always pass integer line and offset values to editor hook
         try:
             self.hooks.fix_error_editor(e.filename,
                 int0(e.lineno),int0(e.offset),e.msg)
         except ipapi.TryNext:
             warn('Could not open editor')
             return False
         return True
         
     def edit_syntax_error(self):
         """The bottom half of the syntax error handler called in the main loop.
 
         Loop until syntax error is fixed or user cancels.
         """
 
         while self.SyntaxTB.last_syntax_error:
             # copy and clear last_syntax_error
             err = self.SyntaxTB.clear_err_state()
             if not self._should_recompile(err):
                 return
             try:
                 # may set last_syntax_error again if a SyntaxError is raised
                 self.safe_execfile(err.filename,self.user_ns)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
             else:
                 try:
                     f = file(err.filename)
                     try:
                         sys.displayhook(f.read())
                     finally:
                         f.close()
                 except:
                     self.showtraceback()
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
         """
         etype, value, last_traceback = sys.exc_info()
 
         # See note about these variables in showtraceback() below
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = last_traceback
         
         if filename and etype is SyntaxError:
             # Work hard to stuff the correct filename in the exception
             try:
                 msg, (dummy_filename, lineno, offset, line) = value
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
             else:
                 # Stuff in the right filename
                 try:
                     # Assume SyntaxError is a class exception
                     value = SyntaxError(msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line))
                 except:
                     # If that failed, assume SyntaxError is a string
                     value = msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line)
         self.SyntaxTB(etype,value,[])
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pydb/pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
           flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
           The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
           is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         # use pydb if available
         if debugger.has_pydb:
             from pydb import pm
         else:
             # fallback to our internal debugger
             pm = lambda : self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
         self.history_saving_wrapper(pm)()
 
     def showtraceback(self,exc_tuple = None,filename=None,tb_offset=None):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
 
         
         # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input line,
         # there may be SyntaxError cases whith imported code.
         
         try:
             if exc_tuple is None:
                 etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             else:
                 etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
     
             if etype is SyntaxError:
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             elif etype is ipapi.UsageError:
                 print "UsageError:", value
             else:
                 # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
                 # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
                 # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
                 # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
                 sys.last_type = etype
                 sys.last_value = value
                 sys.last_traceback = tb
     
                 if etype in self.custom_exceptions:
                     self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
                 else:
                     self.InteractiveTB(etype,value,tb,tb_offset=tb_offset)
                     if self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb and self.has_readline:
                         # pdb mucks up readline, fix it back
                         self.set_completer()
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.write("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
 
     def mainloop(self,banner=None):
         """Creates the local namespace and starts the mainloop.
 
         If an optional banner argument is given, it will override the
         internally created default banner."""
 
         if self.rc.c:  # Emulate Python's -c option
             self.exec_init_cmd()
         if banner is None:
             if not self.rc.banner:
                 banner = ''
             # banner is string? Use it directly!
             elif isinstance(self.rc.banner,basestring):
                 banner = self.rc.banner
             else:                
                 banner = self.BANNER+self.banner2
 
         # if you run stuff with -c <cmd>, raw hist is not updated
         # ensure that it's in sync
         if len(self.input_hist) != len (self.input_hist_raw):
             self.input_hist_raw = InputList(self.input_hist)
 
         while 1:
             try:
                 self.interact(banner)
                 #self.interact_with_readline()                
 
                 # XXX for testing of a readline-decoupled repl loop, call
                 # interact_with_readline above
 
                 break
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 # this should not be necessary, but KeyboardInterrupt
                 # handling seems rather unpredictable...
                 self.write("\nKeyboardInterrupt in interact()\n")
 
     def exec_init_cmd(self):
         """Execute a command given at the command line.
 
         This emulates Python's -c option."""
 
         #sys.argv = ['-c']
         self.push(self.prefilter(self.rc.c, False))
         if not self.rc.interact:
             self.ask_exit()
 
     def embed_mainloop(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns=None,stack_depth=0):
         """Embeds IPython into a running python program.
 
         Input:
 
           - header: An optional header message can be specified.
 
           - local_ns, global_ns: working namespaces. If given as None, the
           IPython-initialized one is updated with __main__.__dict__, so that
           program variables become visible but user-specific configuration
           remains possible.
 
           - stack_depth: specifies how many levels in the stack to go to
           looking for namespaces (when local_ns and global_ns are None).  This
           allows an intermediate caller to make sure that this function gets
           the namespace from the intended level in the stack.  By default (0)
           it will get its locals and globals from the immediate caller.
 
         Warning: it's possible to use this in a program which is being run by
         IPython itself (via %run), but some funny things will happen (a few
         globals get overwritten). In the future this will be cleaned up, as
         there is no fundamental reason why it can't work perfectly."""
 
         # Get locals and globals from caller
         if local_ns is None or global_ns is None:
             call_frame = sys._getframe(stack_depth).f_back
 
             if local_ns is None:
                 local_ns = call_frame.f_locals
             if global_ns is None:
                 global_ns = call_frame.f_globals
 
         # Update namespaces and fire up interpreter
 
         # The global one is easy, we can just throw it in
         self.user_global_ns = global_ns
 
         # but the user/local one is tricky: ipython needs it to store internal
         # data, but we also need the locals.  We'll copy locals in the user
         # one, but will track what got copied so we can delete them at exit.
         # This is so that a later embedded call doesn't see locals from a
         # previous call (which most likely existed in a separate scope).
         local_varnames = local_ns.keys()
         self.user_ns.update(local_ns)
         #self.user_ns['local_ns'] = local_ns  # dbg
 
         # Patch for global embedding to make sure that things don't overwrite
         # user globals accidentally. Thanks to Richard <[e-mail]>
         # FIXME. Test this a bit more carefully (the if.. is new)
         if local_ns is None and global_ns is None:
             self.user_global_ns.update(__main__.__dict__)
 
         # make sure the tab-completer has the correct frame information, so it
         # actually completes using the frame's locals/globals
         self.set_completer_frame()
 
         # before activating the interactive mode, we need to make sure that
         # all names in the builtin namespace needed by ipython point to
         # ourselves, and not to other instances.
         self.add_builtins()
 
         self.interact(header)
         
         # now, purge out the user namespace from anything we might have added
         # from the caller's local namespace
         delvar = self.user_ns.pop
         for var in local_varnames:
             delvar(var,None)
         # and clean builtins we may have overridden
         self.clean_builtins()
 
     def interact_prompt(self):
         """ Print the prompt (in read-eval-print loop) 
 
         Provided for those who want to implement their own read-eval-print loop (e.g. GUIs), not 
         used in standard IPython flow.
         """
         if self.more:
             try:
                 prompt = self.hooks.generate_prompt(True)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
             if self.autoindent:
                 self.rl_do_indent = True
 
         else:
             try:
                 prompt = self.hooks.generate_prompt(False)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
         self.write(prompt)
 
     def interact_handle_input(self,line):
         """ Handle the input line (in read-eval-print loop)
         
         Provided for those who want to implement their own read-eval-print loop (e.g. GUIs), not 
         used in standard IPython flow.        
         """
         if line.lstrip() == line:
             self.shadowhist.add(line.strip())
         lineout = self.prefilter(line,self.more)
 
         if line.strip():
             if self.more:
                 self.input_hist_raw[-1] += '%s\n' % line
             else:
                 self.input_hist_raw.append('%s\n' % line)                
 
         
         self.more = self.push(lineout)
         if (self.SyntaxTB.last_syntax_error and
             self.rc.autoedit_syntax):
             self.edit_syntax_error()
 
     def interact_with_readline(self):
         """ Demo of using interact_handle_input, interact_prompt
         
         This is the main read-eval-print loop. If you need to implement your own (e.g. for GUI),
         it should work like this.
         """ 
         self.readline_startup_hook(self.pre_readline)
         while not self.exit_now:
             self.interact_prompt()
             if self.more:
                 self.rl_do_indent = True
             else:
                 self.rl_do_indent = False
             line = raw_input_original().decode(self.stdin_encoding)
             self.interact_handle_input(line)
 
         
     def interact(self, banner=None):
         """Closely emulate the interactive Python console.
 
         The optional banner argument specify the banner to print
         before the first interaction; by default it prints a banner
         similar to the one printed by the real Python interpreter,
         followed by the current class name in parentheses (so as not
         to confuse this with the real interpreter -- since it's so
         close!).
 
         """
         
         if self.exit_now:
             # batch run -> do not interact
             return
         cprt = 'Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.'
         if banner is None:
             self.write("Python %s on %s\n%s\n(%s)\n" %
                        (sys.version, sys.platform, cprt,
                         self.__class__.__name__))
         else:
             self.write(banner)
 
         more = 0
         
         # Mark activity in the builtins
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] += 1
         
         if self.has_readline:
             self.readline_startup_hook(self.pre_readline)
         # exit_now is set by a call to %Exit or %Quit, through the
         # ask_exit callback.
         
         while not self.exit_now:
             self.hooks.pre_prompt_hook()
             if more:
                 try:
                     prompt = self.hooks.generate_prompt(True)
                 except:
                     self.showtraceback()
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.rl_do_indent = True
                     
             else:
                 try:
                     prompt = self.hooks.generate_prompt(False)
                 except:
                     self.showtraceback()
             try:
                 line = self.raw_input(prompt,more)
                 if self.exit_now:
                     # quick exit on sys.std[in|out] close
                     break
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.rl_do_indent = False
                     
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 #double-guard against keyboardinterrupts during kbdint handling
                 try:
                     self.write('\nKeyboardInterrupt\n')
                     self.resetbuffer()
                     # keep cache in sync with the prompt counter:
                     self.outputcache.prompt_count -= 1
     
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
                     more = 0
                 except KeyboardInterrupt:
                     pass
             except EOFError:
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.rl_do_indent = False
                     self.readline_startup_hook(None)
                 self.write('\n')
                 self.exit()
             except bdb.BdbQuit:
                 warn('The Python debugger has exited with a BdbQuit exception.\n'
                      'Because of how pdb handles the stack, it is impossible\n'
                      'for IPython to properly format this particular exception.\n'
                      'IPython will resume normal operation.')
             except:
                 # exceptions here are VERY RARE, but they can be triggered
                 # asynchronously by signal handlers, for example.
                 self.showtraceback()
             else:
                 more = self.push(line)
                 if (self.SyntaxTB.last_syntax_error and
                     self.rc.autoedit_syntax):
                     self.edit_syntax_error()
             
         # We are off again...
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] -= 1
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
       """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
       GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
       sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
       enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
       otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
       which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
       except: statement.
 
       Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
       any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
       IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
       CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
       regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
       call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
       IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
       crashes.
 
       This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
       to be true IPython errors.
       """
       self.showtraceback((etype,value,tb),tb_offset=0)
 
     def expand_aliases(self,fn,rest):
         """ Expand multiple levels of aliases:
         
         if:
         
         alias foo bar /tmp
         alias baz foo
         
         then:
         
         baz huhhahhei -> bar /tmp huhhahhei
         
         """
         line = fn + " " + rest
         
         done = set()
         while 1:
             pre,fn,rest = prefilter.splitUserInput(line,
                                                    prefilter.shell_line_split)
             if fn in self.alias_table:
                 if fn in done:
                     warn("Cyclic alias definition, repeated '%s'" % fn)
                     return ""
                 done.add(fn)
 
                 l2 = self.transform_alias(fn,rest)
                 # dir -> dir 
                 # print "alias",line, "->",l2  #dbg
                 if l2 == line:
                     break
                 # ls -> ls -F should not recurse forever
                 if l2.split(None,1)[0] == line.split(None,1)[0]:
                     line = l2
                     break
                 
                 line=l2
                 
                 
                 # print "al expand to",line #dbg
             else:
                 break
                 
         return line
 
     def transform_alias(self, alias,rest=''):
         """ Transform alias to system command string.
         """
         trg = self.alias_table[alias]
 
         nargs,cmd = trg
         # print trg #dbg
         if ' ' in cmd and os.path.isfile(cmd):
             cmd = '"%s"' % cmd
 
         # Expand the %l special to be the user's input line
         if cmd.find('%l') >= 0:
             cmd = cmd.replace('%l',rest)
             rest = ''
         if nargs==0:
             # Simple, argument-less aliases
             cmd = '%s %s' % (cmd,rest)
         else:
             # Handle aliases with positional arguments
             args = rest.split(None,nargs)
             if len(args)< nargs:
                 error('Alias <%s> requires %s arguments, %s given.' %
                       (alias,nargs,len(args)))
                 return None
             cmd = '%s %s' % (cmd % tuple(args[:nargs]),' '.join(args[nargs:]))
         # Now call the macro, evaluating in the user's namespace
         #print 'new command: <%r>' % cmd  # dbg
         return cmd
         
     def call_alias(self,alias,rest=''):
         """Call an alias given its name and the rest of the line.
 
         This is only used to provide backwards compatibility for users of
         ipalias(), use of which is not recommended for anymore."""
 
         # Now call the macro, evaluating in the user's namespace
         cmd = self.transform_alias(alias, rest)
         try:
             self.system(cmd)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
 
     def indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.indent_current_nsp * ' '
 
     def autoindent_update(self,line):
         """Keep track of the indent level."""
 
         #debugx('line')
         #debugx('self.indent_current_nsp')
         if self.autoindent:
             if line:
                 inisp = num_ini_spaces(line)
                 if inisp < self.indent_current_nsp:
                     self.indent_current_nsp = inisp
 
                 if line[-1] == ':':
                     self.indent_current_nsp += 4
                 elif dedent_re.match(line):
                     self.indent_current_nsp -= 4
             else:
                 self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
     def runlines(self,lines):
         """Run a string of one or more lines of source.
 
         This method is capable of running a string containing multiple source
         lines, as if they had been entered at the IPython prompt.  Since it
         exposes IPython's processing machinery, the given strings can contain
         magic calls (%magic), special shell access (!cmd), etc."""
 
         # We must start with a clean buffer, in case this is run from an
         # interactive IPython session (via a magic, for example).
         self.resetbuffer()
         lines = lines.split('\n')
         more = 0
     
         for line in lines:
             # skip blank lines so we don't mess up the prompt counter, but do
             # NOT skip even a blank line if we are in a code block (more is
             # true)
             
             if line or more:
                 # push to raw history, so hist line numbers stay in sync
                 self.input_hist_raw.append("# " + line + "\n")
                 more = self.push(self.prefilter(line,more))
                 # IPython's runsource returns None if there was an error
                 # compiling the code.  This allows us to stop processing right
                 # away, so the user gets the error message at the right place.
                 if more is None:
                     break
             else:
                 self.input_hist_raw.append("\n")
         # final newline in case the input didn't have it, so that the code
         # actually does get executed
         if more:
             self.push('\n')
 
     def runsource(self, source, filename='<input>', symbol='single'):
         """Compile and run some source in the interpreter.
 
         Arguments are as for compile_command().
 
         One several things can happen:
 
         1) The input is incorrect; compile_command() raised an
         exception (SyntaxError or OverflowError).  A syntax traceback
         will be printed by calling the showsyntaxerror() method.
 
         2) The input is incomplete, and more input is required;
         compile_command() returned None.  Nothing happens.
 
         3) The input is complete; compile_command() returned a code
         object.  The code is executed by calling self.runcode() (which
         also handles run-time exceptions, except for SystemExit).
 
         The return value is:
 
           - True in case 2
 
           - False in the other cases, unless an exception is raised, where
           None is returned instead.  This can be used by external callers to
           know whether to continue feeding input or not.
 
         The return value can be used to decide whether to use sys.ps1 or
         sys.ps2 to prompt the next line."""
 
         # if the source code has leading blanks, add 'if 1:\n' to it
         # this allows execution of indented pasted code. It is tempting
         # to add '\n' at the end of source to run commands like ' a=1'
         # directly, but this fails for more complicated scenarios
         source=source.encode(self.stdin_encoding)
         if source[:1] in [' ', '\t']:
             source = 'if 1:\n%s' % source
 
         try:
             code = self.compile(source,filename,symbol)
         except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError, MemoryError):
             # Case 1
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             return None
 
         if code is None:
             # Case 2
             return True
 
         # Case 3
         # We store the code object so that threaded shells and
         # custom exception handlers can access all this info if needed.
         # The source corresponding to this can be obtained from the
         # buffer attribute as '\n'.join(self.buffer).
         self.code_to_run = code
         # now actually execute the code object
         if self.runcode(code) == 0:
             return False
         else:
             return None
 
     def runcode(self,code_obj):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Return value: a flag indicating whether the code to be run completed
         successfully:
 
           - 0: successful execution.
           - 1: an error occurred.
         """
 
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook,sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = 1  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 self.hooks.pre_runcode_hook()
                 exec code_obj in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit:
             self.resetbuffer()
             self.showtraceback()
             warn("Type %exit or %quit to exit IPython "
                  "(%Exit or %Quit do so unconditionally).",level=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype,value,tb = sys.exc_info()
             self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
         else:
             outflag = 0
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print
         # Flush out code object which has been run (and source)
         self.code_to_run = None
         return outflag
         
     def push(self, line):
         """Push a line to the interpreter.
 
         The line should not have a trailing newline; it may have
         internal newlines.  The line is appended to a buffer and the
         interpreter's runsource() method is called with the
         concatenated contents of the buffer as source.  If this
         indicates that the command was executed or invalid, the buffer
         is reset; otherwise, the command is incomplete, and the buffer
         is left as it was after the line was appended.  The return
         value is 1 if more input is required, 0 if the line was dealt
         with in some way (this is the same as runsource()).
         """
 
         # autoindent management should be done here, and not in the
         # interactive loop, since that one is only seen by keyboard input.  We
         # need this done correctly even for code run via runlines (which uses
         # push).
 
         #print 'push line: <%s>' % line  # dbg
         for subline in line.splitlines():
             self.autoindent_update(subline)
         self.buffer.append(line)
         more = self.runsource('\n'.join(self.buffer), self.filename)
         if not more:
             self.resetbuffer()
         return more
 
     def split_user_input(self, line):
         # This is really a hold-over to support ipapi and some extensions
         return prefilter.splitUserInput(line)
 
     def resetbuffer(self):
         """Reset the input buffer."""
         self.buffer[:] = []
         
     def raw_input(self,prompt='',continue_prompt=False):
         """Write a prompt and read a line.
 
         The returned line does not include the trailing newline.
         When the user enters the EOF key sequence, EOFError is raised.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - prompt(''): a string to be printed to prompt the user.
 
           - continue_prompt(False): whether this line is the first one or a
           continuation in a sequence of inputs.
         """
 
         # Code run by the user may have modified the readline completer state.
         # We must ensure that our completer is back in place.
         if self.has_readline:
             self.set_completer()
         
         try:
             line = raw_input_original(prompt).decode(self.stdin_encoding)
         except ValueError:
             warn("\n********\nYou or a %run:ed script called sys.stdin.close()"
                  " or sys.stdout.close()!\nExiting IPython!")
             self.ask_exit()
             return ""
 
         # Try to be reasonably smart about not re-indenting pasted input more
         # than necessary.  We do this by trimming out the auto-indent initial
         # spaces, if the user's actual input started itself with whitespace.
         #debugx('self.buffer[-1]')
 
         if self.autoindent:
             if num_ini_spaces(line) > self.indent_current_nsp:
                 line = line[self.indent_current_nsp:]
                 self.indent_current_nsp = 0
             
         # store the unfiltered input before the user has any chance to modify
         # it.
         if line.strip():
             if continue_prompt:
                 self.input_hist_raw[-1] += '%s\n' % line
                 if self.has_readline: # and some config option is set?
                     try:
                         histlen = self.readline.get_current_history_length()
                         if histlen > 1:
                             newhist = self.input_hist_raw[-1].rstrip()
                             self.readline.remove_history_item(histlen-1)
                             self.readline.replace_history_item(histlen-2,
                                             newhist.encode(self.stdin_encoding))
                     except AttributeError:
                         pass # re{move,place}_history_item are new in 2.4.                
             else:
                 self.input_hist_raw.append('%s\n' % line)                
             # only entries starting at first column go to shadow history
             if line.lstrip() == line:
                 self.shadowhist.add(line.strip())
         elif not continue_prompt:
             self.input_hist_raw.append('\n')
         try:
             lineout = self.prefilter(line,continue_prompt)
         except:
             # blanket except, in case a user-defined prefilter crashes, so it
             # can't take all of ipython with it.
             self.showtraceback()
             return ''
         else:
             return lineout
 
     def _prefilter(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """Calls different preprocessors, depending on the form of line."""
 
         # All handlers *must* return a value, even if it's blank ('').
 
         # Lines are NOT logged here. Handlers should process the line as
         # needed, update the cache AND log it (so that the input cache array
         # stays synced).
 
         #.....................................................................
         # Code begins
 
         #if line.startswith('%crash'): raise RuntimeError,'Crash now!'  # dbg
 
         # save the line away in case we crash, so the post-mortem handler can
         # record it
         self._last_input_line = line
 
         #print '***line: <%s>' % line # dbg
 
         if not line:
             # Return immediately on purely empty lines, so that if the user
             # previously typed some whitespace that started a continuation
             # prompt, he can break out of that loop with just an empty line.
             # This is how the default python prompt works.
 
             # Only return if the accumulated input buffer was just whitespace!
             if ''.join(self.buffer).isspace():
                 self.buffer[:] = []
             return ''
         
         line_info = prefilter.LineInfo(line, continue_prompt)
         
         # the input history needs to track even empty lines
         stripped = line.strip()
         
         if not stripped:
             if not continue_prompt:
                 self.outputcache.prompt_count -= 1
             return self.handle_normal(line_info)
 
         # print '***cont',continue_prompt  # dbg
         # special handlers are only allowed for single line statements
         if continue_prompt and not self.rc.multi_line_specials:
             return self.handle_normal(line_info)
 
 
         # See whether any pre-existing handler can take care of it  
         rewritten = self.hooks.input_prefilter(stripped)
         if rewritten != stripped: # ok, some prefilter did something
             rewritten = line_info.pre + rewritten  # add indentation
             return self.handle_normal(prefilter.LineInfo(rewritten,
                                                          continue_prompt))
             
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun,theRest)  # dbg
         
         return prefilter.prefilter(line_info, self)
 
 
     def _prefilter_dumb(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """simple prefilter function, for debugging"""
         return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     
     def multiline_prefilter(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """ Run _prefilter for each line of input
         
         Covers cases where there are multiple lines in the user entry,
         which is the case when the user goes back to a multiline history
         entry and presses enter.
         
         """
         out = []
         for l in line.rstrip('\n').split('\n'):
             out.append(self._prefilter(l, continue_prompt))
         return '\n'.join(out)
     
     # Set the default prefilter() function (this can be user-overridden)
     prefilter = multiline_prefilter
 
     def handle_normal(self,line_info):
         """Handle normal input lines. Use as a template for handlers."""
 
         # With autoindent on, we need some way to exit the input loop, and I
         # don't want to force the user to have to backspace all the way to
         # clear the line.  The rule will be in this case, that either two
         # lines of pure whitespace in a row, or a line of pure whitespace but
         # of a size different to the indent level, will exit the input loop.
         line = line_info.line
         continue_prompt = line_info.continue_prompt
         
         if (continue_prompt and self.autoindent and line.isspace() and
             (0 < abs(len(line) - self.indent_current_nsp) <= 2 or
              (self.buffer[-1]).isspace() )):
             line = ''
 
         self.log(line,line,continue_prompt)
         return line
 
     def handle_alias(self,line_info):
         """Handle alias input lines. """
         tgt = self.alias_table[line_info.iFun]
         # print "=>",tgt #dbg
         if callable(tgt):
             if '$' in line_info.line:
                 call_meth = '(_ip, _ip.itpl(%s))'
             else:
                 call_meth = '(_ip,%s)'
             line_out = ("%s_sh.%s" + call_meth) % (line_info.preWhitespace,
                                          line_info.iFun, 
             make_quoted_expr(line_info.line))
         else:
             transformed = self.expand_aliases(line_info.iFun,line_info.theRest)
 
             # pre is needed, because it carries the leading whitespace.  Otherwise
             # aliases won't work in indented sections.
             line_out = '%s_ip.system(%s)' % (line_info.preWhitespace,
                                              make_quoted_expr( transformed ))
         
         self.log(line_info.line,line_out,line_info.continue_prompt)
         #print 'line out:',line_out # dbg
         return line_out
 
     def handle_shell_escape(self, line_info):
         """Execute the line in a shell, empty return value"""
         #print 'line in :', `line` # dbg
         line = line_info.line
         if line.lstrip().startswith('!!'):
             # rewrite LineInfo's line, iFun and theRest to properly hold the
             # call to %sx and the actual command to be executed, so
             # handle_magic can work correctly.  Note that this works even if
             # the line is indented, so it handles multi_line_specials
             # properly.
             new_rest = line.lstrip()[2:]
             line_info.line = '%ssx %s' % (self.ESC_MAGIC,new_rest)
             line_info.iFun = 'sx'
             line_info.theRest = new_rest
             return self.handle_magic(line_info)
         else:
             cmd = line.lstrip().lstrip('!')
             line_out = '%s_ip.system(%s)' % (line_info.preWhitespace,
                                              make_quoted_expr(cmd))
         # update cache/log and return
         self.log(line,line_out,line_info.continue_prompt)
         return line_out
 
     def handle_magic(self, line_info):
         """Execute magic functions."""
         iFun    = line_info.iFun
         theRest = line_info.theRest
         cmd = '%s_ip.magic(%s)' % (line_info.preWhitespace,
                                    make_quoted_expr(iFun + " " + theRest))
         self.log(line_info.line,cmd,line_info.continue_prompt)
         #print 'in handle_magic, cmd=<%s>' % cmd  # dbg
         return cmd
 
     def handle_auto(self, line_info):
         """Hande lines which can be auto-executed, quoting if requested."""
 
         line    = line_info.line
         iFun    = line_info.iFun
         theRest = line_info.theRest
         pre     = line_info.pre
         continue_prompt = line_info.continue_prompt
         obj = line_info.ofind(self)['obj']
 
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun,theRest)  # dbg
 
         # This should only be active for single-line input!
         if continue_prompt:
             self.log(line,line,continue_prompt)
             return line
 
         force_auto = isinstance(obj, ipapi.IPyAutocall)
         auto_rewrite = True
         
         if pre == self.ESC_QUOTE:
             # Auto-quote splitting on whitespace
             newcmd = '%s("%s")' % (iFun,'", "'.join(theRest.split()) )
         elif pre == self.ESC_QUOTE2:
             # Auto-quote whole string
             newcmd = '%s("%s")' % (iFun,theRest)
         elif pre == self.ESC_PAREN:
             newcmd = '%s(%s)' % (iFun,",".join(theRest.split()))
         else:
             # Auto-paren.
             # We only apply it to argument-less calls if the autocall
             # parameter is set to 2.  We only need to check that autocall is <
             # 2, since this function isn't called unless it's at least 1.
             if not theRest and (self.rc.autocall < 2) and not force_auto:
                 newcmd = '%s %s' % (iFun,theRest)
                 auto_rewrite = False
             else:
                 if not force_auto and theRest.startswith('['):
                     if hasattr(obj,'__getitem__'):
                         # Don't autocall in this case: item access for an object
                         # which is BOTH callable and implements __getitem__.
                         newcmd = '%s %s' % (iFun,theRest)
                         auto_rewrite = False
                     else:
                         # if the object doesn't support [] access, go ahead and
                         # autocall
                         newcmd = '%s(%s)' % (iFun.rstrip(),theRest)
                 elif theRest.endswith(';'):
                     newcmd = '%s(%s);' % (iFun.rstrip(),theRest[:-1])
                 else:
                     newcmd = '%s(%s)' % (iFun.rstrip(), theRest)
 
         if auto_rewrite:
             rw = self.outputcache.prompt1.auto_rewrite() + newcmd
             
             try:
                 # plain ascii works better w/ pyreadline, on some machines, so
                 # we use it and only print uncolored rewrite if we have unicode
                 rw = str(rw)
                 print >>Term.cout, rw
             except UnicodeEncodeError:
                 print "-------------->" + newcmd
             
         # log what is now valid Python, not the actual user input (without the
         # final newline)
         self.log(line,newcmd,continue_prompt)
         return newcmd
 
     def handle_help(self, line_info):
         """Try to get some help for the object.
 
         obj? or ?obj   -> basic information.
         obj?? or ??obj -> more details.
         """
         
         line = line_info.line
         # We need to make sure that we don't process lines which would be
         # otherwise valid python, such as "x=1 # what?"
         try:
             codeop.compile_command(line)
         except SyntaxError:
             # We should only handle as help stuff which is NOT valid syntax
             if line[0]==self.ESC_HELP:
                 line = line[1:]
             elif line[-1]==self.ESC_HELP:
                 line = line[:-1]
             self.log(line,'#?'+line,line_info.continue_prompt)
             if line:
                 #print 'line:<%r>' % line  # dbg
                 self.magic_pinfo(line)
             else:
                 page(self.usage,screen_lines=self.rc.screen_length)
             return '' # Empty string is needed here!
         except:
             # Pass any other exceptions through to the normal handler
             return self.handle_normal(line_info)
         else:
             # If the code compiles ok, we should handle it normally
             return self.handle_normal(line_info)
 
     def getapi(self):
         """ Get an IPApi object for this shell instance
         
         Getting an IPApi object is always preferable to accessing the shell
         directly, but this holds true especially for extensions.
         
         It should always be possible to implement an extension with IPApi
         alone. If not, contact maintainer to request an addition.
         
         """
         return self.api
 
     def handle_emacs(self, line_info):
         """Handle input lines marked by python-mode."""
 
         # Currently, nothing is done.  Later more functionality can be added
         # here if needed.
 
         # The input cache shouldn't be updated
         return line_info.line
     
 
     def mktempfile(self,data=None):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mktemp, but it registers the created
         filename internally so ipython cleans it up at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
           immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
         filename = tempfile.mktemp('.py','ipython_edit_')
         self.tempfiles.append(filename)
         
         if data:
             tmp_file = open(filename,'w')
             tmp_file.write(data)
             tmp_file.close()
         return filename
 
     def write(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default output"""
         Term.cout.write(data)
 
     def write_err(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default error output"""
         Term.cerr.write(data)
 
     def ask_exit(self):
         """ Call for exiting. Can be overiden and used as a callback. """
         self.exit_now = True
 
     def exit(self):
         """Handle interactive exit.
 
         This method calls the ask_exit callback."""
 
         if self.rc.confirm_exit:
             if self.ask_yes_no('Do you really want to exit ([y]/n)?','y'):
                 self.ask_exit()
         else:
             self.ask_exit()
 
     def safe_execfile(self,fname,*where,**kw):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, and knows how to handle
         ipython logs as well.
 
         :Parameters:
           fname : string
             Name of the file to be executed.
             
           where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
 
         :Keywords:
           islog : boolean (False)
 
           quiet : boolean (True)
 
           exit_ignore : boolean (False)
           """
 
         def syspath_cleanup():
             """Internal cleanup routine for sys.path."""
             if add_dname:
                 try:
                     sys.path.remove(dname)
                 except ValueError:
                     # For some reason the user has already removed it, ignore.
                     pass
         
         fname = os.path.expanduser(fname)
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(fname))
         add_dname = False
         if dname not in sys.path:
             sys.path.insert(0,dname)
             add_dname = True
 
         try:
             xfile = open(fname)
         except:
             print >> Term.cerr, \
                   'Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname
             syspath_cleanup()
             return None
 
         kw.setdefault('islog',0)
         kw.setdefault('quiet',1)
         kw.setdefault('exit_ignore',0)
         
         first = xfile.readline()
         loghead = str(self.loghead_tpl).split('\n',1)[0].strip()
         xfile.close()
         # line by line execution
         if first.startswith(loghead) or kw['islog']:
             print 'Loading log file <%s> one line at a time...' % fname
             if kw['quiet']:
                 stdout_save = sys.stdout
                 sys.stdout = StringIO.StringIO()
             try:
                 globs,locs = where[0:2]
             except:
                 try:
                     globs = locs = where[0]
                 except:
                     globs = locs = globals()
             badblocks = []
 
             # we also need to identify indented blocks of code when replaying
             # logs and put them together before passing them to an exec
             # statement. This takes a bit of regexp and look-ahead work in the
             # file. It's easiest if we swallow the whole thing in memory
             # first, and manually walk through the lines list moving the
             # counter ourselves.
             indent_re = re.compile('\s+\S')
             xfile = open(fname)
             filelines = xfile.readlines()
             xfile.close()
             nlines = len(filelines)
             lnum = 0
             while lnum < nlines:
                 line = filelines[lnum]
                 lnum += 1
                 # don't re-insert logger status info into cache
                 if line.startswith('#log#'):
                     continue
                 else:
                     # build a block of code (maybe a single line) for execution
                     block = line
                     try:
                         next = filelines[lnum] # lnum has already incremented
                     except:
                         next = None
                     while next and indent_re.match(next):
                         block += next
                         lnum += 1
                         try:
                             next = filelines[lnum]
                         except:
                             next = None
                     # now execute the block of one or more lines
                     try:
                         exec block in globs,locs
                     except SystemExit:
                         pass
                     except:
                         badblocks.append(block.rstrip())
             if kw['quiet']:  # restore stdout
                 sys.stdout.close()
                 sys.stdout = stdout_save
             print 'Finished replaying log file <%s>' % fname
             if badblocks:
                 print >> sys.stderr, ('\nThe following lines/blocks in file '
                                       '<%s> reported errors:' % fname)
                     
                 for badline in badblocks:
                     print >> sys.stderr, badline
         else:  # regular file execution
             try:
                 if sys.platform == 'win32' and sys.version_info < (2,5,1):
                     # Work around a bug in Python for Windows.  The bug was
                     # fixed in in Python 2.5 r54159 and 54158, but that's still
                     # SVN Python as of March/07.  For details, see:
                     # http://projects.scipy.org/ipython/ipython/ticket/123
                     try:
                         globs,locs = where[0:2]
                     except:
                         try:
                             globs = locs = where[0]
                         except:
                             globs = locs = globals()
                     exec file(fname) in globs,locs
                 else:
                     execfile(fname,*where)
             except SyntaxError:
                 self.showsyntaxerror()
                 warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
             except SystemExit,status:
                 # Code that correctly sets the exit status flag to success (0)
                 # shouldn't be bothered with a traceback.  Note that a plain
                 # sys.exit() does NOT set the message to 0 (it's empty) so that
                 # will still get a traceback.  Note that the structure of the
                 # SystemExit exception changed between Python 2.4 and 2.5, so
                 # the checks must be done in a version-dependent way.
                 show = False
 
                 if sys.version_info[:2] > (2,5):
                     if status.message!=0 and not kw['exit_ignore']:
                         show = True
                 else:
                     if status.code and not kw['exit_ignore']:
                         show = True
                 if show:
                     self.showtraceback()
                     warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
         syspath_cleanup()
 
 #************************* end of file <iplib.py> *****************************

IPython/core/magic.py

@@ -1,3522 +1,3522 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Modules and globals
 
 # Python standard modules
 import __builtin__
 import bdb
 import inspect
 import os
 import pdb
 import pydoc
 import sys
 import re
 import tempfile
 import time
 import cPickle as pickle
 import textwrap
 from cStringIO import StringIO
 from getopt import getopt,GetoptError
 from pprint import pprint, pformat
 
 # cProfile was added in Python2.5
 try:
     import cProfile as profile
     import pstats
 except ImportError:
     # profile isn't bundled by default in Debian for license reasons
     try:
         import profile,pstats
     except ImportError:
         profile = pstats = None
 
 # Homebrewed
 import IPython
 from IPython.utils import wildcard
 from IPython.core import debugger, oinspect
 from IPython.core.fakemodule import FakeModule
 from IPython.external.Itpl import Itpl, itpl, printpl,itplns
 from IPython.utils.PyColorize import Parser
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.utils.genutils import *
 from IPython.utils import platutils
 import IPython.utils.generics
 from IPython.core import ipapi
 from IPython.core.ipapi import UsageError
 from IPython.testing import decorators as testdec
 
 #***************************************************************************
 # Utility functions
 def on_off(tag):
     """Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function."""
     return ['OFF','ON'][tag]
 
 class Bunch: pass
 
 def compress_dhist(dh):
     head, tail = dh[:-10], dh[-10:]
 
     newhead = []
     done = set()
     for h in head:
         if h in done:
             continue
         newhead.append(h)
         done.add(h)
 
     return newhead + tail        
         
 
 #***************************************************************************
 # Main class implementing Magic functionality
 class Magic:
     """Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
 
     Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic
     functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own
     needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg `%cd ../`
     vs. `%cd("../")`
 
     ALL definitions MUST begin with the prefix magic_. The user won't need it
     at the command line, but it is is needed in the definition. """
 
     # class globals
     auto_status = ['Automagic is OFF, % prefix IS needed for magic functions.',
                    'Automagic is ON, % prefix NOT needed for magic functions.']
 
     #......................................................................
     # some utility functions
 
     def __init__(self,shell):
         
         self.options_table = {}
         if profile is None:
             self.magic_prun = self.profile_missing_notice
         self.shell = shell
 
         # namespace for holding state we may need
         self._magic_state = Bunch()
 
     def profile_missing_notice(self, *args, **kwargs):
         error("""\
 The profile module could not be found. It has been removed from the standard
 python packages because of its non-free license. To use profiling, install the
 python-profiler package from non-free.""")
 
     def default_option(self,fn,optstr):
         """Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr"""
 
         if fn not in self.lsmagic():
             error("%s is not a magic function" % fn)
         self.options_table[fn] = optstr
 
     def lsmagic(self):
         """Return a list of currently available magic functions.
 
         Gives a list of the bare names after mangling (['ls','cd', ...], not
         ['magic_ls','magic_cd',...]"""
 
         # FIXME. This needs a cleanup, in the way the magics list is built.
         
         # magics in class definition
         class_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                       callable(Magic.__dict__[fn])
         # in instance namespace (run-time user additions)
         inst_magic =  lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                      callable(self.__dict__[fn])
         # and bound magics by user (so they can access self):
         inst_bound_magic =  lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                            callable(self.__class__.__dict__[fn])
         magics = filter(class_magic,Magic.__dict__.keys()) + \
                  filter(inst_magic,self.__dict__.keys()) + \
                  filter(inst_bound_magic,self.__class__.__dict__.keys())
         out = []
         for fn in set(magics):
             out.append(fn.replace('magic_','',1))
         out.sort()
         return out
     
     def extract_input_slices(self,slices,raw=False):
         """Return as a string a set of input history slices.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - slices: the set of slices is given as a list of strings (like
           ['1','4:8','9'], since this function is for use by magic functions
           which get their arguments as strings.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - raw(False): by default, the processed input is used.  If this is
           true, the raw input history is used instead.
 
         Note that slices can be called with two notations:
 
         N:M -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).
 
         N-M -> include items N..M (closed endpoint)."""
 
         if raw:
             hist = self.shell.input_hist_raw
         else:
             hist = self.shell.input_hist
 
         cmds = []
         for chunk in slices:
             if ':' in chunk:
                 ini,fin = map(int,chunk.split(':'))
             elif '-' in chunk:
                 ini,fin = map(int,chunk.split('-'))
                 fin += 1
             else:
                 ini = int(chunk)
                 fin = ini+1
             cmds.append(hist[ini:fin])
         return cmds
         
     def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
         self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         
         oname = oname.strip()
 
         alias_ns = None
         if namespaces is None:
             # Namespaces to search in:
             # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
             # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
             namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.shell.user_ns),
                            ('IPython internal', self.shell.internal_ns),
                            ('Python builtin', __builtin__.__dict__),
                            ('Alias', self.shell.alias_table),
                            ]
             alias_ns = self.shell.alias_table
 
         # initialize results to 'null'
         found = 0; obj = None;  ospace = None;  ds = None;
         ismagic = 0; isalias = 0; parent = None
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
         oname_parts = oname.split('.')
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 #print 'oname_rest:', oname_rest  # dbg
                 for part in oname_rest:
                     try:
                         parent = obj
                         obj = getattr(obj,part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = 1
                     ospace = nsname
                     if ns == alias_ns:
                         isalias = 1
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             if oname.startswith(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname[1:]
             obj = getattr(self,'magic_'+oname,None)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = 1
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = 1
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = 1
             ospace = 'Interactive'
             
         return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace,
                 'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias, 'parent':parent}
     
     def arg_err(self,func):
         """Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed"""
         print 'Error in arguments:'
         print OInspect.getdoc(func)
 
     def format_latex(self,strng):
         """Format a string for latex inclusion."""
 
         # Characters that need to be escaped for latex:
         escape_re = re.compile(r'(%|_|\$|#|&)',re.MULTILINE)
         # Magic command names as headers:
         cmd_name_re = re.compile(r'^(%s.*?):' % self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                  re.MULTILINE)
         # Magic commands 
         cmd_re = re.compile(r'(?P<cmd>%s.+?\b)(?!\}\}:)' % self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                             re.MULTILINE)
         # Paragraph continue
         par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
 
         # The "\n" symbol
         newline_re = re.compile(r'\\n')
 
         # Now build the string for output:
         #strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\texttt{\\textsl{\\large \1}}:',strng)
         strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\bigskip\n\\texttt{\\textbf{ \1}}:',
                                 strng)
         strng = cmd_re.sub(r'\\texttt{\g<cmd>}',strng)
         strng = par_re.sub(r'\\\\',strng)
         strng = escape_re.sub(r'\\\1',strng)
         strng = newline_re.sub(r'\\textbackslash{}n',strng)
         return strng
 
     def format_screen(self,strng):
         """Format a string for screen printing.
 
         This removes some latex-type format codes."""
         # Paragraph continue
         par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
         strng = par_re.sub('',strng)
         return strng
 
     def parse_options(self,arg_str,opt_str,*long_opts,**kw):
         """Parse options passed to an argument string.
 
         The interface is similar to that of getopt(), but it returns back a
         Struct with the options as keys and the stripped argument string still
         as a string.
 
         arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split.
         This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote
         arguments, etc.
 
         Options:
           -mode: default 'string'. If given as 'list', the argument string is
           returned as a list (split on whitespace) instead of a string.
 
           -list_all: put all option values in lists. Normally only options
           appearing more than once are put in a list.
 
           -posix (True): whether to split the input line in POSIX mode or not,
           as per the conventions outlined in the shlex module from the
           standard library."""
  
         # inject default options at the beginning of the input line
         caller = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name.replace('magic_','')
         arg_str = '%s %s' % (self.options_table.get(caller,''),arg_str)
         
         mode = kw.get('mode','string')
         if mode not in ['string','list']:
             raise ValueError,'incorrect mode given: %s' % mode
         # Get options
         list_all = kw.get('list_all',0)
         posix = kw.get('posix',True)
 
         # Check if we have more than one argument to warrant extra processing:
         odict = {}  # Dictionary with options
         args = arg_str.split()
         if len(args) >= 1:
             # If the list of inputs only has 0 or 1 thing in it, there's no
             # need to look for options
             argv = arg_split(arg_str,posix)
             # Do regular option processing
             try:
                 opts,args = getopt(argv,opt_str,*long_opts)
             except GetoptError,e:
                 raise UsageError('%s ( allowed: "%s" %s)' % (e.msg,opt_str, 
                                         " ".join(long_opts)))
             for o,a in opts:
                 if o.startswith('--'):
                     o = o[2:]
                 else:
                     o = o[1:]
                 try:
                     odict[o].append(a)
                 except AttributeError:
                     odict[o] = [odict[o],a]
                 except KeyError:
                     if list_all:
                         odict[o] = [a]
                     else:
                         odict[o] = a
 
         # Prepare opts,args for return
         opts = Struct(odict)
         if mode == 'string':
             args = ' '.join(args)
 
         return opts,args
     
     #......................................................................
     # And now the actual magic functions
 
     # Functions for IPython shell work (vars,funcs, config, etc)
     def magic_lsmagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """List currently available magic functions."""
         mesc = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
         print 'Available magic functions:\n'+mesc+\
               ('  '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic())
         print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[self.shell.rc.automagic]
         return None
         
     def magic_magic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Print information about the magic function system.
         
         Supported formats: -latex, -brief, -rest        
         """
 
         mode = ''
         try:
             if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-latex':
                 mode = 'latex'
             if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-brief':
                 mode = 'brief'
             if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-rest':
                 mode = 'rest'
                 rest_docs = []
         except:
             pass
 
         magic_docs = []
         for fname in self.lsmagic():
             mname = 'magic_' + fname
             for space in (Magic,self,self.__class__):
                 try:
                     fn = space.__dict__[mname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
                 else:
                     break
             if mode == 'brief':
                 # only first line
                 if fn.__doc__:                    
                     fndoc = fn.__doc__.split('\n',1)[0]
                 else:
                     fndoc = 'No documentation'
             else:
                 if fn.__doc__:
                     fndoc = fn.__doc__.rstrip()       
                 else:
                     fndoc = 'No documentation'
                 
                 
             if mode == 'rest':
                 rest_docs.append('**%s%s**::\n\n\t%s\n\n' %(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                                     fname,fndoc))
                 
             else:
                 magic_docs.append('%s%s:\n\t%s\n' %(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                                     fname,fndoc))
                 
         magic_docs = ''.join(magic_docs)
 
         if mode == 'rest':
             return "".join(rest_docs)
         
         if mode == 'latex':
             print self.format_latex(magic_docs)
             return
         else:
             magic_docs = self.format_screen(magic_docs)
         if mode == 'brief':
             return magic_docs
         
         outmsg = """
 IPython's 'magic' functions
 ===========================
 
 The magic function system provides a series of functions which allow you to
 control the behavior of IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type
 features. All these functions are prefixed with a % character, but parameters
 are given without parentheses or quotes.
 
 NOTE: If you have 'automagic' enabled (via the command line option or with the
 %automagic function), you don't need to type in the % explicitly.  By default,
 IPython ships with automagic on, so you should only rarely need the % escape.
 
 Example: typing '%cd mydir' (without the quotes) changes you working directory
 to 'mydir', if it exists.
 
 You can define your own magic functions to extend the system. See the supplied
 ipythonrc and example-magic.py files for details (in your ipython
 configuration directory, typically $HOME/.ipython/).
 
 You can also define your own aliased names for magic functions. In your
 ipythonrc file, placing a line like:
 
   execute __IPYTHON__.magic_pf = __IPYTHON__.magic_profile
 
 will define %pf as a new name for %profile.
 
 You can also call magics in code using the ipmagic() function, which IPython
 automatically adds to the builtin namespace.  Type 'ipmagic?' for details.
 
 For a list of the available magic functions, use %lsmagic. For a description
 of any of them, type %magic_name?, e.g. '%cd?'.
 
 Currently the magic system has the following functions:\n"""
 
         mesc = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
         outmsg = ("%s\n%s\n\nSummary of magic functions (from %slsmagic):"
                   "\n\n%s%s\n\n%s" % (outmsg,
                                      magic_docs,mesc,mesc,
                                      ('  '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic()),
                                      Magic.auto_status[self.shell.rc.automagic] ) )
 
         page(outmsg,screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length)
   
 
     def magic_autoindent(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Toggle autoindent on/off (if available)."""
 
         self.shell.set_autoindent()
         print "Automatic indentation is:",['OFF','ON'][self.shell.autoindent]
 
 
     def magic_automagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.
 
         Without argumentsl toggles on/off (when off, you must call it as
         %automagic, of course).  With arguments it sets the value, and you can
         use any of (case insensitive):
 
          - on,1,True: to activate
 
          - off,0,False: to deactivate.
 
         Note that magic functions have lowest priority, so if there's a
         variable whose name collides with that of a magic fn, automagic won't
         work for that function (you get the variable instead). However, if you
         delete the variable (del var), the previously shadowed magic function
         becomes visible to automagic again."""
 
         rc = self.shell.rc
         arg = parameter_s.lower()
         if parameter_s in ('on','1','true'):
             rc.automagic = True
         elif parameter_s in ('off','0','false'):
             rc.automagic = False
         else:
             rc.automagic = not rc.automagic
         print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[rc.automagic]
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_autocall(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.
 
         Usage:
 
            %autocall [mode]
 
         The mode can be one of: 0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full.  If not given, the
         value is toggled on and off (remembering the previous state).
 
         In more detail, these values mean:
 
         0 -> fully disabled
 
         1 -> active, but do not apply if there are no arguments on the line.
 
         In this mode, you get:
 
         In [1]: callable
         Out[1]: <built-in function callable>
 
         In [2]: callable 'hello'
         ------> callable('hello')
         Out[2]: False
 
         2 -> Active always.  Even if no arguments are present, the callable
         object is called:
 
         In [2]: float
         ------> float()
         Out[2]: 0.0
 
         Note that even with autocall off, you can still use '/' at the start of
         a line to treat the first argument on the command line as a function
         and add parentheses to it:
 
         In [8]: /str 43
         ------> str(43)
         Out[8]: '43'
 
         # all-random (note for auto-testing)
         """
 
         rc = self.shell.rc
 
         if parameter_s:
             arg = int(parameter_s)
         else:
             arg = 'toggle'
 
         if not arg in (0,1,2,'toggle'):
             error('Valid modes: (0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full')
             return
 
         if arg in (0,1,2):
             rc.autocall = arg
         else: # toggle
             if rc.autocall:
                 self._magic_state.autocall_save = rc.autocall
                 rc.autocall = 0
             else:
                 try:
                     rc.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save
                 except AttributeError:
                     rc.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save = 1
 
         print "Automatic calling is:",['OFF','Smart','Full'][rc.autocall]
 
     def magic_system_verbose(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Set verbose printing of system calls.
 
         If called without an argument, act as a toggle"""
 
         if parameter_s:
             val = bool(eval(parameter_s))
         else:
             val = None
             
         self.shell.rc_set_toggle('system_verbose',val)
         print "System verbose printing is:",\
               ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.system_verbose]
 
 
     def magic_page(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
         
         %page [options] OBJECT
 
         If no object is given, use _ (last output).
         
         Options:
 
           -r: page str(object), don't pretty-print it."""
 
         # After a function contributed by Olivier Aubert, slightly modified.
 
         # Process options/args
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r')
         raw = 'r' in opts
 
         oname = args and args or '_'
         info = self._ofind(oname)
         if info['found']:
             txt = (raw and str or pformat)( info['obj'] )
             page(txt)
         else:
             print 'Object `%s` not found' % oname
 
     def magic_profile(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print your currently active IPyhton profile."""
         if self.shell.rc.profile:
             printpl('Current IPython profile: $self.shell.rc.profile.')
         else:
             print 'No profile active.'
 
     def magic_pinfo(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Provide detailed information about an object.
     
         '%pinfo object' is just a synonym for object? or ?object."""
     
         #print 'pinfo par: <%s>' % parameter_s  # dbg
     
         
         # detail_level: 0 -> obj? , 1 -> obj??
         detail_level = 0
         # We need to detect if we got called as 'pinfo pinfo foo', which can
         # happen if the user types 'pinfo foo?' at the cmd line.
         pinfo,qmark1,oname,qmark2 = \
                re.match('(pinfo )?(\?*)(.*?)(\??$)',parameter_s).groups()
         if pinfo or qmark1 or qmark2:
             detail_level = 1
         if "*" in oname:
             self.magic_psearch(oname)
         else:
             self._inspect('pinfo', oname, detail_level=detail_level,
                           namespaces=namespaces)
 
     def magic_pdef(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print the definition header for any callable object.
 
         If the object is a class, print the constructor information."""
         self._inspect('pdef',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     def magic_pdoc(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print the docstring for an object.
 
         If the given object is a class, it will print both the class and the
         constructor docstrings."""
         self._inspect('pdoc',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     def magic_psource(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object."""
         self._inspect('psource',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     def magic_pfile(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
 
         The file opens at the line where the object definition begins. IPython
         will honor the environment variable PAGER if set, and otherwise will
         do its best to print the file in a convenient form.
 
         If the given argument is not an object currently defined, IPython will
         try to interpret it as a filename (automatically adding a .py extension
         if needed). You can thus use %pfile as a syntax highlighting code
         viewer."""
 
         # first interpret argument as an object name
         out = self._inspect('pfile',parameter_s)
         # if not, try the input as a filename
         if out == 'not found':
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
             except IOError,msg:
                 print msg
                 return
             page(self.shell.inspector.format(file(filename).read()))
 
     def _inspect(self,meth,oname,namespaces=None,**kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends."""
 
         #oname = oname.strip()
         #print '1- oname: <%r>' % oname  # dbg
         try:
             oname = oname.strip().encode('ascii')
             #print '2- oname: <%r>' % oname  # dbg
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.'
             return 'not found'
             
         info = Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces))
         
         if info.found:
             try:
                 IPython.utils.generics.inspect_object(info.obj)
                 return
             except ipapi.TryNext:
                 pass
             # Get the docstring of the class property if it exists.
             path = oname.split('.')
             root = '.'.join(path[:-1])
             if info.parent is not None:
                 try:
                     target = getattr(info.parent, '__class__') 
                     # The object belongs to a class instance. 
                     try: 
                         target = getattr(target, path[-1])
                         # The class defines the object. 
                         if isinstance(target, property):
                             oname = root + '.__class__.' + path[-1]
                             info = Struct(self._ofind(oname))
                     except AttributeError: pass
                 except AttributeError: pass
                         
             pmethod = getattr(self.shell.inspector,meth)
             formatter = info.ismagic and self.format_screen or None
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj,oname,formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(info.obj,oname,formatter,info,**kw)
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj,oname)
         else:
             print 'Object `%s` not found.' % oname
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
         
     def magic_psearch(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.
 
         %psearch [options] PATTERN [OBJECT TYPE]
 
         Note: ? can be used as a synonym for %psearch, at the beginning or at
         the end: both a*? and ?a* are equivalent to '%psearch a*'.  Still, the
         rest of the command line must be unchanged (options come first), so
         for example the following forms are equivalent
 
         %psearch -i a* function
         -i a* function?
         ?-i a* function
 
         Arguments:
         
           PATTERN
 
           where PATTERN is a string containing * as a wildcard similar to its
           use in a shell.  The pattern is matched in all namespaces on the
           search path. By default objects starting with a single _ are not
           matched, many IPython generated objects have a single
           underscore. The default is case insensitive matching. Matching is
           also done on the attributes of objects and not only on the objects
           in a module.
 
           [OBJECT TYPE]
 
           Is the name of a python type from the types module. The name is
           given in lowercase without the ending type, ex. StringType is
           written string. By adding a type here only objects matching the
           given type are matched. Using all here makes the pattern match all
           types (this is the default).
 
         Options:
 
           -a: makes the pattern match even objects whose names start with a
           single underscore.  These names are normally ommitted from the
           search.
 
           -i/-c: make the pattern case insensitive/sensitive.  If neither of
           these options is given, the default is read from your ipythonrc
           file.  The option name which sets this value is
           'wildcards_case_sensitive'.  If this option is not specified in your
           ipythonrc file, IPython's internal default is to do a case sensitive
           search.
 
           -e/-s NAMESPACE: exclude/search a given namespace.  The pattern you
           specifiy can be searched in any of the following namespaces:
           'builtin', 'user', 'user_global','internal', 'alias', where
           'builtin' and 'user' are the search defaults.  Note that you should
           not use quotes when specifying namespaces.
 
           'Builtin' contains the python module builtin, 'user' contains all
           user data, 'alias' only contain the shell aliases and no python
           objects, 'internal' contains objects used by IPython.  The
           'user_global' namespace is only used by embedded IPython instances,
           and it contains module-level globals.  You can add namespaces to the
           search with -s or exclude them with -e (these options can be given
           more than once).
     
         Examples:
        
         %psearch a*            -> objects beginning with an a
         %psearch -e builtin a* -> objects NOT in the builtin space starting in a
         %psearch a* function   -> all functions beginning with an a
         %psearch re.e*         -> objects beginning with an e in module re
         %psearch r*.e*         -> objects that start with e in modules starting in r
         %psearch r*.* string   -> all strings in modules beginning with r
 
         Case sensitve search:
        
         %psearch -c a*         list all object beginning with lower case a
 
         Show objects beginning with a single _:
        
         %psearch -a _*         list objects beginning with a single underscore"""
         try:
             parameter_s = parameter_s.encode('ascii')
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.'
             return
 
         # default namespaces to be searched
         def_search = ['user','builtin']
 
         # Process options/args
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'cias:e:',list_all=True)
         opt = opts.get
         shell = self.shell
         psearch = shell.inspector.psearch
 
         # select case options
         if opts.has_key('i'):
             ignore_case = True
         elif opts.has_key('c'):
             ignore_case = False
         else:
             ignore_case = not shell.rc.wildcards_case_sensitive
 
         # Build list of namespaces to search from user options
         def_search.extend(opt('s',[]))
         ns_exclude = ns_exclude=opt('e',[])
         ns_search = [nm for nm in def_search if nm not in ns_exclude]
         
         # Call the actual search
         try:
             psearch(args,shell.ns_table,ns_search,
                     show_all=opt('a'),ignore_case=ignore_case)
         except:
             shell.showtraceback()
 
     def magic_who_ls(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.
 
         If arguments are given, only variables of types matching these
         arguments are returned."""
 
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
         internal_ns = self.shell.internal_ns
         user_config_ns = self.shell.user_config_ns
         out = []
         typelist = parameter_s.split()
 
         for i in user_ns:
             if not (i.startswith('_') or i.startswith('_i')) \
                    and not (i in internal_ns or i in user_config_ns):
                 if typelist:
                     if type(user_ns[i]).__name__ in typelist:
                         out.append(i)
                 else:
                     out.append(i)
         out.sort()
         return out
         
     def magic_who(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.
 
         If any arguments are given, only variables whose type matches one of
         these are printed.  For example:
 
           %who function str
 
         will only list functions and strings, excluding all other types of
         variables.  To find the proper type names, simply use type(var) at a
         command line to see how python prints type names.  For example:
 
           In [1]: type('hello')\\
           Out[1]: <type 'str'>
 
         indicates that the type name for strings is 'str'.
 
         %who always excludes executed names loaded through your configuration
         file and things which are internal to IPython.
 
         This is deliberate, as typically you may load many modules and the
         purpose of %who is to show you only what you've manually defined."""
 
         varlist = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
         if not varlist:
             if parameter_s:
                 print 'No variables match your requested type.'
             else:
                 print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
             return
 
         # if we have variables, move on...
         count = 0
         for i in varlist:
             print i+'\t',
             count += 1
             if count > 8:
                 count = 0
                 print
         print
 
     def magic_whos(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.
 
         The same type filtering of %who can be applied here.
 
         For all variables, the type is printed. Additionally it prints:
         
           - For {},[],(): their length.
 
           - For numpy and Numeric arrays, a summary with shape, number of
           elements, typecode and size in memory.
 
           - Everything else: a string representation, snipping their middle if
           too long."""
         
         varnames = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
         if not varnames:
             if parameter_s:
                 print 'No variables match your requested type.'
             else:
                 print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
             return
 
         # if we have variables, move on...
 
         # for these types, show len() instead of data:
         seq_types = [types.DictType,types.ListType,types.TupleType]
 
         # for numpy/Numeric arrays, display summary info
         try:
             import numpy
         except ImportError:
             ndarray_type = None
         else:
             ndarray_type = numpy.ndarray.__name__
         try:
             import Numeric
         except ImportError:
             array_type = None
         else:
             array_type = Numeric.ArrayType.__name__
 
         # Find all variable names and types so we can figure out column sizes
         def get_vars(i):
             return self.shell.user_ns[i]
         
         # some types are well known and can be shorter
         abbrevs = {'IPython.core.macro.Macro' : 'Macro'}
         def type_name(v):
             tn = type(v).__name__
             return abbrevs.get(tn,tn)
             
         varlist = map(get_vars,varnames)
 
         typelist = []
         for vv in varlist:
             tt = type_name(vv)
 
             if tt=='instance':
                 typelist.append( abbrevs.get(str(vv.__class__),
                                              str(vv.__class__)))
             else:
                 typelist.append(tt)
 
         # column labels and # of spaces as separator
         varlabel = 'Variable'
         typelabel = 'Type'
         datalabel = 'Data/Info'
         colsep = 3
         # variable format strings
         vformat    = "$vname.ljust(varwidth)$vtype.ljust(typewidth)"
         vfmt_short = '$vstr[:25]<...>$vstr[-25:]'
         aformat    = "%s: %s elems, type `%s`, %s bytes"
         # find the size of the columns to format the output nicely
         varwidth = max(max(map(len,varnames)), len(varlabel)) + colsep
         typewidth = max(max(map(len,typelist)), len(typelabel)) + colsep
         # table header
         print varlabel.ljust(varwidth) + typelabel.ljust(typewidth) + \
               ' '+datalabel+'\n' + '-'*(varwidth+typewidth+len(datalabel)+1)
         # and the table itself
         kb = 1024
         Mb = 1048576  # kb**2
         for vname,var,vtype in zip(varnames,varlist,typelist):
             print itpl(vformat),
             if vtype in seq_types:
                 print len(var)
             elif vtype in [array_type,ndarray_type]:
                 vshape = str(var.shape).replace(',','').replace(' ','x')[1:-1]
                 if vtype==ndarray_type:
                     # numpy
                     vsize  = var.size
                     vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize
                     vdtype = var.dtype
                 else:
                     # Numeric
                     vsize  = Numeric.size(var)
                     vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize()
                     vdtype = var.typecode()
                     
                 if vbytes < 100000:
                     print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes)
                 else:
                     print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes),
                     if vbytes < Mb:
                         print '(%s kb)' % (vbytes/kb,)
                     else:
                         print '(%s Mb)' % (vbytes/Mb,)
             else:
                 try:
                     vstr = str(var)
                 except UnicodeEncodeError:
                     vstr = unicode(var).encode(sys.getdefaultencoding(),
                                                'backslashreplace')
                 vstr = vstr.replace('\n','\\n')
                 if len(vstr) < 50:
                     print vstr
                 else:
                     printpl(vfmt_short)
                 
     def magic_reset(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user.
 
         Input/Output history are left around in case you need them.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
           -y : force reset without asking for confirmation.
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [6]: a = 1
 
         In [7]: a
         Out[7]: 1
 
         In [8]: 'a' in _ip.user_ns
         Out[8]: True
 
         In [9]: %reset -f
 
         In [10]: 'a' in _ip.user_ns
         Out[10]: False
         """
 
         if parameter_s == '-f':
             ans = True
         else:
             ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(
                 "Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])? ")
         if not ans:
             print 'Nothing done.'
             return
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
         for i in self.magic_who_ls():
             del(user_ns[i])
             
         # Also flush the private list of module references kept for script
         # execution protection
         self.shell.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
     def magic_logstart(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Start logging anywhere in a session.
 
         %logstart [-o|-r|-t] [log_name [log_mode]]
 
         If no name is given, it defaults to a file named 'ipython_log.py' in your
         current directory, in 'rotate' mode (see below).
 
         '%logstart name' saves to file 'name' in 'backup' mode.  It saves your
         history up to that point and then continues logging.
 
         %logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be one
         of (note that the modes are given unquoted):\\
           append: well, that says it.\\
           backup: rename (if exists) to name~ and start name.\\
           global: single logfile in your home dir, appended to.\\
           over  : overwrite existing log.\\
           rotate: create rotating logs name.1~, name.2~, etc.
 
         Options:
 
           -o: log also IPython's output.  In this mode, all commands which
           generate an Out[NN] prompt are recorded to the logfile, right after
           their corresponding input line.  The output lines are always
           prepended with a '#[Out]# ' marker, so that the log remains valid
           Python code.
 
           Since this marker is always the same, filtering only the output from
           a log is very easy, using for example a simple awk call:
 
             awk -F'#\\[Out\\]# ' '{if($2) {print $2}}' ipython_log.py
 
           -r: log 'raw' input.  Normally, IPython's logs contain the processed
           input, so that user lines are logged in their final form, converted
           into valid Python.  For example, %Exit is logged as
           '_ip.magic("Exit").  If the -r flag is given, all input is logged
           exactly as typed, with no transformations applied.
 
           -t: put timestamps before each input line logged (these are put in
           comments)."""
         
         opts,par = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'ort')
         log_output = 'o' in opts
         log_raw_input = 'r' in opts
         timestamp = 't' in opts
 
         rc = self.shell.rc
         logger = self.shell.logger
 
         # if no args are given, the defaults set in the logger constructor by
         # ipytohn remain valid
         if par:
             try:
                 logfname,logmode = par.split()
             except:
                 logfname = par
                 logmode = 'backup'
         else:
             logfname = logger.logfname
             logmode = logger.logmode
         # put logfname into rc struct as if it had been called on the command
         # line, so it ends up saved in the log header Save it in case we need
         # to restore it...
         old_logfile = rc.opts.get('logfile','')  
         if logfname:
             logfname = os.path.expanduser(logfname)
         rc.opts.logfile = logfname
         loghead = self.shell.loghead_tpl % (rc.opts,rc.args)
         try:
             started  = logger.logstart(logfname,loghead,logmode,
                                        log_output,timestamp,log_raw_input)
         except:
             rc.opts.logfile = old_logfile
             warn("Couldn't start log: %s" % sys.exc_info()[1])
         else:
             # log input history up to this point, optionally interleaving
             # output if requested
 
             if timestamp:
                 # disable timestamping for the previous history, since we've
                 # lost those already (no time machine here).
                 logger.timestamp = False
 
             if log_raw_input:
                 input_hist = self.shell.input_hist_raw
             else:
                 input_hist = self.shell.input_hist
                 
             if log_output:
                 log_write = logger.log_write
                 output_hist = self.shell.output_hist
                 for n in range(1,len(input_hist)-1):
                     log_write(input_hist[n].rstrip())
                     if n in output_hist:
                         log_write(repr(output_hist[n]),'output')
             else:
                 logger.log_write(input_hist[1:])
             if timestamp:
                 # re-enable timestamping
                 logger.timestamp = True
                 
             print ('Activating auto-logging. '
                    'Current session state plus future input saved.')
             logger.logstate()
 
     def magic_logstop(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Fully stop logging and close log file.
 
         In order to start logging again, a new %logstart call needs to be made,
         possibly (though not necessarily) with a new filename, mode and other
         options."""
         self.logger.logstop()
 
     def magic_logoff(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Temporarily stop logging.
 
         You must have previously started logging."""
         self.shell.logger.switch_log(0)
         
     def magic_logon(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Restart logging.
 
         This function is for restarting logging which you've temporarily
         stopped with %logoff. For starting logging for the first time, you
         must use the %logstart function, which allows you to specify an
         optional log filename."""
         
         self.shell.logger.switch_log(1)
     
     def magic_logstate(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Print the status of the logging system."""
 
         self.shell.logger.logstate()
         
     def magic_pdb(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
 
         Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
         argument it works as a toggle.
 
         When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
         interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
         this feature on and off.
 
         The initial state of this feature is set in your ipythonrc
         configuration file (the variable is called 'pdb').
 
         If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired,
         without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use
         the %debug magic."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip().lower()
 
         if par:
             try:
                 new_pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par]
             except KeyError:
                 print ('Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0, '
                        'or nothing for a toggle.')
                 return
         else:
             # toggle
             new_pdb = not self.shell.call_pdb
 
         # set on the shell
         self.shell.call_pdb = new_pdb
         print 'Automatic pdb calling has been turned',on_off(new_pdb)
 
     def magic_debug(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Activate the interactive debugger in post-mortem mode.
 
         If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
         frames interactively.  Note that this will always work only on the last
         traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
         exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
         occurs, it clobbers the previous one.
 
         If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
         the %pdb magic for more details.
         """
         
         self.shell.debugger(force=True)
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_prun(self, parameter_s ='',user_mode=1,
                    opts=None,arg_lst=None,prog_ns=None):
 
         """Run a statement through the python code profiler.
 
         Usage:
           %prun [options] statement
 
         The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
         python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
         Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
         cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
         namespaces which do not hold under IPython.
 
         Options:
 
         -l <limit>: you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
         profile gets printed. The limit value can be:
 
           * A string: only information for function names containing this string
           is printed.
 
           * An integer: only these many lines are printed.
 
           * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
           (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).
 
         You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
         example, '-l __init__ -l 5' will print only the topmost 5 lines of
         information about class constructors.
 
         -r: return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
         object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
         later use it for further analysis or in other functions.
 
        -s <key>: sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
         by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
         default sorting key is 'time'.
 
         The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
         referenced below:
 
         When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
         secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
         before them.
         
         Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
         abbreviation is unambiguous.  The following are the keys currently
         defined:
 
                 Valid Arg       Meaning
                   "calls"      call count
                   "cumulative" cumulative time
                   "file"       file name
                   "module"     file name
                   "pcalls"     primitive call count
                   "line"       line number
                   "name"       function name
                   "nfl"        name/file/line
                   "stdname"    standard name
                   "time"       internal time
 
         Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
         most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
         searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
         distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
         sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
         numbers get compared in an odd way.  For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
         would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
         "20" "3" and "40".  In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
         line numbers.  In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
         sort_stats("name", "file", "line").
 
         -T <filename>: save profile results as shown on screen to a text
         file. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -D <filename>: save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given
         filename. This data is in a format understod by the pstats module, and
         is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile
         objects. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use
         '%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]' where prof_opts
         contains profiler specific options as described here.
         
         You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with::
         
           In [1]: import profile; profile.help()
         """
 
         opts_def = Struct(D=[''],l=[],s=['time'],T=[''])
         # protect user quote marks
         parameter_s = parameter_s.replace('"',r'\"').replace("'",r"\'")
         
         if user_mode:  # regular user call
             opts,arg_str = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'D:l:rs:T:',
                                               list_all=1)
             namespace = self.shell.user_ns
         else:  # called to run a program by %run -p
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(arg_lst[0])
             except IOError,msg:
                 error(msg)
                 return
 
             arg_str = 'execfile(filename,prog_ns)'
             namespace = locals()
 
         opts.merge(opts_def)
         
         prof = profile.Profile()
         try:
             prof = prof.runctx(arg_str,namespace,namespace)
             sys_exit = ''
         except SystemExit:
             sys_exit = """*** SystemExit exception caught in code being profiled."""
 
         stats = pstats.Stats(prof).strip_dirs().sort_stats(*opts.s)
 
         lims = opts.l
         if lims:
             lims = []  # rebuild lims with ints/floats/strings
             for lim in opts.l:
                 try:
                     lims.append(int(lim))
                 except ValueError:
                     try:
                         lims.append(float(lim))
                     except ValueError:
                         lims.append(lim)
                     
         # Trap output.
         stdout_trap = StringIO()
 
         if hasattr(stats,'stream'):
             # In newer versions of python, the stats object has a 'stream'
             # attribute to write into.
             stats.stream = stdout_trap
             stats.print_stats(*lims)
         else:
             # For older versions, we manually redirect stdout during printing
             sys_stdout = sys.stdout
             try:
                 sys.stdout = stdout_trap
                 stats.print_stats(*lims)
             finally:
                 sys.stdout = sys_stdout
                 
         output = stdout_trap.getvalue()
         output = output.rstrip()
 
         page(output,screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length)
         print sys_exit,
 
         dump_file = opts.D[0]
         text_file = opts.T[0]
         if dump_file:
             prof.dump_stats(dump_file)
             print '\n*** Profile stats marshalled to file',\
                   `dump_file`+'.',sys_exit
         if text_file:
             pfile = file(text_file,'w')
             pfile.write(output)
             pfile.close()
             print '\n*** Profile printout saved to text file',\
                   `text_file`+'.',sys_exit
 
         if opts.has_key('r'):
             return stats
         else:
             return None
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_run(self, parameter_s ='',runner=None,
                   file_finder=get_py_filename):
         """Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
 
         Usage:\\
           %run [-n -i -t [-N<N>] -d [-b<N>] -p [profile options]] file [args]
         
         Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to
         the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's
         prompt.
 
         This is similar to running at a system prompt:\\
           $ python file args\\
         but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of
         loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use
         (unless -p is used, see below).
 
         The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of
         __name__=='__main__' and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus
         sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program
         (except for sharing global objects such as previously imported
         modules). But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets
         updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__
         and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for
         interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in.
 
         Options:
         
         -n: __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name
         without extension (as python does under import).  This allows running
         scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code
         protected by an ' if __name__ == "__main__" ' clause.
 
         -i: run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This
         is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor
         which depends on variables defined interactively.
 
         -e: ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script
         being run.  This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to
         run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call.  In such
         cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in
         seeing a traceback of the unittest module.
 
         -t: print timing information at the end of the run.  IPython will give
         you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under
         Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of
         time.clock().  Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks
         is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).
 
         If -t is given, an additional -N<N> option can be given, where <N>
         must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to
         run.  The final timing report will include total and per run results.
 
         For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py):
 
             In [1]: run -t uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\
               User  :    0.19597 s.\\
               System:        0.0 s.\\
 
             In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\
             Total runs performed: 5\\
               Times :      Total       Per run\\
               User  :   0.910862 s,  0.1821724 s.\\
               System:        0.0 s,        0.0 s.
 
         -d: run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger.
         This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables,
         etc.  Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling:
         
           pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")')
 
         with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file.  You can change the line
         number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option
         (where N must be an integer).  For example:
 
           %run -d -b40 myscript
 
         will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py.  Note that
         the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does
         something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.
 
         When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt.  You must
         first enter 'c' (without qoutes) to start execution up to the first
         breakpoint.
 
         Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger.  You
         can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()"
         at a prompt.
 
         -p: run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which
         prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).
 
         You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the
         profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.
 
         In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the
         IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace
         where the profiler executes them).
 
         Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for
         details on the options available specifically for profiling.
 
         There is one special usage for which the text above doesn't apply:
         if the filename ends with .ipy, the file is run as ipython script,
         just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt.
         """
 
         # get arguments and set sys.argv for program to be run.
         opts,arg_lst = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'nidtN:b:pD:l:rs:T:e',
                                           mode='list',list_all=1)
 
         try:
             filename = file_finder(arg_lst[0])
         except IndexError:
             warn('you must provide at least a filename.')
             print '\n%run:\n',oinspect.getdoc(self.magic_run)
             return
         except IOError,msg:
             error(msg)
             return
 
         if filename.lower().endswith('.ipy'):
             self.api.runlines(open(filename).read())
             return
         
         # Control the response to exit() calls made by the script being run
         exit_ignore = opts.has_key('e')
         
         # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it
         # were run from a system shell.
         save_argv = sys.argv # save it for later restoring
         sys.argv = [filename]+ arg_lst[1:]  # put in the proper filename
 
         if opts.has_key('i'):
             # Run in user's interactive namespace
             prog_ns = self.shell.user_ns
             __name__save = self.shell.user_ns['__name__']
             prog_ns['__name__'] = '__main__'
             main_mod = self.shell.new_main_mod(prog_ns)
         else:
             # Run in a fresh, empty namespace
             if opts.has_key('n'):
                 name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0]
             else:
                 name = '__main__'
 
             main_mod = self.shell.new_main_mod()
             prog_ns = main_mod.__dict__
             prog_ns['__name__'] = name
 
         # Since '%run foo' emulates 'python foo.py' at the cmd line, we must
         # set the __file__ global in the script's namespace
         prog_ns['__file__'] = filename
 
         # pickle fix.  See iplib for an explanation.  But we need to make sure
         # that, if we overwrite __main__, we replace it at the end
         main_mod_name = prog_ns['__name__']
 
         if main_mod_name == '__main__':
             restore_main = sys.modules['__main__']
         else:
             restore_main = False
 
         # This needs to be undone at the end to prevent holding references to
         # every single object ever created.
         sys.modules[main_mod_name] = main_mod
         
         stats = None
         try:
             self.shell.savehist()
 
             if opts.has_key('p'):
                 stats = self.magic_prun('',0,opts,arg_lst,prog_ns)
             else:
                 if opts.has_key('d'):
                     deb = debugger.Pdb(self.shell.rc.colors)
                     # reset Breakpoint state, which is moronically kept
                     # in a class
                     bdb.Breakpoint.next = 1
                     bdb.Breakpoint.bplist = {}
                     bdb.Breakpoint.bpbynumber = [None]
                     # Set an initial breakpoint to stop execution
                     maxtries = 10
                     bp = int(opts.get('b',[1])[0])
                     checkline = deb.checkline(filename,bp)
                     if not checkline:
                         for bp in range(bp+1,bp+maxtries+1):
                             if deb.checkline(filename,bp):
                                 break
                         else:
                             msg = ("\nI failed to find a valid line to set "
                                    "a breakpoint\n"
                                    "after trying up to line: %s.\n"
                                    "Please set a valid breakpoint manually "
                                    "with the -b option." % bp)
                             error(msg)
                             return
                     # if we find a good linenumber, set the breakpoint
                     deb.do_break('%s:%s' % (filename,bp))
                     # Start file run
                     print "NOTE: Enter 'c' at the",
                     print "%s prompt to start your script." % deb.prompt
                     try:
                         deb.run('execfile("%s")' % filename,prog_ns)
                         
                     except:
                         etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                         # Skip three frames in the traceback: the %run one,
                         # one inside bdb.py, and the command-line typed by the
                         # user (run by exec in pdb itself).
                         self.shell.InteractiveTB(etype,value,tb,tb_offset=3)
                 else:
                     if runner is None:
                         runner = self.shell.safe_execfile
                     if opts.has_key('t'):
                         # timed execution
                         try:
                             nruns = int(opts['N'][0])
                             if nruns < 1:
                                 error('Number of runs must be >=1')
                                 return
                         except (KeyError):
                             nruns = 1
                         if nruns == 1:
                             t0 = clock2()
                             runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns,
                                    exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
                             t1 = clock2()
                             t_usr = t1[0]-t0[0]
                             t_sys = t1[1]-t0[1]
                             print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):"
                             print "  User  : %10s s." % t_usr
                             print "  System: %10s s." % t_sys
                         else:
                             runs = range(nruns)
                             t0 = clock2()
                             for nr in runs:
                                 runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns,
                                        exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
                             t1 = clock2()
                             t_usr = t1[0]-t0[0]
                             t_sys = t1[1]-t0[1]
                             print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):"
                             print "Total runs performed:",nruns
                             print "  Times : %10s    %10s" % ('Total','Per run')
                             print "  User  : %10s s, %10s s." % (t_usr,t_usr/nruns)
                             print "  System: %10s s, %10s s." % (t_sys,t_sys/nruns)
                             
                     else:
                         # regular execution
                         runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns,exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
 
                 if opts.has_key('i'):
                     self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] = __name__save
                 else:
                     # The shell MUST hold a reference to prog_ns so after %run
                     # exits, the python deletion mechanism doesn't zero it out
                     # (leaving dangling references).
                     self.shell.cache_main_mod(prog_ns,filename)
                     # update IPython interactive namespace
                     del prog_ns['__name__']
                     self.shell.user_ns.update(prog_ns)
         finally:
             # It's a bit of a mystery why, but __builtins__ can change from
             # being a module to becoming a dict missing some key data after
             # %run.  As best I can see, this is NOT something IPython is doing
             # at all, and similar problems have been reported before:
             # http://coding.derkeiler.com/Archive/Python/comp.lang.python/2004-10/0188.html
             # Since this seems to be done by the interpreter itself, the best
             # we can do is to at least restore __builtins__ for the user on
             # exit.
             self.shell.user_ns['__builtins__'] = __builtin__
             
             # Ensure key global structures are restored
             sys.argv = save_argv
             if restore_main:
                 sys.modules['__main__'] = restore_main
             else:
                 # Remove from sys.modules the reference to main_mod we'd
                 # added.  Otherwise it will trap references to objects
                 # contained therein.
                 del sys.modules[main_mod_name]
 
             self.shell.reloadhist()
                 
         return stats
 
     def magic_runlog(self, parameter_s =''):
         """Run files as logs.
 
         Usage:\\
           %runlog file1 file2 ...
 
         Run the named files (treating them as log files) in sequence inside
         the interpreter, and return to the prompt.  This is much slower than
         %run because each line is executed in a try/except block, but it
         allows running files with syntax errors in them.
 
         Normally IPython will guess when a file is one of its own logfiles, so
         you can typically use %run even for logs. This shorthand allows you to
         force any file to be treated as a log file."""
 
         for f in parameter_s.split():
             self.shell.safe_execfile(f,self.shell.user_ns,
                                      self.shell.user_ns,islog=1)
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_timeit(self, parameter_s =''):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression
 
         Usage:\\
           %timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c]] statement
 
         Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit
         module.
 
         Options:
         -n<N>: execute the given statement <N> times in a loop. If this value
         is not given, a fitting value is chosen. 
         
         -r<R>: repeat the loop iteration <R> times and take the best result.
         Default: 3
         
         -t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix.
         This function measures wall time.
         
         -c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on
         Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used
         instead and returns the CPU user time.
 
         -p<P>: use a precision of <P> digits to display the timing result.
         Default: 3
 
         
         Examples:
 
           In [1]: %timeit pass
           10000000 loops, best of 3: 53.3 ns per loop
 
           In [2]: u = None
 
           In [3]: %timeit u is None
           10000000 loops, best of 3: 184 ns per loop
 
           In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None
           1000000 loops, best of 4: 242 ns per loop
 
           In [5]: import time
 
           In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2)
           1 loops, best of 3: 2 s per loop
           
 
         The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those
         reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is
         due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace
         of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup
         statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias
         does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with
         those from %timeit."""
 
         import timeit
         import math
 
         # XXX: Unfortunately the unicode 'micro' symbol can cause problems in
         # certain terminals.  Until we figure out a robust way of
         # auto-detecting if the terminal can deal with it, use plain 'us' for
         # microseconds.  I am really NOT happy about disabling the proper
         # 'micro' prefix, but crashing is worse... If anyone knows what the
         # right solution for this is, I'm all ears...
         #
         # Note: using
         #
         # s = u'\xb5'
         # s.encode(sys.getdefaultencoding())
         #
         # is not sufficient, as I've seen terminals where that fails but
         # print s
         #
         # succeeds
         #
         # See bug: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/348466
         
         #units = [u"s", u"ms",u'\xb5',"ns"]
         units = [u"s", u"ms",u'us',"ns"]
         
         scaling = [1, 1e3, 1e6, 1e9]
 
         opts, stmt = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'n:r:tcp:',
                                         posix=False)
         if stmt == "":
             return
         timefunc = timeit.default_timer
         number = int(getattr(opts, "n", 0))
         repeat = int(getattr(opts, "r", timeit.default_repeat))
         precision = int(getattr(opts, "p", 3))
         if hasattr(opts, "t"):
             timefunc = time.time
         if hasattr(opts, "c"):
             timefunc = clock
 
         timer = timeit.Timer(timer=timefunc)
         # this code has tight coupling to the inner workings of timeit.Timer,
         # but is there a better way to achieve that the code stmt has access
         # to the shell namespace?
 
         src = timeit.template % {'stmt': timeit.reindent(stmt, 8),
                                  'setup': "pass"}
         # Track compilation time so it can be reported if too long
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
         
         t0 = clock()
         code = compile(src, "<magic-timeit>", "exec")
         tc = clock()-t0
         
         ns = {}
         exec code in self.shell.user_ns, ns
         timer.inner = ns["inner"]
         
         if number == 0:
             # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
             number = 1
             for i in range(1, 10):
                 if timer.timeit(number) >= 0.2:
                     break
                 number *= 10
         
         best = min(timer.repeat(repeat, number)) / number
 
         if best > 0.0:
             order = min(-int(math.floor(math.log10(best)) // 3), 3)
         else:
             order = 3
         print u"%d loops, best of %d: %.*g %s per loop" % (number, repeat,
                                                           precision,
                                                           best * scaling[order],
                                                           units[order])
         if tc > tc_min:
             print "Compiler time: %.2f s" % tc
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_time(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
 
         The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the
         expression (if any) is returned.  Note that under Win32, system time
         is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.
 
         This function provides very basic timing functionality.  In Python
         2.3, the timeit module offers more control and sophistication, so this
         could be rewritten to use it (patches welcome).
         
         Some examples:
 
           In [1]: time 2**128
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
           Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
 
           In [2]: n = 1000000
 
           In [3]: time sum(range(n))
           CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s
           Wall time: 1.37
           Out[3]: 499999500000L
 
           In [4]: time print 'hello world'
           hello world
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
 
           Note that the time needed by Python to compile the given expression
           will be reported if it is more than 0.1s.  In this example, the
           actual exponentiation is done by Python at compilation time, so while
           the expression can take a noticeable amount of time to compute, that
           time is purely due to the compilation:
 
           In [5]: time 3**9999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
 
           In [6]: time 3**999999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
           Compiler : 0.78 s
           """
         
         # fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled
         
         expr = self.shell.prefilter(parameter_s,False)
 
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
         
         try:
             mode = 'eval'
             t0 = clock()
             code = compile(expr,'<timed eval>',mode)
             tc = clock()-t0
         except SyntaxError:
             mode = 'exec'
             t0 = clock()
             code = compile(expr,'<timed exec>',mode)
             tc = clock()-t0
         # skew measurement as little as possible
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         clk = clock2
         wtime = time.time
         # time execution
         wall_st = wtime()
         if mode=='eval':
             st = clk()
             out = eval(code,glob)
             end = clk()
         else:
             st = clk()
             exec code in glob
             end = clk()
             out = None
         wall_end = wtime()
         # Compute actual times and report
         wall_time = wall_end-wall_st
         cpu_user = end[0]-st[0]
         cpu_sys = end[1]-st[1]
         cpu_tot = cpu_user+cpu_sys
         print "CPU times: user %.2f s, sys: %.2f s, total: %.2f s" % \
               (cpu_user,cpu_sys,cpu_tot)
         print "Wall time: %.2f s" % wall_time
         if tc > tc_min:
             print "Compiler : %.2f s" % tc
         return out
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_macro(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Define a set of input lines as a macro for future re-execution.
 
         Usage:\\
           %macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
         
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
           command line is used instead.
 
         This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string
         made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers
         above) from your input history into a single string. This variable
         acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if
         you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code
         executes.
 
         The notation for indicating number ranges is: n1-n2 means 'use line
         numbers n1,...n2' (the endpoint is included).  That is, '5-7' means
         using the lines numbered 5,6 and 7.
 
         Note: as a 'hidden' feature, you can also use traditional python slice
         notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1.
 
         For example, if your history contains (%hist prints it):
         
           44: x=1
           45: y=3
           46: z=x+y
           47: print x
           48: a=5
           49: print 'x',x,'y',y
 
         you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49
         called my_macro with:
 
           In [55]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49
 
         Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code
         in one pass.
 
         You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line
         number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any
         lines from your input history in any order.
 
         The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute,
         but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as
         code instead of printing them when you type their name.
 
         You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with:
         
           'print macro_name'.
 
         For one-off cases which DON'T contain magic function calls in them you
         can obtain similar results by explicitly executing slices from your
         input history with:
 
           In [60]: exec In[44:48]+In[49]"""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r',mode='list')
         if not args:
             macs = [k for k,v in self.shell.user_ns.items() if isinstance(v, Macro)]
             macs.sort()
             return macs
         if len(args) == 1:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%macro insufficient args; usage '%macro name n1-n2 n3-4...")
         name,ranges = args[0], args[1:]
         
         #print 'rng',ranges  # dbg
         lines = self.extract_input_slices(ranges,opts.has_key('r'))
         macro = Macro(lines)
         self.shell.user_ns.update({name:macro})
         print 'Macro `%s` created. To execute, type its name (without quotes).' % name
         print 'Macro contents:'
         print macro,
 
     def magic_save(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Save a set of lines to a given filename.
 
         Usage:\\
           %save [options] filename n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
         
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
           command line is used instead.
 
         This function uses the same syntax as %macro for line extraction, but
         instead of creating a macro it saves the resulting string to the
         filename you specify.
 
         It adds a '.py' extension to the file if you don't do so yourself, and
         it asks for confirmation before overwriting existing files."""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r',mode='list')
         fname,ranges = args[0], args[1:]
         if not fname.endswith('.py'):
             fname += '.py'
         if os.path.isfile(fname):
             ans = raw_input('File `%s` exists. Overwrite (y/[N])? ' % fname)
             if ans.lower() not in ['y','yes']:
                 print 'Operation cancelled.'
                 return
         cmds = ''.join(self.extract_input_slices(ranges,opts.has_key('r')))
         f = file(fname,'w')
         f.write(cmds)
         f.close()
         print 'The following commands were written to file `%s`:' % fname
         print cmds
 
     def _edit_macro(self,mname,macro):
         """open an editor with the macro data in a file"""
         filename = self.shell.mktempfile(macro.value)
         self.shell.hooks.editor(filename)
 
         # and make a new macro object, to replace the old one
         mfile = open(filename)
         mvalue = mfile.read()
         mfile.close()
         self.shell.user_ns[mname] = Macro(mvalue)
 
     def magic_ed(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Alias to %edit."""
         return self.magic_edit(parameter_s)
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_edit(self,parameter_s='',last_call=['','']):
         """Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
 
         Usage:
           %edit [options] [args]
 
         %edit runs IPython's editor hook.  The default version of this hook is
         set to call the __IPYTHON__.rc.editor command.  This is read from your
         environment variable $EDITOR.  If this isn't found, it will default to
         vi under Linux/Unix and to notepad under Windows.  See the end of this
         docstring for how to change the editor hook.
 
         You can also set the value of this editor via the command line option
         '-editor' or in your ipythonrc file. This is useful if you wish to use
         specifically for IPython an editor different from your typical default
         (and for Windows users who typically don't set environment variables).
 
         This command allows you to conveniently edit multi-line code right in
         your IPython session.
         
         If called without arguments, %edit opens up an empty editor with a
         temporary file and will execute the contents of this file when you
         close it (don't forget to save it!).
 
 
         Options:
 
         -n <number>: open the editor at a specified line number.  By default,
         the IPython editor hook uses the unix syntax 'editor +N filename', but
         you can configure this by providing your own modified hook if your
         favorite editor supports line-number specifications with a different
         syntax.
         
         -p: this will call the editor with the same data as the previous time
         it was used, regardless of how long ago (in your current session) it
         was.
 
         -r: use 'raw' input.  This option only applies to input taken from the
         user's history.  By default, the 'processed' history is used, so that
         magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python.  If
         this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is
         used instead.  When you exit the editor, it will be executed by
         IPython's own processor.
         
         -x: do not execute the edited code immediately upon exit. This is
         mainly useful if you are editing programs which need to be called with
         command line arguments, which you can then do using %run.
 
 
         Arguments:
 
         If arguments are given, the following possibilites exist:
 
         - The arguments are numbers or pairs of colon-separated numbers (like
         1 4:8 9). These are interpreted as lines of previous input to be
         loaded into the editor. The syntax is the same of the %macro command.
 
         - If the argument doesn't start with a number, it is evaluated as a
         variable and its contents loaded into the editor. You can thus edit
         any string which contains python code (including the result of
         previous edits).
 
         - If the argument is the name of an object (other than a string),
         IPython will try to locate the file where it was defined and open the
         editor at the point where it is defined. You can use `%edit function`
         to load an editor exactly at the point where 'function' is defined,
         edit it and have the file be executed automatically.
 
         If the object is a macro (see %macro for details), this opens up your
         specified editor with a temporary file containing the macro's data.
         Upon exit, the macro is reloaded with the contents of the file.
 
         Note: opening at an exact line is only supported under Unix, and some
         editors (like kedit and gedit up to Gnome 2.8) do not understand the
         '+NUMBER' parameter necessary for this feature. Good editors like
         (X)Emacs, vi, jed, pico and joe all do.
 
         - If the argument is not found as a variable, IPython will look for a
         file with that name (adding .py if necessary) and load it into the
         editor. It will execute its contents with execfile() when you exit,
         loading any code in the file into your interactive namespace.
 
         After executing your code, %edit will return as output the code you
         typed in the editor (except when it was an existing file). This way
         you can reload the code in further invocations of %edit as a variable,
         via _<NUMBER> or Out[<NUMBER>], where <NUMBER> is the prompt number of
         the output.
 
         Note that %edit is also available through the alias %ed.
 
         This is an example of creating a simple function inside the editor and
         then modifying it. First, start up the editor:
 
         In [1]: ed
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         Out[1]: 'def foo():n    print "foo() was defined in an editing session"n'
 
         We can then call the function foo():
         
         In [2]: foo()
         foo() was defined in an editing session
 
         Now we edit foo.  IPython automatically loads the editor with the
         (temporary) file where foo() was previously defined:
         
         In [3]: ed foo
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
 
         And if we call foo() again we get the modified version:
         
         In [4]: foo()
         foo() has now been changed!
 
         Here is an example of how to edit a code snippet successive
         times. First we call the editor:
 
         In [5]: ed
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         hello
         Out[5]: "print 'hello'n"
 
         Now we call it again with the previous output (stored in _):
 
         In [6]: ed _
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         hello world
         Out[6]: "print 'hello world'n"
 
         Now we call it with the output #8 (stored in _8, also as Out[8]):
 
         In [7]: ed _8
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         hello again
         Out[7]: "print 'hello again'n"
 
 
         Changing the default editor hook:
 
         If you wish to write your own editor hook, you can put it in a
         configuration file which you load at startup time.  The default hook
         is defined in the IPython.core.hooks module, and you can use that as a
         starting example for further modifications.  That file also has
         general instructions on how to set a new hook for use once you've
         defined it."""
         
         # FIXME: This function has become a convoluted mess.  It needs a
         # ground-up rewrite with clean, simple logic.
 
         def make_filename(arg):
             "Make a filename from the given args"
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(arg)
             except IOError:
                 if args.endswith('.py'):
                     filename = arg
                 else:
                     filename = None
             return filename
 
         # custom exceptions
         class DataIsObject(Exception): pass
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'prxn:')
         # Set a few locals from the options for convenience:
         opts_p = opts.has_key('p')
         opts_r = opts.has_key('r')
         
         # Default line number value
         lineno = opts.get('n',None)
 
         if opts_p:
             args = '_%s' % last_call[0]
             if not self.shell.user_ns.has_key(args):
                 args = last_call[1]
             
         # use last_call to remember the state of the previous call, but don't
         # let it be clobbered by successive '-p' calls.
         try:
             last_call[0] = self.shell.outputcache.prompt_count
             if not opts_p:
                 last_call[1] = parameter_s
         except:
             pass
 
         # by default this is done with temp files, except when the given
         # arg is a filename
         use_temp = 1
 
         if re.match(r'\d',args):
             # Mode where user specifies ranges of lines, like in %macro.
             # This means that you can't edit files whose names begin with
             # numbers this way. Tough.
             ranges = args.split()
             data = ''.join(self.extract_input_slices(ranges,opts_r))
         elif args.endswith('.py'):
             filename = make_filename(args)
             data = ''
             use_temp = 0
         elif args:
             try:
                 # Load the parameter given as a variable. If not a string,
                 # process it as an object instead (below)
 
                 #print '*** args',args,'type',type(args)  # dbg
                 data = eval(args,self.shell.user_ns)
                 if not type(data) in StringTypes:
                     raise DataIsObject
 
             except (NameError,SyntaxError):
                 # given argument is not a variable, try as a filename
                 filename = make_filename(args)
                 if filename is None:
                     warn("Argument given (%s) can't be found as a variable "
                          "or as a filename." % args)
                     return
 
                 data = ''
                 use_temp = 0
             except DataIsObject:
 
                 # macros have a special edit function
                 if isinstance(data,Macro):
                     self._edit_macro(args,data)
                     return
                                 
                 # For objects, try to edit the file where they are defined
                 try:
                     filename = inspect.getabsfile(data)
                     if 'fakemodule' in filename.lower() and inspect.isclass(data):                     
                         # class created by %edit? Try to find source
                         # by looking for method definitions instead, the
                         # __module__ in those classes is FakeModule.
                         attrs = [getattr(data, aname) for aname in dir(data)]
                         for attr in attrs:
                             if not inspect.ismethod(attr):
                                 continue
                             filename = inspect.getabsfile(attr)
                             if filename and 'fakemodule' not in filename.lower():
                                 # change the attribute to be the edit target instead
                                 data = attr 
                                 break
                     
                     datafile = 1
                 except TypeError:
                     filename = make_filename(args)
                     datafile = 1
                     warn('Could not find file where `%s` is defined.\n'
                          'Opening a file named `%s`' % (args,filename))
                 # Now, make sure we can actually read the source (if it was in
                 # a temp file it's gone by now).
                 if datafile:
                     try:
                         if lineno is None:
                             lineno = inspect.getsourcelines(data)[1]
                     except IOError:
                         filename = make_filename(args)
                         if filename is None:
                             warn('The file `%s` where `%s` was defined cannot '
                                  'be read.' % (filename,data))
                             return
                 use_temp = 0
         else:
             data = ''
 
         if use_temp:
             filename = self.shell.mktempfile(data)
             print 'IPython will make a temporary file named:',filename
 
         # do actual editing here
         print 'Editing...',
         sys.stdout.flush()
         try:
             self.shell.hooks.editor(filename,lineno)
         except ipapi.TryNext:
             warn('Could not open editor')
             return
         
         # XXX TODO: should this be generalized for all string vars?
         # For now, this is special-cased to blocks created by cpaste
         if args.strip() == 'pasted_block':
             self.shell.user_ns['pasted_block'] = file_read(filename)
         
         if opts.has_key('x'):  # -x prevents actual execution
             print
         else:
             print 'done. Executing edited code...'
             if opts_r:
                 self.shell.runlines(file_read(filename))
             else:
                 self.shell.safe_execfile(filename,self.shell.user_ns,
                                          self.shell.user_ns)
         
                                                      
         if use_temp:
             try:
                 return open(filename).read()
             except IOError,msg:
                 if msg.filename == filename:
                     warn('File not found. Did you forget to save?')
                     return
                 else:
                     self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     def magic_xmode(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Switch modes for the exception handlers.
 
         Valid modes: Plain, Context and Verbose.
 
         If called without arguments, acts as a toggle."""
 
         def xmode_switch_err(name):
             warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' %
                  (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
 
         shell = self.shell
         new_mode = parameter_s.strip().capitalize()
         try:
             shell.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
             print 'Exception reporting mode:',shell.InteractiveTB.mode
         except:
             xmode_switch_err('user')
 
         # threaded shells use a special handler in sys.excepthook
         if shell.isthreaded:
             try:
                 shell.sys_excepthook.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
             except:
                 xmode_switch_err('threaded')
             
     def magic_colors(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
 
         Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
 
         Color scheme names are not case-sensitive."""
 
         def color_switch_err(name):
             warn('Error changing %s color schemes.\n%s' %
                  (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
             
         
         new_scheme = parameter_s.strip()
         if not new_scheme:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%colors: you must specify a color scheme. See '%colors?'")
             return
         # local shortcut
         shell = self.shell
 
         import IPython.utils.rlineimpl as readline
 
         if not readline.have_readline and sys.platform == "win32":
             msg = """\
 Proper color support under MS Windows requires the pyreadline library.
 You can find it at:
 http://ipython.scipy.org/moin/PyReadline/Intro
 Gary's readline needs the ctypes module, from:
 http://starship.python.net/crew/theller/ctypes
 (Note that ctypes is already part of Python versions 2.5 and newer).
 
 Defaulting color scheme to 'NoColor'"""
             new_scheme = 'NoColor'
             warn(msg)
         
         # readline option is 0
         if not shell.has_readline:
             new_scheme = 'NoColor'
             
         # Set prompt colors
         try:
             shell.outputcache.set_colors(new_scheme)
         except:
             color_switch_err('prompt')
         else:
             shell.rc.colors = \
                        shell.outputcache.color_table.active_scheme_name
         # Set exception colors
         try:
             shell.InteractiveTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
             shell.SyntaxTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
         except:
             color_switch_err('exception')
 
         # threaded shells use a verbose traceback in sys.excepthook
         if shell.isthreaded:
             try:
                 shell.sys_excepthook.set_colors(scheme=new_scheme)
             except:
                 color_switch_err('system exception handler')
         
         # Set info (for 'object?') colors
         if shell.rc.color_info:
             try:
                 shell.inspector.set_active_scheme(new_scheme)
             except:
                 color_switch_err('object inspector')
         else:
             shell.inspector.set_active_scheme('NoColor')
                 
     def magic_color_info(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Toggle color_info.
 
         The color_info configuration parameter controls whether colors are
         used for displaying object details (by things like %psource, %pfile or
         the '?' system). This function toggles this value with each call.
 
         Note that unless you have a fairly recent pager (less works better
         than more) in your system, using colored object information displays
         will not work properly. Test it and see."""
         
         self.shell.rc.color_info = 1 - self.shell.rc.color_info
         self.magic_colors(self.shell.rc.colors)
         print 'Object introspection functions have now coloring:',
         print ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.color_info]
 
     def magic_Pprint(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Toggle pretty printing on/off."""
         
         self.shell.rc.pprint = 1 - self.shell.rc.pprint
         print 'Pretty printing has been turned', \
               ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.pprint]
         
     def magic_exit(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Exit IPython, confirming if configured to do so.
 
         You can configure whether IPython asks for confirmation upon exit by
         setting the confirm_exit flag in the ipythonrc file."""
 
         self.shell.exit()
 
     def magic_quit(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Exit IPython, confirming if configured to do so (like %exit)"""
 
         self.shell.exit()
         
     def magic_Exit(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Exit IPython without confirmation."""
 
         self.shell.ask_exit()
 
     #......................................................................
     # Functions to implement unix shell-type things
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_alias(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Define an alias for a system command.
 
         '%alias alias_name cmd' defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd'
 
         Then, typing 'alias_name params' will execute the system command 'cmd
         params' (from your underlying operating system).
 
         Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal
         variables, so if 'foo' is both a Python variable and an alias, the
         alias can not be executed until 'del foo' removes the Python variable.
 
         You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the
         whole line when the alias is called.  For example:
 
           In [2]: alias all echo "Input in brackets: <%l>"
           In [3]: all hello world
           Input in brackets: <hello world>
 
         You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one
         per parameter):
         
           In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s
           In [2]: %parts A B
           first A second B
           In [3]: %parts A
           Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.
           parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s'
 
         Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive.  You can only use one or
         the other in your aliases.
 
         Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !! 
         do: all expressions prefixed with '$' get expanded.  For details of
         the semantic rules, see PEP-215:
         http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html.  This is the library used by
         IPython for variable expansion.  If you want to access a true shell
         variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by IPython:
 
         In [6]: alias show echo
         In [7]: PATH='A Python string'
         In [8]: show $PATH
         A Python string
         In [9]: show $$PATH
         /usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:...
 
         You can use the alias facility to acess all of $PATH.  See the %rehash
         and %rehashx functions, which automatically create aliases for the
         contents of your $PATH.
 
         If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip()
         if not par:
             stored = self.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
             atab = self.shell.alias_table
             aliases = atab.keys()
             aliases.sort()
             res = []
             showlast = []
             for alias in aliases:
                 special = False
                 try:
                     tgt = atab[alias][1]
                 except (TypeError, AttributeError):
                     # unsubscriptable? probably a callable
                     tgt = atab[alias]
                     special = True
                 # 'interesting' aliases
                 if (alias in stored or
                     special or 
                     alias.lower() != os.path.splitext(tgt)[0].lower() or
                     ' ' in tgt):
                     showlast.append((alias, tgt))
                 else:
                     res.append((alias, tgt ))                
             
             # show most interesting aliases last
             res.extend(showlast)
             print "Total number of aliases:",len(aliases)
             return res
         try:
             alias,cmd = par.split(None,1)
         except:
             print oinspect.getdoc(self.magic_alias)
         else:
             nargs = cmd.count('%s')
             if nargs>0 and cmd.find('%l')>=0:
                 error('The %s and %l specifiers are mutually exclusive '
                       'in alias definitions.')
             else:  # all looks OK
                 self.shell.alias_table[alias] = (nargs,cmd)
                 self.shell.alias_table_validate(verbose=0)
     # end magic_alias
 
     def magic_unalias(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Remove an alias"""
 
         aname = parameter_s.strip()
         if aname in self.shell.alias_table:
             del self.shell.alias_table[aname]
         stored = self.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
         if aname in stored:
             print "Removing %stored alias",aname
             del stored[aname]
             self.db['stored_aliases'] = stored
             
 
     def magic_rehashx(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
 
         This version explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file
         with execute access (os.X_OK), so it is much slower than %rehash.
 
         Under Windows, it checks executability as a match agains a
         '|'-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config
         variable win_exec_ext.  This defaults to 'exe|com|bat'.
         
         This function also resets the root module cache of module completer,
         used on slow filesystems.
         """
         
         
         ip = self.api
 
         # for the benefit of module completer in ipy_completers.py
         del ip.db['rootmodules']
         
         path = [os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(p)) for p in 
             os.environ.get('PATH','').split(os.pathsep)]
         path = filter(os.path.isdir,path)
         
         alias_table = self.shell.alias_table
         syscmdlist = []
         if os.name == 'posix':
             isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and \
                      os.access(fname,os.X_OK)
         else:
 
             try:
                 winext = os.environ['pathext'].replace(';','|').replace('.','')
             except KeyError:
                 winext = 'exe|com|bat|py'
             if 'py' not in winext:
                 winext += '|py'
             execre = re.compile(r'(.*)\.(%s)$' % winext,re.IGNORECASE)
             isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and execre.match(fname)
         savedir = os.getcwd()
         try:
             # write the whole loop for posix/Windows so we don't have an if in
             # the innermost part
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 for pdir in path:
                     os.chdir(pdir)
                     for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                         if isexec(ff) and ff not in self.shell.no_alias:
                             # each entry in the alias table must be (N,name),
                             # where N is the number of positional arguments of the
                             # alias.                            
                             # Dots will be removed from alias names, since ipython
                             # assumes names with dots to be python code
                             alias_table[ff.replace('.','')] = (0,ff)
                             syscmdlist.append(ff)
             else:
                 for pdir in path:
                     os.chdir(pdir)
                     for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                         base, ext = os.path.splitext(ff)
                         if isexec(ff) and base.lower() not in self.shell.no_alias:
                             if ext.lower() == '.exe':
                                 ff = base
                             alias_table[base.lower().replace('.','')] = (0,ff)
                             syscmdlist.append(ff)
             # Make sure the alias table doesn't contain keywords or builtins
             self.shell.alias_table_validate()
             # Call again init_auto_alias() so we get 'rm -i' and other
             # modified aliases since %rehashx will probably clobber them
             
             # no, we don't want them. if %rehashx clobbers them, good,
             # we'll probably get better versions
             # self.shell.init_auto_alias()
             db = ip.db
             db['syscmdlist'] = syscmdlist
         finally:
             os.chdir(savedir)
         
     def magic_pwd(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Return the current working directory path."""
         return os.getcwd()
 
     def magic_cd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change the current working directory.
 
         This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories
         you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The
         command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted. You can also
         do 'cd -<tab>' to see directory history conveniently.
 
         Usage:
 
           cd 'dir': changes to directory 'dir'.
 
           cd -: changes to the last visited directory.
 
           cd -<n>: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history.
 
           cd --foo: change to directory that matches 'foo' in history
             
           cd -b <bookmark_name>: jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark
              (note: cd <bookmark_name> is enough if there is no
               directory <bookmark_name>, but a bookmark with the name exists.)
               'cd -b <tab>' allows you to tab-complete bookmark names. 
 
         Options:
 
         -q: quiet.  Do not print the working directory after the cd command is
         executed.  By default IPython's cd command does print this directory,
         since the default prompts do not display path information.
         
         Note that !cd doesn't work for this purpose because the shell where
         !command runs is immediately discarded after executing 'command'."""
 
         parameter_s = parameter_s.strip()
         #bkms = self.shell.persist.get("bookmarks",{})
 
         oldcwd = os.getcwd()
         numcd = re.match(r'(-)(\d+)$',parameter_s)
         # jump in directory history by number
         if numcd:
             nn = int(numcd.group(2))
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][nn]
             except IndexError:
                 print 'The requested directory does not exist in history.'
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
         elif parameter_s.startswith('--'):
             ps = None
             fallback = None
             pat = parameter_s[2:]
             dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
             # first search only by basename (last component)
             for ent in reversed(dh):
                 if pat in os.path.basename(ent) and os.path.isdir(ent):
                     ps = ent
                     break
             
                 if fallback is None and pat in ent and os.path.isdir(ent):
                     fallback = ent
                 
             # if we have no last part match, pick the first full path match
             if ps is None:
                 ps = fallback
             
             if ps is None:
                 print "No matching entry in directory history"
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
                 
             
         else:
             #turn all non-space-escaping backslashes to slashes, 
             # for c:\windows\directory\names\
             parameter_s = re.sub(r'\\(?! )','/', parameter_s)            
             opts,ps = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'qb',mode='string')
         # jump to previous
         if ps == '-':
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-2]
             except IndexError:
                 raise UsageError('%cd -: No previous directory to change to.')
         # jump to bookmark if needed
         else:
             if not os.path.isdir(ps) or opts.has_key('b'):
                 bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks', {})
             
                 if bkms.has_key(ps):
                     target = bkms[ps]
                     print '(bookmark:%s) -> %s' % (ps,target)
                     ps = target
                 else:
                     if opts.has_key('b'):
                         raise UsageError("Bookmark '%s' not found.  "
                               "Use '%%bookmark -l' to see your bookmarks." % ps)
             
         # at this point ps should point to the target dir
         if ps:
             try:                
                 os.chdir(os.path.expanduser(ps))
                 if self.shell.rc.term_title:
                     #print 'set term title:',self.shell.rc.term_title  # dbg
                     platutils.set_term_title('IPy ' + abbrev_cwd())
             except OSError:
                 print sys.exc_info()[1]
             else:
                 cwd = os.getcwd()
                 dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
                 if oldcwd != cwd:
                     dhist.append(cwd)
                     self.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
                 
         else:
             os.chdir(self.shell.home_dir)
             if self.shell.rc.term_title:
                 platutils.set_term_title("IPy ~")
             cwd = os.getcwd()
             dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
             
             if oldcwd != cwd:
                 dhist.append(cwd)
                 self.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
         if not 'q' in opts and self.shell.user_ns['_dh']:
             print self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-1]
 
 
     def magic_env(self, parameter_s=''):
         """List environment variables."""
         
         return os.environ.data
 
     def magic_pushd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
         
         Usage:\\
           %pushd ['dirname']
         """
         
         dir_s = self.shell.dir_stack
         tgt = os.path.expanduser(parameter_s)
         cwd = os.getcwd().replace(self.home_dir,'~')
         if tgt:
             self.magic_cd(parameter_s)
         dir_s.insert(0,cwd)
         return self.magic_dirs()
 
     def magic_popd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
         """
         if not self.shell.dir_stack:
             raise UsageError("%popd on empty stack")
         top = self.shell.dir_stack.pop(0)
         self.magic_cd(top)
         print "popd ->",top
 
     def magic_dirs(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return the current directory stack."""
 
         return self.shell.dir_stack
 
     def magic_dhist(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print your history of visited directories.
 
         %dhist       -> print full history\\
         %dhist n     -> print last n entries only\\
         %dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n1 not included)\\
 
         This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and
         always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd -<n>
         to go to directory number <n>.
         
         Note that most of time, you should view directory history by entering
         cd -<TAB>.
         
         """
 
         dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
         if parameter_s:
             try:
                 args = map(int,parameter_s.split())
             except:
                 self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist)
                 return
             if len(args) == 1:
                 ini,fin = max(len(dh)-(args[0]),0),len(dh)
             elif len(args) == 2:
                 ini,fin = args
             else:
                 self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist)
                 return
         else:
             ini,fin = 0,len(dh)
         nlprint(dh,
                 header = 'Directory history (kept in _dh)',
                 start=ini,stop=fin)
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_sc(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Shell capture - execute a shell command and capture its output.
 
         DEPRECATED. Suboptimal, retained for backwards compatibility.
         
         You should use the form 'var = !command' instead. Example:
          
          "%sc -l myfiles = ls ~" should now be written as
             
          "myfiles = !ls ~"
          
         myfiles.s, myfiles.l and myfiles.n still apply as documented
         below.
 
         --
         %sc [options] varname=command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         will then update the user's interactive namespace with a variable
         called varname, containing the value of the call.  Your command can
         contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc.
 
         The '=' sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you
         supply must follow Python's standard conventions for valid names.
         
         (A special format without variable name exists for internal use)
 
         Options:
 
           -l: list output.  Split the output on newlines into a list before
           assigning it to the given variable.  By default the output is stored
           as a single string.
 
           -v: verbose.  Print the contents of the variable.
 
         In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the
         returned value is a special type of string which can automatically
         provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a
         space-separated string.  These are convenient, respectively, either
         for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command.
 
         For example:
 
         # all-random
         
             # Capture into variable a
             In [1]: sc a=ls *py
 
             # a is a string with embedded newlines
             In [2]: a
             Out[2]: 'setup.py\\nwin32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # which can be seen as a list:
             In [3]: a.l
             Out[3]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             # or as a whitespace-separated string:
             In [4]: a.s
             Out[4]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # a.s is useful to pass as a single command line:
             In [5]: !wc -l $a.s
               146 setup.py
               130 win32_manual_post_install.py
               276 total
 
             # while the list form is useful to loop over:
             In [6]: for f in a.l:
               ...:      !wc -l $f
               ...:
             146 setup.py
             130 win32_manual_post_install.py
 
         Similiarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in
         the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to
         automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents:
 
             In [7]: sc -l b=ls *py
 
             In [8]: b
             Out[8]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             In [9]: b.s
             Out[9]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
         In summary, both the lists and strings used for ouptut capture have
         the following special attributes:
 
             .l (or .list) : value as list.
             .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
             .s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string.
         """
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'lv')
         # Try to get a variable name and command to run
         try:
             # the variable name must be obtained from the parse_options
             # output, which uses shlex.split to strip options out.
             var,_ = args.split('=',1)
             var = var.strip()
             # But the the command has to be extracted from the original input
             # parameter_s, not on what parse_options returns, to avoid the
             # quote stripping which shlex.split performs on it.
             _,cmd = parameter_s.split('=',1)
         except ValueError:
             var,cmd = '',''
         # If all looks ok, proceed
         out,err = self.shell.getoutputerror(cmd)
         if err:
             print >> Term.cerr,err
         if opts.has_key('l'):
             out = SList(out.split('\n'))
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         if opts.has_key('v'):
             print '%s ==\n%s' % (var,pformat(out))
         if var:
             self.shell.user_ns.update({var:out})
         else:
             return out
 
     def magic_sx(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Shell execute - run a shell command and capture its output.
 
         %sx command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         return the result formatted as a list (split on '\\n').  Since the
         output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython's regular output
         cache Out[N] and in the '_N' automatic variables.
 
         Notes:
 
         1) If an input line begins with '!!', then %sx is automatically
         invoked.  That is, while:
           !ls
         causes ipython to simply issue system('ls'), typing
           !!ls
         is a shorthand equivalent to:
           %sx ls
         
         2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
         like '%sc -l'.  The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
         to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
         %sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
         typing.
 
         3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:
 
           .l (or .list) : value as list.
           .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
           .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
 
         This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
         system commands."""
 
         if parameter_s:
             out,err = self.shell.getoutputerror(parameter_s)
             if err:
                 print >> Term.cerr,err
             return SList(out.split('\n'))
 
     def magic_bg(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Run a job in the background, in a separate thread.
 
         For example,
 
           %bg myfunc(x,y,z=1)
 
         will execute 'myfunc(x,y,z=1)' in a background thread.  As soon as the
         execution starts, a message will be printed indicating the job
         number.  If your job number is 5, you can use
 
           myvar = jobs.result(5)  or  myvar = jobs[5].result
 
         to assign this result to variable 'myvar'.
 
         IPython has a job manager, accessible via the 'jobs' object.  You can
         type jobs? to get more information about it, and use jobs.<TAB> to see
         its attributes.  All attributes not starting with an underscore are
         meant for public use.
 
         In particular, look at the jobs.new() method, which is used to create
         new jobs.  This magic %bg function is just a convenience wrapper
         around jobs.new(), for expression-based jobs.  If you want to create a
         new job with an explicit function object and arguments, you must call
         jobs.new() directly.
 
         The jobs.new docstring also describes in detail several important
         caveats associated with a thread-based model for background job
         execution.  Type jobs.new? for details.
 
         You can check the status of all jobs with jobs.status().
 
         The jobs variable is set by IPython into the Python builtin namespace.
         If you ever declare a variable named 'jobs', you will shadow this
         name.  You can either delete your global jobs variable to regain
         access to the job manager, or make a new name and assign it manually
         to the manager (stored in IPython's namespace).  For example, to
         assign the job manager to the Jobs name, use:
 
           Jobs = __builtins__.jobs"""
         
         self.shell.jobs.new(parameter_s,self.shell.user_ns)
         
     def magic_r(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Repeat previous input.
 
         Note: Consider using the more powerfull %rep instead!
         
         If given an argument, repeats the previous command which starts with
         the same string, otherwise it just repeats the previous input.
 
         Shell escaped commands (with ! as first character) are not recognized
         by this system, only pure python code and magic commands.
         """
 
         start = parameter_s.strip()
         esc_magic = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
         # Identify magic commands even if automagic is on (which means
         # the in-memory version is different from that typed by the user).
         if self.shell.rc.automagic:
             start_magic = esc_magic+start
         else:
             start_magic = start
         # Look through the input history in reverse
         for n in range(len(self.shell.input_hist)-2,0,-1):
             input = self.shell.input_hist[n]
             # skip plain 'r' lines so we don't recurse to infinity
             if input != '_ip.magic("r")\n' and \
                    (input.startswith(start) or input.startswith(start_magic)):
                 #print 'match',`input`  # dbg
                 print 'Executing:',input,
                 self.shell.runlines(input)
                 return
         print 'No previous input matching `%s` found.' % start
 
     
     def magic_bookmark(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Manage IPython's bookmark system.
 
         %bookmark <name>       - set bookmark to current dir
         %bookmark <name> <dir> - set bookmark to <dir>
         %bookmark -l           - list all bookmarks
         %bookmark -d <name>    - remove bookmark
         %bookmark -r           - remove all bookmarks
 
         You can later on access a bookmarked folder with:
           %cd -b <name>
         or simply '%cd <name>' if there is no directory called <name> AND
         there is such a bookmark defined.
 
         Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are
         associated with each profile."""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'drl',mode='list')
         if len(args) > 2:
             raise UsageError("%bookmark: too many arguments")
 
         bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks',{})
             
         if opts.has_key('d'):
             try:
                 todel = args[0]
             except IndexError:
                 raise UsageError(
                     "%bookmark -d: must provide a bookmark to delete")
             else:
                 try:
                     del bkms[todel]
                 except KeyError:
                     raise UsageError(
                         "%%bookmark -d: Can't delete bookmark '%s'" % todel)
 
         elif opts.has_key('r'):
             bkms = {}
         elif opts.has_key('l'):
             bks = bkms.keys()
             bks.sort()
             if bks:
                 size = max(map(len,bks))
             else:
                 size = 0
             fmt = '%-'+str(size)+'s -> %s'
             print 'Current bookmarks:'
             for bk in bks:
                 print fmt % (bk,bkms[bk])
         else:
             if not args:
                 raise UsageError("%bookmark: You must specify the bookmark name")
             elif len(args)==1:
                 bkms[args[0]] = os.getcwd()
             elif len(args)==2:
                 bkms[args[0]] = args[1]
         self.db['bookmarks'] = bkms
 
     def magic_pycat(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
 
         This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file
         to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting. """
         
         try:
             filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
             cont = file_read(filename)
         except IOError:
             try:
                 cont = eval(parameter_s,self.user_ns)
             except NameError:
                 cont = None
         if cont is None:
             print "Error: no such file or variable"
             return
             
         page(self.shell.pycolorize(cont),
              screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length)
 
     def _rerun_pasted(self):
         """ Rerun a previously pasted command.
         """
         b = self.user_ns.get('pasted_block', None)
         if b is None:
             raise UsageError('No previous pasted block available')
         print "Re-executing '%s...' (%d chars)"% (b.split('\n',1)[0], len(b))
         exec b in self.user_ns
 
     def _get_pasted_lines(self, sentinel):
         """ Yield pasted lines until the user enters the given sentinel value.
         """
         from IPython.core import iplib
         print "Pasting code; enter '%s' alone on the line to stop." % sentinel
         while True:
             l = iplib.raw_input_original(':')
             if l == sentinel:
                 return
             else:
                 yield l
 
     def _strip_pasted_lines_for_code(self, raw_lines):
         """ Strip non-code parts of a sequence of lines to return a block of
         code.
         """
         # Regular expressions that declare text we strip from the input:
         strip_re =  [r'^\s*In \[\d+\]:', # IPython input prompt
                      r'^\s*(\s?>)+', # Python input prompt
                      r'^\s*\.{3,}', # Continuation prompts
                      r'^\++',
                      ]
 
         strip_from_start = map(re.compile,strip_re)
         
         lines = []
         for l in raw_lines:
             for pat in strip_from_start: 
                 l = pat.sub('',l)
             lines.append(l)
                          
         block = "\n".join(lines) + '\n'
         #print "block:\n",block
         return block
 
     def _execute_block(self, block, par):
         """ Execute a block, or store it in a variable, per the user's request.
         """
         if not par:
             b = textwrap.dedent(block)
             self.user_ns['pasted_block'] = b
             exec b in self.user_ns
         else:
             self.user_ns[par] = SList(block.splitlines())
             print "Block assigned to '%s'" % par
 
     def magic_cpaste(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Allows you to paste & execute a pre-formatted code block from clipboard.
         
         You must terminate the block with '--' (two minus-signs) alone on the
         line. You can also provide your own sentinel with '%paste -s %%' ('%%' 
         is the new sentinel for this operation)
         
         The block is dedented prior to execution to enable execution of method
         definitions. '>' and '+' characters at the beginning of a line are
         ignored, to allow pasting directly from e-mails, diff files and
         doctests (the '...' continuation prompt is also stripped).  The
         executed block is also assigned to variable named 'pasted_block' for
         later editing with '%edit pasted_block'.
         
         You can also pass a variable name as an argument, e.g. '%cpaste foo'.
         This assigns the pasted block to variable 'foo' as string, without 
         dedenting or executing it (preceding >>> and + is still stripped)
         
         '%cpaste -r' re-executes the block previously entered by cpaste.
         
         Do not be alarmed by garbled output on Windows (it's a readline bug). 
         Just press enter and type -- (and press enter again) and the block 
         will be what was just pasted.
         
         IPython statements (magics, shell escapes) are not supported (yet).
 
         See also
         --------
-        %paste: automatically pull code from clipboard.
+        paste: automatically pull code from clipboard.
         """
         
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'rs:',mode='string')
         par = args.strip()
         if opts.has_key('r'):
             self._rerun_pasted()
             return
         
         sentinel = opts.get('s','--')
 
         block = self._strip_pasted_lines_for_code(
             self._get_pasted_lines(sentinel))
 
         self._execute_block(block, par)
 
     def magic_paste(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Allows you to paste & execute a pre-formatted code block from clipboard.
         
         The text is pulled directly from the clipboard without user
         intervention.
 
         The block is dedented prior to execution to enable execution of method
         definitions. '>' and '+' characters at the beginning of a line are
         ignored, to allow pasting directly from e-mails, diff files and
         doctests (the '...' continuation prompt is also stripped).  The
         executed block is also assigned to variable named 'pasted_block' for
         later editing with '%edit pasted_block'.
         
         You can also pass a variable name as an argument, e.g. '%paste foo'.
         This assigns the pasted block to variable 'foo' as string, without 
         dedenting or executing it (preceding >>> and + is still stripped)
         
         '%paste -r' re-executes the block previously entered by cpaste.
         
         IPython statements (magics, shell escapes) are not supported (yet).
 
         See also
         --------
-        %cpaste: manually paste code into terminal until you mark its end.
+        cpaste: manually paste code into terminal until you mark its end.
         """
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r:',mode='string')
         par = args.strip()
         if opts.has_key('r'):
             self._rerun_pasted()
             return
 
         text = self.shell.hooks.clipboard_get()
         block = self._strip_pasted_lines_for_code(text.splitlines())
         self._execute_block(block, par)
 
     def magic_quickref(self,arg):
         """ Show a quick reference sheet """
         import IPython.core.usage
         qr = IPython.core.usage.quick_reference + self.magic_magic('-brief')
         
         page(qr)
         
     def magic_upgrade(self,arg):
         """ Upgrade your IPython installation
         
         This will copy the config files that don't yet exist in your 
         ipython dir from the system config dir. Use this after upgrading 
         IPython if you don't wish to delete your .ipython dir.
 
         Call with -nolegacy to get rid of ipythonrc* files (recommended for
         new users)
 
         """
         ip = self.getapi()
         ipinstallation = path(IPython.__file__).dirname()
         upgrade_script = '%s "%s"' % (sys.executable,ipinstallation / 'utils' / 'upgradedir.py')
         src_config = ipinstallation / 'config' / 'userconfig'
         userdir = path(ip.options.ipythondir)
         cmd = '%s "%s" "%s"' % (upgrade_script, src_config, userdir)
         print ">",cmd
         shell(cmd)
         if arg == '-nolegacy':
             legacy = userdir.files('ipythonrc*')
             print "Nuking legacy files:",legacy
             
             [p.remove() for p in legacy]
             suffix = (sys.platform == 'win32' and '.ini' or '')
             (userdir / ('ipythonrc' + suffix)).write_text('# Empty, see ipy_user_conf.py\n')
 
 
     def magic_doctest_mode(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Toggle doctest mode on and off.
 
         This mode allows you to toggle the prompt behavior between normal
         IPython prompts and ones that are as similar to the default IPython
         interpreter as possible.
 
         It also supports the pasting of code snippets that have leading '>>>'
         and '...' prompts in them.  This means that you can paste doctests from
         files or docstrings (even if they have leading whitespace), and the
         code will execute correctly.  You can then use '%history -tn' to see
         the translated history without line numbers; this will give you the
         input after removal of all the leading prompts and whitespace, which
         can be pasted back into an editor.
 
         With these features, you can switch into this mode easily whenever you
         need to do testing and changes to doctests, without having to leave
         your existing IPython session.
         """
 
         # XXX - Fix this to have cleaner activate/deactivate calls.
         from IPython.extensions import InterpreterPasteInput as ipaste
         from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 
         # Shorthands
         shell = self.shell
         oc = shell.outputcache
         rc = shell.rc
         meta = shell.meta
         # dstore is a data store kept in the instance metadata bag to track any
         # changes we make, so we can undo them later.
         dstore = meta.setdefault('doctest_mode',Struct())
         save_dstore = dstore.setdefault
 
         # save a few values we'll need to recover later
         mode = save_dstore('mode',False)
         save_dstore('rc_pprint',rc.pprint)
         save_dstore('xmode',shell.InteractiveTB.mode)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_out',rc.separate_out)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_out2',rc.separate_out2)
         save_dstore('rc_prompts_pad_left',rc.prompts_pad_left)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_in',rc.separate_in)
 
         if mode == False:
             # turn on
             ipaste.activate_prefilter()
 
             oc.prompt1.p_template = '>>> '
             oc.prompt2.p_template = '... '
             oc.prompt_out.p_template = ''
 
             # Prompt separators like plain python
             oc.input_sep = oc.prompt1.sep = ''
             oc.output_sep = ''
             oc.output_sep2 = ''
 
             oc.prompt1.pad_left = oc.prompt2.pad_left = \
                                   oc.prompt_out.pad_left = False
 
             rc.pprint = False
 
             shell.magic_xmode('Plain')
 
         else:
             # turn off
             ipaste.deactivate_prefilter()
 
             oc.prompt1.p_template = rc.prompt_in1
             oc.prompt2.p_template = rc.prompt_in2
             oc.prompt_out.p_template = rc.prompt_out
 
             oc.input_sep = oc.prompt1.sep = dstore.rc_separate_in
 
             oc.output_sep = dstore.rc_separate_out
             oc.output_sep2 = dstore.rc_separate_out2
 
             oc.prompt1.pad_left = oc.prompt2.pad_left = \
                          oc.prompt_out.pad_left = dstore.rc_prompts_pad_left
 
             rc.pprint = dstore.rc_pprint
 
             shell.magic_xmode(dstore.xmode)
 
         # Store new mode and inform
         dstore.mode = bool(1-int(mode))
         print 'Doctest mode is:',
         print ['OFF','ON'][dstore.mode]
 
 # end Magic

IPython/frontend/linefrontendbase.py

@@ -1,372 +1,372 b''
 """
 Base front end class for all line-oriented frontends, rather than
 block-oriented.
 
 Currently this focuses on synchronous frontends.
 """
 __docformat__ = "restructuredtext en"
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import re
 
 import sys
 import codeop
 
 from frontendbase import FrontEndBase
 from IPython.kernel.core.interpreter import Interpreter
 
 def common_prefix(strings):
     """ Given a list of strings, return the common prefix between all
         these strings.
     """
     ref = strings[0]
     prefix = ''
     for size in range(len(ref)):
         test_prefix = ref[:size+1]
         for string in strings[1:]:
             if not string.startswith(test_prefix):
                 return prefix
         prefix = test_prefix
 
     return prefix
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Base class for the line-oriented front ends
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class LineFrontEndBase(FrontEndBase):
     """ Concrete implementation of the FrontEndBase class. This is meant
     to be the base class behind all the frontend that are line-oriented,
     rather than block-oriented.
     """
     
     # We need to keep the prompt number, to be able to increment
     # it when there is an exception.
     prompt_number = 1
 
     # We keep a reference to the last result: it helps testing and
     # programatic control of the frontend. 
     last_result = dict(number=0)
 
     # The last prompt displayed. Useful for continuation prompts.
     last_prompt = ''
 
     # The input buffer being edited
     input_buffer = ''
 
     # Set to true for debug output
     debug = False
 
     # A banner to print at startup
     banner = None
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # FrontEndBase interface
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def __init__(self, shell=None, history=None, banner=None, *args, **kwargs):
         if shell is None:
             shell = Interpreter()
         FrontEndBase.__init__(self, shell=shell, history=history)
 
         if banner is not None:
             self.banner = banner
 
     def start(self):
         """ Put the frontend in a state where it is ready for user
             interaction.
         """
         if self.banner is not None:
             self.write(self.banner, refresh=False)
 
         self.new_prompt(self.input_prompt_template.substitute(number=1))
 
 
     def complete(self, line):
         """Complete line in engine's user_ns
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         line : string
         
-        Result
-        ------
+        Returns
+        -------
         The replacement for the line and the list of possible completions.
         """
         completions = self.shell.complete(line)
         complete_sep =  re.compile('[\s\{\}\[\]\(\)\=]')
         if completions:
             prefix = common_prefix(completions) 
             residual = complete_sep.split(line)[:-1]
             line = line[:-len(residual)] + prefix
         return line, completions 
  
 
     def render_result(self, result):
         """ Frontend-specific rendering of the result of a calculation
         that has been sent to an engine.
         """
         if 'stdout' in result and result['stdout']:
             self.write('\n' + result['stdout'])
         if 'display' in result and result['display']:
             self.write("%s%s\n" % ( 
                             self.output_prompt_template.substitute(
                                     number=result['number']),
                             result['display']['pprint']
                             ) )
        
 
     def render_error(self, failure):
         """ Frontend-specific rendering of error. 
         """
         self.write('\n\n'+str(failure)+'\n\n')
         return failure
 
 
     def is_complete(self, string):
         """ Check if a string forms a complete, executable set of
         commands.
 
         For the line-oriented frontend, multi-line code is not executed
         as soon as it is complete: the users has to enter two line
         returns.
         """
         if string in ('', '\n'):
             # Prefiltering, eg through ipython0, may return an empty
             # string although some operations have been accomplished. We
             # thus want to consider an empty string as a complete
             # statement.
             return True
         elif ( len(self.input_buffer.split('\n'))>2 
                         and not re.findall(r"\n[\t ]*\n[\t ]*$", string)):
             return False
         else:
             self.capture_output()
             try:
                 # Add line returns here, to make sure that the statement is
                 # complete (except if '\' was used).
                 # This should probably be done in a different place (like
                 # maybe 'prefilter_input' method? For now, this works.
                 clean_string = string.rstrip('\n')
                 if not clean_string.endswith('\\'): clean_string +='\n\n' 
                 is_complete = codeop.compile_command(clean_string,
                             "<string>", "exec")
                 self.release_output()
             except Exception, e:
                 # XXX: Hack: return True so that the
                 # code gets executed and the error captured.
                 is_complete = True
             return is_complete
 
 
     def write(self, string, refresh=True):
         """ Write some characters to the display.
 
             Subclass should overide this method.
 
             The refresh keyword argument is used in frontends with an
             event loop, to choose whether the write should trigget an UI
             refresh, and thus be syncrhonous, or not.
         """
         print >>sys.__stderr__, string
 
 
     def execute(self, python_string, raw_string=None):
         """ Stores the raw_string in the history, and sends the
         python string to the interpreter.
         """
         if raw_string is None:
             raw_string = python_string
         # Create a false result, in case there is an exception
         self.last_result = dict(number=self.prompt_number)
 
         try:
             try:
                 self.history.input_cache[-1] = raw_string.rstrip()
                 result = self.shell.execute(python_string)
                 self.last_result = result
                 self.render_result(result)
             except:
                 self.show_traceback()
         finally:
             self.after_execute()
 
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # LineFrontEndBase interface
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def prefilter_input(self, string):
         """ Prefilter the input to turn it in valid python.
         """
         string = string.replace('\r\n', '\n')
         string = string.replace('\t', 4*' ')
         # Clean the trailing whitespace
         string = '\n'.join(l.rstrip()  for l in string.split('\n'))
         return string
 
 
     def after_execute(self):
         """ All the operations required after an execution to put the
             terminal back in a shape where it is usable.
         """
         self.prompt_number += 1
         self.new_prompt(self.input_prompt_template.substitute(
                             number=(self.last_result['number'] + 1)))
         # Start a new empty history entry
         self._add_history(None, '')
         self.history_cursor = len(self.history.input_cache) - 1
 
 
     def complete_current_input(self):
         """ Do code completion on current line. 
         """
         if self.debug:
             print >>sys.__stdout__, "complete_current_input", 
         line = self.input_buffer
         new_line, completions = self.complete(line)
         if len(completions)>1:
             self.write_completion(completions, new_line=new_line)
         elif not line == new_line:
             self.input_buffer = new_line
         if self.debug:
             print >>sys.__stdout__, 'line', line
             print >>sys.__stdout__, 'new_line', new_line
             print >>sys.__stdout__, completions 
 
 
     def get_line_width(self):
         """ Return the width of the line in characters.
         """
         return 80
 
 
     def write_completion(self, possibilities, new_line=None):
         """ Write the list of possible completions.
 
             new_line is the completed input line that should be displayed
             after the completion are writen. If None, the input_buffer
             before the completion is used.
         """
         if new_line is None:
             new_line = self.input_buffer
         
         self.write('\n')
         max_len = len(max(possibilities, key=len)) + 1
         
         # Now we check how much symbol we can put on a line...
         chars_per_line = self.get_line_width()
         symbols_per_line = max(1, chars_per_line/max_len)
 
         pos = 1
         completion_string = []
         for symbol in possibilities:
             if pos < symbols_per_line:
                 completion_string.append(symbol.ljust(max_len))
                 pos += 1
             else:
                 completion_string.append(symbol.rstrip() + '\n')
                 pos = 1
         self.write(''.join(completion_string))
         self.new_prompt(self.input_prompt_template.substitute(
                             number=self.last_result['number'] + 1))
         self.input_buffer = new_line
 
 
     def new_prompt(self, prompt):
         """ Prints a prompt and starts a new editing buffer. 
 
             Subclasses should use this method to make sure that the
             terminal is put in a state favorable for a new line
             input.
         """
         self.input_buffer = ''
         self.write(prompt)
 
 
     def continuation_prompt(self):
         """Returns the current continuation prompt.
         """
         return ("."*(len(self.last_prompt)-2) + ': ')
  
 
     def execute_command(self, command, hidden=False):
         """ Execute a command, not only in the model, but also in the
             view, if any.
         """
         return self.shell.execute(command)
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Private API
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
     def _on_enter(self, new_line_pos=0):
         """ Called when the return key is pressed in a line editing
             buffer.
 
             Parameters
             ----------
             new_line_pos : integer, optional
                 Position of the new line to add, starting from the
                 end (0 adds a new line after the last line, -1 before
                 the last line...)
 
             Returns
             -------
             True if execution is triggered
         """
         current_buffer = self.input_buffer
         # XXX: This string replace is ugly, but there should be no way it
         # fails.
         prompt_less_buffer = re.sub('^' + self.continuation_prompt(),
                 '', current_buffer).replace('\n' + self.continuation_prompt(),
                                             '\n')
         cleaned_buffer = self.prefilter_input(prompt_less_buffer)
         if self.is_complete(cleaned_buffer):
             self.execute(cleaned_buffer, raw_string=current_buffer)
             return True
         else:
             # Start a new line.
             new_line_pos = -new_line_pos
             lines = current_buffer.split('\n')[:-1]
             prompt_less_lines = prompt_less_buffer.split('\n')
             # Create the new line, with the continuation prompt, and the 
             # same amount of indent than the line above it.
             new_line = self.continuation_prompt() + \
                   self._get_indent_string('\n'.join(
                                     prompt_less_lines[:new_line_pos-1]))
             if len(lines) == 1:
                 # We are starting a first continuation line. Indent it.
                 new_line += '\t'
             elif current_buffer[:-1].split('\n')[-1].rstrip().endswith(':'):
                 # The last line ends with ":", autoindent the new line.
                 new_line += '\t'
 
             if new_line_pos == 0:
                 lines.append(new_line)
             else:
                 lines.insert(new_line_pos, new_line)
             self.input_buffer = '\n'.join(lines)
             
 
     def _get_indent_string(self, string):
         """ Return the string of whitespace that prefixes a line. Used to
         add the right amount of indendation when creating a new line.
         """
         string = string.replace('\t', ' '*4)
         string = string.split('\n')[-1]
         indent_chars = len(string) - len(string.lstrip())
         indent_string = '\t'*(indent_chars // 4) + \
                             ' '*(indent_chars % 4)
 
         return indent_string
  
     

IPython/frontend/prefilterfrontend.py

@@ -1,285 +1,285 b''
 """
 Frontend class that uses IPython0 to prefilter the inputs.
 
 Using the IPython0 mechanism gives us access to the magics.
 
 This is a transitory class, used here to do the transition between
 ipython0 and ipython1. This class is meant to be short-lived as more
 functionnality is abstracted out of ipython0 in reusable functions and
 is added on the interpreter. This class can be a used to guide this
 refactoring.
 """
 __docformat__ = "restructuredtext en"
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 import sys
 import pydoc
 import os
 import re
 import __builtin__
 
 from IPython.core.ipmaker import make_IPython
 from IPython.core.ipapi import IPApi
 from IPython.kernel.core.redirector_output_trap import RedirectorOutputTrap
 
 from IPython.kernel.core.sync_traceback_trap import SyncTracebackTrap
 
 from IPython.utils.genutils import Term
 
 from linefrontendbase import LineFrontEndBase, common_prefix
 
 
 def mk_system_call(system_call_function, command):
     """ given a os.system replacement, and a leading string command,
         returns a function that will execute the command with the given
         argument string.
     """
     def my_system_call(args):
         system_call_function("%s %s" % (command, args))
 
     my_system_call.__doc__ = "Calls %s" % command
     return my_system_call
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Frontend class using ipython0 to do the prefiltering. 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class PrefilterFrontEnd(LineFrontEndBase):
     """ Class that uses ipython0 to do prefilter the input, do the
     completion and the magics.
 
     The core trick is to use an ipython0 instance to prefilter the
     input, and share the namespace between the interpreter instance used
     to execute the statements and the ipython0 used for code
     completion...
     """
 
     debug = False
     
     def __init__(self, ipython0=None, argv=None, *args, **kwargs):
-        """ Parameters:
-            -----------
+        """ Parameters
+            ----------
 
             ipython0: an optional ipython0 instance to use for command
             prefiltering and completion.
 
             argv : list, optional
               Used as the instance's argv value.  If not given, [] is used.
         """
         if argv is None:
             argv = []
         # This is a hack to avoid the IPython exception hook to trigger
         # on exceptions (https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/337105)
         # XXX: This is horrible: module-leve monkey patching -> side
         # effects.
         from IPython.core import iplib
         iplib.InteractiveShell.isthreaded = True
 
         LineFrontEndBase.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
         self.shell.output_trap = RedirectorOutputTrap(
                             out_callback=self.write,
                             err_callback=self.write,
                                             )
         self.shell.traceback_trap = SyncTracebackTrap(
                         formatters=self.shell.traceback_trap.formatters,
                             )
 
         # Start the ipython0 instance:
         self.save_output_hooks()
         if ipython0 is None:
             # Instanciate an IPython0 interpreter to be able to use the
             # prefiltering.
             # Suppress all key input, to avoid waiting
             def my_rawinput(x=None):
                 return '\n'
             old_rawinput = __builtin__.raw_input
             __builtin__.raw_input = my_rawinput
             # XXX: argv=[] is a bit bold.
             ipython0 = make_IPython(argv=argv, 
                                     user_ns=self.shell.user_ns,
                                     user_global_ns=self.shell.user_global_ns)
             __builtin__.raw_input = old_rawinput
         self.ipython0 = ipython0
         # Set the pager:
         self.ipython0.set_hook('show_in_pager', 
                     lambda s, string: self.write("\n" + string))
         self.ipython0.write = self.write
         self._ip = _ip = IPApi(self.ipython0)
         # Make sure the raw system call doesn't get called, as we don't
         # have a stdin accessible.
         self._ip.system = self.system_call
         # XXX: Muck around with magics so that they work better
         # in our environment
         if not sys.platform.startswith('win'):
             self.ipython0.magic_ls = mk_system_call(self.system_call, 
                                                                 'ls -CF')
         # And now clean up the mess created by ipython0
         self.release_output()
 
 
         if not 'banner' in kwargs and self.banner is None:
             self.banner = self.ipython0.BANNER
 
         # FIXME: __init__ and start should be two different steps
         self.start()
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # FrontEndBase interface 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def show_traceback(self):
         """ Use ipython0 to capture the last traceback and display it.
         """
         # Don't do the capture; the except_hook has already done some
         # modifications to the IO streams, if we store them, we'll be
         # storing the wrong ones.
         #self.capture_output()
         self.ipython0.showtraceback(tb_offset=-1)
         self.release_output()
 
 
     def execute(self, python_string, raw_string=None):
         if self.debug:
             print 'Executing Python code:', repr(python_string)
         self.capture_output()
         LineFrontEndBase.execute(self, python_string,
                                     raw_string=raw_string)
         self.release_output()
 
 
     def save_output_hooks(self):
         """ Store all the output hooks we can think of, to be able to
         restore them. 
         
         We need to do this early, as starting the ipython0 instance will
         screw ouput hooks.
         """
         self.__old_cout_write = Term.cout.write
         self.__old_cerr_write = Term.cerr.write
         self.__old_stdout = sys.stdout
         self.__old_stderr= sys.stderr
         self.__old_help_output = pydoc.help.output
         self.__old_display_hook = sys.displayhook
 
 
     def capture_output(self):
         """ Capture all the output mechanisms we can think of.
         """
         self.save_output_hooks()
         Term.cout.write = self.write
         Term.cerr.write = self.write
         sys.stdout = Term.cout
         sys.stderr = Term.cerr
         pydoc.help.output = self.shell.output_trap.out
 
 
     def release_output(self):
         """ Release all the different captures we have made.
         """
         Term.cout.write = self.__old_cout_write
         Term.cerr.write = self.__old_cerr_write
         sys.stdout = self.__old_stdout
         sys.stderr = self.__old_stderr
         pydoc.help.output = self.__old_help_output 
         sys.displayhook = self.__old_display_hook 
 
 
     def complete(self, line):
         # FIXME: This should be factored out in the linefrontendbase
         # method.
         word = self._get_completion_text(line)
         completions = self.ipython0.complete(word)
         # FIXME: The proper sort should be done in the complete method.
         key = lambda x: x.replace('_', '')
         completions.sort(key=key)
         if completions:
             prefix = common_prefix(completions) 
             line = line[:-len(word)] + prefix
         return line, completions 
  
     
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # LineFrontEndBase interface 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def prefilter_input(self, input_string):
         """ Using IPython0 to prefilter the commands to turn them
         in executable statements that are valid Python strings.
         """
         input_string = LineFrontEndBase.prefilter_input(self, input_string)
         filtered_lines = []
         # The IPython0 prefilters sometime produce output. We need to
         # capture it.
         self.capture_output()
         self.last_result = dict(number=self.prompt_number)
         
         ## try:
         ##     for line in input_string.split('\n'):
         ##         filtered_lines.append(
         ##                 self.ipython0.prefilter(line, False).rstrip())
         ## except:
         ##     # XXX: probably not the right thing to do.
         ##     self.ipython0.showsyntaxerror()
         ##     self.after_execute()
         ## finally:
         ##     self.release_output()
 
 
         try:
             try:
                 for line in input_string.split('\n'):
                     filtered_lines.append(
                             self.ipython0.prefilter(line, False).rstrip())
             except:
                 # XXX: probably not the right thing to do.
                 self.ipython0.showsyntaxerror()
                 self.after_execute()
         finally:
             self.release_output()
 
 
 
         # Clean up the trailing whitespace, to avoid indentation errors
         filtered_string = '\n'.join(filtered_lines)
         return filtered_string
 
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # PrefilterFrontEnd interface 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
     def system_call(self, command_string):
         """ Allows for frontend to define their own system call, to be
             able capture output and redirect input.
         """
         return os.system(command_string)
 
 
     def do_exit(self):
         """ Exit the shell, cleanup and save the history.
         """
         self.ipython0.atexit_operations()
 
 
     def _get_completion_text(self, line):
         """ Returns the text to be completed by breaking the line at specified
         delimiters.
         """
         # Break at: spaces, '=', all parentheses (except if balanced).
         # FIXME2: In the future, we need to make the implementation similar to
         # that in the 'pyreadline' module (modes/basemode.py) where we break at
         # each delimiter and try to complete the residual line, until we get a
         # successful list of completions.
         expression = '\s|=|,|:|\((?!.*\))|\[(?!.*\])|\{(?!.*\})' 
         complete_sep = re.compile(expression)
         text = complete_sep.split(line)[-1]
         return text
 

IPython/kernel/core/interpreter.py

@@ -1,761 +1,761 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 
 """Central interpreter object for an IPython engine.
 
 The interpreter is the object whose job is to process lines of user input and
 actually execute them in the user's namespace.
 """
 
 __docformat__ = "restructuredtext en"
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Standard library imports.
 from types import FunctionType
 
 import __builtin__
 import codeop
 import compiler
 import sys
 import traceback
 
 # Local imports.
 from IPython.core import ultratb
 from IPython.kernel.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.kernel.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.kernel.core.prompts import CachedOutput
 from IPython.kernel.core.traceback_trap import TracebackTrap
 from IPython.kernel.core.util import Bunch, system_shell
 from IPython.external.Itpl import ItplNS
 
 # Global constants
 COMPILER_ERROR = 'error'
 INCOMPLETE_INPUT = 'incomplete'
 COMPLETE_INPUT = 'complete'
 
 ##############################################################################
 # TEMPORARY!!! fake configuration, while we decide whether to use tconfig or
 # not
 
 rc = Bunch()
 rc.cache_size = 100
 rc.pprint = True
 rc.separate_in = '\n'
 rc.separate_out = '\n'
 rc.separate_out2 = ''
 rc.prompt_in1 = r'In [\#]: '
 rc.prompt_in2 = r'   .\\D.: '
 rc.prompt_out = ''
 rc.prompts_pad_left = False
 
 ##############################################################################
 
 # Top-level utilities
 def default_display_formatters():
     """ Return a list of default display formatters.
     """
 
     from display_formatter import PPrintDisplayFormatter, ReprDisplayFormatter
     return [PPrintDisplayFormatter(), ReprDisplayFormatter()]
 
 def default_traceback_formatters():
     """ Return a list of default traceback formatters.
     """
 
     from traceback_formatter import PlainTracebackFormatter
     return [PlainTracebackFormatter()]
 
 # Top-level classes
 class NotDefined(object):    pass
 
 class Interpreter(object):
     """ An interpreter object.
 
     fixme: needs to negotiate available formatters with frontends.
 
     Important: the interpeter should be built so that it exposes a method
     for each attribute/method of its sub-object. This way it can be
     replaced by a network adapter.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, user_ns=None, global_ns=None,translator=None,
                  magic=None, display_formatters=None,
                  traceback_formatters=None, output_trap=None, history=None,
                  message_cache=None, filename='<string>', config=None):
 
         # The local/global namespaces for code execution
         local_ns = user_ns  # compatibility name
         if local_ns is None:
             local_ns = {}
         self.user_ns = local_ns
         # The local namespace
         if global_ns is None:
             global_ns = {}
         self.user_global_ns = global_ns
 
         # An object that will translate commands into executable Python.
         # The current translator does not work properly so for now we are going
         # without!
         # if translator is None:
         #             from IPython.kernel.core.translator import IPythonTranslator
         #             translator = IPythonTranslator()
         self.translator = translator
 
         # An object that maintains magic commands.
         if magic is None:
             from IPython.kernel.core.magic import Magic
             magic = Magic(self)
         self.magic = magic
 
         # A list of formatters for the displayhook.
         if display_formatters is None:
             display_formatters = default_display_formatters()
         self.display_formatters = display_formatters
 
         # A list of formatters for tracebacks.
         if traceback_formatters is None:
             traceback_formatters = default_traceback_formatters()
         self.traceback_formatters = traceback_formatters
 
         # The object trapping stdout/stderr.
         if output_trap is None:
             from IPython.kernel.core.output_trap import OutputTrap
             output_trap = OutputTrap()
         self.output_trap = output_trap
 
         # An object that manages the history.
         if history is None:
             from IPython.kernel.core.history import InterpreterHistory
             history = InterpreterHistory()
         self.history = history
         self.get_history_item = history.get_history_item
         self.get_history_input_cache = history.get_input_cache
         self.get_history_input_after = history.get_input_after
 
         # An object that caches all of the return messages.
         if message_cache is None:
             from IPython.kernel.core.message_cache import SimpleMessageCache
             message_cache = SimpleMessageCache()
         self.message_cache = message_cache
 
         # The "filename" of the code that is executed in this interpreter.
         self.filename = filename
 
         # An object that contains much configuration information.
         if config is None:
             # fixme: Move this constant elsewhere!
             config = Bunch(ESC_MAGIC='%')
         self.config = config
 
         # Hook managers.
         # fixme: make the display callbacks configurable. In the meantime,
         # enable macros.
         self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(
             formatters=self.display_formatters,
             callbacks=[self._possible_macro],
         )
         self.traceback_trap = TracebackTrap(
             formatters=self.traceback_formatters)
 
         # This is used temporarily for reformating exceptions in certain
         # cases.  It will go away once the ultratb stuff is ported
         # to ipython1
         self.tbHandler = ultratb.FormattedTB(color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                  mode='Context',
                                                  tb_offset=2)
 
         # An object that can compile commands and remember __future__
         # statements.
         self.command_compiler = codeop.CommandCompiler()
 
         # A replacement for the raw_input() and input() builtins. Change these
         # attributes later to configure them.
         self.raw_input_builtin = raw_input
         self.input_builtin = input
 
         # The number of the current cell.
         self.current_cell_number = 1
 
         # Initialize cache, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.outputcache = CachedOutput(self,
                                         rc.cache_size,
                                         rc.pprint,
                                         input_sep = rc.separate_in,
                                         output_sep = rc.separate_out,
                                         output_sep2 = rc.separate_out2,
                                         ps1 = rc.prompt_in1,
                                         ps2 = rc.prompt_in2,
                                         ps_out = rc.prompt_out,
                                         pad_left = rc.prompts_pad_left)
 
         # Need to decide later if this is the right approach, but clients
         # commonly use sys.ps1/2, so it may be best to just set them here
         sys.ps1 = self.outputcache.prompt1.p_str
         sys.ps2 = self.outputcache.prompt2.p_str
 
         # This is the message dictionary assigned temporarily when running the
         # code.
         self.message = None
 
         self.setup_namespace()
 
 
     #### Public 'Interpreter' interface ########################################
 
     def formatTraceback(self, et, ev, tb, message=''):
         """Put a formatted version of the traceback into value and reraise.
         
         When exceptions have to be sent over the network, the traceback 
         needs to be put into the value of the exception in a nicely
         formatted way.  The method takes the type, value and tb of an 
         exception and puts a string representation of the tb into the 
         value of the exception and reraises it.
         
         Currently this method uses the ultraTb formatter from IPython trunk.
         Eventually it should simply use the traceback formatters in core
         that are loaded into self.tracback_trap.formatters.
         """
         tbinfo = self.tbHandler.text(et,ev,tb)
         ev._ipython_traceback_text = tbinfo
         return et, ev, tb
         
     def execute(self, commands, raiseException=True):
         """ Execute some IPython commands.
 
         1. Translate them into Python.
         2. Run them.
         3. Trap stdout/stderr.
         4. Trap sys.displayhook().
         5. Trap exceptions.
         6. Return a message object.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         commands : str
             The raw commands that the user typed into the prompt.
         
         Returns
         -------
         message : dict
             The dictionary of responses. See the README.txt in this directory
             for an explanation of the format.
         """
 
         # Create a message dictionary with all of the information we will be
         # returning to the frontend and other listeners.
         message = self.setup_message()
 
         # Massage the input and store the raw and translated commands into
         # a dict.
         user_input = dict(raw=commands)
         if self.translator is not None:
             python = self.translator(commands, message)
             if python is None:
                 # Something went wrong with the translation. The translator
                 # should have added an appropriate entry to the message object.
                 return message
         else:
             python = commands
         user_input['translated'] = python
         message['input'] = user_input
 
         # Set the message object so that any magics executed in the code have
         # access.
         self.message = message
 
         # Set all of the output/exception traps.
         self.set_traps()
         
         # Actually execute the Python code.
         status = self.execute_python(python)
 
         # Unset all of the traps.
         self.unset_traps()
 
         # Unset the message object.
         self.message = None
 
         # Update the history variables in the namespace.
         # E.g. In, Out, _, __, ___
         if self.history is not None:
             self.history.update_history(self, python)
 
         # Let all of the traps contribute to the message and then clear their
         # stored information.
         self.output_trap.add_to_message(message)
         self.output_trap.clear()
         self.display_trap.add_to_message(message)
         self.display_trap.clear()
         self.traceback_trap.add_to_message(message)
         # Pull out the type, value and tb of the current exception
         # before clearing it.
         einfo = self.traceback_trap.args
         self.traceback_trap.clear()
         
         # Cache the message.
         self.message_cache.add_message(self.current_cell_number, message)
 
         # Bump the number.
         self.current_cell_number += 1
         
         # This conditional lets the execute method either raise any
         # exception that has occured in user code OR return the message
         # dict containing the traceback and other useful info.
         if raiseException and einfo:
             raise einfo[0],einfo[1],einfo[2]
         else:
             return message
 
     def generate_prompt(self, is_continuation):
         """Calculate and return a string with the prompt to display.
 
         :Parameters:
           is_continuation : bool
             Whether the input line is continuing multiline input or not, so
           that a proper continuation prompt can be computed."""
         
         if is_continuation:
             return str(self.outputcache.prompt2)
         else:
             return str(self.outputcache.prompt1)
 
     def execute_python(self, python):
         """ Actually run the Python code in the namespace.
 
         :Parameters:
 
         python : str
             Pure, exec'able Python code. Special IPython commands should have
             already been translated into pure Python.
         """
 
         # We use a CommandCompiler instance to compile the code so as to keep
         # track of __future__ imports.
         try:
             commands = self.split_commands(python)
         except (SyntaxError, IndentationError), e:
             # Save the exc_info so compilation related exceptions can be
             # reraised
             self.traceback_trap.args = sys.exc_info()
             self.pack_exception(self.message,e)
             return None
 
         for cmd in commands:
             try:
                 code = self.command_compiler(cmd, self.filename, 'single')
             except (SyntaxError, OverflowError, ValueError), e:
                 self.traceback_trap.args = sys.exc_info()
                 self.pack_exception(self.message,e)
                 # No point in continuing if one block raised
                 return None
             else:
                 self.execute_block(code)
 
     def execute_block(self,code):
         """Execute a single block of code in the user namespace.
 
         Return value: a flag indicating whether the code to be run completed
         successfully:
 
           - 0: successful execution.
           - 1: an error occurred.
           """
         
         outflag = 1 # start by assuming error, success will reset it
         try:
             exec code in self.user_ns
             outflag = 0
         except SystemExit:
             self.resetbuffer()
             self.traceback_trap.args = sys.exc_info()
         except:
             self.traceback_trap.args = sys.exc_info()
 
         return outflag
 
     def execute_macro(self, macro):
         """ Execute the value of a macro.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         macro : Macro
         """
 
         python = macro.value
         if self.translator is not None:
             python = self.translator(python)
         self.execute_python(python)
 
     def getCommand(self, i=None):
         """Gets the ith message in the message_cache.
         
         This is implemented here for compatibility with the old ipython1 shell
         I am not sure we need this though.  I even seem to remember that we
         were going to get rid of it.
         """
         return self.message_cache.get_message(i)
 
     def reset(self):
         """Reset the interpreter.
         
         Currently this only resets the users variables in the namespace.
         In the future we might want to also reset the other stateful
         things like that the Interpreter has, like In, Out, etc.
         """
         self.user_ns.clear()
         self.setup_namespace()
 
     def complete(self,line,text=None, pos=None):
         """Complete the given text.
 
         :Parameters:
 
           text : str
             Text fragment to be completed on.  Typically this is
         """
         # fixme: implement
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def push(self, ns):
         """ Put value into the namespace with name key.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         **kwds
         """
 
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
 
     def push_function(self, ns):
         # First set the func_globals for all functions to self.user_ns
         new_kwds = {}
         for k, v in ns.iteritems():
             if not isinstance(v, FunctionType):
                 raise TypeError("function object expected")
             new_kwds[k] = FunctionType(v.func_code, self.user_ns)
         self.user_ns.update(new_kwds)        
 
     def pack_exception(self,message,exc):
         message['exception'] = exc.__class__
         message['exception_value'] = \
             traceback.format_exception_only(exc.__class__, exc)
 
     def feed_block(self, source, filename='<input>', symbol='single'):
         """Compile some source in the interpreter.
 
         One several things can happen:
 
         1) The input is incorrect; compile_command() raised an
         exception (SyntaxError or OverflowError).
 
         2) The input is incomplete, and more input is required;
         compile_command() returned None.  Nothing happens.
 
         3) The input is complete; compile_command() returned a code
         object.  The code is executed by calling self.runcode() (which
         also handles run-time exceptions, except for SystemExit).
 
         The return value is:
 
           - True in case 2
 
           - False in the other cases, unless an exception is raised, where
           None is returned instead.  This can be used by external callers to
           know whether to continue feeding input or not.
 
         The return value can be used to decide whether to use sys.ps1 or
         sys.ps2 to prompt the next line."""
 
         self.message = self.setup_message()
 
         try:
             code = self.command_compiler(source,filename,symbol)
         except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, IndentationError, ValueError ), e:
             # Case 1
             self.traceback_trap.args = sys.exc_info()
             self.pack_exception(self.message,e)
             return COMPILER_ERROR,False
 
         if code is None:
             # Case 2: incomplete input.  This means that the input can span
             # multiple lines.  But we still need to decide when to actually
             # stop taking user input.  Later we'll add auto-indentation support
             # somehow.  In the meantime, we'll just stop if there are two lines
             # of pure whitespace at the end.
             last_two = source.rsplit('\n',2)[-2:]
             print 'last two:',last_two  # dbg
             if len(last_two)==2 and all(s.isspace() for s in last_two):
                 return COMPLETE_INPUT,False
             else:
                 return INCOMPLETE_INPUT, True
         else:
             # Case 3
             return COMPLETE_INPUT, False
         
     def pull(self, keys):
         """ Get an item out of the namespace by key.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         key : str
 
         Returns
         -------
         value : object
 
         Raises
         ------
         TypeError if the key is not a string.
         NameError if the object doesn't exist.
         """
 
         if isinstance(keys, str):
             result = self.user_ns.get(keys, NotDefined())
             if isinstance(result, NotDefined):
                 raise NameError('name %s is not defined' % keys)        
         elif isinstance(keys, (list, tuple)):
             result = []
             for key in keys:
                 if not isinstance(key, str):
                     raise TypeError("objects must be keyed by strings.")
                 else:
                     r = self.user_ns.get(key, NotDefined())
                     if isinstance(r, NotDefined):
                         raise NameError('name %s is not defined' % key)
                     else:
                         result.append(r)
                     if len(keys)==1:
                         result = result[0]
         else:
             raise TypeError("keys must be a strong or a list/tuple of strings")
         return result
 
     def pull_function(self, keys):
         return self.pull(keys)
 
     #### Interactive user API ##################################################
 
     def ipsystem(self, command):
         """ Execute a command in a system shell while expanding variables in the
         current namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         command : str
         """
 
         # Expand $variables.
         command = self.var_expand(command)
 
         system_shell(command,
             header='IPython system call: ',
             verbose=self.rc.system_verbose,
         )
 
     def ipmagic(self, arg_string):
         """ Call a magic function by name.
 
         ipmagic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use ipmagic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
         namespace upon initialization.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         arg_string : str
             A string containing the name of the magic function to call and any
             additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         Returns
         -------
         something : object
             The return value of the actual object.
         """
 
         # Taken from IPython.
         raise NotImplementedError('Not ported yet')
 
         args = arg_string.split(' ', 1)
         magic_name = args[0]
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(self.config.ESC_MAGIC)
 
         try:
             magic_args = args[1]
         except IndexError:
             magic_args = ''
         fn = getattr(self.magic, 'magic_'+magic_name, None)
         if fn is None:
             self.error("Magic function `%s` not found." % magic_name)
         else:
             magic_args = self.var_expand(magic_args)
             return fn(magic_args)
 
 
     #### Private 'Interpreter' interface #######################################
 
     def setup_message(self):
         """Return a message object.
 
         This method prepares and returns a message dictionary.  This dict
         contains the various fields that are used to transfer information about
         execution, results, tracebacks, etc, to clients (either in or out of
         process ones).  Because of the need to work with possibly out of
         process clients, this dict MUST contain strictly pickle-safe values.
         """
 
         return dict(number=self.current_cell_number)
     
     def setup_namespace(self):
         """ Add things to the namespace.
         """
 
         self.user_ns.setdefault('__name__', '__main__')
         self.user_ns.setdefault('__builtins__', __builtin__)
         self.user_ns['__IP'] = self
         if self.raw_input_builtin is not None:
             self.user_ns['raw_input'] = self.raw_input_builtin
         if self.input_builtin is not None:
             self.user_ns['input'] = self.input_builtin
 
         builtin_additions = dict(
             ipmagic=self.ipmagic,
         )
         __builtin__.__dict__.update(builtin_additions)
 
         if self.history is not None:
             self.history.setup_namespace(self.user_ns)
 
     def set_traps(self):
         """ Set all of the output, display, and traceback traps.
         """
 
         self.output_trap.set()
         self.display_trap.set()
         self.traceback_trap.set()
 
     def unset_traps(self):
         """ Unset all of the output, display, and traceback traps.
         """
 
         self.output_trap.unset()
         self.display_trap.unset()
         self.traceback_trap.unset()
 
     def split_commands(self, python):
         """ Split multiple lines of code into discrete commands that can be
         executed singly.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         python : str
             Pure, exec'able Python code.
 
         Returns
         -------
         commands : list of str
             Separate commands that can be exec'ed independently.
         """
 
         # compiler.parse treats trailing spaces after a newline as a
         # SyntaxError.  This is different than codeop.CommandCompiler, which
         # will compile the trailng spaces just fine.  We simply strip any
         # trailing whitespace off.  Passing a string with trailing whitespace
         # to exec will fail however.  There seems to be some inconsistency in
         # how trailing whitespace is handled, but this seems to work.
         python = python.strip()
         
         # The compiler module does not like unicode. We need to convert
         # it encode it:
         if isinstance(python, unicode):
             # Use the utf-8-sig BOM so the compiler detects this a UTF-8
             # encode string.
             python = '\xef\xbb\xbf' + python.encode('utf-8')
         
         # The compiler module will parse the code into an abstract syntax tree.
         # This has a bug with str("a\nb"), but not str("""a\nb""")!!!
         ast = compiler.parse(python)
         
         # Uncomment to help debug the ast tree
         # for n in ast.node:
         #     print n.lineno,'->',n
         
         # Each separate command is available by iterating over ast.node. The
         # lineno attribute is the line number (1-indexed) beginning the commands
         # suite.
         # lines ending with ";" yield a Discard Node that doesn't have a lineno
         # attribute.  These nodes can and should be discarded.  But there are
         # other situations that cause Discard nodes that shouldn't be discarded.
         # We might eventually discover other cases where lineno is None and have
         # to put in a more sophisticated test.
         linenos = [x.lineno-1 for x in ast.node if x.lineno is not None]
         
         # When we finally get the slices, we will need to slice all the way to
         # the end even though we don't have a line number for it. Fortunately,
         # None does the job nicely.
         linenos.append(None)
         
         # Same problem at the other end: sometimes the ast tree has its
         # first complete statement not starting on line 0. In this case
         # we might miss part of it.  This fixes ticket 266993.  Thanks Gael!
         linenos[0] = 0
         
         lines = python.splitlines()
         
         # Create a list of atomic commands.
         cmds = []
         for i, j in zip(linenos[:-1], linenos[1:]):
             cmd = lines[i:j]
             if cmd:
                 cmds.append('\n'.join(cmd)+'\n')
         
         return cmds
 
     def error(self, text):
         """ Pass an error message back to the shell.
 
-        Preconditions
-        -------------
+        Notes
+        -----
         This should only be called when self.message is set. In other words,
         when code is being executed.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         text : str
         """
 
         errors = self.message.get('IPYTHON_ERROR', [])
         errors.append(text)
 
     def var_expand(self, template):
         """ Expand $variables in the current namespace using Itpl.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         template : str
         """
 
         return str(ItplNS(template, self.user_ns))
 
     def _possible_macro(self, obj):
         """ If the object is a macro, execute it.
         """
 
         if isinstance(obj, Macro):
             self.execute_macro(obj)
 

IPython/kernel/core/notification.py

@@ -1,125 +1,125 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 
 """The IPython Core Notification Center.
 
 See docs/source/development/notification_blueprint.txt for an overview of the
 notification module.
 """
 
 __docformat__ = "restructuredtext en"
                                                                               
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008  The IPython Development Team                           
 #                                                                             
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in    
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.                    
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Tell nose to skip the testing of this module
 __test__ = {}
 
 class NotificationCenter(object):
     """Synchronous notification center
     
-    Example
-    -------
+    Examples
+    --------
     >>> import IPython.kernel.core.notification as notification
     >>> def callback(theType, theSender, args={}):
     ...     print theType,theSender,args
     ...     
     >>> notification.sharedCenter.add_observer(callback, 'NOTIFICATION_TYPE', None)
     >>> notification.sharedCenter.post_notification('NOTIFICATION_TYPE', object()) # doctest:+ELLIPSIS
     NOTIFICATION_TYPE ...
         
     """
     def __init__(self):
         super(NotificationCenter, self).__init__()
         self._init_observers()
     
     
     def _init_observers(self):
         """Initialize observer storage"""
         
         self.registered_types = set() #set of types that are observed
         self.registered_senders = set() #set of senders that are observed
         self.observers = {} #map (type,sender) => callback (callable)
     
     
     def post_notification(self, theType, sender, **kwargs):
         """Post notification (type,sender,**kwargs) to all registered
         observers. 
         
-        Implementation
-        --------------
+        Implementation notes:
+
         * If no registered observers, performance is O(1).
         * Notificaiton order is undefined.
         * Notifications are posted synchronously.
         """
         
         if(theType==None or sender==None):
             raise Exception("NotificationCenter.post_notification requires \
                 type and sender.")
         
         # If there are no registered observers for the type/sender pair
         if((theType not in self.registered_types and 
                 None not in self.registered_types) or
             (sender not in self.registered_senders and 
                 None not in self.registered_senders)):
             return
         
         for o in self._observers_for_notification(theType, sender):
             o(theType, sender, args=kwargs)
     
         
     def _observers_for_notification(self, theType, sender):
         """Find all registered observers that should recieve notification"""
         
         keys = (
                     (theType,sender),
                     (theType, None),
                     (None, sender),  
                     (None,None)
                 )
         
         
         obs = set()
         for k in keys:
             obs.update(self.observers.get(k, set()))
         
         return obs
     
     
     def add_observer(self, callback, theType, sender):
         """Add an observer callback to this notification center.
         
         The given callback will be called upon posting of notifications of
         the given type/sender and will receive any additional kwargs passed
         to post_notification.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         observerCallback : callable
             Callable. Must take at least two arguments::
                 observerCallback(type, sender, args={})
         
         theType : hashable
             The notification type. If None, all notifications from sender
             will be posted.
         
         sender : hashable
             The notification sender. If None, all notifications of theType
             will be posted.
         """
         assert(callback != None)
         self.registered_types.add(theType)
         self.registered_senders.add(sender)
         self.observers.setdefault((theType,sender), set()).add(callback)
     
     def remove_all_observers(self):
         """Removes all observers from this notification center"""
         
         self._init_observers()
     
 
 
 sharedCenter = NotificationCenter()

IPython/kernel/core/util.py

@@ -1,197 +1,195 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 
 __docformat__ = "restructuredtext en"
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import sys
 
 
 # This class is mostly taken from IPython.
 class InputList(list):
     """ Class to store user input.
 
     It's basically a list, but slices return a string instead of a list, thus
     allowing things like (assuming 'In' is an instance):
 
     exec In[4:7]
 
     or
 
     exec In[5:9] + In[14] + In[21:25]
     """
 
     def __getslice__(self, i, j):
         return ''.join(list.__getslice__(self, i, j))
 
     def add(self, index, command):
         """ Add a command to the list with the appropriate index.
 
         If the index is greater than the current length of the list, empty
         strings are added in between.
         """
 
         length = len(self)
         if length == index:
             self.append(command)
         elif length > index:
             self[index] = command
         else:
             extras = index - length
             self.extend([''] * extras)
             self.append(command)
 
 
 class Bunch(dict):
     """ A dictionary that exposes its keys as attributes.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
         dict.__init__(self, *args, **kwds)
         self.__dict__ = self
 
 
 def esc_quotes(strng):
     """ Return the input string with single and double quotes escaped out.
     """
 
     return strng.replace('"', '\\"').replace("'", "\\'")
 
 def make_quoted_expr(s):
     """Return string s in appropriate quotes, using raw string if possible.
     
     XXX - example removed because it caused encoding errors in documentation
     generation.  We need a new example that doesn't contain invalid chars.
     
     Note the use of raw string and padding at the end to allow trailing
     backslash.
     """
     
     tail = ''
     tailpadding = ''
     raw  = ''
     if "\\" in s:
         raw = 'r'
         if s.endswith('\\'):
             tail = '[:-1]'
             tailpadding = '_'
     if '"' not in s:
         quote = '"'
     elif "'" not in s:
         quote = "'"
     elif '"""' not in s and not s.endswith('"'):
         quote = '"""'
     elif "'''" not in s and not s.endswith("'"):
         quote = "'''"
     else:
         # Give up, backslash-escaped string will do
         return '"%s"' % esc_quotes(s)
     res = ''.join([raw, quote, s, tailpadding, quote, tail])
     return res
 
 # This function is used by ipython in a lot of places to make system calls.
 # We need it to be slightly different under win32, due to the vagaries of
 # 'network shares'.  A win32 override is below.
 
 def system_shell(cmd, verbose=False, debug=False, header=''):
     """ Execute a command in the system shell; always return None.
 
+    This returns None so it can be conveniently used in interactive loops
+    without getting the return value (typically 0) printed many times.
+
     Parameters
     ----------
     cmd : str
         The command to execute.
     verbose : bool
         If True, print the command to be executed.
     debug : bool
         Only print, do not actually execute.
     header : str
         Header to print to screen prior to the executed command. No extra
         newlines are added.
-
-    Description
-    -----------
-    This returns None so it can be conveniently used in interactive loops
-    without getting the return value (typically 0) printed many times.
     """
 
     if verbose or debug: 
         print header + cmd
 
     # Flush stdout so we don't mangle python's buffering.
     sys.stdout.flush()
     if not debug:
         os.system(cmd)
 
 # Override shell() for win32 to deal with network shares.
 if os.name in ('nt', 'dos'):
 
     system_shell_ori = system_shell
 
     def system_shell(cmd, verbose=False, debug=False, header=''):
         if os.getcwd().startswith(r"\\"):
             path = os.getcwd()
             # Change to c drive (cannot be on UNC-share when issuing os.system,
             # as cmd.exe cannot handle UNC addresses).
             os.chdir("c:")
             # Issue pushd to the UNC-share and then run the command.
             try:
                 system_shell_ori('"pushd %s&&"'%path+cmd,verbose,debug,header)
             finally:
                 os.chdir(path)
         else:
             system_shell_ori(cmd,verbose,debug,header)
 
     system_shell.__doc__ = system_shell_ori.__doc__
 
 def getoutputerror(cmd, verbose=False, debug=False, header='', split=False):
     """ Executes a command and returns the output.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     cmd : str
         The command to execute.
     verbose : bool
         If True, print the command to be executed.
     debug : bool
         Only print, do not actually execute.
     header : str
         Header to print to screen prior to the executed command. No extra
         newlines are added.
     split : bool
         If True, return the output as a list split on newlines.
 
     """
 
     if verbose or debug: 
         print header+cmd
 
     if not cmd:
         # Return empty lists or strings.
         if split:
             return [], []
         else:
             return '', ''
 
     if not debug:
         # fixme: use subprocess.
         pin,pout,perr = os.popen3(cmd)
         tout = pout.read().rstrip()
         terr = perr.read().rstrip()
         pin.close()
         pout.close()
         perr.close()
         if split:
             return tout.split('\n'), terr.split('\n')
         else:
             return tout, terr
 

IPython/kernel/multiengineclient.py

@@ -1,960 +1,959 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 # -*- test-case-name: IPython.kernel.test.test_multiengineclient -*-
 
 """General Classes for IMultiEngine clients."""
 
 __docformat__ = "restructuredtext en"
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import sys
 import linecache
 import warnings
 
 from twisted.python import components
 from twisted.python.failure import Failure
 from zope.interface import Interface, implements, Attribute
 
 from IPython.utils.coloransi import TermColors
 
 from IPython.kernel.twistedutil import blockingCallFromThread
 from IPython.kernel import error
 from IPython.kernel.parallelfunction import ParallelFunction
 from IPython.kernel.mapper import (
     MultiEngineMapper, 
     IMultiEngineMapperFactory,
     IMapper
 )
 
 from IPython.kernel.multiengine import IFullSynchronousMultiEngine
 
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Pending Result things
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class IPendingResult(Interface):
     """A representation of a result that is pending.
     
     This class is similar to Twisted's `Deferred` object, but is designed to be
     used in a synchronous context.
     """
     
     result_id=Attribute("ID of the deferred on the other side")
     client=Attribute("A client that I came from")
     r=Attribute("An attribute that is a property that calls and returns get_result")
     
     def get_result(default=None, block=True):
         """
         Get a result that is pending.
                 
         :Parameters:
             default
                 The value to return if the result is not ready.
             block : boolean
                 Should I block for the result.
                 
         :Returns: The actual result or the default value.
         """
         
     def add_callback(f, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         Add a callback that is called with the result.
         
         If the original result is foo, adding a callback will cause
         f(foo, *args, **kwargs) to be returned instead.  If multiple
         callbacks are registered, they are chained together: the result of
         one is passed to the next and so on.  
         
         Unlike Twisted's Deferred object, there is no errback chain.  Thus
         any exception raised will not be caught and handled.  User must 
         catch these by hand when calling `get_result`.
         """
 
 
 class PendingResult(object):
     """A representation of a result that is not yet ready.
     
     A user should not create a `PendingResult` instance by hand.
     
-    Methods
-    =======
+    Methods:
     
     * `get_result`
     * `add_callback`
     
-    Properties
-    ==========
+    Properties:
+    
     * `r`
     """
     
     def __init__(self, client, result_id):
         """Create a PendingResult with a result_id and a client instance.
         
         The client should implement `_getPendingResult(result_id, block)`.
         """
         self.client = client
         self.result_id = result_id
         self.called = False
         self.raised = False
         self.callbacks = []
         
     def get_result(self, default=None, block=True):
         """Get a result that is pending.
                 
         This method will connect to an IMultiEngine adapted controller
         and see if the result is ready.  If the action triggers an exception
         raise it and record it.  This method records the result/exception once it is 
         retrieved.  Calling `get_result` again will get this cached result or will
         re-raise the exception.  The .r attribute is a property that calls
         `get_result` with block=True.
         
         :Parameters:
             default
                 The value to return if the result is not ready.
             block : boolean
                 Should I block for the result.
                 
         :Returns: The actual result or the default value.
         """
         
         if self.called:
             if self.raised:
                 raise self.result[0], self.result[1], self.result[2]
             else:
                 return self.result
         try:
             result = self.client.get_pending_deferred(self.result_id, block)
         except error.ResultNotCompleted:
             return default
         except:
             # Reraise other error, but first record them so they can be reraised
             # later if .r or get_result is called again.
             self.result = sys.exc_info()
             self.called = True
             self.raised = True
             raise
         else:
             for cb in self.callbacks:
                 result = cb[0](result, *cb[1], **cb[2])
             self.result = result
             self.called = True
             return result
         
     def add_callback(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
         """Add a callback that is called with the result.
         
         If the original result is result, adding a callback will cause
         f(result, *args, **kwargs) to be returned instead.  If multiple
         callbacks are registered, they are chained together: the result of
         one is passed to the next and so on.  
         
         Unlike Twisted's Deferred object, there is no errback chain.  Thus
         any exception raised will not be caught and handled.  User must 
         catch these by hand when calling `get_result`.
         """
         assert callable(f)
         self.callbacks.append((f, args, kwargs))
         
     def __cmp__(self, other):
         if self.result_id < other.result_id:
             return -1
         else:
             return 1
             
     def _get_r(self):
         return self.get_result(block=True)
     
     r = property(_get_r)
     """This property is a shortcut to a `get_result(block=True)`."""
 
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Pretty printing wrappers for certain lists
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------    
     
 class ResultList(list):
     """A subclass of list that pretty prints the output of `execute`/`get_result`."""
     
     def __repr__(self):
         output = []
         # These colored prompts were not working on Windows
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             blue = normal = red = green = ''
         else:
             blue = TermColors.Blue
             normal = TermColors.Normal
             red = TermColors.Red
             green = TermColors.Green
         output.append("<Results List>\n")
         for cmd in self:
             if isinstance(cmd, Failure):
                 output.append(cmd)
             else:
                 target = cmd.get('id',None)
                 cmd_num = cmd.get('number',None)
                 cmd_stdin = cmd.get('input',{}).get('translated','No Input')
                 cmd_stdout = cmd.get('stdout', None)
                 cmd_stderr = cmd.get('stderr', None)
                 output.append("%s[%i]%s In [%i]:%s %s\n" % \
                     (green, target,
                     blue, cmd_num, normal, cmd_stdin))
                 if cmd_stdout:
                     output.append("%s[%i]%s Out[%i]:%s %s\n" % \
                         (green, target,
                         red, cmd_num, normal, cmd_stdout))
                 if cmd_stderr:
                     output.append("%s[%i]%s Err[%i]:\n%s %s" % \
                         (green, target,
                         red, cmd_num, normal, cmd_stderr))
         return ''.join(output)
 
 
 def wrapResultList(result):
     """A function that wraps the output of `execute`/`get_result` -> `ResultList`."""
     if len(result) == 0:
         result = [result]
     return ResultList(result)
 
 
 class QueueStatusList(list):
     """A subclass of list that pretty prints the output of `queue_status`."""
     
     def __repr__(self):
         output = []
         output.append("<Queue Status List>\n")
         for e in self:
             output.append("Engine: %s\n" % repr(e[0]))
             output.append("    Pending: %s\n" % repr(e[1]['pending']))
             for q in e[1]['queue']:
                 output.append("    Command: %s\n" % repr(q))
         return ''.join(output)
 
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # InteractiveMultiEngineClient
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------    
 
 class InteractiveMultiEngineClient(object):
     """A mixin class that add a few methods to a multiengine client.
     
     The methods in this mixin class are designed for interactive usage.
     """
                                         
     def activate(self):
         """Make this `MultiEngineClient` active for parallel magic commands.
         
         IPython has a magic command syntax to work with `MultiEngineClient` objects.
         In a given IPython session there is a single active one.  While
         there can be many `MultiEngineClient` created and used by the user, 
         there is only one active one.  The active `MultiEngineClient` is used whenever 
         the magic commands %px and %autopx are used.
         
         The activate() method is called on a given `MultiEngineClient` to make it 
         active.  Once this has been done, the magic commands can be used.
         """
         
         try:
             __IPYTHON__.activeController = self
         except NameError:
             print "The IPython Controller magics only work within IPython."
                     
     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
         """Add a dictionary interface for pushing/pulling.
         
         This functions as a shorthand for `push`.
         
         :Parameters:
             key : str 
                 What to call the remote object.
             value : object
                 The local Python object to push.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock()
         return self.push({key:value}, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         """Add a dictionary interface for pushing/pulling.
         
         This functions as a shorthand to `pull`.
         
         :Parameters:
          - `key`: A string representing the key.
         """
         if isinstance(key, str):
             targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock()
             return self.pull(key, targets=targets, block=block)
         else:
             raise TypeError("__getitem__ only takes strs")
             
     def __len__(self):
         """Return the number of available engines."""
         return len(self.get_ids())
     
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Make this a context manager for with
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
     def findsource_file(self,f):
         linecache.checkcache()
         s = findsource(f.f_code) # findsource is not defined!
         lnum = f.f_lineno
         wsource = s[0][f.f_lineno:]
         return strip_whitespace(wsource)
 
     def findsource_ipython(self,f):
         from IPython.core import ipapi
         self.ip = ipapi.get()
         wsource = [l+'\n' for l in
                    self.ip.IP.input_hist_raw[-1].splitlines()[1:]] 
         return strip_whitespace(wsource)
         
     def __enter__(self):
         f = sys._getframe(1)
         local_ns = f.f_locals
         global_ns = f.f_globals
         if f.f_code.co_filename == '<ipython console>':
             s = self.findsource_ipython(f)
         else:
             s = self.findsource_file(f)
 
         self._with_context_result = self.execute(s)
 
     def __exit__ (self, etype, value, tb):
         if issubclass(etype,error.StopLocalExecution):
             return True
 
 
 def remote():
     m = 'Special exception to stop local execution of parallel code.'
     raise error.StopLocalExecution(m)
 
 def strip_whitespace(source):
     # Expand tabs to avoid any confusion.
     wsource = [l.expandtabs(4) for l in source]
     # Detect the indentation level
     done = False
     for line in wsource:
         if line.isspace():
             continue
         for col,char in enumerate(line):
             if char != ' ':
                 done = True
                 break
         if done:
             break
     # Now we know how much leading space there is in the code.  Next, we
     # extract up to the first line that has less indentation.
     # WARNINGS: we skip comments that may be misindented, but we do NOT yet
     # detect triple quoted strings that may have flush left text.
     for lno,line in enumerate(wsource):
         lead = line[:col]
         if lead.isspace():
             continue
         else:
             if not lead.lstrip().startswith('#'):
                 break
     # The real 'with' source is up to lno
     src_lines = [l[col:] for l in wsource[:lno+1]]
 
     # Finally, check that the source's first non-comment line begins with the
     # special call 'remote()'
     for nline,line in enumerate(src_lines):
         if line.isspace() or line.startswith('#'):
             continue
         if 'remote()' in line:
             break
         else:
             raise ValueError('remote() call missing at the start of code')
     src = ''.join(src_lines[nline+1:])
     #print 'SRC:\n<<<<<<<>>>>>>>\n%s<<<<<>>>>>>' % src  # dbg
     return src
 
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # The top-level MultiEngine client adaptor
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 _prop_warn = """\
 
 We are currently refactoring the task dependency system.  This might
 involve the removal of this method and other methods related to engine
 properties.  Please see the docstrings for IPython.kernel.TaskRejectError 
 for more information."""
 
 
 class IFullBlockingMultiEngineClient(Interface):
     pass
 
 
 class FullBlockingMultiEngineClient(InteractiveMultiEngineClient):
     """
     A blocking client to the `IMultiEngine` controller interface.
     
     This class allows users to use a set of engines for a parallel
     computation through the `IMultiEngine` interface.  In this interface,
     each engine has a specific id (an int) that is used to refer to the
     engine, run code on it, etc.
     """
     
     implements(
         IFullBlockingMultiEngineClient,
         IMultiEngineMapperFactory,
         IMapper
     )
     
     def __init__(self, smultiengine):
         self.smultiengine = smultiengine
         self.block = True
         self.targets = 'all'
     
     def _findBlock(self, block=None):
         if block is None:
             return self.block
         else:
             if block in (True, False):
                 return block
             else:
                 raise ValueError("block must be True or False")
     
     def _findTargets(self, targets=None):
         if targets is None:
             return self.targets
         else:
             if not isinstance(targets, (str,list,tuple,int)):
                 raise ValueError("targets must be a str, list, tuple or int")
             return targets
     
     def _findTargetsAndBlock(self, targets=None, block=None):
         return self._findTargets(targets), self._findBlock(block) 
     
     def _blockFromThread(self, function, *args, **kwargs):
         block = kwargs.get('block', None)
         if block is None:
             raise error.MissingBlockArgument("'block' keyword argument is missing")
         result = blockingCallFromThread(function, *args, **kwargs)
         if not block:
             result = PendingResult(self, result)
         return result
     
     def get_pending_deferred(self, deferredID, block):
         return blockingCallFromThread(self.smultiengine.get_pending_deferred, deferredID, block)
     
     def barrier(self, pendingResults):
         """Synchronize a set of `PendingResults`.
         
         This method is a synchronization primitive that waits for a set of
         `PendingResult` objects to complete.  More specifically, barier does
         the following.
         
         * The `PendingResult`s are sorted by result_id.
         * The `get_result` method is called for each `PendingResult` sequentially
           with block=True.
         * If a `PendingResult` gets a result that is an exception, it is 
           trapped and can be re-raised later by calling `get_result` again.
         * The `PendingResult`s are flushed from the controller.
                 
         After barrier has been called on a `PendingResult`, its results can 
         be retrieved by calling `get_result` again or accesing the `r` attribute
         of the instance.
         """
         
         # Convert to list for sorting and check class type 
         prList = list(pendingResults)
         for pr in prList:
             if not isinstance(pr, PendingResult):
                 raise error.NotAPendingResult("Objects passed to barrier must be PendingResult instances")
                             
         # Sort the PendingResults so they are in order
         prList.sort()
         # Block on each PendingResult object
         for pr in prList:
             try:
                 result = pr.get_result(block=True)
             except Exception:
                 pass
     
     def flush(self):
         """
         Clear all pending deferreds/results from the controller.
         
         For each `PendingResult` that is created by this client, the controller
         holds on to the result for that `PendingResult`.  This can be a problem
         if there are a large number of `PendingResult` objects that are created.
         
         Once the result of the `PendingResult` has been retrieved, the result
         is removed from the controller, but if a user doesn't get a result (
         they just ignore the `PendingResult`) the result is kept forever on the
         controller.  This method allows the user to clear out all un-retrieved
         results on the controller. 
         """
         r = blockingCallFromThread(self.smultiengine.clear_pending_deferreds)
         return r
     
     clear_pending_results = flush
     
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # IEngineMultiplexer related methods
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
     def execute(self, lines, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Execute code on a set of engines.
         
         :Parameters:
             lines : str
                 The Python code to execute as a string
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         result = blockingCallFromThread(self.smultiengine.execute, lines,
             targets=targets, block=block)
         if block:
             result = ResultList(result)
         else:
             result = PendingResult(self, result)
             result.add_callback(wrapResultList)
         return result
     
     def push(self, namespace, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Push a dictionary of keys and values to engines namespace.
         
         Each engine has a persistent namespace.  This method is used to push
         Python objects into that namespace.
         
         The objects in the namespace must be pickleable.
         
         :Parameters:
             namespace : dict
                 A dict that contains Python objects to be injected into
                 the engine persistent namespace.
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.push, namespace,
             targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def pull(self, keys, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Pull Python objects by key out of engines namespaces.
         
         :Parameters:
             keys : str or list of str
                 The names of the variables to be pulled
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.pull, keys, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def push_function(self, namespace, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Push a Python function to an engine.
         
         This method is used to push a Python function to an engine.  This
         method can then be used in code on the engines.  Closures are not supported.
         
         :Parameters:
             namespace : dict
                 A dict whose values are the functions to be pushed.  The keys give
                 that names that the function will appear as in the engines
                 namespace.
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.push_function, namespace, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def pull_function(self, keys, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Pull a Python function from an engine.
         
         This method is used to pull a Python function from an engine.
         Closures are not supported.
         
         :Parameters:
             keys : str or list of str
                 The names of the functions to be pulled
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.pull_function, keys, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def push_serialized(self, namespace, targets=None, block=None):
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.push_serialized, namespace, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def pull_serialized(self, keys, targets=None, block=None):
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.pull_serialized, keys, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def get_result(self, i=None, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Get a previous result.
         
         When code is executed in an engine, a dict is created and returned.  This
         method retrieves that dict for previous commands.
         
         :Parameters:
             i : int
                 The number of the result to get
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         result = blockingCallFromThread(self.smultiengine.get_result, i, targets=targets, block=block)
         if block:
             result = ResultList(result)
         else:
             result = PendingResult(self, result)
             result.add_callback(wrapResultList)
         return result
     
     def reset(self, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Reset an engine.
         
         This method clears out the namespace of an engine.
 
         :Parameters:
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.reset, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def keys(self, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Get a list of all the variables in an engine's namespace.
 
         :Parameters:
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.keys, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def kill(self, controller=False, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Kill the engines and controller.
         
         This method is used to stop the engine and controller by calling
         `reactor.stop`.
         
         :Parameters:
             controller : boolean
                 If True, kill the engines and controller.  If False, just the 
                 engines
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.kill, controller, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def clear_queue(self, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Clear out the controller's queue for an engine.
         
         The controller maintains a queue for each engine.  This clear it out.
         
         :Parameters:
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.clear_queue, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def queue_status(self, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Get the status of an engines queue.
         
         :Parameters:
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.queue_status, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def set_properties(self, properties, targets=None, block=None):
         warnings.warn(_prop_warn)
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.set_properties, properties, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def get_properties(self, keys=None, targets=None, block=None):
         warnings.warn(_prop_warn)
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.get_properties, keys, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def has_properties(self, keys, targets=None, block=None):
         warnings.warn(_prop_warn)
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.has_properties, keys, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def del_properties(self, keys, targets=None, block=None):
         warnings.warn(_prop_warn)
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.del_properties, keys, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def clear_properties(self, targets=None, block=None):
         warnings.warn(_prop_warn)
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.clear_properties, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # IMultiEngine related methods
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
     def get_ids(self):
         """
         Returns the ids of currently registered engines.
         """
         result = blockingCallFromThread(self.smultiengine.get_ids)
         return result
         
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # IMultiEngineCoordinator
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
              
     def scatter(self, key, seq, dist='b', flatten=False, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Partition a Python sequence and send the partitions to a set of engines.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.scatter, key, seq, 
             dist, flatten, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def gather(self, key, dist='b', targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Gather a partitioned sequence on a set of engines as a single local seq.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.gather, key, dist, 
             targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def raw_map(self, func, seq, dist='b', targets=None, block=None):
         """
         A parallelized version of Python's builtin map.
         
         This has a slightly different syntax than the builtin `map`.
         This is needed because we need to have keyword arguments and thus
         can't use *args to capture all the sequences.  Instead, they must
         be passed in a list or tuple.
         
         raw_map(func, seqs) -> map(func, seqs[0], seqs[1], ...)
         
         Most users will want to use parallel functions or the `mapper`
         and `map` methods for an API that follows that of the builtin
         `map`.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.raw_map, func, seq, 
             dist, targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def map(self, func, *sequences):
         """
         A parallel version of Python's builtin `map` function.
         
         This method applies a function to sequences of arguments.  It 
         follows the same syntax as the builtin `map`.
         
         This method creates a mapper objects by calling `self.mapper` with
         no arguments and then uses that mapper to do the mapping.  See
         the documentation of `mapper` for more details.
         """
         return self.mapper().map(func, *sequences)
     
     def mapper(self, dist='b', targets='all', block=None):
         """
         Create a mapper object that has a `map` method.
         
         This method returns an object that implements the `IMapper` 
         interface.  This method is a factory that is used to control how 
         the map happens.
         
         :Parameters:
             dist : str
                 What decomposition to use, 'b' is the only one supported
                 currently
             targets : str, int, sequence of ints
                 Which engines to use for the map
             block : boolean
                 Should calls to `map` block or not
         """
         return MultiEngineMapper(self, dist, targets, block)
     
     def parallel(self, dist='b', targets=None, block=None):
         """
         A decorator that turns a function into a parallel function.
         
         This can be used as:
         
         @parallel()
         def f(x, y)
             ...
         
         f(range(10), range(10))
         
         This causes f(0,0), f(1,1), ... to be called in parallel.
         
         :Parameters:
             dist : str
                 What decomposition to use, 'b' is the only one supported
                 currently
             targets : str, int, sequence of ints
                 Which engines to use for the map
             block : boolean
                 Should calls to `map` block or not
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)       
         mapper = self.mapper(dist, targets, block)
         pf = ParallelFunction(mapper)
         return pf
     
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # IMultiEngineExtras
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
     def zip_pull(self, keys, targets=None, block=None):
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.zip_pull, keys, 
             targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def run(self, filename, targets=None, block=None):
         """
         Run a Python code in a file on the engines.
         
         :Parameters:
             filename : str
                 The name of the local file to run
             targets : id or list of ids
                 The engine to use for the execution
             block : boolean
                 If False, this method will return the actual result.  If False,
                 a `PendingResult` is returned which can be used to get the result
                 at a later time.
         """
         targets, block = self._findTargetsAndBlock(targets, block)
         return self._blockFromThread(self.smultiengine.run, filename,
             targets=targets, block=block)
     
     def benchmark(self, push_size=10000):
         """
         Run performance benchmarks for the current IPython cluster.
         
         This method tests both the latency of sending command and data to the
         engines as well as the throughput of sending large objects to the
         engines using push.  The latency is measured by having one or more
         engines execute the command 'pass'.  The throughput is measure by 
         sending an NumPy array of size `push_size` to one or more engines.
         
         These benchmarks will vary widely on different hardware and networks
         and thus can be used to get an idea of the performance characteristics
         of a particular configuration of an IPython controller and engines.
         
         This function is not testable within our current testing framework.
         """
         import timeit, __builtin__
         __builtin__._mec_self = self
         benchmarks = {}
         repeat = 3
         count = 10
 
         timer = timeit.Timer('_mec_self.execute("pass",0)')
         result = 1000*min(timer.repeat(repeat,count))/count
         benchmarks['single_engine_latency'] = (result,'msec')
 
         timer = timeit.Timer('_mec_self.execute("pass")')
         result = 1000*min(timer.repeat(repeat,count))/count
         benchmarks['all_engine_latency'] = (result,'msec')
 
         try:
             import numpy as np
         except:
             pass
         else:
             timer = timeit.Timer(
                 "_mec_self.push(d)",
                 "import numpy as np; d = dict(a=np.zeros(%r,dtype='float64'))" % push_size
             )
             result = min(timer.repeat(repeat,count))/count
             benchmarks['all_engine_push'] = (1e-6*push_size*8/result, 'MB/sec')
 
         try:
             import numpy as np
         except:
             pass
         else:
             timer = timeit.Timer(
                 "_mec_self.push(d,0)",
                 "import numpy as np; d = dict(a=np.zeros(%r,dtype='float64'))" % push_size
             )
             result = min(timer.repeat(repeat,count))/count
             benchmarks['single_engine_push'] = (1e-6*push_size*8/result, 'MB/sec')
 
         return benchmarks
 
 
 components.registerAdapter(FullBlockingMultiEngineClient,
             IFullSynchronousMultiEngine, IFullBlockingMultiEngineClient)
 
 
 
 

IPython/kernel/task.py

@@ -1,1116 +1,1116 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 # -*- test-case-name: IPython.kernel.tests.test_task -*-
 
 """Task farming representation of the ControllerService."""
 
 __docformat__ = "restructuredtext en"
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Tell nose to skip the testing of this module
 __test__ = {}
 
 import copy, time
 from types import FunctionType
 
 import zope.interface as zi, string
 from twisted.internet import defer, reactor
 from twisted.python import components, log, failure
 
 from IPython.kernel.util import printer
 from IPython.kernel import engineservice as es, error
 from IPython.kernel import controllerservice as cs
 from IPython.kernel.twistedutil import gatherBoth, DeferredList
 
 from IPython.kernel.pickleutil import can, uncan, CannedFunction
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Definition of the Task objects
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 time_format = '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S'
 
 class ITask(zi.Interface):
     """
     This interface provides a generic definition of what constitutes a task.
     
     There are two sides to a task.  First a task needs to take input from
     a user to determine what work is performed by the task.  Second, the
     task needs to have the logic that knows how to turn that information
     info specific calls to a worker, through the `IQueuedEngine` interface.
     
     Many method in this class get two things passed to them: a Deferred
     and an IQueuedEngine implementer.  Such methods should register callbacks
     on the Deferred that use the IQueuedEngine to accomplish something.  See
     the existing task objects for examples.
     """
     
     zi.Attribute('retries','How many times to retry the task')
     zi.Attribute('recovery_task','A task to try if the initial one fails')
     zi.Attribute('taskid','the id of the task')
     
     def start_time(result):
         """
         Do anything needed to start the timing of the task.
         
         Must simply return the result after starting the timers.
         """
     
     def stop_time(result):
         """
         Do anything needed to stop the timing of the task.
         
         Must simply return the result after stopping the timers.  This 
         method will usually set attributes that are used by `process_result`
         in building result of the task.
         """
     
     def pre_task(d, queued_engine):
         """Do something with the queued_engine before the task is run.
         
         This method should simply add callbacks to the input Deferred
         that do something with the `queued_engine` before the task is run.
         
         :Parameters:
             d : Deferred
                 The deferred that actions should be attached to
             queued_engine : IQueuedEngine implementer
                 The worker that has been allocated to perform the task
         """
     
     def post_task(d, queued_engine):
         """Do something with the queued_engine after the task is run.
         
         This method should simply add callbacks to the input Deferred
         that do something with the `queued_engine` before the task is run.
         
         :Parameters:
             d : Deferred
                 The deferred that actions should be attached to
             queued_engine : IQueuedEngine implementer
                 The worker that has been allocated to perform the task
         """
     
     def submit_task(d, queued_engine):
         """Submit a task using the `queued_engine` we have been allocated.
         
         When a task is ready to run, this method is called.  This method
         must take the internal information of the task and make suitable
         calls on the queued_engine to have the actual work done.
         
         This method should simply add callbacks to the input Deferred
         that do something with the `queued_engine` before the task is run.
         
         :Parameters:
             d : Deferred
                 The deferred that actions should be attached to
             queued_engine : IQueuedEngine implementer
                 The worker that has been allocated to perform the task
         """
 
     def process_result(d, result, engine_id):
         """Take a raw task result.
         
         Objects that implement `ITask` can choose how the result of running
         the task is presented.  This method takes the raw result and 
         does this logic.  Two example are the `MapTask` which simply returns
         the raw result or a `Failure` object and the `StringTask` which
         returns a `TaskResult` object.
         
         :Parameters:
             d : Deferred
                 The deferred that actions should be attached to
             result : object
                 The raw task result that needs to be wrapped
             engine_id : int
                 The id of the engine that did the task
         
         :Returns:
             The result, as a tuple of the form: (success, result).
             Here, success is a boolean indicating if the task
             succeeded or failed and result is the result.
         """
         
     def check_depend(properties):
         """Check properties to see if the task should be run.
         
         :Parameters:
             properties : dict
                 A dictionary of properties that an engine has set
         
         :Returns:
             True if the task should be run, False otherwise
         """
     
     def can_task(self):
         """Serialize (can) any functions in the task for pickling.
         
         Subclasses must override this method and make sure that all 
         functions in the task are canned by calling `can` on the 
         function.
         """
     
     def uncan_task(self):
         """Unserialize (uncan) any canned function in the task."""
 
 class BaseTask(object):
     """
     Common fuctionality for all objects implementing `ITask`.
     """
     
     zi.implements(ITask)
     
     def __init__(self, clear_before=False, clear_after=False, retries=0,
             recovery_task=None, depend=None):
         """
         Make a generic task.
         
         :Parameters:
             clear_before : boolean
                 Should the engines namespace be cleared before the task
                 is run
             clear_after : boolean
                 Should the engines namespace be clear after the task is run
             retries : int
                 The number of times a task should be retries upon failure
             recovery_task : any task object
                 If a task fails and it has a recovery_task, that is run
                 upon a retry
             depend : FunctionType
                 A function that is called to test for properties.  This function
                 must take one argument, the properties dict and return a boolean
         """
         self.clear_before = clear_before
         self.clear_after = clear_after
         self.retries = retries
         self.recovery_task = recovery_task
         self.depend = depend
         self.taskid = None
     
     def start_time(self, result):
         """
         Start the basic timers.
         """
         self.start = time.time()
         self.start_struct = time.localtime()
         return result
     
     def stop_time(self, result):
         """
         Stop the basic timers.
         """
         self.stop = time.time()
         self.stop_struct = time.localtime()
         self.duration = self.stop - self.start 
         self.submitted = time.strftime(time_format, self.start_struct)
         self.completed = time.strftime(time_format)
         return result
     
     def pre_task(self, d, queued_engine):
         """
         Clear the engine before running the task if clear_before is set.
         """
         if self.clear_before:
             d.addCallback(lambda r: queued_engine.reset())
     
     def post_task(self, d, queued_engine):
         """
         Clear the engine after running the task if clear_after is set.
         """
         def reseter(result):
             queued_engine.reset()
             return result
         if self.clear_after:
             d.addBoth(reseter)
     
     def submit_task(self, d, queued_engine):
         raise NotImplementedError('submit_task must be implemented in a subclass')
     
     def process_result(self, result, engine_id):
         """
         Process a task result.
         
         This is the default `process_result` that just returns the raw
         result or a `Failure`.
         """
         if isinstance(result, failure.Failure):
             return (False, result)
         else:
             return (True, result)
     
     def check_depend(self, properties):
         """
         Calls self.depend(properties) to see if a task should be run.
         """
         if self.depend is not None:
             return self.depend(properties)
         else:
             return True
 
     def can_task(self):
         self.depend = can(self.depend)
         if isinstance(self.recovery_task, BaseTask):
             self.recovery_task.can_task()
             
     def uncan_task(self):
         self.depend = uncan(self.depend)
         if isinstance(self.recovery_task, BaseTask):
             self.recovery_task.uncan_task()
 
 class MapTask(BaseTask):
     """
     A task that consists of a function and arguments.
     """
     
     zi.implements(ITask)
     
     def __init__(self, function, args=None, kwargs=None, clear_before=False, 
             clear_after=False, retries=0, recovery_task=None, depend=None):
         """
         Create a task based on a function, args and kwargs.
         
         This is a simple type of task that consists of calling:
         function(*args, **kwargs) and wrapping the result in a `TaskResult`.
         
         The return value of the function, or a `Failure` wrapping an 
         exception is the task result for this type of task.
         """
         BaseTask.__init__(self, clear_before, clear_after, retries, 
             recovery_task, depend)
         if not isinstance(function, FunctionType):
             raise TypeError('a task function must be a FunctionType')
         self.function = function
         if args is None:
             self.args = ()
         else:
             self.args = args
         if not isinstance(self.args, (list, tuple)):
             raise TypeError('a task args must be a list or tuple')
         if kwargs is None:
             self.kwargs = {}
         else:
             self.kwargs = kwargs
         if not isinstance(self.kwargs, dict):
             raise TypeError('a task kwargs must be a dict')
     
     def submit_task(self, d, queued_engine):
         d.addCallback(lambda r: queued_engine.push_function(
             dict(_ipython_task_function=self.function))
         )
         d.addCallback(lambda r: queued_engine.push(
             dict(_ipython_task_args=self.args,_ipython_task_kwargs=self.kwargs))
         )
         d.addCallback(lambda r: queued_engine.execute(
             '_ipython_task_result = _ipython_task_function(*_ipython_task_args,**_ipython_task_kwargs)')
         )
         d.addCallback(lambda r: queued_engine.pull('_ipython_task_result'))
     
     def can_task(self):
         self.function = can(self.function)
         BaseTask.can_task(self)
     
     def uncan_task(self):
         self.function = uncan(self.function)
         BaseTask.uncan_task(self)
 
 
 class StringTask(BaseTask):
     """
     A task that consists of a string of Python code to run.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, expression, pull=None, push=None,
             clear_before=False, clear_after=False, retries=0, 
             recovery_task=None, depend=None):
         """
         Create a task based on a Python expression and variables
         
         This type of task lets you push a set of variables to the engines
         namespace, run a Python string in that namespace and then bring back
         a different set of Python variables as the result.
         
         Because this type of task can return many results (through the
         `pull` keyword argument) it returns a special `TaskResult` object
         that wraps the pulled variables, statistics about the run and
         any exceptions raised.
         """
         if not isinstance(expression, str):
             raise TypeError('a task expression must be a string')
         self.expression = expression
         
         if pull==None:
             self.pull = ()
         elif isinstance(pull, str):
             self.pull = (pull,)
         elif isinstance(pull, (list, tuple)):
             self.pull = pull
         else:
             raise TypeError('pull must be str or a sequence of strs')
         
         if push==None:
             self.push = {}
         elif isinstance(push, dict):
             self.push = push
         else:
             raise TypeError('push must be a dict')
         
         BaseTask.__init__(self, clear_before, clear_after, retries, 
             recovery_task, depend)
 
     def submit_task(self, d, queued_engine):
         if self.push is not None:
             d.addCallback(lambda r: queued_engine.push(self.push))
         
         d.addCallback(lambda r: queued_engine.execute(self.expression))
         
         if self.pull is not None:
             d.addCallback(lambda r: queued_engine.pull(self.pull))
         else:
             d.addCallback(lambda r: None)    
     
     def process_result(self, result, engine_id):
         if isinstance(result, failure.Failure):
             tr = TaskResult(result, engine_id)
         else:
             if self.pull is None:
                 resultDict = {}
             elif len(self.pull) == 1:
                 resultDict = {self.pull[0]:result}
             else:
                 resultDict = dict(zip(self.pull, result))
             tr = TaskResult(resultDict, engine_id)
         # Assign task attributes
         tr.submitted = self.submitted
         tr.completed = self.completed
         tr.duration = self.duration
         if hasattr(self,'taskid'):
             tr.taskid = self.taskid
         else:
             tr.taskid = None
         if isinstance(result, failure.Failure):
             return (False, tr)
         else:
             return (True, tr)
 
 class ResultNS(object):
     """
     A dict like object for holding the results of a task.
     
     The result namespace object for use in `TaskResult` objects as tr.ns.
     It builds an object from a dictionary, such that it has attributes
     according to the key,value pairs of the dictionary.
     
     This works by calling setattr on ALL key,value pairs in the dict.  If a user
     chooses to overwrite the `__repr__` or `__getattr__` attributes, they can.
     This can be a bad idea, as it may corrupt standard behavior of the
     ns object.
     
-    Example
+    Examples
     --------
     
     >>> ns = ResultNS({'a':17,'foo':range(3)})
     >>> print ns
     NS{'a': 17, 'foo': [0, 1, 2]}
     >>> ns.a
     17
     >>> ns['foo']
     [0, 1, 2]
     """
     def __init__(self, dikt):
         for k,v in dikt.iteritems():
             setattr(self,k,v)
     
     def __repr__(self):
         l = dir(self)
         d = {}
         for k in l:
             # do not print private objects
             if k[:2] != '__' and k[-2:] != '__':
                 d[k] = getattr(self, k)
         return "NS"+repr(d)
     
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         return getattr(self, key)
 
 class TaskResult(object):
     """
     An object for returning task results for certain types of tasks.
         
     This object encapsulates the results of a task.  On task
     success it will have a keys attribute that will have a list
     of the variables that have been pulled back.  These variables
     are accessible as attributes of this class as well.  On 
     success the failure attribute will be None.
         
     In task failure, keys will be empty, but failure will contain
     the failure object that encapsulates the remote exception.
     One can also simply call the `raise_exception` method of 
     this class to re-raise any remote exception in the local
     session.
         
     The `TaskResult` has a `.ns` member, which is a property for access
     to the results.  If the Task had pull=['a', 'b'], then the 
     Task Result will have attributes `tr.ns.a`, `tr.ns.b` for those values.
     Accessing `tr.ns` will raise the remote failure if the task failed.
         
     The `engineid` attribute should have the `engineid` of the engine
     that ran the task.  But, because engines can come and go, 
     the `engineid` may not continue to be
     valid or accurate.
         
     The `taskid` attribute simply gives the `taskid` that the task
     is tracked under.
     """
     taskid = None
     
     def _getNS(self):
         if isinstance(self.failure, failure.Failure):
             return self.failure.raiseException()
         else:
             return self._ns
     
     def _setNS(self, v):
         raise Exception("the ns attribute cannot be changed")
     
     ns = property(_getNS, _setNS)
     
     def __init__(self, results, engineid):
         self.engineid = engineid
         if isinstance(results, failure.Failure):
             self.failure = results
             self.results = {}
         else:
             self.results = results
             self.failure = None
         
         self._ns = ResultNS(self.results)
         
         self.keys = self.results.keys()
     
     def __repr__(self):
         if self.failure is not None:
             contents = self.failure
         else:
             contents = self.results
         return "TaskResult[ID:%r]:%r"%(self.taskid, contents)
     
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         if self.failure is not None:
             self.raise_exception()
         return self.results[key]
     
     def raise_exception(self):
         """Re-raise any remote exceptions in the local python session."""
         if self.failure is not None:
             self.failure.raiseException()
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # The controller side of things
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class IWorker(zi.Interface):
     """The Basic Worker Interface. 
     
     A worked is a representation of an Engine that is ready to run tasks.
     """
     
     zi.Attribute("workerid", "the id of the worker")
     
     def run(task):
         """Run task in worker's namespace.
         
         :Parameters:
             task : a `Task` object
         
         :Returns: `Deferred` to a tuple of (success, result) where
             success if a boolean that signifies success or failure
             and result is the task result.
         """
 
 
 class WorkerFromQueuedEngine(object):
     """Adapt an `IQueuedEngine` to an `IWorker` object"""
     
     zi.implements(IWorker)
     
     def __init__(self, qe):
         self.queuedEngine = qe
         self.workerid = None
     
     def _get_properties(self):
         return self.queuedEngine.properties
     
     properties = property(_get_properties, lambda self, _:None)
     
     def run(self, task):
         """Run task in worker's namespace.
         
         This takes a task and calls methods on the task that actually
         cause `self.queuedEngine` to do the task.  See the methods of
         `ITask` for more information about how these methods are called.
         
         :Parameters:
             task : a `Task` object
         
         :Returns: `Deferred` to a tuple of (success, result) where
             success if a boolean that signifies success or failure
             and result is the task result.
         """
         d = defer.succeed(None)
         d.addCallback(task.start_time)
         task.pre_task(d, self.queuedEngine)
         task.submit_task(d, self.queuedEngine)
         task.post_task(d, self.queuedEngine)
         d.addBoth(task.stop_time)
         d.addBoth(task.process_result, self.queuedEngine.id)
         # At this point, there will be (success, result) coming down the line
         return d
 
 
 components.registerAdapter(WorkerFromQueuedEngine, es.IEngineQueued, IWorker)
 
 class IScheduler(zi.Interface):
     """The interface for a Scheduler.
     """
     zi.Attribute("nworkers", "the number of unassigned workers")
     zi.Attribute("ntasks", "the number of unscheduled tasks")
     zi.Attribute("workerids", "a list of the worker ids")
     zi.Attribute("taskids", "a list of the task ids")
     
     def add_task(task, **flags):
         """Add a task to the queue of the Scheduler.
         
         :Parameters:
             task : an `ITask` implementer
                 The task to be queued.
             flags : dict
                 General keywords for more sophisticated scheduling
         """
     
     def pop_task(id=None):
         """Pops a task object from the queue.
         
         This gets the next task to be run.  If no `id` is requested, the highest priority
         task is returned.
         
         :Parameters:
             id
                 The id of the task to be popped.  The default (None) is to return 
                 the highest priority task.
                 
         :Returns: an `ITask` implementer
         
         :Exceptions:
             IndexError : raised if no taskid in queue
         """
     
     def add_worker(worker, **flags):
         """Add a worker to the worker queue.
         
         :Parameters:
             worker : an `IWorker` implementer
             flags : dict
                 General keywords for more sophisticated scheduling
         """
     
     def pop_worker(id=None):
         """Pops an IWorker object that is ready to do work.
         
         This gets the next IWorker that is ready to do work. 
         
         :Parameters:
             id : if specified, will pop worker with workerid=id, else pops
                  highest priority worker.  Defaults to None.
         
         :Returns:
             an IWorker object
         
         :Exceptions:
             IndexError : raised if no workerid in queue
         """
     
     def ready():
         """Returns True if there is something to do, False otherwise"""
     
     def schedule():
         """Returns (worker,task) pair for the next task to be run."""
     
 
 class FIFOScheduler(object):
     """
     A basic First-In-First-Out (Queue) Scheduler.
     
     This is the default Scheduler for the `TaskController`.
     See the docstrings for `IScheduler` for interface details.
     """
     
     zi.implements(IScheduler)
     
     def __init__(self):
         self.tasks = []
         self.workers = []
     
     def _ntasks(self):
         return len(self.tasks)
     
     def _nworkers(self):
         return len(self.workers)
     
     ntasks = property(_ntasks, lambda self, _:None)
     nworkers = property(_nworkers, lambda self, _:None)
     
     def _taskids(self):
         return [t.taskid for t in self.tasks]
     
     def _workerids(self):
         return [w.workerid for w in self.workers]
     
     taskids = property(_taskids, lambda self,_:None)
     workerids = property(_workerids, lambda self,_:None)
     
     def add_task(self, task, **flags):    
         self.tasks.append(task)
     
     def pop_task(self, id=None):
         if id is None:
             return self.tasks.pop(0)
         else:
             for i in range(len(self.tasks)):
                 taskid = self.tasks[i].taskid
                 if id == taskid:
                     return self.tasks.pop(i)
             raise IndexError("No task #%i"%id)
     
     def add_worker(self, worker, **flags):
         self.workers.append(worker)
     
     def pop_worker(self, id=None):
         if id is None:
             return self.workers.pop(0)
         else:
             for i in range(len(self.workers)):
                 workerid = self.workers[i].workerid
                 if id == workerid:
                     return self.workers.pop(i)
             raise IndexError("No worker #%i"%id)
     
     def schedule(self):
         for t in self.tasks:
             for w in self.workers:
                 try:# do not allow exceptions to break this
                     # Allow the task to check itself using its
                     # check_depend method.
                     cando = t.check_depend(w.properties)
                 except:
                     cando = False
                 if cando:
                     return self.pop_worker(w.workerid), self.pop_task(t.taskid)
         return None, None
     
 
 
 class LIFOScheduler(FIFOScheduler):
     """
     A Last-In-First-Out (Stack) Scheduler.
     
     This scheduler should naively reward fast engines by giving 
     them more jobs.  This risks starvation, but only in cases with 
     low load, where starvation does not really matter.
     """
     
     def add_task(self, task, **flags):
         # self.tasks.reverse()
         self.tasks.insert(0, task)
         # self.tasks.reverse()
     
     def add_worker(self, worker, **flags):
         # self.workers.reverse()
         self.workers.insert(0, worker)
         # self.workers.reverse()
     
 
 class ITaskController(cs.IControllerBase):
     """
     The Task based interface to a `ControllerService` object
     
     This adapts a `ControllerService` to the ITaskController interface.
     """
     
     def run(task):
         """
         Run a task.
         
         :Parameters:
             task : an IPython `Task` object
         
         :Returns: the integer ID of the task
         """
     
     def get_task_result(taskid, block=False):
         """
         Get the result of a task by its ID.
         
         :Parameters:
             taskid : int
                 the id of the task whose result is requested
         
         :Returns: `Deferred` to the task result if the task is done, and None
             if not.
         
         :Exceptions:
             actualResult will be an `IndexError` if no such task has been submitted
         """
     
     def abort(taskid):
         """Remove task from queue if task is has not been submitted.
         
         If the task has already been submitted, wait for it to finish and discard 
         results and prevent resubmission.
         
         :Parameters:
             taskid : the id of the task to be aborted
         
         :Returns:
             `Deferred` to abort attempt completion.  Will be None on success.
         
         :Exceptions:
             deferred will fail with `IndexError` if no such task has been submitted
             or the task has already completed.
         """
     
     def barrier(taskids):
         """
         Block until the list of taskids are completed.
         
         Returns None on success.
         """
     
     def spin():
         """
         Touch the scheduler, to resume scheduling without submitting a task.
         """
     
     def queue_status(verbose=False):
         """
         Get a dictionary with the current state of the task queue.
         
         If verbose is True, then return lists of taskids, otherwise, 
         return the number of tasks with each status.
         """
     
     def clear():
         """
         Clear all previously run tasks from the task controller.
         
         This is needed because the task controller keep all task results
         in memory.  This can be a problem is there are many completed
         tasks.  Users should call this periodically to clean out these
         cached task results.
         """
     
 
 class TaskController(cs.ControllerAdapterBase):
     """The Task based interface to a Controller object.
     
     If you want to use a different scheduler, just subclass this and set
     the `SchedulerClass` member to the *class* of your chosen scheduler.
     """
     
     zi.implements(ITaskController)
     SchedulerClass = FIFOScheduler
     
     timeout = 30
     
     def __init__(self, controller):
         self.controller = controller
         self.controller.on_register_engine_do(self.registerWorker, True)
         self.controller.on_unregister_engine_do(self.unregisterWorker, True)
         self.taskid = 0
         self.failurePenalty = 1 # the time in seconds to penalize
                                 # a worker for failing a task
         self.pendingTasks = {} # dict of {workerid:(taskid, task)}
         self.deferredResults = {} # dict of {taskid:deferred}
         self.finishedResults = {} # dict of {taskid:actualResult}
         self.workers = {} # dict of {workerid:worker}
         self.abortPending = [] # dict of {taskid:abortDeferred}
         self.idleLater = None # delayed call object for timeout
         self.scheduler = self.SchedulerClass()
         
         for id in self.controller.engines.keys():
                 self.workers[id] = IWorker(self.controller.engines[id])
                 self.workers[id].workerid = id
                 self.schedule.add_worker(self.workers[id])
     
     def registerWorker(self, id):
         """Called by controller.register_engine."""
         if self.workers.get(id):
             raise ValueError("worker with id %s already exists.  This should not happen." % id)
         self.workers[id] = IWorker(self.controller.engines[id])
         self.workers[id].workerid = id
         if not self.pendingTasks.has_key(id):# if not working
             self.scheduler.add_worker(self.workers[id])
         self.distributeTasks()
     
     def unregisterWorker(self, id):
         """Called by controller.unregister_engine"""
         
         if self.workers.has_key(id):
             try:
                 self.scheduler.pop_worker(id)
             except IndexError:
                 pass
             self.workers.pop(id)
     
     def _pendingTaskIDs(self):
         return [t.taskid for t in self.pendingTasks.values()]
     
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Interface methods
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
     def run(self, task):
         """
         Run a task and return `Deferred` to its taskid.
         """
         task.taskid = self.taskid
         task.start = time.localtime()
         self.taskid += 1
         d = defer.Deferred()
         self.scheduler.add_task(task)
         log.msg('Queuing task: %i' % task.taskid)
         
         self.deferredResults[task.taskid] = []
         self.distributeTasks()
         return defer.succeed(task.taskid)
     
     def get_task_result(self, taskid, block=False):
         """
         Returns a `Deferred` to the task result, or None.
         """
         log.msg("Getting task result: %i" % taskid)
         if self.finishedResults.has_key(taskid):
             tr = self.finishedResults[taskid]
             return defer.succeed(tr)
         elif self.deferredResults.has_key(taskid):
             if block:
                 d = defer.Deferred()
                 self.deferredResults[taskid].append(d)
                 return d
             else:
                 return defer.succeed(None)
         else:
             return defer.fail(IndexError("task ID not registered: %r" % taskid))
     
     def abort(self, taskid):
         """
         Remove a task from the queue if it has not been run already.
         """
         if not isinstance(taskid, int):
             return defer.fail(failure.Failure(TypeError("an integer task id expected: %r" % taskid)))
         try:
             self.scheduler.pop_task(taskid)
         except IndexError, e:
             if taskid in self.finishedResults.keys():
                 d = defer.fail(IndexError("Task Already Completed"))
             elif taskid in self.abortPending:
                 d = defer.fail(IndexError("Task Already Aborted"))
             elif taskid in self._pendingTaskIDs():# task is pending
                 self.abortPending.append(taskid)
                 d = defer.succeed(None)
             else:
                 d = defer.fail(e)
         else:
             d = defer.execute(self._doAbort, taskid)
         
         return d
     
     def barrier(self, taskids):
         dList = []
         if isinstance(taskids, int):
             taskids = [taskids]
         for id in taskids:
             d = self.get_task_result(id, block=True)
             dList.append(d)
         d = DeferredList(dList, consumeErrors=1)
         d.addCallbacks(lambda r: None)
         return d
     
     def spin(self):
         return defer.succeed(self.distributeTasks())
     
     def queue_status(self, verbose=False):
         pending = self._pendingTaskIDs()
         failed = []
         succeeded = []
         for k,v in self.finishedResults.iteritems():
             if not isinstance(v, failure.Failure):
                 if hasattr(v,'failure'):
                     if v.failure is None:
                         succeeded.append(k)
                     else:
                         failed.append(k)
         scheduled = self.scheduler.taskids
         if verbose:
             result = dict(pending=pending, failed=failed, 
                 succeeded=succeeded, scheduled=scheduled)
         else:
             result = dict(pending=len(pending),failed=len(failed),
                 succeeded=len(succeeded),scheduled=len(scheduled))
         return defer.succeed(result)
     
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Queue methods
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
     def _doAbort(self, taskid):
         """
         Helper function for aborting a pending task.
         """
         log.msg("Task aborted: %i" % taskid)
         result = failure.Failure(error.TaskAborted())
         self._finishTask(taskid, result)
         if taskid in self.abortPending:
             self.abortPending.remove(taskid)
     
     def _finishTask(self, taskid, result):
         dlist = self.deferredResults.pop(taskid)
         # result.taskid = taskid   # The TaskResult should save the taskid
         self.finishedResults[taskid] = result
         for d in dlist:
             d.callback(result)
     
     def distributeTasks(self):
         """
         Distribute tasks while self.scheduler has things to do.
         """
         log.msg("distributing Tasks")
         worker, task = self.scheduler.schedule()
         if not worker and not task:
             if self.idleLater and self.idleLater.called:# we are inside failIdle
                 self.idleLater = None
             else:
                 self.checkIdle()
             return False
         # else something to do:
         while worker and task:
             # get worker and task
             # add to pending
             self.pendingTasks[worker.workerid] = task
             # run/link callbacks
             d = worker.run(task)
             log.msg("Running task %i on worker %i" %(task.taskid, worker.workerid))
             d.addBoth(self.taskCompleted, task.taskid, worker.workerid)
             worker, task = self.scheduler.schedule()
         # check for idle timeout:
         self.checkIdle()
         return True
     
     def checkIdle(self):
         if self.idleLater and not self.idleLater.called:
             self.idleLater.cancel()
         if self.scheduler.ntasks and self.workers and \
                     self.scheduler.nworkers == len(self.workers):
             self.idleLater = reactor.callLater(self.timeout, self.failIdle)
         else:
             self.idleLater = None
     
     def failIdle(self):
         if not self.distributeTasks():
             while self.scheduler.ntasks:
                 t = self.scheduler.pop_task()
                 msg = "task %i failed to execute due to unmet dependencies"%t.taskid
                 msg += " for %i seconds"%self.timeout
                 log.msg("Task aborted by timeout: %i" % t.taskid)
                 f = failure.Failure(error.TaskTimeout(msg))
                 self._finishTask(t.taskid, f)
         self.idleLater = None
                 
     
     def taskCompleted(self, success_and_result, taskid, workerid):
         """This is the err/callback for a completed task."""
         success, result = success_and_result
         try:
             task = self.pendingTasks.pop(workerid)
         except:
             # this should not happen
             log.msg("Tried to pop bad pending task %i from worker %i"%(taskid, workerid))
             log.msg("Result: %r"%result)
             log.msg("Pending tasks: %s"%self.pendingTasks)
             return
         
         # Check if aborted while pending
         aborted = False
         if taskid in self.abortPending:
             self._doAbort(taskid)
             aborted = True
         
         if not aborted:
             if not success:
                 log.msg("Task %i failed on worker %i"% (taskid, workerid))
                 if task.retries > 0: # resubmit
                     task.retries -= 1
                     self.scheduler.add_task(task)
                     s = "Resubmitting task %i, %i retries remaining" %(taskid, task.retries)
                     log.msg(s)
                     self.distributeTasks()
                 elif isinstance(task.recovery_task, BaseTask) and \
                                     task.recovery_task.retries > -1:
                     # retries = -1 is to prevent infinite recovery_task loop
                     task.retries = -1 
                     task.recovery_task.taskid = taskid
                     task = task.recovery_task
                     self.scheduler.add_task(task)
                     s = "Recovering task %i, %i retries remaining" %(taskid, task.retries)
                     log.msg(s)
                     self.distributeTasks()
                 else: # done trying
                     self._finishTask(taskid, result)
                 # wait a second before readmitting a worker that failed
                 # it may have died, and not yet been unregistered
                 reactor.callLater(self.failurePenalty, self.readmitWorker, workerid)
             else: # we succeeded
                 log.msg("Task completed: %i"% taskid)
                 self._finishTask(taskid, result)
                 self.readmitWorker(workerid)
         else: # we aborted the task
             if not success:
                 reactor.callLater(self.failurePenalty, self.readmitWorker, workerid)
             else:
                 self.readmitWorker(workerid)
     
     def readmitWorker(self, workerid):
         """
         Readmit a worker to the scheduler.  
         
         This is outside `taskCompleted` because of the `failurePenalty` being 
         implemented through `reactor.callLater`.
         """
         
         if workerid in self.workers.keys() and workerid not in self.pendingTasks.keys():
             self.scheduler.add_worker(self.workers[workerid])
             self.distributeTasks()
     
     def clear(self):
         """
         Clear all previously run tasks from the task controller.
         
         This is needed because the task controller keep all task results
         in memory.  This can be a problem is there are many completed
         tasks.  Users should call this periodically to clean out these
         cached task results.
         """
         self.finishedResults = {}
         return defer.succeed(None)
         
     
 components.registerAdapter(TaskController, cs.IControllerBase, ITaskController)

IPython/testing/plugin/show_refs.py

@@ -1,18 +1,19 b''
 """Simple script to show reference holding behavior.
 
 This is used by a companion test case.
 """
 
 import gc
 
 class C(object):
    def __del__(self):
       pass
       #print 'deleting object...'  # dbg
 
+if __name__ == '__main__':
 c = C()
 
 c_refs = gc.get_referrers(c)
 ref_ids = map(id,c_refs)
 
 print 'c referrers:',map(type,c_refs)

IPython/utils/genutils.py

@@ -1,2261 +1,2261 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """General purpose utilities.
 
 This is a grab-bag of stuff I find useful in most programs I write. Some of
 these things are also convenient when working at the command line.
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # required modules from the Python standard library
 import __main__
 import commands
 try:
     import doctest
 except ImportError:
     pass
 import os
 import platform
 import re
 import shlex
 import shutil
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import time
 import types
 import warnings
 
 # Curses and termios are Unix-only modules
 try:
     import curses
     # We need termios as well, so if its import happens to raise, we bail on
     # using curses altogether.
     import termios
 except ImportError:
     USE_CURSES = False
 else:
     # Curses on Solaris may not be complete, so we can't use it there
     USE_CURSES = hasattr(curses,'initscr')
 
 # Other IPython utilities
 import IPython
 from IPython.external.Itpl import Itpl,itpl,printpl
 from IPython.utils import platutils
 from IPython.utils import DPyGetOpt
 from IPython.utils.generics import result_display
 from IPython.core import ipapi
 from IPython.external.path import path
 if os.name == "nt":
     from IPython.utils.winconsole import get_console_size
 
 try:
     set
 except:
     from sets import Set as set
 
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Exceptions
 class Error(Exception):
     """Base class for exceptions in this module."""
     pass
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class IOStream:
     def __init__(self,stream,fallback):
         if not hasattr(stream,'write') or not hasattr(stream,'flush'):
             stream = fallback
         self.stream = stream
         self._swrite = stream.write
         self.flush = stream.flush
 
     def write(self,data):
         try:
             self._swrite(data)
         except:
             try:
                 # print handles some unicode issues which may trip a plain
                 # write() call.  Attempt to emulate write() by using a
                 # trailing comma
                 print >> self.stream, data,
             except:
                 # if we get here, something is seriously broken.
                 print >> sys.stderr, \
                       'ERROR - failed to write data to stream:', self.stream
 
     def close(self):
         pass
 
 
 class IOTerm:
     """ Term holds the file or file-like objects for handling I/O operations.
 
     These are normally just sys.stdin, sys.stdout and sys.stderr but for
     Windows they can can replaced to allow editing the strings before they are
     displayed."""
 
     # In the future, having IPython channel all its I/O operations through
     # this class will make it easier to embed it into other environments which
     # are not a normal terminal (such as a GUI-based shell)
     def __init__(self,cin=None,cout=None,cerr=None):
         self.cin  = IOStream(cin,sys.stdin)
         self.cout = IOStream(cout,sys.stdout)
         self.cerr = IOStream(cerr,sys.stderr)
 
 # Global variable to be used for all I/O
 Term = IOTerm()
 
 import IPython.utils.rlineimpl as readline
 # Remake Term to use the readline i/o facilities
 if sys.platform == 'win32' and readline.have_readline:
 
     Term = IOTerm(cout=readline._outputfile,cerr=readline._outputfile)
 
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Generic warning/error printer, used by everything else
 def warn(msg,level=2,exit_val=1):
     """Standard warning printer. Gives formatting consistency.
 
     Output is sent to Term.cerr (sys.stderr by default).
 
     Options:
 
     -level(2): allows finer control:
       0 -> Do nothing, dummy function.
       1 -> Print message.
       2 -> Print 'WARNING:' + message. (Default level).
       3 -> Print 'ERROR:' + message.
       4 -> Print 'FATAL ERROR:' + message and trigger a sys.exit(exit_val).
 
     -exit_val (1): exit value returned by sys.exit() for a level 4
     warning. Ignored for all other levels."""
 
     if level>0:
         header = ['','','WARNING: ','ERROR: ','FATAL ERROR: ']
         print >> Term.cerr, '%s%s' % (header[level],msg)
         if level == 4:
             print >> Term.cerr,'Exiting.\n'
             sys.exit(exit_val)
 
 def info(msg):
     """Equivalent to warn(msg,level=1)."""
 
     warn(msg,level=1)
 
 def error(msg):
     """Equivalent to warn(msg,level=3)."""
 
     warn(msg,level=3)
 
 def fatal(msg,exit_val=1):
     """Equivalent to warn(msg,exit_val=exit_val,level=4)."""
 
     warn(msg,exit_val=exit_val,level=4)
 
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Debugging routines
 #
 def debugx(expr,pre_msg=''):
     """Print the value of an expression from the caller's frame.
 
     Takes an expression, evaluates it in the caller's frame and prints both
     the given expression and the resulting value (as well as a debug mark
     indicating the name of the calling function.  The input must be of a form
     suitable for eval().
 
     An optional message can be passed, which will be prepended to the printed
     expr->value pair."""
 
     cf = sys._getframe(1)
     print '[DBG:%s] %s%s -> %r' % (cf.f_code.co_name,pre_msg,expr,
                                    eval(expr,cf.f_globals,cf.f_locals))
 
 # deactivate it by uncommenting the following line, which makes it a no-op
 #def debugx(expr,pre_msg=''): pass
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 StringTypes = types.StringTypes
 
 # Basic timing functionality
 
 # If possible (Unix), use the resource module instead of time.clock()
 try:
     import resource
     def clocku():
         """clocku() -> floating point number
 
         Return the *USER* CPU time in seconds since the start of the process.
         This is done via a call to resource.getrusage, so it avoids the
         wraparound problems in time.clock()."""
 
         return resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF)[0]
 
     def clocks():
         """clocks() -> floating point number
 
         Return the *SYSTEM* CPU time in seconds since the start of the process.
         This is done via a call to resource.getrusage, so it avoids the
         wraparound problems in time.clock()."""
 
         return resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF)[1]
 
     def clock():
         """clock() -> floating point number
 
         Return the *TOTAL USER+SYSTEM* CPU time in seconds since the start of
         the process.  This is done via a call to resource.getrusage, so it
         avoids the wraparound problems in time.clock()."""
 
         u,s = resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF)[:2]
         return u+s
 
     def clock2():
         """clock2() -> (t_user,t_system)
 
         Similar to clock(), but return a tuple of user/system times."""
         return resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF)[:2]
 
 except ImportError:
     # There is no distinction of user/system time under windows, so we just use
     # time.clock() for everything...
     clocku = clocks = clock = time.clock
     def clock2():
         """Under windows, system CPU time can't be measured.
 
         This just returns clock() and zero."""
         return time.clock(),0.0
 
 def timings_out(reps,func,*args,**kw):
     """timings_out(reps,func,*args,**kw) -> (t_total,t_per_call,output)
 
     Execute a function reps times, return a tuple with the elapsed total
     CPU time in seconds, the time per call and the function's output.
 
     Under Unix, the return value is the sum of user+system time consumed by
     the process, computed via the resource module.  This prevents problems
     related to the wraparound effect which the time.clock() function has.
 
     Under Windows the return value is in wall clock seconds. See the
     documentation for the time module for more details."""
 
     reps = int(reps)
     assert reps >=1, 'reps must be >= 1'
     if reps==1:
         start = clock()
         out = func(*args,**kw)
         tot_time = clock()-start
     else:
         rng = xrange(reps-1) # the last time is executed separately to store output
         start = clock()
         for dummy in rng: func(*args,**kw)
         out = func(*args,**kw)  # one last time
         tot_time = clock()-start
     av_time = tot_time / reps
     return tot_time,av_time,out
 
 def timings(reps,func,*args,**kw):
     """timings(reps,func,*args,**kw) -> (t_total,t_per_call)
 
     Execute a function reps times, return a tuple with the elapsed total CPU
     time in seconds and the time per call. These are just the first two values
     in timings_out()."""
 
     return timings_out(reps,func,*args,**kw)[0:2]
 
 def timing(func,*args,**kw):
     """timing(func,*args,**kw) -> t_total
 
     Execute a function once, return the elapsed total CPU time in
     seconds. This is just the first value in timings_out()."""
 
     return timings_out(1,func,*args,**kw)[0]
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # file and system
 
 def arg_split(s,posix=False):
     """Split a command line's arguments in a shell-like manner.
 
     This is a modified version of the standard library's shlex.split()
     function, but with a default of posix=False for splitting, so that quotes
     in inputs are respected."""
 
     # XXX - there may be unicode-related problems here!!!  I'm not sure that
     # shlex is truly unicode-safe, so it might be necessary to do
     #
     # s = s.encode(sys.stdin.encoding)
     #
     # first, to ensure that shlex gets a normal string.  Input from anyone who
     # knows more about unicode and shlex than I would be good to have here...
     lex = shlex.shlex(s, posix=posix)
     lex.whitespace_split = True
     return list(lex)
 
 def system(cmd,verbose=0,debug=0,header=''):
     """Execute a system command, return its exit status.
 
     Options:
 
     - verbose (0): print the command to be executed.
 
     - debug (0): only print, do not actually execute.
 
     - header (''): Header to print on screen prior to the executed command (it
     is only prepended to the command, no newlines are added).
 
     Note: a stateful version of this function is available through the
     SystemExec class."""
 
     stat = 0
     if verbose or debug: print header+cmd
     sys.stdout.flush()
     if not debug: stat = os.system(cmd)
     return stat
 
 def abbrev_cwd():
     """ Return abbreviated version of cwd, e.g. d:mydir """
     cwd = os.getcwd().replace('\\','/')
     drivepart = ''
     tail = cwd
     if sys.platform == 'win32':
         if len(cwd) < 4:
             return cwd
         drivepart,tail = os.path.splitdrive(cwd)
 
 
     parts = tail.split('/')
     if len(parts) > 2:
         tail = '/'.join(parts[-2:])
 
     return (drivepart + (
         cwd == '/' and '/' or tail))
 
 
 # This function is used by ipython in a lot of places to make system calls.
 # We need it to be slightly different under win32, due to the vagaries of
 # 'network shares'.  A win32 override is below.
 
 def shell(cmd,verbose=0,debug=0,header=''):
     """Execute a command in the system shell, always return None.
 
     Options:
 
     - verbose (0): print the command to be executed.
 
     - debug (0): only print, do not actually execute.
 
     - header (''): Header to print on screen prior to the executed command (it
     is only prepended to the command, no newlines are added).
 
     Note: this is similar to genutils.system(), but it returns None so it can
     be conveniently used in interactive loops without getting the return value
     (typically 0) printed many times."""
 
     stat = 0
     if verbose or debug: print header+cmd
     # flush stdout so we don't mangle python's buffering
     sys.stdout.flush()
 
     if not debug:
         platutils.set_term_title("IPy " + cmd)
         os.system(cmd)
         platutils.set_term_title("IPy " + abbrev_cwd())
 
 # override shell() for win32 to deal with network shares
 if os.name in ('nt','dos'):
 
     shell_ori = shell
 
     def shell(cmd,verbose=0,debug=0,header=''):
         if os.getcwd().startswith(r"\\"):
             path = os.getcwd()
             # change to c drive (cannot be on UNC-share when issuing os.system,
             # as cmd.exe cannot handle UNC addresses)
             os.chdir("c:")
             # issue pushd to the UNC-share and then run the command
             try:
                 shell_ori('"pushd %s&&"'%path+cmd,verbose,debug,header)
             finally:
                 os.chdir(path)
         else:
             shell_ori(cmd,verbose,debug,header)
 
     shell.__doc__ = shell_ori.__doc__
 
 def getoutput(cmd,verbose=0,debug=0,header='',split=0):
     """Dummy substitute for perl's backquotes.
 
     Executes a command and returns the output.
 
     Accepts the same arguments as system(), plus:
 
     - split(0): if true, the output is returned as a list split on newlines.
 
     Note: a stateful version of this function is available through the
     SystemExec class.
 
     This is pretty much deprecated and rarely used,
     genutils.getoutputerror may be what you need.
 
     """
 
     if verbose or debug: print header+cmd
     if not debug:
         output = os.popen(cmd).read()
         # stipping last \n is here for backwards compat.
         if output.endswith('\n'):
             output = output[:-1]
         if split:
             return output.split('\n')
         else:
             return output
 
 def getoutputerror(cmd,verbose=0,debug=0,header='',split=0):
     """Return (standard output,standard error) of executing cmd in a shell.
 
     Accepts the same arguments as system(), plus:
 
     - split(0): if true, each of stdout/err is returned as a list split on
     newlines.
 
     Note: a stateful version of this function is available through the
     SystemExec class."""
 
     if verbose or debug: print header+cmd
     if not cmd:
         if split:
             return [],[]
         else:
             return '',''
     if not debug:
         pin,pout,perr = os.popen3(cmd)
         tout = pout.read().rstrip()
         terr = perr.read().rstrip()
         pin.close()
         pout.close()
         perr.close()
         if split:
             return tout.split('\n'),terr.split('\n')
         else:
             return tout,terr
 
 # for compatibility with older naming conventions
 xsys = system
 bq = getoutput
 
 class SystemExec:
     """Access the system and getoutput functions through a stateful interface.
 
     Note: here we refer to the system and getoutput functions from this
     library, not the ones from the standard python library.
 
     This class offers the system and getoutput functions as methods, but the
     verbose, debug and header parameters can be set for the instance (at
     creation time or later) so that they don't need to be specified on each
     call.
 
     For efficiency reasons, there's no way to override the parameters on a
     per-call basis other than by setting instance attributes. If you need
     local overrides, it's best to directly call system() or getoutput().
 
     The following names are provided as alternate options:
      - xsys: alias to system
      - bq: alias to getoutput
 
     An instance can then be created as:
     >>> sysexec = SystemExec(verbose=1,debug=0,header='Calling: ')
     """
 
     def __init__(self,verbose=0,debug=0,header='',split=0):
         """Specify the instance's values for verbose, debug and header."""
         setattr_list(self,'verbose debug header split')
 
     def system(self,cmd):
         """Stateful interface to system(), with the same keyword parameters."""
 
         system(cmd,self.verbose,self.debug,self.header)
 
     def shell(self,cmd):
         """Stateful interface to shell(), with the same keyword parameters."""
 
         shell(cmd,self.verbose,self.debug,self.header)
 
     xsys = system  # alias
 
     def getoutput(self,cmd):
         """Stateful interface to getoutput()."""
 
         return getoutput(cmd,self.verbose,self.debug,self.header,self.split)
 
     def getoutputerror(self,cmd):
         """Stateful interface to getoutputerror()."""
 
         return getoutputerror(cmd,self.verbose,self.debug,self.header,self.split)
 
     bq = getoutput  # alias
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def mutex_opts(dict,ex_op):
     """Check for presence of mutually exclusive keys in a dict.
 
     Call: mutex_opts(dict,[[op1a,op1b],[op2a,op2b]...]"""
     for op1,op2 in ex_op:
         if op1 in dict and op2 in dict:
             raise ValueError,'\n*** ERROR in Arguments *** '\
                   'Options '+op1+' and '+op2+' are mutually exclusive.'
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def get_py_filename(name):
     """Return a valid python filename in the current directory.
 
     If the given name is not a file, it adds '.py' and searches again.
     Raises IOError with an informative message if the file isn't found."""
 
     name = os.path.expanduser(name)
     if not os.path.isfile(name) and not name.endswith('.py'):
         name += '.py'
     if os.path.isfile(name):
         return name
     else:
         raise IOError,'File `%s` not found.' % name
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def filefind(fname,alt_dirs = None):
     """Return the given filename either in the current directory, if it
     exists, or in a specified list of directories.
 
     ~ expansion is done on all file and directory names.
 
     Upon an unsuccessful search, raise an IOError exception."""
 
     if alt_dirs is None:
         try:
             alt_dirs = get_home_dir()
         except HomeDirError:
             alt_dirs = os.getcwd()
     search = [fname] + list_strings(alt_dirs)
     search = map(os.path.expanduser,search)
     #print 'search list for',fname,'list:',search  # dbg
     fname = search[0]
     if os.path.isfile(fname):
         return fname
     for direc in search[1:]:
         testname = os.path.join(direc,fname)
         #print 'testname',testname  # dbg
         if os.path.isfile(testname):
             return testname
     raise IOError,'File' + `fname` + \
           ' not found in current or supplied directories:' + `alt_dirs`
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def file_read(filename):
     """Read a file and close it.  Returns the file source."""
     fobj = open(filename,'r');
     source = fobj.read();
     fobj.close()
     return source
 
 def file_readlines(filename):
     """Read a file and close it.  Returns the file source using readlines()."""
     fobj = open(filename,'r');
     lines = fobj.readlines();
     fobj.close()
     return lines
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def target_outdated(target,deps):
     """Determine whether a target is out of date.
 
     target_outdated(target,deps) -> 1/0
 
     deps: list of filenames which MUST exist.
     target: single filename which may or may not exist.
 
     If target doesn't exist or is older than any file listed in deps, return
     true, otherwise return false.
     """
     try:
         target_time = os.path.getmtime(target)
     except os.error:
         return 1
     for dep in deps:
         dep_time = os.path.getmtime(dep)
         if dep_time > target_time:
             #print "For target",target,"Dep failed:",dep # dbg
             #print "times (dep,tar):",dep_time,target_time # dbg
             return 1
     return 0
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def target_update(target,deps,cmd):
     """Update a target with a given command given a list of dependencies.
 
     target_update(target,deps,cmd) -> runs cmd if target is outdated.
 
     This is just a wrapper around target_outdated() which calls the given
     command if target is outdated."""
 
     if target_outdated(target,deps):
         xsys(cmd)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def unquote_ends(istr):
     """Remove a single pair of quotes from the endpoints of a string."""
 
     if not istr:
         return istr
     if (istr[0]=="'" and istr[-1]=="'") or \
        (istr[0]=='"' and istr[-1]=='"'):
         return istr[1:-1]
     else:
         return istr
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def process_cmdline(argv,names=[],defaults={},usage=''):
     """ Process command-line options and arguments.
 
     Arguments:
 
     - argv: list of arguments, typically sys.argv.
 
     - names: list of option names. See DPyGetOpt docs for details on options
     syntax.
 
     - defaults: dict of default values.
 
     - usage: optional usage notice to print if a wrong argument is passed.
 
     Return a dict of options and a list of free arguments."""
 
     getopt = DPyGetOpt.DPyGetOpt()
     getopt.setIgnoreCase(0)
     getopt.parseConfiguration(names)
 
     try:
         getopt.processArguments(argv)
     except DPyGetOpt.ArgumentError, exc:
         print usage
         warn('"%s"' % exc,level=4)
 
     defaults.update(getopt.optionValues)
     args = getopt.freeValues
 
     return defaults,args
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def optstr2types(ostr):
     """Convert a string of option names to a dict of type mappings.
 
     optstr2types(str) -> {None:'string_opts',int:'int_opts',float:'float_opts'}
 
     This is used to get the types of all the options in a string formatted
     with the conventions of DPyGetOpt. The 'type' None is used for options
     which are strings (they need no further conversion). This function's main
     use is to get a typemap for use with read_dict().
     """
 
     typeconv = {None:'',int:'',float:''}
     typemap = {'s':None,'i':int,'f':float}
     opt_re = re.compile(r'([\w]*)([^:=]*:?=?)([sif]?)')
 
     for w in ostr.split():
         oname,alias,otype = opt_re.match(w).groups()
         if otype == '' or alias == '!':   # simple switches are integers too
             otype = 'i'
         typeconv[typemap[otype]] += oname + ' '
     return typeconv
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def read_dict(filename,type_conv=None,**opt):
     r"""Read a dictionary of key=value pairs from an input file, optionally
     performing conversions on the resulting values.
 
     read_dict(filename,type_conv,**opt) -> dict
 
     Only one value per line is accepted, the format should be
      # optional comments are ignored
      key value\n
 
     Args:
 
       - type_conv: A dictionary specifying which keys need to be converted to
       which types. By default all keys are read as strings. This dictionary
       should have as its keys valid conversion functions for strings
       (int,long,float,complex, or your own).  The value for each key
       (converter) should be a whitespace separated string containing the names
       of all the entries in the file to be converted using that function. For
       keys to be left alone, use None as the conversion function (only needed
       with purge=1, see below).
 
       - opt: dictionary with extra options as below (default in parens)
 
         purge(0): if set to 1, all keys *not* listed in type_conv are purged out
         of the dictionary to be returned. If purge is going to be used, the
         set of keys to be left as strings also has to be explicitly specified
         using the (non-existent) conversion function None.
 
         fs(None): field separator. This is the key/value separator to be used
         when parsing the file. The None default means any whitespace [behavior
         of string.split()].
 
         strip(0): if 1, strip string values of leading/trailinig whitespace.
 
         warn(1): warning level if requested keys are not found in file.
           - 0: silently ignore.
           - 1: inform but proceed.
           - 2: raise KeyError exception.
 
         no_empty(0): if 1, remove keys with whitespace strings as a value.
 
         unique([]): list of keys (or space separated string) which can't be
         repeated. If one such key is found in the file, each new instance
         overwrites the previous one. For keys not listed here, the behavior is
         to make a list of all appearances.
 
     Example:
 
     If the input file test.ini contains (we put it in a string to keep the test
     self-contained):
 
     >>> test_ini = '''\
     ... i 3
     ... x 4.5
     ... y 5.5
     ... s hi ho'''
 
     Then we can use it as follows:
     >>> type_conv={int:'i',float:'x',None:'s'}
 
     >>> d = read_dict(test_ini)
 
     >>> sorted(d.items())
     [('i', '3'), ('s', 'hi ho'), ('x', '4.5'), ('y', '5.5')]
 
     >>> d = read_dict(test_ini,type_conv)
 
     >>> sorted(d.items())
     [('i', 3), ('s', 'hi ho'), ('x', 4.5), ('y', '5.5')]
 
     >>> d = read_dict(test_ini,type_conv,purge=True)
 
     >>> sorted(d.items())
     [('i', 3), ('s', 'hi ho'), ('x', 4.5)]
     """
 
     # starting config
     opt.setdefault('purge',0)
     opt.setdefault('fs',None)  # field sep defaults to any whitespace
     opt.setdefault('strip',0)
     opt.setdefault('warn',1)
     opt.setdefault('no_empty',0)
     opt.setdefault('unique','')
     if type(opt['unique']) in StringTypes:
         unique_keys = qw(opt['unique'])
     elif type(opt['unique']) in (types.TupleType,types.ListType):
         unique_keys = opt['unique']
     else:
         raise ValueError, 'Unique keys must be given as a string, List or Tuple'
 
     dict = {}
 
     # first read in table of values as strings
     if '\n' in filename:
         lines = filename.splitlines()
         file = None
     else:
         file = open(filename,'r')
         lines = file.readlines()
     for line in lines:
         line = line.strip()
         if len(line) and line[0]=='#': continue
         if len(line)>0:
             lsplit = line.split(opt['fs'],1)
             try:
                 key,val = lsplit
             except ValueError:
                 key,val = lsplit[0],''
             key = key.strip()
             if opt['strip']: val = val.strip()
             if val == "''" or val == '""': val = ''
             if opt['no_empty'] and (val=='' or val.isspace()):
                 continue
             # if a key is found more than once in the file, build a list
             # unless it's in the 'unique' list. In that case, last found in file
             # takes precedence. User beware.
             try:
                 if dict[key] and key in unique_keys:
                     dict[key] = val
                 elif type(dict[key]) is types.ListType:
                     dict[key].append(val)
                 else:
                     dict[key] = [dict[key],val]
             except KeyError:
                 dict[key] = val
     # purge if requested
     if opt['purge']:
         accepted_keys = qwflat(type_conv.values())
         for key in dict.keys():
             if key in accepted_keys: continue
             del(dict[key])
     # now convert if requested
     if type_conv==None: return dict
     conversions = type_conv.keys()
     try: conversions.remove(None)
     except: pass
     for convert in conversions:
         for val in qw(type_conv[convert]):
             try:
                 dict[val] = convert(dict[val])
             except KeyError,e:
                 if opt['warn'] == 0:
                     pass
                 elif opt['warn'] == 1:
                     print >>sys.stderr, 'Warning: key',val,\
                           'not found in file',filename
                 elif opt['warn'] == 2:
                     raise KeyError,e
                 else:
                     raise ValueError,'Warning level must be 0,1 or 2'
 
     return dict
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def flag_calls(func):
     """Wrap a function to detect and flag when it gets called.
 
     This is a decorator which takes a function and wraps it in a function with
     a 'called' attribute. wrapper.called is initialized to False.
 
     The wrapper.called attribute is set to False right before each call to the
     wrapped function, so if the call fails it remains False.  After the call
     completes, wrapper.called is set to True and the output is returned.
 
     Testing for truth in wrapper.called allows you to determine if a call to
     func() was attempted and succeeded."""
 
     def wrapper(*args,**kw):
         wrapper.called = False
         out = func(*args,**kw)
         wrapper.called = True
         return out
 
     wrapper.called = False
     wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__
     return wrapper
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def dhook_wrap(func,*a,**k):
     """Wrap a function call in a sys.displayhook controller.
 
     Returns a wrapper around func which calls func, with all its arguments and
     keywords unmodified, using the default sys.displayhook.  Since IPython
     modifies sys.displayhook, it breaks the behavior of certain systems that
     rely on the default behavior, notably doctest.
     """
 
     def f(*a,**k):
 
         dhook_s = sys.displayhook
         sys.displayhook = sys.__displayhook__
         try:
             out = func(*a,**k)
         finally:
             sys.displayhook = dhook_s
 
         return out
 
     f.__doc__ = func.__doc__
     return f
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def doctest_reload():
     """Properly reload doctest to reuse it interactively.
 
     This routine:
 
       - imports doctest but does NOT reload it (see below).
 
       - resets its global 'master' attribute to None, so that multiple uses of
       the module interactively don't produce cumulative reports.
 
       - Monkeypatches its core test runner method to protect it from IPython's
       modified displayhook.  Doctest expects the default displayhook behavior
       deep down, so our modification breaks it completely.  For this reason, a
       hard monkeypatch seems like a reasonable solution rather than asking
       users to manually use a different doctest runner when under IPython.
 
-    Note
-    ----
+    Notes
+    -----
 
     This function *used to* reload doctest, but this has been disabled because
     reloading doctest unconditionally can cause massive breakage of other
     doctest-dependent modules already in memory, such as those for IPython's
     own testing system.  The name wasn't changed to avoid breaking people's
     code, but the reload call isn't actually made anymore."""
 
     import doctest
     doctest.master = None
     doctest.DocTestRunner.run = dhook_wrap(doctest.DocTestRunner.run)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class HomeDirError(Error):
     pass
 
 def get_home_dir():
     """Return the closest possible equivalent to a 'home' directory.
 
     We first try $HOME.  Absent that, on NT it's $HOMEDRIVE\$HOMEPATH.
 
     Currently only Posix and NT are implemented, a HomeDirError exception is
     raised for all other OSes. """
 
     isdir = os.path.isdir
     env = os.environ
 
     # first, check py2exe distribution root directory for _ipython.
     # This overrides all. Normally does not exist.
 
     if hasattr(sys, "frozen"): #Is frozen by py2exe
         if '\\library.zip\\' in IPython.__file__.lower():#libraries compressed to zip-file
             root, rest = IPython.__file__.lower().split('library.zip')
         else: 
             root=os.path.join(os.path.split(IPython.__file__)[0],"../../")
         root=os.path.abspath(root).rstrip('\\')
         if isdir(os.path.join(root, '_ipython')):
             os.environ["IPYKITROOT"] = root
         return root
     try:
         homedir = env['HOME']
         if not isdir(homedir):
             # in case a user stuck some string which does NOT resolve to a
             # valid path, it's as good as if we hadn't foud it
             raise KeyError
         return homedir
     except KeyError:
         if os.name == 'posix':
             raise HomeDirError,'undefined $HOME, IPython can not proceed.'
         elif os.name == 'nt':
             # For some strange reason, win9x returns 'nt' for os.name.
             try:
                 homedir = os.path.join(env['HOMEDRIVE'],env['HOMEPATH'])
                 if not isdir(homedir):
                     homedir = os.path.join(env['USERPROFILE'])
                     if not isdir(homedir):
                         raise HomeDirError
                 return homedir
             except KeyError:
                 try:
                     # Use the registry to get the 'My Documents' folder.
                     import _winreg as wreg
                     key = wreg.OpenKey(wreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
                                        "Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders")
                     homedir = wreg.QueryValueEx(key,'Personal')[0]
                     key.Close()
                     if not isdir(homedir):
                         e = ('Invalid "Personal" folder registry key '
                              'typically "My Documents".\n'
                              'Value: %s\n'
                              'This is not a valid directory on your system.' %
                              homedir)
                         raise HomeDirError(e)
                     return homedir
                 except HomeDirError:
                     raise
                 except:
                     return 'C:\\'
         elif os.name == 'dos':
             # Desperate, may do absurd things in classic MacOS. May work under DOS.
             return 'C:\\'
         else:
             raise HomeDirError,'support for your operating system not implemented.'
 
 
 def get_ipython_dir():
     """Get the IPython directory for this platform and user.
     
     This uses the logic in `get_home_dir` to find the home directory
     and the adds either .ipython or _ipython to the end of the path.
     """
     if os.name == 'posix':
          ipdir_def = '.ipython'
     else:
          ipdir_def = '_ipython'
     home_dir = get_home_dir()
     ipdir = os.path.abspath(os.environ.get('IPYTHONDIR',
                                            os.path.join(home_dir, ipdir_def)))
     return ipdir.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding())
 
 def get_security_dir():
     """Get the IPython security directory.
     
     This directory is the default location for all security related files,
     including SSL/TLS certificates and FURL files.
     
     If the directory does not exist, it is created with 0700 permissions.
     If it exists, permissions are set to 0700.
     """
     security_dir = os.path.join(get_ipython_dir(), 'security')
     if not os.path.isdir(security_dir):
         os.mkdir(security_dir, 0700)
     else:
         os.chmod(security_dir, 0700)
     return security_dir
 
 def get_log_dir():
     """Get the IPython log directory.
     
     If the log directory does not exist, it is created.
     """
     log_dir = os.path.join(get_ipython_dir(), 'log')
     if not os.path.isdir(log_dir):
         os.mkdir(log_dir, 0777)
     return log_dir
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # strings and text
 
 class LSString(str):
     """String derivative with a special access attributes.
 
     These are normal strings, but with the special attributes:
 
         .l (or .list) : value as list (split on newlines).
         .n (or .nlstr): original value (the string itself).
         .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
         .p (or .paths): list of path objects
 
     Any values which require transformations are computed only once and
     cached.
 
     Such strings are very useful to efficiently interact with the shell, which
     typically only understands whitespace-separated options for commands."""
 
     def get_list(self):
         try:
             return self.__list
         except AttributeError:
             self.__list = self.split('\n')
             return self.__list
 
     l = list = property(get_list)
 
     def get_spstr(self):
         try:
             return self.__spstr
         except AttributeError:
             self.__spstr = self.replace('\n',' ')
             return self.__spstr
 
     s = spstr = property(get_spstr)
 
     def get_nlstr(self):
         return self
 
     n = nlstr = property(get_nlstr)
 
     def get_paths(self):
         try:
             return self.__paths
         except AttributeError:
             self.__paths = [path(p) for p in self.split('\n') if os.path.exists(p)]
             return self.__paths
 
     p = paths = property(get_paths)
 
 def print_lsstring(arg):
     """ Prettier (non-repr-like) and more informative printer for LSString """
     print "LSString (.p, .n, .l, .s available). Value:"
     print arg
 
 print_lsstring = result_display.when_type(LSString)(print_lsstring)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class SList(list):
     """List derivative with a special access attributes.
 
     These are normal lists, but with the special attributes:
 
         .l (or .list) : value as list (the list itself).
         .n (or .nlstr): value as a string, joined on newlines.
         .s (or .spstr): value as a string, joined on spaces.
         .p (or .paths): list of path objects
 
     Any values which require transformations are computed only once and
     cached."""
 
     def get_list(self):
         return self
 
     l = list = property(get_list)
 
     def get_spstr(self):
         try:
             return self.__spstr
         except AttributeError:
             self.__spstr = ' '.join(self)
             return self.__spstr
 
     s = spstr = property(get_spstr)
 
     def get_nlstr(self):
         try:
             return self.__nlstr
         except AttributeError:
             self.__nlstr = '\n'.join(self)
             return self.__nlstr
 
     n = nlstr = property(get_nlstr)
 
     def get_paths(self):
         try:
             return self.__paths
         except AttributeError:
             self.__paths = [path(p) for p in self if os.path.exists(p)]
             return self.__paths
 
     p = paths = property(get_paths)
 
     def grep(self, pattern, prune = False, field = None):
         """ Return all strings matching 'pattern' (a regex or callable)
 
         This is case-insensitive. If prune is true, return all items
         NOT matching the pattern.
 
         If field is specified, the match must occur in the specified
         whitespace-separated field.
 
         Examples::
 
             a.grep( lambda x: x.startswith('C') )
             a.grep('Cha.*log', prune=1)
             a.grep('chm', field=-1)
         """
 
         def match_target(s):
             if field is None:
                 return s
             parts = s.split()
             try:
                 tgt = parts[field]
                 return tgt
             except IndexError:
                 return ""
 
         if isinstance(pattern, basestring):
             pred = lambda x : re.search(pattern, x, re.IGNORECASE)
         else:
             pred = pattern
         if not prune:
             return SList([el for el in self if pred(match_target(el))])
         else:
             return SList([el for el in self if not pred(match_target(el))])
     def fields(self, *fields):
         """ Collect whitespace-separated fields from string list
 
         Allows quick awk-like usage of string lists.
 
         Example data (in var a, created by 'a = !ls -l')::
             -rwxrwxrwx  1 ville None      18 Dec 14  2006 ChangeLog
             drwxrwxrwx+ 6 ville None       0 Oct 24 18:05 IPython
 
         a.fields(0) is ['-rwxrwxrwx', 'drwxrwxrwx+']
         a.fields(1,0) is ['1 -rwxrwxrwx', '6 drwxrwxrwx+']
         (note the joining by space).
         a.fields(-1) is ['ChangeLog', 'IPython']
 
         IndexErrors are ignored.
 
         Without args, fields() just split()'s the strings.
         """
         if len(fields) == 0:
             return [el.split() for el in self]
 
         res = SList()
         for el in [f.split() for f in self]:
             lineparts = []
 
             for fd in fields:
                 try:
                     lineparts.append(el[fd])
                 except IndexError:
                     pass
             if lineparts:
                 res.append(" ".join(lineparts))
 
         return res
     def sort(self,field= None,  nums = False):
         """ sort by specified fields (see fields())
 
         Example::
             a.sort(1, nums = True)
 
         Sorts a by second field, in numerical order (so that 21 > 3)
 
         """
 
         #decorate, sort, undecorate
         if field is not None:
             dsu = [[SList([line]).fields(field),  line] for line in self]
         else:
             dsu = [[line,  line] for line in self]
         if nums:
             for i in range(len(dsu)):
                 numstr = "".join([ch for ch in dsu[i][0] if ch.isdigit()])
                 try:
                     n = int(numstr)
                 except ValueError:
                     n = 0;
                 dsu[i][0] = n
 
 
         dsu.sort()
         return SList([t[1] for t in dsu])
 
 def print_slist(arg):
     """ Prettier (non-repr-like) and more informative printer for SList """
     print "SList (.p, .n, .l, .s, .grep(), .fields(), sort() available):"
     if hasattr(arg,  'hideonce') and arg.hideonce:
         arg.hideonce = False
         return
 
     nlprint(arg)
 
 print_slist = result_display.when_type(SList)(print_slist)
 
 
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def esc_quotes(strng):
     """Return the input string with single and double quotes escaped out"""
 
     return strng.replace('"','\\"').replace("'","\\'")
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def make_quoted_expr(s):
     """Return string s in appropriate quotes, using raw string if possible.
 
     XXX - example removed because it caused encoding errors in documentation
     generation.  We need a new example that doesn't contain invalid chars.
 
     Note the use of raw string and padding at the end to allow trailing
     backslash.
     """
 
     tail = ''
     tailpadding = ''
     raw  = ''
     if "\\" in s:
         raw = 'r'
         if s.endswith('\\'):
             tail = '[:-1]'
             tailpadding = '_'
     if '"' not in s:
         quote = '"'
     elif "'" not in s:
         quote = "'"
     elif '"""' not in s and not s.endswith('"'):
         quote = '"""'
     elif "'''" not in s and not s.endswith("'"):
         quote = "'''"
     else:
         # give up, backslash-escaped string will do
         return '"%s"' % esc_quotes(s)
     res = raw + quote + s + tailpadding + quote + tail
     return res
 
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def raw_input_multi(header='', ps1='==> ', ps2='..> ',terminate_str = '.'):
     """Take multiple lines of input.
 
     A list with each line of input as a separate element is returned when a
     termination string is entered (defaults to a single '.'). Input can also
     terminate via EOF (^D in Unix, ^Z-RET in Windows).
 
     Lines of input which end in \\ are joined into single entries (and a
     secondary continuation prompt is issued as long as the user terminates
     lines with \\). This allows entering very long strings which are still
     meant to be treated as single entities.
     """
 
     try:
         if header:
             header += '\n'
         lines = [raw_input(header + ps1)]
     except EOFError:
         return []
     terminate = [terminate_str]
     try:
         while lines[-1:] != terminate:
             new_line = raw_input(ps1)
             while new_line.endswith('\\'):
                 new_line = new_line[:-1] + raw_input(ps2)
             lines.append(new_line)
 
         return lines[:-1]  # don't return the termination command
     except EOFError:
         print
         return lines
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def raw_input_ext(prompt='',  ps2='... '):
     """Similar to raw_input(), but accepts extended lines if input ends with \\."""
 
     line = raw_input(prompt)
     while line.endswith('\\'):
         line = line[:-1] + raw_input(ps2)
     return line
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def ask_yes_no(prompt,default=None):
     """Asks a question and returns a boolean (y/n) answer.
 
     If default is given (one of 'y','n'), it is used if the user input is
     empty. Otherwise the question is repeated until an answer is given.
 
     An EOF is treated as the default answer.  If there is no default, an
     exception is raised to prevent infinite loops.
 
     Valid answers are: y/yes/n/no (match is not case sensitive)."""
 
     answers = {'y':True,'n':False,'yes':True,'no':False}
     ans = None
     while ans not in answers.keys():
         try:
             ans = raw_input(prompt+' ').lower()
             if not ans:  # response was an empty string
                 ans = default
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             pass
         except EOFError:
             if default in answers.keys():
                 ans = default
                 print
             else:
                 raise
 
     return answers[ans]
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def marquee(txt='',width=78,mark='*'):
     """Return the input string centered in a 'marquee'."""
     if not txt:
         return (mark*width)[:width]
     nmark = (width-len(txt)-2)/len(mark)/2
     if nmark < 0: nmark =0
     marks = mark*nmark
     return '%s %s %s' % (marks,txt,marks)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class EvalDict:
     """
     Emulate a dict which evaluates its contents in the caller's frame.
 
     Usage:
     >>> number = 19
 
     >>> text = "python"
 
     >>> print "%(text.capitalize())s %(number/9.0).1f rules!" % EvalDict()
     Python 2.1 rules!
     """
 
     # This version is due to [e-mail] on c.l.py, and is basically a
     # modified (shorter) version of:
     # http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/66018 by
     # Skip Montanaro ([e-mail]).
 
     def __getitem__(self, name):
         frame = sys._getframe(1)
         return eval(name, frame.f_globals, frame.f_locals)
 
 EvalString = EvalDict  # for backwards compatibility
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def qw(words,flat=0,sep=None,maxsplit=-1):
     """Similar to Perl's qw() operator, but with some more options.
 
     qw(words,flat=0,sep=' ',maxsplit=-1) -> words.split(sep,maxsplit)
 
     words can also be a list itself, and with flat=1, the output will be
     recursively flattened.
 
     Examples:
 
     >>> qw('1 2')
     ['1', '2']
 
     >>> qw(['a b','1 2',['m n','p q']])
     [['a', 'b'], ['1', '2'], [['m', 'n'], ['p', 'q']]]
 
     >>> qw(['a b','1 2',['m n','p q']],flat=1)
     ['a', 'b', '1', '2', 'm', 'n', 'p', 'q']
     """
 
     if type(words) in StringTypes:
         return [word.strip() for word in words.split(sep,maxsplit)
                 if word and not word.isspace() ]
     if flat:
         return flatten(map(qw,words,[1]*len(words)))
     return map(qw,words)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def qwflat(words,sep=None,maxsplit=-1):
     """Calls qw(words) in flat mode. It's just a convenient shorthand."""
     return qw(words,1,sep,maxsplit)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def qw_lol(indata):
     """qw_lol('a b') -> [['a','b']],
     otherwise it's just a call to qw().
 
     We need this to make sure the modules_some keys *always* end up as a
     list of lists."""
 
     if type(indata) in StringTypes:
         return [qw(indata)]
     else:
         return qw(indata)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def grep(pat,list,case=1):
     """Simple minded grep-like function.
     grep(pat,list) returns occurrences of pat in list, None on failure.
 
     It only does simple string matching, with no support for regexps. Use the
     option case=0 for case-insensitive matching."""
 
     # This is pretty crude. At least it should implement copying only references
     # to the original data in case it's big. Now it copies the data for output.
     out=[]
     if case:
         for term in list:
             if term.find(pat)>-1: out.append(term)
     else:
         lpat=pat.lower()
         for term in list:
             if term.lower().find(lpat)>-1: out.append(term)
 
     if len(out): return out
     else: return None
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def dgrep(pat,*opts):
     """Return grep() on dir()+dir(__builtins__).
 
     A very common use of grep() when working interactively."""
 
     return grep(pat,dir(__main__)+dir(__main__.__builtins__),*opts)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def idgrep(pat):
     """Case-insensitive dgrep()"""
 
     return dgrep(pat,0)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def igrep(pat,list):
     """Synonym for case-insensitive grep."""
 
     return grep(pat,list,case=0)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def indent(str,nspaces=4,ntabs=0):
     """Indent a string a given number of spaces or tabstops.
 
     indent(str,nspaces=4,ntabs=0) -> indent str by ntabs+nspaces.
     """
     if str is None:
         return
     ind = '\t'*ntabs+' '*nspaces
     outstr = '%s%s' % (ind,str.replace(os.linesep,os.linesep+ind))
     if outstr.endswith(os.linesep+ind):
         return outstr[:-len(ind)]
     else:
         return outstr
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def native_line_ends(filename,backup=1):
     """Convert (in-place) a file to line-ends native to the current OS.
 
     If the optional backup argument is given as false, no backup of the
     original file is left.  """
 
     backup_suffixes = {'posix':'~','dos':'.bak','nt':'.bak','mac':'.bak'}
 
     bak_filename = filename + backup_suffixes[os.name]
 
     original = open(filename).read()
     shutil.copy2(filename,bak_filename)
     try:
         new = open(filename,'wb')
         new.write(os.linesep.join(original.splitlines()))
         new.write(os.linesep) # ALWAYS put an eol at the end of the file
         new.close()
     except:
         os.rename(bak_filename,filename)
     if not backup:
         try:
             os.remove(bak_filename)
         except:
             pass
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def get_pager_cmd(pager_cmd = None):
     """Return a pager command.
 
     Makes some attempts at finding an OS-correct one."""
 
     if os.name == 'posix':
         default_pager_cmd = 'less -r'  # -r for color control sequences
     elif os.name in ['nt','dos']:
         default_pager_cmd = 'type'
 
     if pager_cmd is None:
         try:
             pager_cmd = os.environ['PAGER']
         except:
             pager_cmd = default_pager_cmd
     return pager_cmd
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def get_pager_start(pager,start):
     """Return the string for paging files with an offset.
 
     This is the '+N' argument which less and more (under Unix) accept.
     """
 
     if pager in ['less','more']:
         if start:
             start_string = '+' + str(start)
         else:
             start_string = ''
     else:
         start_string = ''
     return start_string
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # (X)emacs on W32 doesn't like to be bypassed with msvcrt.getch()
 if os.name == 'nt' and os.environ.get('TERM','dumb') != 'emacs':
     import msvcrt
     def page_more():
         """ Smart pausing between pages
 
         @return:    True if need print more lines, False if quit
         """
         Term.cout.write('---Return to continue, q to quit--- ')
         ans = msvcrt.getch()
         if ans in ("q", "Q"):
             result = False
         else:
             result = True
         Term.cout.write("\b"*37 + " "*37 + "\b"*37)
         return result
 else:
     def page_more():
         ans = raw_input('---Return to continue, q to quit--- ')
         if ans.lower().startswith('q'):
             return False
         else:
             return True
 
 esc_re = re.compile(r"(\x1b[^m]+m)")
 
 def page_dumb(strng,start=0,screen_lines=25):
     """Very dumb 'pager' in Python, for when nothing else works.
 
     Only moves forward, same interface as page(), except for pager_cmd and
     mode."""
 
     out_ln  = strng.splitlines()[start:]
     screens = chop(out_ln,screen_lines-1)
     if len(screens) == 1:
         print >>Term.cout, os.linesep.join(screens[0])
     else:
         last_escape = ""
         for scr in screens[0:-1]:
             hunk = os.linesep.join(scr)
             print >>Term.cout, last_escape + hunk
             if not page_more():
                 return
             esc_list = esc_re.findall(hunk)
             if len(esc_list) > 0:
                 last_escape = esc_list[-1]
         print >>Term.cout, last_escape + os.linesep.join(screens[-1])
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def page(strng,start=0,screen_lines=0,pager_cmd = None):
     """Print a string, piping through a pager after a certain length.
 
     The screen_lines parameter specifies the number of *usable* lines of your
     terminal screen (total lines minus lines you need to reserve to show other
     information).
 
     If you set screen_lines to a number <=0, page() will try to auto-determine
     your screen size and will only use up to (screen_size+screen_lines) for
     printing, paging after that. That is, if you want auto-detection but need
     to reserve the bottom 3 lines of the screen, use screen_lines = -3, and for
     auto-detection without any lines reserved simply use screen_lines = 0.
 
     If a string won't fit in the allowed lines, it is sent through the
     specified pager command. If none given, look for PAGER in the environment,
     and ultimately default to less.
 
     If no system pager works, the string is sent through a 'dumb pager'
     written in python, very simplistic.
     """
 
     # Some routines may auto-compute start offsets incorrectly and pass a
     # negative value.  Offset to 0 for robustness.
     start = max(0,start)
 
     # first, try the hook
     ip = ipapi.get()
     if ip:
         try:
             ip.IP.hooks.show_in_pager(strng)
             return
         except ipapi.TryNext:
             pass
 
     # Ugly kludge, but calling curses.initscr() flat out crashes in emacs
     TERM = os.environ.get('TERM','dumb')
     if TERM in ['dumb','emacs'] and os.name != 'nt':
         print strng
         return
     # chop off the topmost part of the string we don't want to see
     str_lines = strng.split(os.linesep)[start:]
     str_toprint = os.linesep.join(str_lines)
     num_newlines = len(str_lines)
     len_str = len(str_toprint)
 
     # Dumb heuristics to guesstimate number of on-screen lines the string
     # takes.  Very basic, but good enough for docstrings in reasonable
     # terminals. If someone later feels like refining it, it's not hard.
     numlines = max(num_newlines,int(len_str/80)+1)
 
     if os.name == "nt":
         screen_lines_def = get_console_size(defaulty=25)[1]
     else:
         screen_lines_def = 25 # default value if we can't auto-determine
 
     # auto-determine screen size
     if screen_lines <= 0:
         if TERM=='xterm':
             use_curses = USE_CURSES
         else:
             # curses causes problems on many terminals other than xterm.
             use_curses = False
         if use_curses:
             # There is a bug in curses, where *sometimes* it fails to properly
             # initialize, and then after the endwin() call is made, the
             # terminal is left in an unusable state.  Rather than trying to
             # check everytime for this (by requesting and comparing termios
             # flags each time), we just save the initial terminal state and
             # unconditionally reset it every time.  It's cheaper than making
             # the checks.
             term_flags = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdout)
             scr = curses.initscr()
             screen_lines_real,screen_cols = scr.getmaxyx()
             curses.endwin()
             # Restore terminal state in case endwin() didn't.
             termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdout,termios.TCSANOW,term_flags)
             # Now we have what we needed: the screen size in rows/columns
             screen_lines += screen_lines_real
             #print '***Screen size:',screen_lines_real,'lines x',\
             #screen_cols,'columns.' # dbg
         else:
             screen_lines += screen_lines_def
 
     #print 'numlines',numlines,'screenlines',screen_lines  # dbg
     if numlines <= screen_lines :
         #print '*** normal print'  # dbg
         print >>Term.cout, str_toprint
     else:
         # Try to open pager and default to internal one if that fails.
         # All failure modes are tagged as 'retval=1', to match the return
         # value of a failed system command.  If any intermediate attempt
         # sets retval to 1, at the end we resort to our own page_dumb() pager.
         pager_cmd = get_pager_cmd(pager_cmd)
         pager_cmd += ' ' + get_pager_start(pager_cmd,start)
         if os.name == 'nt':
             if pager_cmd.startswith('type'):
                 # The default WinXP 'type' command is failing on complex strings.
                 retval = 1
             else:
                 tmpname = tempfile.mktemp('.txt')
                 tmpfile = file(tmpname,'wt')
                 tmpfile.write(strng)
                 tmpfile.close()
                 cmd = "%s < %s" % (pager_cmd,tmpname)
                 if os.system(cmd):
                   retval = 1
                 else:
                   retval = None
                 os.remove(tmpname)
         else:
             try:
                 retval = None
                 # if I use popen4, things hang. No idea why.
                 #pager,shell_out = os.popen4(pager_cmd)
                 pager = os.popen(pager_cmd,'w')
                 pager.write(strng)
                 pager.close()
                 retval = pager.close()  # success returns None
             except IOError,msg:  # broken pipe when user quits
                 if msg.args == (32,'Broken pipe'):
                     retval = None
                 else:
                     retval = 1
             except OSError:
                 # Other strange problems, sometimes seen in Win2k/cygwin
                 retval = 1
         if retval is not None:
             page_dumb(strng,screen_lines=screen_lines)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def page_file(fname,start = 0, pager_cmd = None):
     """Page a file, using an optional pager command and starting line.
     """
 
     pager_cmd = get_pager_cmd(pager_cmd)
     pager_cmd += ' ' + get_pager_start(pager_cmd,start)
 
     try:
         if os.environ['TERM'] in ['emacs','dumb']:
             raise EnvironmentError
         xsys(pager_cmd + ' ' + fname)
     except:
         try:
             if start > 0:
                 start -= 1
             page(open(fname).read(),start)
         except:
             print 'Unable to show file',`fname`
 
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def snip_print(str,width = 75,print_full = 0,header = ''):
     """Print a string snipping the midsection to fit in width.
 
     print_full: mode control:
       - 0: only snip long strings
       - 1: send to page() directly.
       - 2: snip long strings and ask for full length viewing with page()
     Return 1 if snipping was necessary, 0 otherwise."""
 
     if print_full == 1:
         page(header+str)
         return 0
 
     print header,
     if len(str) < width:
         print str
         snip = 0
     else:
         whalf = int((width -5)/2)
         print str[:whalf] + ' <...> ' + str[-whalf:]
         snip = 1
     if snip and print_full == 2:
         if raw_input(header+' Snipped. View (y/n)? [N]').lower() == 'y':
             page(str)
     return snip
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # lists, dicts and structures
 
 def belong(candidates,checklist):
     """Check whether a list of items appear in a given list of options.
 
     Returns a list of 1 and 0, one for each candidate given."""
 
     return [x in checklist for x in candidates]
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def uniq_stable(elems):
     """uniq_stable(elems) -> list
 
     Return from an iterable, a list of all the unique elements in the input,
     but maintaining the order in which they first appear.
 
     A naive solution to this problem which just makes a dictionary with the
     elements as keys fails to respect the stability condition, since
     dictionaries are unsorted by nature.
 
     Note: All elements in the input must be valid dictionary keys for this
     routine to work, as it internally uses a dictionary for efficiency
     reasons."""
 
     unique = []
     unique_dict = {}
     for nn in elems:
         if nn not in unique_dict:
             unique.append(nn)
             unique_dict[nn] = None
     return unique
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class NLprinter:
     """Print an arbitrarily nested list, indicating index numbers.
 
     An instance of this class called nlprint is available and callable as a
     function.
 
     nlprint(list,indent=' ',sep=': ') -> prints indenting each level by 'indent'
     and using 'sep' to separate the index from the value. """
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.depth = 0
 
     def __call__(self,lst,pos='',**kw):
         """Prints the nested list numbering levels."""
         kw.setdefault('indent',' ')
         kw.setdefault('sep',': ')
         kw.setdefault('start',0)
         kw.setdefault('stop',len(lst))
         # we need to remove start and stop from kw so they don't propagate
         # into a recursive call for a nested list.
         start = kw['start']; del kw['start']
         stop = kw['stop']; del kw['stop']
         if self.depth == 0 and 'header' in kw.keys():
             print kw['header']
 
         for idx in range(start,stop):
             elem = lst[idx]
             if type(elem)==type([]):
                 self.depth += 1
                 self.__call__(elem,itpl('$pos$idx,'),**kw)
                 self.depth -= 1
             else:
                 printpl(kw['indent']*self.depth+'$pos$idx$kw["sep"]$elem')
 
 nlprint = NLprinter()
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def all_belong(candidates,checklist):
     """Check whether a list of items ALL appear in a given list of options.
 
     Returns a single 1 or 0 value."""
 
     return 1-(0 in [x in checklist for x in candidates])
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def sort_compare(lst1,lst2,inplace = 1):
     """Sort and compare two lists.
 
     By default it does it in place, thus modifying the lists. Use inplace = 0
     to avoid that (at the cost of temporary copy creation)."""
     if not inplace:
         lst1 = lst1[:]
         lst2 = lst2[:]
     lst1.sort(); lst2.sort()
     return lst1 == lst2
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def list2dict(lst):
     """Takes a list of (key,value) pairs and turns it into a dict."""
 
     dic = {}
     for k,v in lst: dic[k] = v
     return dic
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def list2dict2(lst,default=''):
     """Takes a list and turns it into a dict.
     Much slower than list2dict, but more versatile. This version can take
     lists with sublists of arbitrary length (including sclars)."""
 
     dic = {}
     for elem in lst:
         if type(elem) in (types.ListType,types.TupleType):
             size = len(elem)
             if  size == 0:
                 pass
             elif size == 1:
                 dic[elem] = default
             else:
                 k,v = elem[0], elem[1:]
                 if len(v) == 1: v = v[0]
                 dic[k] = v
         else:
             dic[elem] = default
     return dic
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def flatten(seq):
     """Flatten a list of lists (NOT recursive, only works for 2d lists)."""
 
     return [x for subseq in seq for x in subseq]
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def get_slice(seq,start=0,stop=None,step=1):
     """Get a slice of a sequence with variable step. Specify start,stop,step."""
     if stop == None:
         stop = len(seq)
     item = lambda i: seq[i]
     return map(item,xrange(start,stop,step))
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def chop(seq,size):
     """Chop a sequence into chunks of the given size."""
     chunk = lambda i: seq[i:i+size]
     return map(chunk,xrange(0,len(seq),size))
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # with is a keyword as of python 2.5, so this function is renamed to withobj
 # from its old 'with' name.
 def with_obj(object, **args):
     """Set multiple attributes for an object, similar to Pascal's with.
 
     Example:
     with_obj(jim,
              born = 1960,
              haircolour = 'Brown',
              eyecolour = 'Green')
 
     Credit: Greg Ewing, in
     http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2001-May/040703.html.
 
     NOTE: up until IPython 0.7.2, this was called simply 'with', but 'with'
     has become a keyword for Python 2.5, so we had to rename it."""
 
     object.__dict__.update(args)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def setattr_list(obj,alist,nspace = None):
     """Set a list of attributes for an object taken from a namespace.
 
     setattr_list(obj,alist,nspace) -> sets in obj all the attributes listed in
     alist with their values taken from nspace, which must be a dict (something
     like locals() will often do) If nspace isn't given, locals() of the
     *caller* is used, so in most cases you can omit it.
 
     Note that alist can be given as a string, which will be automatically
     split into a list on whitespace. If given as a list, it must be a list of
     *strings* (the variable names themselves), not of variables."""
 
     # this grabs the local variables from the *previous* call frame -- that is
     # the locals from the function that called setattr_list().
     # - snipped from weave.inline()
     if nspace is None:
         call_frame = sys._getframe().f_back
         nspace = call_frame.f_locals
 
     if type(alist) in StringTypes:
         alist = alist.split()
     for attr in alist:
         val = eval(attr,nspace)
         setattr(obj,attr,val)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def getattr_list(obj,alist,*args):
     """getattr_list(obj,alist[, default]) -> attribute list.
 
     Get a list of named attributes for an object. When a default argument is
     given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't exist; without it, an
     exception is raised in that case.
 
     Note that alist can be given as a string, which will be automatically
     split into a list on whitespace. If given as a list, it must be a list of
     *strings* (the variable names themselves), not of variables."""
 
     if type(alist) in StringTypes:
         alist = alist.split()
     if args:
         if len(args)==1:
             default = args[0]
             return map(lambda attr: getattr(obj,attr,default),alist)
         else:
             raise ValueError,'getattr_list() takes only one optional argument'
     else:
         return map(lambda attr: getattr(obj,attr),alist)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def map_method(method,object_list,*argseq,**kw):
     """map_method(method,object_list,*args,**kw) -> list
 
     Return a list of the results of applying the methods to the items of the
     argument sequence(s).  If more than one sequence is given, the method is
     called with an argument list consisting of the corresponding item of each
     sequence. All sequences must be of the same length.
 
     Keyword arguments are passed verbatim to all objects called.
 
     This is Python code, so it's not nearly as fast as the builtin map()."""
 
     out_list = []
     idx = 0
     for object in object_list:
         try:
             handler = getattr(object, method)
         except AttributeError:
             out_list.append(None)
         else:
             if argseq:
                 args = map(lambda lst:lst[idx],argseq)
                 #print 'ob',object,'hand',handler,'ar',args # dbg
                 out_list.append(handler(args,**kw))
             else:
                 out_list.append(handler(**kw))
         idx += 1
     return out_list
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def get_class_members(cls):
     ret = dir(cls)
     if hasattr(cls,'__bases__'):
         for base in cls.__bases__:
             ret.extend(get_class_members(base))
     return ret
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def dir2(obj):
     """dir2(obj) -> list of strings
 
     Extended version of the Python builtin dir(), which does a few extra
     checks, and supports common objects with unusual internals that confuse
     dir(), such as Traits and PyCrust.
 
     This version is guaranteed to return only a list of true strings, whereas
     dir() returns anything that objects inject into themselves, even if they
     are later not really valid for attribute access (many extension libraries
     have such bugs).
     """
 
     # Start building the attribute list via dir(), and then complete it
     # with a few extra special-purpose calls.
     words = dir(obj)
 
     if hasattr(obj,'__class__'):
         words.append('__class__')
         words.extend(get_class_members(obj.__class__))
     #if '__base__' in words: 1/0
 
     # Some libraries (such as traits) may introduce duplicates, we want to
     # track and clean this up if it happens
     may_have_dupes = False
 
     # this is the 'dir' function for objects with Enthought's traits
     if hasattr(obj, 'trait_names'):
         try:
             words.extend(obj.trait_names())
             may_have_dupes = True
         except TypeError:
             # This will happen if `obj` is a class and not an instance.
             pass
 
     # Support for PyCrust-style _getAttributeNames magic method.
     if hasattr(obj, '_getAttributeNames'):
         try:
             words.extend(obj._getAttributeNames())
             may_have_dupes = True
         except TypeError:
             # `obj` is a class and not an instance.  Ignore
             # this error.
             pass
 
     if may_have_dupes:
         # eliminate possible duplicates, as some traits may also
         # appear as normal attributes in the dir() call.
         words = list(set(words))
         words.sort()
 
     # filter out non-string attributes which may be stuffed by dir() calls
     # and poor coding in third-party modules
     return [w for w in words if isinstance(w, basestring)]
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def import_fail_info(mod_name,fns=None):
     """Inform load failure for a module."""
 
     if fns == None:
         warn("Loading of %s failed.\n" % (mod_name,))
     else:
         warn("Loading of %s from %s failed.\n" % (fns,mod_name))
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Proposed popitem() extension, written as a method
 
 
 class NotGiven: pass
 
 def popkey(dct,key,default=NotGiven):
     """Return dct[key] and delete dct[key].
 
     If default is given, return it if dct[key] doesn't exist, otherwise raise
     KeyError.  """
 
     try:
         val = dct[key]
     except KeyError:
         if default is NotGiven:
             raise
         else:
             return default
     else:
         del dct[key]
         return val
 
 def wrap_deprecated(func, suggest = '<nothing>'):
     def newFunc(*args, **kwargs):
         warnings.warn("Call to deprecated function %s, use %s instead" %
                       ( func.__name__, suggest),
                       category=DeprecationWarning,
                       stacklevel = 2)
         return func(*args, **kwargs)
     return newFunc
 
 
 def _num_cpus_unix():
     """Return the number of active CPUs on a Unix system."""
     return os.sysconf("SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN")
 
 
 def _num_cpus_darwin():
     """Return the number of active CPUs on a Darwin system."""
     p = subprocess.Popen(['sysctl','-n','hw.ncpu'],stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
     return p.stdout.read()
 
 
 def _num_cpus_windows():
     """Return the number of active CPUs on a Windows system."""
     return os.environ.get("NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS")
 
 
 def num_cpus():
    """Return the effective number of CPUs in the system as an integer.
 
    This cross-platform function makes an attempt at finding the total number of
    available CPUs in the system, as returned by various underlying system and
    python calls.
 
    If it can't find a sensible answer, it returns 1 (though an error *may* make
    it return a large positive number that's actually incorrect).
    """
 
    # Many thanks to the Parallel Python project (http://www.parallelpython.com)
    # for the names of the keys we needed to look up for this function.  This
    # code was inspired by their equivalent function.
 
    ncpufuncs = {'Linux':_num_cpus_unix,
                 'Darwin':_num_cpus_darwin,
                 'Windows':_num_cpus_windows,
                 # On Vista, python < 2.5.2 has a bug and returns 'Microsoft'
                 # See http://bugs.python.org/issue1082 for details.
                 'Microsoft':_num_cpus_windows,
                 }
 
    ncpufunc = ncpufuncs.get(platform.system(),
                             # default to unix version (Solaris, AIX, etc)
                             _num_cpus_unix)
 
    try:
        ncpus = max(1,int(ncpufunc()))
    except:
        ncpus = 1
    return ncpus
 
 def extract_vars(*names,**kw):
     """Extract a set of variables by name from another frame.
 
     :Parameters:
       - `*names`: strings
         One or more variable names which will be extracted from the caller's
     frame.
 
     :Keywords:
       - `depth`: integer (0)
         How many frames in the stack to walk when looking for your variables.
 
 
     Examples:
 
         In [2]: def func(x):
            ...:     y = 1
            ...:     print extract_vars('x','y')
            ...:
 
         In [3]: func('hello')
         {'y': 1, 'x': 'hello'}
     """
 
     depth = kw.get('depth',0)
     
     callerNS = sys._getframe(depth+1).f_locals
     return dict((k,callerNS[k]) for k in names)
     
 
 def extract_vars_above(*names):
     """Extract a set of variables by name from another frame.
 
     Similar to extractVars(), but with a specified depth of 1, so that names
     are exctracted exactly from above the caller.
 
     This is simply a convenience function so that the very common case (for us)
     of skipping exactly 1 frame doesn't have to construct a special dict for
     keyword passing."""
 
     callerNS = sys._getframe(2).f_locals
     return dict((k,callerNS[k]) for k in names)
 
 def shexp(s):
     """Expand $VARS and ~names in a string, like a shell
 
     :Examples:
     
        In [2]: os.environ['FOO']='test'
 
        In [3]: shexp('variable FOO is $FOO')
        Out[3]: 'variable FOO is test'
     """
     return os.path.expandvars(os.path.expanduser(s))
     
 
 def list_strings(arg):
     """Always return a list of strings, given a string or list of strings
     as input.
 
     :Examples:
 
         In [7]: list_strings('A single string')
         Out[7]: ['A single string']
 
         In [8]: list_strings(['A single string in a list'])
         Out[8]: ['A single string in a list']
 
         In [9]: list_strings(['A','list','of','strings'])
         Out[9]: ['A', 'list', 'of', 'strings']
     """
 
     if isinstance(arg,basestring): return [arg]
     else: return arg
 
 def marquee(txt='',width=78,mark='*'):
     """Return the input string centered in a 'marquee'.
 
     :Examples:
 
         In [16]: marquee('A test',40)
         Out[16]: '**************** A test ****************'
 
         In [17]: marquee('A test',40,'-')
         Out[17]: '---------------- A test ----------------'
 
         In [18]: marquee('A test',40,' ')
         Out[18]: '                 A test                 '
 
     """
     if not txt:
         return (mark*width)[:width]
     nmark = (width-len(txt)-2)/len(mark)/2
     if nmark < 0: nmark =0
     marks = mark*nmark
     return '%s %s %s' % (marks,txt,marks)
 
 #*************************** end of file <genutils.py> **********************