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1 | .. _defining_magics: |
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1 | .. _defining_magics: | |
2 |
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2 | |||
3 | Defining custom magics |
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3 | Defining custom magics | |
4 | ====================== |
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4 | ====================== | |
5 |
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5 | |||
6 | There are two main ways to define your own magic functions: from standalone |
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6 | There are two main ways to define your own magic functions: from standalone | |
7 | functions and by inheriting from a base class provided by IPython: |
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7 | functions and by inheriting from a base class provided by IPython: | |
8 | :class:`IPython.core.magic.Magics`. Below we show code you can place in a file |
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8 | :class:`IPython.core.magic.Magics`. Below we show code you can place in a file | |
9 | that you load from your configuration, such as any file in the ``startup`` |
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9 | that you load from your configuration, such as any file in the ``startup`` | |
10 | subdirectory of your default IPython profile. |
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10 | subdirectory of your default IPython profile. | |
11 |
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11 | |||
12 | First, let us see the simplest case. The following shows how to create a line |
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12 | First, let us see the simplest case. The following shows how to create a line | |
13 | magic, a cell one and one that works in both modes, using just plain functions: |
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13 | magic, a cell one and one that works in both modes, using just plain functions: | |
14 |
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14 | |||
15 | .. sourcecode:: python |
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15 | .. sourcecode:: python | |
16 |
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16 | |||
17 | from IPython.core.magic import (register_line_magic, register_cell_magic, |
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17 | from IPython.core.magic import (register_line_magic, register_cell_magic, | |
18 | register_line_cell_magic) |
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18 | register_line_cell_magic) | |
19 |
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19 | |||
20 | @register_line_magic |
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20 | @register_line_magic | |
21 | def lmagic(line): |
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21 | def lmagic(line): | |
22 | "my line magic" |
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22 | "my line magic" | |
23 | return line |
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23 | return line | |
24 |
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24 | |||
25 | @register_cell_magic |
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25 | @register_cell_magic | |
26 | def cmagic(line, cell): |
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26 | def cmagic(line, cell): | |
27 | "my cell magic" |
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27 | "my cell magic" | |
28 | return line, cell |
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28 | return line, cell | |
29 |
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29 | |||
30 | @register_line_cell_magic |
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30 | @register_line_cell_magic | |
31 | def lcmagic(line, cell=None): |
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31 | def lcmagic(line, cell=None): | |
32 | "Magic that works both as %lcmagic and as %%lcmagic" |
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32 | "Magic that works both as %lcmagic and as %%lcmagic" | |
33 | if cell is None: |
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33 | if cell is None: | |
34 | print("Called as line magic") |
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34 | print("Called as line magic") | |
35 | return line |
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35 | return line | |
36 | else: |
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36 | else: | |
37 | print("Called as cell magic") |
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37 | print("Called as cell magic") | |
38 | return line, cell |
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38 | return line, cell | |
39 |
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39 | |||
40 | # We delete these to avoid name conflicts for automagic to work |
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40 | # In an interactive session, we need to delete these to avoid | |
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41 | # name conflicts for automagic to work on line magics. | |||
41 | del lmagic, lcmagic |
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42 | del lmagic, lcmagic | |
42 |
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43 | |||
43 |
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44 | |||
44 | You can also create magics of all three kinds by inheriting from the |
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45 | You can also create magics of all three kinds by inheriting from the | |
45 | :class:`IPython.core.magic.Magics` class. This lets you create magics that can |
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46 | :class:`IPython.core.magic.Magics` class. This lets you create magics that can | |
46 | potentially hold state in between calls, and that have full access to the main |
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47 | potentially hold state in between calls, and that have full access to the main | |
47 | IPython object: |
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48 | IPython object: | |
48 |
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49 | |||
49 | .. sourcecode:: python |
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50 | .. sourcecode:: python | |
50 |
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51 | |||
51 | # This code can be put in any Python module, it does not require IPython |
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52 | # This code can be put in any Python module, it does not require IPython | |
52 | # itself to be running already. It only creates the magics subclass but |
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53 | # itself to be running already. It only creates the magics subclass but | |
53 | # doesn't instantiate it yet. |
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54 | # doesn't instantiate it yet. | |
54 | from __future__ import print_function |
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55 | from __future__ import print_function | |
55 | from IPython.core.magic import (Magics, magics_class, line_magic, |
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56 | from IPython.core.magic import (Magics, magics_class, line_magic, | |
56 | cell_magic, line_cell_magic) |
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57 | cell_magic, line_cell_magic) | |
57 |
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58 | |||
58 | # The class MUST call this class decorator at creation time |
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59 | # The class MUST call this class decorator at creation time | |
59 | @magics_class |
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60 | @magics_class | |
60 | class MyMagics(Magics): |
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61 | class MyMagics(Magics): | |
61 |
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62 | |||
62 | @line_magic |
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63 | @line_magic | |
63 | def lmagic(self, line): |
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64 | def lmagic(self, line): | |
64 | "my line magic" |
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65 | "my line magic" | |
65 | print("Full access to the main IPython object:", self.shell) |
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66 | print("Full access to the main IPython object:", self.shell) | |
66 | print("Variables in the user namespace:", list(self.shell.user_ns.keys())) |
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67 | print("Variables in the user namespace:", list(self.shell.user_ns.keys())) | |
67 | return line |
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68 | return line | |
68 |
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69 | |||
69 | @cell_magic |
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70 | @cell_magic | |
70 | def cmagic(self, line, cell): |
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71 | def cmagic(self, line, cell): | |
71 | "my cell magic" |
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72 | "my cell magic" | |
72 | return line, cell |
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73 | return line, cell | |
73 |
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74 | |||
74 | @line_cell_magic |
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75 | @line_cell_magic | |
75 | def lcmagic(self, line, cell=None): |
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76 | def lcmagic(self, line, cell=None): | |
76 | "Magic that works both as %lcmagic and as %%lcmagic" |
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77 | "Magic that works both as %lcmagic and as %%lcmagic" | |
77 | if cell is None: |
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78 | if cell is None: | |
78 | print("Called as line magic") |
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79 | print("Called as line magic") | |
79 | return line |
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80 | return line | |
80 | else: |
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81 | else: | |
81 | print("Called as cell magic") |
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82 | print("Called as cell magic") | |
82 | return line, cell |
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83 | return line, cell | |
83 |
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84 | |||
84 |
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85 | |||
85 | # In order to actually use these magics, you must register them with a |
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86 | # In order to actually use these magics, you must register them with a | |
86 | # running IPython. This code must be placed in a file that is loaded once |
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87 | # running IPython. This code must be placed in a file that is loaded once | |
87 | # IPython is up and running: |
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88 | # IPython is up and running: | |
88 | ip = get_ipython() |
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89 | ip = get_ipython() | |
89 | # You can register the class itself without instantiating it. IPython will |
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90 | # You can register the class itself without instantiating it. IPython will | |
90 | # call the default constructor on it. |
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91 | # call the default constructor on it. | |
91 | ip.register_magics(MyMagics) |
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92 | ip.register_magics(MyMagics) | |
92 |
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93 | |||
93 | If you want to create a class with a different constructor that holds |
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94 | If you want to create a class with a different constructor that holds | |
94 | additional state, then you should always call the parent constructor and |
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95 | additional state, then you should always call the parent constructor and | |
95 | instantiate the class yourself before registration: |
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96 | instantiate the class yourself before registration: | |
96 |
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97 | |||
97 | .. sourcecode:: python |
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98 | .. sourcecode:: python | |
98 |
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99 | |||
99 | @magics_class |
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100 | @magics_class | |
100 | class StatefulMagics(Magics): |
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101 | class StatefulMagics(Magics): | |
101 | "Magics that hold additional state" |
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102 | "Magics that hold additional state" | |
102 |
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103 | |||
103 | def __init__(self, shell, data): |
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104 | def __init__(self, shell, data): | |
104 | # You must call the parent constructor |
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105 | # You must call the parent constructor | |
105 | super(StatefulMagics, self).__init__(shell) |
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106 | super(StatefulMagics, self).__init__(shell) | |
106 | self.data = data |
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107 | self.data = data | |
107 |
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108 | |||
108 | # etc... |
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109 | # etc... | |
109 |
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110 | |||
110 | # This class must then be registered with a manually created instance, |
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111 | # This class must then be registered with a manually created instance, | |
111 | # since its constructor has different arguments from the default: |
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112 | # since its constructor has different arguments from the default: | |
112 | ip = get_ipython() |
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113 | ip = get_ipython() | |
113 | magics = StatefulMagics(ip, some_data) |
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114 | magics = StatefulMagics(ip, some_data) | |
114 | ip.register_magics(magics) |
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115 | ip.register_magics(magics) | |
115 |
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116 | |||
116 |
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117 | |||
117 | In earlier versions, IPython had an API for the creation of line magics (cell |
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118 | In earlier versions, IPython had an API for the creation of line magics (cell | |
118 | magics did not exist at the time) that required you to create functions with a |
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119 | magics did not exist at the time) that required you to create functions with a | |
119 | method-looking signature and to manually pass both the function and the name. |
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120 | method-looking signature and to manually pass both the function and the name. | |
120 | While this API is no longer recommended, it remains indefinitely supported for |
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121 | While this API is no longer recommended, it remains indefinitely supported for | |
121 | backwards compatibility purposes. With the old API, you'd create a magic as |
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122 | backwards compatibility purposes. With the old API, you'd create a magic as | |
122 | follows: |
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123 | follows: | |
123 |
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124 | |||
124 | .. sourcecode:: python |
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125 | .. sourcecode:: python | |
125 |
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126 | |||
126 | def func(self, line): |
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127 | def func(self, line): | |
127 | print("Line magic called with line:", line) |
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128 | print("Line magic called with line:", line) | |
128 | print("IPython object:", self.shell) |
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129 | print("IPython object:", self.shell) | |
129 |
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130 | |||
130 | ip = get_ipython() |
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131 | ip = get_ipython() | |
131 | # Declare this function as the magic %mycommand |
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132 | # Declare this function as the magic %mycommand | |
132 | ip.define_magic('mycommand', func) |
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133 | ip.define_magic('mycommand', func) |
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