Fix crash with a naked 'alias' call in ipythonrc file.

IPython/iplib.py

@@ -1,2098 +1,2104 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python
 
 Requires Python 2.1 or newer.
 
 This file contains all the classes and helper functions specific to IPython.
 
-$Id: iplib.py 923 2005-11-15 08:51:15Z fperez $
+$Id: iplib.py 924 2005-11-15 20:24:31Z fperez $
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #
 # Note: this code originally subclassed code.InteractiveConsole from the
 # Python standard library.  Over time, much of that class has been copied
 # verbatim here for modifications which could not be accomplished by
 # subclassing.  The Python License (sec. 2) allows for this, but it's always
 # nice to acknowledge credit where credit is due.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Modules and globals
 
 from __future__ import generators  # for 2.2 backwards-compatibility
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>\n%s <%s>' % \
               ( Release.authors['Janko'] + Release.authors['Fernando'] )
 __license__ = Release.license
 __version__ = Release.version
 
 # Python standard modules
 import __main__
 import __builtin__
 import exceptions
 import keyword
 import new
 import os, sys, shutil
 import code, glob, types, re
 import string, StringIO
 import inspect, pydoc
 import bdb, pdb
 import UserList # don't subclass list so this works with Python2.1
 from pprint import pprint, pformat
 import cPickle as pickle
 import traceback
 from codeop import CommandCompiler
 
 # IPython's own modules
 import IPython
 from IPython import OInspect,PyColorize,ultraTB
 from IPython.ultraTB import ColorScheme,ColorSchemeTable  # too long names
 from IPython.Logger import Logger
 from IPython.Magic import Magic,magic2python,shlex_split
 from IPython.usage import cmd_line_usage,interactive_usage
 from IPython.Struct import Struct
 from IPython.Itpl import Itpl,itpl,printpl,ItplNS,itplns
 from IPython.FakeModule import FakeModule
 from IPython.background_jobs import BackgroundJobManager
 from IPython.PyColorize import Parser
 from IPython.genutils import *
 
 # Global pointer to the running 
 
 # store the builtin raw_input globally, and use this always, in case user code
 # overwrites it (like wx.py.PyShell does)
 raw_input_original = raw_input
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Some utility function definitions
 
 class Bunch: pass
 
 def esc_quotes(strng):
     """Return the input string with single and double quotes escaped out"""
 
     return strng.replace('"','\\"').replace("'","\\'")
 
 def import_fail_info(mod_name,fns=None):
     """Inform load failure for a module."""
 
     if fns == None:
         warn("Loading of %s failed.\n" % (mod_name,))
     else:
         warn("Loading of %s from %s failed.\n" % (fns,mod_name))
 
 def qw_lol(indata):
     """qw_lol('a b') -> [['a','b']],
     otherwise it's just a call to qw().
 
     We need this to make sure the modules_some keys *always* end up as a
     list of lists."""
 
     if type(indata) in StringTypes:
         return [qw(indata)]
     else:
         return qw(indata)
 
 def ipmagic(arg_s):
     """Call a magic function by name.
 
     Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and any
     additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
     ipmagic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
     prompt:
 
     In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
     To call a magic without arguments, simply use ipmagic('name').
 
     This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
     valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
     compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
     namespace upon initialization."""
 
     args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
     magic_name = args[0]
     if magic_name.startswith(__IPYTHON__.ESC_MAGIC):
         magic_name = magic_name[1:]
     try:
         magic_args = args[1]
     except IndexError:
         magic_args = ''
     fn = getattr(__IPYTHON__,'magic_'+magic_name,None)
     if fn is None:
         error("Magic function `%s` not found." % magic_name)
     else:
         magic_args = __IPYTHON__.var_expand(magic_args)
         return fn(magic_args)
 
 def ipalias(arg_s):
     """Call an alias by name.
 
     Input: a string containing the name of the alias to call and any
     additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
     ipalias('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
     prompt:
 
     In[1]: name -opt foo bar
 
     To call an alias without arguments, simply use ipalias('name').
 
     This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's aliases in any
     valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
     compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
     namespace upon initialization."""
 
     args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
     alias_name = args[0]
     try:
         alias_args = args[1]
     except IndexError:
         alias_args = ''
     if alias_name in __IPYTHON__.alias_table:
         __IPYTHON__.call_alias(alias_name,alias_args)
     else:
         error("Alias `%s` not found." % alias_name)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Local use classes
 try:
     from IPython import FlexCompleter
 
     class MagicCompleter(FlexCompleter.Completer):
         """Extension of the completer class to work on %-prefixed lines."""
 
         def __init__(self,shell,namespace=None,omit__names=0,alias_table=None):
             """MagicCompleter() -> completer
 
             Return a completer object suitable for use by the readline library
             via readline.set_completer().
 
             Inputs:
 
             - shell: a pointer to the ipython shell itself.  This is needed
             because this completer knows about magic functions, and those can
             only be accessed via the ipython instance.
 
             - namespace: an optional dict where completions are performed.
             
             - The optional omit__names parameter sets the completer to omit the
             'magic' names (__magicname__) for python objects unless the text
             to be completed explicitly starts with one or more underscores.
 
             - If alias_table is supplied, it should be a dictionary of aliases
             to complete. """
 
             FlexCompleter.Completer.__init__(self,namespace)
             self.magic_prefix = shell.name+'.magic_'
             self.magic_escape = shell.ESC_MAGIC
             self.readline = FlexCompleter.readline
             delims = self.readline.get_completer_delims()
             delims = delims.replace(self.magic_escape,'')
             self.readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             self.get_line_buffer = self.readline.get_line_buffer
             self.omit__names = omit__names
             self.merge_completions = shell.rc.readline_merge_completions
             
             if alias_table is None:
                 alias_table = {}
             self.alias_table = alias_table
             # Regexp to split filenames with spaces in them
             self.space_name_re = re.compile(r'([^\\] )')
             # Hold a local ref. to glob.glob for speed
             self.glob = glob.glob
             # Special handling of backslashes needed in win32 platforms
             if sys.platform == "win32":
                 self.clean_glob = self._clean_glob_win32
             else:
                 self.clean_glob = self._clean_glob
             self.matchers = [self.python_matches,
                              self.file_matches,
                              self.alias_matches,
                              self.python_func_kw_matches]
 
         # Code contributed by Alex Schmolck, for ipython/emacs integration
         def all_completions(self, text):
             """Return all possible completions for the benefit of emacs."""
             
             completions = []
             try:
                 for i in xrange(sys.maxint):
                     res = self.complete(text, i)
 
                     if not res: break
 
                     completions.append(res)
             #XXX workaround for ``notDefined.<tab>``
             except NameError:
                 pass
             return completions
         # /end Alex Schmolck code.
 
         def _clean_glob(self,text):
             return self.glob("%s*" % text)
             
         def _clean_glob_win32(self,text):
             return [f.replace("\\","/")
                     for f in self.glob("%s*" % text)]            
 
         def file_matches(self, text):
             """Match filneames, expanding ~USER type strings.
 
             Most of the seemingly convoluted logic in this completer is an
             attempt to handle filenames with spaces in them.  And yet it's not
             quite perfect, because Python's readline doesn't expose all of the
             GNU readline details needed for this to be done correctly.
 
             For a filename with a space in it, the printed completions will be
             only the parts after what's already been typed (instead of the
             full completions, as is normally done).  I don't think with the
             current (as of Python 2.3) Python readline it's possible to do
             better."""
             
             #print 'Completer->file_matches: <%s>' % text # dbg
 
             # chars that require escaping with backslash - i.e. chars
             # that readline treats incorrectly as delimiters, but we
             # don't want to treat as delimiters in filename matching
             # when escaped with backslash
             
             protectables = ' ()[]{}'
 
             def protect_filename(s):
                 return "".join([(ch in protectables and '\\' + ch or ch)
                                 for ch in s])
 
             lbuf = self.get_line_buffer()[:self.readline.get_endidx()]
             open_quotes = 0  # track strings with open quotes
             try:
                 lsplit = shlex_split(lbuf)[-1]
             except ValueError:
                 # typically an unmatched ", or backslash without escaped char.
                 if lbuf.count('"')==1:
                     open_quotes = 1
                     lsplit = lbuf.split('"')[-1]
                 elif lbuf.count("'")==1:
                     open_quotes = 1
                     lsplit = lbuf.split("'")[-1]
                 else:
                     return None
             except IndexError:
                 # tab pressed on empty line
                 lsplit = ""
 
             if lsplit != protect_filename(lsplit):
                 # if protectables are found, do matching on the whole escaped
                 # name
                 has_protectables = 1
                 text0,text = text,lsplit
             else:
                 has_protectables = 0
                 text = os.path.expanduser(text)
             
             if text == "":
                 return [protect_filename(f) for f in self.glob("*")]
 
             m0 = self.clean_glob(text.replace('\\',''))
             if has_protectables:
                 # If we had protectables, we need to revert our changes to the
                 # beginning of filename so that we don't double-write the part
                 # of the filename we have so far
                 len_lsplit = len(lsplit)
                 matches = [text0 + protect_filename(f[len_lsplit:]) for f in m0]
             else:
                 if open_quotes:
                     # if we have a string with an open quote, we don't need to
                     # protect the names at all (and we _shouldn't_, as it
                     # would cause bugs when the filesystem call is made).
                     matches = m0
                 else:
                     matches = [protect_filename(f) for f in m0]
             if len(matches) == 1 and os.path.isdir(matches[0]):
                 # Takes care of links to directories also.  Use '/'
                 # explicitly, even under Windows, so that name completions
                 # don't end up escaped.
                 matches[0] += '/'
             return matches
 
         def alias_matches(self, text):
             """Match internal system aliases"""
             #print 'Completer->alias_matches:',text # dbg
             text = os.path.expanduser(text)
             aliases =  self.alias_table.keys()
             if text == "":
                 return aliases
             else:
                 return [alias for alias in aliases if alias.startswith(text)]
             
         def python_matches(self,text):
             """Match attributes or global python names"""
             #print 'Completer->python_matches' # dbg
             if "." in text:
                 try:
                     matches = self.attr_matches(text)
                     if text.endswith('.') and self.omit__names:
                         if self.omit__names == 1:
                             # true if txt is _not_ a __ name, false otherwise:
                             no__name = (lambda txt:
                                         re.match(r'.*\.__.*?__',txt) is None)
                         else:
                             # true if txt is _not_ a _ name, false otherwise:
                             no__name = (lambda txt:
                                         re.match(r'.*\._.*?',txt) is None)
                         matches = filter(no__name, matches)
                 except NameError:
                     # catches <undefined attributes>.<tab>
                     matches = []
             else:
                 matches = self.global_matches(text)
                 # this is so completion finds magics when automagic is on:
                 if matches == [] and not text.startswith(os.sep):
                     matches = self.attr_matches(self.magic_prefix+text)
             return matches
 
         def _default_arguments(self, obj):
             """Return the list of default arguments of obj if it is callable,
             or empty list otherwise."""
             
             if not (inspect.isfunction(obj) or inspect.ismethod(obj)):
                 # for classes, check for __init__,__new__
                 if inspect.isclass(obj):
                     obj = (getattr(obj,'__init__',None) or
                            getattr(obj,'__new__',None))
                 # for all others, check if they are __call__able
                 elif hasattr(obj, '__call__'):
                     obj = obj.__call__
                 # XXX: is there a way to handle the builtins ?
             try:
                 args,_,_1,defaults = inspect.getargspec(obj)
                 if defaults:
                     return args[-len(defaults):]
             except TypeError: pass
             return []
 
         def python_func_kw_matches(self,text):
             """Match named parameters (kwargs) of the last open function"""
 
             if "." in text: # a parameter cannot be dotted
                 return []
             try: regexp = self.__funcParamsRegex
             except AttributeError:
                 regexp = self.__funcParamsRegex = re.compile(r'''
                     '.*?' |    # single quoted strings or
                     ".*?" |    # double quoted strings or
                     \w+   |    # identifier
                     \S         # other characters
                     ''', re.VERBOSE | re.DOTALL)
             # 1. find the nearest identifier that comes before an unclosed
             # parenthesis e.g. for "foo (1+bar(x), pa", the candidate is "foo"
             tokens = regexp.findall(self.get_line_buffer())
             tokens.reverse()
             iterTokens = iter(tokens); openPar = 0
             for token in iterTokens:
                 if token == ')':
                     openPar -= 1
                 elif token == '(':
                     openPar += 1
                     if openPar > 0:
                         # found the last unclosed parenthesis
                         break
             else:
                 return []
             # 2. Concatenate any dotted names (e.g. "foo.bar" for "foo.bar(x, pa" )
             ids = []
             isId = re.compile(r'\w+$').match
             while True:
                 try:
                     ids.append(iterTokens.next())
                     if not isId(ids[-1]):
                         ids.pop(); break
                     if not iterTokens.next() == '.':
                         break
                 except StopIteration:
                     break
             # lookup the candidate callable matches either using global_matches
             # or attr_matches for dotted names
             if len(ids) == 1:
                 callableMatches = self.global_matches(ids[0])
             else:
                 callableMatches = self.attr_matches('.'.join(ids[::-1]))
             argMatches = []
             for callableMatch in callableMatches:
                 try: namedArgs = self._default_arguments(eval(callableMatch,
                                                              self.namespace))
                 except: continue
                 for namedArg in namedArgs:
                     if namedArg.startswith(text):
                         argMatches.append("%s=" %namedArg)
             return argMatches
 
         def complete(self, text, state):
             """Return the next possible completion for 'text'.
 
             This is called successively with state == 0, 1, 2, ... until it
             returns None.  The completion should begin with 'text'.  """
             
             #print '\n*** COMPLETE: <%s> (%s)' % (text,state)  # dbg
             magic_escape = self.magic_escape
             magic_prefix = self.magic_prefix
             
             try:
                 if text.startswith(magic_escape):
                     text = text.replace(magic_escape,magic_prefix)
                 elif text.startswith('~'):
                     text = os.path.expanduser(text)
                 if state == 0:
                     # Extend the list of completions with the results of each
                     # matcher, so we return results to the user from all
                     # namespaces.
                     if self.merge_completions:
                         self.matches = []
                         for matcher in self.matchers:
                             self.matches.extend(matcher(text))
                     else:
                         for matcher in self.matchers:
                             self.matches = matcher(text)
                             if self.matches:
                                 break
                         
                 try:
                     return self.matches[state].replace(magic_prefix,magic_escape)
                 except IndexError:
                     return None
             except:
                 # If completion fails, don't annoy the user.
                 pass
 
 except ImportError:
     pass  # no readline support
 
 except KeyError:
     pass  # Windows doesn't set TERM, it doesn't matter
 
 
 class InputList(UserList.UserList):
     """Class to store user input.
 
     It's basically a list, but slices return a string instead of a list, thus
     allowing things like (assuming 'In' is an instance):
 
     exec In[4:7]
 
     or
 
     exec In[5:9] + In[14] + In[21:25]"""
 
     def __getslice__(self,i,j):
         return ''.join(UserList.UserList.__getslice__(self,i,j))
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Local use exceptions
 class SpaceInInput(exceptions.Exception):
     pass
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Main IPython class
 
 class InteractiveShell(code.InteractiveConsole, Logger, Magic):
     """An enhanced console for Python."""
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns = None,user_global_ns=None,banner2='',
                  custom_exceptions=((),None),embedded=False):
 
         # Put a reference to self in builtins so that any form of embedded or
         # imported code can test for being inside IPython.
         __builtin__.__IPYTHON__ = self
 
         # And load into builtins ipmagic/ipalias as well
         __builtin__.ipmagic = ipmagic
         __builtin__.ipalias = ipalias
 
         # Add to __builtin__ other parts of IPython's public API
         __builtin__.ip_set_hook = self.set_hook
 
         # Keep in the builtins a flag for when IPython is active.  We set it
         # with setdefault so that multiple nested IPythons don't clobber one
         # another.  Each will increase its value by one upon being activated,
         # which also gives us a way to determine the nesting level.
         __builtin__.__dict__.setdefault('__IPYTHON__active',0)
 
         # Inform the user of ipython's fast exit magics.
         _exit = ' Use %Exit or %Quit to exit without confirmation.'
         __builtin__.exit += _exit
         __builtin__.quit += _exit
 
         # We need to know whether the instance is meant for embedding, since
         # global/local namespaces need to be handled differently in that case
         self.embedded = embedded
 
         # compiler command
         self.compile = CommandCompiler()
 
         # User input buffer
         self.buffer = []
 
         # Default name given in compilation of code
         self.filename = '<ipython console>'
 
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
         # Referenzen: 1
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is that
         # if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you should start
         # with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will definitely give you
         # a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
         
         if user_ns is None:
             # Set __name__ to __main__ to better match the behavior of the
             # normal interpreter.
             user_ns = {'__name__'     :'__main__',
                        '__builtins__' : __builtin__,
                        }
             
         if user_global_ns is None:
             user_global_ns = {}
 
         # Assign namespaces
         # This is the namespace where all normal user variables live
         self.user_ns = user_ns
         # Embedded instances require a separate namespace for globals.
         # Normally this one is unused by non-embedded instances.
         self.user_global_ns = user_global_ns
         # A namespace to keep track of internal data structures to prevent
         # them from cluttering user-visible stuff.  Will be updated later
         self.internal_ns = {}
 
         # Namespace of system aliases.  Each entry in the alias
         # table must be a 2-tuple of the form (N,name), where N is the number
         # of positional arguments of the alias.
         self.alias_table = {}
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user':user_ns,
                          'user_global':user_global_ns,
                          'alias':self.alias_table,
                          'internal':self.internal_ns,
                          'builtin':__builtin__.__dict__
                          }
 
         # The user namespace MUST have a pointer to the shell itself.
         self.user_ns[name] = self
 
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         try:
             main_name = self.user_ns['__name__']
         except KeyError:
             raise KeyError,'user_ns dictionary MUST have a "__name__" key'
         else:
             #print "pickle hack in place"  # dbg
             sys.modules[main_name] = FakeModule(self.user_ns)
 
         # List of input with multi-line handling.
         # Fill its zero entry, user counter starts at 1
         self.input_hist = InputList(['\n'])
 
         # list of visited directories
         try:
             self.dir_hist = [os.getcwd()]
         except IOError, e:
             self.dir_hist = []
 
         # dict of output history
         self.output_hist = {}
 
         # dict of things NOT to alias (keywords, builtins and some special magics)
         no_alias = {}
         no_alias_magics = ['cd','popd','pushd','dhist','alias','unalias']
         for key in keyword.kwlist + no_alias_magics:
             no_alias[key] = 1
         no_alias.update(__builtin__.__dict__)
         self.no_alias = no_alias
                 
         # make global variables for user access to these
         self.user_ns['_ih'] = self.input_hist
         self.user_ns['_oh'] = self.output_hist
         self.user_ns['_dh'] = self.dir_hist
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories
         self.user_ns['In']  = self.input_hist
         self.user_ns['Out'] = self.output_hist
 
         # Store the actual shell's name
         self.name = name
 
         # Object variable to store code object waiting execution.  This is
         # used mainly by the multithreaded shells, but it can come in handy in
         # other situations.  No need to use a Queue here, since it's a single
         # item which gets cleared once run.
         self.code_to_run = None
         
         # Job manager (for jobs run as background threads)
         self.jobs = BackgroundJobManager()
         # Put the job manager into builtins so it's always there.
         __builtin__.jobs = self.jobs
 
         # escapes for automatic behavior on the command line
         self.ESC_SHELL = '!'
         self.ESC_HELP  = '?'
         self.ESC_MAGIC = '%'
         self.ESC_QUOTE = ','
         self.ESC_QUOTE2 = ';'
         self.ESC_PAREN = '/'
 
         # And their associated handlers
         self.esc_handlers = {self.ESC_PAREN:self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_QUOTE:self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_QUOTE2:self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_MAGIC:self.handle_magic,
                              self.ESC_HELP:self.handle_help,
                              self.ESC_SHELL:self.handle_shell_escape,
                              }
 
         # class initializations
         Logger.__init__(self,log_ns = self.user_ns)
         Magic.__init__(self,self)
 
         # an ugly hack to get a pointer to the shell, so I can start writing
         # magic code via this pointer instead of the current mixin salad.
         Magic.set_shell(self,self)
 
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = Parser().format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str',self.rc['colors'])
 
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
         
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name))
 
         # Flag to mark unconditional exit
         self.exit_now = False
 
         self.usage_min =  """\
         An enhanced console for Python.
         Some of its features are:
         - Readline support if the readline library is present.
         - Tab completion in the local namespace.
         - Logging of input, see command-line options.
         - System shell escape via ! , eg !ls.
         - Magic commands, starting with a % (like %ls, %pwd, %cd, etc.)
         - Keeps track of locally defined variables via %who, %whos.
         - Show object information with a ? eg ?x or x? (use ?? for more info).
         """
         if usage: self.usage = usage
         else: self.usage = self.usage_min
 
         # Storage
         self.rc = rc   # This will hold all configuration information
         self.inputcache = []
         self._boundcache = []
         self.pager = 'less'
         # temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         self.tempfiles = []
 
         # Keep track of readline usage (later set by init_readline)
         self.has_readline = 0
 
         # for pushd/popd management
         try:
             self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
         except HomeDirError,msg:
             fatal(msg)
 
         self.dir_stack = [os.getcwd().replace(self.home_dir,'~')]
 
         # Functions to call the underlying shell.
 
         # utility to expand user variables via Itpl
         self.var_expand = lambda cmd: str(ItplNS(cmd.replace('#','\#'),
                                                  self.user_ns))
         # The first is similar to os.system, but it doesn't return a value,
         # and it allows interpolation of variables in the user's namespace.
         self.system = lambda cmd: shell(self.var_expand(cmd),
                                         header='IPython system call: ',
                                         verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
         # These are for getoutput and getoutputerror:
         self.getoutput = lambda cmd: \
                          getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd),
                                    header='IPython system call: ',
                                    verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
         self.getoutputerror = lambda cmd: \
                               getoutputerror(str(ItplNS(cmd.replace('#','\#'),
                                                         self.user_ns)),
                                              header='IPython system call: ',
                                              verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
  
         # RegExp for splitting line contents into pre-char//first
         # word-method//rest.  For clarity, each group in on one line.
 
         # WARNING: update the regexp if the above escapes are changed, as they
         # are hardwired in.
 
         # Don't get carried away with trying to make the autocalling catch too
         # much:  it's better to be conservative rather than to trigger hidden
         # evals() somewhere and end up causing side effects.
 
         self.line_split = re.compile(r'^([\s*,;/])'
                                      r'([\?\w\.]+\w*\s*)'
                                      r'(\(?.*$)')
 
         # Original re, keep around for a while in case changes break something
         #self.line_split = re.compile(r'(^[\s*!\?%,/]?)'
         #                             r'(\s*[\?\w\.]+\w*\s*)'
         #                             r'(\(?.*$)')
 
         # RegExp to identify potential function names
         self.re_fun_name = re.compile(r'[a-zA-Z_]([a-zA-Z0-9_.]*) *$')
         # RegExp to exclude strings with this start from autocalling
         self.re_exclude_auto = re.compile('^[!=()<>,\*/\+-]|^is ')
         # try to catch also methods for stuff in lists/tuples/dicts: off
         # (experimental). For this to work, the line_split regexp would need
         # to be modified so it wouldn't break things at '['. That line is
         # nasty enough that I shouldn't change it until I can test it _well_.
         #self.re_fun_name = re.compile (r'[a-zA-Z_]([a-zA-Z0-9_.\[\]]*) ?$')
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Attributes for Logger mixin class, make defaults here
         self._dolog = 0
         self.LOG = ''
         self.LOGDEF = '.InteractiveShell.log'
         self.LOGMODE = 'over'
         self.LOGHEAD = Itpl(
 """#log# Automatic Logger file. *** THIS MUST BE THE FIRST LINE ***
 #log# DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE OR THE TWO BELOW
 #log# opts = $self.rc.opts
 #log# args = $self.rc.args
 #log# It is safe to make manual edits below here.
 #log#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 """)
         # Various switches which can be set
         self.CACHELENGTH = 5000  # this is cheap, it's just text
         self.BANNER = "Python %(version)s on %(platform)s\n" % sys.__dict__
         self.banner2 = banner2
 
         # TraceBack handlers:
         # Need two, one for syntax errors and one for other exceptions.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultraTB.ListTB(color_scheme='NoColor')
         # This one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always want to
         # remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own internal
         # code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultraTB.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1)
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Object inspector
         ins_colors = OInspect.InspectColors
         code_colors = PyColorize.ANSICodeColors
         self.inspector = OInspect.Inspector(ins_colors,code_colors,'NoColor')
         self.autoindent = 0
 
         # Make some aliases automatically
         # Prepare list of shell aliases to auto-define
         if os.name == 'posix':            
             auto_alias = ('mkdir mkdir', 'rmdir rmdir',
                           'mv mv -i','rm rm -i','cp cp -i',
                           'cat cat','less less','clear clear',
                           # a better ls
                           'ls ls -F',
                           # long ls
                           'll ls -lF',
                           # color ls
                           'lc ls -F -o --color',
                           # ls normal files only
                           'lf ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^-',
                           # ls symbolic links 
                           'lk ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^l',
                           # directories or links to directories,
                           'ldir ls -F -o --color %l | grep /$',
                           # things which are executable
                           'lx ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^-..x',
                           )
         elif os.name in ['nt','dos']:
             auto_alias = ('dir dir /on', 'ls dir /on',
                           'ddir dir /ad /on', 'ldir dir /ad /on',
                           'mkdir mkdir','rmdir rmdir','echo echo',
                           'ren ren','cls cls','copy copy')
         else:
             auto_alias = ()
         self.auto_alias = map(lambda s:s.split(None,1),auto_alias)
         # Call the actual (public) initializer
         self.init_auto_alias()
     # end __init__
 
     def set_hook(self,name,hook):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         resetting one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's behavior to
         call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
         setattr(self.hooks,name,new.instancemethod(hook,self,self.__class__))
 
     def set_custom_exc(self,exc_tuple,handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple,handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         runcode() method.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - exc_tuple: a *tuple* of valid exceptions to call the defined
           handler for.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
           LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
           you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple:
 
             exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
           - handler: this must be defined as a function with the following
           basic interface: def my_handler(self,etype,value,tb).
 
           This will be made into an instance method (via new.instancemethod)
           of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
           listed in the exc_tuple are caught.  If the handler is None, an
           internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
 
         assert type(exc_tuple)==type(()) , \
                "The custom exceptions must be given AS A TUPLE."
 
         def dummy_handler(self,etype,value,tb):
             print '*** Simple custom exception handler ***'
             print 'Exception type :',etype
             print 'Exception value:',value
             print 'Traceback      :',tb
             print 'Source code    :','\n'.join(self.buffer)
 
         if handler is None: handler = dummy_handler
 
         self.CustomTB = new.instancemethod(handler,self,self.__class__)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def set_custom_completer(self,completer,pos=0):
         """set_custom_completer(completer,pos=0)
 
         Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted."""
 
         newcomp = new.instancemethod(completer,self.Completer,
                                      self.Completer.__class__)
         self.Completer.matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def complete(self,text):
         """Return a sorted list of all possible completions on text.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - text: a string of text to be completed on.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: __IP.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip']"""
         
         complete = self.Completer.complete
         state = 0
         # use a dict so we get unique keys, since ipyhton's multiple
         # completers can return duplicates.
         comps = {}
         while True:
             newcomp = complete(text,state)
             if newcomp is None:
                 break
             comps[newcomp] = 1
             state += 1
         outcomps = comps.keys()
         outcomps.sort()
         return outcomps
 
     def post_config_initialization(self):
         """Post configuration init method
 
         This is called after the configuration files have been processed to
         'finalize' the initialization."""
 
+        rc = self.rc
+        
         # Load readline proper
-        if self.rc.readline:
+        if rc.readline:
             self.init_readline()
 
         # Set user colors (don't do it in the constructor above so that it doesn't
         # crash if colors option is invalid)
-        self.magic_colors(self.rc.colors)
+        self.magic_colors(rc.colors)
+
+        # Load user aliases
+        for alias in rc.alias:
+            self.magic_alias(alias)
 
         # dynamic data that survives through sessions
         # XXX make the filename a config option?
         persist_base = 'persist'
-        if self.rc.profile:
-            persist_base += '_%s' % self.rc.profile
-        self.persist_fname =  os.path.join(self.rc.ipythondir,persist_base)
+        if rc.profile:
+            persist_base += '_%s' % rc.profile
+        self.persist_fname =  os.path.join(rc.ipythondir,persist_base)
 
         try:
             self.persist = pickle.load(file(self.persist_fname))
         except:
             self.persist = {}
             
     def init_auto_alias(self):
         """Define some aliases automatically.
 
         These are ALL parameter-less aliases"""
         for alias,cmd in self.auto_alias:
             self.alias_table[alias] = (0,cmd)
 
     def alias_table_validate(self,verbose=0):
         """Update information about the alias table.
 
         In particular, make sure no Python keywords/builtins are in it."""
 
         no_alias = self.no_alias
         for k in self.alias_table.keys():
             if k in no_alias:
                 del self.alias_table[k]
                 if verbose:
                     print ("Deleting alias <%s>, it's a Python "
                            "keyword or builtin." % k)
     
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag, checking for readline support.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
 
         if not self.has_readline:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn("The auto-indent feature requires the readline library")
             self.autoindent = 0
             return
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     def rc_set_toggle(self,rc_field,value=None):
         """Set or toggle a field in IPython's rc config. structure.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle.
 
         If called with a non-existent field, the resulting AttributeError
         exception will propagate out."""
 
         rc_val = getattr(self.rc,rc_field)
         if value is None:
             value = not rc_val
         setattr(self.rc,rc_field,value)
 
     def user_setup(self,ipythondir,rc_suffix,mode='install'):
         """Install the user configuration directory.
 
         Can be called when running for the first time or to upgrade the user's
         .ipython/ directory with the mode parameter. Valid modes are 'install'
         and 'upgrade'."""
 
         def wait():
             try:
                 raw_input("Please press <RETURN> to start IPython.")
             except EOFError:
                 print >> Term.cout
             print '*'*70
 
         cwd = os.getcwd()  # remember where we started
         glb = glob.glob
         print '*'*70
         if mode == 'install':
             print \
 """Welcome to IPython. I will try to create a personal configuration directory
 where you can customize many aspects of IPython's functionality in:\n"""
         else:
             print 'I am going to upgrade your configuration in:'
 
         print ipythondir
 
         rcdirend = os.path.join('IPython','UserConfig')
         cfg = lambda d: os.path.join(d,rcdirend)
         try:
             rcdir = filter(os.path.isdir,map(cfg,sys.path))[0]
         except IOError:
             warning = """
 Installation error. IPython's directory was not found.
 
 Check the following:
 
 The ipython/IPython directory should be in a directory belonging to your
 PYTHONPATH environment variable (that is, it should be in a directory
 belonging to sys.path). You can copy it explicitly there or just link to it.
 
 IPython will proceed with builtin defaults.
 """
             warn(warning)
             wait()
             return
 
         if mode == 'install':
             try:
                 shutil.copytree(rcdir,ipythondir)
                 os.chdir(ipythondir)
                 rc_files = glb("ipythonrc*")
                 for rc_file in rc_files:
                     os.rename(rc_file,rc_file+rc_suffix)
             except:
                 warning = """
 
 There was a problem with the installation:
 %s
 Try to correct it or contact the developers if you think it's a bug.
 IPython will proceed with builtin defaults.""" % sys.exc_info()[1]
                 warn(warning)
                 wait()
                 return
 
         elif mode == 'upgrade':
             try:
                 os.chdir(ipythondir)
             except:
                 print """
 Can not upgrade: changing to directory %s failed. Details:
 %s
 """ % (ipythondir,sys.exc_info()[1])
                 wait()
                 return
             else:
                 sources = glb(os.path.join(rcdir,'[A-Za-z]*'))
                 for new_full_path in sources:
                     new_filename = os.path.basename(new_full_path)
                     if new_filename.startswith('ipythonrc'):
                         new_filename = new_filename + rc_suffix
                     # The config directory should only contain files, skip any
                     # directories which may be there (like CVS)
                     if os.path.isdir(new_full_path):
                         continue
                     if os.path.exists(new_filename):
                         old_file = new_filename+'.old'
                         if os.path.exists(old_file):
                             os.remove(old_file)
                         os.rename(new_filename,old_file)
                     shutil.copy(new_full_path,new_filename)
         else:
             raise ValueError,'unrecognized mode for install:',`mode`
 
         # Fix line-endings to those native to each platform in the config
         # directory.
         try:
             os.chdir(ipythondir)
         except:
             print """
 Problem: changing to directory %s failed.
 Details:
 %s
 
 Some configuration files may have incorrect line endings.  This should not
 cause any problems during execution.  """ % (ipythondir,sys.exc_info()[1])
             wait()
         else:
             for fname in glb('ipythonrc*'):
                 try:
                     native_line_ends(fname,backup=0)
                 except IOError:
                     pass
 
         if mode == 'install':
             print """
 Successful installation!
 
 Please read the sections 'Initial Configuration' and 'Quick Tips' in the
 IPython manual (there are both HTML and PDF versions supplied with the
 distribution) to make sure that your system environment is properly configured
 to take advantage of IPython's features."""
         else:
             print """
 Successful upgrade!
 
 All files in your directory:
 %(ipythondir)s
 which would have been overwritten by the upgrade were backed up with a .old
 extension.  If you had made particular customizations in those files you may
 want to merge them back into the new files.""" % locals()
         wait()
         os.chdir(cwd)
         # end user_setup()
 
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Saving of persistent data should be performed here. """
 
         # input history
         self.savehist()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 os.unlink(tfile)
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
         # save the "persistent data" catch-all dictionary
         try:
             pickle.dump(self.persist, open(self.persist_fname,"w"))
         except:
             print "*** ERROR *** persistent data saving failed."
         
     def savehist(self):
         """Save input history to a file (via readline library)."""
         try:
             self.readline.write_history_file(self.histfile)
         except:
             print 'Unable to save IPython command history to file: ' + \
                   `self.histfile`
 
     def pre_readline(self):
         """readline hook to be used at the start of each line.
 
         Currently it handles auto-indent only."""
         
         self.readline.insert_text(' '* self.readline_indent)
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """Command history completion/saving/reloading."""
         try:
             import readline
             self.Completer = MagicCompleter(self,
                                             self.user_ns,
                                             self.rc.readline_omit__names,
                                             self.alias_table)
         except ImportError,NameError:
             # If FlexCompleter failed to import, MagicCompleter won't be 
             # defined.  This can happen because of a problem with readline
             self.has_readline = 0
             # no point in bugging windows users with this every time:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn('Readline services not available on this platform.')
         else:
             import atexit
 
             # Platform-specific configuration
             if os.name == 'nt':
                 # readline under Windows modifies the default exit behavior
                 # from being Ctrl-Z/Return to the Unix Ctrl-D one.
                 __builtin__.exit = __builtin__.quit = \
                      ('Use Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit. '
                       'Use %Exit or %Quit to exit without confirmation.')
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_pre_input_hook
             else:
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_startup_hook
 
             # Load user's initrc file (readline config)
             inputrc_name = os.environ.get('INPUTRC')
             if inputrc_name is None:
                 home_dir = get_home_dir()
                 if home_dir is not None:
                     inputrc_name = os.path.join(home_dir,'.inputrc')
             if os.path.isfile(inputrc_name):
                 try:
                     readline.read_init_file(inputrc_name)
                 except:
                     warn('Problems reading readline initialization file <%s>'
                          % inputrc_name)
             
             self.has_readline = 1
             self.readline = readline
             self.readline_indent = 0  # for auto-indenting via readline
             # save this in sys so embedded copies can restore it properly
             sys.ipcompleter = self.Completer.complete
             readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
 
             # Configure readline according to user's prefs
             for rlcommand in self.rc.readline_parse_and_bind:
                 readline.parse_and_bind(rlcommand)
 
             # remove some chars from the delimiters list
             delims = readline.get_completer_delims()
             delims = delims.translate(string._idmap,
                                       self.rc.readline_remove_delims)
             readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             # otherwise we end up with a monster history after a while:
             readline.set_history_length(1000)
             try:
                 #print '*** Reading readline history'  # dbg
                 readline.read_history_file(self.histfile)
             except IOError:
                 pass  # It doesn't exist yet.
 
             atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
             del atexit
 
         # Configure auto-indent for all platforms
         self.set_autoindent(self.rc.autoindent)
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
         """
         type, value, sys.last_traceback = sys.exc_info()
         sys.last_type = type
         sys.last_value = value
         if filename and type is SyntaxError:
             # Work hard to stuff the correct filename in the exception
             try:
                 msg, (dummy_filename, lineno, offset, line) = value
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
             else:
                 # Stuff in the right filename
                 try:
                     # Assume SyntaxError is a class exception
                     value = SyntaxError(msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line))
                 except:
                     # If that failed, assume SyntaxError is a string
                     value = msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line)
         self.SyntaxTB(type,value,[])
 
     def debugger(self):
         """Call the pdb debugger."""
 
         if not self.rc.pdb:
             return
         pdb.pm()
 
     def showtraceback(self,exc_tuple = None,filename=None):
         """Display the exception that just occurred."""
 
         # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input line,
         # there may be SyntaxError cases whith imported code.
         if exc_tuple is None:
             type, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         else:
             type, value, tb = exc_tuple
         if type is SyntaxError:
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
         else:
             sys.last_type = type
             sys.last_value = value
             sys.last_traceback = tb
             self.InteractiveTB()
             if self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb and self.has_readline:
                 # pdb mucks up readline, fix it back
                 self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
 
     def update_cache(self, line):
         """puts line into cache"""
         self.inputcache.insert(0, line) # This copies the cache every time ... :-(
         if len(self.inputcache) >= self.CACHELENGTH:
             self.inputcache.pop()    # This not :-)
 
     def mainloop(self,banner=None):
         """Creates the local namespace and starts the mainloop.
 
         If an optional banner argument is given, it will override the
         internally created default banner."""
         
         if self.rc.c:  # Emulate Python's -c option
             self.exec_init_cmd()
         if banner is None:
             if self.rc.banner:
                 banner = self.BANNER+self.banner2
             else:
                 banner = ''
         self.interact(banner)
 
     def exec_init_cmd(self):
         """Execute a command given at the command line.
 
         This emulates Python's -c option."""
 
         sys.argv = ['-c']
         self.push(self.rc.c)
 
     def embed_mainloop(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns=None,stack_depth=0):
         """Embeds IPython into a running python program.
 
         Input:
 
           - header: An optional header message can be specified.
 
           - local_ns, global_ns: working namespaces. If given as None, the
           IPython-initialized one is updated with __main__.__dict__, so that
           program variables become visible but user-specific configuration
           remains possible.
 
           - stack_depth: specifies how many levels in the stack to go to
           looking for namespaces (when local_ns and global_ns are None).  This
           allows an intermediate caller to make sure that this function gets
           the namespace from the intended level in the stack.  By default (0)
           it will get its locals and globals from the immediate caller.
 
         Warning: it's possible to use this in a program which is being run by
         IPython itself (via %run), but some funny things will happen (a few
         globals get overwritten). In the future this will be cleaned up, as
         there is no fundamental reason why it can't work perfectly."""
 
         # Get locals and globals from caller
         if local_ns is None or global_ns is None:
             call_frame = sys._getframe(stack_depth).f_back
 
             if local_ns is None:
                 local_ns = call_frame.f_locals
             if global_ns is None:
                 global_ns = call_frame.f_globals
 
         # Update namespaces and fire up interpreter
         self.user_ns = local_ns
         self.user_global_ns = global_ns
 
         # Patch for global embedding to make sure that things don't overwrite
         # user globals accidentally. Thanks to Richard <[e-mail]>
         # FIXME. Test this a bit more carefully (the if.. is new)
         if local_ns is None and global_ns is None:
             self.user_global_ns.update(__main__.__dict__)
 
         self.interact(header)
 
     def interact(self, banner=None):
         """Closely emulate the interactive Python console.
 
         The optional banner argument specify the banner to print
         before the first interaction; by default it prints a banner
         similar to the one printed by the real Python interpreter,
         followed by the current class name in parentheses (so as not
         to confuse this with the real interpreter -- since it's so
         close!).
 
         """
         cprt = 'Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.'
         if banner is None:
             self.write("Python %s on %s\n%s\n(%s)\n" %
                        (sys.version, sys.platform, cprt,
                         self.__class__.__name__))
         else:
             self.write(banner)
 
         more = 0
 
         # Mark activity in the builtins
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] += 1
 
         # exit_now is set by a call to %Exit or %Quit
         while not self.exit_now:
             try:
                 if more:
                     prompt = self.outputcache.prompt2
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.readline_startup_hook(self.pre_readline)
                 else:
                     prompt = self.outputcache.prompt1
                 try:
                     line = self.raw_input(prompt)
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.readline_startup_hook(None)
                 except EOFError:
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.readline_startup_hook(None)
                     self.write("\n")
                     if self.rc.confirm_exit:
                         if ask_yes_no('Do you really want to exit ([y]/n)?','y'):
                             break
                     else:
                         break
                 else:
                     more = self.push(line)
                     # Auto-indent management
                     if self.autoindent:
                         if line:
                             ini_spaces = re.match('^(\s+)',line)
                             if ini_spaces:
                                 nspaces = ini_spaces.end()
                             else:
                                 nspaces = 0
                             self.readline_indent = nspaces
 
                             if line[-1] == ':':
                                 self.readline_indent += 4
                             elif re.match(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return',line):
                                 self.readline_indent -= 4
                         else:
                             self.readline_indent = 0
 
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 self.write("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
                 self.resetbuffer()
                 more = 0
                 # keep cache in sync with the prompt counter:
                 self.outputcache.prompt_count -= 1
 
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.readline_indent = 0
 
             except bdb.BdbQuit:
                 warn("The Python debugger has exited with a BdbQuit exception.\n"
                      "Because of how pdb handles the stack, it is impossible\n"
                      "for IPython to properly format this particular exception.\n"
                      "IPython will resume normal operation.")
             
         # We are off again...
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] -= 1
 
     def excepthook(self, type, value, tb):
       """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
       GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
       sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
       enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
       otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
       which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
       except: statement.
 
       Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
       any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
       IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
       CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
       regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
       call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
       IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
       crashes.
 
       This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
       to be true IPython errors.
       """
       
       self.InteractiveTB(type, value, tb, tb_offset=0)
       if self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb and self.has_readline:
           self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
 
     def call_alias(self,alias,rest=''):
         """Call an alias given its name and the rest of the line.
 
         This function MUST be given a proper alias, because it doesn't make
         any checks when looking up into the alias table.  The caller is
         responsible for invoking it only with a valid alias."""
 
         #print 'ALIAS: <%s>+<%s>' % (alias,rest) # dbg
         nargs,cmd = self.alias_table[alias]
         # Expand the %l special to be the user's input line
         if cmd.find('%l') >= 0:
             cmd = cmd.replace('%l',rest)
             rest = ''
         if nargs==0:
             # Simple, argument-less aliases
             cmd = '%s %s' % (cmd,rest)
         else:
             # Handle aliases with positional arguments
             args = rest.split(None,nargs)
             if len(args)< nargs:
                 error('Alias <%s> requires %s arguments, %s given.' %
                       (alias,nargs,len(args)))
                 return
             cmd = '%s %s' % (cmd % tuple(args[:nargs]),' '.join(args[nargs:]))
         # Now call the macro, evaluating in the user's namespace
         try:
             self.system(cmd)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
 
     def runlines(self,lines):
         """Run a string of one or more lines of source.
 
         This method is capable of running a string containing multiple source
         lines, as if they had been entered at the IPython prompt.  Since it
         exposes IPython's processing machinery, the given strings can contain
         magic calls (%magic), special shell access (!cmd), etc."""
 
         # We must start with a clean buffer, in case this is run from an
         # interactive IPython session (via a magic, for example).
         self.resetbuffer()
         lines = lines.split('\n')
         more = 0
         for line in lines:
             # skip blank lines so we don't mess up the prompt counter, but do
             # NOT skip even a blank line if we are in a code block (more is
             # true)
             if line or more:
                 more = self.push((self.prefilter(line,more)))
                 # IPython's runsource returns None if there was an error
                 # compiling the code.  This allows us to stop processing right
                 # away, so the user gets the error message at the right place.
                 if more is None:
                     break
         # final newline in case the input didn't have it, so that the code
         # actually does get executed
         if more:
             self.push('\n')
 
     def runsource(self, source, filename="<input>", symbol="single"):
         """Compile and run some source in the interpreter.
 
         Arguments are as for compile_command().
 
         One several things can happen:
 
         1) The input is incorrect; compile_command() raised an
         exception (SyntaxError or OverflowError).  A syntax traceback
         will be printed by calling the showsyntaxerror() method.
 
         2) The input is incomplete, and more input is required;
         compile_command() returned None.  Nothing happens.
 
         3) The input is complete; compile_command() returned a code
         object.  The code is executed by calling self.runcode() (which
         also handles run-time exceptions, except for SystemExit).
 
         The return value is:
 
           - True in case 2
 
           - False in the other cases, unless an exception is raised, where
           None is returned instead.  This can be used by external callers to
           know whether to continue feeding input or not.
 
         The return value can be used to decide whether to use sys.ps1 or
         sys.ps2 to prompt the next line."""
 
         try:
             code = self.compile(source, filename, symbol)
         except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError):
             # Case 1
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             return None
 
         if code is None:
             # Case 2
             return True
 
         # Case 3
         # We store the code object so that threaded shells and
         # custom exception handlers can access all this info if needed.
         # The source corresponding to this can be obtained from the
         # buffer attribute as '\n'.join(self.buffer).
         self.code_to_run = code
         # now actually execute the code object
         if self.runcode(code) == 0:
             return False
         else:
             return None
 
     def runcode(self,code_obj):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Return value: a flag indicating whether the code to be run completed
         successfully:
 
           - 0: successful execution.
           - 1: an error occurred.
         """
 
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook,sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
         outflag = 1  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 # Embedded instances require separate global/local namespaces
                 # so they can see both the surrounding (local) namespace and
                 # the module-level globals when called inside another function.
                 if self.embedded:
                     exec code_obj in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
                 # Normal (non-embedded) instances should only have a single
                 # namespace for user code execution, otherwise functions won't
                 # see interactive top-level globals.
                 else:
                     exec code_obj in self.user_ns
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit:
             self.resetbuffer()
             self.showtraceback()
             warn( __builtin__.exit,level=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype,value,tb = sys.exc_info()
             self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
         else:
             outflag = 0
             if code.softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print
         # Flush out code object which has been run (and source)
         self.code_to_run = None
         return outflag
 
     def raw_input(self, prompt=""):
         """Write a prompt and read a line.
 
         The returned line does not include the trailing newline.
         When the user enters the EOF key sequence, EOFError is raised.
 
         The base implementation uses the built-in function
         raw_input(); a subclass may replace this with a different
         implementation.
         """
         return self.prefilter(raw_input_original(prompt),
                               prompt==self.outputcache.prompt2)
         
     def split_user_input(self,line):
         """Split user input into pre-char, function part and rest."""
 
         lsplit = self.line_split.match(line)
         if lsplit is None:  # no regexp match returns None
             try:
                 iFun,theRest = line.split(None,1)
             except ValueError:
                 iFun,theRest = line,''
             pre = re.match('^(\s*)(.*)',line).groups()[0]
         else:
             pre,iFun,theRest = lsplit.groups()
 
         #print 'line:<%s>' % line # dbg
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun.strip(),theRest) # dbg
         return pre,iFun.strip(),theRest
 
     def _prefilter(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """Calls different preprocessors, depending on the form of line."""
 
         # All handlers *must* return a value, even if it's blank ('').
 
         # Lines are NOT logged here. Handlers should process the line as
         # needed, update the cache AND log it (so that the input cache array
         # stays synced).
 
         # This function is _very_ delicate, and since it's also the one which
         # determines IPython's response to user input, it must be as efficient
         # as possible.  For this reason it has _many_ returns in it, trying
         # always to exit as quickly as it can figure out what it needs to do.
 
         # This function is the main responsible for maintaining IPython's
         # behavior respectful of Python's semantics.  So be _very_ careful if
         # making changes to anything here.
 
         #.....................................................................
         # Code begins
 
         #if line.startswith('%crash'): raise RuntimeError,'Crash now!'  # dbg
 
         # save the line away in case we crash, so the post-mortem handler can
         # record it
         self._last_input_line = line
 
         #print '***line: <%s>' % line # dbg
 
         # the input history needs to track even empty lines
         if not line.strip():
             if not continue_prompt:
                 self.outputcache.prompt_count -= 1
             return self.handle_normal('',continue_prompt)
 
         # print '***cont',continue_prompt  # dbg
         # special handlers are only allowed for single line statements
         if continue_prompt and not self.rc.multi_line_specials:
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # For the rest, we need the structure of the input
         pre,iFun,theRest = self.split_user_input(line)
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun,theRest)  # dbg
 
         # First check for explicit escapes in the last/first character
         handler = None
         if line[-1] == self.ESC_HELP:
             handler = self.esc_handlers.get(line[-1])  # the ? can be at the end
         if handler is None:
             # look at the first character of iFun, NOT of line, so we skip
             # leading whitespace in multiline input
             handler = self.esc_handlers.get(iFun[0:1])
         if handler is not None:
             return handler(line,continue_prompt,pre,iFun,theRest)
         # Emacs ipython-mode tags certain input lines
         if line.endswith('# PYTHON-MODE'):
             return self.handle_emacs(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # Next, check if we can automatically execute this thing
 
         # Allow ! in multi-line statements if multi_line_specials is on:
         if continue_prompt and self.rc.multi_line_specials and \
                iFun.startswith(self.ESC_SHELL):
             return self.handle_shell_escape(line,continue_prompt,
                                             pre=pre,iFun=iFun,
                                             theRest=theRest)
 
         # Let's try to find if the input line is a magic fn
         oinfo = None
         if hasattr(self,'magic_'+iFun):
             oinfo = self._ofind(iFun) # FIXME - _ofind is part of Magic
             if oinfo['ismagic']:
                 # Be careful not to call magics when a variable assignment is
                 # being made (ls='hi', for example)
                 if self.rc.automagic and \
                        (len(theRest)==0 or theRest[0] not in '!=()<>,') and \
                        (self.rc.multi_line_specials or not continue_prompt):
                     return self.handle_magic(line,continue_prompt,
                                              pre,iFun,theRest)
                 else:
                     return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # If the rest of the line begins with an (in)equality, assginment or
         # function call, we should not call _ofind but simply execute it.
         # This avoids spurious geattr() accesses on objects upon assignment.
         #
         # It also allows users to assign to either alias or magic names true
         # python variables (the magic/alias systems always take second seat to
         # true python code).
         if theRest and theRest[0] in '!=()':
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         if oinfo is None:
             oinfo = self._ofind(iFun) # FIXME - _ofind is part of Magic
         
         if not oinfo['found']:
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
         else:
             #print 'iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (iFun,theRest) # dbg
             if oinfo['isalias']:
                 return self.handle_alias(line,continue_prompt,
                                              pre,iFun,theRest)
 
             if self.rc.autocall and \
                    not self.re_exclude_auto.match(theRest) and \
                    self.re_fun_name.match(iFun) and \
                    callable(oinfo['obj']) :
                 #print 'going auto'  # dbg
                 return self.handle_auto(line,continue_prompt,pre,iFun,theRest)
             else:
                 #print 'was callable?', callable(oinfo['obj'])  # dbg
                 return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # If we get here, we have a normal Python line. Log and return.
         return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     def _prefilter_dumb(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """simple prefilter function, for debugging"""
         return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     # Set the default prefilter() function (this can be user-overridden)
     prefilter = _prefilter
 
     def handle_normal(self,line,continue_prompt=None,
                       pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Handle normal input lines. Use as a template for handlers."""
 
         self.log(line,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line)
         return line
 
     def handle_alias(self,line,continue_prompt=None,
                      pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Handle alias input lines. """
 
         theRest = esc_quotes(theRest)
         line_out = "%s%s.call_alias('%s','%s')" % (pre,self.name,iFun,theRest)
         self.log(line_out,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line_out)
         return line_out
 
     def handle_shell_escape(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                             pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Execute the line in a shell, empty return value"""
 
         #print 'line in :', `line` # dbg
         # Example of a special handler. Others follow a similar pattern.
         if continue_prompt:  # multi-line statements
             if iFun.startswith('!!'):
                 print 'SyntaxError: !! is not allowed in multiline statements'
                 return pre
             else:
                 cmd = ("%s %s" % (iFun[1:],theRest)).replace('"','\\"')
                 line_out = '%s%s.system("%s")' % (pre,self.name,cmd)
                 #line_out = ('%s%s.system(' % (pre,self.name)) + repr(cmd) + ')'
         else: # single-line input
             if line.startswith('!!'):
                 # rewrite iFun/theRest to properly hold the call to %sx and
                 # the actual command to be executed, so handle_magic can work
                 # correctly
                 theRest = '%s %s' % (iFun[2:],theRest)
                 iFun = 'sx'
                 return self.handle_magic('%ssx %s' % (self.ESC_MAGIC,line[2:]),
                                          continue_prompt,pre,iFun,theRest)
             else:
                 cmd = esc_quotes(line[1:])
                 line_out = '%s.system("%s")' % (self.name,cmd)
                 #line_out = ('%s.system(' % self.name) + repr(cmd)+ ')'
         # update cache/log and return
         self.log(line_out,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line_out)   # readline cache gets normal line
         #print 'line out r:', `line_out` # dbg
         #print 'line out s:', line_out # dbg
         return line_out
 
     def handle_magic(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                      pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Execute magic functions.
 
         Also log them with a prepended # so the log is clean Python."""
 
         cmd = '%sipmagic("%s")' % (pre,esc_quotes('%s %s' % (iFun,theRest)))
         self.log(cmd,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line)
         #print 'in handle_magic, cmd=<%s>' % cmd  # dbg
         return cmd
 
     def handle_auto(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                     pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Hande lines which can be auto-executed, quoting if requested."""
 
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun,theRest)  # dbg
         
         # This should only be active for single-line input!
         if continue_prompt:
             return line
 
         if pre == self.ESC_QUOTE:
             # Auto-quote splitting on whitespace
             newcmd = '%s("%s")' % (iFun,'", "'.join(theRest.split()) )
         elif pre == self.ESC_QUOTE2:
             # Auto-quote whole string
             newcmd = '%s("%s")' % (iFun,theRest)
         else:
             # Auto-paren
             if theRest[0:1] in ('=','['):
                 # Don't autocall in these cases.  They can be either
                 # rebindings of an existing callable's name, or item access
                 # for an object which is BOTH callable and implements
                 # __getitem__.
                 return '%s %s' % (iFun,theRest)
             if theRest.endswith(';'):
                 newcmd = '%s(%s);' % (iFun.rstrip(),theRest[:-1])
             else:
                 newcmd = '%s(%s)' % (iFun.rstrip(),theRest)
 
         print >>Term.cout, self.outputcache.prompt1.auto_rewrite() + newcmd
         # log what is now valid Python, not the actual user input (without the
         # final newline)
         self.log(newcmd,continue_prompt)
         return newcmd
 
     def handle_help(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                     pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Try to get some help for the object.
 
         obj? or ?obj   -> basic information.
         obj?? or ??obj -> more details.
         """
 
         # We need to make sure that we don't process lines which would be
         # otherwise valid python, such as "x=1 # what?"
         try:
             code.compile_command(line)
         except SyntaxError:
             # We should only handle as help stuff which is NOT valid syntax
             if line[0]==self.ESC_HELP:
                 line = line[1:]
             elif line[-1]==self.ESC_HELP:
                 line = line[:-1]
             self.log('#?'+line)
             self.update_cache(line)
             if line:
                 self.magic_pinfo(line)
             else:
                 page(self.usage,screen_lines=self.rc.screen_length)
             return '' # Empty string is needed here!
         except:
             # Pass any other exceptions through to the normal handler
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
         else:
             # If the code compiles ok, we should handle it normally
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     def handle_emacs(self,line,continue_prompt=None,
                     pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Handle input lines marked by python-mode."""
 
         # Currently, nothing is done.  Later more functionality can be added
         # here if needed.
 
         # The input cache shouldn't be updated
 
         return line
 
     def write(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default output"""
         Term.cout.write(data)
 
     def write_err(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default error output"""
         Term.cerr.write(data)
 
     def safe_execfile(self,fname,*where,**kw):
         fname = os.path.expanduser(fname)
 
         # find things also in current directory
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
         if not sys.path.count(dname):
             sys.path.append(dname)
 
         try:
             xfile = open(fname)
         except:
             print >> Term.cerr, \
                   'Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname
             return None
 
         kw.setdefault('islog',0)
         kw.setdefault('quiet',1)
         kw.setdefault('exit_ignore',0)
         first = xfile.readline()
         _LOGHEAD = str(self.LOGHEAD).split('\n',1)[0].strip()
         xfile.close()
         # line by line execution
         if first.startswith(_LOGHEAD) or kw['islog']:
             print 'Loading log file <%s> one line at a time...' % fname
             if kw['quiet']:
                 stdout_save = sys.stdout
                 sys.stdout = StringIO.StringIO()
             try:
                 globs,locs = where[0:2]
             except:
                 try:
                     globs = locs = where[0]
                 except:
                     globs = locs = globals()
             badblocks = []
 
             # we also need to identify indented blocks of code when replaying
             # logs and put them together before passing them to an exec
             # statement. This takes a bit of regexp and look-ahead work in the
             # file. It's easiest if we swallow the whole thing in memory
             # first, and manually walk through the lines list moving the
             # counter ourselves.
             indent_re = re.compile('\s+\S')
             xfile = open(fname)
             filelines = xfile.readlines()
             xfile.close()
             nlines = len(filelines)
             lnum = 0
             while lnum < nlines:
                 line = filelines[lnum]
                 lnum += 1
                 # don't re-insert logger status info into cache
                 if line.startswith('#log#'):
                     continue
                 elif line.startswith('#%s'% self.ESC_MAGIC):
                     self.update_cache(line[1:])
                     line = magic2python(line)
                 elif line.startswith('#!'):
                     self.update_cache(line[1:])
                 else:
                     # build a block of code (maybe a single line) for execution
                     block = line
                     try:
                         next = filelines[lnum] # lnum has already incremented
                     except:
                         next = None
                     while next and indent_re.match(next):
                         block += next
                         lnum += 1
                         try:
                             next = filelines[lnum]
                         except:
                             next = None
                     # now execute the block of one or more lines
                     try:
                         exec block in globs,locs
                         self.update_cache(block.rstrip())
                     except SystemExit:
                         pass
                     except:
                         badblocks.append(block.rstrip())
             if kw['quiet']:  # restore stdout
                 sys.stdout.close()
                 sys.stdout = stdout_save
             print 'Finished replaying log file <%s>' % fname
             if badblocks:
                 print >> sys.stderr, \
                       '\nThe following lines/blocks in file <%s> reported errors:' \
                       % fname
                 for badline in badblocks:
                     print >> sys.stderr, badline
         else:  # regular file execution
             try:
                 execfile(fname,*where)
             except SyntaxError:
                 etype, evalue = sys.exc_info()[0:2]
                 self.SyntaxTB(etype,evalue,[])
                 warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
             except SystemExit,status:
                 if not kw['exit_ignore']:
                     self.InteractiveTB()
                     warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
             except:
                 self.InteractiveTB()
                 warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
 #************************* end of file <iplib.py> *****************************

IPython/ipmaker.py

@@ -1,734 +1,730 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python
 
 Requires Python 2.1 or better.
 
 This file contains the main make_IPython() starter function.
 
-$Id: ipmaker.py 923 2005-11-15 08:51:15Z fperez $"""
+$Id: ipmaker.py 924 2005-11-15 20:24:31Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 __version__ = Release.version
 
 credits._Printer__data = """
 Python: %s
 
 IPython: Fernando Perez, Janko Hauser, Nathan Gray, and many users.
 See http://ipython.scipy.org for more information.""" \
 % credits._Printer__data
 
 copyright._Printer__data += """
 
 Copyright (c) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez, Janko Hauser, Nathan Gray.
 All Rights Reserved."""
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Required modules
 
 # From the standard library
 import __main__, __builtin__
 import os,sys,types,re
 from pprint import pprint,pformat
 
 # Our own
 from IPython import DPyGetOpt
 from IPython.Struct import Struct
 from IPython.OutputTrap import OutputTrap
 from IPython.ConfigLoader import ConfigLoader
 from IPython.iplib import InteractiveShell,qw_lol,import_fail_info
 from IPython.usage import cmd_line_usage,interactive_usage
 from IPython.Prompts import CachedOutput
 from IPython.genutils import *
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def make_IPython(argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1,rc_override=None,
                  shell_class=InteractiveShell,embedded=False,**kw):
     """This is a dump of IPython into a single function.
 
     Later it will have to be broken up in a sensible manner.
 
     Arguments:
 
     - argv: a list similar to sys.argv[1:].  It should NOT contain the desired
     script name, b/c DPyGetOpt strips the first argument only for the real
     sys.argv.
 
     - user_ns: a dict to be used as the user's namespace."""
 
     #----------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Defaults and initialization
     
     # For developer debugging, deactivates crash handler and uses pdb.
     DEVDEBUG = False
 
     if argv is None:
         argv = sys.argv
 
     # __IP is the main global that lives throughout and represents the whole
     # application. If the user redefines it, all bets are off as to what
     # happens.
 
     # __IP is the name of he global which the caller will have accessible as
     # __IP.name. We set its name via the first parameter passed to
     # InteractiveShell:
 
     IP = shell_class('__IP',user_ns=user_ns,embedded=embedded,**kw)
 
     # Put 'help' in the user namespace
     from site import _Helper
     IP.user_ns['help'] = _Helper()
 
     if DEVDEBUG:
         # For developer debugging only (global flag)
         from IPython import ultraTB
         sys.excepthook = ultraTB.VerboseTB(call_pdb=1)
     else:
         # IPython itself shouldn't crash. This will produce a detailed
         # post-mortem if it does
         from IPython import CrashHandler
         sys.excepthook = CrashHandler.CrashHandler(IP)
 
     IP.BANNER_PARTS = ['Python %s\n'
                          'Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" '
                          'for more information.\n'
                          % (sys.version.split('\n')[0],),
                          "IPython %s -- An enhanced Interactive Python."
                          % (__version__,),
 """?       -> Introduction to IPython's features.
 %magic  -> Information about IPython's 'magic' % functions.
 help    -> Python's own help system.
 object? -> Details about 'object'. ?object also works, ?? prints more.
 """ ]
 
     IP.usage = interactive_usage
 
     # Platform-dependent suffix and directory names.  We use _ipython instead
     # of .ipython under win32 b/c there's software that breaks with .named
     # directories on that platform.
     if os.name == 'posix':
         rc_suffix = ''
         ipdir_def = '.ipython'
     else:
         rc_suffix = '.ini'
         ipdir_def = '_ipython'
 
     # default directory for configuration
     ipythondir = os.path.abspath(os.environ.get('IPYTHONDIR',
                                  os.path.join(IP.home_dir,ipdir_def)))
 
     # we need the directory where IPython itself is installed
     import IPython
     IPython_dir = os.path.dirname(IPython.__file__)
     del IPython
     
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Command line handling
 
     # Valid command line options (uses DPyGetOpt syntax, like Perl's
     # GetOpt::Long)
 
     # Any key not listed here gets deleted even if in the file (like session
     # or profile). That's deliberate, to maintain the rc namespace clean.
 
     # Each set of options appears twice: under _conv only the names are
     # listed, indicating which type they must be converted to when reading the
     # ipythonrc file. And under DPyGetOpt they are listed with the regular
     # DPyGetOpt syntax (=s,=i,:f,etc).
 
     # Make sure there's a space before each end of line (they get auto-joined!)
     cmdline_opts = ('autocall! autoindent! automagic! banner! cache_size|cs=i '
                     'c=s classic|cl color_info! colors=s confirm_exit! '
                     'debug! deep_reload! editor=s log|l messages! nosep pdb! '
                     'pprint! prompt_in1|pi1=s prompt_in2|pi2=s prompt_out|po=s '
                     'quick screen_length|sl=i prompts_pad_left=i '
                     'logfile|lf=s logplay|lp=s profile|p=s '
                     'readline! readline_merge_completions! '
                     'readline_omit__names! '
                     'rcfile=s separate_in|si=s separate_out|so=s '
                     'separate_out2|so2=s xmode=s wildcards_case_sensitive! '
                     'magic_docstrings system_verbose! '
                     'multi_line_specials!')
 
     # Options that can *only* appear at the cmd line (not in rcfiles).
     
     # The "ignore" option is a kludge so that Emacs buffers don't crash, since
     # the 'C-c !' command in emacs automatically appends a -i option at the end.
     cmdline_only = ('help ignore|i ipythondir=s Version upgrade '
                     'gthread! qthread! wthread! pylab! tk!')
 
     # Build the actual name list to be used by DPyGetOpt
     opts_names = qw(cmdline_opts) + qw(cmdline_only)
 
     # Set sensible command line defaults.
     # This should have everything from  cmdline_opts and cmdline_only
     opts_def = Struct(autocall = 1,
                       autoindent=0,
                       automagic = 1,
                       banner = 1,
                       cache_size = 1000,
                       c = '',
                       classic = 0,
                       colors = 'NoColor',
                       color_info = 0,
                       confirm_exit = 1,
                       debug = 0,
                       deep_reload = 0,
                       editor = '0',
                       help = 0,
                       ignore = 0,
                       ipythondir = ipythondir,
                       log = 0,
                       logfile = '',
                       logplay = '',
                       multi_line_specials = 1,
                       messages = 1,
                       nosep = 0,
                       pdb = 0,
                       pprint = 0,
                       profile = '',
                       prompt_in1 = 'In [\\#]: ',
                       prompt_in2 = '   .\\D.: ',
                       prompt_out = 'Out[\\#]: ',
                       prompts_pad_left = 1,
                       quick = 0,
                       readline = 1,
                       readline_merge_completions = 1,
                       readline_omit__names = 0,
                       rcfile = 'ipythonrc' + rc_suffix,
                       screen_length = 0,
                       separate_in = '\n',
                       separate_out = '\n',
                       separate_out2 = '',
                       system_verbose = 0,
                       gthread = 0,
                       qthread = 0,
                       wthread = 0,
                       pylab = 0,
                       tk = 0,
                       upgrade = 0,
                       Version = 0,
                       xmode = 'Verbose',
                       wildcards_case_sensitive = 1,
                       magic_docstrings = 0,  # undocumented, for doc generation
                       )
     
     # Things that will *only* appear in rcfiles (not at the command line).
     # Make sure there's a space before each end of line (they get auto-joined!)
     rcfile_opts = { qwflat: 'include import_mod import_all execfile ',
                     qw_lol: 'import_some ',
                     # for things with embedded whitespace:
                     list_strings:'execute alias readline_parse_and_bind ',
                     # Regular strings need no conversion:
                     None:'readline_remove_delims ',
                     }
     # Default values for these
     rc_def = Struct(include = [],
                     import_mod = [], 
                     import_all = [],
                     import_some = [[]],
                     execute = [],
                     execfile = [],
                     alias = [],
                     readline_parse_and_bind = [],
                     readline_remove_delims = '',
                     )
 
     # Build the type conversion dictionary from the above tables:
     typeconv = rcfile_opts.copy()
     typeconv.update(optstr2types(cmdline_opts))
 
     # FIXME: the None key appears in both, put that back together by hand. Ugly!
     typeconv[None] += ' ' + rcfile_opts[None]
 
     # Remove quotes at ends of all strings (used to protect spaces)
     typeconv[unquote_ends] = typeconv[None]
     del typeconv[None]
 
     # Build the list we'll use to make all config decisions with defaults:
     opts_all = opts_def.copy()
     opts_all.update(rc_def)
 
     # Build conflict resolver for recursive loading of config files:
     # - preserve means the outermost file maintains the value, it is not
     # overwritten if an included file has the same key.
     # - add_flip applies + to the two values, so it better make sense to add
     # those types of keys. But it flips them first so that things loaded
     # deeper in the inclusion chain have lower precedence.
     conflict = {'preserve': ' '.join([ typeconv[int],
                                        typeconv[unquote_ends] ]),
                 'add_flip': ' '.join([ typeconv[qwflat],
                                        typeconv[qw_lol],
                                        typeconv[list_strings] ])
                 }
 
     # Now actually process the command line
     getopt = DPyGetOpt.DPyGetOpt()
     getopt.setIgnoreCase(0)
 
     getopt.parseConfiguration(opts_names)
 
     try:
         getopt.processArguments(argv)
     except:
         print cmd_line_usage
         warn('\nError in Arguments: ' + `sys.exc_value`)
         sys.exit(1)
 
     # convert the options dict to a struct for much lighter syntax later
     opts = Struct(getopt.optionValues)
     args = getopt.freeValues
 
     # this is the struct (which has default values at this point) with which
     # we make all decisions:
     opts_all.update(opts)
 
     # Options that force an immediate exit
     if opts_all.help:
         page(cmd_line_usage)
         sys.exit()
 
     if opts_all.Version:
         print __version__
         sys.exit()
 
     if opts_all.magic_docstrings:
         IP.magic_magic('-latex')
         sys.exit()
 
     # Create user config directory if it doesn't exist. This must be done
     # *after* getting the cmd line options.
     if not os.path.isdir(opts_all.ipythondir):
         IP.user_setup(opts_all.ipythondir,rc_suffix,'install')
 
     # upgrade user config files while preserving a copy of the originals
     if opts_all.upgrade:
         IP.user_setup(opts_all.ipythondir,rc_suffix,'upgrade')
 
     # check mutually exclusive options in the *original* command line
     mutex_opts(opts,[qw('log logfile'),qw('rcfile profile'),
                      qw('classic profile'),qw('classic rcfile')])
 
     # default logfilename used when -log is called.
     IP.LOGDEF = 'ipython.log'
 
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Log replay
     
     # if -logplay, we need to 'become' the other session. That basically means
     # replacing the current command line environment with that of the old
     # session and moving on.
 
     # this is needed so that later we know we're in session reload mode, as
     # opts_all will get overwritten:
     load_logplay = 0
 
     if opts_all.logplay:
         load_logplay = opts_all.logplay 
         opts_debug_save = opts_all.debug
         try:
             logplay = open(opts_all.logplay)
         except IOError:
             if opts_all.debug: IP.InteractiveTB()
             warn('Could not open logplay file '+`opts_all.logplay`)
             # restore state as if nothing had happened and move on, but make
             # sure that later we don't try to actually load the session file
             logplay = None
             load_logplay = 0
             del opts_all.logplay
         else:
             try: 
                 logplay.readline()
                 logplay.readline();
                 # this reloads that session's command line
                 cmd = logplay.readline()[6:] 
                 exec cmd
                 # restore the true debug flag given so that the process of
                 # session loading itself can be monitored.
                 opts.debug = opts_debug_save
                 # save the logplay flag so later we don't overwrite the log
                 opts.logplay = load_logplay
                 # now we must update our own structure with defaults
                 opts_all.update(opts)
                 # now load args
                 cmd = logplay.readline()[6:] 
                 exec cmd
                 logplay.close()
             except:
                 logplay.close()
                 if opts_all.debug: IP.InteractiveTB()
                 warn("Logplay file lacking full configuration information.\n"
                      "I'll try to read it, but some things may not work.")
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # set up output traps: catch all output from files, being run, modules
     # loaded, etc. Then give it to the user in a clean form at the end.
     
     msg_out = 'Output messages. '
     msg_err = 'Error messages. '
     msg_sep = '\n'
     msg = Struct(config    = OutputTrap('Configuration Loader',msg_out,
                                         msg_err,msg_sep,debug,
                                         quiet_out=1),
                  user_exec = OutputTrap('User File Execution',msg_out,
                                         msg_err,msg_sep,debug),
                  logplay   = OutputTrap('Log Loader',msg_out,
                                         msg_err,msg_sep,debug),
                  summary = ''
                  )
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Process user ipythonrc-type configuration files
 
     # turn on output trapping and log to msg.config
     # remember that with debug on, trapping is actually disabled
     msg.config.trap_all()
 
     # look for rcfile in current or default directory
     try:
         opts_all.rcfile = filefind(opts_all.rcfile,opts_all.ipythondir)
     except IOError:
         if opts_all.debug:  IP.InteractiveTB()
         warn('Configuration file %s not found. Ignoring request.'
              % (opts_all.rcfile) )
 
     # 'profiles' are a shorthand notation for config filenames
     if opts_all.profile:
         try:
             opts_all.rcfile = filefind('ipythonrc-' + opts_all.profile
                                        + rc_suffix,
                                        opts_all.ipythondir)
         except IOError:
            if opts_all.debug:  IP.InteractiveTB()
            opts.profile = ''  # remove profile from options if invalid
            warn('Profile configuration file %s not found. Ignoring request.'
                 % (opts_all.profile) )
 
     # load the config file
     rcfiledata = None
     if opts_all.quick:
         print 'Launching IPython in quick mode. No config file read.'
     elif opts_all.classic:
         print 'Launching IPython in classic mode. No config file read.'
     elif opts_all.rcfile:
         try:
             cfg_loader = ConfigLoader(conflict)
             rcfiledata = cfg_loader.load(opts_all.rcfile,typeconv,
                                          'include',opts_all.ipythondir,
                                          purge = 1,
                                          unique = conflict['preserve'])
         except:
             IP.InteractiveTB()
             warn('Problems loading configuration file '+
                  `opts_all.rcfile`+
                  '\nStarting with default -bare bones- configuration.')
     else:
         warn('No valid configuration file found in either currrent directory\n'+
              'or in the IPython config. directory: '+`opts_all.ipythondir`+
              '\nProceeding with internal defaults.')
 
     #------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Set exception handlers in mode requested by user.
     otrap = OutputTrap(trap_out=1)  # trap messages from magic_xmode
     IP.magic_xmode(opts_all.xmode)
     otrap.release_out()
 
     #------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Execute user config
 
     # first, create a valid config structure with the right precedence order:
     # defaults < rcfile < command line.  We make it as a local (IP_rc) to
     # avoid a zillion attribute accesses.  Right before returning, this will
     # be set as IP.rc.
     IP_rc = rc_def.copy()
     IP_rc.update(opts_def)
     if rcfiledata:
         # now we can update 
         IP_rc.update(rcfiledata)
     IP_rc.update(opts)
     IP_rc.update(rc_override)
 
     # Store the original cmd line for reference:
     IP_rc.opts = opts
     IP_rc.args = args
 
     # create a *runtime* Struct like rc for holding parameters which may be
     # created and/or modified by runtime user extensions.
     IP.runtime_rc = Struct()
 
     # from this point on, all config should be handled through IP_rc,
     # opts* shouldn't be used anymore.
 
     # add personal .ipython dir to sys.path so that users can put things in
     # there for customization
     sys.path.append(IP_rc.ipythondir)
     sys.path.insert(0, '') # add . to sys.path. Fix from Prabhu Ramachandran
     
     # update IP_rc with some special things that need manual
     # tweaks. Basically options which affect other options. I guess this
     # should just be written so that options are fully orthogonal and we
     # wouldn't worry about this stuff!
 
     if IP_rc.classic:
         IP_rc.quick = 1
         IP_rc.cache_size = 0
         IP_rc.pprint = 0
         IP_rc.prompt_in1 = '>>> '
         IP_rc.prompt_in2 = '... '
         IP_rc.prompt_out = ''
         IP_rc.separate_in = IP_rc.separate_out = IP_rc.separate_out2 = '0'
         IP_rc.colors = 'NoColor'
         IP_rc.xmode = 'Plain'
 
     # configure readline
     # Define the history file for saving commands in between sessions
     if IP_rc.profile:
         histfname = 'history-%s' % IP_rc.profile
     else:
         histfname = 'history'
     IP.histfile = os.path.join(opts_all.ipythondir,histfname)
 
     # update exception handlers with rc file status
     otrap.trap_out()  # I don't want these messages ever.
     IP.magic_xmode(IP_rc.xmode)
     otrap.release_out()
 
     # activate logging if requested and not reloading a log
     if IP_rc.logplay:
         IP.magic_logstart(IP_rc.logplay + ' append')
     elif  IP_rc.logfile:
         IP.magic_logstart(IP_rc.logfile)
     elif IP_rc.log:
         IP.magic_logstart()
 
     # find user editor so that it we don't have to look it up constantly
     if IP_rc.editor.strip()=='0':
         try:
             ed = os.environ['EDITOR']
         except KeyError:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 ed = 'vi'  # the only one guaranteed to be there!
             else:
                 ed = 'notepad' # same in Windows!
         IP_rc.editor = ed
 
     # Keep track of whether this is an embedded instance or not (useful for
     # post-mortems).
     IP_rc.embedded = IP.embedded
 
     # Recursive reload
     try:
         from IPython import deep_reload
         if IP_rc.deep_reload:
             __builtin__.reload = deep_reload.reload
         else:
             __builtin__.dreload = deep_reload.reload
         del deep_reload
     except ImportError:
         pass
 
     # Save the current state of our namespace so that the interactive shell
     # can later know which variables have been created by us from config files
     # and loading. This way, loading a file (in any way) is treated just like
     # defining things on the command line, and %who works as expected.
 
     # DON'T do anything that affects the namespace beyond this point!
     IP.internal_ns.update(__main__.__dict__)
 
     #IP.internal_ns.update(locals()) # so our stuff doesn't show up in %who
 
     # Now run through the different sections of the users's config
     if IP_rc.debug:
         print 'Trying to execute the following configuration structure:'
         print '(Things listed first are deeper in the inclusion tree and get'
         print 'loaded first).\n'
         pprint(IP_rc.__dict__)
         
     for mod in IP_rc.import_mod:
         try:
             exec 'import '+mod in IP.user_ns
         except :
             IP.InteractiveTB()
             import_fail_info(mod)
 
     for mod_fn in IP_rc.import_some:
         if mod_fn == []: break
         mod,fn = mod_fn[0],','.join(mod_fn[1:])
         try:
             exec 'from '+mod+' import '+fn in IP.user_ns
         except :
             IP.InteractiveTB()
             import_fail_info(mod,fn)
 
     for mod in IP_rc.import_all:
         try:
             exec 'from '+mod+' import *' in IP.user_ns
         except :
             IP.InteractiveTB()
             import_fail_info(mod)
 
     for code in IP_rc.execute:
         try:
             exec code in IP.user_ns
         except:
             IP.InteractiveTB()
             warn('Failure executing code: ' + `code`)
 
     # Execute the files the user wants in ipythonrc
     for file in IP_rc.execfile:
         try:
             file = filefind(file,sys.path+[IPython_dir])
         except IOError:
             warn(itpl('File $file not found. Skipping it.'))
         else:
             IP.safe_execfile(os.path.expanduser(file),IP.user_ns)
 
-    # Load user aliases
-    for alias in IP_rc.alias:
-        IP.magic_alias(alias)
-
     # release stdout and stderr and save config log into a global summary
     msg.config.release_all()
     if IP_rc.messages:
         msg.summary += msg.config.summary_all()
 
     #------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Setup interactive session
 
     # Now we should be fully configured. We can then execute files or load
     # things only needed for interactive use. Then we'll open the shell.
 
     # Take a snapshot of the user namespace before opening the shell. That way
     # we'll be able to identify which things were interactively defined and
     # which were defined through config files.
     IP.user_config_ns = IP.user_ns.copy()
 
     # Force reading a file as if it were a session log. Slower but safer.
     if load_logplay:
         print 'Replaying log...'
         try:
             if IP_rc.debug:
                 logplay_quiet = 0
             else:
                  logplay_quiet = 1
 
             msg.logplay.trap_all()
             IP.safe_execfile(load_logplay,IP.user_ns,
                              islog = 1, quiet = logplay_quiet)
             msg.logplay.release_all()
             if IP_rc.messages:
                 msg.summary += msg.logplay.summary_all()
         except:
             warn('Problems replaying logfile %s.' % load_logplay)
             IP.InteractiveTB()
 
     # Load remaining files in command line
     msg.user_exec.trap_all()
 
     # Do NOT execute files named in the command line as scripts to be loaded
     # by embedded instances.  Doing so has the potential for an infinite
     # recursion if there are exceptions thrown in the process.
 
     # XXX FIXME: the execution of user files should be moved out to after
     # ipython is fully initialized, just as if they were run via %run at the
     # ipython prompt.  This would also give them the benefit of ipython's
     # nice tracebacks.
     
     if not embedded and IP_rc.args:
         name_save = IP.user_ns['__name__']
         IP.user_ns['__name__'] = '__main__'
         try:
             # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
             # directly. This prevents triggering the IPython crash handler.
             old_excepthook,sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, IP.excepthook
             for run in args:
                 IP.safe_execfile(run,IP.user_ns)
         finally:
             # Reset our crash handler in place
             sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
             
         IP.user_ns['__name__'] = name_save
         
     msg.user_exec.release_all()
     if IP_rc.messages:
         msg.summary += msg.user_exec.summary_all()
 
     # since we can't specify a null string on the cmd line, 0 is the equivalent:
     if IP_rc.nosep:
         IP_rc.separate_in = IP_rc.separate_out = IP_rc.separate_out2 = '0'
     if IP_rc.separate_in == '0': IP_rc.separate_in = ''
     if IP_rc.separate_out == '0': IP_rc.separate_out = ''
     if IP_rc.separate_out2 == '0': IP_rc.separate_out2 = ''
     IP_rc.separate_in = IP_rc.separate_in.replace('\\n','\n')
     IP_rc.separate_out = IP_rc.separate_out.replace('\\n','\n')
     IP_rc.separate_out2 = IP_rc.separate_out2.replace('\\n','\n')
 
     # Determine how many lines at the bottom of the screen are needed for
     # showing prompts, so we can know wheter long strings are to be printed or
     # paged:
     num_lines_bot = IP_rc.separate_in.count('\n')+1
     IP_rc.screen_length = IP_rc.screen_length - num_lines_bot
     # Initialize cache, set in/out prompts and printing system
     IP.outputcache = CachedOutput(IP_rc.cache_size,
                                   IP_rc.pprint,
                                   input_sep = IP_rc.separate_in,
                                   output_sep = IP_rc.separate_out,
                                   output_sep2 = IP_rc.separate_out2,
                                   ps1 = IP_rc.prompt_in1,
                                   ps2 = IP_rc.prompt_in2,
                                   ps_out = IP_rc.prompt_out,
                                   user_ns = IP.user_ns,
                                   input_hist = IP.input_hist,
                                   pad_left = IP_rc.prompts_pad_left)
     
     # user may have over-ridden the default print hook:
     try:
         IP.outputcache.__class__.display = IP.hooks.display
     except AttributeError:
         pass
 
     # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
     IP.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = IP_rc.pdb
     
     # I don't like assigning globally to sys, because it means when embedding
     # instances, each embedded instance overrides the previous choice. But
     # sys.displayhook seems to be called internally by exec, so I don't see a
     # way around it.
     sys.displayhook = IP.outputcache
 
     # we need to know globally if we're caching i/o or not
     IP.do_full_cache = IP.outputcache.do_full_cache
     
     # configure startup banner
     if IP_rc.c:  # regular python doesn't print the banner with -c
         IP_rc.banner = 0
     if IP_rc.banner:
         BANN_P = IP.BANNER_PARTS
     else:
         BANN_P = []
 
     if IP_rc.profile: BANN_P.append('IPython profile: %s\n' % IP_rc.profile)
 
     # add message log (possibly empty)
     if msg.summary: BANN_P.append(msg.summary)
     # Final banner is a string
     IP.BANNER = '\n'.join(BANN_P)
 
     # Assign the IP_rc object as an attribute of IP
     IP.rc = IP_rc
 
     # Finalize the IPython instance.  This assumes the rc structure is fully
     # in place.
     IP.post_config_initialization()
 
     return IP
 #************************ end of file <ipmaker.py> **************************