Clean up converted code.

Mistakes spotted by @Carreau

IPython/core/magics/osm.py

@@ -1,740 +1,740 b''
 """Implementation of magic functions for interaction with the OS.
 
 Note: this module is named 'osm' instead of 'os' to avoid a collision with the
 builtin.
 """
 from __future__ import print_function
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (c) 2012 The IPython Development Team.
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Stdlib
 import io
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 from pprint import pformat
 
 # Our own packages
 from IPython.core import magic_arguments
 from IPython.core import oinspect
 from IPython.core import page
 from IPython.core.alias import AliasError, Alias
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.magic import  (
     Magics, compress_dhist, magics_class, line_magic, cell_magic, line_cell_magic
 )
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.openpy import source_to_unicode
 from IPython.utils.path import unquote_filename
 from IPython.utils.process import abbrev_cwd
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import unicode_type
 from IPython.utils.terminal import set_term_title
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Magic implementation classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 @magics_class
 class OSMagics(Magics):
     """Magics to interact with the underlying OS (shell-type functionality).
     """
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def alias(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Define an alias for a system command.
 
         '%alias alias_name cmd' defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd'
 
         Then, typing 'alias_name params' will execute the system command 'cmd
         params' (from your underlying operating system).
 
         Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal
         variables, so if 'foo' is both a Python variable and an alias, the
         alias can not be executed until 'del foo' removes the Python variable.
 
         You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the
         whole line when the alias is called.  For example::
 
           In [2]: alias bracket echo "Input in brackets: <%l>"
           In [3]: bracket hello world
           Input in brackets: <hello world>
 
         You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one
         per parameter)::
 
           In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s
           In [2]: %parts A B
           first A second B
           In [3]: %parts A
           Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.
           parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s'
 
         Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive.  You can only use one or
         the other in your aliases.
 
         Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !!
         do: all expressions prefixed with '$' get expanded.  For details of
         the semantic rules, see PEP-215:
         http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html.  This is the library used by
         IPython for variable expansion.  If you want to access a true shell
         variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by
         IPython::
 
           In [6]: alias show echo
           In [7]: PATH='A Python string'
           In [8]: show $PATH
           A Python string
           In [9]: show $$PATH
           /usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:...
 
         You can use the alias facility to acess all of $PATH.  See the %rehash
         and %rehashx functions, which automatically create aliases for the
         contents of your $PATH.
 
         If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip()
         if not par:
             aliases = sorted(self.shell.alias_manager.aliases)
             # stored = self.shell.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
             # for k, v in stored:
             #     atab.append(k, v[0])
 
             print("Total number of aliases:", len(aliases))
             sys.stdout.flush()
             return aliases
 
         # Now try to define a new one
         try:
             alias,cmd = par.split(None, 1)
         except TypeError:
-            print((oinspect.getdoc(self.alias)))
+            print(oinspect.getdoc(self.alias))
             return
         
         try:
             self.shell.alias_manager.define_alias(alias, cmd)
         except AliasError as e:
             print(e)
     # end magic_alias
 
     @line_magic
     def unalias(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Remove an alias"""
 
         aname = parameter_s.strip()
         try:
             self.shell.alias_manager.undefine_alias(aname)
         except ValueError as e:
             print(e)
             return
         
         stored = self.shell.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
         if aname in stored:
             print("Removing %stored alias",aname)
             del stored[aname]
             self.shell.db['stored_aliases'] = stored
 
     @line_magic
     def rehashx(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
 
         This version explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file
         with execute access (os.X_OK), so it is much slower than %rehash.
 
         Under Windows, it checks executability as a match against a
         '|'-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config
         variable win_exec_ext.  This defaults to 'exe|com|bat'.
 
         This function also resets the root module cache of module completer,
         used on slow filesystems.
         """
         from IPython.core.alias import InvalidAliasError
 
         # for the benefit of module completer in ipy_completers.py
         del self.shell.db['rootmodules_cache']
 
         path = [os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(p)) for p in
             os.environ.get('PATH','').split(os.pathsep)]
         path = filter(os.path.isdir,path)
 
         syscmdlist = []
         # Now define isexec in a cross platform manner.
         if os.name == 'posix':
             isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and \
                      os.access(fname,os.X_OK)
         else:
             try:
                 winext = os.environ['pathext'].replace(';','|').replace('.','')
             except KeyError:
                 winext = 'exe|com|bat|py'
             if 'py' not in winext:
                 winext += '|py'
             execre = re.compile(r'(.*)\.(%s)$' % winext,re.IGNORECASE)
             isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and execre.match(fname)
         savedir = os.getcwdu()
 
         # Now walk the paths looking for executables to alias.
         try:
             # write the whole loop for posix/Windows so we don't have an if in
             # the innermost part
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 for pdir in path:
                     os.chdir(pdir)
                     for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                         if isexec(ff):
                             try:
                                 # Removes dots from the name since ipython
                                 # will assume names with dots to be python.
                                 if not self.shell.alias_manager.is_alias(ff):
                                     self.shell.alias_manager.define_alias(
                                         ff.replace('.',''), ff)
                             except InvalidAliasError:
                                 pass
                             else:
                                 syscmdlist.append(ff)
             else:
                 no_alias = Alias.blacklist
                 for pdir in path:
                     os.chdir(pdir)
                     for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                         base, ext = os.path.splitext(ff)
                         if isexec(ff) and base.lower() not in no_alias:
                             if ext.lower() == '.exe':
                                 ff = base
                                 try:
                                     # Removes dots from the name since ipython
                                     # will assume names with dots to be python.
                                     self.shell.alias_manager.define_alias(
                                         base.lower().replace('.',''), ff)
                                 except InvalidAliasError:
                                     pass
                                 syscmdlist.append(ff)
             self.shell.db['syscmdlist'] = syscmdlist
         finally:
             os.chdir(savedir)
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def pwd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return the current working directory path.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [9]: pwd
           Out[9]: '/home/tsuser/sprint/ipython'
         """
         return os.getcwdu()
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def cd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change the current working directory.
 
         This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories
         you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The
         command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted. You can also
         do 'cd -<tab>' to see directory history conveniently.
 
         Usage:
 
           cd 'dir': changes to directory 'dir'.
 
           cd -: changes to the last visited directory.
 
           cd -<n>: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history.
 
           cd --foo: change to directory that matches 'foo' in history
 
           cd -b <bookmark_name>: jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark
              (note: cd <bookmark_name> is enough if there is no
               directory <bookmark_name>, but a bookmark with the name exists.)
               'cd -b <tab>' allows you to tab-complete bookmark names.
 
         Options:
 
         -q: quiet.  Do not print the working directory after the cd command is
         executed.  By default IPython's cd command does print this directory,
         since the default prompts do not display path information.
 
         Note that !cd doesn't work for this purpose because the shell where
         !command runs is immediately discarded after executing 'command'.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [10]: cd parent/child
           /home/tsuser/parent/child
         """
 
         oldcwd = os.getcwdu()
         numcd = re.match(r'(-)(\d+)$',parameter_s)
         # jump in directory history by number
         if numcd:
             nn = int(numcd.group(2))
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][nn]
             except IndexError:
                 print('The requested directory does not exist in history.')
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
         elif parameter_s.startswith('--'):
             ps = None
             fallback = None
             pat = parameter_s[2:]
             dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
             # first search only by basename (last component)
             for ent in reversed(dh):
                 if pat in os.path.basename(ent) and os.path.isdir(ent):
                     ps = ent
                     break
 
                 if fallback is None and pat in ent and os.path.isdir(ent):
                     fallback = ent
 
             # if we have no last part match, pick the first full path match
             if ps is None:
                 ps = fallback
 
             if ps is None:
                 print("No matching entry in directory history")
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
 
 
         else:
             #turn all non-space-escaping backslashes to slashes,
             # for c:\windows\directory\names\
             parameter_s = re.sub(r'\\(?! )','/', parameter_s)
             opts,ps = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'qb',mode='string')
         # jump to previous
         if ps == '-':
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-2]
             except IndexError:
                 raise UsageError('%cd -: No previous directory to change to.')
         # jump to bookmark if needed
         else:
             if not os.path.isdir(ps) or 'b' in opts:
                 bkms = self.shell.db.get('bookmarks', {})
 
                 if ps in bkms:
                     target = bkms[ps]
                     print('(bookmark:%s) -> %s' % (ps, target))
                     ps = target
                 else:
                     if 'b' in opts:
                         raise UsageError("Bookmark '%s' not found.  "
                               "Use '%%bookmark -l' to see your bookmarks." % ps)
 
         # strip extra quotes on Windows, because os.chdir doesn't like them
         ps = unquote_filename(ps)
         # at this point ps should point to the target dir
         if ps:
             try:
                 os.chdir(os.path.expanduser(ps))
                 if hasattr(self.shell, 'term_title') and self.shell.term_title:
                     set_term_title('IPython: ' + abbrev_cwd())
             except OSError:
                 print(sys.exc_info()[1])
             else:
                 cwd = os.getcwdu()
                 dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
                 if oldcwd != cwd:
                     dhist.append(cwd)
                     self.shell.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
 
         else:
             os.chdir(self.shell.home_dir)
             if hasattr(self.shell, 'term_title') and self.shell.term_title:
                 set_term_title('IPython: ' + '~')
             cwd = os.getcwdu()
             dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
 
             if oldcwd != cwd:
                 dhist.append(cwd)
                 self.shell.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
         if not 'q' in opts and self.shell.user_ns['_dh']:
             print(self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-1])
 
 
     @line_magic
     def env(self, parameter_s=''):
         """List environment variables."""
 
         return dict(os.environ)
 
     @line_magic
     def pushd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
 
         Usage:\\
           %pushd ['dirname']
         """
 
         dir_s = self.shell.dir_stack
         tgt = os.path.expanduser(unquote_filename(parameter_s))
         cwd = os.getcwdu().replace(self.shell.home_dir,'~')
         if tgt:
             self.cd(parameter_s)
         dir_s.insert(0,cwd)
         return self.shell.magic('dirs')
 
     @line_magic
     def popd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
         """
         if not self.shell.dir_stack:
             raise UsageError("%popd on empty stack")
         top = self.shell.dir_stack.pop(0)
         self.cd(top)
         print("popd ->",top)
 
     @line_magic
     def dirs(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return the current directory stack."""
 
         return self.shell.dir_stack
 
     @line_magic
     def dhist(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print your history of visited directories.
 
         %dhist       -> print full history\\
         %dhist n     -> print last n entries only\\
         %dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n2 not included)\\
 
         This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and
         always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd -<n>
         to go to directory number <n>.
 
         Note that most of time, you should view directory history by entering
         cd -<TAB>.
 
         """
 
         dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
         if parameter_s:
             try:
                 args = map(int,parameter_s.split())
             except:
                 self.arg_err(self.dhist)
                 return
             if len(args) == 1:
                 ini,fin = max(len(dh)-(args[0]),0),len(dh)
             elif len(args) == 2:
                 ini,fin = args
                 fin = min(fin, len(dh))
             else:
                 self.arg_err(self.dhist)
                 return
         else:
             ini,fin = 0,len(dh)
         print('Directory history (kept in _dh)')
         for i in range(ini, fin):
             print("%d: %s" % (i, dh[i]))
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def sc(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Shell capture - run shell command and capture output (DEPRECATED use !).
 
         DEPRECATED. Suboptimal, retained for backwards compatibility.
 
         You should use the form 'var = !command' instead. Example:
 
          "%sc -l myfiles = ls ~" should now be written as
 
          "myfiles = !ls ~"
 
         myfiles.s, myfiles.l and myfiles.n still apply as documented
         below.
 
         --
         %sc [options] varname=command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         will then update the user's interactive namespace with a variable
         called varname, containing the value of the call.  Your command can
         contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc.
 
         The '=' sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you
         supply must follow Python's standard conventions for valid names.
 
         (A special format without variable name exists for internal use)
 
         Options:
 
           -l: list output.  Split the output on newlines into a list before
           assigning it to the given variable.  By default the output is stored
           as a single string.
 
           -v: verbose.  Print the contents of the variable.
 
         In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the
         returned value is a special type of string which can automatically
         provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a
         space-separated string.  These are convenient, respectively, either
         for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command.
 
         For example::
 
             # Capture into variable a
             In [1]: sc a=ls *py
 
             # a is a string with embedded newlines
             In [2]: a
             Out[2]: 'setup.py\\nwin32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # which can be seen as a list:
             In [3]: a.l
             Out[3]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             # or as a whitespace-separated string:
             In [4]: a.s
             Out[4]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # a.s is useful to pass as a single command line:
             In [5]: !wc -l $a.s
               146 setup.py
               130 win32_manual_post_install.py
               276 total
 
             # while the list form is useful to loop over:
             In [6]: for f in a.l:
               ...:      !wc -l $f
               ...:
             146 setup.py
             130 win32_manual_post_install.py
 
         Similarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in
         the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to
         automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents::
 
             In [7]: sc -l b=ls *py
 
             In [8]: b
             Out[8]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             In [9]: b.s
             Out[9]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
         In summary, both the lists and strings used for output capture have
         the following special attributes::
 
             .l (or .list) : value as list.
             .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
             .s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string.
         """
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'lv')
         # Try to get a variable name and command to run
         try:
             # the variable name must be obtained from the parse_options
             # output, which uses shlex.split to strip options out.
             var,_ = args.split('=', 1)
             var = var.strip()
             # But the command has to be extracted from the original input
             # parameter_s, not on what parse_options returns, to avoid the
             # quote stripping which shlex.split performs on it.
             _,cmd = parameter_s.split('=', 1)
         except ValueError:
             var,cmd = '',''
         # If all looks ok, proceed
         split = 'l' in opts
         out = self.shell.getoutput(cmd, split=split)
         if 'v' in opts:
             print('%s ==\n%s' % (var, pformat(out)))
         if var:
             self.shell.user_ns.update({var:out})
         else:
             return out
 
     @line_cell_magic
     def sx(self, line='', cell=None):
         """Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
 
         %sx command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         return the result formatted as a list (split on '\\n').  Since the
         output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython's regular output
         cache Out[N] and in the '_N' automatic variables.
 
         Notes:
 
         1) If an input line begins with '!!', then %sx is automatically
         invoked.  That is, while::
 
           !ls
 
         causes ipython to simply issue system('ls'), typing::
 
           !!ls
 
         is a shorthand equivalent to::
 
           %sx ls
 
         2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
         like '%sc -l'.  The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
         to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
         %sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
         typing.
 
         3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:
         ::
 
           .l (or .list) : value as list.
           .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
           .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
 
         This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
         system commands."""
         
         if cell is None:
             # line magic
             return self.shell.getoutput(line)
         else:
             opts,args = self.parse_options(line, '', 'out=')
             output = self.shell.getoutput(cell)
             out_name = opts.get('out', opts.get('o'))
             if out_name:
                 self.shell.user_ns[out_name] = output
             else:
                 return output
 
     system = line_cell_magic('system')(sx)
     bang = cell_magic('!')(sx)
 
     @line_magic
     def bookmark(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Manage IPython's bookmark system.
 
         %bookmark <name>       - set bookmark to current dir
         %bookmark <name> <dir> - set bookmark to <dir>
         %bookmark -l           - list all bookmarks
         %bookmark -d <name>    - remove bookmark
         %bookmark -r           - remove all bookmarks
 
         You can later on access a bookmarked folder with::
 
           %cd -b <name>
 
         or simply '%cd <name>' if there is no directory called <name> AND
         there is such a bookmark defined.
 
         Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are
         associated with each profile."""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'drl',mode='list')
         if len(args) > 2:
             raise UsageError("%bookmark: too many arguments")
 
         bkms = self.shell.db.get('bookmarks',{})
 
         if 'd' in opts:
             try:
                 todel = args[0]
             except IndexError:
                 raise UsageError(
                     "%bookmark -d: must provide a bookmark to delete")
             else:
                 try:
                     del bkms[todel]
                 except KeyError:
                     raise UsageError(
                         "%%bookmark -d: Can't delete bookmark '%s'" % todel)
 
         elif 'r' in opts:
             bkms = {}
         elif 'l' in opts:
             bks = bkms.keys()
             bks.sort()
             if bks:
                 size = max(map(len, bks))
             else:
                 size = 0
             fmt = '%-'+str(size)+'s -> %s'
             print('Current bookmarks:')
             for bk in bks:
                 print(fmt % (bk, bkms[bk]))
         else:
             if not args:
                 raise UsageError("%bookmark: You must specify the bookmark name")
             elif len(args)==1:
                 bkms[args[0]] = os.getcwdu()
             elif len(args)==2:
                 bkms[args[0]] = args[1]
         self.shell.db['bookmarks'] = bkms
 
     @line_magic
     def pycat(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
 
         This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file
         to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting.
 
         This magic command can either take a local filename, an url,
         an history range (see %history) or a macro as argument ::
 
         %pycat myscript.py
         %pycat 7-27
         %pycat myMacro
         %pycat http://www.example.com/myscript.py
         """
         if not parameter_s:
             raise UsageError('Missing filename, URL, input history range, '
                              'or macro.')
 
         try :
             cont = self.shell.find_user_code(parameter_s, skip_encoding_cookie=False)
         except (ValueError, IOError):
             print("Error: no such file, variable, URL, history range or macro")
             return
 
         page.page(self.shell.pycolorize(source_to_unicode(cont)))
 
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         '-a', '--append', action='store_true', default=False,
         help='Append contents of the cell to an existing file. '
              'The file will be created if it does not exist.'
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         'filename', type=unicode_type,
         help='file to write'
     )
     @cell_magic
     def writefile(self, line, cell):
         """Write the contents of the cell to a file.
         
         The file will be overwritten unless the -a (--append) flag is specified.
         """
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.writefile, line)
         filename = os.path.expanduser(unquote_filename(args.filename))
         
         if os.path.exists(filename):
             if args.append:
                 print("Appending to %s" % filename)
             else:
                 print("Overwriting %s" % filename)
         else:
             print("Writing %s" % filename)
         
         mode = 'a' if args.append else 'w'
         with io.open(filename, mode, encoding='utf-8') as f:
             f.write(cell)

IPython/core/magics/pylab.py

@@ -1,144 +1,143 b''
 """Implementation of magic functions for matplotlib/pylab support.
 """
 from __future__ import print_function
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (c) 2012 The IPython Development Team.
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Our own packages
 from IPython.config.application import Application
 from IPython.core import magic_arguments
 from IPython.core.magic import Magics, magics_class, line_magic
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.warn import warn
 from IPython.core.pylabtools import backends
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Magic implementation classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 magic_gui_arg = magic_arguments.argument(
         'gui', nargs='?',
         help="""Name of the matplotlib backend to use %s.
         If given, the corresponding matplotlib backend is used,
         otherwise it will be matplotlib's default
         (which you can set in your matplotlib config file).
         """ % str(tuple(sorted(backends.keys())))
 )
 
 
 @magics_class
 class PylabMagics(Magics):
     """Magics related to matplotlib's pylab support"""
     
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_gui_arg
     def matplotlib(self, line=''):
         """Set up matplotlib to work interactively.
         
         This function lets you activate matplotlib interactive support
         at any point during an IPython session.
         It does not import anything into the interactive namespace.
         
         If you are using the inline matplotlib backend for embedded figures,
         you can adjust its behavior via the %config magic::
 
             # enable SVG figures, necessary for SVG+XHTML export in the qtconsole
             In [1]: %config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
 
             # change the behavior of closing all figures at the end of each
             # execution (cell), or allowing reuse of active figures across
             # cells:
             In [2]: %config InlineBackend.close_figures = False
 
         Examples
         --------
         In this case, where the MPL default is TkAgg::
 
             In [2]: %matplotlib
             Using matplotlib backend: TkAgg
 
         But you can explicitly request a different backend::
 
             In [3]: %matplotlib qt
         """
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.matplotlib, line)
         gui, backend = self.shell.enable_matplotlib(args.gui)
         self._show_matplotlib_backend(args.gui, backend)
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument(
         '--no-import-all', action='store_true', default=None,
         help="""Prevent IPython from performing ``import *`` into the interactive namespace.
         
         You can govern the default behavior of this flag with the
         InteractiveShellApp.pylab_import_all configurable.
         """
     )
     @magic_gui_arg
     def pylab(self, line=''):
         """Load numpy and matplotlib to work interactively.
 
         This function lets you activate pylab (matplotlib, numpy and
         interactive support) at any point during an IPython session.
         
         %pylab makes the following imports::
         
             import numpy
             import matplotlib
             from matplotlib import pylab, mlab, pyplot
             np = numpy
             plt = pyplot
             
             from IPython.display import display
             from IPython.core.pylabtools import figsize, getfigs
             
             from pylab import *
             from numpy import *
 
         If you pass `--no-import-all`, the last two `*` imports will be excluded.
         
         See the %matplotlib magic for more details about activating matplotlib
         without affecting the interactive namespace.
         """
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.pylab, line)
         if args.no_import_all is None:
             # get default from Application
             if Application.initialized():
                 app = Application.instance()
                 try:
                     import_all = app.pylab_import_all
                 except AttributeError:
                     import_all = True
             else:
                 # nothing specified, no app - default True
                 import_all = True
         else:
             # invert no-import flag
             import_all = not args.no_import_all
 
         gui, backend, clobbered = self.shell.enable_pylab(args.gui, import_all=import_all)
         self._show_matplotlib_backend(args.gui, backend)
         print ("Populating the interactive namespace from numpy and matplotlib")
         if clobbered:
             warn("pylab import has clobbered these variables: %s"  % clobbered +
             "\n`%pylab --no-import-all` prevents importing * from pylab and numpy"
             )
     
     def _show_matplotlib_backend(self, gui, backend):
         """show matplotlib message backend message"""
         if not gui or gui == 'auto':
-            print(("Using matplotlib backend: %s" % backend))
-    
+            print("Using matplotlib backend: %s" % backend)

IPython/core/pylabtools.py

@@ -1,340 +1,340 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Pylab (matplotlib) support utilities.
 
 Authors
 -------
 
 * Fernando Perez.
 * Brian Granger
 """
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2009  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import sys
 from io import BytesIO
 
 from IPython.core.display import _pngxy
 from IPython.utils.decorators import flag_calls
 
 # If user specifies a GUI, that dictates the backend, otherwise we read the
 # user's mpl default from the mpl rc structure
 backends = {'tk': 'TkAgg',
             'gtk': 'GTKAgg',
             'wx': 'WXAgg',
             'qt': 'Qt4Agg', # qt3 not supported
             'qt4': 'Qt4Agg',
             'osx': 'MacOSX',
             'inline' : 'module://IPython.kernel.zmq.pylab.backend_inline'}
 
 # We also need a reverse backends2guis mapping that will properly choose which
 # GUI support to activate based on the desired matplotlib backend.  For the
 # most part it's just a reverse of the above dict, but we also need to add a
 # few others that map to the same GUI manually:
 backend2gui = dict(zip(backends.values(), backends.keys()))
 # Our tests expect backend2gui to just return 'qt'
 backend2gui['Qt4Agg'] = 'qt'
 # In the reverse mapping, there are a few extra valid matplotlib backends that
 # map to the same GUI support
 backend2gui['GTK'] = backend2gui['GTKCairo'] = 'gtk'
 backend2gui['WX'] = 'wx'
 backend2gui['CocoaAgg'] = 'osx'
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Matplotlib utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def getfigs(*fig_nums):
     """Get a list of matplotlib figures by figure numbers.
 
     If no arguments are given, all available figures are returned.  If the
     argument list contains references to invalid figures, a warning is printed
     but the function continues pasting further figures.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     figs : tuple
         A tuple of ints giving the figure numbers of the figures to return.
     """
     from matplotlib._pylab_helpers import Gcf
     if not fig_nums:
         fig_managers = Gcf.get_all_fig_managers()
         return [fm.canvas.figure for fm in fig_managers]
     else:
         figs = []
         for num in fig_nums:
             f = Gcf.figs.get(num)
             if f is None:
-                print(('Warning: figure %s not available.' % num))
+                print('Warning: figure %s not available.' % num)
             else:
                 figs.append(f.canvas.figure)
         return figs
 
 
 def figsize(sizex, sizey):
     """Set the default figure size to be [sizex, sizey].
 
     This is just an easy to remember, convenience wrapper that sets::
 
       matplotlib.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = [sizex, sizey]
     """
     import matplotlib
     matplotlib.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = [sizex, sizey]
 
 
 def print_figure(fig, fmt='png'):
     """Convert a figure to svg or png for inline display."""
     from matplotlib import rcParams
     # When there's an empty figure, we shouldn't return anything, otherwise we
     # get big blank areas in the qt console.
     if not fig.axes and not fig.lines:
         return
 
     fc = fig.get_facecolor()
     ec = fig.get_edgecolor()
     bytes_io = BytesIO()
     dpi = rcParams['savefig.dpi']
     if fmt == 'retina':
         dpi = dpi * 2
         fmt = 'png'
     fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, format=fmt, bbox_inches='tight',
                             facecolor=fc, edgecolor=ec, dpi=dpi)
     data = bytes_io.getvalue()
     return data
     
 def retina_figure(fig):
     """format a figure as a pixel-doubled (retina) PNG"""
     pngdata = print_figure(fig, fmt='retina')
     w, h = _pngxy(pngdata)
     metadata = dict(width=w//2, height=h//2)
     return pngdata, metadata
 
 # We need a little factory function here to create the closure where
 # safe_execfile can live.
 def mpl_runner(safe_execfile):
     """Factory to return a matplotlib-enabled runner for %run.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     safe_execfile : function
       This must be a function with the same interface as the
       :meth:`safe_execfile` method of IPython.
 
     Returns
     -------
     A function suitable for use as the ``runner`` argument of the %run magic
     function.
     """
     
     def mpl_execfile(fname,*where,**kw):
         """matplotlib-aware wrapper around safe_execfile.
 
         Its interface is identical to that of the :func:`execfile` builtin.
 
         This is ultimately a call to execfile(), but wrapped in safeties to
         properly handle interactive rendering."""
 
         import matplotlib
         import matplotlib.pylab as pylab
 
         #print '*** Matplotlib runner ***' # dbg
         # turn off rendering until end of script
         is_interactive = matplotlib.rcParams['interactive']
         matplotlib.interactive(False)
         safe_execfile(fname,*where,**kw)
         matplotlib.interactive(is_interactive)
         # make rendering call now, if the user tried to do it
         if pylab.draw_if_interactive.called:
             pylab.draw()
             pylab.draw_if_interactive.called = False
 
     return mpl_execfile
 
 
 def select_figure_format(shell, fmt):
     """Select figure format for inline backend, can be 'png', 'retina', or 'svg'.
 
     Using this method ensures only one figure format is active at a time.
     """
     from matplotlib.figure import Figure
     from IPython.kernel.zmq.pylab import backend_inline
 
     svg_formatter = shell.display_formatter.formatters['image/svg+xml']
     png_formatter = shell.display_formatter.formatters['image/png']
 
     if fmt == 'png':
         svg_formatter.type_printers.pop(Figure, None)
         png_formatter.for_type(Figure, lambda fig: print_figure(fig, 'png'))
     elif fmt in ('png2x', 'retina'):
         svg_formatter.type_printers.pop(Figure, None)
         png_formatter.for_type(Figure, retina_figure)
     elif fmt == 'svg':
         png_formatter.type_printers.pop(Figure, None)
         svg_formatter.for_type(Figure, lambda fig: print_figure(fig, 'svg'))
     else:
         raise ValueError("supported formats are: 'png', 'retina', 'svg', not %r" % fmt)
 
     # set the format to be used in the backend()
     backend_inline._figure_format = fmt
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Code for initializing matplotlib and importing pylab
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def find_gui_and_backend(gui=None, gui_select=None):
     """Given a gui string return the gui and mpl backend.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     gui : str
         Can be one of ('tk','gtk','wx','qt','qt4','inline').
     gui_select : str
         Can be one of ('tk','gtk','wx','qt','qt4','inline').
         This is any gui already selected by the shell.
 
     Returns
     -------
     A tuple of (gui, backend) where backend is one of ('TkAgg','GTKAgg',
     'WXAgg','Qt4Agg','module://IPython.kernel.zmq.pylab.backend_inline').
     """
 
     import matplotlib
 
     if gui and gui != 'auto':
         # select backend based on requested gui
         backend = backends[gui]
     else:
         # We need to read the backend from the original data structure, *not*
         # from mpl.rcParams, since a prior invocation of %matplotlib may have
         # overwritten that.
         # WARNING: this assumes matplotlib 1.1 or newer!!
         backend = matplotlib.rcParamsOrig['backend']
         # In this case, we need to find what the appropriate gui selection call
         # should be for IPython, so we can activate inputhook accordingly
         gui = backend2gui.get(backend, None)
 
         # If we have already had a gui active, we need it and inline are the
         # ones allowed.
         if gui_select and gui != gui_select:
             gui = gui_select
             backend = backends[gui]
 
     return gui, backend
 
 
 def activate_matplotlib(backend):
     """Activate the given backend and set interactive to True."""
 
     import matplotlib
     matplotlib.interactive(True)
     
     # Matplotlib had a bug where even switch_backend could not force
     # the rcParam to update. This needs to be set *before* the module
     # magic of switch_backend().
     matplotlib.rcParams['backend'] = backend
 
     import matplotlib.pyplot
     matplotlib.pyplot.switch_backend(backend)
 
     # This must be imported last in the matplotlib series, after
     # backend/interactivity choices have been made
     import matplotlib.pylab as pylab
 
     pylab.show._needmain = False
     # We need to detect at runtime whether show() is called by the user.
     # For this, we wrap it into a decorator which adds a 'called' flag.
     pylab.draw_if_interactive = flag_calls(pylab.draw_if_interactive)
 
 
 def import_pylab(user_ns, import_all=True):
     """Populate the namespace with pylab-related values.
     
     Imports matplotlib, pylab, numpy, and everything from pylab and numpy.
     
     Also imports a few names from IPython (figsize, display, getfigs)
     
     """
 
     # Import numpy as np/pyplot as plt are conventions we're trying to
     # somewhat standardize on.  Making them available to users by default
     # will greatly help this.
     s = ("import numpy\n"
           "import matplotlib\n"
           "from matplotlib import pylab, mlab, pyplot\n"
           "np = numpy\n"
           "plt = pyplot\n"
           )
     exec(s, user_ns)
     
     if import_all:
         s = ("from matplotlib.pylab import *\n"
              "from numpy import *\n")
         exec(s, user_ns)
     
     # IPython symbols to add
     user_ns['figsize'] = figsize
     from IPython.core.display import display
     # Add display and getfigs to the user's namespace
     user_ns['display'] = display
     user_ns['getfigs'] = getfigs
 
 
 def configure_inline_support(shell, backend):
     """Configure an IPython shell object for matplotlib use.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     shell : InteractiveShell instance
 
     backend : matplotlib backend
     """
     # If using our svg payload backend, register the post-execution
     # function that will pick up the results for display.  This can only be
     # done with access to the real shell object.
 
     # Note: if we can't load the inline backend, then there's no point
     # continuing (such as in terminal-only shells in environments without
     # zeromq available).
     try:
         from IPython.kernel.zmq.pylab.backend_inline import InlineBackend
     except ImportError:
         return
     from matplotlib import pyplot
 
     cfg = InlineBackend.instance(parent=shell)
     cfg.shell = shell
     if cfg not in shell.configurables:
         shell.configurables.append(cfg)
 
     if backend == backends['inline']:
         from IPython.kernel.zmq.pylab.backend_inline import flush_figures
         shell.register_post_execute(flush_figures)
 
         # Save rcParams that will be overwrittern
         shell._saved_rcParams = dict()
         for k in cfg.rc:
             shell._saved_rcParams[k] = pyplot.rcParams[k]
         # load inline_rc
         pyplot.rcParams.update(cfg.rc)
     else:
         from IPython.kernel.zmq.pylab.backend_inline import flush_figures
         if flush_figures in shell._post_execute:
             shell._post_execute.pop(flush_figures)
         if hasattr(shell, '_saved_rcParams'):
             pyplot.rcParams.update(shell._saved_rcParams)
             del shell._saved_rcParams
 
     # Setup the default figure format
     select_figure_format(shell, cfg.figure_format)
 

IPython/core/shellapp.py

@@ -1,410 +1,410 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 A mixin for :class:`~IPython.core.application.Application` classes that
 launch InteractiveShell instances, load extensions, etc.
 
 Authors
 -------
 
 * Min Ragan-Kelley
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 import glob
 import os
 import sys
 
 from IPython.config.application import boolean_flag
 from IPython.config.configurable import Configurable
 from IPython.config.loader import Config
 from IPython.core import pylabtools
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
 from IPython.utils.contexts import preserve_keys
 from IPython.utils.path import filefind
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (
     Unicode, Instance, List, Bool, CaselessStrEnum, Dict
 )
 from IPython.lib.inputhook import guis
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Aliases and Flags
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 gui_keys = tuple(sorted([ key for key in guis if key is not None ]))
 
 backend_keys = sorted(pylabtools.backends.keys())
 backend_keys.insert(0, 'auto')
 
 shell_flags = {}
 
 addflag = lambda *args: shell_flags.update(boolean_flag(*args))
 addflag('autoindent', 'InteractiveShell.autoindent',
         'Turn on autoindenting.', 'Turn off autoindenting.'
 )
 addflag('automagic', 'InteractiveShell.automagic',
         """Turn on the auto calling of magic commands. Type %%magic at the
         IPython  prompt  for  more information.""",
         'Turn off the auto calling of magic commands.'
 )
 addflag('pdb', 'InteractiveShell.pdb',
     "Enable auto calling the pdb debugger after every exception.",
     "Disable auto calling the pdb debugger after every exception."
 )
 # pydb flag doesn't do any config, as core.debugger switches on import,
 # which is before parsing.  This just allows the flag to be passed.
 shell_flags.update(dict(
     pydb = ({},
         """Use the third party 'pydb' package as debugger, instead of pdb.
         Requires that pydb is installed."""
     )
 ))
 addflag('pprint', 'PlainTextFormatter.pprint',
     "Enable auto pretty printing of results.",
     "Disable auto pretty printing of results."
 )
 addflag('color-info', 'InteractiveShell.color_info',
     """IPython can display information about objects via a set of func-
     tions, and optionally can use colors for this, syntax highlighting
     source code and various other elements.  However, because this
     information is passed through a pager (like 'less') and many pagers get
     confused with color codes, this option is off by default.  You can test
     it and turn it on permanently in your ipython_config.py file if it
     works for you.  Test it and turn it on permanently if it works with
     your system.  The magic function %%color_info allows you to toggle this
     interactively for testing.""",
     "Disable using colors for info related things."
 )
 addflag('deep-reload', 'InteractiveShell.deep_reload',
     """Enable deep (recursive) reloading by default. IPython can use the
     deep_reload module which reloads changes in modules recursively (it
     replaces the reload() function, so you don't need to change anything to
     use it). deep_reload() forces a full reload of modules whose code may
     have changed, which the default reload() function does not.  When
     deep_reload is off, IPython will use the normal reload(), but
     deep_reload will still be available as dreload(). This feature is off
     by default [which means that you have both normal reload() and
     dreload()].""",
     "Disable deep (recursive) reloading by default."
 )
 nosep_config = Config()
 nosep_config.InteractiveShell.separate_in = ''
 nosep_config.InteractiveShell.separate_out = ''
 nosep_config.InteractiveShell.separate_out2 = ''
 
 shell_flags['nosep']=(nosep_config, "Eliminate all spacing between prompts.")
 shell_flags['pylab'] = (
     {'InteractiveShellApp' : {'pylab' : 'auto'}},
     """Pre-load matplotlib and numpy for interactive use with
     the default matplotlib backend."""
 )
 shell_flags['matplotlib'] = (
     {'InteractiveShellApp' : {'matplotlib' : 'auto'}},
     """Configure matplotlib for interactive use with
     the default matplotlib backend."""
 )
 
 # it's possible we don't want short aliases for *all* of these:
 shell_aliases = dict(
     autocall='InteractiveShell.autocall',
     colors='InteractiveShell.colors',
     logfile='InteractiveShell.logfile',
     logappend='InteractiveShell.logappend',
     c='InteractiveShellApp.code_to_run',
     m='InteractiveShellApp.module_to_run',
     ext='InteractiveShellApp.extra_extension',
     gui='InteractiveShellApp.gui',
     pylab='InteractiveShellApp.pylab',
     matplotlib='InteractiveShellApp.matplotlib',
 )
 shell_aliases['cache-size'] = 'InteractiveShell.cache_size'
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main classes and functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class InteractiveShellApp(Configurable):
     """A Mixin for applications that start InteractiveShell instances.
     
     Provides configurables for loading extensions and executing files
     as part of configuring a Shell environment.
 
     The following methods should be called by the :meth:`initialize` method
     of the subclass:
 
       - :meth:`init_path`
       - :meth:`init_shell` (to be implemented by the subclass)
       - :meth:`init_gui_pylab`
       - :meth:`init_extensions`
       - :meth:`init_code`
     """
     extensions = List(Unicode, config=True,
         help="A list of dotted module names of IPython extensions to load."
     )
     extra_extension = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="dotted module name of an IPython extension to load."
     )
     def _extra_extension_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if new:
             # add to self.extensions
             self.extensions.append(new)
     
     # Extensions that are always loaded (not configurable)
     default_extensions = List(Unicode, [u'storemagic'], config=False)
 
     exec_files = List(Unicode, config=True,
         help="""List of files to run at IPython startup."""
     )
     file_to_run = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="""A file to be run""")
 
     exec_lines = List(Unicode, config=True,
         help="""lines of code to run at IPython startup."""
     )
     code_to_run = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="Execute the given command string."
     )
     module_to_run = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="Run the module as a script."
     )
     gui = CaselessStrEnum(gui_keys, config=True,
         help="Enable GUI event loop integration with any of {0}.".format(gui_keys)
     )
     matplotlib = CaselessStrEnum(backend_keys,
         config=True,
         help="""Configure matplotlib for interactive use with
         the default matplotlib backend."""
     )
     pylab = CaselessStrEnum(backend_keys,
         config=True,
         help="""Pre-load matplotlib and numpy for interactive use,
         selecting a particular matplotlib backend and loop integration.
         """
     )
     pylab_import_all = Bool(True, config=True,
         help="""If true, IPython will populate the user namespace with numpy, pylab, etc.
         and an 'import *' is done from numpy and pylab, when using pylab mode.
         
         When False, pylab mode should not import any names into the user namespace.
         """
     )
     shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC')
     
     user_ns = Instance(dict, args=None, allow_none=True)
     def _user_ns_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if self.shell is not None:
             self.shell.user_ns = new
             self.shell.init_user_ns()
 
     def init_path(self):
         """Add current working directory, '', to sys.path"""
         if sys.path[0] != '':
             sys.path.insert(0, '')
 
     def init_shell(self):
         raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclasses")
 
     def init_gui_pylab(self):
         """Enable GUI event loop integration, taking pylab into account."""
         enable = False
         shell = self.shell
         if self.pylab:
             enable = lambda key: shell.enable_pylab(key, import_all=self.pylab_import_all)
             key = self.pylab
         elif self.matplotlib:
             enable = shell.enable_matplotlib
             key = self.matplotlib
         elif self.gui:
             enable = shell.enable_gui
             key = self.gui
         
         if not enable:
             return
         
         try:
             r = enable(key)
         except ImportError:
             self.log.warn("Eventloop or matplotlib integration failed. Is matplotlib installed?")
             self.shell.showtraceback()
             return
         except Exception:
             self.log.warn("GUI event loop or pylab initialization failed")
             self.shell.showtraceback()
             return
             
         if isinstance(r, tuple):
             gui, backend = r[:2]
             self.log.info("Enabling GUI event loop integration, "
                       "eventloop=%s, matplotlib=%s", gui, backend)
             if key == "auto":
-                print(("Using matplotlib backend: %s" % backend))
+                print("Using matplotlib backend: %s" % backend)
         else:
             gui = r
             self.log.info("Enabling GUI event loop integration, "
                       "eventloop=%s", gui)
 
     def init_extensions(self):
         """Load all IPython extensions in IPythonApp.extensions.
 
         This uses the :meth:`ExtensionManager.load_extensions` to load all
         the extensions listed in ``self.extensions``.
         """
         try:
             self.log.debug("Loading IPython extensions...")
             extensions = self.default_extensions + self.extensions
             for ext in extensions:
                 try:
                     self.log.info("Loading IPython extension: %s" % ext)
                     self.shell.extension_manager.load_extension(ext)
                 except:
                     self.log.warn("Error in loading extension: %s" % ext +
                         "\nCheck your config files in %s" % self.profile_dir.location
                     )
                     self.shell.showtraceback()
         except:
             self.log.warn("Unknown error in loading extensions:")
             self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     def init_code(self):
         """run the pre-flight code, specified via exec_lines"""
         self._run_startup_files()
         self._run_exec_lines()
         self._run_exec_files()
         self._run_cmd_line_code()
         self._run_module()
         
         # flush output, so itwon't be attached to the first cell
         sys.stdout.flush()
         sys.stderr.flush()
         
         # Hide variables defined here from %who etc.
         self.shell.user_ns_hidden.update(self.shell.user_ns)
 
     def _run_exec_lines(self):
         """Run lines of code in IPythonApp.exec_lines in the user's namespace."""
         if not self.exec_lines:
             return
         try:
             self.log.debug("Running code from IPythonApp.exec_lines...")
             for line in self.exec_lines:
                 try:
                     self.log.info("Running code in user namespace: %s" %
                                   line)
                     self.shell.run_cell(line, store_history=False)
                 except:
                     self.log.warn("Error in executing line in user "
                                   "namespace: %s" % line)
                     self.shell.showtraceback()
         except:
             self.log.warn("Unknown error in handling IPythonApp.exec_lines:")
             self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     def _exec_file(self, fname):
         try:
             full_filename = filefind(fname, [u'.', self.ipython_dir])
         except IOError as e:
             self.log.warn("File not found: %r"%fname)
             return
         # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it
         # were run from a system shell.
         save_argv = sys.argv
         sys.argv = [full_filename] + self.extra_args[1:]
         # protect sys.argv from potential unicode strings on Python 2:
         if not py3compat.PY3:
             sys.argv = [ py3compat.cast_bytes(a) for a in sys.argv ]
         try:
             if os.path.isfile(full_filename):
                 self.log.info("Running file in user namespace: %s" %
                               full_filename)
                 # Ensure that __file__ is always defined to match Python
                 # behavior.
                 with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'):
                     self.shell.user_ns['__file__'] = fname
                     if full_filename.endswith('.ipy'):
                         self.shell.safe_execfile_ipy(full_filename)
                     else:
                         # default to python, even without extension
                         self.shell.safe_execfile(full_filename,
                                                  self.shell.user_ns)
         finally:
             sys.argv = save_argv
 
     def _run_startup_files(self):
         """Run files from profile startup directory"""
         startup_dir = self.profile_dir.startup_dir
         startup_files = []
         if os.environ.get('PYTHONSTARTUP', False):
             startup_files.append(os.environ['PYTHONSTARTUP'])
         startup_files += glob.glob(os.path.join(startup_dir, '*.py'))
         startup_files += glob.glob(os.path.join(startup_dir, '*.ipy'))
         if not startup_files:
             return
         
         self.log.debug("Running startup files from %s...", startup_dir)
         try:
             for fname in sorted(startup_files):
                 self._exec_file(fname)
         except:
             self.log.warn("Unknown error in handling startup files:")
             self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     def _run_exec_files(self):
         """Run files from IPythonApp.exec_files"""
         if not self.exec_files:
             return
 
         self.log.debug("Running files in IPythonApp.exec_files...")
         try:
             for fname in self.exec_files:
                 self._exec_file(fname)
         except:
             self.log.warn("Unknown error in handling IPythonApp.exec_files:")
             self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     def _run_cmd_line_code(self):
         """Run code or file specified at the command-line"""
         if self.code_to_run:
             line = self.code_to_run
             try:
                 self.log.info("Running code given at command line (c=): %s" %
                               line)
                 self.shell.run_cell(line, store_history=False)
             except:
                 self.log.warn("Error in executing line in user namespace: %s" %
                               line)
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
 
         # Like Python itself, ignore the second if the first of these is present
         elif self.file_to_run:
             fname = self.file_to_run
             try:
                 self._exec_file(fname)
             except:
                 self.log.warn("Error in executing file in user namespace: %s" %
                               fname)
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     def _run_module(self):
         """Run module specified at the command-line."""
         if self.module_to_run:
             # Make sure that the module gets a proper sys.argv as if it were
             # run using `python -m`.
             save_argv = sys.argv
             sys.argv = [sys.executable] + self.extra_args
             try:
                 self.shell.safe_run_module(self.module_to_run,
                                            self.shell.user_ns)
             finally:
                 sys.argv = save_argv

IPython/extensions/autoreload.py

@@ -1,508 +1,507 b''
 """IPython extension to reload modules before executing user code.
 
 ``autoreload`` reloads modules automatically before entering the execution of
 code typed at the IPython prompt.
 
 This makes for example the following workflow possible:
 
 .. sourcecode:: ipython
 
    In [1]: %load_ext autoreload
 
    In [2]: %autoreload 2
 
    In [3]: from foo import some_function
 
    In [4]: some_function()
    Out[4]: 42
 
    In [5]: # open foo.py in an editor and change some_function to return 43
 
    In [6]: some_function()
    Out[6]: 43
 
 The module was reloaded without reloading it explicitly, and the object
 imported with ``from foo import ...`` was also updated.
 
 Usage
 =====
 
 The following magic commands are provided:
 
 ``%autoreload``
 
     Reload all modules (except those excluded by ``%aimport``)
     automatically now.
 
 ``%autoreload 0``
 
     Disable automatic reloading.
 
 ``%autoreload 1``
 
     Reload all modules imported with ``%aimport`` every time before
     executing the Python code typed.
 
 ``%autoreload 2``
 
     Reload all modules (except those excluded by ``%aimport``) every
     time before executing the Python code typed.
 
 ``%aimport``
 
     List modules which are to be automatically imported or not to be imported.
 
 ``%aimport foo``
 
     Import module 'foo' and mark it to be autoreloaded for ``%autoreload 1``
 
 ``%aimport -foo``
 
     Mark module 'foo' to not be autoreloaded.
 
 Caveats
 =======
 
 Reloading Python modules in a reliable way is in general difficult,
 and unexpected things may occur. ``%autoreload`` tries to work around
 common pitfalls by replacing function code objects and parts of
 classes previously in the module with new versions. This makes the
 following things to work:
 
 - Functions and classes imported via 'from xxx import foo' are upgraded
   to new versions when 'xxx' is reloaded.
 
 - Methods and properties of classes are upgraded on reload, so that
   calling 'c.foo()' on an object 'c' created before the reload causes
   the new code for 'foo' to be executed.
 
 Some of the known remaining caveats are:
 
 - Replacing code objects does not always succeed: changing a @property
   in a class to an ordinary method or a method to a member variable
   can cause problems (but in old objects only).
 
 - Functions that are removed (eg. via monkey-patching) from a module
   before it is reloaded are not upgraded.
 
 - C extension modules cannot be reloaded, and so cannot be autoreloaded.
 """
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 skip_doctest = True
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2000 Thomas Heller
 #  Copyright (C) 2008 Pauli Virtanen <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2012  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #
 # This IPython module is written by Pauli Virtanen, based on the autoreload
 # code by Thomas Heller.
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import sys
 import traceback
 import types
 import weakref
 
 try:
     # Reload is not defined by default in Python3.
     reload
 except NameError:
     from imp import reload
 
 from IPython.utils import openpy
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import PY3
 
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Autoreload functionality
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class ModuleReloader(object):
     enabled = False
     """Whether this reloader is enabled"""
 
     failed = {}
     """Modules that failed to reload: {module: mtime-on-failed-reload, ...}"""
 
     modules = {}
     """Modules specially marked as autoreloadable."""
 
     skip_modules = {}
     """Modules specially marked as not autoreloadable."""
 
     check_all = True
     """Autoreload all modules, not just those listed in 'modules'"""
 
     old_objects = {}
     """(module-name, name) -> weakref, for replacing old code objects"""
 
     def mark_module_skipped(self, module_name):
         """Skip reloading the named module in the future"""
         try:
             del self.modules[module_name]
         except KeyError:
             pass
         self.skip_modules[module_name] = True
 
     def mark_module_reloadable(self, module_name):
         """Reload the named module in the future (if it is imported)"""
         try:
             del self.skip_modules[module_name]
         except KeyError:
             pass
         self.modules[module_name] = True
 
     def aimport_module(self, module_name):
         """Import a module, and mark it reloadable
 
         Returns
         -------
         top_module : module
             The imported module if it is top-level, or the top-level
         top_name : module
             Name of top_module
 
         """
         self.mark_module_reloadable(module_name)
 
         __import__(module_name)
         top_name = module_name.split('.')[0]
         top_module = sys.modules[top_name]
         return top_module, top_name
 
     def check(self, check_all=False):
         """Check whether some modules need to be reloaded."""
 
         if not self.enabled and not check_all:
             return
 
         if check_all or self.check_all:
             modules = list(sys.modules.keys())
         else:
             modules = list(self.modules.keys())
 
         for modname in modules:
             m = sys.modules.get(modname, None)
 
             if modname in self.skip_modules:
                 continue
 
             if not hasattr(m, '__file__'):
                 continue
 
             if m.__name__ == '__main__':
                 # we cannot reload(__main__)
                 continue
 
             filename = m.__file__
             path, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
 
             if ext.lower() == '.py':
                 pyc_filename = openpy.cache_from_source(filename)
                 py_filename = filename
             else:
                 pyc_filename = filename
                 try:
                     py_filename = openpy.source_from_cache(filename)
                 except ValueError:
                     continue
 
             try:
                 pymtime = os.stat(py_filename).st_mtime
                 if pymtime <= os.stat(pyc_filename).st_mtime:
                     continue
                 if self.failed.get(py_filename, None) == pymtime:
                     continue
             except OSError:
                 continue
 
             try:
                 superreload(m, reload, self.old_objects)
                 if py_filename in self.failed:
                     del self.failed[py_filename]
             except:
                 print("[autoreload of %s failed: %s]" % (
                         modname, traceback.format_exc(1)), file=sys.stderr)
                 self.failed[py_filename] = pymtime
 
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # superreload
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 if PY3:
     func_attrs = ['__code__', '__defaults__', '__doc__',
                   '__closure__', '__globals__', '__dict__']
 else:
     func_attrs = ['func_code', 'func_defaults', 'func_doc',
                   'func_closure', 'func_globals', 'func_dict']
 
 
 def update_function(old, new):
     """Upgrade the code object of a function"""
     for name in func_attrs:
         try:
             setattr(old, name, getattr(new, name))
         except (AttributeError, TypeError):
             pass
 
 
 def update_class(old, new):
     """Replace stuff in the __dict__ of a class, and upgrade
     method code objects"""
     for key in list(old.__dict__.keys()):
         old_obj = getattr(old, key)
 
         try:
             new_obj = getattr(new, key)
         except AttributeError:
             # obsolete attribute: remove it
             try:
                 delattr(old, key)
             except (AttributeError, TypeError):
                 pass
             continue
 
         if update_generic(old_obj, new_obj): continue
 
         try:
             setattr(old, key, getattr(new, key))
         except (AttributeError, TypeError):
             pass # skip non-writable attributes
 
 
 def update_property(old, new):
     """Replace get/set/del functions of a property"""
     update_generic(old.fdel, new.fdel)
     update_generic(old.fget, new.fget)
     update_generic(old.fset, new.fset)
 
 
 def isinstance2(a, b, typ):
     return isinstance(a, typ) and isinstance(b, typ)
 
 
 UPDATE_RULES = [
     (lambda a, b: isinstance2(a, b, type),
      update_class),
     (lambda a, b: isinstance2(a, b, types.FunctionType),
      update_function),
     (lambda a, b: isinstance2(a, b, property),
      update_property),
 ]
 
 
 if PY3:
     UPDATE_RULES.extend([(lambda a, b: isinstance2(a, b, types.MethodType),
                           lambda a, b: update_function(a.__func__, b.__func__)),
                         ])
 else:
     UPDATE_RULES.extend([(lambda a, b: isinstance2(a, b, types.ClassType),
                           update_class),
                          (lambda a, b: isinstance2(a, b, types.MethodType),
                           lambda a, b: update_function(a.__func__, b.__func__)),
                         ])
 
 
 def update_generic(a, b):
     for type_check, update in UPDATE_RULES:
         if type_check(a, b):
             update(a, b)
             return True
     return False
 
 
 class StrongRef(object):
     def __init__(self, obj):
         self.obj = obj
     def __call__(self):
         return self.obj
 
 
 def superreload(module, reload=reload, old_objects={}):
     """Enhanced version of the builtin reload function.
 
     superreload remembers objects previously in the module, and
 
     - upgrades the class dictionary of every old class in the module
     - upgrades the code object of every old function and method
     - clears the module's namespace before reloading
 
     """
 
     # collect old objects in the module
     for name, obj in list(module.__dict__.items()):
         if not hasattr(obj, '__module__') or obj.__module__ != module.__name__:
             continue
         key = (module.__name__, name)
         try:
             old_objects.setdefault(key, []).append(weakref.ref(obj))
         except TypeError:
             # weakref doesn't work for all types;
             # create strong references for 'important' cases
             if not PY3 and isinstance(obj, types.ClassType):
                 old_objects.setdefault(key, []).append(StrongRef(obj))
 
     # reload module
     try:
         # clear namespace first from old cruft
         old_dict = module.__dict__.copy()
         old_name = module.__name__
         module.__dict__.clear()
         module.__dict__['__name__'] = old_name
         module.__dict__['__loader__'] = old_dict['__loader__']
     except (TypeError, AttributeError, KeyError):
         pass
 
     try:
         module = reload(module)
     except:
         # restore module dictionary on failed reload
         module.__dict__.update(old_dict)
         raise
 
     # iterate over all objects and update functions & classes
     for name, new_obj in list(module.__dict__.items()):
         key = (module.__name__, name)
         if key not in old_objects: continue
 
         new_refs = []
         for old_ref in old_objects[key]:
             old_obj = old_ref()
             if old_obj is None: continue
             new_refs.append(old_ref)
             update_generic(old_obj, new_obj)
 
         if new_refs:
             old_objects[key] = new_refs
         else:
             del old_objects[key]
 
     return module
 
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # IPython connectivity
 #------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from IPython.core.hooks import TryNext
 from IPython.core.magic import Magics, magics_class, line_magic
 
 @magics_class
 class AutoreloadMagics(Magics):
     def __init__(self, *a, **kw):
         super(AutoreloadMagics, self).__init__(*a, **kw)
         self._reloader = ModuleReloader()
         self._reloader.check_all = False
 
     @line_magic
     def autoreload(self, parameter_s=''):
         r"""%autoreload => Reload modules automatically
 
         %autoreload
         Reload all modules (except those excluded by %aimport) automatically
         now.
 
         %autoreload 0
         Disable automatic reloading.
 
         %autoreload 1
         Reload all modules imported with %aimport every time before executing
         the Python code typed.
 
         %autoreload 2
         Reload all modules (except those excluded by %aimport) every time
         before executing the Python code typed.
 
         Reloading Python modules in a reliable way is in general
         difficult, and unexpected things may occur. %autoreload tries to
         work around common pitfalls by replacing function code objects and
         parts of classes previously in the module with new versions. This
         makes the following things to work:
 
         - Functions and classes imported via 'from xxx import foo' are upgraded
           to new versions when 'xxx' is reloaded.
 
         - Methods and properties of classes are upgraded on reload, so that
           calling 'c.foo()' on an object 'c' created before the reload causes
           the new code for 'foo' to be executed.
 
         Some of the known remaining caveats are:
 
         - Replacing code objects does not always succeed: changing a @property
           in a class to an ordinary method or a method to a member variable
           can cause problems (but in old objects only).
 
         - Functions that are removed (eg. via monkey-patching) from a module
           before it is reloaded are not upgraded.
 
         - C extension modules cannot be reloaded, and so cannot be
           autoreloaded.
 
         """
         if parameter_s == '':
             self._reloader.check(True)
         elif parameter_s == '0':
             self._reloader.enabled = False
         elif parameter_s == '1':
             self._reloader.check_all = False
             self._reloader.enabled = True
         elif parameter_s == '2':
             self._reloader.check_all = True
             self._reloader.enabled = True
 
     @line_magic
     def aimport(self, parameter_s='', stream=None):
         """%aimport => Import modules for automatic reloading.
 
         %aimport
         List modules to automatically import and not to import.
 
         %aimport foo
         Import module 'foo' and mark it to be autoreloaded for %autoreload 1
 
         %aimport -foo
         Mark module 'foo' to not be autoreloaded for %autoreload 1
         """
         modname = parameter_s
         if not modname:
             to_reload = sorted(self._reloader.modules.keys())
             to_skip = sorted(self._reloader.skip_modules.keys())
-            to_skip.sort()
             if stream is None:
                 stream = sys.stdout
             if self._reloader.check_all:
                 stream.write("Modules to reload:\nall-except-skipped\n")
             else:
                 stream.write("Modules to reload:\n%s\n" % ' '.join(to_reload))
             stream.write("\nModules to skip:\n%s\n" % ' '.join(to_skip))
         elif modname.startswith('-'):
             modname = modname[1:]
             self._reloader.mark_module_skipped(modname)
         else:
             top_module, top_name = self._reloader.aimport_module(modname)
 
             # Inject module to user namespace
             self.shell.push({top_name: top_module})
 
     def pre_run_code_hook(self, ip):
         if not self._reloader.enabled:
             raise TryNext
         try:
             self._reloader.check()
         except:
             pass
 
 
 def load_ipython_extension(ip):
     """Load the extension in IPython."""
     auto_reload = AutoreloadMagics(ip)
     ip.register_magics(auto_reload)
     ip.set_hook('pre_run_code_hook', auto_reload.pre_run_code_hook)

IPython/extensions/rmagic.py

@@ -1,695 +1,695 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 ======
 Rmagic
 ======
 
 Magic command interface for interactive work with R via rpy2
 
 .. note::
 
   The ``rpy2`` package needs to be installed separately. It
   can be obtained using ``easy_install`` or ``pip``.
 
   You will also need a working copy of R.
 
 Usage
 =====
 
 To enable the magics below, execute ``%load_ext rmagic``.
 
 ``%R``
 
 {R_DOC}
 
 ``%Rpush``
 
 {RPUSH_DOC}
 
 ``%Rpull``
 
 {RPULL_DOC}
 
 ``%Rget``
 
 {RGET_DOC}
 
 """
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2012 The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import sys
 import tempfile
 from glob import glob
 from shutil import rmtree
 
 # numpy and rpy2 imports
 
 import numpy as np
 
 import rpy2.rinterface as ri
 import rpy2.robjects as ro
 try:
     from rpy2.robjects import pandas2ri
     pandas2ri.activate()
 except ImportError:
     pandas2ri = None
     from rpy2.robjects import numpy2ri
     numpy2ri.activate()
 
 # IPython imports
 
 from IPython.core.displaypub import publish_display_data
 from IPython.core.magic import (Magics, magics_class, line_magic,
                                 line_cell_magic, needs_local_scope)
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.core.magic_arguments import (
     argument, magic_arguments, parse_argstring
 )
 from IPython.external.simplegeneric import generic
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import (str_to_unicode, unicode_to_str, PY3,
                                      unicode_type)
 
 class RInterpreterError(ri.RRuntimeError):
     """An error when running R code in a %%R magic cell."""
     def __init__(self, line, err, stdout):
         self.line = line
         self.err = err.rstrip()
         self.stdout = stdout.rstrip()
     
     def __unicode__(self):
         s = 'Failed to parse and evaluate line %r.\nR error message: %r' % \
                 (self.line, self.err)
         if self.stdout and (self.stdout != self.err):
             s += '\nR stdout:\n' + self.stdout
         return s
     
     if PY3:
         __str__ = __unicode__
     else:
         def __str__(self):
             return unicode_to_str(unicode(self), 'utf-8')
 
 def Rconverter(Robj, dataframe=False):
     """
     Convert an object in R's namespace to one suitable
     for ipython's namespace.
 
     For a data.frame, it tries to return a structured array.
     It first checks for colnames, then names.
     If all are NULL, it returns np.asarray(Robj), else
     it tries to construct a recarray
 
     Parameters
     ----------
 
     Robj: an R object returned from rpy2
     """
     is_data_frame = ro.r('is.data.frame')
     colnames = ro.r('colnames')
     rownames = ro.r('rownames') # with pandas, these could be used for the index
     names = ro.r('names')
 
     if dataframe:
         as_data_frame = ro.r('as.data.frame')
         cols = colnames(Robj)
         _names = names(Robj)
         if cols != ri.NULL:
             Robj = as_data_frame(Robj)
             names = tuple(np.array(cols))
         elif _names != ri.NULL:
             names = tuple(np.array(_names))
         else: # failed to find names
             return np.asarray(Robj)
         Robj = np.rec.fromarrays(Robj, names = names)
     return np.asarray(Robj)
 
 @generic
 def pyconverter(pyobj):
     """Convert Python objects to R objects. Add types using the decorator:
     
     @pyconverter.when_type
     """
     return pyobj
 
 # The default conversion for lists seems to make them a nested list. That has
 # some advantages, but is rarely convenient, so for interactive use, we convert
 # lists to a numpy array, which becomes an R vector.
 @pyconverter.when_type(list)
 def pyconverter_list(pyobj):
     return np.asarray(pyobj)
 
 if pandas2ri is None:
     # pandas2ri was new in rpy2 2.3.3, so for now we'll fallback to pandas'
     # conversion function.
     try:
         from pandas import DataFrame
         from pandas.rpy.common import convert_to_r_dataframe
         @pyconverter.when_type(DataFrame)
         def pyconverter_dataframe(pyobj):
             return convert_to_r_dataframe(pyobj, strings_as_factors=True)
     except ImportError:
         pass
 
 @magics_class
 class RMagics(Magics):
     """A set of magics useful for interactive work with R via rpy2.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, shell, Rconverter=Rconverter,
                  pyconverter=pyconverter,
                  cache_display_data=False):
         """
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         shell : IPython shell
         
         Rconverter : callable
             To be called on values taken from R before putting them in the
             IPython namespace.
 
         pyconverter : callable
             To be called on values in ipython namespace before 
             assigning to variables in rpy2.
 
         cache_display_data : bool
             If True, the published results of the final call to R are 
             cached in the variable 'display_cache'.
 
         """
         super(RMagics, self).__init__(shell)
         self.cache_display_data = cache_display_data
 
         self.r = ro.R()
 
         self.Rstdout_cache = []
         self.pyconverter = pyconverter
         self.Rconverter = Rconverter
 
     def eval(self, line):
         '''
         Parse and evaluate a line of R code with rpy2.
         Returns the output to R's stdout() connection, 
         the value generated by evaluating the code, and a
         boolean indicating whether the return value would be
         visible if the line of code were evaluated in an R REPL.
         
         R Code evaluation and visibility determination are
         done via an R call of the form withVisible({<code>})
         
         '''
         old_writeconsole = ri.get_writeconsole()
         ri.set_writeconsole(self.write_console)
         try:
             res = ro.r("withVisible({%s})" % line)
             value = res[0] #value (R object)
             visible = ro.conversion.ri2py(res[1])[0] #visible (boolean)
         except (ri.RRuntimeError, ValueError) as exception:
             warning_or_other_msg = self.flush() # otherwise next return seems to have copy of error
             raise RInterpreterError(line, str_to_unicode(str(exception)), warning_or_other_msg)
         text_output = self.flush()
         ri.set_writeconsole(old_writeconsole)
         return text_output, value, visible
 
     def write_console(self, output):
         '''
         A hook to capture R's stdout in a cache.
         '''
         self.Rstdout_cache.append(output)
 
     def flush(self):
         '''
         Flush R's stdout cache to a string, returning the string.
         '''
         value = ''.join([str_to_unicode(s, 'utf-8') for s in self.Rstdout_cache])
         self.Rstdout_cache = []
         return value
 
     @skip_doctest
     @needs_local_scope
     @line_magic
     def Rpush(self, line, local_ns=None):
         '''
         A line-level magic for R that pushes
         variables from python to rpy2. The line should be made up
         of whitespace separated variable names in the IPython
         namespace::
 
             In [7]: import numpy as np
 
             In [8]: X = np.array([4.5,6.3,7.9])
 
             In [9]: X.mean()
             Out[9]: 6.2333333333333343
 
             In [10]: %Rpush X
 
             In [11]: %R mean(X)
             Out[11]: array([ 6.23333333])
 
         '''
         if local_ns is None:
             local_ns = {}
 
         inputs = line.split(' ')
         for input in inputs:
             try:
                 val = local_ns[input]
             except KeyError:
                 try:
                     val = self.shell.user_ns[input]
                 except KeyError:
                     # reraise the KeyError as a NameError so that it looks like
                     # the standard python behavior when you use an unnamed
                     # variable
                     raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % input)
 
             self.r.assign(input, self.pyconverter(val))
 
     @skip_doctest
     @magic_arguments()
     @argument(
         '-d', '--as_dataframe', action='store_true',
         default=False,
         help='Convert objects to data.frames before returning to ipython.'
         )
     @argument(
         'outputs',
         nargs='*',
         )
     @line_magic
     def Rpull(self, line):
         '''
         A line-level magic for R that pulls
         variables from python to rpy2::
 
             In [18]: _ = %R x = c(3,4,6.7); y = c(4,6,7); z = c('a',3,4)
 
             In [19]: %Rpull x  y z
 
             In [20]: x
             Out[20]: array([ 3. ,  4. ,  6.7])
 
             In [21]: y
             Out[21]: array([ 4.,  6.,  7.])
 
             In [22]: z
             Out[22]:
             array(['a', '3', '4'],
                   dtype='|S1')
 
 
         If --as_dataframe, then each object is returned as a structured array
         after first passed through "as.data.frame" in R before
         being calling self.Rconverter. 
         This is useful when a structured array is desired as output, or
         when the object in R has mixed data types. 
         See the %%R docstring for more examples.
 
         Notes
         -----
 
         Beware that R names can have '.' so this is not fool proof.
         To avoid this, don't name your R objects with '.'s...
 
         '''
         args = parse_argstring(self.Rpull, line)
         outputs = args.outputs
         for output in outputs:
             self.shell.push({output:self.Rconverter(self.r(output),dataframe=args.as_dataframe)})
 
     @skip_doctest
     @magic_arguments()
     @argument(
         '-d', '--as_dataframe', action='store_true',
         default=False,
         help='Convert objects to data.frames before returning to ipython.'
         )
     @argument(
         'output',
         nargs=1,
         type=str,
         )
     @line_magic
     def Rget(self, line):
         '''
         Return an object from rpy2, possibly as a structured array (if possible).
         Similar to Rpull except only one argument is accepted and the value is 
         returned rather than pushed to self.shell.user_ns::
 
             In [3]: dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<f8'), ('z', '|S1')]
 
             In [4]: datapy = np.array([(1, 2.9, 'a'), (2, 3.5, 'b'), (3, 2.1, 'c'), (4, 5, 'e')], dtype=dtype)
 
             In [5]: %R -i datapy
 
             In [6]: %Rget datapy
             Out[6]: 
             array([['1', '2', '3', '4'],
                    ['2', '3', '2', '5'],
                    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'e']], 
                   dtype='|S1')
 
             In [7]: %Rget -d datapy
             Out[7]: 
             array([(1, 2.9, 'a'), (2, 3.5, 'b'), (3, 2.1, 'c'), (4, 5.0, 'e')], 
                   dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<f8'), ('z', '|S1')])
 
         '''
         args = parse_argstring(self.Rget, line)
         output = args.output
         return self.Rconverter(self.r(output[0]),dataframe=args.as_dataframe)
 
 
     @skip_doctest
     @magic_arguments()
     @argument(
         '-i', '--input', action='append',
         help='Names of input variable from shell.user_ns to be assigned to R variables of the same names after calling self.pyconverter. Multiple names can be passed separated only by commas with no whitespace.'
         )
     @argument(
         '-o', '--output', action='append',
         help='Names of variables to be pushed from rpy2 to shell.user_ns after executing cell body and applying self.Rconverter. Multiple names can be passed separated only by commas with no whitespace.'
         )
     @argument(
         '-w', '--width', type=int,
         help='Width of png plotting device sent as an argument to *png* in R.'
         )
     @argument(
         '-h', '--height', type=int,
         help='Height of png plotting device sent as an argument to *png* in R.'
         )
 
     @argument(
         '-d', '--dataframe', action='append',
         help='Convert these objects to data.frames and return as structured arrays.'
         )
     @argument(
         '-u', '--units', type=unicode_type, choices=["px", "in", "cm", "mm"],
         help='Units of png plotting device sent as an argument to *png* in R. One of ["px", "in", "cm", "mm"].'
         )
     @argument(
         '-r', '--res', type=int,
         help='Resolution of png plotting device sent as an argument to *png* in R. Defaults to 72 if *units* is one of ["in", "cm", "mm"].'
         )
     @argument(
         '-p', '--pointsize', type=int,
         help='Pointsize of png plotting device sent as an argument to *png* in R.'
         )
     @argument(
         '-b', '--bg',
         help='Background of png plotting device sent as an argument to *png* in R.'
         )
     @argument(
         '-n', '--noreturn',
         help='Force the magic to not return anything.',
         action='store_true',
         default=False
         )
     @argument(
         'code',
         nargs='*',
         )
     @needs_local_scope
     @line_cell_magic
     def R(self, line, cell=None, local_ns=None):
         '''
         Execute code in R, and pull some of the results back into the Python namespace.
 
         In line mode, this will evaluate an expression and convert the returned value to a Python object.
         The return value is determined by rpy2's behaviour of returning the result of evaluating the
         final line. 
 
         Multiple R lines can be executed by joining them with semicolons::
 
             In [9]: %R X=c(1,4,5,7); sd(X); mean(X)
             Out[9]: array([ 4.25])
 
         In cell mode, this will run a block of R code. The resulting value
         is printed if it would printed be when evaluating the same code 
         within a standard R REPL.
         
         Nothing is returned to python by default in cell mode::
 
             In [10]: %%R
                ....: Y = c(2,4,3,9)
                ....: summary(lm(Y~X))
 
             Call:
             lm(formula = Y ~ X)
 
             Residuals:
                 1     2     3     4
              0.88 -0.24 -2.28  1.64
 
             Coefficients:
                         Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
             (Intercept)   0.0800     2.3000   0.035    0.975
             X             1.0400     0.4822   2.157    0.164
 
             Residual standard error: 2.088 on 2 degrees of freedom
             Multiple R-squared: 0.6993,Adjusted R-squared: 0.549
             F-statistic: 4.651 on 1 and 2 DF,  p-value: 0.1638
 
         In the notebook, plots are published as the output of the cell::
 
             %R plot(X, Y)
 
         will create a scatter plot of X bs Y.
 
         If cell is not None and line has some R code, it is prepended to
         the R code in cell.
 
         Objects can be passed back and forth between rpy2 and python via the -i -o flags in line::
 
             In [14]: Z = np.array([1,4,5,10])
 
             In [15]: %R -i Z mean(Z)
             Out[15]: array([ 5.])
 
 
             In [16]: %R -o W W=Z*mean(Z)
             Out[16]: array([  5.,  20.,  25.,  50.])
 
             In [17]: W
             Out[17]: array([  5.,  20.,  25.,  50.])
 
         The return value is determined by these rules:
 
         * If the cell is not None, the magic returns None.
 
         * If the cell evaluates as False, the resulting value is returned
           unless the final line prints something to the console, in
           which case None is returned.
 
         * If the final line results in a NULL value when evaluated
           by rpy2, then None is returned.
 
         * No attempt is made to convert the final value to a structured array.
           Use the --dataframe flag or %Rget to push / return a structured array.
 
         * If the -n flag is present, there is no return value.
 
         * A trailing ';' will also result in no return value as the last
           value in the line is an empty string.
 
         The --dataframe argument will attempt to return structured arrays. 
         This is useful for dataframes with
         mixed data types. Note also that for a data.frame, 
         if it is returned as an ndarray, it is transposed::
 
             In [18]: dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<f8'), ('z', '|S1')]
 
             In [19]: datapy = np.array([(1, 2.9, 'a'), (2, 3.5, 'b'), (3, 2.1, 'c'), (4, 5, 'e')], dtype=dtype)
 
             In [20]: %%R -o datar
             datar = datapy
                ....: 
 
             In [21]: datar
             Out[21]: 
             array([['1', '2', '3', '4'],
                    ['2', '3', '2', '5'],
                    ['a', 'b', 'c', 'e']], 
                   dtype='|S1')
 
             In [22]: %%R -d datar
             datar = datapy
                ....: 
 
             In [23]: datar
             Out[23]: 
             array([(1, 2.9, 'a'), (2, 3.5, 'b'), (3, 2.1, 'c'), (4, 5.0, 'e')], 
                   dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<f8'), ('z', '|S1')])
 
         The --dataframe argument first tries colnames, then names.
         If both are NULL, it returns an ndarray (i.e. unstructured)::
 
             In [1]: %R mydata=c(4,6,8.3); NULL
 
             In [2]: %R -d mydata
 
             In [3]: mydata
             Out[3]: array([ 4. ,  6. ,  8.3])
 
             In [4]: %R names(mydata) = c('a','b','c'); NULL
 
             In [5]: %R -d mydata
 
             In [6]: mydata
             Out[6]: 
             array((4.0, 6.0, 8.3), 
                   dtype=[('a', '<f8'), ('b', '<f8'), ('c', '<f8')])
 
             In [7]: %R -o mydata
 
             In [8]: mydata
             Out[8]: array([ 4. ,  6. ,  8.3])
 
         '''
 
         args = parse_argstring(self.R, line)
 
         # arguments 'code' in line are prepended to
         # the cell lines
 
         if cell is None:
             code = ''
             return_output = True
             line_mode = True
         else:
             code = cell
             return_output = False
             line_mode = False
 
         code = ' '.join(args.code) + code
 
         # if there is no local namespace then default to an empty dict
         if local_ns is None:
             local_ns = {}
 
         if args.input:
             for input in ','.join(args.input).split(','):
                 try:
                     val = local_ns[input]
                 except KeyError:
                     try:
                         val = self.shell.user_ns[input]
                     except KeyError:
                         raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % input)
                 self.r.assign(input, self.pyconverter(val))
 
         if getattr(args, 'units') is not None:
             if args.units != "px" and getattr(args, 'res') is None:
                 args.res = 72
             args.units = '"%s"' % args.units
 
         png_argdict = dict([(n, getattr(args, n)) for n in ['units', 'res', 'height', 'width', 'bg', 'pointsize']])
         png_args = ','.join(['%s=%s' % (o,v) for o, v in png_argdict.items() if v is not None])
         # execute the R code in a temporary directory
 
         tmpd = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         self.r('png("%s/Rplots%%03d.png",%s)' % (tmpd.replace('\\', '/'), png_args))
 
         text_output = ''
         try:
             if line_mode:
                 for line in code.split(';'):
                     text_result, result, visible = self.eval(line)
                     text_output += text_result
                 if text_result:
                     # the last line printed something to the console so we won't return it
                     return_output = False
             else:
                 text_result, result, visible = self.eval(code)
                 text_output += text_result
                 if visible:
                     old_writeconsole = ri.get_writeconsole()
                     ri.set_writeconsole(self.write_console) 
                     ro.r.show(result)
                     text_output += self.flush()
                     ri.set_writeconsole(old_writeconsole)
         
         except RInterpreterError as e:
-            print((e.stdout))
+            print(e.stdout)
             if not e.stdout.endswith(e.err):
-                print((e.err))
+                print(e.err)
             rmtree(tmpd)
             return
 
         self.r('dev.off()')
 
         # read out all the saved .png files
 
         images = [open(imgfile, 'rb').read() for imgfile in glob("%s/Rplots*png" % tmpd)]
 
         # now publish the images
         # mimicking IPython/zmq/pylab/backend_inline.py
         fmt = 'png'
         mimetypes = { 'png' : 'image/png', 'svg' : 'image/svg+xml' }
         mime = mimetypes[fmt]
 
         # publish the printed R objects, if any
 
         display_data = []
         if text_output:
             display_data.append(('RMagic.R', {'text/plain':text_output}))
 
         # flush text streams before sending figures, helps a little with output
         for image in images:
             # synchronization in the console (though it's a bandaid, not a real sln)
             sys.stdout.flush(); sys.stderr.flush()
             display_data.append(('RMagic.R', {mime: image}))
 
         # kill the temporary directory
         rmtree(tmpd)
 
         # try to turn every output into a numpy array
         # this means that output are assumed to be castable
         # as numpy arrays
 
         if args.output:
             for output in ','.join(args.output).split(','):
                 self.shell.push({output:self.Rconverter(self.r(output), dataframe=False)})
 
         if args.dataframe:
             for output in ','.join(args.dataframe).split(','):
                 self.shell.push({output:self.Rconverter(self.r(output), dataframe=True)})
 
         for tag, disp_d in display_data:
             publish_display_data(tag, disp_d)
 
         # this will keep a reference to the display_data
         # which might be useful to other objects who happen to use
         # this method
 
         if self.cache_display_data:
             self.display_cache = display_data
 
         # if in line mode and return_output, return the result as an ndarray
         if return_output and not args.noreturn:
             if result != ri.NULL:
                 return self.Rconverter(result, dataframe=False)
 
 __doc__ = __doc__.format(
                 R_DOC = ' '*8 + RMagics.R.__doc__,
                 RPUSH_DOC = ' '*8 + RMagics.Rpush.__doc__,
                 RPULL_DOC = ' '*8 + RMagics.Rpull.__doc__,
                 RGET_DOC = ' '*8 + RMagics.Rget.__doc__
 )
 
 
 def load_ipython_extension(ip):
     """Load the extension in IPython."""
     ip.register_magics(RMagics)
     # Initialising rpy2 interferes with readline. Since, at this point, we've
     # probably just loaded rpy2, we reset the delimiters. See issue gh-2759.
     if ip.has_readline:
         ip.readline.set_completer_delims(ip.readline_delims)

IPython/external/mathjax.py

@@ -1,234 +1,234 b''
 #!/usr/bin/python
 """Utility function for installing MathJax javascript library into
 your IPython nbextensions directory, for offline use.
 
  Authors:
 
  * Min RK
  * Mark Sienkiewicz
  * Matthias Bussonnier
 
 To download and install MathJax:
 
 From Python:
 
     >>> from IPython.external.mathjax import install_mathjax
     >>> install_mathjax()
 
 From the command line:
 
     $ python -m IPython.external.mathjax
 
 To a specific location:
 
     $ python -m IPython.external.mathjax -i /usr/share/
 
 will install mathjax to /usr/share/mathjax
 
 To install MathJax from a file you have already downloaded:
 
     $ python -m IPython.external.mathjax mathjax-xxx.tar.gz
     $ python -m IPython.external.mathjax mathjax-xxx.zip
 
 It will not install MathJax if it is already there.  Use -r to
 replace the existing copy of MathJax.
 
 To find the directory where IPython would like MathJax installed:
 
     $ python -m IPython.external.mathjax -d
 
 """
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import argparse
 import os
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tarfile
 import urllib2
 import zipfile
 
 from IPython.utils.path import get_ipython_dir
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Where mathjax will be installed
 
 nbextensions = os.path.join(get_ipython_dir(), 'nbextensions')
 default_dest = os.path.join(nbextensions, 'mathjax')
 
 # Test for access to install mathjax
 
 def prepare_dest(dest, replace=False):
     """prepare the destination folder for mathjax install
     
     Returns False if mathjax appears to already be installed and there is nothing to do,
     True otherwise.
     """
     
     parent = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dest, os.path.pardir))
     if not os.path.exists(parent):
         os.makedirs(parent)
     
     if os.path.exists(dest):
         if replace:
             print("removing existing MathJax at %s" % dest)
             shutil.rmtree(dest)
             return True
         else:
             mathjax_js = os.path.join(dest, 'MathJax.js')
             if not os.path.exists(mathjax_js):
                 raise IOError("%s exists, but does not contain MathJax.js" % dest)
             print("%s already exists" % mathjax_js)
             return False
     else:
         return True
 
 
 def extract_tar(fd, dest):
     """extract a tarball from filelike `fd` to destination `dest`"""
     # use 'r|gz' stream mode, because socket file-like objects can't seek:
     tar = tarfile.open(fileobj=fd, mode='r|gz')
 
     # The first entry in the archive is the top-level dir
     topdir = tar.firstmember.path
 
     # extract the archive (contains a single directory) to the destination directory
     parent = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dest, os.path.pardir))
     tar.extractall(parent)
 
     # it will be mathjax-MathJax-<sha>, rename to just mathjax
     os.rename(os.path.join(parent, topdir), dest)
 
 
 def extract_zip(fd, dest):
     """extract a zip file from filelike `fd` to destination `dest`"""
     z = zipfile.ZipFile(fd, 'r')
 
     # The first entry in the archive is the top-level dir
     topdir = z.namelist()[0]
 
     # extract the archive (contains a single directory) to the static/ directory
     parent = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(dest, os.path.pardir))
     z.extractall(parent)
 
     # it will be mathjax-MathJax-<sha>, rename to just mathjax
     d = os.path.join(parent, topdir)
     os.rename(os.path.join(parent, topdir), dest)
 
 
 def install_mathjax(tag='v2.2', dest=default_dest, replace=False, file=None, extractor=extract_tar):
     """Download and/or install MathJax for offline use.
 
     This will install mathjax to the nbextensions dir in your IPYTHONDIR.
 
     MathJax is a ~15MB download, and ~150MB installed.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
 
     replace : bool [False]
         Whether to remove and replace an existing install.
     dest : str [IPYTHONDIR/nbextensions/mathjax]
         Where to install mathjax
     tag : str ['v2.2']
         Which tag to download. Default is 'v2.2', the current stable release,
         but alternatives include 'v1.1a' and 'master'.
     file : file like object [ defualt to content of https://github.com/mathjax/MathJax/tarball/#{tag}]
         File handle from which to untar/unzip/... mathjax
     extractor : function
         Method to use to untar/unzip/... `file`
     """
     try:
         anything_to_do = prepare_dest(dest, replace)
     except OSError as e:
-        print(("ERROR %s, require write access to %s" % (e, dest)))
+        print("ERROR %s, require write access to %s" % (e, dest))
         return 1
     else:
         if not anything_to_do:
             return 0
 
     if file is None:
         # download mathjax
         mathjax_url = "https://github.com/mathjax/MathJax/archive/%s.tar.gz" %tag
         print("Downloading mathjax source from %s" % mathjax_url)
         response = urllib2.urlopen(mathjax_url)
         file = response.fp
 
     print("Extracting to %s" % dest)
     extractor(file, dest)
     return 0
 
 
 def main():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
             description="""Install mathjax from internet or local archive""",
     )
 
     parser.add_argument(
             '-i',
             '--install-dir',
             default=nbextensions,
             help='custom installation directory. Mathjax will be installed in here/mathjax')
 
     parser.add_argument(
             '-d',
             '--print-dest',
             action='store_true',
             help='print where mathjax would be installed and exit')
     parser.add_argument(
             '-r',
             '--replace',
             action='store_true',
             help='Whether to replace current mathjax if it already exists')
     parser.add_argument('filename',
             help="the local tar/zip-ball filename containing mathjax",
             nargs='?',
             metavar='filename')
 
     pargs = parser.parse_args()
 
     dest = os.path.join(pargs.install_dir, 'mathjax')
 
     if pargs.print_dest:
         print(dest)
         return
 
     # remove/replace existing mathjax?
     replace = pargs.replace
 
     # do it
     if pargs.filename:
         fname = pargs.filename
 
         # automatically detect zip/tar - could do something based
         # on file content, but really not cost-effective here.
         if fname.endswith('.zip'):
             extractor = extract_zip
         else :
             extractor = extract_tar
         # do it
         return install_mathjax(file=open(fname, "rb"), replace=replace, extractor=extractor, dest=dest)
     else:
         return install_mathjax(replace=replace, dest=dest)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__' :
     sys.exit(main())
 
 __all__ = ['install_mathjax', 'main', 'default_dest']

IPython/lib/demo.py

@@ -1,583 +1,583 b''
 """Module for interactive demos using IPython.
 
 This module implements a few classes for running Python scripts interactively
 in IPython for demonstrations.  With very simple markup (a few tags in
 comments), you can control points where the script stops executing and returns
 control to IPython.
 
 
 Provided classes
 ----------------
 
 The classes are (see their docstrings for further details):
 
  - Demo: pure python demos
 
  - IPythonDemo: demos with input to be processed by IPython as if it had been
    typed interactively (so magics work, as well as any other special syntax you
    may have added via input prefilters).
 
  - LineDemo: single-line version of the Demo class.  These demos are executed
    one line at a time, and require no markup.
 
  - IPythonLineDemo: IPython version of the LineDemo class (the demo is
    executed a line at a time, but processed via IPython).
 
  - ClearMixin: mixin to make Demo classes with less visual clutter.  It
    declares an empty marquee and a pre_cmd that clears the screen before each
    block (see Subclassing below).
 
  - ClearDemo, ClearIPDemo: mixin-enabled versions of the Demo and IPythonDemo
    classes.
 
 Inheritance diagram:
 
 .. inheritance-diagram:: IPython.lib.demo
    :parts: 3
 
 Subclassing
 -----------
 
 The classes here all include a few methods meant to make customization by
 subclassing more convenient.  Their docstrings below have some more details:
 
   - marquee(): generates a marquee to provide visible on-screen markers at each
     block start and end.
 
   - pre_cmd(): run right before the execution of each block.
 
   - post_cmd(): run right after the execution of each block.  If the block
     raises an exception, this is NOT called.
 
 
 Operation
 ---------
 
 The file is run in its own empty namespace (though you can pass it a string of
 arguments as if in a command line environment, and it will see those as
 sys.argv).  But at each stop, the global IPython namespace is updated with the
 current internal demo namespace, so you can work interactively with the data
 accumulated so far.
 
 By default, each block of code is printed (with syntax highlighting) before
 executing it and you have to confirm execution.  This is intended to show the
 code to an audience first so you can discuss it, and only proceed with
 execution once you agree.  There are a few tags which allow you to modify this
 behavior.
 
 The supported tags are:
 
 # <demo> stop
 
   Defines block boundaries, the points where IPython stops execution of the
   file and returns to the interactive prompt.
 
   You can optionally mark the stop tag with extra dashes before and after the
   word 'stop', to help visually distinguish the blocks in a text editor:
 
   # <demo> --- stop ---
 
 
 # <demo> silent
 
   Make a block execute silently (and hence automatically).  Typically used in
   cases where you have some boilerplate or initialization code which you need
   executed but do not want to be seen in the demo.
 
 # <demo> auto
 
   Make a block execute automatically, but still being printed.  Useful for
   simple code which does not warrant discussion, since it avoids the extra
   manual confirmation.
 
 # <demo> auto_all
 
   This tag can _only_ be in the first block, and if given it overrides the
   individual auto tags to make the whole demo fully automatic (no block asks
   for confirmation).  It can also be given at creation time (or the attribute
   set later) to override what's in the file.
 
 While _any_ python file can be run as a Demo instance, if there are no stop
 tags the whole file will run in a single block (no different that calling
 first %pycat and then %run).  The minimal markup to make this useful is to
 place a set of stop tags; the other tags are only there to let you fine-tune
 the execution.
 
 This is probably best explained with the simple example file below.  You can
 copy this into a file named ex_demo.py, and try running it via::
 
     from IPython.demo import Demo
     d = Demo('ex_demo.py')
     d()
 
 Each time you call the demo object, it runs the next block.  The demo object
 has a few useful methods for navigation, like again(), edit(), jump(), seek()
 and back().  It can be reset for a new run via reset() or reloaded from disk
 (in case you've edited the source) via reload().  See their docstrings below.
 
 Note: To make this simpler to explore, a file called "demo-exercizer.py" has
 been added to the "docs/examples/core" directory.  Just cd to this directory in
 an IPython session, and type::
 
   %run demo-exercizer.py
 
 and then follow the directions.
 
 Example
 -------
 
 The following is a very simple example of a valid demo file.
 
 ::
 
     #################### EXAMPLE DEMO <ex_demo.py> ###############################
     '''A simple interactive demo to illustrate the use of IPython's Demo class.'''
 
     print 'Hello, welcome to an interactive IPython demo.'
 
     # The mark below defines a block boundary, which is a point where IPython will
     # stop execution and return to the interactive prompt. The dashes are actually
     # optional and used only as a visual aid to clearly separate blocks while
     # editing the demo code.
     # <demo> stop
 
     x = 1
     y = 2
 
     # <demo> stop
 
     # the mark below makes this block as silent
     # <demo> silent
 
     print 'This is a silent block, which gets executed but not printed.'
 
     # <demo> stop
     # <demo> auto
     print 'This is an automatic block.'
     print 'It is executed without asking for confirmation, but printed.'
     z = x+y
 
     print 'z=',x
 
     # <demo> stop
     # This is just another normal block.
     print 'z is now:', z
 
     print 'bye!'
     ################### END EXAMPLE DEMO <ex_demo.py> ############################
 """
 
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #     Copyright (C) 2005-2006 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 import os
 import re
 import shlex
 import sys
 
 from IPython.utils import io
 from IPython.utils.text import marquee
 from IPython.utils import openpy
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
 __all__ = ['Demo','IPythonDemo','LineDemo','IPythonLineDemo','DemoError']
 
 class DemoError(Exception): pass
 
 def re_mark(mark):
     return re.compile(r'^\s*#\s+<demo>\s+%s\s*$' % mark,re.MULTILINE)
 
 class Demo(object):
 
     re_stop     = re_mark('-*\s?stop\s?-*')
     re_silent   = re_mark('silent')
     re_auto     = re_mark('auto')
     re_auto_all = re_mark('auto_all')
 
     def __init__(self,src,title='',arg_str='',auto_all=None):
         """Make a new demo object.  To run the demo, simply call the object.
 
         See the module docstring for full details and an example (you can use
         IPython.Demo? in IPython to see it).
 
         Inputs:
 
           - src is either a file, or file-like object, or a
               string that can be resolved to a filename.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - title: a string to use as the demo name.  Of most use when the demo
             you are making comes from an object that has no filename, or if you
             want an alternate denotation distinct from the filename.
 
           - arg_str(''): a string of arguments, internally converted to a list
             just like sys.argv, so the demo script can see a similar
             environment.
 
           - auto_all(None): global flag to run all blocks automatically without
             confirmation.  This attribute overrides the block-level tags and
             applies to the whole demo.  It is an attribute of the object, and
             can be changed at runtime simply by reassigning it to a boolean
             value.
           """
         if hasattr(src, "read"):
              # It seems to be a file or a file-like object
             self.fname = "from a file-like object"
             if title == '':
                 self.title = "from a file-like object"
             else:
                 self.title = title
         else:
              # Assume it's a string or something that can be converted to one
             self.fname = src
             if title == '':
                 (filepath, filename) = os.path.split(src)
                 self.title = filename
             else:
                 self.title = title
         self.sys_argv = [src] + shlex.split(arg_str)
         self.auto_all = auto_all
         self.src = src
 
         # get a few things from ipython.  While it's a bit ugly design-wise,
         # it ensures that things like color scheme and the like are always in
         # sync with the ipython mode being used.  This class is only meant to
         # be used inside ipython anyways,  so it's OK.
         ip = get_ipython()  # this is in builtins whenever IPython is running
         self.ip_ns       = ip.user_ns
         self.ip_colorize = ip.pycolorize
         self.ip_showtb   = ip.showtraceback
         self.ip_run_cell = ip.run_cell
         self.shell       = ip
 
         # load user data and initialize data structures
         self.reload()
 
     def fload(self):
         """Load file object."""
         # read data and parse into blocks
         if hasattr(self, 'fobj') and self.fobj is not None:
            self.fobj.close()
         if hasattr(self.src, "read"):
              # It seems to be a file or a file-like object
             self.fobj = self.src
         else:
              # Assume it's a string or something that can be converted to one
             self.fobj = openpy.open(self.fname)
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload source from disk and initialize state."""
         self.fload()
 
         self.src     = "".join(openpy.strip_encoding_cookie(self.fobj))
         src_b        = [b.strip() for b in self.re_stop.split(self.src) if b]
         self._silent = [bool(self.re_silent.findall(b)) for b in src_b]
         self._auto   = [bool(self.re_auto.findall(b)) for b in src_b]
 
         # if auto_all is not given (def. None), we read it from the file
         if self.auto_all is None:
             self.auto_all = bool(self.re_auto_all.findall(src_b[0]))
         else:
             self.auto_all = bool(self.auto_all)
 
         # Clean the sources from all markup so it doesn't get displayed when
         # running the demo
         src_blocks = []
         auto_strip = lambda s: self.re_auto.sub('',s)
         for i,b in enumerate(src_b):
             if self._auto[i]:
                 src_blocks.append(auto_strip(b))
             else:
                 src_blocks.append(b)
         # remove the auto_all marker
         src_blocks[0] = self.re_auto_all.sub('',src_blocks[0])
 
         self.nblocks = len(src_blocks)
         self.src_blocks = src_blocks
 
         # also build syntax-highlighted source
         self.src_blocks_colored = map(self.ip_colorize,self.src_blocks)
 
         # ensure clean namespace and seek offset
         self.reset()
 
     def reset(self):
         """Reset the namespace and seek pointer to restart the demo"""
         self.user_ns     = {}
         self.finished    = False
         self.block_index = 0
 
     def _validate_index(self,index):
         if index<0 or index>=self.nblocks:
             raise ValueError('invalid block index %s' % index)
 
     def _get_index(self,index):
         """Get the current block index, validating and checking status.
 
         Returns None if the demo is finished"""
 
         if index is None:
             if self.finished:
                 print('Demo finished.  Use <demo_name>.reset() if you want to rerun it.', file=io.stdout)
                 return None
             index = self.block_index
         else:
             self._validate_index(index)
         return index
 
     def seek(self,index):
         """Move the current seek pointer to the given block.
 
         You can use negative indices to seek from the end, with identical
         semantics to those of Python lists."""
         if index<0:
             index = self.nblocks + index
         self._validate_index(index)
         self.block_index = index
         self.finished = False
 
     def back(self,num=1):
         """Move the seek pointer back num blocks (default is 1)."""
         self.seek(self.block_index-num)
 
     def jump(self,num=1):
         """Jump a given number of blocks relative to the current one.
 
         The offset can be positive or negative, defaults to 1."""
         self.seek(self.block_index+num)
 
     def again(self):
         """Move the seek pointer back one block and re-execute."""
         self.back(1)
         self()
 
     def edit(self,index=None):
         """Edit a block.
 
         If no number is given, use the last block executed.
 
         This edits the in-memory copy of the demo, it does NOT modify the
         original source file.  If you want to do that, simply open the file in
         an editor and use reload() when you make changes to the file.  This
         method is meant to let you change a block during a demonstration for
         explanatory purposes, without damaging your original script."""
 
         index = self._get_index(index)
         if index is None:
             return
         # decrease the index by one (unless we're at the very beginning), so
         # that the default demo.edit() call opens up the sblock we've last run
         if index>0:
             index -= 1
 
         filename = self.shell.mktempfile(self.src_blocks[index])
         self.shell.hooks.editor(filename,1)
         with open(filename, 'r') as f:
             new_block = f.read()
         # update the source and colored block
         self.src_blocks[index] = new_block
         self.src_blocks_colored[index] = self.ip_colorize(new_block)
         self.block_index = index
         # call to run with the newly edited index
         self()
 
     def show(self,index=None):
         """Show a single block on screen"""
 
         index = self._get_index(index)
         if index is None:
             return
 
         print(self.marquee('<%s> block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                            (self.title,index,self.nblocks-index-1)), file=io.stdout)
-        print((self.src_blocks_colored[index]), file=io.stdout)
+        print(self.src_blocks_colored[index], file=io.stdout)
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
     def show_all(self):
         """Show entire demo on screen, block by block"""
 
         fname = self.title
         title = self.title
         nblocks = self.nblocks
         silent = self._silent
         marquee = self.marquee
         for index,block in enumerate(self.src_blocks_colored):
             if silent[index]:
                 print(marquee('<%s> SILENT block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                               (title,index,nblocks-index-1)), file=io.stdout)
             else:
                 print(marquee('<%s> block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                               (title,index,nblocks-index-1)), file=io.stdout)
             print(block, end=' ', file=io.stdout)
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
     def run_cell(self,source):
         """Execute a string with one or more lines of code"""
 
         exec(source, self.user_ns)
 
     def __call__(self,index=None):
         """run a block of the demo.
 
         If index is given, it should be an integer >=1 and <= nblocks.  This
         means that the calling convention is one off from typical Python
         lists.  The reason for the inconsistency is that the demo always
         prints 'Block n/N, and N is the total, so it would be very odd to use
         zero-indexing here."""
 
         index = self._get_index(index)
         if index is None:
             return
         try:
             marquee = self.marquee
             next_block = self.src_blocks[index]
             self.block_index += 1
             if self._silent[index]:
                 print(marquee('Executing silent block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                               (index,self.nblocks-index-1)), file=io.stdout)
             else:
                 self.pre_cmd()
                 self.show(index)
                 if self.auto_all or self._auto[index]:
                     print(marquee('output:'), file=io.stdout)
                 else:
                     print(marquee('Press <q> to quit, <Enter> to execute...'), end=' ', file=io.stdout)
                     ans = py3compat.input().strip()
                     if ans:
                         print(marquee('Block NOT executed'), file=io.stdout)
                         return
             try:
                 save_argv = sys.argv
                 sys.argv = self.sys_argv
                 self.run_cell(next_block)
                 self.post_cmd()
             finally:
                 sys.argv = save_argv
 
         except:
             self.ip_showtb(filename=self.fname)
         else:
             self.ip_ns.update(self.user_ns)
 
         if self.block_index == self.nblocks:
             mq1 = self.marquee('END OF DEMO')
             if mq1:
                 # avoid spurious print >>io.stdout,s if empty marquees are used
                 print(file=io.stdout)
                 print(mq1, file=io.stdout)
                 print(self.marquee('Use <demo_name>.reset() if you want to rerun it.'), file=io.stdout)
             self.finished = True
 
     # These methods are meant to be overridden by subclasses who may wish to
     # customize the behavior of of their demos.
     def marquee(self,txt='',width=78,mark='*'):
         """Return the input string centered in a 'marquee'."""
         return marquee(txt,width,mark)
 
     def pre_cmd(self):
         """Method called before executing each block."""
         pass
 
     def post_cmd(self):
         """Method called after executing each block."""
         pass
 
 
 class IPythonDemo(Demo):
     """Class for interactive demos with IPython's input processing applied.
 
     This subclasses Demo, but instead of executing each block by the Python
     interpreter (via exec), it actually calls IPython on it, so that any input
     filters which may be in place are applied to the input block.
 
     If you have an interactive environment which exposes special input
     processing, you can use this class instead to write demo scripts which
     operate exactly as if you had typed them interactively.  The default Demo
     class requires the input to be valid, pure Python code.
     """
 
     def run_cell(self,source):
         """Execute a string with one or more lines of code"""
 
         self.shell.run_cell(source)
 
 class LineDemo(Demo):
     """Demo where each line is executed as a separate block.
 
     The input script should be valid Python code.
 
     This class doesn't require any markup at all, and it's meant for simple
     scripts (with no nesting or any kind of indentation) which consist of
     multiple lines of input to be executed, one at a time, as if they had been
     typed in the interactive prompt.
 
     Note: the input can not have *any* indentation, which means that only
     single-lines of input are accepted, not even function definitions are
     valid."""
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload source from disk and initialize state."""
         # read data and parse into blocks
         self.fload()
         lines           = self.fobj.readlines()
         src_b           = [l for l in lines if l.strip()]
         nblocks         = len(src_b)
         self.src        = ''.join(lines)
         self._silent    = [False]*nblocks
         self._auto      = [True]*nblocks
         self.auto_all   = True
         self.nblocks    = nblocks
         self.src_blocks = src_b
 
         # also build syntax-highlighted source
         self.src_blocks_colored = map(self.ip_colorize,self.src_blocks)
 
         # ensure clean namespace and seek offset
         self.reset()
 
 
 class IPythonLineDemo(IPythonDemo,LineDemo):
     """Variant of the LineDemo class whose input is processed by IPython."""
     pass
 
 
 class ClearMixin(object):
     """Use this mixin to make Demo classes with less visual clutter.
 
     Demos using this mixin will clear the screen before every block and use
     blank marquees.
 
     Note that in order for the methods defined here to actually override those
     of the classes it's mixed with, it must go /first/ in the inheritance
     tree.  For example:
 
         class ClearIPDemo(ClearMixin,IPythonDemo): pass
 
     will provide an IPythonDemo class with the mixin's features.
     """
 
     def marquee(self,txt='',width=78,mark='*'):
         """Blank marquee that returns '' no matter what the input."""
         return ''
 
     def pre_cmd(self):
         """Method called before executing each block.
 
         This one simply clears the screen."""
         from IPython.utils.terminal import term_clear
         term_clear()
 
 class ClearDemo(ClearMixin,Demo):
     pass
 
 
 class ClearIPDemo(ClearMixin,IPythonDemo):
     pass

IPython/nbconvert/postprocessors/serve.py

@@ -1,112 +1,112 b''
 """PostProcessor for serving reveal.js HTML slideshows."""
 from __future__ import print_function
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #Copyright (c) 2013, the IPython Development Team.
 #
 #Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import webbrowser
 
 from tornado import web, ioloop, httpserver
 from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient
 
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Bool, Unicode, Int
 
 from .base import PostProcessorBase
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class ProxyHandler(web.RequestHandler):
     """handler the proxies requests from a local prefix to a CDN"""
     @web.asynchronous
     def get(self, prefix, url):
         """proxy a request to a CDN"""
         proxy_url = "/".join([self.settings['cdn'], url])
         client = self.settings['client']
         client.fetch(proxy_url, callback=self.finish_get)
     
     def finish_get(self, response):
         """finish the request"""
         # copy potentially relevant headers
         for header in ["Content-Type", "Cache-Control", "Date", "Last-Modified", "Expires"]:
             if header in response.headers:
                 self.set_header(header, response.headers[header])
         self.finish(response.body)
 
 class ServePostProcessor(PostProcessorBase):
     """Post processor designed to serve files
     
     Proxies reveal.js requests to a CDN if no local reveal.js is present
     """
 
 
     open_in_browser = Bool(True, config=True,
         help="""Should the browser be opened automatically?"""
     )
     reveal_cdn = Unicode("https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/reveal.js/2.4.0", config=True,
         help="""URL for reveal.js CDN."""
     )
     reveal_prefix = Unicode("reveal.js", config=True, help="URL prefix for reveal.js")
     ip = Unicode("127.0.0.1", config=True, help="The IP address to listen on.")
     port = Int(8000, config=True, help="port for the server to listen on.")
 
     def postprocess(self, input):
         """Serve the build directory with a webserver."""
         dirname, filename = os.path.split(input)
         handlers = [
             (r"/(.+)", web.StaticFileHandler, {'path' : dirname}),
             (r"/", web.RedirectHandler, {"url": "/%s" % filename})
         ]
         
         if ('://' in self.reveal_prefix or self.reveal_prefix.startswith("//")):
             # reveal specifically from CDN, nothing to do
             pass
         elif os.path.isdir(os.path.join(dirname, self.reveal_prefix)):
             # reveal prefix exists
             self.log.info("Serving local %s", self.reveal_prefix)
         else:
             self.log.info("Redirecting %s requests to %s", self.reveal_prefix, self.reveal_cdn)
             handlers.insert(0, (r"/(%s)/(.*)" % self.reveal_prefix, ProxyHandler))
         
         app = web.Application(handlers,
             cdn=self.reveal_cdn,
             client=AsyncHTTPClient(),
         )
         # hook up tornado logging to our logger
         try:
             from tornado import log
             log.app_log = self.log
         except ImportError:
             # old tornado (<= 3), ignore
             pass
     
         http_server = httpserver.HTTPServer(app)
         http_server.listen(self.port, address=self.ip)
         url = "http://%s:%i/%s" % (self.ip, self.port, filename)
-        print(("Serving your slides at %s" % url))
+        print("Serving your slides at %s" % url)
         print("Use Control-C to stop this server")
         if self.open_in_browser:
             webbrowser.open(url, new=2)
         try:
             ioloop.IOLoop.instance().start()
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             print("\nInterrupted")
 
 def main(path):
     """allow running this module to serve the slides"""
     server = ServePostProcessor()
     server(path)
     
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     import sys
     main(sys.argv[1])

IPython/nbconvert/writers/debug.py

@@ -1,43 +1,43 b''
 """
 Contains debug writer.
 """
 from __future__ import print_function
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #Copyright (c) 2013, the IPython Development Team.
 #
 #Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from .base import WriterBase
 from pprint import pprint
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class DebugWriter(WriterBase):
     """Consumes output from nbconvert export...() methods and writes usefull
     debugging information to the stdout.  The information includes a list of
     resources that were extracted from the notebook(s) during export."""
 
 
     def write(self, output, resources, notebook_name='notebook', **kw):
         """
         Consume and write Jinja output.
 
         See base for more...
         """
 
         if isinstance(resources['outputs'], dict):
-            print(("outputs extracted from %s" % notebook_name))
-            print(('-' * 80))
+            print("outputs extracted from %s" % notebook_name)
+            print('-' * 80)
             pprint(resources['outputs'], indent=2, width=70)
         else:
-            print(("no outputs extracted from %s" % notebook_name))
-        print(('=' * 80))
+            print("no outputs extracted from %s" % notebook_name)
+        print('=' * 80)

IPython/parallel/client/client.py

@@ -1,1855 +1,1855 b''
 """A semi-synchronous Client for the ZMQ cluster
 
 Authors:
 
 * MinRK
 """
 from __future__ import print_function
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2010-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import json
 import sys
 from threading import Thread, Event
 import time
 import warnings
 from datetime import datetime
 from getpass import getpass
 from pprint import pprint
 
 pjoin = os.path.join
 
 import zmq
 # from zmq.eventloop import ioloop, zmqstream
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import MultipleInstanceError
 from IPython.core.application import BaseIPythonApplication
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir, ProfileDirError
 
 from IPython.utils.capture import RichOutput
 from IPython.utils.coloransi import TermColors
 from IPython.utils.jsonutil import rekey
 from IPython.utils.localinterfaces import localhost, is_local_ip
 from IPython.utils.path import get_ipython_dir
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import cast_bytes, string_types, xrange, iteritems
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (HasTraits, Integer, Instance, Unicode,
                                     Dict, List, Bool, Set, Any)
 from IPython.external.decorator import decorator
 from IPython.external.ssh import tunnel
 
 from IPython.parallel import Reference
 from IPython.parallel import error
 from IPython.parallel import util
 
 from IPython.kernel.zmq.session import Session, Message
 from IPython.kernel.zmq import serialize
 
 from .asyncresult import AsyncResult, AsyncHubResult
 from .view import DirectView, LoadBalancedView
 
 #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Decorators for Client methods
 #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @decorator
 def spin_first(f, self, *args, **kwargs):
     """Call spin() to sync state prior to calling the method."""
     self.spin()
     return f(self, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
 #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class ExecuteReply(RichOutput):
     """wrapper for finished Execute results"""
     def __init__(self, msg_id, content, metadata):
         self.msg_id = msg_id
         self._content = content
         self.execution_count = content['execution_count']
         self.metadata = metadata
     
     # RichOutput overrides
     
     @property
     def source(self):
         pyout = self.metadata['pyout']
         if pyout:
             return pyout.get('source', '')
     
     @property
     def data(self):
         pyout = self.metadata['pyout']
         if pyout:
             return pyout.get('data', {})
     
     @property
     def _metadata(self):
         pyout = self.metadata['pyout']
         if pyout:
             return pyout.get('metadata', {})
     
     def display(self):
         from IPython.display import publish_display_data
         publish_display_data(self.source, self.data, self.metadata)
     
     def _repr_mime_(self, mime):
         if mime not in self.data:
             return
         data = self.data[mime]
         if mime in self._metadata:
             return data, self._metadata[mime]
         else:
             return data
     
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         return self.metadata[key]
     
     def __getattr__(self, key):
         if key not in self.metadata:
             raise AttributeError(key)
         return self.metadata[key]
     
     def __repr__(self):
         pyout = self.metadata['pyout'] or {'data':{}}
         text_out = pyout['data'].get('text/plain', '')
         if len(text_out) > 32:
             text_out = text_out[:29] + '...'
         
         return "<ExecuteReply[%i]: %s>" % (self.execution_count, text_out)
     
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
         pyout = self.metadata['pyout'] or {'data':{}}
         text_out = pyout['data'].get('text/plain', '')
         
         if not text_out:
             return
         
         try:
             ip = get_ipython()
         except NameError:
             colors = "NoColor"
         else:
             colors = ip.colors
         
         if colors == "NoColor":
             out = normal = ""
         else:
             out = TermColors.Red
             normal = TermColors.Normal
         
         if '\n' in text_out and not text_out.startswith('\n'):
             # add newline for multiline reprs
             text_out = '\n' + text_out
         
         p.text(
             out + u'Out[%i:%i]: ' % (
                 self.metadata['engine_id'], self.execution_count
             ) + normal + text_out
         )
 
 
 class Metadata(dict):
     """Subclass of dict for initializing metadata values.
 
     Attribute access works on keys.
 
     These objects have a strict set of keys - errors will raise if you try
     to add new keys.
     """
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         dict.__init__(self)
         md = {'msg_id' : None,
               'submitted' : None,
               'started' : None,
               'completed' : None,
               'received' : None,
               'engine_uuid' : None,
               'engine_id' : None,
               'follow' : None,
               'after' : None,
               'status' : None,
 
               'pyin' : None,
               'pyout' : None,
               'pyerr' : None,
               'stdout' : '',
               'stderr' : '',
               'outputs' : [],
               'data': {},
               'outputs_ready' : False,
             }
         self.update(md)
         self.update(dict(*args, **kwargs))
 
     def __getattr__(self, key):
         """getattr aliased to getitem"""
         if key in self:
             return self[key]
         else:
             raise AttributeError(key)
 
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         """setattr aliased to setitem, with strict"""
         if key in self:
             self[key] = value
         else:
             raise AttributeError(key)
 
     def __setitem__(self, key, value):
         """strict static key enforcement"""
         if key in self:
             dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
         else:
             raise KeyError(key)
 
 
 class Client(HasTraits):
     """A semi-synchronous client to the IPython ZMQ cluster
 
     Parameters
     ----------
 
     url_file : str/unicode; path to ipcontroller-client.json
         This JSON file should contain all the information needed to connect to a cluster,
         and is likely the only argument needed.
         Connection information for the Hub's registration.  If a json connector
         file is given, then likely no further configuration is necessary.
         [Default: use profile]
     profile : bytes
         The name of the Cluster profile to be used to find connector information.
         If run from an IPython application, the default profile will be the same
         as the running application, otherwise it will be 'default'.
     cluster_id : str
         String id to added to runtime files, to prevent name collisions when using
         multiple clusters with a single profile simultaneously.
         When set, will look for files named like: 'ipcontroller-<cluster_id>-client.json'
         Since this is text inserted into filenames, typical recommendations apply:
         Simple character strings are ideal, and spaces are not recommended (but
         should generally work)
     context : zmq.Context
         Pass an existing zmq.Context instance, otherwise the client will create its own.
     debug : bool
         flag for lots of message printing for debug purposes
     timeout : int/float
         time (in seconds) to wait for connection replies from the Hub
         [Default: 10]
 
     #-------------- session related args ----------------
 
     config : Config object
         If specified, this will be relayed to the Session for configuration
     username : str
         set username for the session object
 
     #-------------- ssh related args ----------------
     # These are args for configuring the ssh tunnel to be used
     # credentials are used to forward connections over ssh to the Controller
     # Note that the ip given in `addr` needs to be relative to sshserver
     # The most basic case is to leave addr as pointing to localhost (127.0.0.1),
     # and set sshserver as the same machine the Controller is on. However,
     # the only requirement is that sshserver is able to see the Controller
     # (i.e. is within the same trusted network).
 
     sshserver : str
         A string of the form passed to ssh, i.e. 'server.tld' or '[e-mail]:port'
         If keyfile or password is specified, and this is not, it will default to
         the ip given in addr.
     sshkey : str; path to ssh private key file
         This specifies a key to be used in ssh login, default None.
         Regular default ssh keys will be used without specifying this argument.
     password : str
         Your ssh password to sshserver. Note that if this is left None,
         you will be prompted for it if passwordless key based login is unavailable.
     paramiko : bool
         flag for whether to use paramiko instead of shell ssh for tunneling.
         [default: True on win32, False else]
 
 
     Attributes
     ----------
 
     ids : list of int engine IDs
         requesting the ids attribute always synchronizes
         the registration state. To request ids without synchronization,
         use semi-private _ids attributes.
 
     history : list of msg_ids
         a list of msg_ids, keeping track of all the execution
         messages you have submitted in order.
 
     outstanding : set of msg_ids
         a set of msg_ids that have been submitted, but whose
         results have not yet been received.
 
     results : dict
         a dict of all our results, keyed by msg_id
 
     block : bool
         determines default behavior when block not specified
         in execution methods
 
     Methods
     -------
 
     spin
         flushes incoming results and registration state changes
         control methods spin, and requesting `ids` also ensures up to date
 
     wait
         wait on one or more msg_ids
 
     execution methods
         apply
         legacy: execute, run
 
     data movement
         push, pull, scatter, gather
 
     query methods
         queue_status, get_result, purge, result_status
 
     control methods
         abort, shutdown
 
     """
 
 
     block = Bool(False)
     outstanding = Set()
     results = Instance('collections.defaultdict', (dict,))
     metadata = Instance('collections.defaultdict', (Metadata,))
     history = List()
     debug = Bool(False)
     _spin_thread = Any()
     _stop_spinning = Any()
 
     profile=Unicode()
     def _profile_default(self):
         if BaseIPythonApplication.initialized():
             # an IPython app *might* be running, try to get its profile
             try:
                 return BaseIPythonApplication.instance().profile
             except (AttributeError, MultipleInstanceError):
                 # could be a *different* subclass of config.Application,
                 # which would raise one of these two errors.
                 return u'default'
         else:
             return u'default'
 
 
     _outstanding_dict = Instance('collections.defaultdict', (set,))
     _ids = List()
     _connected=Bool(False)
     _ssh=Bool(False)
     _context = Instance('zmq.Context')
     _config = Dict()
     _engines=Instance(util.ReverseDict, (), {})
     # _hub_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _query_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _control_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _iopub_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _notification_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _mux_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _task_socket=Instance('zmq.Socket')
     _task_scheme=Unicode()
     _closed = False
     _ignored_control_replies=Integer(0)
     _ignored_hub_replies=Integer(0)
 
     def __new__(self, *args, **kw):
         # don't raise on positional args
         return HasTraits.__new__(self, **kw)
 
     def __init__(self, url_file=None, profile=None, profile_dir=None, ipython_dir=None,
             context=None, debug=False,
             sshserver=None, sshkey=None, password=None, paramiko=None,
             timeout=10, cluster_id=None, **extra_args
             ):
         if profile:
             super(Client, self).__init__(debug=debug, profile=profile)
         else:
             super(Client, self).__init__(debug=debug)
         if context is None:
             context = zmq.Context.instance()
         self._context = context
         self._stop_spinning = Event()
         
         if 'url_or_file' in extra_args:
             url_file = extra_args['url_or_file']
             warnings.warn("url_or_file arg no longer supported, use url_file", DeprecationWarning)
         
         if url_file and util.is_url(url_file):
             raise ValueError("single urls cannot be specified, url-files must be used.")
 
         self._setup_profile_dir(self.profile, profile_dir, ipython_dir)
         
         if self._cd is not None:
             if url_file is None:
                 if not cluster_id:
                     client_json = 'ipcontroller-client.json'
                 else:
                     client_json = 'ipcontroller-%s-client.json' % cluster_id
                 url_file = pjoin(self._cd.security_dir, client_json)
         if url_file is None:
             raise ValueError(
                 "I can't find enough information to connect to a hub!"
                 " Please specify at least one of url_file or profile."
             )
         
         with open(url_file) as f:
             cfg = json.load(f)
         
         self._task_scheme = cfg['task_scheme']
 
         # sync defaults from args, json:
         if sshserver:
             cfg['ssh'] = sshserver
 
         location = cfg.setdefault('location', None)
         
         proto,addr = cfg['interface'].split('://')
         addr = util.disambiguate_ip_address(addr, location)
         cfg['interface'] = "%s://%s" % (proto, addr)
         
         # turn interface,port into full urls:
         for key in ('control', 'task', 'mux', 'iopub', 'notification', 'registration'):
             cfg[key] = cfg['interface'] + ':%i' % cfg[key]
         
         url = cfg['registration']
         
         if location is not None and addr == localhost():
             # location specified, and connection is expected to be local
             if not is_local_ip(location) and not sshserver:
                 # load ssh from JSON *only* if the controller is not on
                 # this machine
                 sshserver=cfg['ssh']
             if not is_local_ip(location) and not sshserver:
                 # warn if no ssh specified, but SSH is probably needed
                 # This is only a warning, because the most likely cause
                 # is a local Controller on a laptop whose IP is dynamic
                 warnings.warn("""
             Controller appears to be listening on localhost, but not on this machine.
             If this is true, you should specify Client(...,sshserver='you@%s')
             or instruct your controller to listen on an external IP."""%location,
                 RuntimeWarning)
         elif not sshserver:
             # otherwise sync with cfg
             sshserver = cfg['ssh']
 
         self._config = cfg
 
         self._ssh = bool(sshserver or sshkey or password)
         if self._ssh and sshserver is None:
             # default to ssh via localhost
             sshserver = addr
         if self._ssh and password is None:
             if tunnel.try_passwordless_ssh(sshserver, sshkey, paramiko):
                 password=False
             else:
                 password = getpass("SSH Password for %s: "%sshserver)
         ssh_kwargs = dict(keyfile=sshkey, password=password, paramiko=paramiko)
 
         # configure and construct the session
         try:
             extra_args['packer'] = cfg['pack']
             extra_args['unpacker'] = cfg['unpack']
             extra_args['key'] = cast_bytes(cfg['key'])
             extra_args['signature_scheme'] = cfg['signature_scheme']
         except KeyError as exc:
             msg = '\n'.join([
                 "Connection file is invalid (missing '{}'), possibly from an old version of IPython.",
                 "If you are reusing connection files, remove them and start ipcontroller again."
             ])
             raise ValueError(msg.format(exc.message))
         
         self.session = Session(**extra_args)
 
         self._query_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.DEALER)
 
         if self._ssh:
             tunnel.tunnel_connection(self._query_socket, cfg['registration'], sshserver, **ssh_kwargs)
         else:
             self._query_socket.connect(cfg['registration'])
 
         self.session.debug = self.debug
 
         self._notification_handlers = {'registration_notification' : self._register_engine,
                                     'unregistration_notification' : self._unregister_engine,
                                     'shutdown_notification' : lambda msg: self.close(),
                                     }
         self._queue_handlers = {'execute_reply' : self._handle_execute_reply,
                                 'apply_reply' : self._handle_apply_reply}
         
         try:
             self._connect(sshserver, ssh_kwargs, timeout)
         except:
             self.close(linger=0)
             raise
         
         # last step: setup magics, if we are in IPython:
         
         try:
             ip = get_ipython()
         except NameError:
             return
         else:
             if 'px' not in ip.magics_manager.magics:
                 # in IPython but we are the first Client.
                 # activate a default view for parallel magics.
                 self.activate()
 
     def __del__(self):
         """cleanup sockets, but _not_ context."""
         self.close()
 
     def _setup_profile_dir(self, profile, profile_dir, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is None:
             ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
         if profile_dir is not None:
             try:
                 self._cd = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir(profile_dir)
                 return
             except ProfileDirError:
                 pass
         elif profile is not None:
             try:
                 self._cd = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir_by_name(
                     ipython_dir, profile)
                 return
             except ProfileDirError:
                 pass
         self._cd = None
 
     def _update_engines(self, engines):
         """Update our engines dict and _ids from a dict of the form: {id:uuid}."""
         for k,v in iteritems(engines):
             eid = int(k)
             if eid not in self._engines:
                 self._ids.append(eid)
             self._engines[eid] = v
         self._ids = sorted(self._ids)
         if sorted(self._engines.keys()) != list(range(len(self._engines))) and \
                         self._task_scheme == 'pure' and self._task_socket:
             self._stop_scheduling_tasks()
 
     def _stop_scheduling_tasks(self):
         """Stop scheduling tasks because an engine has been unregistered
         from a pure ZMQ scheduler.
         """
         self._task_socket.close()
         self._task_socket = None
         msg = "An engine has been unregistered, and we are using pure " +\
               "ZMQ task scheduling.  Task farming will be disabled."
         if self.outstanding:
             msg += " If you were running tasks when this happened, " +\
                    "some `outstanding` msg_ids may never resolve."
         warnings.warn(msg, RuntimeWarning)
 
     def _build_targets(self, targets):
         """Turn valid target IDs or 'all' into two lists:
         (int_ids, uuids).
         """
         if not self._ids:
             # flush notification socket if no engines yet, just in case
             if not self.ids:
                 raise error.NoEnginesRegistered("Can't build targets without any engines")
 
         if targets is None:
             targets = self._ids
         elif isinstance(targets, string_types):
             if targets.lower() == 'all':
                 targets = self._ids
             else:
                 raise TypeError("%r not valid str target, must be 'all'"%(targets))
         elif isinstance(targets, int):
             if targets < 0:
                 targets = self.ids[targets]
             if targets not in self._ids:
                 raise IndexError("No such engine: %i"%targets)
             targets = [targets]
 
         if isinstance(targets, slice):
             indices = list(range(len(self._ids))[targets])
             ids = self.ids
             targets = [ ids[i] for i in indices ]
 
         if not isinstance(targets, (tuple, list, xrange)):
             raise TypeError("targets by int/slice/collection of ints only, not %s"%(type(targets)))
 
         return [cast_bytes(self._engines[t]) for t in targets], list(targets)
 
     def _connect(self, sshserver, ssh_kwargs, timeout):
         """setup all our socket connections to the cluster. This is called from
         __init__."""
 
         # Maybe allow reconnecting?
         if self._connected:
             return
         self._connected=True
 
         def connect_socket(s, url):
             if self._ssh:
                 return tunnel.tunnel_connection(s, url, sshserver, **ssh_kwargs)
             else:
                 return s.connect(url)
 
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, 'connection_request')
         # use Poller because zmq.select has wrong units in pyzmq 2.1.7
         poller = zmq.Poller()
         poller.register(self._query_socket, zmq.POLLIN)
         # poll expects milliseconds, timeout is seconds
         evts = poller.poll(timeout*1000)
         if not evts:
             raise error.TimeoutError("Hub connection request timed out")
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket,mode=0)
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         # self._config['registration'] = dict(content)
         cfg = self._config
         if content['status'] == 'ok':
             self._mux_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.DEALER)
             connect_socket(self._mux_socket, cfg['mux'])
 
             self._task_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.DEALER)
             connect_socket(self._task_socket, cfg['task'])
 
             self._notification_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.SUB)
             self._notification_socket.setsockopt(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, b'')
             connect_socket(self._notification_socket, cfg['notification'])
 
             self._control_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.DEALER)
             connect_socket(self._control_socket, cfg['control'])
 
             self._iopub_socket = self._context.socket(zmq.SUB)
             self._iopub_socket.setsockopt(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, b'')
             connect_socket(self._iopub_socket, cfg['iopub'])
 
             self._update_engines(dict(content['engines']))
         else:
             self._connected = False
             raise Exception("Failed to connect!")
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # handlers and callbacks for incoming messages
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _unwrap_exception(self, content):
         """unwrap exception, and remap engine_id to int."""
         e = error.unwrap_exception(content)
         # print e.traceback
         if e.engine_info:
             e_uuid = e.engine_info['engine_uuid']
             eid = self._engines[e_uuid]
             e.engine_info['engine_id'] = eid
         return e
 
     def _extract_metadata(self, msg):
         header = msg['header']
         parent = msg['parent_header']
         msg_meta = msg['metadata']
         content = msg['content']
         md = {'msg_id' : parent['msg_id'],
               'received' : datetime.now(),
               'engine_uuid' : msg_meta.get('engine', None),
               'follow' : msg_meta.get('follow', []),
               'after' : msg_meta.get('after', []),
               'status' : content['status'],
             }
 
         if md['engine_uuid'] is not None:
             md['engine_id'] = self._engines.get(md['engine_uuid'], None)
 
         if 'date' in parent:
             md['submitted'] = parent['date']
         if 'started' in msg_meta:
             md['started'] = msg_meta['started']
         if 'date' in header:
             md['completed'] = header['date']
         return md
 
     def _register_engine(self, msg):
         """Register a new engine, and update our connection info."""
         content = msg['content']
         eid = content['id']
         d = {eid : content['uuid']}
         self._update_engines(d)
 
     def _unregister_engine(self, msg):
         """Unregister an engine that has died."""
         content = msg['content']
         eid = int(content['id'])
         if eid in self._ids:
             self._ids.remove(eid)
             uuid = self._engines.pop(eid)
 
             self._handle_stranded_msgs(eid, uuid)
 
         if self._task_socket and self._task_scheme == 'pure':
             self._stop_scheduling_tasks()
 
     def _handle_stranded_msgs(self, eid, uuid):
         """Handle messages known to be on an engine when the engine unregisters.
 
         It is possible that this will fire prematurely - that is, an engine will
         go down after completing a result, and the client will be notified
         of the unregistration and later receive the successful result.
         """
 
         outstanding = self._outstanding_dict[uuid]
 
         for msg_id in list(outstanding):
             if msg_id in self.results:
                 # we already
                 continue
             try:
                 raise error.EngineError("Engine %r died while running task %r"%(eid, msg_id))
             except:
                 content = error.wrap_exception()
             # build a fake message:
             msg = self.session.msg('apply_reply', content=content)
             msg['parent_header']['msg_id'] = msg_id
             msg['metadata']['engine'] = uuid
             self._handle_apply_reply(msg)
 
     def _handle_execute_reply(self, msg):
         """Save the reply to an execute_request into our results.
 
         execute messages are never actually used. apply is used instead.
         """
 
         parent = msg['parent_header']
         msg_id = parent['msg_id']
         if msg_id not in self.outstanding:
             if msg_id in self.history:
-                print(("got stale result: %s"%msg_id))
+                print("got stale result: %s"%msg_id)
             else:
-                print(("got unknown result: %s"%msg_id))
+                print("got unknown result: %s"%msg_id)
         else:
             self.outstanding.remove(msg_id)
 
         content = msg['content']
         header = msg['header']
 
         # construct metadata:
         md = self.metadata[msg_id]
         md.update(self._extract_metadata(msg))
         # is this redundant?
         self.metadata[msg_id] = md
         
         e_outstanding = self._outstanding_dict[md['engine_uuid']]
         if msg_id in e_outstanding:
             e_outstanding.remove(msg_id)
 
         # construct result:
         if content['status'] == 'ok':
             self.results[msg_id] = ExecuteReply(msg_id, content, md)
         elif content['status'] == 'aborted':
             self.results[msg_id] = error.TaskAborted(msg_id)
         elif content['status'] == 'resubmitted':
             # TODO: handle resubmission
             pass
         else:
             self.results[msg_id] = self._unwrap_exception(content)
 
     def _handle_apply_reply(self, msg):
         """Save the reply to an apply_request into our results."""
         parent = msg['parent_header']
         msg_id = parent['msg_id']
         if msg_id not in self.outstanding:
             if msg_id in self.history:
-                print(("got stale result: %s"%msg_id))
+                print("got stale result: %s"%msg_id)
                 print(self.results[msg_id])
                 print(msg)
             else:
-                print(("got unknown result: %s"%msg_id))
+                print("got unknown result: %s"%msg_id)
         else:
             self.outstanding.remove(msg_id)
         content = msg['content']
         header = msg['header']
 
         # construct metadata:
         md = self.metadata[msg_id]
         md.update(self._extract_metadata(msg))
         # is this redundant?
         self.metadata[msg_id] = md
 
         e_outstanding = self._outstanding_dict[md['engine_uuid']]
         if msg_id in e_outstanding:
             e_outstanding.remove(msg_id)
 
         # construct result:
         if content['status'] == 'ok':
             self.results[msg_id] = serialize.unserialize_object(msg['buffers'])[0]
         elif content['status'] == 'aborted':
             self.results[msg_id] = error.TaskAborted(msg_id)
         elif content['status'] == 'resubmitted':
             # TODO: handle resubmission
             pass
         else:
             self.results[msg_id] = self._unwrap_exception(content)
 
     def _flush_notifications(self):
         """Flush notifications of engine registrations waiting
         in ZMQ queue."""
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._notification_socket, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
         while msg is not None:
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             msg_type = msg['header']['msg_type']
             handler = self._notification_handlers.get(msg_type, None)
             if handler is None:
                 raise Exception("Unhandled message type: %s" % msg_type)
             else:
                 handler(msg)
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._notification_socket, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
 
     def _flush_results(self, sock):
         """Flush task or queue results waiting in ZMQ queue."""
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
         while msg is not None:
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             msg_type = msg['header']['msg_type']
             handler = self._queue_handlers.get(msg_type, None)
             if handler is None:
                 raise Exception("Unhandled message type: %s" % msg_type)
             else:
                 handler(msg)
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
 
     def _flush_control(self, sock):
         """Flush replies from the control channel waiting
         in the ZMQ queue.
 
         Currently: ignore them."""
         if self._ignored_control_replies <= 0:
             return
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
         while msg is not None:
             self._ignored_control_replies -= 1
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
 
     def _flush_ignored_control(self):
         """flush ignored control replies"""
         while self._ignored_control_replies > 0:
             self.session.recv(self._control_socket)
             self._ignored_control_replies -= 1
 
     def _flush_ignored_hub_replies(self):
         ident,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
         while msg is not None:
             ident,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
 
     def _flush_iopub(self, sock):
         """Flush replies from the iopub channel waiting
         in the ZMQ queue.
         """
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
         while msg is not None:
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             parent = msg['parent_header']
             # ignore IOPub messages with no parent.
             # Caused by print statements or warnings from before the first execution.
             if not parent:
                 idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
                 continue
             msg_id = parent['msg_id']
             content = msg['content']
             header = msg['header']
             msg_type = msg['header']['msg_type']
 
             # init metadata:
             md = self.metadata[msg_id]
 
             if msg_type == 'stream':
                 name = content['name']
                 s = md[name] or ''
                 md[name] = s + content['data']
             elif msg_type == 'pyerr':
                 md.update({'pyerr' : self._unwrap_exception(content)})
             elif msg_type == 'pyin':
                 md.update({'pyin' : content['code']})
             elif msg_type == 'display_data':
                 md['outputs'].append(content)
             elif msg_type == 'pyout':
                 md['pyout'] = content
             elif msg_type == 'data_message':
                 data, remainder = serialize.unserialize_object(msg['buffers'])
                 md['data'].update(data)
             elif msg_type == 'status':
                 # idle message comes after all outputs
                 if content['execution_state'] == 'idle':
                     md['outputs_ready'] = True
             else:
                 # unhandled msg_type (status, etc.)
                 pass
 
             # reduntant?
             self.metadata[msg_id] = md
 
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(sock, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK)
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # len, getitem
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def __len__(self):
         """len(client) returns # of engines."""
         return len(self.ids)
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         """index access returns DirectView multiplexer objects
 
         Must be int, slice, or list/tuple/xrange of ints"""
         if not isinstance(key, (int, slice, tuple, list, xrange)):
             raise TypeError("key by int/slice/iterable of ints only, not %s"%(type(key)))
         else:
             return self.direct_view(key)
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Begin public methods
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @property
     def ids(self):
         """Always up-to-date ids property."""
         self._flush_notifications()
         # always copy:
         return list(self._ids)
 
     def activate(self, targets='all', suffix=''):
         """Create a DirectView and register it with IPython magics
         
         Defines the magics `%px, %autopx, %pxresult, %%px`
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         
         targets: int, list of ints, or 'all'
             The engines on which the view's magics will run
         suffix: str [default: '']
             The suffix, if any, for the magics.  This allows you to have
             multiple views associated with parallel magics at the same time.
             
             e.g. ``rc.activate(targets=0, suffix='0')`` will give you
             the magics ``%px0``, ``%pxresult0``, etc. for running magics just
             on engine 0.
         """
         view = self.direct_view(targets)
         view.block = True
         view.activate(suffix)
         return view
 
     def close(self, linger=None):
         """Close my zmq Sockets
         
         If `linger`, set the zmq LINGER socket option,
         which allows discarding of messages.
         """
         if self._closed:
             return
         self.stop_spin_thread()
         snames = [ trait for trait in self.trait_names() if trait.endswith("socket") ]
         for name in snames:
             socket = getattr(self, name)
             if socket is not None and not socket.closed:
                 if linger is not None:
                     socket.close(linger=linger)
                 else:
                     socket.close()
         self._closed = True
 
     def _spin_every(self, interval=1):
         """target func for use in spin_thread"""
         while True:
             if self._stop_spinning.is_set():
                 return
             time.sleep(interval)
             self.spin()
 
     def spin_thread(self, interval=1):
         """call Client.spin() in a background thread on some regular interval
         
         This helps ensure that messages don't pile up too much in the zmq queue
         while you are working on other things, or just leaving an idle terminal.
         
         It also helps limit potential padding of the `received` timestamp
         on AsyncResult objects, used for timings.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         
         interval : float, optional
             The interval on which to spin the client in the background thread
             (simply passed to time.sleep).
         
         Notes
         -----
         
         For precision timing, you may want to use this method to put a bound
         on the jitter (in seconds) in `received` timestamps used
         in AsyncResult.wall_time.
         
         """
         if self._spin_thread is not None:
             self.stop_spin_thread()
         self._stop_spinning.clear()
         self._spin_thread = Thread(target=self._spin_every, args=(interval,))
         self._spin_thread.daemon = True
         self._spin_thread.start()
     
     def stop_spin_thread(self):
         """stop background spin_thread, if any"""
         if self._spin_thread is not None:
             self._stop_spinning.set()
             self._spin_thread.join()
             self._spin_thread = None
 
     def spin(self):
         """Flush any registration notifications and execution results
         waiting in the ZMQ queue.
         """
         if self._notification_socket:
             self._flush_notifications()
         if self._iopub_socket:
             self._flush_iopub(self._iopub_socket)
         if self._mux_socket:
             self._flush_results(self._mux_socket)
         if self._task_socket:
             self._flush_results(self._task_socket)
         if self._control_socket:
             self._flush_control(self._control_socket)
         if self._query_socket:
             self._flush_ignored_hub_replies()
 
     def wait(self, jobs=None, timeout=-1):
         """waits on one or more `jobs`, for up to `timeout` seconds.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         jobs : int, str, or list of ints and/or strs, or one or more AsyncResult objects
                 ints are indices to self.history
                 strs are msg_ids
                 default: wait on all outstanding messages
         timeout : float
                 a time in seconds, after which to give up.
                 default is -1, which means no timeout
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         True : when all msg_ids are done
         False : timeout reached, some msg_ids still outstanding
         """
         tic = time.time()
         if jobs is None:
             theids = self.outstanding
         else:
             if isinstance(jobs, string_types + (int, AsyncResult)):
                 jobs = [jobs]
             theids = set()
             for job in jobs:
                 if isinstance(job, int):
                     # index access
                     job = self.history[job]
                 elif isinstance(job, AsyncResult):
                     theids.update(job.msg_ids)
                     continue
                 theids.add(job)
         if not theids.intersection(self.outstanding):
             return True
         self.spin()
         while theids.intersection(self.outstanding):
             if timeout >= 0 and ( time.time()-tic ) > timeout:
                 break
             time.sleep(1e-3)
             self.spin()
         return len(theids.intersection(self.outstanding)) == 0
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Control methods
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @spin_first
     def clear(self, targets=None, block=None):
         """Clear the namespace in target(s)."""
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         targets = self._build_targets(targets)[0]
         for t in targets:
             self.session.send(self._control_socket, 'clear_request', content={}, ident=t)
         error = False
         if block:
             self._flush_ignored_control()
             for i in range(len(targets)):
                 idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._control_socket,0)
                 if self.debug:
                     pprint(msg)
                 if msg['content']['status'] != 'ok':
                     error = self._unwrap_exception(msg['content'])
         else:
             self._ignored_control_replies += len(targets)
         if error:
             raise error
 
 
     @spin_first
     def abort(self, jobs=None, targets=None, block=None):
         """Abort specific jobs from the execution queues of target(s).
 
         This is a mechanism to prevent jobs that have already been submitted
         from executing.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         jobs : msg_id, list of msg_ids, or AsyncResult
             The jobs to be aborted
             
             If unspecified/None: abort all outstanding jobs.
 
         """
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         jobs = jobs if jobs is not None else list(self.outstanding)
         targets = self._build_targets(targets)[0]
         
         msg_ids = []
         if isinstance(jobs, string_types + (AsyncResult,)):
             jobs = [jobs]
         bad_ids = [obj for obj in jobs if not isinstance(obj, string_types + (AsyncResult,))]
         if bad_ids:
             raise TypeError("Invalid msg_id type %r, expected str or AsyncResult"%bad_ids[0])
         for j in jobs:
             if isinstance(j, AsyncResult):
                 msg_ids.extend(j.msg_ids)
             else:
                 msg_ids.append(j)
         content = dict(msg_ids=msg_ids)
         for t in targets:
             self.session.send(self._control_socket, 'abort_request',
                     content=content, ident=t)
         error = False
         if block:
             self._flush_ignored_control()
             for i in range(len(targets)):
                 idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._control_socket,0)
                 if self.debug:
                     pprint(msg)
                 if msg['content']['status'] != 'ok':
                     error = self._unwrap_exception(msg['content'])
         else:
             self._ignored_control_replies += len(targets)
         if error:
             raise error
 
     @spin_first
     def shutdown(self, targets='all', restart=False, hub=False, block=None):
         """Terminates one or more engine processes, optionally including the hub.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         
         targets: list of ints or 'all' [default: all]
             Which engines to shutdown.
         hub: bool [default: False]
             Whether to include the Hub.  hub=True implies targets='all'.
         block: bool [default: self.block]
             Whether to wait for clean shutdown replies or not.
         restart: bool [default: False]
             NOT IMPLEMENTED
             whether to restart engines after shutting them down.
         """
         from IPython.parallel.error import NoEnginesRegistered
         if restart:
             raise NotImplementedError("Engine restart is not yet implemented")
         
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         if hub:
             targets = 'all'
         try:
             targets = self._build_targets(targets)[0]
         except NoEnginesRegistered:
             targets = []
         for t in targets:
             self.session.send(self._control_socket, 'shutdown_request',
                         content={'restart':restart},ident=t)
         error = False
         if block or hub:
             self._flush_ignored_control()
             for i in range(len(targets)):
                 idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._control_socket, 0)
                 if self.debug:
                     pprint(msg)
                 if msg['content']['status'] != 'ok':
                     error = self._unwrap_exception(msg['content'])
         else:
             self._ignored_control_replies += len(targets)
 
         if hub:
             time.sleep(0.25)
             self.session.send(self._query_socket, 'shutdown_request')
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, 0)
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             if msg['content']['status'] != 'ok':
                 error = self._unwrap_exception(msg['content'])
 
         if error:
             raise error
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Execution related methods
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _maybe_raise(self, result):
         """wrapper for maybe raising an exception if apply failed."""
         if isinstance(result, error.RemoteError):
             raise result
 
         return result
 
     def send_apply_request(self, socket, f, args=None, kwargs=None, metadata=None, track=False,
                             ident=None):
         """construct and send an apply message via a socket.
 
         This is the principal method with which all engine execution is performed by views.
         """
 
         if self._closed:
             raise RuntimeError("Client cannot be used after its sockets have been closed")
         
         # defaults:
         args = args if args is not None else []
         kwargs = kwargs if kwargs is not None else {}
         metadata = metadata if metadata is not None else {}
 
         # validate arguments
         if not callable(f) and not isinstance(f, Reference):
             raise TypeError("f must be callable, not %s"%type(f))
         if not isinstance(args, (tuple, list)):
             raise TypeError("args must be tuple or list, not %s"%type(args))
         if not isinstance(kwargs, dict):
             raise TypeError("kwargs must be dict, not %s"%type(kwargs))
         if not isinstance(metadata, dict):
             raise TypeError("metadata must be dict, not %s"%type(metadata))
 
         bufs = serialize.pack_apply_message(f, args, kwargs,
             buffer_threshold=self.session.buffer_threshold,
             item_threshold=self.session.item_threshold,
         )
 
         msg = self.session.send(socket, "apply_request", buffers=bufs, ident=ident,
                             metadata=metadata, track=track)
 
         msg_id = msg['header']['msg_id']
         self.outstanding.add(msg_id)
         if ident:
             # possibly routed to a specific engine
             if isinstance(ident, list):
                 ident = ident[-1]
             if ident in self._engines.values():
                 # save for later, in case of engine death
                 self._outstanding_dict[ident].add(msg_id)
         self.history.append(msg_id)
         self.metadata[msg_id]['submitted'] = datetime.now()
 
         return msg
 
     def send_execute_request(self, socket, code, silent=True, metadata=None, ident=None):
         """construct and send an execute request via a socket.
 
         """
 
         if self._closed:
             raise RuntimeError("Client cannot be used after its sockets have been closed")
         
         # defaults:
         metadata = metadata if metadata is not None else {}
 
         # validate arguments
         if not isinstance(code, string_types):
             raise TypeError("code must be text, not %s" % type(code))
         if not isinstance(metadata, dict):
             raise TypeError("metadata must be dict, not %s" % type(metadata))
         
         content = dict(code=code, silent=bool(silent), user_variables=[], user_expressions={})
 
 
         msg = self.session.send(socket, "execute_request", content=content, ident=ident,
                             metadata=metadata)
 
         msg_id = msg['header']['msg_id']
         self.outstanding.add(msg_id)
         if ident:
             # possibly routed to a specific engine
             if isinstance(ident, list):
                 ident = ident[-1]
             if ident in self._engines.values():
                 # save for later, in case of engine death
                 self._outstanding_dict[ident].add(msg_id)
         self.history.append(msg_id)
         self.metadata[msg_id]['submitted'] = datetime.now()
 
         return msg
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # construct a View object
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def load_balanced_view(self, targets=None):
         """construct a DirectView object.
 
         If no arguments are specified, create a LoadBalancedView
         using all engines.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         targets: list,slice,int,etc. [default: use all engines]
             The subset of engines across which to load-balance
         """
         if targets == 'all':
             targets = None
         if targets is not None:
             targets = self._build_targets(targets)[1]
         return LoadBalancedView(client=self, socket=self._task_socket, targets=targets)
 
     def direct_view(self, targets='all'):
         """construct a DirectView object.
 
         If no targets are specified, create a DirectView using all engines.
         
         rc.direct_view('all') is distinguished from rc[:] in that 'all' will
         evaluate the target engines at each execution, whereas rc[:] will connect to
         all *current* engines, and that list will not change.
         
         That is, 'all' will always use all engines, whereas rc[:] will not use
         engines added after the DirectView is constructed.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         targets: list,slice,int,etc. [default: use all engines]
             The engines to use for the View
         """
         single = isinstance(targets, int)
         # allow 'all' to be lazily evaluated at each execution
         if targets != 'all':
             targets = self._build_targets(targets)[1]
         if single:
             targets = targets[0]
         return DirectView(client=self, socket=self._mux_socket, targets=targets)
 
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Query methods
     #--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @spin_first
     def get_result(self, indices_or_msg_ids=None, block=None):
         """Retrieve a result by msg_id or history index, wrapped in an AsyncResult object.
 
         If the client already has the results, no request to the Hub will be made.
 
         This is a convenient way to construct AsyncResult objects, which are wrappers
         that include metadata about execution, and allow for awaiting results that
         were not submitted by this Client.
 
         It can also be a convenient way to retrieve the metadata associated with
         blocking execution, since it always retrieves
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
             In [10]: r = client.apply()
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         indices_or_msg_ids : integer history index, str msg_id, or list of either
             The indices or msg_ids of indices to be retrieved
 
         block : bool
             Whether to wait for the result to be done
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         AsyncResult
             A single AsyncResult object will always be returned.
 
         AsyncHubResult
             A subclass of AsyncResult that retrieves results from the Hub
 
         """
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         if indices_or_msg_ids is None:
             indices_or_msg_ids = -1
         
         single_result = False
         if not isinstance(indices_or_msg_ids, (list,tuple)):
             indices_or_msg_ids = [indices_or_msg_ids]
             single_result = True
 
         theids = []
         for id in indices_or_msg_ids:
             if isinstance(id, int):
                 id = self.history[id]
             if not isinstance(id, string_types):
                 raise TypeError("indices must be str or int, not %r"%id)
             theids.append(id)
 
         local_ids = [msg_id for msg_id in theids if (msg_id in self.outstanding or msg_id in self.results)]
         remote_ids = [msg_id for msg_id in theids if msg_id not in local_ids]
         
         # given single msg_id initially, get_result shot get the result itself,
         # not a length-one list
         if single_result:
             theids = theids[0]
 
         if remote_ids:
             ar = AsyncHubResult(self, msg_ids=theids)
         else:
             ar = AsyncResult(self, msg_ids=theids)
 
         if block:
             ar.wait()
 
         return ar
 
     @spin_first
     def resubmit(self, indices_or_msg_ids=None, metadata=None, block=None):
         """Resubmit one or more tasks.
 
         in-flight tasks may not be resubmitted.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         indices_or_msg_ids : integer history index, str msg_id, or list of either
             The indices or msg_ids of indices to be retrieved
 
         block : bool
             Whether to wait for the result to be done
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         AsyncHubResult
             A subclass of AsyncResult that retrieves results from the Hub
 
         """
         block = self.block if block is None else block
         if indices_or_msg_ids is None:
             indices_or_msg_ids = -1
 
         if not isinstance(indices_or_msg_ids, (list,tuple)):
             indices_or_msg_ids = [indices_or_msg_ids]
 
         theids = []
         for id in indices_or_msg_ids:
             if isinstance(id, int):
                 id = self.history[id]
             if not isinstance(id, string_types):
                 raise TypeError("indices must be str or int, not %r"%id)
             theids.append(id)
 
         content = dict(msg_ids = theids)
 
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, 'resubmit_request', content)
 
         zmq.select([self._query_socket], [], [])
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, zmq.NOBLOCK)
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         if content['status'] != 'ok':
             raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
         mapping = content['resubmitted']
         new_ids = [ mapping[msg_id] for msg_id in theids ]
 
         ar = AsyncHubResult(self, msg_ids=new_ids)
 
         if block:
             ar.wait()
 
         return ar
 
     @spin_first
     def result_status(self, msg_ids, status_only=True):
         """Check on the status of the result(s) of the apply request with `msg_ids`.
 
         If status_only is False, then the actual results will be retrieved, else
         only the status of the results will be checked.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         msg_ids : list of msg_ids
             if int:
                 Passed as index to self.history for convenience.
         status_only : bool (default: True)
             if False:
                 Retrieve the actual results of completed tasks.
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         results : dict
             There will always be the keys 'pending' and 'completed', which will
             be lists of msg_ids that are incomplete or complete. If `status_only`
             is False, then completed results will be keyed by their `msg_id`.
         """
         if not isinstance(msg_ids, (list,tuple)):
             msg_ids = [msg_ids]
 
         theids = []
         for msg_id in msg_ids:
             if isinstance(msg_id, int):
                 msg_id = self.history[msg_id]
             if not isinstance(msg_id, string_types):
                 raise TypeError("msg_ids must be str, not %r"%msg_id)
             theids.append(msg_id)
 
         completed = []
         local_results = {}
 
         # comment this block out to temporarily disable local shortcut:
         for msg_id in theids:
             if msg_id in self.results:
                 completed.append(msg_id)
                 local_results[msg_id] = self.results[msg_id]
                 theids.remove(msg_id)
 
         if theids: # some not locally cached
             content = dict(msg_ids=theids, status_only=status_only)
             msg = self.session.send(self._query_socket, "result_request", content=content)
             zmq.select([self._query_socket], [], [])
             idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, zmq.NOBLOCK)
             if self.debug:
                 pprint(msg)
             content = msg['content']
             if content['status'] != 'ok':
                 raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
             buffers = msg['buffers']
         else:
             content = dict(completed=[],pending=[])
 
         content['completed'].extend(completed)
 
         if status_only:
             return content
 
         failures = []
         # load cached results into result:
         content.update(local_results)
 
         # update cache with results:
         for msg_id in sorted(theids):
             if msg_id in content['completed']:
                 rec = content[msg_id]
                 parent = rec['header']
                 header = rec['result_header']
                 rcontent = rec['result_content']
                 iodict = rec['io']
                 if isinstance(rcontent, str):
                     rcontent = self.session.unpack(rcontent)
 
                 md = self.metadata[msg_id]
                 md_msg = dict(
                     content=rcontent,
                     parent_header=parent,
                     header=header,
                     metadata=rec['result_metadata'],
                 )
                 md.update(self._extract_metadata(md_msg))
                 if rec.get('received'):
                     md['received'] = rec['received']
                 md.update(iodict)
                 
                 if rcontent['status'] == 'ok':
                     if header['msg_type'] == 'apply_reply':
                         res,buffers = serialize.unserialize_object(buffers)
                     elif header['msg_type'] == 'execute_reply':
                         res = ExecuteReply(msg_id, rcontent, md)
                     else:
                         raise KeyError("unhandled msg type: %r" % header['msg_type'])
                 else:
                     res = self._unwrap_exception(rcontent)
                     failures.append(res)
 
                 self.results[msg_id] = res
                 content[msg_id] = res
 
         if len(theids) == 1 and failures:
             raise failures[0]
 
         error.collect_exceptions(failures, "result_status")
         return content
 
     @spin_first
     def queue_status(self, targets='all', verbose=False):
         """Fetch the status of engine queues.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         targets : int/str/list of ints/strs
                 the engines whose states are to be queried.
                 default : all
         verbose : bool
                 Whether to return lengths only, or lists of ids for each element
         """
         if targets == 'all':
             # allow 'all' to be evaluated on the engine
             engine_ids = None
         else:
             engine_ids = self._build_targets(targets)[1]
         content = dict(targets=engine_ids, verbose=verbose)
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, "queue_request", content=content)
         idents,msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, 0)
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         status = content.pop('status')
         if status != 'ok':
             raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
         content = rekey(content)
         if isinstance(targets, int):
             return content[targets]
         else:
             return content
 
     def _build_msgids_from_target(self, targets=None):
         """Build a list of msg_ids from the list of engine targets"""
         if not targets: # needed as _build_targets otherwise uses all engines
             return []
         target_ids = self._build_targets(targets)[0] 
         return [md_id for md_id in self.metadata if self.metadata[md_id]["engine_uuid"] in target_ids]
     
     def _build_msgids_from_jobs(self, jobs=None):
         """Build a list of msg_ids from "jobs" """
         if not jobs:
             return []
         msg_ids = []
         if isinstance(jobs, string_types + (AsyncResult,)):
             jobs = [jobs]
         bad_ids = [obj for obj in jobs if not isinstance(obj, string_types + (AsyncResult,))]
         if bad_ids:
             raise TypeError("Invalid msg_id type %r, expected str or AsyncResult"%bad_ids[0])
         for j in jobs:
             if isinstance(j, AsyncResult):
                 msg_ids.extend(j.msg_ids)
             else:
                 msg_ids.append(j)
         return msg_ids        
         
     def purge_local_results(self, jobs=[], targets=[]):
         """Clears the client caches of results and frees such memory.
         
         Individual results can be purged by msg_id, or the entire
         history of specific targets can be purged.
 
         Use `purge_local_results('all')` to scrub everything from the Clients's db.
 
         The client must have no outstanding tasks before purging the caches.
         Raises `AssertionError` if there are still outstanding tasks.
 
         After this call all `AsyncResults` are invalid and should be discarded.
 
         If you must "reget" the results, you can still do so by using
         `client.get_result(msg_id)` or `client.get_result(asyncresult)`. This will
         redownload the results from the hub if they are still available
         (i.e `client.purge_hub_results(...)` has not been called.        
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         jobs : str or list of str or AsyncResult objects
                 the msg_ids whose results should be purged.
         targets : int/str/list of ints/strs
                 The targets, by int_id, whose entire results are to be purged.
 
                 default : None
         """
         assert not self.outstanding, "Can't purge a client with outstanding tasks!"
         
         if not targets and not jobs:
             raise ValueError("Must specify at least one of `targets` and `jobs`")
                 
         if jobs == 'all':
             self.results.clear()
             self.metadata.clear()
             return
         else:
             msg_ids = []
             msg_ids.extend(self._build_msgids_from_target(targets))
             msg_ids.extend(self._build_msgids_from_jobs(jobs))
             for mid in msg_ids:
                 self.results.pop(mid)
                 self.metadata.pop(mid)
 
 
     @spin_first
     def purge_hub_results(self, jobs=[], targets=[]):
         """Tell the Hub to forget results.
 
         Individual results can be purged by msg_id, or the entire
         history of specific targets can be purged.
 
         Use `purge_results('all')` to scrub everything from the Hub's db.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         jobs : str or list of str or AsyncResult objects
                 the msg_ids whose results should be forgotten.
         targets : int/str/list of ints/strs
                 The targets, by int_id, whose entire history is to be purged.
 
                 default : None
         """
         if not targets and not jobs:
             raise ValueError("Must specify at least one of `targets` and `jobs`")
         if targets:
             targets = self._build_targets(targets)[1]
 
         # construct msg_ids from jobs
         if jobs == 'all':
             msg_ids = jobs
         else:
             msg_ids = self._build_msgids_from_jobs(jobs)
 
         content = dict(engine_ids=targets, msg_ids=msg_ids)
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, "purge_request", content=content)
         idents, msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, 0)
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         if content['status'] != 'ok':
             raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
 
     def purge_results(self,  jobs=[], targets=[]):
         """Clears the cached results from both the hub and the local client
                 
         Individual results can be purged by msg_id, or the entire
         history of specific targets can be purged.
 
         Use `purge_results('all')` to scrub every cached result from both the Hub's and 
         the Client's db.
         
         Equivalent to calling both `purge_hub_results()` and `purge_client_results()` with 
         the same arguments.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         jobs : str or list of str or AsyncResult objects
                 the msg_ids whose results should be forgotten.
         targets : int/str/list of ints/strs
                 The targets, by int_id, whose entire history is to be purged.
 
                 default : None
         """
         self.purge_local_results(jobs=jobs, targets=targets)
         self.purge_hub_results(jobs=jobs, targets=targets)
 
     def purge_everything(self):
         """Clears all content from previous Tasks from both the hub and the local client
         
         In addition to calling `purge_results("all")` it also deletes the history and 
         other bookkeeping lists.        
         """
         self.purge_results("all")
         self.history = []
         self.session.digest_history.clear()
 
     @spin_first
     def hub_history(self):
         """Get the Hub's history
 
         Just like the Client, the Hub has a history, which is a list of msg_ids.
         This will contain the history of all clients, and, depending on configuration,
         may contain history across multiple cluster sessions.
 
         Any msg_id returned here is a valid argument to `get_result`.
 
         Returns
         -------
 
         msg_ids : list of strs
                 list of all msg_ids, ordered by task submission time.
         """
 
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, "history_request", content={})
         idents, msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, 0)
 
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         if content['status'] != 'ok':
             raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
         else:
             return content['history']
 
     @spin_first
     def db_query(self, query, keys=None):
         """Query the Hub's TaskRecord database
 
         This will return a list of task record dicts that match `query`
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         query : mongodb query dict
             The search dict. See mongodb query docs for details.
         keys : list of strs [optional]
             The subset of keys to be returned.  The default is to fetch everything but buffers.
             'msg_id' will *always* be included.
         """
         if isinstance(keys, string_types):
             keys = [keys]
         content = dict(query=query, keys=keys)
         self.session.send(self._query_socket, "db_request", content=content)
         idents, msg = self.session.recv(self._query_socket, 0)
         if self.debug:
             pprint(msg)
         content = msg['content']
         if content['status'] != 'ok':
             raise self._unwrap_exception(content)
 
         records = content['records']
 
         buffer_lens = content['buffer_lens']
         result_buffer_lens = content['result_buffer_lens']
         buffers = msg['buffers']
         has_bufs = buffer_lens is not None
         has_rbufs = result_buffer_lens is not None
         for i,rec in enumerate(records):
             # relink buffers
             if has_bufs:
                 blen = buffer_lens[i]
                 rec['buffers'], buffers = buffers[:blen],buffers[blen:]
             if has_rbufs:
                 blen = result_buffer_lens[i]
                 rec['result_buffers'], buffers = buffers[:blen],buffers[blen:]
 
         return records
 
 __all__ = [ 'Client' ]