typo and reformat

IPython/__init__.py

@@ -1,155 +1,156 b''
 """
 IPython: tools for interactive and parallel computing in Python.
 
 https://ipython.org
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (c) 2008-2011, IPython Development Team.
 #  Copyright (c) 2001-2007, Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (c) 2001, Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (c) 2001, Nathaniel Gray <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import os
 import sys
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Setup everything
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Don't forget to also update setup.py when this changes!
 if sys.version_info < (3, 8):
     raise ImportError(
-"""
+        """
 IPython 8+ supports Python 3.8 and above, following NEP 29.
 When using Python 2.7, please install IPython 5.x LTS Long Term Support version.
 Python 3.3 and 3.4 were supported up to IPython 6.x.
 Python 3.5 was supported with IPython 7.0 to 7.9.
 Python 3.6 was supported with IPython up to 7.16.
 Python 3.7 was still supported with the 7.x branch.
 
 See IPython `README.rst` file for more information:
 
     https://github.com/ipython/ipython/blob/master/README.rst
 
-""")
+"""
+    )
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Setup the top level names
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from .core.getipython import get_ipython
 from .core import release
 from .core.application import Application
 from .terminal.embed import embed
 
 from .core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
 from .utils.sysinfo import sys_info
 from .utils.frame import extract_module_locals
 
 # Release data
 __author__ = '%s <%s>' % (release.author, release.author_email)
 __license__  = release.license
 __version__  = release.version
 version_info = release.version_info
 # list of CVEs that should have been patched in this release.
 # this is informational and should not be relied upon.
 __patched_cves__ = {"CVE-2022-21699"}
 
 
 def embed_kernel(module=None, local_ns=None, **kwargs):
     """Embed and start an IPython kernel in a given scope.
 
     If you don't want the kernel to initialize the namespace
     from the scope of the surrounding function,
     and/or you want to load full IPython configuration,
     you probably want `IPython.start_kernel()` instead.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     module : types.ModuleType, optional
         The module to load into IPython globals (default: caller)
     local_ns : dict, optional
         The namespace to load into IPython user namespace (default: caller)
     **kwargs : various, optional
         Further keyword args are relayed to the IPKernelApp constructor,
         allowing configuration of the Kernel.  Will only have an effect
         on the first embed_kernel call for a given process.
     """
     
     (caller_module, caller_locals) = extract_module_locals(1)
     if module is None:
         module = caller_module
     if local_ns is None:
         local_ns = caller_locals
     
     # Only import .zmq when we really need it
     from ipykernel.embed import embed_kernel as real_embed_kernel
     real_embed_kernel(module=module, local_ns=local_ns, **kwargs)
 
 def start_ipython(argv=None, **kwargs):
     """Launch a normal IPython instance (as opposed to embedded)
 
     `IPython.embed()` puts a shell in a particular calling scope,
     such as a function or method for debugging purposes,
     which is often not desirable.
 
     `start_ipython()` does full, regular IPython initialization,
     including loading startup files, configuration, etc.
     much of which is skipped by `embed()`.
 
     This is a public API method, and will survive implementation changes.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     argv : list or None, optional
         If unspecified or None, IPython will parse command-line options from sys.argv.
         To prevent any command-line parsing, pass an empty list: `argv=[]`.
     user_ns : dict, optional
         specify this dictionary to initialize the IPython user namespace with particular values.
     **kwargs : various, optional
         Any other kwargs will be passed to the Application constructor,
         such as `config`.
     """
     from IPython.terminal.ipapp import launch_new_instance
     return launch_new_instance(argv=argv, **kwargs)
 
 def start_kernel(argv=None, **kwargs):
     """Launch a normal IPython kernel instance (as opposed to embedded)
 
     `IPython.embed_kernel()` puts a shell in a particular calling scope,
     such as a function or method for debugging purposes,
     which is often not desirable.
 
     `start_kernel()` does full, regular IPython initialization,
     including loading startup files, configuration, etc.
     much of which is skipped by `embed()`.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     argv : list or None, optional
         If unspecified or None, IPython will parse command-line options from sys.argv.
         To prevent any command-line parsing, pass an empty list: `argv=[]`.
     user_ns : dict, optional
         specify this dictionary to initialize the IPython user namespace with particular values.
     **kwargs : various, optional
         Any other kwargs will be passed to the Application constructor,
         such as `config`.
     """
     import warnings
 
     warnings.warn(
         "start_kernel is deprecated since IPython 8.0, use from `ipykernel.kernelapp.launch_new_instance`",
         DeprecationWarning,
         stacklevel=2,
     )
     from ipykernel.kernelapp import launch_new_instance
     return launch_new_instance(argv=argv, **kwargs)

IPython/core/autocall.py

@@ -1,70 +1,70 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 Autocall capabilities for IPython.core.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Brian Granger
 * Fernando Perez
 * Thomas Kluyver
 
 Notes
 -----
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Code
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class IPyAutocall(object):
     """ Instances of this class are always autocalled
     
     This happens regardless of 'autocall' variable state. Use this to
     develop macro-like mechanisms.
     """
     _ip = None
     rewrite = True
     def __init__(self, ip=None):
         self._ip = ip
     
     def set_ip(self, ip):
-        """ Will be used to set _ip point to current ipython instance b/f call
+        """Will be used to set _ip point to current ipython instance b/f call
 
         Override this method if you don't want this to happen.
 
         """
         self._ip = ip
 
 
 class ExitAutocall(IPyAutocall):
     """An autocallable object which will be added to the user namespace so that
     exit, exit(), quit or quit() are all valid ways to close the shell."""
     rewrite = False
     
     def __call__(self):
         self._ip.ask_exit()
         
 class ZMQExitAutocall(ExitAutocall):
     """Exit IPython. Autocallable, so it needn't be explicitly called.
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     keep_kernel : bool
       If True, leave the kernel alive. Otherwise, tell the kernel to exit too
       (default).
     """
     def __call__(self, keep_kernel=False):
         self._ip.keepkernel_on_exit = keep_kernel
         self._ip.ask_exit()

IPython/core/completer.py

@@ -1,2272 +1,2272 b''
 """Completion for IPython.
 
 This module started as fork of the rlcompleter module in the Python standard
 library.  The original enhancements made to rlcompleter have been sent
 upstream and were accepted as of Python 2.3,
 
 This module now support a wide variety of completion mechanism both available
 for normal classic Python code, as well as completer for IPython specific
 Syntax like magics.
 
 Latex and Unicode completion
 ============================
 
 IPython and compatible frontends not only can complete your code, but can help
 you to input a wide range of characters. In particular we allow you to insert
 a unicode character using the tab completion mechanism.
 
 Forward latex/unicode completion
 --------------------------------
 
 Forward completion allows you to easily type a unicode character using its latex
 name, or unicode long description. To do so type a backslash follow by the
 relevant name and press tab:
 
 
 Using latex completion:
 
 .. code::
 
     \\alpha<tab>
     α
 
 or using unicode completion:
 
 
 .. code::
 
     \\GREEK SMALL LETTER ALPHA<tab>
     α
 
 
 Only valid Python identifiers will complete. Combining characters (like arrow or
 dots) are also available, unlike latex they need to be put after the their
 counterpart that is to say, ``F\\\\vec<tab>`` is correct, not ``\\\\vec<tab>F``.
 
 Some browsers are known to display combining characters incorrectly.
 
 Backward latex completion
 -------------------------
 
 It is sometime challenging to know how to type a character, if you are using
 IPython, or any compatible frontend you can prepend backslash to the character
 and press ``<tab>`` to expand it to its latex form.
 
 .. code::
 
     \\α<tab>
     \\alpha
 
 
 Both forward and backward completions can be deactivated by setting the
 ``Completer.backslash_combining_completions`` option to ``False``.
 
 
 Experimental
 ============
 
 Starting with IPython 6.0, this module can make use of the Jedi library to
 generate completions both using static analysis of the code, and dynamically
 inspecting multiple namespaces. Jedi is an autocompletion and static analysis
 for Python. The APIs attached to this new mechanism is unstable and will
 raise unless use in an :any:`provisionalcompleter` context manager.
 
 You will find that the following are experimental:
 
     - :any:`provisionalcompleter`
     - :any:`IPCompleter.completions`
     - :any:`Completion`
     - :any:`rectify_completions`
 
 .. note::
 
     better name for :any:`rectify_completions` ?
 
 We welcome any feedback on these new API, and we also encourage you to try this
 module in debug mode (start IPython with ``--Completer.debug=True``) in order
 to have extra logging information if :any:`jedi` is crashing, or if current
 IPython completer pending deprecations are returning results not yet handled
 by :any:`jedi`
 
 Using Jedi for tab completion allow snippets like the following to work without
 having to execute any code:
 
    >>> myvar = ['hello', 42]
    ... myvar[1].bi<tab>
 
 Tab completion will be able to infer that ``myvar[1]`` is a real number without
 executing any code unlike the previously available ``IPCompleter.greedy``
 option.
 
 Be sure to update :any:`jedi` to the latest stable version or to try the
 current development version to get better completions.
 """
 
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 # Some of this code originated from rlcompleter in the Python standard library
 # Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation, www.python.org
 
 
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import glob
 import inspect
 import itertools
 import keyword
 import os
 import re
 import string
 import sys
 import time
 import unicodedata
 import uuid
 import warnings
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from importlib import import_module
 from types import SimpleNamespace
 from typing import Iterable, Iterator, List, Tuple, Union, Any, Sequence, Dict, NamedTuple, Pattern, Optional
 
 from IPython.core.error import TryNext
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer2 import ESC_MAGIC
 from IPython.core.latex_symbols import latex_symbols, reverse_latex_symbol
 from IPython.core.oinspect import InspectColors
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils import generics
 from IPython.utils.dir2 import dir2, get_real_method
 from IPython.utils.path import ensure_dir_exists
 from IPython.utils.process import arg_split
 from traitlets import Bool, Enum, Int, List as ListTrait, Unicode, default, observe
 from traitlets.config.configurable import Configurable
 
 import __main__
 
 # skip module docstests
 __skip_doctest__ = True
 
 try:
     import jedi
     jedi.settings.case_insensitive_completion = False
     import jedi.api.helpers
     import jedi.api.classes
     JEDI_INSTALLED = True
 except ImportError:
     JEDI_INSTALLED = False
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # ranges where we have most of the valid unicode names. We could be more finer
 # grained but is it worth it for performance  While unicode have character in the
 # range 0, 0x110000, we seem to have name for about 10% of those. (131808 as I
 # write this). With below range we cover them all, with a density of ~67%
 # biggest next gap we consider only adds up about 1% density and there are 600
 # gaps that would need hard coding.
 _UNICODE_RANGES = [(32, 0x3134b), (0xe0001, 0xe01f0)]
 
 # Public API
 __all__ = ['Completer','IPCompleter']
 
 if sys.platform == 'win32':
     PROTECTABLES = ' '
 else:
     PROTECTABLES = ' ()[]{}?=\\|;:\'#*"^&'
 
 # Protect against returning an enormous number of completions which the frontend
 # may have trouble processing.
 MATCHES_LIMIT = 500
 
 
 class ProvisionalCompleterWarning(FutureWarning):
     """
     Exception raise by an experimental feature in this module.
 
     Wrap code in :any:`provisionalcompleter` context manager if you
     are certain you want to use an unstable feature.
     """
     pass
 
 warnings.filterwarnings('error', category=ProvisionalCompleterWarning)
 
 
 @skip_doctest
 @contextmanager
 def provisionalcompleter(action='ignore'):
     """
     This context manager has to be used in any place where unstable completer
     behavior and API may be called.
 
     >>> with provisionalcompleter():
     ...     completer.do_experimental_things() # works
 
     >>> completer.do_experimental_things() # raises.
 
     .. note::
 
         Unstable
 
         By using this context manager you agree that the API in use may change
         without warning, and that you won't complain if they do so.
 
         You also understand that, if the API is not to your liking, you should report
         a bug to explain your use case upstream.
 
         We'll be happy to get your feedback, feature requests, and improvements on
         any of the unstable APIs!
     """
     with warnings.catch_warnings():
         warnings.filterwarnings(action, category=ProvisionalCompleterWarning)
         yield
 
 
 def has_open_quotes(s):
     """Return whether a string has open quotes.
 
     This simply counts whether the number of quote characters of either type in
     the string is odd.
 
     Returns
     -------
     If there is an open quote, the quote character is returned.  Else, return
     False.
     """
     # We check " first, then ', so complex cases with nested quotes will get
     # the " to take precedence.
     if s.count('"') % 2:
         return '"'
     elif s.count("'") % 2:
         return "'"
     else:
         return False
 
 
 def protect_filename(s, protectables=PROTECTABLES):
     """Escape a string to protect certain characters."""
     if set(s) & set(protectables):
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             return '"' + s + '"'
         else:
             return "".join(("\\" + c if c in protectables else c) for c in s)
     else:
         return s
 
 
 def expand_user(path:str) -> Tuple[str, bool, str]:
     """Expand ``~``-style usernames in strings.
 
     This is similar to :func:`os.path.expanduser`, but it computes and returns
     extra information that will be useful if the input was being used in
     computing completions, and you wish to return the completions with the
     original '~' instead of its expanded value.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     path : str
         String to be expanded.  If no ~ is present, the output is the same as the
         input.
 
     Returns
     -------
     newpath : str
         Result of ~ expansion in the input path.
     tilde_expand : bool
         Whether any expansion was performed or not.
     tilde_val : str
         The value that ~ was replaced with.
     """
     # Default values
     tilde_expand = False
     tilde_val = ''
     newpath = path
 
     if path.startswith('~'):
         tilde_expand = True
         rest = len(path)-1
         newpath = os.path.expanduser(path)
         if rest:
             tilde_val = newpath[:-rest]
         else:
             tilde_val = newpath
 
     return newpath, tilde_expand, tilde_val
 
 
 def compress_user(path:str, tilde_expand:bool, tilde_val:str) -> str:
     """Does the opposite of expand_user, with its outputs.
     """
     if tilde_expand:
         return path.replace(tilde_val, '~')
     else:
         return path
 
 
 def completions_sorting_key(word):
     """key for sorting completions
 
     This does several things:
 
     - Demote any completions starting with underscores to the end
     - Insert any %magic and %%cellmagic completions in the alphabetical order
       by their name
     """
     prio1, prio2 = 0, 0
 
     if word.startswith('__'):
         prio1 = 2
     elif word.startswith('_'):
         prio1 = 1
 
     if word.endswith('='):
         prio1 = -1
 
     if word.startswith('%%'):
         # If there's another % in there, this is something else, so leave it alone
         if not "%" in word[2:]:
             word = word[2:]
             prio2 = 2
     elif word.startswith('%'):
         if not "%" in word[1:]:
             word = word[1:]
             prio2 = 1
 
     return prio1, word, prio2
 
 
 class _FakeJediCompletion:
     """
     This is a workaround to communicate to the UI that Jedi has crashed and to
     report a bug. Will be used only id :any:`IPCompleter.debug` is set to true.
 
     Added in IPython 6.0 so should likely be removed for 7.0
 
     """
 
     def __init__(self, name):
 
         self.name = name
         self.complete = name
         self.type = 'crashed'
         self.name_with_symbols = name
         self.signature = ''
         self._origin = 'fake'
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<Fake completion object jedi has crashed>'
 
 
 class Completion:
     """
     Completion object used and return by IPython completers.
 
     .. warning::
 
         Unstable
 
         This function is unstable, API may change without warning.
         It will also raise unless use in proper context manager.
 
     This act as a middle ground :any:`Completion` object between the
     :any:`jedi.api.classes.Completion` object and the Prompt Toolkit completion
     object. While Jedi need a lot of information about evaluator and how the
     code should be ran/inspected, PromptToolkit (and other frontend) mostly
     need user facing information.
 
     - Which range should be replaced replaced by what.
     - Some metadata (like completion type), or meta information to displayed to
       the use user.
 
     For debugging purpose we can also store the origin of the completion (``jedi``,
     ``IPython.python_matches``, ``IPython.magics_matches``...).
     """
 
     __slots__ = ['start', 'end', 'text', 'type', 'signature', '_origin']
 
     def __init__(self, start: int, end: int, text: str, *, type: str=None, _origin='', signature='') -> None:
         warnings.warn("``Completion`` is a provisional API (as of IPython 6.0). "
                       "It may change without warnings. "
                       "Use in corresponding context manager.",
                       category=ProvisionalCompleterWarning, stacklevel=2)
 
         self.start = start
         self.end = end
         self.text = text
         self.type = type
         self.signature = signature
         self._origin = _origin
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<Completion start=%s end=%s text=%r type=%r, signature=%r,>' % \
                 (self.start, self.end, self.text, self.type or '?', self.signature or '?')
 
     def __eq__(self, other)->Bool:
         """
         Equality and hash do not hash the type (as some completer may not be
         able to infer the type), but are use to (partially) de-duplicate
         completion.
 
         Completely de-duplicating completion is a bit tricker that just
         comparing as it depends on surrounding text, which Completions are not
         aware of.
         """
         return self.start == other.start and \
             self.end == other.end and \
             self.text == other.text
 
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash((self.start, self.end, self.text))
 
 
 _IC = Iterable[Completion]
 
 
 def _deduplicate_completions(text: str, completions: _IC)-> _IC:
     """
     Deduplicate a set of completions.
 
     .. warning::
 
         Unstable
 
         This function is unstable, API may change without warning.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     text : str
         text that should be completed.
     completions : Iterator[Completion]
         iterator over the completions to deduplicate
 
     Yields
     ------
     `Completions` objects
     Completions coming from multiple sources, may be different but end up having
     the same effect when applied to ``text``. If this is the case, this will
     consider completions as equal and only emit the first encountered.
     Not folded in `completions()` yet for debugging purpose, and to detect when
     the IPython completer does return things that Jedi does not, but should be
     at some point.
     """
     completions = list(completions)
     if not completions:
         return
 
     new_start = min(c.start for c in completions)
     new_end = max(c.end for c in completions)
 
     seen = set()
     for c in completions:
         new_text = text[new_start:c.start] + c.text + text[c.end:new_end]
         if new_text not in seen:
             yield c
             seen.add(new_text)
 
 
 def rectify_completions(text: str, completions: _IC, *, _debug: bool = False) -> _IC:
     """
     Rectify a set of completions to all have the same ``start`` and ``end``
 
     .. warning::
 
         Unstable
 
         This function is unstable, API may change without warning.
         It will also raise unless use in proper context manager.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     text : str
         text that should be completed.
     completions : Iterator[Completion]
         iterator over the completions to rectify
     _debug : bool
         Log failed completion
 
     Notes
     -----
     :any:`jedi.api.classes.Completion` s returned by Jedi may not have the same start and end, though
     the Jupyter Protocol requires them to behave like so. This will readjust
     the completion to have the same ``start`` and ``end`` by padding both
     extremities with surrounding text.
 
     During stabilisation should support a ``_debug`` option to log which
     completion are return by the IPython completer and not found in Jedi in
     order to make upstream bug report.
     """
     warnings.warn("`rectify_completions` is a provisional API (as of IPython 6.0). "
                  "It may change without warnings. "
                  "Use in corresponding context manager.",
                   category=ProvisionalCompleterWarning, stacklevel=2)
 
     completions = list(completions)
     if not completions:
         return
     starts = (c.start for c in completions)
     ends = (c.end for c in completions)
 
     new_start = min(starts)
     new_end = max(ends)
 
     seen_jedi = set()
     seen_python_matches = set()
     for c in completions:
         new_text = text[new_start:c.start] + c.text + text[c.end:new_end]
         if c._origin == 'jedi':
             seen_jedi.add(new_text)
         elif c._origin == 'IPCompleter.python_matches':
             seen_python_matches.add(new_text)
         yield Completion(new_start, new_end, new_text, type=c.type, _origin=c._origin, signature=c.signature)
     diff = seen_python_matches.difference(seen_jedi)
     if diff and _debug:
         print('IPython.python matches have extras:', diff)
 
 
 if sys.platform == 'win32':
     DELIMS = ' \t\n`!@#$^&*()=+[{]}|;\'",<>?'
 else:
     DELIMS = ' \t\n`!@#$^&*()=+[{]}\\|;:\'",<>?'
 
 GREEDY_DELIMS = ' =\r\n'
 
 
 class CompletionSplitter(object):
     """An object to split an input line in a manner similar to readline.
 
     By having our own implementation, we can expose readline-like completion in
     a uniform manner to all frontends.  This object only needs to be given the
     line of text to be split and the cursor position on said line, and it
     returns the 'word' to be completed on at the cursor after splitting the
     entire line.
 
     What characters are used as splitting delimiters can be controlled by
     setting the ``delims`` attribute (this is a property that internally
     automatically builds the necessary regular expression)"""
 
     # Private interface
 
     # A string of delimiter characters.  The default value makes sense for
     # IPython's most typical usage patterns.
     _delims = DELIMS
 
     # The expression (a normal string) to be compiled into a regular expression
     # for actual splitting.  We store it as an attribute mostly for ease of
     # debugging, since this type of code can be so tricky to debug.
     _delim_expr = None
 
     # The regular expression that does the actual splitting
     _delim_re = None
 
     def __init__(self, delims=None):
         delims = CompletionSplitter._delims if delims is None else delims
         self.delims = delims
 
     @property
     def delims(self):
         """Return the string of delimiter characters."""
         return self._delims
 
     @delims.setter
     def delims(self, delims):
         """Set the delimiters for line splitting."""
         expr = '[' + ''.join('\\'+ c for c in delims) + ']'
         self._delim_re = re.compile(expr)
         self._delims = delims
         self._delim_expr = expr
 
     def split_line(self, line, cursor_pos=None):
         """Split a line of text with a cursor at the given position.
         """
         l = line if cursor_pos is None else line[:cursor_pos]
         return self._delim_re.split(l)[-1]
 
 
 
 class Completer(Configurable):
 
     greedy = Bool(False,
         help="""Activate greedy completion
         PENDING DEPRECATION. this is now mostly taken care of with Jedi.
 
         This will enable completion on elements of lists, results of function calls, etc.,
         but can be unsafe because the code is actually evaluated on TAB.
-        """
+        """,
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     use_jedi = Bool(default_value=JEDI_INSTALLED,
                     help="Experimental: Use Jedi to generate autocompletions. "
                     "Default to True if jedi is installed.").tag(config=True)
 
     jedi_compute_type_timeout = Int(default_value=400,
         help="""Experimental: restrict time (in milliseconds) during which Jedi can compute types.
         Set to 0 to stop computing types. Non-zero value lower than 100ms may hurt
         performance by preventing jedi to build its cache.
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     debug = Bool(default_value=False,
                  help='Enable debug for the Completer. Mostly print extra '
                       'information for experimental jedi integration.')\
                       .tag(config=True)
 
     backslash_combining_completions = Bool(True,
         help="Enable unicode completions, e.g. \\alpha<tab> . "
              "Includes completion of latex commands, unicode names, and expanding "
              "unicode characters back to latex commands.").tag(config=True)
 
     def __init__(self, namespace=None, global_namespace=None, **kwargs):
         """Create a new completer for the command line.
 
         Completer(namespace=ns, global_namespace=ns2) -> completer instance.
 
         If unspecified, the default namespace where completions are performed
         is __main__ (technically, __main__.__dict__). Namespaces should be
         given as dictionaries.
 
         An optional second namespace can be given.  This allows the completer
         to handle cases where both the local and global scopes need to be
         distinguished.
         """
 
         # Don't bind to namespace quite yet, but flag whether the user wants a
         # specific namespace or to use __main__.__dict__. This will allow us
         # to bind to __main__.__dict__ at completion time, not now.
         if namespace is None:
             self.use_main_ns = True
         else:
             self.use_main_ns = False
             self.namespace = namespace
 
         # The global namespace, if given, can be bound directly
         if global_namespace is None:
             self.global_namespace = {}
         else:
             self.global_namespace = global_namespace
 
         self.custom_matchers = []
 
         super(Completer, self).__init__(**kwargs)
 
     def complete(self, text, state):
         """Return the next possible completion for 'text'.
 
         This is called successively with state == 0, 1, 2, ... until it
         returns None.  The completion should begin with 'text'.
 
         """
         if self.use_main_ns:
             self.namespace = __main__.__dict__
 
         if state == 0:
             if "." in text:
                 self.matches = self.attr_matches(text)
             else:
                 self.matches = self.global_matches(text)
         try:
             return self.matches[state]
         except IndexError:
             return None
 
     def global_matches(self, text):
         """Compute matches when text is a simple name.
 
         Return a list of all keywords, built-in functions and names currently
         defined in self.namespace or self.global_namespace that match.
 
         """
         matches = []
         match_append = matches.append
         n = len(text)
         for lst in [keyword.kwlist,
                     builtin_mod.__dict__.keys(),
                     self.namespace.keys(),
                     self.global_namespace.keys()]:
             for word in lst:
                 if word[:n] == text and word != "__builtins__":
                     match_append(word)
 
         snake_case_re = re.compile(r"[^_]+(_[^_]+)+?\Z")
         for lst in [self.namespace.keys(),
                     self.global_namespace.keys()]:
             shortened = {"_".join([sub[0] for sub in word.split('_')]) : word
                          for word in lst if snake_case_re.match(word)}
             for word in shortened.keys():
                 if word[:n] == text and word != "__builtins__":
                     match_append(shortened[word])
         return matches
 
     def attr_matches(self, text):
         """Compute matches when text contains a dot.
 
         Assuming the text is of the form NAME.NAME....[NAME], and is
         evaluatable in self.namespace or self.global_namespace, it will be
         evaluated and its attributes (as revealed by dir()) are used as
         possible completions.  (For class instances, class members are
         also considered.)
 
         WARNING: this can still invoke arbitrary C code, if an object
         with a __getattr__ hook is evaluated.
 
         """
 
         # Another option, seems to work great. Catches things like ''.<tab>
         m = re.match(r"(\S+(\.\w+)*)\.(\w*)$", text)
 
         if m:
             expr, attr = m.group(1, 3)
         elif self.greedy:
             m2 = re.match(r"(.+)\.(\w*)$", self.line_buffer)
             if not m2:
                 return []
             expr, attr = m2.group(1,2)
         else:
             return []
 
         try:
             obj = eval(expr, self.namespace)
         except:
             try:
                 obj = eval(expr, self.global_namespace)
             except:
                 return []
 
         if self.limit_to__all__ and hasattr(obj, '__all__'):
             words = get__all__entries(obj)
         else:
             words = dir2(obj)
 
         try:
             words = generics.complete_object(obj, words)
         except TryNext:
             pass
         except AssertionError:
             raise
         except Exception:
             # Silence errors from completion function
             #raise # dbg
             pass
         # Build match list to return
         n = len(attr)
         return [u"%s.%s" % (expr, w) for w in words if w[:n] == attr ]
 
 
 def get__all__entries(obj):
     """returns the strings in the __all__ attribute"""
     try:
         words = getattr(obj, '__all__')
     except:
         return []
 
     return [w for w in words if isinstance(w, str)]
 
 
 def match_dict_keys(keys: List[Union[str, bytes, Tuple[Union[str, bytes]]]], prefix: str, delims: str,
                     extra_prefix: Optional[Tuple[str, bytes]]=None) -> Tuple[str, int, List[str]]:
     """Used by dict_key_matches, matching the prefix to a list of keys
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     keys
         list of keys in dictionary currently being completed.
     prefix
         Part of the text already typed by the user. E.g. `mydict[b'fo`
     delims
         String of delimiters to consider when finding the current key.
     extra_prefix : optional
         Part of the text already typed in multi-key index cases. E.g. for
         `mydict['foo', "bar", 'b`, this would be `('foo', 'bar')`.
 
     Returns
     -------
     A tuple of three elements: ``quote``, ``token_start``, ``matched``, with
     ``quote`` being the quote that need to be used to close current string.
     ``token_start`` the position where the replacement should start occurring,
     ``matches`` a list of replacement/completion
 
     """
     prefix_tuple = extra_prefix if extra_prefix else ()
     Nprefix = len(prefix_tuple)
     def filter_prefix_tuple(key):
         # Reject too short keys
         if len(key) <= Nprefix:
             return False
         # Reject keys with non str/bytes in it
         for k in key:
             if not isinstance(k, (str, bytes)):
                 return False
         # Reject keys that do not match the prefix
         for k, pt in zip(key, prefix_tuple):
             if k != pt:
                 return False
         # All checks passed!
         return True
 
     filtered_keys:List[Union[str,bytes]] = []
     def _add_to_filtered_keys(key):
         if isinstance(key, (str, bytes)):
             filtered_keys.append(key)
 
     for k in keys:
         if isinstance(k, tuple):
             if filter_prefix_tuple(k):
                 _add_to_filtered_keys(k[Nprefix])
         else:
             _add_to_filtered_keys(k)
 
     if not prefix:
         return '', 0, [repr(k) for k in filtered_keys]
     quote_match = re.search('["\']', prefix)
     assert quote_match is not None # silence mypy
     quote = quote_match.group()
     try:
         prefix_str = eval(prefix + quote, {})
     except Exception:
         return '', 0, []
 
     pattern = '[^' + ''.join('\\' + c for c in delims) + ']*$'
     token_match = re.search(pattern, prefix, re.UNICODE)
     assert token_match is not None # silence mypy
     token_start = token_match.start()
     token_prefix = token_match.group()
 
     matched:List[str] = []
     for key in filtered_keys:
         try:
             if not key.startswith(prefix_str):
                 continue
         except (AttributeError, TypeError, UnicodeError):
             # Python 3+ TypeError on b'a'.startswith('a') or vice-versa
             continue
 
         # reformat remainder of key to begin with prefix
         rem = key[len(prefix_str):]
         # force repr wrapped in '
         rem_repr = repr(rem + '"') if isinstance(rem, str) else repr(rem + b'"')
         rem_repr = rem_repr[1 + rem_repr.index("'"):-2]
         if quote == '"':
             # The entered prefix is quoted with ",
             # but the match is quoted with '.
             # A contained " hence needs escaping for comparison:
             rem_repr = rem_repr.replace('"', '\\"')
 
         # then reinsert prefix from start of token
         matched.append('%s%s' % (token_prefix, rem_repr))
     return quote, token_start, matched
 
 
 def cursor_to_position(text:str, line:int, column:int)->int:
     """
     Convert the (line,column) position of the cursor in text to an offset in a
     string.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     text : str
         The text in which to calculate the cursor offset
     line : int
         Line of the cursor; 0-indexed
     column : int
         Column of the cursor 0-indexed
 
     Returns
     -------
     Position of the cursor in ``text``, 0-indexed.
 
     See Also
     --------
     position_to_cursor : reciprocal of this function
 
     """
     lines = text.split('\n')
     assert line <= len(lines), '{} <= {}'.format(str(line), str(len(lines)))
 
     return sum(len(l) + 1 for l in lines[:line]) + column
 
 def position_to_cursor(text:str, offset:int)->Tuple[int, int]:
     """
     Convert the position of the cursor in text (0 indexed) to a line
     number(0-indexed) and a column number (0-indexed) pair
 
     Position should be a valid position in ``text``.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     text : str
         The text in which to calculate the cursor offset
     offset : int
         Position of the cursor in ``text``, 0-indexed.
 
     Returns
     -------
     (line, column) : (int, int)
         Line of the cursor; 0-indexed, column of the cursor 0-indexed
 
     See Also
     --------
     cursor_to_position : reciprocal of this function
 
     """
 
     assert 0 <= offset <= len(text) , "0 <= %s <= %s" % (offset , len(text))
 
     before = text[:offset]
     blines = before.split('\n')  # ! splitnes trim trailing \n
     line = before.count('\n')
     col = len(blines[-1])
     return line, col
 
 
 def _safe_isinstance(obj, module, class_name):
     """Checks if obj is an instance of module.class_name if loaded
     """
     return (module in sys.modules and
             isinstance(obj, getattr(import_module(module), class_name)))
 
 def back_unicode_name_matches(text:str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
     """Match Unicode characters back to Unicode name
 
     This does  ``☃`` -> ``\\snowman``
 
     Note that snowman is not a valid python3 combining character but will be expanded.
     Though it will not recombine back to the snowman character by the completion machinery.
 
     This will not either back-complete standard sequences like \\n, \\b ...
 
     Returns
     =======
 
     Return a tuple with two elements:
 
     - The Unicode character that was matched (preceded with a backslash), or
         empty string,
     - a sequence (of 1), name for the match Unicode character, preceded by
         backslash, or empty if no match.
     
     """
     if len(text)<2:
         return '', ()
     maybe_slash = text[-2]
     if maybe_slash != '\\':
         return '', ()
 
     char = text[-1]
     # no expand on quote for completion in strings.
     # nor backcomplete standard ascii keys
     if char in string.ascii_letters or char in ('"',"'"):
         return '', ()
     try :
         unic = unicodedata.name(char)
         return '\\'+char,('\\'+unic,)
     except KeyError:
         pass
     return '', ()
 
 def back_latex_name_matches(text:str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]] :
     """Match latex characters back to unicode name
 
     This does ``\\ℵ`` -> ``\\aleph``
 
     """
     if len(text)<2:
         return '', ()
     maybe_slash = text[-2]
     if maybe_slash != '\\':
         return '', ()
 
 
     char = text[-1]
     # no expand on quote for completion in strings.
     # nor backcomplete standard ascii keys
     if char in string.ascii_letters or char in ('"',"'"):
         return '', ()
     try :
         latex = reverse_latex_symbol[char]
         # '\\' replace the \ as well
         return '\\'+char,[latex]
     except KeyError:
         pass
     return '', ()
 
 
 def _formatparamchildren(parameter) -> str:
     """
     Get parameter name and value from Jedi Private API
 
     Jedi does not expose a simple way to get `param=value` from its API.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     parameter
         Jedi's function `Param`
 
     Returns
     -------
     A string like 'a', 'b=1', '*args', '**kwargs'
 
     """
     description = parameter.description
     if not description.startswith('param '):
         raise ValueError('Jedi function parameter description have change format.'
                          'Expected "param ...", found %r".' % description)
     return description[6:]
 
 def _make_signature(completion)-> str:
     """
     Make the signature from a jedi completion
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     completion : jedi.Completion
         object does not complete a function type
 
     Returns
     -------
     a string consisting of the function signature, with the parenthesis but
     without the function name. example:
     `(a, *args, b=1, **kwargs)`
 
     """
 
     # it looks like this might work on jedi 0.17
     if hasattr(completion, 'get_signatures'):
         signatures = completion.get_signatures()
         if not signatures:
             return  '(?)'
 
         c0 = completion.get_signatures()[0]
         return '('+c0.to_string().split('(', maxsplit=1)[1]
 
     return '(%s)'% ', '.join([f for f in (_formatparamchildren(p) for signature in completion.get_signatures()
                                           for p in signature.defined_names()) if f])
 
 
 class _CompleteResult(NamedTuple):
     matched_text : str
     matches: Sequence[str]
     matches_origin: Sequence[str]
     jedi_matches: Any
 
 
 class IPCompleter(Completer):
     """Extension of the completer class with IPython-specific features"""
 
     __dict_key_regexps: Optional[Dict[bool,Pattern]] = None
 
     @observe('greedy')
     def _greedy_changed(self, change):
         """update the splitter and readline delims when greedy is changed"""
         if change['new']:
             self.splitter.delims = GREEDY_DELIMS
         else:
             self.splitter.delims = DELIMS
 
     dict_keys_only = Bool(False,
         help="""Whether to show dict key matches only""")
 
     merge_completions = Bool(True,
         help="""Whether to merge completion results into a single list
 
         If False, only the completion results from the first non-empty
         completer will be returned.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     omit__names = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=2,
         help="""Instruct the completer to omit private method names
 
         Specifically, when completing on ``object.<tab>``.
 
         When 2 [default]: all names that start with '_' will be excluded.
 
         When 1: all 'magic' names (``__foo__``) will be excluded.
 
         When 0: nothing will be excluded.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     limit_to__all__ = Bool(False,
         help="""
         DEPRECATED as of version 5.0.
 
         Instruct the completer to use __all__ for the completion
 
         Specifically, when completing on ``object.<tab>``.
 
         When True: only those names in obj.__all__ will be included.
 
         When False [default]: the __all__ attribute is ignored
         """,
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     profile_completions = Bool(
         default_value=False,
         help="If True, emit profiling data for completion subsystem using cProfile."
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     profiler_output_dir = Unicode(
         default_value=".completion_profiles",
         help="Template for path at which to output profile data for completions."
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe('limit_to__all__')
     def _limit_to_all_changed(self, change):
         warnings.warn('`IPython.core.IPCompleter.limit_to__all__` configuration '
             'value has been deprecated since IPython 5.0, will be made to have '
             'no effects and then removed in future version of IPython.',
             UserWarning)
 
     def __init__(
         self, shell=None, namespace=None, global_namespace=None, config=None, **kwargs
     ):
         """IPCompleter() -> completer
 
         Return a completer object.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         shell
             a pointer to the ipython shell itself.  This is needed
             because this completer knows about magic functions, and those can
             only be accessed via the ipython instance.
         namespace : dict, optional
             an optional dict where completions are performed.
         global_namespace : dict, optional
             secondary optional dict for completions, to
             handle cases (such as IPython embedded inside functions) where
             both Python scopes are visible.
         config : Config
             traitlet's config object
         **kwargs
             passed to super class unmodified.
         """
 
         self.magic_escape = ESC_MAGIC
         self.splitter = CompletionSplitter()
 
         # _greedy_changed() depends on splitter and readline being defined:
         super().__init__(
             namespace=namespace,
             global_namespace=global_namespace,
             config=config,
             **kwargs
         )
 
         # List where completion matches will be stored
         self.matches = []
         self.shell = shell
         # Regexp to split filenames with spaces in them
         self.space_name_re = re.compile(r'([^\\] )')
         # Hold a local ref. to glob.glob for speed
         self.glob = glob.glob
 
         # Determine if we are running on 'dumb' terminals, like (X)Emacs
         # buffers, to avoid completion problems.
         term = os.environ.get('TERM','xterm')
         self.dumb_terminal = term in ['dumb','emacs']
 
         # Special handling of backslashes needed in win32 platforms
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             self.clean_glob = self._clean_glob_win32
         else:
             self.clean_glob = self._clean_glob
 
         #regexp to parse docstring for function signature
         self.docstring_sig_re = re.compile(r'^[\w|\s.]+\(([^)]*)\).*')
         self.docstring_kwd_re = re.compile(r'[\s|\[]*(\w+)(?:\s*=\s*.*)')
         #use this if positional argument name is also needed
         #= re.compile(r'[\s|\[]*(\w+)(?:\s*=?\s*.*)')
 
         self.magic_arg_matchers = [
             self.magic_config_matches,
             self.magic_color_matches,
         ]
 
         # This is set externally by InteractiveShell
         self.custom_completers = None
 
         # This is a list of names of unicode characters that can be completed
         # into their corresponding unicode value. The list is large, so we
         # lazily initialize it on first use. Consuming code should access this
         # attribute through the `@unicode_names` property.
         self._unicode_names = None
 
     @property
     def matchers(self) -> List[Any]:
         """All active matcher routines for completion"""
         if self.dict_keys_only:
             return [self.dict_key_matches]
 
         if self.use_jedi:
             return [
                 *self.custom_matchers,
                 self.dict_key_matches,
                 self.file_matches,
                 self.magic_matches,
             ]
         else:
             return [
                 *self.custom_matchers,
                 self.dict_key_matches,
                 self.python_matches,
                 self.file_matches,
                 self.magic_matches,
                 self.python_func_kw_matches,
             ]
 
     def all_completions(self, text:str) -> List[str]:
         """
         Wrapper around the completion methods for the benefit of emacs.
         """
         prefix = text.rpartition('.')[0]
         with provisionalcompleter():
             return ['.'.join([prefix, c.text]) if prefix and self.use_jedi else c.text
                     for c in self.completions(text, len(text))]
 
         return self.complete(text)[1]
 
     def _clean_glob(self, text:str):
         return self.glob("%s*" % text)
 
     def _clean_glob_win32(self, text:str):
         return [f.replace("\\","/")
                 for f in self.glob("%s*" % text)]
 
     def file_matches(self, text:str)->List[str]:
         """Match filenames, expanding ~USER type strings.
 
         Most of the seemingly convoluted logic in this completer is an
         attempt to handle filenames with spaces in them.  And yet it's not
         quite perfect, because Python's readline doesn't expose all of the
         GNU readline details needed for this to be done correctly.
 
         For a filename with a space in it, the printed completions will be
         only the parts after what's already been typed (instead of the
         full completions, as is normally done).  I don't think with the
         current (as of Python 2.3) Python readline it's possible to do
         better."""
 
         # chars that require escaping with backslash - i.e. chars
         # that readline treats incorrectly as delimiters, but we
         # don't want to treat as delimiters in filename matching
         # when escaped with backslash
         if text.startswith('!'):
             text = text[1:]
             text_prefix = u'!'
         else:
             text_prefix = u''
 
         text_until_cursor = self.text_until_cursor
         # track strings with open quotes
         open_quotes = has_open_quotes(text_until_cursor)
 
         if '(' in text_until_cursor or '[' in text_until_cursor:
             lsplit = text
         else:
             try:
                 # arg_split ~ shlex.split, but with unicode bugs fixed by us
                 lsplit = arg_split(text_until_cursor)[-1]
             except ValueError:
                 # typically an unmatched ", or backslash without escaped char.
                 if open_quotes:
                     lsplit = text_until_cursor.split(open_quotes)[-1]
                 else:
                     return []
             except IndexError:
                 # tab pressed on empty line
                 lsplit = ""
 
         if not open_quotes and lsplit != protect_filename(lsplit):
             # if protectables are found, do matching on the whole escaped name
             has_protectables = True
             text0,text = text,lsplit
         else:
             has_protectables = False
             text = os.path.expanduser(text)
 
         if text == "":
             return [text_prefix + protect_filename(f) for f in self.glob("*")]
 
         # Compute the matches from the filesystem
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             m0 = self.clean_glob(text)
         else:
             m0 = self.clean_glob(text.replace('\\', ''))
 
         if has_protectables:
             # If we had protectables, we need to revert our changes to the
             # beginning of filename so that we don't double-write the part
             # of the filename we have so far
             len_lsplit = len(lsplit)
             matches = [text_prefix + text0 +
                        protect_filename(f[len_lsplit:]) for f in m0]
         else:
             if open_quotes:
                 # if we have a string with an open quote, we don't need to
                 # protect the names beyond the quote (and we _shouldn't_, as
                 # it would cause bugs when the filesystem call is made).
                 matches = m0 if sys.platform == "win32" else\
                     [protect_filename(f, open_quotes) for f in m0]
             else:
                 matches = [text_prefix +
                            protect_filename(f) for f in m0]
 
         # Mark directories in input list by appending '/' to their names.
         return [x+'/' if os.path.isdir(x) else x for x in matches]
 
     def magic_matches(self, text:str):
         """Match magics"""
         # Get all shell magics now rather than statically, so magics loaded at
         # runtime show up too.
         lsm = self.shell.magics_manager.lsmagic()
         line_magics = lsm['line']
         cell_magics = lsm['cell']
         pre = self.magic_escape
         pre2 = pre+pre
 
         explicit_magic = text.startswith(pre)
 
         # Completion logic:
         # - user gives %%: only do cell magics
         # - user gives %: do both line and cell magics
         # - no prefix: do both
         # In other words, line magics are skipped if the user gives %% explicitly
         #
         # We also exclude magics that match any currently visible names:
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/4877, unless the user has
         # typed a %:
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10754
         bare_text = text.lstrip(pre)
         global_matches = self.global_matches(bare_text)
         if not explicit_magic:
             def matches(magic):
                 """
                 Filter magics, in particular remove magics that match
                 a name present in global namespace.
                 """
                 return ( magic.startswith(bare_text) and
                          magic not in global_matches )
         else:
             def matches(magic):
                 return magic.startswith(bare_text)
 
         comp = [ pre2+m for m in cell_magics if matches(m)]
         if not text.startswith(pre2):
             comp += [ pre+m for m in line_magics if matches(m)]
 
         return comp
 
     def magic_config_matches(self, text:str) -> List[str]:
         """ Match class names and attributes for %config magic """
         texts = text.strip().split()
 
         if len(texts) > 0 and (texts[0] == 'config' or texts[0] == '%config'):
             # get all configuration classes
             classes = sorted(set([ c for c in self.shell.configurables
                                    if c.__class__.class_traits(config=True)
                                    ]), key=lambda x: x.__class__.__name__)
             classnames = [ c.__class__.__name__ for c in classes ]
 
             # return all classnames if config or %config is given
             if len(texts) == 1:
                 return classnames
 
             # match classname
             classname_texts = texts[1].split('.')
             classname = classname_texts[0]
             classname_matches = [ c for c in classnames
                                   if c.startswith(classname) ]
 
             # return matched classes or the matched class with attributes
             if texts[1].find('.') < 0:
                 return classname_matches
             elif len(classname_matches) == 1 and \
                             classname_matches[0] == classname:
                 cls = classes[classnames.index(classname)].__class__
                 help = cls.class_get_help()
                 # strip leading '--' from cl-args:
                 help = re.sub(re.compile(r'^--', re.MULTILINE), '', help)
                 return [ attr.split('=')[0]
                          for attr in help.strip().splitlines()
                          if attr.startswith(texts[1]) ]
         return []
 
     def magic_color_matches(self, text:str) -> List[str] :
         """ Match color schemes for %colors magic"""
         texts = text.split()
         if text.endswith(' '):
             # .split() strips off the trailing whitespace. Add '' back
             # so that: '%colors ' -> ['%colors', '']
             texts.append('')
 
         if len(texts) == 2 and (texts[0] == 'colors' or texts[0] == '%colors'):
             prefix = texts[1]
             return [ color for color in InspectColors.keys()
                      if color.startswith(prefix) ]
         return []
 
     def _jedi_matches(self, cursor_column:int, cursor_line:int, text:str) -> Iterable[Any]:
         """
         Return a list of :any:`jedi.api.Completions` object from a ``text`` and
         cursor position.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cursor_column : int
             column position of the cursor in ``text``, 0-indexed.
         cursor_line : int
             line position of the cursor in ``text``, 0-indexed
         text : str
             text to complete
 
         Notes
         -----
         If ``IPCompleter.debug`` is ``True`` may return a :any:`_FakeJediCompletion`
         object containing a string with the Jedi debug information attached.
         """
         namespaces = [self.namespace]
         if self.global_namespace is not None:
             namespaces.append(self.global_namespace)
 
         completion_filter = lambda x:x
         offset = cursor_to_position(text, cursor_line, cursor_column)
         # filter output if we are completing for object members
         if offset:
             pre = text[offset-1]
             if pre == '.':
                 if self.omit__names == 2:
                     completion_filter = lambda c:not c.name.startswith('_')
                 elif self.omit__names == 1:
                     completion_filter = lambda c:not (c.name.startswith('__') and c.name.endswith('__'))
                 elif self.omit__names == 0:
                     completion_filter = lambda x:x
                 else:
                     raise ValueError("Don't understand self.omit__names == {}".format(self.omit__names))
 
         interpreter = jedi.Interpreter(text[:offset], namespaces)
         try_jedi = True
 
         try:
             # find the first token in the current tree -- if it is a ' or " then we are in a string
             completing_string = False
             try:
                 first_child = next(c for c in interpreter._get_module().tree_node.children if hasattr(c, 'value'))
             except StopIteration:
                 pass
             else:
                 # note the value may be ', ", or it may also be ''' or """, or
                 # in some cases, """what/you/typed..., but all of these are
                 # strings.
                 completing_string = len(first_child.value) > 0 and first_child.value[0] in {"'", '"'}
 
             # if we are in a string jedi is likely not the right candidate for
             # now. Skip it.
             try_jedi = not completing_string
         except Exception as e:
             # many of things can go wrong, we are using private API just don't crash.
             if self.debug:
                 print("Error detecting if completing a non-finished string :", e, '|')
 
         if not try_jedi:
             return []
         try:
             return filter(completion_filter, interpreter.complete(column=cursor_column, line=cursor_line + 1))
         except Exception as e:
             if self.debug:
                 return [_FakeJediCompletion('Oops Jedi has crashed, please report a bug with the following:\n"""\n%s\ns"""' % (e))]
             else:
                 return []
 
     def python_matches(self, text:str)->List[str]:
         """Match attributes or global python names"""
         if "." in text:
             try:
                 matches = self.attr_matches(text)
                 if text.endswith('.') and self.omit__names:
                     if self.omit__names == 1:
                         # true if txt is _not_ a __ name, false otherwise:
                         no__name = (lambda txt:
                                     re.match(r'.*\.__.*?__',txt) is None)
                     else:
                         # true if txt is _not_ a _ name, false otherwise:
                         no__name = (lambda txt:
                                     re.match(r'\._.*?',txt[txt.rindex('.'):]) is None)
                     matches = filter(no__name, matches)
             except NameError:
                 # catches <undefined attributes>.<tab>
                 matches = []
         else:
             matches = self.global_matches(text)
         return matches
 
     def _default_arguments_from_docstring(self, doc):
         """Parse the first line of docstring for call signature.
 
         Docstring should be of the form 'min(iterable[, key=func])\n'.
         It can also parse cython docstring of the form
         'Minuit.migrad(self, int ncall=10000, resume=True, int nsplit=1)'.
         """
         if doc is None:
             return []
 
         #care only the firstline
         line = doc.lstrip().splitlines()[0]
 
         #p = re.compile(r'^[\w|\s.]+\(([^)]*)\).*')
         #'min(iterable[, key=func])\n' -> 'iterable[, key=func]'
         sig = self.docstring_sig_re.search(line)
         if sig is None:
             return []
         # iterable[, key=func]' -> ['iterable[' ,' key=func]']
         sig = sig.groups()[0].split(',')
         ret = []
         for s in sig:
             #re.compile(r'[\s|\[]*(\w+)(?:\s*=\s*.*)')
             ret += self.docstring_kwd_re.findall(s)
         return ret
 
     def _default_arguments(self, obj):
         """Return the list of default arguments of obj if it is callable,
         or empty list otherwise."""
         call_obj = obj
         ret = []
         if inspect.isbuiltin(obj):
             pass
         elif not (inspect.isfunction(obj) or inspect.ismethod(obj)):
             if inspect.isclass(obj):
                 #for cython embedsignature=True the constructor docstring
                 #belongs to the object itself not __init__
                 ret += self._default_arguments_from_docstring(
                             getattr(obj, '__doc__', ''))
                 # for classes, check for __init__,__new__
                 call_obj = (getattr(obj, '__init__', None) or
                        getattr(obj, '__new__', None))
             # for all others, check if they are __call__able
             elif hasattr(obj, '__call__'):
                 call_obj = obj.__call__
         ret += self._default_arguments_from_docstring(
                  getattr(call_obj, '__doc__', ''))
 
         _keeps = (inspect.Parameter.KEYWORD_ONLY,
                   inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
 
         try:
             sig = inspect.signature(obj)
             ret.extend(k for k, v in sig.parameters.items() if
                        v.kind in _keeps)
         except ValueError:
             pass
 
         return list(set(ret))
 
     def python_func_kw_matches(self, text):
         """Match named parameters (kwargs) of the last open function"""
 
         if "." in text: # a parameter cannot be dotted
             return []
         try: regexp = self.__funcParamsRegex
         except AttributeError:
             regexp = self.__funcParamsRegex = re.compile(r'''
                 '.*?(?<!\\)' |    # single quoted strings or
                 ".*?(?<!\\)" |    # double quoted strings or
                 \w+          |    # identifier
                 \S                # other characters
                 ''', re.VERBOSE | re.DOTALL)
         # 1. find the nearest identifier that comes before an unclosed
         # parenthesis before the cursor
         # e.g. for "foo (1+bar(x), pa<cursor>,a=1)", the candidate is "foo"
         tokens = regexp.findall(self.text_until_cursor)
         iterTokens = reversed(tokens); openPar = 0
 
         for token in iterTokens:
             if token == ')':
                 openPar -= 1
             elif token == '(':
                 openPar += 1
                 if openPar > 0:
                     # found the last unclosed parenthesis
                     break
         else:
             return []
         # 2. Concatenate dotted names ("foo.bar" for "foo.bar(x, pa" )
         ids = []
         isId = re.compile(r'\w+$').match
 
         while True:
             try:
                 ids.append(next(iterTokens))
                 if not isId(ids[-1]):
                     ids.pop(); break
                 if not next(iterTokens) == '.':
                     break
             except StopIteration:
                 break
 
         # Find all named arguments already assigned to, as to avoid suggesting
         # them again
         usedNamedArgs = set()
         par_level = -1
         for token, next_token in zip(tokens, tokens[1:]):
             if token == '(':
                 par_level += 1
             elif token == ')':
                 par_level -= 1
 
             if par_level != 0:
                 continue
 
             if next_token != '=':
                 continue
 
             usedNamedArgs.add(token)
 
         argMatches = []
         try:
             callableObj = '.'.join(ids[::-1])
             namedArgs = self._default_arguments(eval(callableObj,
                                                     self.namespace))
 
             # Remove used named arguments from the list, no need to show twice
             for namedArg in set(namedArgs) - usedNamedArgs:
                 if namedArg.startswith(text):
                     argMatches.append("%s=" %namedArg)
         except:
             pass
 
         return argMatches
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_keys(obj: Any) -> List[Any]:
         # Objects can define their own completions by defining an
         # _ipy_key_completions_() method.
         method = get_real_method(obj, '_ipython_key_completions_')
         if method is not None:
             return method()
 
         # Special case some common in-memory dict-like types
         if isinstance(obj, dict) or\
            _safe_isinstance(obj, 'pandas', 'DataFrame'):
             try:
                 return list(obj.keys())
             except Exception:
                 return []
         elif _safe_isinstance(obj, 'numpy', 'ndarray') or\
              _safe_isinstance(obj, 'numpy', 'void'):
             return obj.dtype.names or []
         return []
 
     def dict_key_matches(self, text:str) -> List[str]:
         "Match string keys in a dictionary, after e.g. 'foo[' "
 
 
         if self.__dict_key_regexps is not None:
             regexps = self.__dict_key_regexps
         else:
             dict_key_re_fmt = r'''(?x)
             (  # match dict-referring expression wrt greedy setting
                 %s
             )
             \[   # open bracket
             \s*  # and optional whitespace
             # Capture any number of str-like objects (e.g. "a", "b", 'c')
             ((?:[uUbB]?  # string prefix (r not handled)
                 (?:
                     '(?:[^']|(?<!\\)\\')*'
                 |
                     "(?:[^"]|(?<!\\)\\")*"
                 )
                 \s*,\s*
             )*)
             ([uUbB]?  # string prefix (r not handled)
                 (?:   # unclosed string
                     '(?:[^']|(?<!\\)\\')*
                 |
                     "(?:[^"]|(?<!\\)\\")*
                 )
             )?
             $
             '''
             regexps = self.__dict_key_regexps = {
                 False: re.compile(dict_key_re_fmt % r'''
                                   # identifiers separated by .
                                   (?!\d)\w+
                                   (?:\.(?!\d)\w+)*
                                   '''),
                 True: re.compile(dict_key_re_fmt % '''
                                  .+
                                  ''')
             }
 
         match = regexps[self.greedy].search(self.text_until_cursor)
 
         if match is None:
             return []
 
         expr, prefix0, prefix = match.groups()
         try:
             obj = eval(expr, self.namespace)
         except Exception:
             try:
                 obj = eval(expr, self.global_namespace)
             except Exception:
                 return []
 
         keys = self._get_keys(obj)
         if not keys:
             return keys
 
         extra_prefix = eval(prefix0) if prefix0 != '' else None
 
         closing_quote, token_offset, matches = match_dict_keys(keys, prefix, self.splitter.delims, extra_prefix=extra_prefix)
         if not matches:
             return matches
 
         # get the cursor position of
         # - the text being completed
         # - the start of the key text
         # - the start of the completion
         text_start = len(self.text_until_cursor) - len(text)
         if prefix:
             key_start = match.start(3)
             completion_start = key_start + token_offset
         else:
             key_start = completion_start = match.end()
 
         # grab the leading prefix, to make sure all completions start with `text`
         if text_start > key_start:
             leading = ''
         else:
             leading = text[text_start:completion_start]
 
         # the index of the `[` character
         bracket_idx = match.end(1)
 
         # append closing quote and bracket as appropriate
         # this is *not* appropriate if the opening quote or bracket is outside
         # the text given to this method
         suf = ''
         continuation = self.line_buffer[len(self.text_until_cursor):]
         if key_start > text_start and closing_quote:
             # quotes were opened inside text, maybe close them
             if continuation.startswith(closing_quote):
                 continuation = continuation[len(closing_quote):]
             else:
                 suf += closing_quote
         if bracket_idx > text_start:
             # brackets were opened inside text, maybe close them
             if not continuation.startswith(']'):
                 suf += ']'
 
         return [leading + k + suf for k in matches]
 
     @staticmethod
     def unicode_name_matches(text:str) -> Tuple[str, List[str]] :
         """Match Latex-like syntax for unicode characters base
         on the name of the character.
 
         This does  ``\\GREEK SMALL LETTER ETA`` -> ``η``
 
         Works only on valid python 3 identifier, or on combining characters that
         will combine to form a valid identifier.
         """
         slashpos = text.rfind('\\')
         if slashpos > -1:
             s = text[slashpos+1:]
             try :
                 unic = unicodedata.lookup(s)
                 # allow combining chars
                 if ('a'+unic).isidentifier():
                     return '\\'+s,[unic]
             except KeyError:
                 pass
         return '', []
 
 
     def latex_matches(self, text:str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
         """Match Latex syntax for unicode characters.
 
         This does both ``\\alp`` -> ``\\alpha`` and ``\\alpha`` -> ``α``
         """
         slashpos = text.rfind('\\')
         if slashpos > -1:
             s = text[slashpos:]
             if s in latex_symbols:
                 # Try to complete a full latex symbol to unicode
                 # \\alpha -> α
                 return s, [latex_symbols[s]]
             else:
                 # If a user has partially typed a latex symbol, give them
                 # a full list of options \al -> [\aleph, \alpha]
                 matches = [k for k in latex_symbols if k.startswith(s)]
                 if matches:
                     return s, matches
         return '', ()
 
     def dispatch_custom_completer(self, text):
         if not self.custom_completers:
             return
 
         line = self.line_buffer
         if not line.strip():
             return None
 
         # Create a little structure to pass all the relevant information about
         # the current completion to any custom completer.
         event = SimpleNamespace()
         event.line = line
         event.symbol = text
         cmd = line.split(None,1)[0]
         event.command = cmd
         event.text_until_cursor = self.text_until_cursor
 
         # for foo etc, try also to find completer for %foo
         if not cmd.startswith(self.magic_escape):
             try_magic = self.custom_completers.s_matches(
                 self.magic_escape + cmd)
         else:
             try_magic = []
 
         for c in itertools.chain(self.custom_completers.s_matches(cmd),
                  try_magic,
                  self.custom_completers.flat_matches(self.text_until_cursor)):
             try:
                 res = c(event)
                 if res:
                     # first, try case sensitive match
                     withcase = [r for r in res if r.startswith(text)]
                     if withcase:
                         return withcase
                     # if none, then case insensitive ones are ok too
                     text_low = text.lower()
                     return [r for r in res if r.lower().startswith(text_low)]
             except TryNext:
                 pass
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 """
                 If custom completer take too long,
                 let keyboard interrupt abort and return nothing.
                 """
                 break
 
         return None
 
     def completions(self, text: str, offset: int)->Iterator[Completion]:
         """
         Returns an iterator over the possible completions
 
         .. warning::
 
             Unstable
 
             This function is unstable, API may change without warning.
             It will also raise unless use in proper context manager.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         text : str
             Full text of the current input, multi line string.
         offset : int
             Integer representing the position of the cursor in ``text``. Offset
             is 0-based indexed.
 
         Yields
         ------
         Completion
 
         Notes
         -----
         The cursor on a text can either be seen as being "in between"
         characters or "On" a character depending on the interface visible to
         the user. For consistency the cursor being on "in between" characters X
         and Y is equivalent to the cursor being "on" character Y, that is to say
         the character the cursor is on is considered as being after the cursor.
 
         Combining characters may span more that one position in the
         text.
 
         .. note::
 
             If ``IPCompleter.debug`` is :any:`True` will yield a ``--jedi/ipython--``
             fake Completion token to distinguish completion returned by Jedi
             and usual IPython completion.
 
         .. note::
 
             Completions are not completely deduplicated yet. If identical
             completions are coming from different sources this function does not
             ensure that each completion object will only be present once.
         """
         warnings.warn("_complete is a provisional API (as of IPython 6.0). "
                       "It may change without warnings. "
                       "Use in corresponding context manager.",
                       category=ProvisionalCompleterWarning, stacklevel=2)
 
         seen = set()
         profiler:Optional[cProfile.Profile]
         try:
             if self.profile_completions:
                 import cProfile
                 profiler = cProfile.Profile()
                 profiler.enable()
             else:
                 profiler = None
 
             for c in self._completions(text, offset, _timeout=self.jedi_compute_type_timeout/1000):
                 if c and (c in seen):
                     continue
                 yield c
                 seen.add(c)
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             """if completions take too long and users send keyboard interrupt,
             do not crash and return ASAP. """
             pass
         finally:
             if profiler is not None:
                 profiler.disable()
                 ensure_dir_exists(self.profiler_output_dir)
                 output_path = os.path.join(self.profiler_output_dir, str(uuid.uuid4()))
                 print("Writing profiler output to", output_path)
                 profiler.dump_stats(output_path)
 
     def _completions(self, full_text: str, offset: int, *, _timeout) -> Iterator[Completion]:
         """
         Core completion module.Same signature as :any:`completions`, with the
         extra `timeout` parameter (in seconds).
 
         Computing jedi's completion ``.type`` can be quite expensive (it is a
         lazy property) and can require some warm-up, more warm up than just
         computing the ``name`` of a completion. The warm-up can be :
 
             - Long warm-up the first time a module is encountered after
             install/update: actually build parse/inference tree.
 
             - first time the module is encountered in a session: load tree from
             disk.
 
         We don't want to block completions for tens of seconds so we give the
         completer a "budget" of ``_timeout`` seconds per invocation to compute
         completions types, the completions that have not yet been computed will
         be marked as "unknown" an will have a chance to be computed next round
         are things get cached.
 
         Keep in mind that Jedi is not the only thing treating the completion so
         keep the timeout short-ish as if we take more than 0.3 second we still
         have lots of processing to do.
 
         """
         deadline = time.monotonic() + _timeout
 
 
         before = full_text[:offset]
         cursor_line, cursor_column = position_to_cursor(full_text, offset)
 
         matched_text, matches, matches_origin, jedi_matches = self._complete(
             full_text=full_text, cursor_line=cursor_line, cursor_pos=cursor_column)
 
         iter_jm = iter(jedi_matches)
         if _timeout:
             for jm in iter_jm:
                 try:
                     type_ = jm.type
                 except Exception:
                     if self.debug:
                         print("Error in Jedi getting type of ", jm)
                     type_ = None
                 delta = len(jm.name_with_symbols) - len(jm.complete)
                 if type_ == 'function':
                     signature = _make_signature(jm)
                 else:
                     signature = ''
                 yield Completion(start=offset - delta,
                                  end=offset,
                                  text=jm.name_with_symbols,
                                  type=type_,
                                  signature=signature,
                                  _origin='jedi')
 
                 if time.monotonic() > deadline:
                     break
 
         for jm in iter_jm:
             delta = len(jm.name_with_symbols) - len(jm.complete)
             yield Completion(start=offset - delta,
                              end=offset,
                              text=jm.name_with_symbols,
                              type='<unknown>',  # don't compute type for speed
                              _origin='jedi',
                              signature='')
 
 
         start_offset = before.rfind(matched_text)
 
         # TODO:
         # Suppress this, right now just for debug.
         if jedi_matches and matches and self.debug:
             yield Completion(start=start_offset, end=offset, text='--jedi/ipython--',
                              _origin='debug', type='none', signature='')
 
         # I'm unsure if this is always true, so let's assert and see if it
         # crash
         assert before.endswith(matched_text)
         for m, t in zip(matches, matches_origin):
             yield Completion(start=start_offset, end=offset, text=m, _origin=t, signature='', type='<unknown>')
 
 
     def complete(self, text=None, line_buffer=None, cursor_pos=None) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
         """Find completions for the given text and line context.
 
         Note that both the text and the line_buffer are optional, but at least
         one of them must be given.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         text : string, optional
             Text to perform the completion on.  If not given, the line buffer
             is split using the instance's CompletionSplitter object.
         line_buffer : string, optional
             If not given, the completer attempts to obtain the current line
             buffer via readline.  This keyword allows clients which are
             requesting for text completions in non-readline contexts to inform
             the completer of the entire text.
         cursor_pos : int, optional
             Index of the cursor in the full line buffer.  Should be provided by
             remote frontends where kernel has no access to frontend state.
 
         Returns
         -------
         Tuple of two items:
         text : str
             Text that was actually used in the completion.
         matches : list
             A list of completion matches.
 
         Notes
         -----
             This API is likely to be deprecated and replaced by
             :any:`IPCompleter.completions` in the future.
 
         """
         warnings.warn('`Completer.complete` is pending deprecation since '
                 'IPython 6.0 and will be replaced by `Completer.completions`.',
                       PendingDeprecationWarning)
         # potential todo, FOLD the 3rd throw away argument of _complete
         # into the first 2 one.
         return self._complete(line_buffer=line_buffer, cursor_pos=cursor_pos, text=text, cursor_line=0)[:2]
 
     def _complete(self, *, cursor_line, cursor_pos, line_buffer=None, text=None,
                   full_text=None) -> _CompleteResult:
         """
         Like complete but can also returns raw jedi completions as well as the
         origin of the completion text. This could (and should) be made much
         cleaner but that will be simpler once we drop the old (and stateful)
         :any:`complete` API.
 
         With current provisional API, cursor_pos act both (depending on the
         caller) as the offset in the ``text`` or ``line_buffer``, or as the
         ``column`` when passing multiline strings this could/should be renamed
         but would add extra noise.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cursor_line
             Index of the line the cursor is on. 0 indexed.
         cursor_pos
             Position of the cursor in the current line/line_buffer/text. 0
             indexed.
         line_buffer : optional, str
             The current line the cursor is in, this is mostly due to legacy
             reason that readline could only give a us the single current line.
             Prefer `full_text`.
         text : str
             The current "token" the cursor is in, mostly also for historical
             reasons. as the completer would trigger only after the current line
             was parsed.
         full_text : str
             Full text of the current cell.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A tuple of N elements which are (likely):
             matched_text: ? the text that the complete matched
             matches: list of completions ?
             matches_origin: ? list same length as matches, and where each completion came from
             jedi_matches: list of Jedi matches, have it's own structure.
         """
 
 
         # if the cursor position isn't given, the only sane assumption we can
         # make is that it's at the end of the line (the common case)
         if cursor_pos is None:
             cursor_pos = len(line_buffer) if text is None else len(text)
 
         if self.use_main_ns:
             self.namespace = __main__.__dict__
 
         # if text is either None or an empty string, rely on the line buffer
         if (not line_buffer) and full_text:
             line_buffer = full_text.split('\n')[cursor_line]
         if not text: # issue #11508: check line_buffer before calling split_line
             text = self.splitter.split_line(line_buffer, cursor_pos)  if line_buffer else ''
 
         if self.backslash_combining_completions:
             # allow deactivation of these on windows.
             base_text = text if not line_buffer else line_buffer[:cursor_pos]
 
             for meth in (self.latex_matches,
                          self.unicode_name_matches,
                          back_latex_name_matches,
                          back_unicode_name_matches,
                          self.fwd_unicode_match):
                 name_text, name_matches = meth(base_text)
                 if name_text:
                     return _CompleteResult(name_text, name_matches[:MATCHES_LIMIT], \
                            [meth.__qualname__]*min(len(name_matches), MATCHES_LIMIT), ())
 
 
         # If no line buffer is given, assume the input text is all there was
         if line_buffer is None:
             line_buffer = text
 
         self.line_buffer = line_buffer
         self.text_until_cursor = self.line_buffer[:cursor_pos]
 
         # Do magic arg matches
         for matcher in self.magic_arg_matchers:
             matches = list(matcher(line_buffer))[:MATCHES_LIMIT]
             if matches:
                 origins = [matcher.__qualname__] * len(matches)
                 return _CompleteResult(text, matches, origins, ())
 
         # Start with a clean slate of completions
         matches = []
 
         # FIXME: we should extend our api to return a dict with completions for
         # different types of objects.  The rlcomplete() method could then
         # simply collapse the dict into a list for readline, but we'd have
         # richer completion semantics in other environments.
         is_magic_prefix = len(text) > 0 and text[0] == "%"
         completions: Iterable[Any] = []
         if self.use_jedi and not is_magic_prefix:
             if not full_text:
                 full_text = line_buffer
             completions = self._jedi_matches(
                 cursor_pos, cursor_line, full_text)
 
         if self.merge_completions:
             matches = []
             for matcher in self.matchers:
                 try:
                     matches.extend([(m, matcher.__qualname__)
                                     for m in matcher(text)])
                 except:
                     # Show the ugly traceback if the matcher causes an
                     # exception, but do NOT crash the kernel!
                     sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info())
         else:
             for matcher in self.matchers:
                 matches = [(m, matcher.__qualname__)
                             for m in matcher(text)]
                 if matches:
                     break
                     
         seen = set()
         filtered_matches = set()
         for m in matches:
             t, c = m
             if t not in seen:
                 filtered_matches.add(m)
                 seen.add(t)
 
         _filtered_matches = sorted(filtered_matches, key=lambda x: completions_sorting_key(x[0]))
 
         custom_res = [(m, 'custom') for m in self.dispatch_custom_completer(text) or []]
         
         _filtered_matches = custom_res or _filtered_matches
         
         _filtered_matches = _filtered_matches[:MATCHES_LIMIT]
         _matches = [m[0] for m in _filtered_matches]
         origins = [m[1] for m in _filtered_matches]
 
         self.matches = _matches
 
         return _CompleteResult(text, _matches, origins, completions)
         
     def fwd_unicode_match(self, text:str) -> Tuple[str, Sequence[str]]:
         """
         Forward match a string starting with a backslash with a list of
         potential Unicode completions.
 
         Will compute list list of Unicode character names on first call and cache it.
 
         Returns
         -------
         At tuple with:
             - matched text (empty if no matches)
             - list of potential completions, empty tuple  otherwise)
         """
         # TODO: self.unicode_names is here a list we traverse each time with ~100k elements.
         # We could do a faster match using a Trie.
 
         # Using pygtrie the following seem to work:
 
         #     s = PrefixSet()
 
         #     for c in range(0,0x10FFFF + 1):
         #         try:
         #             s.add(unicodedata.name(chr(c)))
         #         except ValueError:
         #             pass
         #     [''.join(k) for k in s.iter(prefix)]
 
         # But need to be timed and adds an extra dependency.
 
         slashpos = text.rfind('\\')
         # if text starts with slash
         if slashpos > -1:
             # PERF: It's important that we don't access self._unicode_names
             # until we're inside this if-block. _unicode_names is lazily
             # initialized, and it takes a user-noticeable amount of time to
             # initialize it, so we don't want to initialize it unless we're
             # actually going to use it.
             s = text[slashpos + 1 :]
             sup = s.upper()
             candidates = [x for x in self.unicode_names if x.startswith(sup)]
             if candidates:
                 return s, candidates
             candidates = [x for x in self.unicode_names if sup in x]
             if candidates:
                 return s, candidates
             splitsup = sup.split(" ")
             candidates = [
                 x for x in self.unicode_names if all(u in x for u in splitsup)
             ]
             if candidates:
                 return s, candidates
 
             return "", ()
 
         # if text does not start with slash
         else:
             return '', ()
 
     @property
     def unicode_names(self) -> List[str]:
         """List of names of unicode code points that can be completed.
 
         The list is lazily initialized on first access.
         """
         if self._unicode_names is None:
             names = []
             for c in range(0,0x10FFFF + 1):
                 try:
                     names.append(unicodedata.name(chr(c)))
                 except ValueError:
                     pass
             self._unicode_names = _unicode_name_compute(_UNICODE_RANGES)
 
         return self._unicode_names
 
 def _unicode_name_compute(ranges:List[Tuple[int,int]]) -> List[str]:
     names = []
     for start,stop in ranges:
         for c in range(start, stop) :
             try:
                 names.append(unicodedata.name(chr(c)))
             except ValueError:
                 pass
     return names

IPython/core/history.py

@@ -1,913 +1,913 b''
 """ History related magics and functionality """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 import atexit
 import datetime
 from pathlib import Path
 import re
 import sqlite3
 import threading
 
 from traitlets.config.configurable import LoggingConfigurable
 from decorator import decorator
 from IPython.utils.decorators import undoc
 from IPython.paths import locate_profile
 from traitlets import (
     Any,
     Bool,
     Dict,
     Instance,
     Integer,
     List,
     Unicode,
     Union,
     TraitError,
     default,
     observe,
 )
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes and functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @undoc
 class DummyDB(object):
     """Dummy DB that will act as a black hole for history.
 
     Only used in the absence of sqlite"""
     def execute(*args, **kwargs):
         return []
 
     def commit(self, *args, **kwargs):
         pass
 
     def __enter__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         pass
 
     def __exit__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         pass
 
 
 @decorator
 def only_when_enabled(f, self, *a, **kw):
     """Decorator: return an empty list in the absence of sqlite."""
     if not self.enabled:
         return []
     else:
         return f(self, *a, **kw)
 
 
 # use 16kB as threshold for whether a corrupt history db should be saved
 # that should be at least 100 entries or so
 _SAVE_DB_SIZE = 16384
 
 @decorator
 def catch_corrupt_db(f, self, *a, **kw):
     """A decorator which wraps HistoryAccessor method calls to catch errors from
     a corrupt SQLite database, move the old database out of the way, and create
     a new one.
 
     We avoid clobbering larger databases because this may be triggered due to filesystem issues,
     not just a corrupt file.
     """
     try:
         return f(self, *a, **kw)
     except (sqlite3.DatabaseError, sqlite3.OperationalError) as e:
         self._corrupt_db_counter += 1
         self.log.error("Failed to open SQLite history %s (%s).", self.hist_file, e)
         if self.hist_file != ':memory:':
             if self._corrupt_db_counter > self._corrupt_db_limit:
                 self.hist_file = ':memory:'
                 self.log.error("Failed to load history too many times, history will not be saved.")
             elif self.hist_file.is_file():
                 # move the file out of the way
                 base = str(self.hist_file.parent / self.hist_file.stem)
                 ext = self.hist_file.suffix
                 size = self.hist_file.stat().st_size
                 if size >= _SAVE_DB_SIZE:
                     # if there's significant content, avoid clobbering
                     now = datetime.datetime.now().isoformat().replace(':', '.')
                     newpath = base + '-corrupt-' + now + ext
                     # don't clobber previous corrupt backups
                     for i in range(100):
                         if not Path(newpath).exists():
                             break
                         else:
                             newpath = base + '-corrupt-' + now + (u'-%i' % i) + ext
                 else:
                     # not much content, possibly empty; don't worry about clobbering
                     # maybe we should just delete it?
                     newpath = base + '-corrupt' + ext
                 self.hist_file.rename(newpath)
                 self.log.error("History file was moved to %s and a new file created.", newpath)
             self.init_db()
             return []
         else:
             # Failed with :memory:, something serious is wrong
             raise
 
 
 class HistoryAccessorBase(LoggingConfigurable):
     """An abstract class for History Accessors """
 
     def get_tail(self, n=10, raw=True, output=False, include_latest=False):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def search(self, pattern="*", raw=True, search_raw=True,
                output=False, n=None, unique=False):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def get_range(self, session, start=1, stop=None, raw=True,output=False):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def get_range_by_str(self, rangestr, raw=True, output=False):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
 
 class HistoryAccessor(HistoryAccessorBase):
     """Access the history database without adding to it.
 
     This is intended for use by standalone history tools. IPython shells use
     HistoryManager, below, which is a subclass of this."""
 
     # counter for init_db retries, so we don't keep trying over and over
     _corrupt_db_counter = 0
      # after two failures, fallback on :memory:
     _corrupt_db_limit = 2
 
     # String holding the path to the history file
     hist_file = Union(
         [Instance(Path), Unicode()],
         help="""Path to file to use for SQLite history database.
 
         By default, IPython will put the history database in the IPython
         profile directory.  If you would rather share one history among
         profiles, you can set this value in each, so that they are consistent.
 
         Due to an issue with fcntl, SQLite is known to misbehave on some NFS
         mounts.  If you see IPython hanging, try setting this to something on a
         local disk, e.g::
 
             ipython --HistoryManager.hist_file=/tmp/ipython_hist.sqlite
 
         you can also use the specific value `:memory:` (including the colon
         at both end but not the back ticks), to avoid creating an history file.
 
         """,
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     enabled = Bool(True,
         help="""enable the SQLite history
 
         set enabled=False to disable the SQLite history,
         in which case there will be no stored history, no SQLite connection,
         and no background saving thread.  This may be necessary in some
         threaded environments where IPython is embedded.
-        """
+        """,
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     connection_options = Dict(
         help="""Options for configuring the SQLite connection
 
         These options are passed as keyword args to sqlite3.connect
         when establishing database connections.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     # The SQLite database
     db = Any()
     @observe('db')
     def _db_changed(self, change):
         """validate the db, since it can be an Instance of two different types"""
         new = change['new']
         connection_types = (DummyDB, sqlite3.Connection)
         if not isinstance(new, connection_types):
             msg = "%s.db must be sqlite3 Connection or DummyDB, not %r" % \
                     (self.__class__.__name__, new)
             raise TraitError(msg)
 
     def __init__(self, profile="default", hist_file="", **traits):
         """Create a new history accessor.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         profile : str
             The name of the profile from which to open history.
         hist_file : str
             Path to an SQLite history database stored by IPython. If specified,
             hist_file overrides profile.
         config : :class:`~traitlets.config.loader.Config`
             Config object. hist_file can also be set through this.
         """
         # We need a pointer back to the shell for various tasks.
         super(HistoryAccessor, self).__init__(**traits)
         # defer setting hist_file from kwarg until after init,
         # otherwise the default kwarg value would clobber any value
         # set by config
         if hist_file:
             self.hist_file = hist_file
 
         try:
             self.hist_file
         except TraitError:
             # No one has set the hist_file, yet.
             self.hist_file = self._get_hist_file_name(profile)
 
         self.init_db()
 
     def _get_hist_file_name(self, profile='default'):
         """Find the history file for the given profile name.
 
         This is overridden by the HistoryManager subclass, to use the shell's
         active profile.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         profile : str
             The name of a profile which has a history file.
         """
         return Path(locate_profile(profile)) / "history.sqlite"
 
     @catch_corrupt_db
     def init_db(self):
         """Connect to the database, and create tables if necessary."""
         if not self.enabled:
             self.db = DummyDB()
             return
 
         # use detect_types so that timestamps return datetime objects
         kwargs = dict(detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES|sqlite3.PARSE_COLNAMES)
         kwargs.update(self.connection_options)
         self.db = sqlite3.connect(str(self.hist_file), **kwargs)
         with self.db:
             self.db.execute(
                 """CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS sessions (session integer
                             primary key autoincrement, start timestamp,
                             end timestamp, num_cmds integer, remark text)"""
             )
             self.db.execute(
                 """CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS history
                     (session integer, line integer, source text, source_raw text,
                     PRIMARY KEY (session, line))"""
             )
             # Output history is optional, but ensure the table's there so it can be
             # enabled later.
             self.db.execute(
                 """CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS output_history
                             (session integer, line integer, output text,
                             PRIMARY KEY (session, line))"""
             )
         # success! reset corrupt db count
         self._corrupt_db_counter = 0
 
     def writeout_cache(self):
         """Overridden by HistoryManager to dump the cache before certain
         database lookups."""
         pass
 
     ## -------------------------------
     ## Methods for retrieving history:
     ## -------------------------------
     def _run_sql(self, sql, params, raw=True, output=False, latest=False):
         """Prepares and runs an SQL query for the history database.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         sql : str
             Any filtering expressions to go after SELECT ... FROM ...
         params : tuple
             Parameters passed to the SQL query (to replace "?")
         raw, output : bool
             See :meth:`get_range`
         latest : bool
             Select rows with max (session, line)
 
         Returns
         -------
         Tuples as :meth:`get_range`
         """
         toget = 'source_raw' if raw else 'source'
         sqlfrom = "history"
         if output:
             sqlfrom = "history LEFT JOIN output_history USING (session, line)"
             toget = "history.%s, output_history.output" % toget
         if latest:
             toget += ", MAX(session * 128 * 1024 + line)"
         cur = self.db.execute("SELECT session, line, %s FROM %s " %\
                                 (toget, sqlfrom) + sql, params)
         if latest:
             cur = (row[:-1] for row in cur)
         if output:    # Regroup into 3-tuples, and parse JSON
             return ((ses, lin, (inp, out)) for ses, lin, inp, out in cur)
         return cur
 
     @only_when_enabled
     @catch_corrupt_db
     def get_session_info(self, session):
         """Get info about a session.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         session : int
             Session number to retrieve.
 
         Returns
         -------
         session_id : int
             Session ID number
         start : datetime
             Timestamp for the start of the session.
         end : datetime
             Timestamp for the end of the session, or None if IPython crashed.
         num_cmds : int
             Number of commands run, or None if IPython crashed.
         remark : unicode
             A manually set description.
         """
         query = "SELECT * from sessions where session == ?"
         return self.db.execute(query, (session,)).fetchone()
 
     @catch_corrupt_db
     def get_last_session_id(self):
         """Get the last session ID currently in the database.
 
         Within IPython, this should be the same as the value stored in
         :attr:`HistoryManager.session_number`.
         """
         for record in self.get_tail(n=1, include_latest=True):
             return record[0]
 
     @catch_corrupt_db
     def get_tail(self, n=10, raw=True, output=False, include_latest=False):
         """Get the last n lines from the history database.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         n : int
             The number of lines to get
         raw, output : bool
             See :meth:`get_range`
         include_latest : bool
             If False (default), n+1 lines are fetched, and the latest one
             is discarded. This is intended to be used where the function
             is called by a user command, which it should not return.
 
         Returns
         -------
         Tuples as :meth:`get_range`
         """
         self.writeout_cache()
         if not include_latest:
             n += 1
         cur = self._run_sql("ORDER BY session DESC, line DESC LIMIT ?",
                                 (n,), raw=raw, output=output)
         if not include_latest:
             return reversed(list(cur)[1:])
         return reversed(list(cur))
 
     @catch_corrupt_db
     def search(self, pattern="*", raw=True, search_raw=True,
                output=False, n=None, unique=False):
         """Search the database using unix glob-style matching (wildcards
         * and ?).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         pattern : str
             The wildcarded pattern to match when searching
         search_raw : bool
             If True, search the raw input, otherwise, the parsed input
         raw, output : bool
             See :meth:`get_range`
         n : None or int
             If an integer is given, it defines the limit of
             returned entries.
         unique : bool
             When it is true, return only unique entries.
 
         Returns
         -------
         Tuples as :meth:`get_range`
         """
         tosearch = "source_raw" if search_raw else "source"
         if output:
             tosearch = "history." + tosearch
         self.writeout_cache()
         sqlform = "WHERE %s GLOB ?" % tosearch
         params = (pattern,)
         if unique:
             sqlform += ' GROUP BY {0}'.format(tosearch)
         if n is not None:
             sqlform += " ORDER BY session DESC, line DESC LIMIT ?"
             params += (n,)
         elif unique:
             sqlform += " ORDER BY session, line"
         cur = self._run_sql(sqlform, params, raw=raw, output=output, latest=unique)
         if n is not None:
             return reversed(list(cur))
         return cur
 
     @catch_corrupt_db
     def get_range(self, session, start=1, stop=None, raw=True,output=False):
         """Retrieve input by session.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         session : int
             Session number to retrieve.
         start : int
             First line to retrieve.
         stop : int
             End of line range (excluded from output itself). If None, retrieve
             to the end of the session.
         raw : bool
             If True, return untranslated input
         output : bool
             If True, attempt to include output. This will be 'real' Python
             objects for the current session, or text reprs from previous
             sessions if db_log_output was enabled at the time. Where no output
             is found, None is used.
 
         Returns
         -------
         entries
             An iterator over the desired lines. Each line is a 3-tuple, either
             (session, line, input) if output is False, or
             (session, line, (input, output)) if output is True.
         """
         if stop:
             lineclause = "line >= ? AND line < ?"
             params = (session, start, stop)
         else:
             lineclause = "line>=?"
             params = (session, start)
 
         return self._run_sql("WHERE session==? AND %s" % lineclause,
                                     params, raw=raw, output=output)
 
     def get_range_by_str(self, rangestr, raw=True, output=False):
         """Get lines of history from a string of ranges, as used by magic
         commands %hist, %save, %macro, etc.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         rangestr : str
             A string specifying ranges, e.g. "5 ~2/1-4". If empty string is used,
             this will return everything from current session's history.
 
             See the documentation of :func:`%history` for the full details.
 
         raw, output : bool
             As :meth:`get_range`
 
         Returns
         -------
         Tuples as :meth:`get_range`
         """
         for sess, s, e in extract_hist_ranges(rangestr):
             for line in self.get_range(sess, s, e, raw=raw, output=output):
                 yield line
 
 
 class HistoryManager(HistoryAccessor):
     """A class to organize all history-related functionality in one place.
     """
     # Public interface
 
     # An instance of the IPython shell we are attached to
     shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC',
                      allow_none=True)
     # Lists to hold processed and raw history. These start with a blank entry
     # so that we can index them starting from 1
     input_hist_parsed = List([""])
     input_hist_raw = List([""])
     # A list of directories visited during session
     dir_hist = List()
     @default('dir_hist')
     def _dir_hist_default(self):
         try:
             return [Path.cwd()]
         except OSError:
             return []
 
     # A dict of output history, keyed with ints from the shell's
     # execution count.
     output_hist = Dict()
     # The text/plain repr of outputs.
     output_hist_reprs = Dict()
 
     # The number of the current session in the history database
     session_number = Integer()
 
     db_log_output = Bool(False,
         help="Should the history database include output? (default: no)"
     ).tag(config=True)
     db_cache_size = Integer(0,
         help="Write to database every x commands (higher values save disk access & power).\n"
         "Values of 1 or less effectively disable caching."
     ).tag(config=True)
     # The input and output caches
     db_input_cache = List()
     db_output_cache = List()
 
     # History saving in separate thread
     save_thread = Instance('IPython.core.history.HistorySavingThread',
                            allow_none=True)
     save_flag = Instance(threading.Event, allow_none=True)
 
     # Private interface
     # Variables used to store the three last inputs from the user.  On each new
     # history update, we populate the user's namespace with these, shifted as
     # necessary.
     _i00 = Unicode(u'')
     _i = Unicode(u'')
     _ii = Unicode(u'')
     _iii = Unicode(u'')
 
     # A regex matching all forms of the exit command, so that we don't store
     # them in the history (it's annoying to rewind the first entry and land on
     # an exit call).
     _exit_re = re.compile(r"(exit|quit)(\s*\(.*\))?$")
 
     def __init__(self, shell=None, config=None, **traits):
         """Create a new history manager associated with a shell instance.
         """
         # We need a pointer back to the shell for various tasks.
         super(HistoryManager, self).__init__(shell=shell, config=config,
             **traits)
         self.save_flag = threading.Event()
         self.db_input_cache_lock = threading.Lock()
         self.db_output_cache_lock = threading.Lock()
 
         try:
             self.new_session()
         except sqlite3.OperationalError:
             self.log.error("Failed to create history session in %s. History will not be saved.",
                 self.hist_file, exc_info=True)
             self.hist_file = ':memory:'
 
         if self.enabled and self.hist_file != ':memory:':
             self.save_thread = HistorySavingThread(self)
             self.save_thread.start()
 
     def _get_hist_file_name(self, profile=None):
         """Get default history file name based on the Shell's profile.
 
         The profile parameter is ignored, but must exist for compatibility with
         the parent class."""
         profile_dir = self.shell.profile_dir.location
         return Path(profile_dir) / "history.sqlite"
 
     @only_when_enabled
     def new_session(self, conn=None):
         """Get a new session number."""
         if conn is None:
             conn = self.db
 
         with conn:
             cur = conn.execute("""INSERT INTO sessions VALUES (NULL, ?, NULL,
                             NULL, "") """, (datetime.datetime.now(),))
             self.session_number = cur.lastrowid
 
     def end_session(self):
         """Close the database session, filling in the end time and line count."""
         self.writeout_cache()
         with self.db:
             self.db.execute("""UPDATE sessions SET end=?, num_cmds=? WHERE
                             session==?""", (datetime.datetime.now(),
                             len(self.input_hist_parsed)-1, self.session_number))
         self.session_number = 0
 
     def name_session(self, name):
         """Give the current session a name in the history database."""
         with self.db:
             self.db.execute("UPDATE sessions SET remark=? WHERE session==?",
                             (name, self.session_number))
 
     def reset(self, new_session=True):
         """Clear the session history, releasing all object references, and
         optionally open a new session."""
         self.output_hist.clear()
         # The directory history can't be completely empty
         self.dir_hist[:] = [Path.cwd()]
 
         if new_session:
             if self.session_number:
                 self.end_session()
             self.input_hist_parsed[:] = [""]
             self.input_hist_raw[:] = [""]
             self.new_session()
 
     # ------------------------------
     # Methods for retrieving history
     # ------------------------------
     def get_session_info(self, session=0):
         """Get info about a session.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         session : int
             Session number to retrieve. The current session is 0, and negative
             numbers count back from current session, so -1 is the previous session.
 
         Returns
         -------
         session_id : int
             Session ID number
         start : datetime
             Timestamp for the start of the session.
         end : datetime
             Timestamp for the end of the session, or None if IPython crashed.
         num_cmds : int
             Number of commands run, or None if IPython crashed.
         remark : unicode
             A manually set description.
         """
         if session <= 0:
             session += self.session_number
 
         return super(HistoryManager, self).get_session_info(session=session)
 
     def _get_range_session(self, start=1, stop=None, raw=True, output=False):
         """Get input and output history from the current session. Called by
         get_range, and takes similar parameters."""
         input_hist = self.input_hist_raw if raw else self.input_hist_parsed
 
         n = len(input_hist)
         if start < 0:
             start += n
         if not stop or (stop > n):
             stop = n
         elif stop < 0:
             stop += n
 
         for i in range(start, stop):
             if output:
                 line = (input_hist[i], self.output_hist_reprs.get(i))
             else:
                 line = input_hist[i]
             yield (0, i, line)
 
     def get_range(self, session=0, start=1, stop=None, raw=True,output=False):
         """Retrieve input by session.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         session : int
             Session number to retrieve. The current session is 0, and negative
             numbers count back from current session, so -1 is previous session.
         start : int
             First line to retrieve.
         stop : int
             End of line range (excluded from output itself). If None, retrieve
             to the end of the session.
         raw : bool
             If True, return untranslated input
         output : bool
             If True, attempt to include output. This will be 'real' Python
             objects for the current session, or text reprs from previous
             sessions if db_log_output was enabled at the time. Where no output
             is found, None is used.
 
         Returns
         -------
         entries
             An iterator over the desired lines. Each line is a 3-tuple, either
             (session, line, input) if output is False, or
             (session, line, (input, output)) if output is True.
         """
         if session <= 0:
             session += self.session_number
         if session==self.session_number:          # Current session
             return self._get_range_session(start, stop, raw, output)
         return super(HistoryManager, self).get_range(session, start, stop, raw,
                                                      output)
 
     ## ----------------------------
     ## Methods for storing history:
     ## ----------------------------
     def store_inputs(self, line_num, source, source_raw=None):
         """Store source and raw input in history and create input cache
         variables ``_i*``.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         line_num : int
             The prompt number of this input.
         source : str
             Python input.
         source_raw : str, optional
             If given, this is the raw input without any IPython transformations
             applied to it.  If not given, ``source`` is used.
         """
         if source_raw is None:
             source_raw = source
         source = source.rstrip('\n')
         source_raw = source_raw.rstrip('\n')
 
         # do not store exit/quit commands
         if self._exit_re.match(source_raw.strip()):
             return
 
         self.input_hist_parsed.append(source)
         self.input_hist_raw.append(source_raw)
 
         with self.db_input_cache_lock:
             self.db_input_cache.append((line_num, source, source_raw))
             # Trigger to flush cache and write to DB.
             if len(self.db_input_cache) >= self.db_cache_size:
                 self.save_flag.set()
 
         # update the auto _i variables
         self._iii = self._ii
         self._ii = self._i
         self._i = self._i00
         self._i00 = source_raw
 
         # hackish access to user namespace to create _i1,_i2... dynamically
         new_i = '_i%s' % line_num
         to_main = {'_i': self._i,
                    '_ii': self._ii,
                    '_iii': self._iii,
                    new_i : self._i00 }
 
         if self.shell is not None:
             self.shell.push(to_main, interactive=False)
 
     def store_output(self, line_num):
         """If database output logging is enabled, this saves all the
         outputs from the indicated prompt number to the database. It's
         called by run_cell after code has been executed.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         line_num : int
             The line number from which to save outputs
         """
         if (not self.db_log_output) or (line_num not in self.output_hist_reprs):
             return
         output = self.output_hist_reprs[line_num]
 
         with self.db_output_cache_lock:
             self.db_output_cache.append((line_num, output))
         if self.db_cache_size <= 1:
             self.save_flag.set()
 
     def _writeout_input_cache(self, conn):
         with conn:
             for line in self.db_input_cache:
                 conn.execute("INSERT INTO history VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)",
                                 (self.session_number,)+line)
 
     def _writeout_output_cache(self, conn):
         with conn:
             for line in self.db_output_cache:
                 conn.execute("INSERT INTO output_history VALUES (?, ?, ?)",
                                 (self.session_number,)+line)
 
     @only_when_enabled
     def writeout_cache(self, conn=None):
         """Write any entries in the cache to the database."""
         if conn is None:
             conn = self.db
 
         with self.db_input_cache_lock:
             try:
                 self._writeout_input_cache(conn)
             except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
                 self.new_session(conn)
                 print("ERROR! Session/line number was not unique in",
                       "database. History logging moved to new session",
                                                 self.session_number)
                 try:
                     # Try writing to the new session. If this fails, don't
                     # recurse
                     self._writeout_input_cache(conn)
                 except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
                     pass
             finally:
                 self.db_input_cache = []
 
         with self.db_output_cache_lock:
             try:
                 self._writeout_output_cache(conn)
             except sqlite3.IntegrityError:
                 print("!! Session/line number for output was not unique",
                       "in database. Output will not be stored.")
             finally:
                 self.db_output_cache = []
 
 
 class HistorySavingThread(threading.Thread):
     """This thread takes care of writing history to the database, so that
     the UI isn't held up while that happens.
 
     It waits for the HistoryManager's save_flag to be set, then writes out
     the history cache. The main thread is responsible for setting the flag when
     the cache size reaches a defined threshold."""
     daemon = True
     stop_now = False
     enabled = True
     def __init__(self, history_manager):
         super(HistorySavingThread, self).__init__(name="IPythonHistorySavingThread")
         self.history_manager = history_manager
         self.enabled = history_manager.enabled
         atexit.register(self.stop)
 
     @only_when_enabled
     def run(self):
         # We need a separate db connection per thread:
         try:
             self.db = sqlite3.connect(
                 str(self.history_manager.hist_file),
                 **self.history_manager.connection_options,
             )
             while True:
                 self.history_manager.save_flag.wait()
                 if self.stop_now:
                     self.db.close()
                     return
                 self.history_manager.save_flag.clear()
                 self.history_manager.writeout_cache(self.db)
         except Exception as e:
             print(("The history saving thread hit an unexpected error (%s)."
                    "History will not be written to the database.") % repr(e))
 
     def stop(self):
         """This can be called from the main thread to safely stop this thread.
 
         Note that it does not attempt to write out remaining history before
         exiting. That should be done by calling the HistoryManager's
         end_session method."""
         self.stop_now = True
         self.history_manager.save_flag.set()
         self.join()
 
 
 # To match, e.g. ~5/8-~2/3
 range_re = re.compile(r"""
 ((?P<startsess>~?\d+)/)?
 (?P<start>\d+)?
 ((?P<sep>[\-:])
  ((?P<endsess>~?\d+)/)?
  (?P<end>\d+))?
 $""", re.VERBOSE)
 
 
 def extract_hist_ranges(ranges_str):
     """Turn a string of history ranges into 3-tuples of (session, start, stop).
 
     Empty string results in a `[(0, 1, None)]`, i.e. "everything from current
     session".
 
     Examples
     --------
     >>> list(extract_hist_ranges("~8/5-~7/4 2"))
     [(-8, 5, None), (-7, 1, 5), (0, 2, 3)]
     """
     if ranges_str == "":
         yield (0, 1, None)  # Everything from current session
         return
 
     for range_str in ranges_str.split():
         rmatch = range_re.match(range_str)
         if not rmatch:
             continue
         start = rmatch.group("start")
         if start:
             start = int(start)
             end = rmatch.group("end")
             # If no end specified, get (a, a + 1)
             end = int(end) if end else start + 1
         else:  # start not specified
             if not rmatch.group('startsess'):  # no startsess
                 continue
             start = 1
             end = None  # provide the entire session hist
 
         if rmatch.group("sep") == "-":       # 1-3 == 1:4 --> [1, 2, 3]
             end += 1
         startsess = rmatch.group("startsess") or "0"
         endsess = rmatch.group("endsess") or startsess
         startsess = int(startsess.replace("~","-"))
         endsess = int(endsess.replace("~","-"))
         assert endsess >= startsess, "start session must be earlier than end session"
 
         if endsess == startsess:
             yield (startsess, start, end)
             continue
         # Multiple sessions in one range:
         yield (startsess, start, None)
         for sess in range(startsess+1, endsess):
             yield (sess, 1, None)
         yield (endsess, 1, end)
 
 
 def _format_lineno(session, line):
     """Helper function to format line numbers properly."""
     if session == 0:
         return str(line)
     return "%s#%s" % (session, line)

IPython/core/interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,3794 +1,3797 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Main IPython class."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 import abc
 import ast
 import atexit
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import dis
 import functools
 import inspect
 import os
 import re
 import runpy
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import traceback
 import types
 import warnings
 from ast import stmt
 from io import open as io_open
 from logging import error
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import List as ListType
 from typing import Optional, Tuple
 from warnings import warn
 
 from pickleshare import PickleShareDB
 from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
 from traitlets import (
     Any,
     Bool,
     CaselessStrEnum,
     Dict,
     Enum,
     Instance,
     Integer,
     List,
     Type,
     Unicode,
     default,
     observe,
     validate,
 )
 from traitlets.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
 from traitlets.utils.importstring import import_item
 
 import IPython.core.hooks
 from IPython.core import magic, oinspect, page, prefilter, ultratb
 from IPython.core.alias import Alias, AliasManager
 from IPython.core.autocall import ExitAutocall
 from IPython.core.builtin_trap import BuiltinTrap
 from IPython.core.compilerop import CachingCompiler, check_linecache_ipython
 from IPython.core.debugger import InterruptiblePdb
 from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.core.displayhook import DisplayHook
 from IPython.core.displaypub import DisplayPublisher
 from IPython.core.error import InputRejected, UsageError
 from IPython.core.events import EventManager, available_events
 from IPython.core.extensions import ExtensionManager
 from IPython.core.formatters import DisplayFormatter
 from IPython.core.history import HistoryManager
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer2 import ESC_MAGIC, ESC_MAGIC2
 from IPython.core.logger import Logger
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.payload import PayloadManager
 from IPython.core.prefilter import PrefilterManager
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.core.usage import default_banner
 from IPython.display import display
 from IPython.paths import get_ipython_dir
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize, io, openpy, py3compat
 from IPython.utils.decorators import undoc
 from IPython.utils.io import ask_yes_no
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.utils.path import ensure_dir_exists, get_home_dir, get_py_filename
 from IPython.utils.process import getoutput, system
 from IPython.utils.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.text import DollarFormatter, LSString, SList, format_screen
 
 sphinxify: Optional[Callable]
 
 try:
     import docrepr.sphinxify as sphx
 
     def sphinxify(oinfo):
         wrapped_docstring = sphx.wrap_main_docstring(oinfo)
 
         def sphinxify_docstring(docstring):
             with TemporaryDirectory() as dirname:
                 return {
                     "text/html": sphx.sphinxify(wrapped_docstring, dirname),
                     "text/plain": docstring,
                 }
 
         return sphinxify_docstring
 except ImportError:
     sphinxify = None
 
 
 class ProvisionalWarning(DeprecationWarning):
     """
     Warning class for unstable features
     """
     pass
 
 from ast import Module
 
 _assign_nodes = (ast.AugAssign, ast.AnnAssign, ast.Assign)
 _single_targets_nodes = (ast.AugAssign, ast.AnnAssign)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Await Helpers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # we still need to run things using the asyncio eventloop, but there is no
 # async integration
 from .async_helpers import (
     _asyncio_runner,
     _curio_runner,
     _pseudo_sync_runner,
     _should_be_async,
     _trio_runner,
 )
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @undoc
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 @undoc
 def no_op(*a, **kw):
     pass
 
 
 class SpaceInInput(Exception): pass
 
 
 class SeparateUnicode(Unicode):
     r"""A Unicode subclass to validate separate_in, separate_out, etc.
 
     This is a Unicode based trait that converts '0'->'' and ``'\\n'->'\n'``.
     """
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if value == '0': value = ''
         value = value.replace('\\n','\n')
         return super(SeparateUnicode, self).validate(obj, value)
 
 
 @undoc
 class DummyMod(object):
     """A dummy module used for IPython's interactive module when
     a namespace must be assigned to the module's __dict__."""
     __spec__ = None
 
 
 class ExecutionInfo(object):
     """The arguments used for a call to :meth:`InteractiveShell.run_cell`
 
     Stores information about what is going to happen.
     """
     raw_cell = None
     store_history = False
     silent = False
     shell_futures = True
     cell_id = None
 
     def __init__(self, raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id):
         self.raw_cell = raw_cell
         self.store_history = store_history
         self.silent = silent
         self.shell_futures = shell_futures
         self.cell_id = cell_id
 
     def __repr__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__qualname__
         raw_cell = (
             (self.raw_cell[:50] + "..") if len(self.raw_cell) > 50 else self.raw_cell
         )
-        return '<%s object at %x, raw_cell="%s" store_history=%s silent=%s shell_futures=%s cell_id=%s>' % (
-            name,
-            id(self),
-            raw_cell,
-            self.store_history,
-            self.silent,
-            self.shell_futures,
-            self.cell_id,
+        return (
+            '<%s object at %x, raw_cell="%s" store_history=%s silent=%s shell_futures=%s cell_id=%s>'
+            % (
+                name,
+                id(self),
+                raw_cell,
+                self.store_history,
+                self.silent,
+                self.shell_futures,
+                self.cell_id,
+            )
         )
 
 
 class ExecutionResult(object):
     """The result of a call to :meth:`InteractiveShell.run_cell`
 
     Stores information about what took place.
     """
     execution_count = None
     error_before_exec = None
     error_in_exec: Optional[BaseException] = None
     info = None
     result = None
 
     def __init__(self, info):
         self.info = info
 
     @property
     def success(self):
         return (self.error_before_exec is None) and (self.error_in_exec is None)
 
     def raise_error(self):
         """Reraises error if `success` is `False`, otherwise does nothing"""
         if self.error_before_exec is not None:
             raise self.error_before_exec
         if self.error_in_exec is not None:
             raise self.error_in_exec
 
     def __repr__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__qualname__
         return '<%s object at %x, execution_count=%s error_before_exec=%s error_in_exec=%s info=%s result=%s>' %\
                 (name, id(self), self.execution_count, self.error_before_exec, self.error_in_exec, repr(self.info), repr(self.result))
 
 
 class InteractiveShell(SingletonConfigurable):
     """An enhanced, interactive shell for Python."""
 
     _instance = None
 
     ast_transformers = List([], help=
         """
         A list of ast.NodeTransformer subclass instances, which will be applied
         to user input before code is run.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autocall = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0, help=
         """
         Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if you didn't
         type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes 'str(43)'
         automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature, '1' for
         'smart' autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more
         arguments on the line, and '2' for 'full' autocall, where all callable
         objects are automatically called (even if no arguments are present).
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autoindent = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Autoindent IPython code entered interactively.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autoawait = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Automatically run await statement in the top level repl.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     loop_runner_map ={
         'asyncio':(_asyncio_runner, True),
         'curio':(_curio_runner, True),
         'trio':(_trio_runner, True),
         'sync': (_pseudo_sync_runner, False)
     }
 
     loop_runner = Any(default_value="IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner",
         allow_none=True,
         help="""Select the loop runner that will be used to execute top-level asynchronous code"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     @default('loop_runner')
     def _default_loop_runner(self):
         return import_item("IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner")
 
     @validate('loop_runner')
     def _import_runner(self, proposal):
         if isinstance(proposal.value, str):
             if proposal.value in self.loop_runner_map:
                 runner, autoawait = self.loop_runner_map[proposal.value]
                 self.autoawait = autoawait
                 return runner
             runner = import_item(proposal.value)
             if not callable(runner):
                 raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
             return runner
         if not callable(proposal.value):
             raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
         return proposal.value
 
     automagic = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Enable magic commands to be called without the leading %.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     banner1 = Unicode(default_banner,
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed before the profile"""
     ).tag(config=True)
     banner2 = Unicode('',
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed after the profile"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     cache_size = Integer(1000, help=
         """
         Set the size of the output cache.  The default is 1000, you can
         change it permanently in your config file.  Setting it to 0 completely
         disables the caching system, and the minimum value accepted is 3 (if
         you provide a value less than 3, it is reset to 0 and a warning is
         issued).  This limit is defined because otherwise you'll spend more
         time re-flushing a too small cache than working
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     color_info = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Use colors for displaying information about objects. Because this
         information is passed through a pager (like 'less'), and some pagers
         get confused with color codes, this capability can be turned off.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     colors = CaselessStrEnum(('Neutral', 'NoColor','LightBG','Linux'),
                              default_value='Neutral',
         help="Set the color scheme (NoColor, Neutral, Linux, or LightBG)."
     ).tag(config=True)
     debug = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
     disable_failing_post_execute = Bool(False,
         help="Don't call post-execute functions that have failed in the past."
     ).tag(config=True)
     display_formatter = Instance(DisplayFormatter, allow_none=True)
     displayhook_class = Type(DisplayHook)
     display_pub_class = Type(DisplayPublisher)
     compiler_class = Type(CachingCompiler)
 
     sphinxify_docstring = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Enables rich html representation of docstrings. (This requires the
         docrepr module).
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe("sphinxify_docstring")
     def _sphinxify_docstring_changed(self, change):
         if change['new']:
             warn("`sphinxify_docstring` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions." , ProvisionalWarning)
 
     enable_html_pager = Bool(False, help=
         """
         (Provisional API) enables html representation in mime bundles sent
         to pagers.
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe("enable_html_pager")
     def _enable_html_pager_changed(self, change):
         if change['new']:
             warn("`enable_html_pager` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions.", ProvisionalWarning)
 
     data_pub_class = None
 
     exit_now = Bool(False)
     exiter = Instance(ExitAutocall)
     @default('exiter')
     def _exiter_default(self):
         return ExitAutocall(self)
     # Monotonically increasing execution counter
     execution_count = Integer(1)
     filename = Unicode("<ipython console>")
     ipython_dir= Unicode('').tag(config=True) # Set to get_ipython_dir() in __init__
 
     # Used to transform cells before running them, and check whether code is complete
     input_transformer_manager = Instance('IPython.core.inputtransformer2.TransformerManager',
                                          ())
 
     @property
     def input_transformers_cleanup(self):
         return self.input_transformer_manager.cleanup_transforms
 
     input_transformers_post = List([],
         help="A list of string input transformers, to be applied after IPython's "
              "own input transformations."
     )
 
     @property
     def input_splitter(self):
         """Make this available for backward compatibility (pre-7.0 release) with existing code.
 
         For example, ipykernel ipykernel currently uses
         `shell.input_splitter.check_complete`
         """
         from warnings import warn
         warn("`input_splitter` is deprecated since IPython 7.0, prefer `input_transformer_manager`.",
              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
         )
         return self.input_transformer_manager
 
     logstart = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Start logging to the default log file in overwrite mode.
         Use `logappend` to specify a log file to **append** logs to.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     logfile = Unicode('', help=
         """
         The name of the logfile to use.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     logappend = Unicode('', help=
         """
         Start logging to the given file in append mode.
         Use `logfile` to specify a log file to **overwrite** logs to.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     object_info_string_level = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0,
     ).tag(config=True)
     pdb = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Automatically call the pdb debugger after every exception.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     display_page = Bool(False,
         help="""If True, anything that would be passed to the pager
         will be displayed as regular output instead."""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
 
     show_rewritten_input = Bool(True,
         help="Show rewritten input, e.g. for autocall."
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     quiet = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
 
     history_length = Integer(10000,
         help='Total length of command history'
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     history_load_length = Integer(1000, help=
         """
         The number of saved history entries to be loaded
         into the history buffer at startup.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     ast_node_interactivity = Enum(['all', 'last', 'last_expr', 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign'],
                                   default_value='last_expr',
                                   help="""
         'all', 'last', 'last_expr' or 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign' specifying
         which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output from expressions).
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     # TODO: this part of prompt management should be moved to the frontends.
     # Use custom TraitTypes that convert '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'
     separate_in = SeparateUnicode('\n').tag(config=True)
     separate_out = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
     separate_out2 = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
     wildcards_case_sensitive = Bool(True).tag(config=True)
     xmode = CaselessStrEnum(('Context', 'Plain', 'Verbose', 'Minimal'),
                             default_value='Context',
                             help="Switch modes for the IPython exception handlers."
                             ).tag(config=True)
 
     # Subcomponents of InteractiveShell
     alias_manager = Instance('IPython.core.alias.AliasManager', allow_none=True)
     prefilter_manager = Instance('IPython.core.prefilter.PrefilterManager', allow_none=True)
     builtin_trap = Instance('IPython.core.builtin_trap.BuiltinTrap', allow_none=True)
     display_trap = Instance('IPython.core.display_trap.DisplayTrap', allow_none=True)
     extension_manager = Instance('IPython.core.extensions.ExtensionManager', allow_none=True)
     payload_manager = Instance('IPython.core.payload.PayloadManager', allow_none=True)
     history_manager = Instance('IPython.core.history.HistoryAccessorBase', allow_none=True)
     magics_manager = Instance('IPython.core.magic.MagicsManager', allow_none=True)
 
     profile_dir = Instance('IPython.core.application.ProfileDir', allow_none=True)
     @property
     def profile(self):
         if self.profile_dir is not None:
             name = os.path.basename(self.profile_dir.location)
             return name.replace('profile_','')
 
 
     # Private interface
     _post_execute = Dict()
 
     # Tracks any GUI loop loaded for pylab
     pylab_gui_select = None
 
     last_execution_succeeded = Bool(True, help='Did last executed command succeeded')
 
     last_execution_result = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.ExecutionResult', help='Result of executing the last command', allow_none=True)
 
     def __init__(self, ipython_dir=None, profile_dir=None,
                  user_module=None, user_ns=None,
                  custom_exceptions=((), None), **kwargs):
         # This is where traits with a config_key argument are updated
         # from the values on config.
         super(InteractiveShell, self).__init__(**kwargs)
         if 'PromptManager' in self.config:
             warn('As of IPython 5.0 `PromptManager` config will have no effect'
                  ' and has been replaced by TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts_class')
         self.configurables = [self]
 
         # These are relatively independent and stateless
         self.init_ipython_dir(ipython_dir)
         self.init_profile_dir(profile_dir)
         self.init_instance_attrs()
         self.init_environment()
 
         # Check if we're in a virtualenv, and set up sys.path.
         self.init_virtualenv()
 
         # Create namespaces (user_ns, user_global_ns, etc.)
         self.init_create_namespaces(user_module, user_ns)
         # This has to be done after init_create_namespaces because it uses
         # something in self.user_ns, but before init_sys_modules, which
         # is the first thing to modify sys.
         # TODO: When we override sys.stdout and sys.stderr before this class
         # is created, we are saving the overridden ones here. Not sure if this
         # is what we want to do.
         self.save_sys_module_state()
         self.init_sys_modules()
 
         # While we're trying to have each part of the code directly access what
         # it needs without keeping redundant references to objects, we have too
         # much legacy code that expects ip.db to exist.
         self.db = PickleShareDB(os.path.join(self.profile_dir.location, 'db'))
 
         self.init_history()
         self.init_encoding()
         self.init_prefilter()
 
         self.init_syntax_highlighting()
         self.init_hooks()
         self.init_events()
         self.init_pushd_popd_magic()
         self.init_user_ns()
         self.init_logger()
         self.init_builtins()
 
         # The following was in post_config_initialization
         self.init_inspector()
         self.raw_input_original = input
         self.init_completer()
         # TODO: init_io() needs to happen before init_traceback handlers
         # because the traceback handlers hardcode the stdout/stderr streams.
         # This logic in in debugger.Pdb and should eventually be changed.
         self.init_io()
         self.init_traceback_handlers(custom_exceptions)
         self.init_prompts()
         self.init_display_formatter()
         self.init_display_pub()
         self.init_data_pub()
         self.init_displayhook()
         self.init_magics()
         self.init_alias()
         self.init_logstart()
         self.init_pdb()
         self.init_extension_manager()
         self.init_payload()
         self.events.trigger('shell_initialized', self)
         atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
 
         # The trio runner is used for running Trio in the foreground thread. It
         # is different from `_trio_runner(async_fn)` in `async_helpers.py`
         # which calls `trio.run()` for every cell. This runner runs all cells
         # inside a single Trio event loop. If used, it is set from
         # `ipykernel.kernelapp`.
         self.trio_runner = None
 
     def get_ipython(self):
         """Return the currently running IPython instance."""
         return self
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Trait changed handlers
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     @observe('ipython_dir')
     def _ipython_dir_changed(self, change):
         ensure_dir_exists(change['new'])
 
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     def set_trio_runner(self, tr):
         self.trio_runner = tr
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # init_* methods called by __init__
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_ipython_dir(self, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is not None:
             self.ipython_dir = ipython_dir
             return
 
         self.ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
 
     def init_profile_dir(self, profile_dir):
         if profile_dir is not None:
             self.profile_dir = profile_dir
             return
         self.profile_dir = ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(
             self.ipython_dir, "default"
         )
 
     def init_instance_attrs(self):
         self.more = False
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = self.compiler_class()
 
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         # The files here are stored with Path from Pathlib
         self.tempfiles = []
         self.tempdirs = []
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         # This is not being used anywhere currently.
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Indentation management
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
         # Dict to track post-execution functions that have been registered
         self._post_execute = {}
 
     def init_environment(self):
         """Any changes we need to make to the user's environment."""
         pass
 
     def init_encoding(self):
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
 
     @observe('colors')
     def init_syntax_highlighting(self, changes=None):
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser(style=self.colors, parent=self).format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str')
 
     def refresh_style(self):
         # No-op here, used in subclass
         pass
 
     def init_pushd_popd_magic(self):
         # for pushd/popd management
         self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
     def init_logger(self):
         self.logger = Logger(self.home_dir, logfname='ipython_log.py',
                              logmode='rotate')
 
     def init_logstart(self):
         """Initialize logging in case it was requested at the command line.
         """
         if self.logappend:
             self.magic('logstart %s append' % self.logappend)
         elif self.logfile:
             self.magic('logstart %s' % self.logfile)
         elif self.logstart:
             self.magic('logstart')
 
 
     def init_builtins(self):
         # A single, static flag that we set to True.  Its presence indicates
         # that an IPython shell has been created, and we make no attempts at
         # removing on exit or representing the existence of more than one
         # IPython at a time.
         builtin_mod.__dict__['__IPYTHON__'] = True
         builtin_mod.__dict__['display'] = display
 
         self.builtin_trap = BuiltinTrap(shell=self)
 
     @observe('colors')
     def init_inspector(self, changes=None):
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = oinspect.Inspector(oinspect.InspectColors,
                                             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
                                             self.colors,
                                             self.object_info_string_level)
 
     def init_io(self):
         # implemented in subclasses, TerminalInteractiveShell does call
         # colorama.init().
         pass
 
     def init_prompts(self):
         # Set system prompts, so that scripts can decide if they are running
         # interactively.
         sys.ps1 = 'In : '
         sys.ps2 = '...: '
         sys.ps3 = 'Out: '
 
     def init_display_formatter(self):
         self.display_formatter = DisplayFormatter(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_formatter)
 
     def init_display_pub(self):
         self.display_pub = self.display_pub_class(parent=self, shell=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_pub)
 
     def init_data_pub(self):
         if not self.data_pub_class:
             self.data_pub = None
             return
         self.data_pub = self.data_pub_class(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.data_pub)
 
     def init_displayhook(self):
         # Initialize displayhook, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.displayhook = self.displayhook_class(
             parent=self,
             shell=self,
             cache_size=self.cache_size,
         )
         self.configurables.append(self.displayhook)
         # This is a context manager that installs/revmoes the displayhook at
         # the appropriate time.
         self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=self.displayhook)
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_path_links(p: Path):
         """Gets path links including all symlinks
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [1]: from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
 
         In [2]: import sys, pathlib
 
         In [3]: paths = InteractiveShell.get_path_links(pathlib.Path(sys.executable))
 
         In [4]: len(paths) == len(set(paths))
         Out[4]: True
 
         In [5]: bool(paths)
         Out[5]: True
         """
         paths = [p]
         while p.is_symlink():
             new_path = Path(os.readlink(p))
             if not new_path.is_absolute():
                 new_path = p.parent / new_path
             p = new_path
             paths.append(p)
         return paths
 
     def init_virtualenv(self):
         """Add the current virtualenv to sys.path so the user can import modules from it.
         This isn't perfect: it doesn't use the Python interpreter with which the
         virtualenv was built, and it ignores the --no-site-packages option. A
         warning will appear suggesting the user installs IPython in the
         virtualenv, but for many cases, it probably works well enough.
 
         Adapted from code snippets online.
 
         http://blog.ufsoft.org/2009/1/29/ipython-and-virtualenv
         """
         if 'VIRTUAL_ENV' not in os.environ:
             # Not in a virtualenv
             return
         elif os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"] == "":
             warn("Virtual env path set to '', please check if this is intended.")
             return
 
         p = Path(sys.executable)
         p_venv = Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"])
 
         # fallback venv detection:
         # stdlib venv may symlink sys.executable, so we can't use realpath.
         # but others can symlink *to* the venv Python, so we can't just use sys.executable.
         # So we just check every item in the symlink tree (generally <= 3)
         paths = self.get_path_links(p)
 
         # In Cygwin paths like "c:\..." and '\cygdrive\c\...' are possible
         if p_venv.parts[1] == "cygdrive":
             drive_name = p_venv.parts[2]
             p_venv = (drive_name + ":/") / Path(*p_venv.parts[3:])
 
         if any(p_venv == p.parents[1] for p in paths):
             # Our exe is inside or has access to the virtualenv, don't need to do anything.
             return
 
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             virtual_env = str(Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"], "Lib", "site-packages"))
         else:
             virtual_env_path = Path(
                 os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"], "lib", "python{}.{}", "site-packages"
             )
             p_ver = sys.version_info[:2]
 
             # Predict version from py[thon]-x.x in the $VIRTUAL_ENV
             re_m = re.search(r"\bpy(?:thon)?([23])\.(\d+)\b", os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"])
             if re_m:
                 predicted_path = Path(str(virtual_env_path).format(*re_m.groups()))
                 if predicted_path.exists():
                     p_ver = re_m.groups()
 
             virtual_env = str(virtual_env_path).format(*p_ver)
 
         warn(
             "Attempting to work in a virtualenv. If you encounter problems, "
             "please install IPython inside the virtualenv."
         )
         import site
         sys.path.insert(0, virtual_env)
         site.addsitedir(virtual_env)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to injections into the sys module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def save_sys_module_state(self):
         """Save the state of hooks in the sys module.
 
         This has to be called after self.user_module is created.
         """
         self._orig_sys_module_state = {'stdin': sys.stdin,
                                        'stdout': sys.stdout,
                                        'stderr': sys.stderr,
                                        'excepthook': sys.excepthook}
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod = sys.modules.get(self.user_module.__name__)
 
     def restore_sys_module_state(self):
         """Restore the state of the sys module."""
         try:
             for k, v in self._orig_sys_module_state.items():
                 setattr(sys, k, v)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         # Reset what what done in self.init_sys_modules
         if self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod is not None:
             sys.modules[self._orig_sys_modules_main_name] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the banner
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @property
     def banner(self):
         banner = self.banner1
         if self.profile and self.profile != 'default':
             banner += '\nIPython profile: %s\n' % self.profile
         if self.banner2:
             banner += '\n' + self.banner2
         return banner
 
     def show_banner(self, banner=None):
         if banner is None:
             banner = self.banner
         sys.stdout.write(banner)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to hooks
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_hooks(self):
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
 
         self.strdispatchers = {}
 
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.core.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name, getattr(hooks, hook_name), 100)
 
         if self.display_page:
             self.set_hook('show_in_pager', page.as_hook(page.display_page), 90)
 
     def set_hook(self, name, hook, priority=50, str_key=None, re_key=None):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
 
         f = types.MethodType(hook,self)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
 
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
             print("Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % \
                   (name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ ))
 
         if name in IPython.core.hooks.deprecated:
             alternative = IPython.core.hooks.deprecated[name]
             raise ValueError(
                 "Hook {} has been deprecated since IPython 5.0. Use {} instead.".format(
                     name, alternative
                 )
             )
 
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
 
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to events
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_events(self):
         self.events = EventManager(self, available_events)
 
         self.events.register("pre_execute", self._clear_warning_registry)
 
     def register_post_execute(self, func):
         """DEPRECATED: Use ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func)
 
         Register a function for calling after code execution.
         """
         raise ValueError(
             "ip.register_post_execute is deprecated since IPython 1.0, use "
             "ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func) instead."
         )
 
     def _clear_warning_registry(self):
         # clear the warning registry, so that different code blocks with
         # overlapping line number ranges don't cause spurious suppression of
         # warnings (see gh-6611 for details)
         if "__warningregistry__" in self.user_global_ns:
             del self.user_global_ns["__warningregistry__"]
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the "main" module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def new_main_mod(self, filename, modname):
         """Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
 
         ``filename`` should be the path of the script which will be run in the
         module. Requests with the same filename will get the same module, with
         its namespace cleared.
 
         ``modname`` should be the module name - normally either '__main__' or
         the basename of the file without the extension.
 
         When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to their
         __main__ module around so that Python doesn't
         clear it, rendering references to module globals useless.
 
         This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
         absolute path of the script. This way, for multiple executions of the
         same script we only keep one copy of the namespace (the last one),
         thus preventing memory leaks from old references while allowing the
         objects from the last execution to be accessible.
         """
         filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
         try:
             main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename]
         except KeyError:
             main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename] = types.ModuleType(
                         modname,
                         doc="Module created for script run in IPython")
         else:
             main_mod.__dict__.clear()
             main_mod.__name__ = modname
 
         main_mod.__file__ = filename
         # It seems pydoc (and perhaps others) needs any module instance to
         # implement a __nonzero__ method
         main_mod.__nonzero__ = lambda : True
 
         return main_mod
 
     def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
         """Clear the cache of main modules.
 
         Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [15]: import IPython
 
         In [16]: m = _ip.new_main_mod(IPython.__file__, 'IPython')
 
         In [17]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) > 0
         Out[17]: True
 
         In [18]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         In [19]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) == 0
         Out[19]: True
         """
         self._main_mod_cache.clear()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to debugging
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_pdb(self):
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         # self.call_pdb is a property
         self.call_pdb = self.pdb
 
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError('new call_pdb value must be boolean')
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
             flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
             The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
             is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython's various namespaces
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     default_user_namespaces = True
 
     def init_create_namespaces(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return a properly built module and dict as needed by
         # the rest of the code, and can also be used by extension writers to
         # generate properly initialized namespaces.
         if (user_ns is not None) or (user_module is not None):
             self.default_user_namespaces = False
         self.user_module, self.user_ns = self.prepare_user_module(user_module, user_ns)
 
         # A record of hidden variables we have added to the user namespace, so
         # we can list later only variables defined in actual interactive use.
         self.user_ns_hidden = {}
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so doctest and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  Top-level references to objects from the
         # script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them.  However,
         # calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
         # the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
         # to the original objects, which are now all None.  So we must protect
         # these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
         #
         # To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
         # last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
         # only the last version of the module is held in the cache.  Note,
         # however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
         # __dict__).  Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
         # (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
         # those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
         #
         # The %reset command will flush this cache.  See the cache_main_mod()
         # and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
 
         # This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
         self._main_mod_cache = {}
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user_global':self.user_module.__dict__,
                          'user_local':self.user_ns,
                          'builtin':builtin_mod.__dict__
                          }
 
     @property
     def user_global_ns(self):
         return self.user_module.__dict__
 
     def prepare_user_module(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         """Prepare the module and namespace in which user code will be run.
 
         When IPython is started normally, both parameters are None: a new module
         is created automatically, and its __dict__ used as the namespace.
 
         If only user_module is provided, its __dict__ is used as the namespace.
         If only user_ns is provided, a dummy module is created, and user_ns
         becomes the global namespace. If both are provided (as they may be
         when embedding), user_ns is the local namespace, and user_module
         provides the global namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         user_module : module, optional
             The current user module in which IPython is being run. If None,
             a clean module will be created.
         user_ns : dict, optional
             A namespace in which to run interactive commands.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A tuple of user_module and user_ns, each properly initialised.
         """
         if user_module is None and user_ns is not None:
             user_ns.setdefault("__name__", "__main__")
             user_module = DummyMod()
             user_module.__dict__ = user_ns
 
         if user_module is None:
             user_module = types.ModuleType("__main__",
                 doc="Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment")
 
         # We must ensure that __builtin__ (without the final 's') is always
         # available and pointing to the __builtin__ *module*.  For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtin__', builtin_mod)
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtins__', builtin_mod)
 
         if user_ns is None:
             user_ns = user_module.__dict__
 
         return user_module, user_ns
 
     def init_sys_modules(self):
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         # This is overridden in the InteractiveShellEmbed subclass to a no-op.
         main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         sys.modules[main_name] = self.user_module
 
     def init_user_ns(self):
         """Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
 
         Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
         act as user namespaces.
 
         Notes
         -----
         All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
         method.  If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
         them.
         """
         # This function works in two parts: first we put a few things in
         # user_ns, and we sync that contents into user_ns_hidden so that these
         # initial variables aren't shown by %who.  After the sync, we add the
         # rest of what we *do* want the user to see with %who even on a new
         # session (probably nothing, so they really only see their own stuff)
 
         # The user dict must *always* have a __builtin__ reference to the
         # Python standard __builtin__ namespace,  which must be imported.
         # This is so that certain operations in prompt evaluation can be
         # reliably executed with builtins.  Note that we can NOT use
         # __builtins__ (note the 's'),  because that can either be a dict or a
         # module, and can even mutate at runtime, depending on the context
         # (Python makes no guarantees on it).  In contrast, __builtin__ is
         # always a module object, though it must be explicitly imported.
 
         # For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         ns = {}
 
         # make global variables for user access to the histories
         ns['_ih'] = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['_oh'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
         ns['_dh'] = self.history_manager.dir_hist
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories.  These shouldn't show up
         # in %who, as they can have very large reprs.
         ns['In']  = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['Out'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
 
         # Store myself as the public api!!!
         ns['get_ipython'] = self.get_ipython
 
         ns['exit'] = self.exiter
         ns['quit'] = self.exiter
 
         # Sync what we've added so far to user_ns_hidden so these aren't seen
         # by %who
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
 
         # Anything put into ns now would show up in %who.  Think twice before
         # putting anything here, as we really want %who to show the user their
         # stuff, not our variables.
 
         # Finally, update the real user's namespace
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
 
     @property
     def all_ns_refs(self):
         """Get a list of references to all the namespace dictionaries in which
         IPython might store a user-created object.
 
         Note that this does not include the displayhook, which also caches
         objects from the output."""
         return [self.user_ns, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns_hidden] + \
                [m.__dict__ for m in self._main_mod_cache.values()]
 
     def reset(self, new_session=True, aggressive=False):
         """Clear all internal namespaces, and attempt to release references to
         user objects.
 
         If new_session is True, a new history session will be opened.
         """
         # Clear histories
         self.history_manager.reset(new_session)
         # Reset counter used to index all histories
         if new_session:
             self.execution_count = 1
 
         # Reset last execution result
         self.last_execution_succeeded = True
         self.last_execution_result = None
 
         # Flush cached output items
         if self.displayhook.do_full_cache:
             self.displayhook.flush()
 
         # The main execution namespaces must be cleared very carefully,
         # skipping the deletion of the builtin-related keys, because doing so
         # would cause errors in many object's __del__ methods.
         if self.user_ns is not self.user_global_ns:
             self.user_ns.clear()
         ns = self.user_global_ns
         drop_keys = set(ns.keys())
         drop_keys.discard('__builtin__')
         drop_keys.discard('__builtins__')
         drop_keys.discard('__name__')
         for k in drop_keys:
             del ns[k]
 
         self.user_ns_hidden.clear()
 
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         self.init_user_ns()
         if aggressive and not hasattr(self, "_sys_modules_keys"):
             print("Cannot restore sys.module, no snapshot")
         elif aggressive:
             print("culling sys module...")
             current_keys = set(sys.modules.keys())
             for k in current_keys - self._sys_modules_keys:
                 if k.startswith("multiprocessing"):
                     continue
                 del sys.modules[k]
 
         # Restore the default and user aliases
         self.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
         self.alias_manager.init_aliases()
 
         # Now define aliases that only make sense on the terminal, because they
         # need direct access to the console in a way that we can't emulate in
         # GUI or web frontend
         if os.name == 'posix':
             for cmd in ('clear', 'more', 'less', 'man'):
                 if cmd not in self.magics_manager.magics['line']:
                     self.alias_manager.soft_define_alias(cmd, cmd)
 
         # Flush the private list of module references kept for script
         # execution protection
         self.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
     def del_var(self, varname, by_name=False):
         """Delete a variable from the various namespaces, so that, as
         far as possible, we're not keeping any hidden references to it.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         varname : str
             The name of the variable to delete.
         by_name : bool
             If True, delete variables with the given name in each
             namespace. If False (default), find the variable in the user
             namespace, and delete references to it.
         """
         if varname in ('__builtin__', '__builtins__'):
             raise ValueError("Refusing to delete %s" % varname)
 
         ns_refs = self.all_ns_refs
 
         if by_name:                    # Delete by name
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 try:
                     del ns[varname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
         else:                         # Delete by object
             try:
                 obj = self.user_ns[varname]
             except KeyError as e:
                 raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % varname) from e
             # Also check in output history
             ns_refs.append(self.history_manager.output_hist)
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 to_delete = [n for n, o in ns.items() if o is obj]
                 for name in to_delete:
                     del ns[name]
 
             # Ensure it is removed from the last execution result
             if self.last_execution_result.result is obj:
                 self.last_execution_result = None
 
             # displayhook keeps extra references, but not in a dictionary
             for name in ('_', '__', '___'):
                 if getattr(self.displayhook, name) is obj:
                     setattr(self.displayhook, name, None)
 
     def reset_selective(self, regex=None):
         """Clear selective variables from internal namespaces based on a
         specified regular expression.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         regex : string or compiled pattern, optional
             A regular expression pattern that will be used in searching
             variable names in the users namespaces.
         """
         if regex is not None:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError as e:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern') from e
             # Search for keys in each namespace that match the given regex
             # If a match is found, delete the key/value pair.
             for ns in self.all_ns_refs:
                 for var in ns:
                     if m.search(var):
                         del ns[var]
 
     def push(self, variables, interactive=True):
         """Inject a group of variables into the IPython user namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict, str or list/tuple of str
             The variables to inject into the user's namespace.  If a dict, a
             simple update is done.  If a str, the string is assumed to have
             variable names separated by spaces.  A list/tuple of str can also
             be used to give the variable names.  If just the variable names are
             give (list/tuple/str) then the variable values looked up in the
             callers frame.
         interactive : bool
             If True (default), the variables will be listed with the ``who``
             magic.
         """
         vdict = None
 
         # We need a dict of name/value pairs to do namespace updates.
         if isinstance(variables, dict):
             vdict = variables
         elif isinstance(variables, (str, list, tuple)):
             if isinstance(variables, str):
                 vlist = variables.split()
             else:
                 vlist = variables
             vdict = {}
             cf = sys._getframe(1)
             for name in vlist:
                 try:
                     vdict[name] = eval(name, cf.f_globals, cf.f_locals)
                 except:
                     print('Could not get variable %s from %s' %
                            (name,cf.f_code.co_name))
         else:
             raise ValueError('variables must be a dict/str/list/tuple')
 
         # Propagate variables to user namespace
         self.user_ns.update(vdict)
 
         # And configure interactive visibility
         user_ns_hidden = self.user_ns_hidden
         if interactive:
             for name in vdict:
                 user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
         else:
             user_ns_hidden.update(vdict)
 
     def drop_by_id(self, variables):
         """Remove a dict of variables from the user namespace, if they are the
         same as the values in the dictionary.
 
         This is intended for use by extensions: variables that they've added can
         be taken back out if they are unloaded, without removing any that the
         user has overwritten.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict
             A dictionary mapping object names (as strings) to the objects.
         """
         for name, obj in variables.items():
             if name in self.user_ns and self.user_ns[name] is obj:
                 del self.user_ns[name]
                 self.user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to object introspection
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
         self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         oname = oname.strip()
         if not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC) and \
                 not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2) and \
                 not all(a.isidentifier() for a in oname.split(".")):
             return {'found': False}
 
         if namespaces is None:
             # Namespaces to search in:
             # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
             # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
             namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.user_ns),
                            ('Interactive (global)', self.user_global_ns),
                            ('Python builtin', builtin_mod.__dict__),
                            ]
 
         ismagic = False
         isalias = False
         found = False
         ospace = None
         parent = None
         obj = None
 
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
         oname_parts = oname.split('.')
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 for idx, part in enumerate(oname_rest):
                     try:
                         parent = obj
                         # The last part is looked up in a special way to avoid
                         # descriptor invocation as it may raise or have side
                         # effects.
                         if idx == len(oname_rest) - 1:
                             obj = self._getattr_property(obj, part)
                         else:
                             obj = getattr(obj, part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = True
                     ospace = nsname
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             obj = None
             if oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2):
                 oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC2)
                 obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
             elif oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC)
                 obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
             else:
                 # search without prefix, so run? will find %run?
                 obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
                 if obj is None:
                     obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = True
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = True
                 isalias = isinstance(obj, Alias)
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = True
             ospace = 'Interactive'
 
         return {
                 'obj':obj,
                 'found':found,
                 'parent':parent,
                 'ismagic':ismagic,
                 'isalias':isalias,
                 'namespace':ospace
                }
 
     @staticmethod
     def _getattr_property(obj, attrname):
         """Property-aware getattr to use in object finding.
 
         If attrname represents a property, return it unevaluated (in case it has
         side effects or raises an error.
 
         """
         if not isinstance(obj, type):
             try:
                 # `getattr(type(obj), attrname)` is not guaranteed to return
                 # `obj`, but does so for property:
                 #
                 # property.__get__(self, None, cls) -> self
                 #
                 # The universal alternative is to traverse the mro manually
                 # searching for attrname in class dicts.
                 attr = getattr(type(obj), attrname)
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             else:
                 # This relies on the fact that data descriptors (with both
                 # __get__ & __set__ magic methods) take precedence over
                 # instance-level attributes:
                 #
                 #    class A(object):
                 #        @property
                 #        def foobar(self): return 123
                 #    a = A()
                 #    a.__dict__['foobar'] = 345
                 #    a.foobar  # == 123
                 #
                 # So, a property may be returned right away.
                 if isinstance(attr, property):
                     return attr
 
         # Nothing helped, fall back.
         return getattr(obj, attrname)
 
     def _object_find(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object and return a struct with info about it."""
         return Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces))
 
     def _inspect(self, meth, oname, namespaces=None, **kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends.
         """
         info = self._object_find(oname, namespaces)
         docformat = (
             sphinxify(self.object_inspect(oname)) if self.sphinxify_docstring else None
         )
         if info.found:
             pmethod = getattr(self.inspector, meth)
             # TODO: only apply format_screen to the plain/text repr of the mime
             # bundle.
             formatter = format_screen if info.ismagic else docformat
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(
                     info.obj,
                     oname,
                     formatter,
                     info,
                     enable_html_pager=self.enable_html_pager,
                     **kw,
                 )
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname)
         else:
             print('Object `%s` not found.' % oname)
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
 
     def object_inspect(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info about oname"""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 return self.inspector.info(info.obj, oname, info=info,
                             detail_level=detail_level
                 )
             else:
                 return oinspect.object_info(name=oname, found=False)
 
     def object_inspect_text(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info as formatted text"""
         return self.object_inspect_mime(oname, detail_level)['text/plain']
 
     def object_inspect_mime(self, oname, detail_level=0, omit_sections=()):
         """Get object info as a mimebundle of formatted representations.
 
         A mimebundle is a dictionary, keyed by mime-type.
         It must always have the key `'text/plain'`.
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 docformat = (
                     sphinxify(self.object_inspect(oname))
                     if self.sphinxify_docstring
                     else None
                 )
                 return self.inspector._get_info(
                     info.obj,
                     oname,
                     info=info,
                     detail_level=detail_level,
                     formatter=docformat,
                     omit_sections=omit_sections,
                 )
             else:
                 raise KeyError(oname)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to history management
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_history(self):
         """Sets up the command history, and starts regular autosaves."""
         self.history_manager = HistoryManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.history_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to exception handling and tracebacks (not debugging)
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     debugger_cls = InterruptiblePdb
 
     def init_traceback_handlers(self, custom_exceptions):
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultratb.SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor', parent=self)
 
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose','Minimal']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1,
                                    check_cache=check_linecache_ipython,
                                    debugger_cls=self.debugger_cls, parent=self)
 
         # The instance will store a pointer to the system-wide exception hook,
         # so that runtime code (such as magics) can access it.  This is because
         # during the read-eval loop, it may get temporarily overwritten.
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Set the exception mode
         self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=self.xmode)
 
     def set_custom_exc(self, exc_tuple, handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple, handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         run_code() method).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         exc_tuple : tuple of exception classes
             A *tuple* of exception classes, for which to call the defined
             handler.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
             LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
             you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple::
 
                 exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
         handler : callable
             handler must have the following signature::
 
                 def my_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
                     ...
                     return structured_traceback
 
             Your handler must return a structured traceback (a list of strings),
             or None.
 
             This will be made into an instance method (via types.MethodType)
             of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
             listed in the exc_tuple are caught. If the handler is None, an
             internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
             To protect IPython from crashes, if your handler ever raises an
             exception or returns an invalid result, it will be immediately
             disabled.
 
         Notes
         -----
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing.
         """
 
         if not isinstance(exc_tuple, tuple):
             raise TypeError("The custom exceptions must be given as a tuple.")
 
         def dummy_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             print('*** Simple custom exception handler ***')
             print('Exception type :', etype)
             print('Exception value:', value)
             print('Traceback      :', tb)
 
         def validate_stb(stb):
             """validate structured traceback return type
 
             return type of CustomTB *should* be a list of strings, but allow
             single strings or None, which are harmless.
 
             This function will *always* return a list of strings,
             and will raise a TypeError if stb is inappropriate.
             """
             msg = "CustomTB must return list of strings, not %r" % stb
             if stb is None:
                 return []
             elif isinstance(stb, str):
                 return [stb]
             elif not isinstance(stb, list):
                 raise TypeError(msg)
             # it's a list
             for line in stb:
                 # check every element
                 if not isinstance(line, str):
                     raise TypeError(msg)
             return stb
 
         if handler is None:
             wrapped = dummy_handler
         else:
             def wrapped(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=None):
                 """wrap CustomTB handler, to protect IPython from user code
 
                 This makes it harder (but not impossible) for custom exception
                 handlers to crash IPython.
                 """
                 try:
                     stb = handler(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=tb_offset)
                     return validate_stb(stb)
                 except:
                     # clear custom handler immediately
                     self.set_custom_exc((), None)
                     print("Custom TB Handler failed, unregistering", file=sys.stderr)
                     # show the exception in handler first
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(*sys.exc_info())
                     print(self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb))
                     print("The original exception:")
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
                                             (etype,value,tb), tb_offset=tb_offset
                     )
                 return stb
 
         self.CustomTB = types.MethodType(wrapped,self)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
         """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
         GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
         sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
         enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
         otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
         which expects to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
         except: statement.
 
         Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
         any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
         IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
         CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
         regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
         call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
         IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
         crashes.
 
         This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
         to be true IPython errors.
         """
         self.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=0)
 
     def _get_exc_info(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """get exc_info from a given tuple, sys.exc_info() or sys.last_type etc.
 
         Ensures sys.last_type,value,traceback hold the exc_info we found,
         from whichever source.
 
         raises ValueError if none of these contain any information
         """
         if exc_tuple is None:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         else:
             etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
 
         if etype is None:
             if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
                 etype, value, tb = sys.last_type, sys.last_value, \
                                    sys.last_traceback
 
         if etype is None:
             raise ValueError("No exception to find")
 
         # Now store the exception info in sys.last_type etc.
         # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
         # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
         # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
         # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = tb
 
         return etype, value, tb
 
     def show_usage_error(self, exc):
         """Show a short message for UsageErrors
 
         These are special exceptions that shouldn't show a traceback.
         """
         print("UsageError: %s" % exc, file=sys.stderr)
 
     def get_exception_only(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """
         Return as a string (ending with a newline) the exception that
         just occurred, without any traceback.
         """
         etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
         msg = traceback.format_exception_only(etype, value)
         return ''.join(msg)
 
     def showtraceback(self, exc_tuple=None, filename=None, tb_offset=None,
                       exception_only=False, running_compiled_code=False):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
 
         try:
             try:
                 etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
             except ValueError:
                 print('No traceback available to show.', file=sys.stderr)
                 return
 
             if issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
                 # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input
                 # line, there may be SyntaxError cases with imported code.
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename, running_compiled_code)
             elif etype is UsageError:
                 self.show_usage_error(value)
             else:
                 if exception_only:
                     stb = ['An exception has occurred, use %tb to see '
                            'the full traceback.\n']
                     stb.extend(self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype,
                                                                      value))
                 else:
                     try:
                         # Exception classes can customise their traceback - we
                         # use this in IPython.parallel for exceptions occurring
                         # in the engines. This should return a list of strings.
                         if hasattr(value, "_render_traceback_"):
                             stb = value._render_traceback_()
                         else:
                             stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
                                 etype, value, tb, tb_offset=tb_offset
                             )
 
                     except Exception:
                         print(
                             "Unexpected exception formatting exception. Falling back to standard exception"
                         )
                         traceback.print_exc()
                         return None
 
                     self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
                     if self.call_pdb:
                         # drop into debugger
                         self.debugger(force=True)
                     return
 
                 # Actually show the traceback
                 self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
 
     def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb: str):
         """Actually show a traceback.
 
         Subclasses may override this method to put the traceback on a different
         place, like a side channel.
         """
         val = self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb)
         try:
             print(val)
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print(val.encode("utf-8", "backslashreplace").decode())
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None, running_compiled_code=False):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
 
         If the syntax error occurred when running a compiled code (i.e. running_compile_code=True),
         longer stack trace will be displayed.
         """
         etype, value, last_traceback = self._get_exc_info()
 
         if filename and issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
             try:
                 value.filename = filename
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
 
         # If the error occurred when executing compiled code, we should provide full stacktrace.
         elist = traceback.extract_tb(last_traceback) if running_compiled_code else []
         stb = self.SyntaxTB.structured_traceback(etype, value, elist)
         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
     # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
     # the %paste magic.
     def showindentationerror(self):
         """Called by _run_cell when there's an IndentationError in code entered
         at the prompt.
 
         This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
         the %paste magic."""
         self.showsyntaxerror()
 
     @skip_doctest
     def set_next_input(self, s, replace=False):
         """ Sets the 'default' input string for the next command line.
 
         Example::
 
             In [1]: _ip.set_next_input("Hello Word")
             In [2]: Hello Word_  # cursor is here
         """
         self.rl_next_input = s
 
     def _indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.input_splitter.get_indent_spaces() * ' '
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to text completion
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_completer(self):
         """Initialize the completion machinery.
 
         This creates completion machinery that can be used by client code,
         either interactively in-process (typically triggered by the readline
         library), programmatically (such as in test suites) or out-of-process
         (typically over the network by remote frontends).
         """
         from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
         from IPython.core.completerlib import (
             cd_completer,
             magic_run_completer,
             module_completer,
             reset_completer,
         )
 
         self.Completer = IPCompleter(shell=self,
                                      namespace=self.user_ns,
                                      global_namespace=self.user_global_ns,
                                      parent=self,
                                      )
         self.configurables.append(self.Completer)
 
         # Add custom completers to the basic ones built into IPCompleter
         sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
         self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
         self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
 
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'import')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'from')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = '%aimport')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', magic_run_completer, str_key = '%run')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', cd_completer, str_key = '%cd')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', reset_completer, str_key = '%reset')
 
     @skip_doctest
     def complete(self, text, line=None, cursor_pos=None):
         """Return the completed text and a list of completions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         text : string
             A string of text to be completed on.  It can be given as empty and
             instead a line/position pair are given.  In this case, the
             completer itself will split the line like readline does.
         line : string, optional
             The complete line that text is part of.
         cursor_pos : int, optional
             The position of the cursor on the input line.
 
         Returns
         -------
         text : string
             The actual text that was completed.
         matches : list
             A sorted list with all possible completions.
 
         Notes
         -----
         The optional arguments allow the completion to take more context into
         account, and are part of the low-level completion API.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: _ip.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ('x.l', ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip'])
         """
 
         # Inject names into __builtin__ so we can complete on the added names.
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return self.Completer.complete(text, line, cursor_pos)
 
     def set_custom_completer(self, completer, pos=0) -> None:
         """Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted.
 
         `completer` should have the following signature::
 
             def completion(self: Completer, text: string) -> List[str]:
                 raise NotImplementedError
 
         It will be bound to the current Completer instance and pass some text
         and return a list with current completions to suggest to the user.
         """
 
         newcomp = types.MethodType(completer, self.Completer)
         self.Completer.custom_matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         """Set the frame of the completer."""
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to magics
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_magics(self):
         from IPython.core import magics as m
         self.magics_manager = magic.MagicsManager(shell=self,
                                    parent=self,
                                    user_magics=m.UserMagics(self))
         self.configurables.append(self.magics_manager)
 
         # Expose as public API from the magics manager
         self.register_magics = self.magics_manager.register
 
         self.register_magics(m.AutoMagics, m.BasicMagics, m.CodeMagics,
             m.ConfigMagics, m.DisplayMagics, m.ExecutionMagics,
             m.ExtensionMagics, m.HistoryMagics, m.LoggingMagics,
             m.NamespaceMagics, m.OSMagics, m.PackagingMagics,
             m.PylabMagics, m.ScriptMagics,
         )
         self.register_magics(m.AsyncMagics)
 
         # Register Magic Aliases
         mman = self.magics_manager
         # FIXME: magic aliases should be defined by the Magics classes
         # or in MagicsManager, not here
         mman.register_alias('ed', 'edit')
         mman.register_alias('hist', 'history')
         mman.register_alias('rep', 'recall')
         mman.register_alias('SVG', 'svg', 'cell')
         mman.register_alias('HTML', 'html', 'cell')
         mman.register_alias('file', 'writefile', 'cell')
 
         # FIXME: Move the color initialization to the DisplayHook, which
         # should be split into a prompt manager and displayhook. We probably
         # even need a centralize colors management object.
         self.run_line_magic('colors', self.colors)
 
     # Defined here so that it's included in the documentation
     @functools.wraps(magic.MagicsManager.register_function)
     def register_magic_function(self, func, magic_kind='line', magic_name=None):
         self.magics_manager.register_function(
             func, magic_kind=magic_kind, magic_name=magic_name
         )
 
     def _find_with_lazy_load(self, /, type_, magic_name: str):
         """
         Try to find a magic potentially lazy-loading it.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         type_: "line"|"cell"
             the type of magics we are trying to find/lazy load.
         magic_name: str
             The name of the magic we are trying to find/lazy load
 
 
         Note that this may have any side effects
         """
         finder = {"line": self.find_line_magic, "cell": self.find_cell_magic}[type_]
         fn = finder(magic_name)
         if fn is not None:
             return fn
         lazy = self.magics_manager.lazy_magics.get(magic_name)
         if lazy is None:
             return None
 
         self.run_line_magic("load_ext", lazy)
         res = finder(magic_name)
         return res
 
     def run_line_magic(self, magic_name: str, line, _stack_depth=1):
         """Execute the given line magic.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic_name : str
             Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
         line : str
             The rest of the input line as a single string.
         _stack_depth : int
             If run_line_magic() is called from magic() then _stack_depth=2.
             This is added to ensure backward compatibility for use of 'get_ipython().magic()'
         """
         fn = self._find_with_lazy_load("line", magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             lazy = self.magics_manager.lazy_magics.get(magic_name)
             if lazy:
                 self.run_line_magic("load_ext", lazy)
                 fn = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             cm = self.find_cell_magic(magic_name)
             etpl = "Line magic function `%%%s` not found%s."
             extra = '' if cm is None else (' (But cell magic `%%%%%s` exists, '
                                     'did you mean that instead?)' % magic_name )
             raise UsageError(etpl % (magic_name, extra))
         else:
             # Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
             # This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
             # refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
 
             # Determine stack_depth depending on where run_line_magic() has been called
             stack_depth = _stack_depth
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
                 # magic has opted out of var_expand
                 magic_arg_s = line
             else:
                 magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
             # Put magic args in a list so we can call with f(*a) syntax
             args = [magic_arg_s]
             kwargs = {}
             # Grab local namespace if we need it:
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 kwargs['local_ns'] = self.get_local_scope(stack_depth)
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
             return result
 
     def get_local_scope(self, stack_depth):
         """Get local scope at given stack depth.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         stack_depth : int
             Depth relative to calling frame
         """
         return sys._getframe(stack_depth + 1).f_locals
 
     def run_cell_magic(self, magic_name, line, cell):
         """Execute the given cell magic.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic_name : str
             Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
         line : str
             The rest of the first input line as a single string.
         cell : str
             The body of the cell as a (possibly multiline) string.
         """
         fn = self._find_with_lazy_load("cell", magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             lm = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
             etpl = "Cell magic `%%{0}` not found{1}."
             extra = '' if lm is None else (' (But line magic `%{0}` exists, '
                             'did you mean that instead?)'.format(magic_name))
             raise UsageError(etpl.format(magic_name, extra))
         elif cell == '':
             message = '%%{0} is a cell magic, but the cell body is empty.'.format(magic_name)
             if self.find_line_magic(magic_name) is not None:
                 message += ' Did you mean the line magic %{0} (single %)?'.format(magic_name)
             raise UsageError(message)
         else:
             # Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
             # This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
             # refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
             stack_depth = 2
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
                 # magic has opted out of var_expand
                 magic_arg_s = line
             else:
                 magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
             kwargs = {}
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 kwargs['local_ns'] = self.user_ns
 
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 args = (magic_arg_s, cell)
                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
             return result
 
     def find_line_magic(self, magic_name):
         """Find and return a line magic by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics['line'].get(magic_name)
 
     def find_cell_magic(self, magic_name):
         """Find and return a cell magic by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics['cell'].get(magic_name)
 
     def find_magic(self, magic_name, magic_kind='line'):
         """Find and return a magic of the given type by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics[magic_kind].get(magic_name)
 
     def magic(self, arg_s):
         """
         DEPRECATED
 
         Deprecated since IPython 0.13 (warning added in
         8.1), use run_line_magic(magic_name, parameter_s).
 
         Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and
         any additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         magic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use magic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.
         """
         warnings.warn(
             "`magic(...)` is deprecated since IPython 0.13 (warning added in "
             "8.1), use run_line_magic(magic_name, parameter_s).",
             DeprecationWarning,
             stacklevel=2,
         )
         # TODO: should we issue a loud deprecation warning here?
         magic_name, _, magic_arg_s = arg_s.partition(' ')
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(prefilter.ESC_MAGIC)
         return self.run_line_magic(magic_name, magic_arg_s, _stack_depth=2)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to macros
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def define_macro(self, name, themacro):
         """Define a new macro
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str
             The name of the macro.
         themacro : str or Macro
             The action to do upon invoking the macro.  If a string, a new
             Macro object is created by passing the string to it.
         """
 
         from IPython.core import macro
 
         if isinstance(themacro, str):
             themacro = macro.Macro(themacro)
         if not isinstance(themacro, macro.Macro):
             raise ValueError('A macro must be a string or a Macro instance.')
         self.user_ns[name] = themacro
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of system commands
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def system_piped(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess, piping stdout/err
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
             Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
             not supported.  Should not be a command that expects input
             other than simple text.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             # We do not support backgrounding processes because we either use
             # pexpect or pipes to read from.  Users can always just call
             # os.system() or use ip.system=ip.system_raw
             # if they really want a background process.
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
 
         # we explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = system(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1))
 
     def system_raw(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess using os.system on Windows or
         subprocess.call using the system shell on other platforms.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
             Command to execute.
         """
         cmd = self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1)
         # warn if there is an IPython magic alternative.
         main_cmd = cmd.split()[0]
         has_magic_alternatives = ("pip", "conda", "cd")
 
         if main_cmd in has_magic_alternatives:
             warnings.warn(
                 (
                     "You executed the system command !{0} which may not work "
                     "as expected. Try the IPython magic %{0} instead."
                 ).format(main_cmd)
             )
 
         # protect os.system from UNC paths on Windows, which it can't handle:
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             from IPython.utils._process_win32 import AvoidUNCPath
             with AvoidUNCPath() as path:
                 if path is not None:
                     cmd = '"pushd %s &&"%s' % (path, cmd)
                 try:
                     ec = os.system(cmd)
                 except KeyboardInterrupt:
                     print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
                     ec = -2
         else:
             # For posix the result of the subprocess.call() below is an exit
             # code, which by convention is zero for success, positive for
             # program failure.  Exit codes above 128 are reserved for signals,
             # and the formula for converting a signal to an exit code is usually
             # signal_number+128.  To more easily differentiate between exit
             # codes and signals, ipython uses negative numbers.  For instance
             # since control-c is signal 2 but exit code 130, ipython's
             # _exit_code variable will read -2.  Note that some shells like
             # csh and fish don't follow sh/bash conventions for exit codes.
             executable = os.environ.get('SHELL', None)
             try:
                 # Use env shell instead of default /bin/sh
                 ec = subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True, executable=executable)
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 # intercept control-C; a long traceback is not useful here
                 print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
                 ec = 130
             if ec > 128:
                 ec = -(ec - 128)
 
         # We explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.  Note the semantics
         # of _exit_code: for control-c, _exit_code == -signal.SIGNIT,
         # but raising SystemExit(_exit_code) will give status 254!
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = ec
 
     # use piped system by default, because it is better behaved
     system = system_piped
 
     def getoutput(self, cmd, split=True, depth=0):
         """Get output (possibly including stderr) from a subprocess.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
             Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
             not supported.
         split : bool, optional
             If True, split the output into an IPython SList.  Otherwise, an
             IPython LSString is returned.  These are objects similar to normal
             lists and strings, with a few convenience attributes for easier
             manipulation of line-based output.  You can use '?' on them for
             details.
         depth : int, optional
             How many frames above the caller are the local variables which should
             be expanded in the command string? The default (0) assumes that the
             expansion variables are in the stack frame calling this function.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
         out = getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=depth+1))
         if split:
             out = SList(out.splitlines())
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to aliases
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_alias(self):
         self.alias_manager = AliasManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.alias_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extensions
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_extension_manager(self):
         self.extension_manager = ExtensionManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.extension_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to payloads
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_payload(self):
         self.payload_manager = PayloadManager(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.payload_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the prefilter
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_prefilter(self):
         self.prefilter_manager = PrefilterManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.prefilter_manager)
         # Ultimately this will be refactored in the new interpreter code, but
         # for now, we should expose the main prefilter method (there's legacy
         # code out there that may rely on this).
         self.prefilter = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines
 
     def auto_rewrite_input(self, cmd):
         """Print to the screen the rewritten form of the user's command.
 
         This shows visual feedback by rewriting input lines that cause
         automatic calling to kick in, like::
 
           /f x
 
         into::
 
           ------> f(x)
 
         after the user's input prompt.  This helps the user understand that the
         input line was transformed automatically by IPython.
         """
         if not self.show_rewritten_input:
             return
 
         # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to use fancy prompts
         print("------> " + cmd)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extracting values/expressions from kernel and user_ns
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _user_obj_error(self):
         """return simple exception dict
 
         for use in user_expressions
         """
 
         etype, evalue, tb = self._get_exc_info()
         stb = self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype, evalue)
 
         exc_info = {
             "status": "error",
             "traceback": stb,
             "ename": etype.__name__,
             "evalue": py3compat.safe_unicode(evalue),
         }
 
         return exc_info
 
     def _format_user_obj(self, obj):
         """format a user object to display dict
 
         for use in user_expressions
         """
 
         data, md = self.display_formatter.format(obj)
         value = {
             'status' : 'ok',
             'data' : data,
             'metadata' : md,
         }
         return value
 
     def user_expressions(self, expressions):
         """Evaluate a dict of expressions in the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         expressions : dict
             A dict with string keys and string values.  The expression values
             should be valid Python expressions, each of which will be evaluated
             in the user namespace.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed like the input expressions dict, with the rich mime-typed
         display_data of each value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         global_ns = self.user_global_ns
 
         for key, expr in expressions.items():
             try:
                 value = self._format_user_obj(eval(expr, global_ns, user_ns))
             except:
                 value = self._user_obj_error()
             out[key] = value
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of code
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def ex(self, cmd):
         """Execute a normal python statement in user namespace."""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             exec(cmd, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def ev(self, expr):
         """Evaluate python expression expr in user namespace.
 
         Returns the result of evaluation
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return eval(expr, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def safe_execfile(self, fname, *where, exit_ignore=False, raise_exceptions=False, shell_futures=False):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.  This only works on pure
         Python files with the .py extension.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : string
             The name of the file to be executed.
         *where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
         exit_ignore : bool (False)
             If True, then silence SystemExit for non-zero status (it is always
             silenced for zero status, as it is so common).
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere. Meant for testing.
         shell_futures : bool (False)
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         """
         fname = Path(fname).expanduser().resolve()
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with fname.open("rb"):
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = str(fname.parent)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname), self.builtin_trap:
             try:
                 glob, loc = (where + (None, ))[:2]
                 py3compat.execfile(
                     fname, glob, loc,
                     self.compile if shell_futures else None)
             except SystemExit as status:
                 # If the call was made with 0 or None exit status (sys.exit(0)
                 # or sys.exit() ), don't bother showing a traceback, as both of
                 # these are considered normal by the OS:
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit(0)'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit()'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # For other exit status, we show the exception unless
                 # explicitly silenced, but only in short form.
                 if status.code:
                     if raise_exceptions:
                         raise
                     if not exit_ignore:
                         self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             except:
                 if raise_exceptions:
                     raise
                 # tb offset is 2 because we wrap execfile
                 self.showtraceback(tb_offset=2)
 
     def safe_execfile_ipy(self, fname, shell_futures=False, raise_exceptions=False):
         """Like safe_execfile, but for .ipy or .ipynb files with IPython syntax.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : str
             The name of the file to execute.  The filename must have a
             .ipy or .ipynb extension.
         shell_futures : bool (False)
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere.  Meant for testing.
         """
         fname = Path(fname).expanduser().resolve()
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with fname.open("rb"):
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = str(fname.parent)
 
         def get_cells():
             """generator for sequence of code blocks to run"""
             if fname.suffix == ".ipynb":
                 from nbformat import read
                 nb = read(fname, as_version=4)
                 if not nb.cells:
                     return
                 for cell in nb.cells:
                     if cell.cell_type == 'code':
                         yield cell.source
             else:
                 yield fname.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 for cell in get_cells():
                     result = self.run_cell(cell, silent=True, shell_futures=shell_futures)
                     if raise_exceptions:
                         result.raise_error()
                     elif not result.success:
                         break
             except:
                 if raise_exceptions:
                     raise
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Unknown failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
     def safe_run_module(self, mod_name, where):
         """A safe version of runpy.run_module().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.
 
         `SystemExit` exceptions with status code 0 or None are ignored.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         mod_name : string
             The name of the module to be executed.
         where : dict
             The globals namespace.
         """
         try:
             try:
                 where.update(
                     runpy.run_module(str(mod_name), run_name="__main__",
                                      alter_sys=True)
                             )
             except SystemExit as status:
                 if status.code:
                     raise
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
             warn('Unknown failure executing module: <%s>' % mod_name)
 
     def run_cell(
         self,
         raw_cell,
         store_history=False,
         silent=False,
         shell_futures=True,
         cell_id=None,
     ):
         """Run a complete IPython cell.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
             The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
             If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
             history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
             should be set to False.
         silent : bool
             If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
             and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         shell_futures : bool
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         Returns
         -------
         result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
         """
         result = None
         try:
             result = self._run_cell(
                 raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id
             )
         finally:
             self.events.trigger('post_execute')
             if not silent:
                 self.events.trigger('post_run_cell', result)
         return result
 
     def _run_cell(
         self,
         raw_cell: str,
         store_history: bool,
         silent: bool,
         shell_futures: bool,
         cell_id: str,
     ) -> ExecutionResult:
         """Internal method to run a complete IPython cell."""
 
         # we need to avoid calling self.transform_cell multiple time on the same thing
         # so we need to store some results:
         preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
         try:
             transformed_cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
         except Exception:
             transformed_cell = raw_cell
             preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
 
         assert transformed_cell is not None
         coro = self.run_cell_async(
             raw_cell,
             store_history=store_history,
             silent=silent,
             shell_futures=shell_futures,
             transformed_cell=transformed_cell,
             preprocessing_exc_tuple=preprocessing_exc_tuple,
             cell_id=cell_id,
         )
 
         # run_cell_async is async, but may not actually need an eventloop.
         # when this is the case, we want to run it using the pseudo_sync_runner
         # so that code can invoke eventloops (for example via the %run , and
         # `%paste` magic.
         if self.trio_runner:
             runner = self.trio_runner
         elif self.should_run_async(
             raw_cell,
             transformed_cell=transformed_cell,
             preprocessing_exc_tuple=preprocessing_exc_tuple,
         ):
             runner = self.loop_runner
         else:
             runner = _pseudo_sync_runner
 
         try:
             return runner(coro)
         except BaseException as e:
             info = ExecutionInfo(
                 raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id
             )
             result = ExecutionResult(info)
             result.error_in_exec = e
             self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
             return result
 
     def should_run_async(
         self, raw_cell: str, *, transformed_cell=None, preprocessing_exc_tuple=None
     ) -> bool:
         """Return whether a cell should be run asynchronously via a coroutine runner
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
             The code to be executed
 
         Returns
         -------
         result: bool
             Whether the code needs to be run with a coroutine runner or not
         .. versionadded:: 7.0
         """
         if not self.autoawait:
             return False
         if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
             return False
         assert preprocessing_exc_tuple is None
         if transformed_cell is None:
             warnings.warn(
                 "`should_run_async` will not call `transform_cell`"
                 " automatically in the future. Please pass the result to"
                 " `transformed_cell` argument and any exception that happen"
                 " during the"
                 "transform in `preprocessing_exc_tuple` in"
                 " IPython 7.17 and above.",
                 DeprecationWarning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
             try:
                 cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
             except Exception:
                 # any exception during transform will be raised
                 # prior to execution
                 return False
         else:
             cell = transformed_cell
         return _should_be_async(cell)
 
     async def run_cell_async(
         self,
         raw_cell: str,
         store_history=False,
         silent=False,
         shell_futures=True,
         *,
         transformed_cell: Optional[str] = None,
         preprocessing_exc_tuple: Optional[Any] = None,
         cell_id=None,
     ) -> ExecutionResult:
         """Run a complete IPython cell asynchronously.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
           The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
           If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
           history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
           should be set to False.
         silent : bool
           If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
           and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         shell_futures : bool
           If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
           shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
           any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
           __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
         transformed_cell: str
           cell that was passed through transformers
         preprocessing_exc_tuple:
           trace if the transformation failed.
 
         Returns
         -------
         result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
 
         .. versionadded:: 7.0
         """
         info = ExecutionInfo(raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures, cell_id)
         result = ExecutionResult(info)
 
         if (not raw_cell) or raw_cell.isspace():
             self.last_execution_succeeded = True
             self.last_execution_result = result
             return result
 
         if silent:
             store_history = False
 
         if store_history:
             result.execution_count = self.execution_count
 
         def error_before_exec(value):
             if store_history:
                 self.execution_count += 1
             result.error_before_exec = value
             self.last_execution_succeeded = False
             self.last_execution_result = result
             return result
 
         self.events.trigger('pre_execute')
         if not silent:
             self.events.trigger('pre_run_cell', info)
 
         if transformed_cell is None:
             warnings.warn(
                 "`run_cell_async` will not call `transform_cell`"
                 " automatically in the future. Please pass the result to"
                 " `transformed_cell` argument and any exception that happen"
                 " during the"
                 "transform in `preprocessing_exc_tuple` in"
                 " IPython 7.17 and above.",
                 DeprecationWarning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
             # If any of our input transformation (input_transformer_manager or
             # prefilter_manager) raises an exception, we store it in this variable
             # so that we can display the error after logging the input and storing
             # it in the history.
             try:
                 cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
             except Exception:
                 preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
                 cell = raw_cell  # cell has to exist so it can be stored/logged
             else:
                 preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
         else:
             if preprocessing_exc_tuple is None:
                 cell = transformed_cell
             else:
                 cell = raw_cell
 
         # Store raw and processed history
         if store_history and raw_cell.strip(" %") != "paste":
             self.history_manager.store_inputs(self.execution_count, cell, raw_cell)
         if not silent:
             self.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
 
         # Display the exception if input processing failed.
         if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
             self.showtraceback(preprocessing_exc_tuple)
             if store_history:
                 self.execution_count += 1
             return error_before_exec(preprocessing_exc_tuple[1])
 
         # Our own compiler remembers the __future__ environment. If we want to
         # run code with a separate __future__ environment, use the default
         # compiler
         compiler = self.compile if shell_futures else self.compiler_class()
 
         _run_async = False
 
         with self.builtin_trap:
             cell_name = compiler.cache(cell, self.execution_count, raw_code=raw_cell)
 
             with self.display_trap:
                 # Compile to bytecode
                 try:
                     code_ast = compiler.ast_parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
                 except self.custom_exceptions as e:
                     etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                     self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
                     return error_before_exec(e)
                 except IndentationError as e:
                     self.showindentationerror()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
                 except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError,
                         MemoryError) as e:
                     self.showsyntaxerror()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
 
                 # Apply AST transformations
                 try:
                     code_ast = self.transform_ast(code_ast)
                 except InputRejected as e:
                     self.showtraceback()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
 
                 # Give the displayhook a reference to our ExecutionResult so it
                 # can fill in the output value.
                 self.displayhook.exec_result = result
 
                 # Execute the user code
                 interactivity = "none" if silent else self.ast_node_interactivity
 
                 has_raised = await self.run_ast_nodes(code_ast.body, cell_name,
                        interactivity=interactivity, compiler=compiler, result=result)
 
                 self.last_execution_succeeded = not has_raised
                 self.last_execution_result = result
 
                 # Reset this so later displayed values do not modify the
                 # ExecutionResult
                 self.displayhook.exec_result = None
 
         if store_history:
             # Write output to the database. Does nothing unless
             # history output logging is enabled.
             self.history_manager.store_output(self.execution_count)
             # Each cell is a *single* input, regardless of how many lines it has
             self.execution_count += 1
 
         return result
 
     def transform_cell(self, raw_cell):
         """Transform an input cell before parsing it.
 
         Static transformations, implemented in IPython.core.inputtransformer2,
         deal with things like ``%magic`` and ``!system`` commands.
         These run on all input.
         Dynamic transformations, for things like unescaped magics and the exit
         autocall, depend on the state of the interpreter.
         These only apply to single line inputs.
 
         These string-based transformations are followed by AST transformations;
         see :meth:`transform_ast`.
         """
         # Static input transformations
         cell = self.input_transformer_manager.transform_cell(raw_cell)
 
         if len(cell.splitlines()) == 1:
             # Dynamic transformations - only applied for single line commands
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 # use prefilter_lines to handle trailing newlines
                 # restore trailing newline for ast.parse
                 cell = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(cell) + '\n'
 
         lines = cell.splitlines(keepends=True)
         for transform in self.input_transformers_post:
             lines = transform(lines)
         cell = ''.join(lines)
 
         return cell
 
     def transform_ast(self, node):
         """Apply the AST transformations from self.ast_transformers
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         node : ast.Node
             The root node to be transformed. Typically called with the ast.Module
             produced by parsing user input.
 
         Returns
         -------
         An ast.Node corresponding to the node it was called with. Note that it
         may also modify the passed object, so don't rely on references to the
         original AST.
         """
         for transformer in self.ast_transformers:
             try:
                 node = transformer.visit(node)
             except InputRejected:
                 # User-supplied AST transformers can reject an input by raising
                 # an InputRejected.  Short-circuit in this case so that we
                 # don't unregister the transform.
                 raise
             except Exception:
                 warn("AST transformer %r threw an error. It will be unregistered." % transformer)
                 self.ast_transformers.remove(transformer)
 
         if self.ast_transformers:
             ast.fix_missing_locations(node)
         return node
 
     def _update_code_co_name(self, code):
         """Python 3.10 changed the behaviour so that whenever a code object
         is assembled in the compile(ast) the co_firstlineno would be == 1.
 
         This makes pydevd/debugpy think that all cells invoked are the same
         since it caches information based on (co_firstlineno, co_name, co_filename).
 
         Given that, this function changes the code 'co_name' to be unique
         based on the first real lineno of the code (which also has a nice
         side effect of customizing the name so that it's not always <module>).
 
         See: https://github.com/ipython/ipykernel/issues/841
         """
         if not hasattr(code, "replace"):
             # It may not be available on older versions of Python (only
             # available for 3.8 onwards).
             return code
         try:
             first_real_line = next(dis.findlinestarts(code))[1]
         except StopIteration:
             return code
         return code.replace(co_name="<cell line: %s>" % (first_real_line,))
 
     async def run_ast_nodes(
         self,
         nodelist: ListType[stmt],
         cell_name: str,
         interactivity="last_expr",
         compiler=compile,
         result=None,
     ):
         """Run a sequence of AST nodes. The execution mode depends on the
         interactivity parameter.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         nodelist : list
           A sequence of AST nodes to run.
         cell_name : str
           Will be passed to the compiler as the filename of the cell. Typically
           the value returned by ip.compile.cache(cell).
         interactivity : str
           'all', 'last', 'last_expr' , 'last_expr_or_assign' or 'none',
           specifying which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output
           from expressions). 'last_expr' will run the last node interactively
           only if it is an expression (i.e. expressions in loops or other blocks
           are not displayed) 'last_expr_or_assign' will run the last expression
           or the last assignment. Other values for this parameter will raise a
           ValueError.
 
         compiler : callable
           A function with the same interface as the built-in compile(), to turn
           the AST nodes into code objects. Default is the built-in compile().
         result : ExecutionResult, optional
           An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
 
         Returns
         -------
         True if an exception occurred while running code, False if it finished
         running.
         """
         if not nodelist:
             return
 
 
         if interactivity == 'last_expr_or_assign':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], _assign_nodes):
                 asg = nodelist[-1]
                 if isinstance(asg, ast.Assign) and len(asg.targets) == 1:
                     target = asg.targets[0]
                 elif isinstance(asg, _single_targets_nodes):
                     target = asg.target
                 else:
                     target = None
                 if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
                     nnode = ast.Expr(ast.Name(target.id, ast.Load()))
                     ast.fix_missing_locations(nnode)
                     nodelist.append(nnode)
             interactivity = 'last_expr'
 
         _async = False
         if interactivity == 'last_expr':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], ast.Expr):
                 interactivity = "last"
             else:
                 interactivity = "none"
 
         if interactivity == 'none':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist, []
         elif interactivity == 'last':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist[:-1], nodelist[-1:]
         elif interactivity == 'all':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
         else:
             raise ValueError("Interactivity was %r" % interactivity)
 
         try:
 
             def compare(code):
                 is_async = inspect.CO_COROUTINE & code.co_flags == inspect.CO_COROUTINE
                 return is_async
 
             # refactor that to just change the mod constructor.
             to_run = []
             for node in to_run_exec:
                 to_run.append((node, "exec"))
 
             for node in to_run_interactive:
                 to_run.append((node, "single"))
 
             for node, mode in to_run:
                 if mode == "exec":
                     mod = Module([node], [])
                 elif mode == "single":
                     mod = ast.Interactive([node])
                 with compiler.extra_flags(
                     getattr(ast, "PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT", 0x0)
                     if self.autoawait
                     else 0x0
                 ):
                     code = compiler(mod, cell_name, mode)
                     code = self._update_code_co_name(code)
                     asy = compare(code)
                 if await self.run_code(code, result, async_=asy):
                     return True
 
             # Flush softspace
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print()
 
         except:
             # It's possible to have exceptions raised here, typically by
             # compilation of odd code (such as a naked 'return' outside a
             # function) that did parse but isn't valid. Typically the exception
             # is a SyntaxError, but it's safest just to catch anything and show
             # the user a traceback.
 
             # We do only one try/except outside the loop to minimize the impact
             # on runtime, and also because if any node in the node list is
             # broken, we should stop execution completely.
             if result:
                 result.error_before_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
             self.showtraceback()
             return True
 
         return False
 
     async def run_code(self, code_obj, result=None, *, async_=False):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code_obj : code object
           A compiled code object, to be executed
         result : ExecutionResult, optional
           An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
         async_ :  Bool (Experimental)
           Attempt to run top-level asynchronous code in a default loop.
 
         Returns
         -------
         False : successful execution.
         True : an error occurred.
         """
         # special value to say that anything above is IPython and should be
         # hidden.
         __tracebackhide__ = "__ipython_bottom__"
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook, sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = True  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 if async_:
                     await eval(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
                 else:
                     exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit as e:
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = e
             self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             warn("To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.", stacklevel=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = value
             self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
         except:
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
             self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
         else:
             outflag = False
         return outflag
 
     # For backwards compatibility
     runcode = run_code
 
     def check_complete(self, code: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
         """Return whether a block of code is ready to execute, or should be continued
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : string
             Python input code, which can be multiline.
 
         Returns
         -------
         status : str
             One of 'complete', 'incomplete', or 'invalid' if source is not a
             prefix of valid code.
         indent : str
             When status is 'incomplete', this is some whitespace to insert on
             the next line of the prompt.
         """
         status, nspaces = self.input_transformer_manager.check_complete(code)
         return status, ' ' * (nspaces or 0)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to GUI support and pylab
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     active_eventloop = None
 
     def enable_gui(self, gui=None):
         raise NotImplementedError('Implement enable_gui in a subclass')
 
     def enable_matplotlib(self, gui=None):
         """Enable interactive matplotlib and inline figure support.
 
         This takes the following steps:
 
         1. select the appropriate eventloop and matplotlib backend
         2. set up matplotlib for interactive use with that backend
         3. configure formatters for inline figure display
         4. enable the selected gui eventloop
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
             If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
             (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
             'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
             matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
             user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
             make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
             display figures inline.
         """
         from matplotlib_inline.backend_inline import configure_inline_support
 
         from IPython.core import pylabtools as pt
         gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(gui, self.pylab_gui_select)
 
         if gui != 'inline':
             # If we have our first gui selection, store it
             if self.pylab_gui_select is None:
                 self.pylab_gui_select = gui
             # Otherwise if they are different
             elif gui != self.pylab_gui_select:
                 print('Warning: Cannot change to a different GUI toolkit: %s.'
                         ' Using %s instead.' % (gui, self.pylab_gui_select))
                 gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(self.pylab_gui_select)
 
         pt.activate_matplotlib(backend)
         configure_inline_support(self, backend)
 
         # Now we must activate the gui pylab wants to use, and fix %run to take
         # plot updates into account
         self.enable_gui(gui)
         self.magics_manager.registry['ExecutionMagics'].default_runner = \
             pt.mpl_runner(self.safe_execfile)
 
         return gui, backend
 
     def enable_pylab(self, gui=None, import_all=True, welcome_message=False):
         """Activate pylab support at runtime.
 
         This turns on support for matplotlib, preloads into the interactive
         namespace all of numpy and pylab, and configures IPython to correctly
         interact with the GUI event loop.  The GUI backend to be used can be
         optionally selected with the optional ``gui`` argument.
 
         This method only adds preloading the namespace to InteractiveShell.enable_matplotlib.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
             If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
             (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
             'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
             matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
             user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
             make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
             display figures inline.
         import_all : optional, bool, default: True
             Whether to do `from numpy import *` and `from pylab import *`
             in addition to module imports.
         welcome_message : deprecated
             This argument is ignored, no welcome message will be displayed.
         """
         from IPython.core.pylabtools import import_pylab
 
         gui, backend = self.enable_matplotlib(gui)
 
         # We want to prevent the loading of pylab to pollute the user's
         # namespace as shown by the %who* magics, so we execute the activation
         # code in an empty namespace, and we update *both* user_ns and
         # user_ns_hidden with this information.
         ns = {}
         import_pylab(ns, import_all)
         # warn about clobbered names
         ignored = {"__builtins__"}
         both = set(ns).intersection(self.user_ns).difference(ignored)
         clobbered = [ name for name in both if self.user_ns[name] is not ns[name] ]
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
         return gui, backend, clobbered
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Utilities
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def var_expand(self, cmd, depth=0, formatter=DollarFormatter()):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
         ns = self.user_ns.copy()
         try:
             frame = sys._getframe(depth+1)
         except ValueError:
             # This is thrown if there aren't that many frames on the stack,
             # e.g. if a script called run_line_magic() directly.
             pass
         else:
             ns.update(frame.f_locals)
 
         try:
             # We have to use .vformat() here, because 'self' is a valid and common
             # name, and expanding **ns for .format() would make it collide with
             # the 'self' argument of the method.
             cmd = formatter.vformat(cmd, args=[], kwargs=ns)
         except Exception:
             # if formatter couldn't format, just let it go untransformed
             pass
         return cmd
 
     def mktempfile(self, data=None, prefix='ipython_edit_'):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mkstemp (created in a tempfile.mkdtemp),
         but it registers the created filename internally so ipython cleans it up
         at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
             immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
         dir_path = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix))
         self.tempdirs.append(dir_path)
 
         handle, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(".py", prefix, dir=str(dir_path))
         os.close(handle)  # On Windows, there can only be one open handle on a file
 
         file_path = Path(filename)
         self.tempfiles.append(file_path)
 
         if data:
             file_path.write_text(data, encoding="utf-8")
         return filename
 
     def ask_yes_no(self, prompt, default=None, interrupt=None):
         if self.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default,interrupt)
 
     def show_usage(self):
         """Show a usage message"""
         page.page(IPython.core.usage.interactive_usage)
 
     def extract_input_lines(self, range_str, raw=False):
         """Return as a string a set of input history slices.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         range_str : str
             The set of slices is given as a string, like "~5/6-~4/2 4:8 9",
             since this function is for use by magic functions which get their
             arguments as strings. The number before the / is the session
             number: ~n goes n back from the current session.
 
             If empty string is given, returns history of current session
             without the last input.
 
         raw : bool, optional
             By default, the processed input is used.  If this is true, the raw
             input history is used instead.
 
         Notes
         -----
         Slices can be described with two notations:
 
         * ``N:M`` -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).
         * ``N-M`` -> include items N..M (closed endpoint).
         """
         lines = self.history_manager.get_range_by_str(range_str, raw=raw)
         text = "\n".join(x for _, _, x in lines)
 
         # Skip the last line, as it's probably the magic that called this
         if not range_str:
             if "\n" not in text:
                 text = ""
             else:
                 text = text[: text.rfind("\n")]
 
         return text
 
     def find_user_code(self, target, raw=True, py_only=False, skip_encoding_cookie=True, search_ns=False):
         """Get a code string from history, file, url, or a string or macro.
 
         This is mainly used by magic functions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         target : str
             A string specifying code to retrieve. This will be tried respectively
             as: ranges of input history (see %history for syntax), url,
             corresponding .py file, filename, or an expression evaluating to a
             string or Macro in the user namespace.
 
             If empty string is given, returns complete history of current
             session, without the last line.
 
         raw : bool
             If true (default), retrieve raw history. Has no effect on the other
             retrieval mechanisms.
 
         py_only : bool (default False)
             Only try to fetch python code, do not try alternative methods to decode file
             if unicode fails.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A string of code.
         ValueError is raised if nothing is found, and TypeError if it evaluates
         to an object of another type. In each case, .args[0] is a printable
         message.
         """
         code = self.extract_input_lines(target, raw=raw)  # Grab history
         if code:
             return code
         try:
             if target.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
                 return openpy.read_py_url(target, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
         except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
             if not py_only :
                 # Deferred import
                 from urllib.request import urlopen
                 response = urlopen(target)
                 return response.read().decode('latin1')
             raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target) from e
 
         potential_target = [target]
         try :
             potential_target.insert(0,get_py_filename(target))
         except IOError:
             pass
 
         for tgt in potential_target :
             if os.path.isfile(tgt):                        # Read file
                 try :
                     return openpy.read_py_file(tgt, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
                 except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
                     if not py_only :
                         with io_open(tgt,'r', encoding='latin1') as f :
                             return f.read()
                     raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target) from e
             elif os.path.isdir(os.path.expanduser(tgt)):
                 raise ValueError("'%s' is a directory, not a regular file." % target)
 
         if search_ns:
             # Inspect namespace to load object source
             object_info = self.object_inspect(target, detail_level=1)
             if object_info['found'] and object_info['source']:
                 return object_info['source']
 
         try:                                              # User namespace
             codeobj = eval(target, self.user_ns)
         except Exception as e:
             raise ValueError(("'%s' was not found in history, as a file, url, "
                                 "nor in the user namespace.") % target) from e
 
         if isinstance(codeobj, str):
             return codeobj
         elif isinstance(codeobj, Macro):
             return codeobj.value
 
         raise TypeError("%s is neither a string nor a macro." % target,
                         codeobj)
 
     def _atexit_once(self):
         """
         At exist operation that need to be called at most once.
         Second call to this function per instance will do nothing.
         """
 
         if not getattr(self, "_atexit_once_called", False):
             self._atexit_once_called = True
             # Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
             self.reset(new_session=False)
             # Close the history session (this stores the end time and line count)
             # this must be *before* the tempfile cleanup, in case of temporary
             # history db
             self.history_manager.end_session()
             self.history_manager = None
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython exiting
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Cleanup operations and saving of persistent data that is done
         unconditionally by IPython should be performed here.
 
         For things that may depend on startup flags or platform specifics (such
         as having readline or not), register a separate atexit function in the
         code that has the appropriate information, rather than trying to
         clutter
         """
         self._atexit_once()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles and folders left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 tfile.unlink()
                 self.tempfiles.remove(tfile)
             except FileNotFoundError:
                 pass
         del self.tempfiles
         for tdir in self.tempdirs:
             try:
                 tdir.rmdir()
                 self.tempdirs.remove(tdir)
             except FileNotFoundError:
                 pass
         del self.tempdirs
 
         # Restore user's cursor
         if hasattr(self, "editing_mode") and self.editing_mode == "vi":
             sys.stdout.write("\x1b[0 q")
             sys.stdout.flush()
 
     def cleanup(self):
         self.restore_sys_module_state()
 
 
     # Overridden in terminal subclass to change prompts
     def switch_doctest_mode(self, mode):
         pass
 
 
 class InteractiveShellABC(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """An abstract base class for InteractiveShell."""
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(InteractiveShell)

IPython/core/magics/execution.py

@@ -1,1510 +1,1510 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Implementation of execution-related magic functions."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 import ast
 import bdb
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import cProfile as profile
 import gc
 import itertools
 import math
 import os
 import pstats
 import re
 import shlex
 import sys
 import time
 import timeit
 from ast import Module
 from io import StringIO
 from logging import error
 from pathlib import Path
 from pdb import Restart
 from warnings import warn
 
 from IPython.core import magic_arguments, oinspect, page
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.magic import (
     Magics,
     cell_magic,
     line_cell_magic,
     line_magic,
     magics_class,
     needs_local_scope,
     no_var_expand,
     on_off,
 )
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.capture import capture_output
 from IPython.utils.contexts import preserve_keys
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.utils.module_paths import find_mod
 from IPython.utils.path import get_py_filename, shellglob
 from IPython.utils.timing import clock, clock2
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Magic implementation classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class TimeitResult(object):
     """
     Object returned by the timeit magic with info about the run.
 
     Contains the following attributes :
 
     loops: (int) number of loops done per measurement
     repeat: (int) number of times the measurement has been repeated
     best: (float) best execution time / number
     all_runs: (list of float) execution time of each run (in s)
     compile_time: (float) time of statement compilation (s)
 
     """
     def __init__(self, loops, repeat, best, worst, all_runs, compile_time, precision):
         self.loops = loops
         self.repeat = repeat
         self.best = best
         self.worst = worst
         self.all_runs = all_runs
         self.compile_time = compile_time
         self._precision = precision
         self.timings = [ dt / self.loops for dt in all_runs]
 
     @property
     def average(self):
         return math.fsum(self.timings) / len(self.timings)
 
     @property
     def stdev(self):
         mean = self.average
         return (math.fsum([(x - mean) ** 2 for x in self.timings]) / len(self.timings)) ** 0.5
 
     def __str__(self):
         pm = '+-'
         if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding') and sys.stdout.encoding:
             try:
                 u'\xb1'.encode(sys.stdout.encoding)
                 pm = u'\xb1'
             except:
                 pass
         return "{mean} {pm} {std} per loop (mean {pm} std. dev. of {runs} run{run_plural}, {loops:,} loop{loop_plural} each)".format(
             pm=pm,
             runs=self.repeat,
             loops=self.loops,
             loop_plural="" if self.loops == 1 else "s",
             run_plural="" if self.repeat == 1 else "s",
             mean=_format_time(self.average, self._precision),
             std=_format_time(self.stdev, self._precision),
         )
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p , cycle):
         unic = self.__str__()
         p.text(u'<TimeitResult : '+unic+u'>')
 
 
 class TimeitTemplateFiller(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Fill in the AST template for timing execution.
 
     This is quite closely tied to the template definition, which is in
     :meth:`ExecutionMagics.timeit`.
     """
     def __init__(self, ast_setup, ast_stmt):
         self.ast_setup = ast_setup
         self.ast_stmt = ast_stmt
 
     def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
         "Fill in the setup statement"
         self.generic_visit(node)
         if node.name == "inner":
             node.body[:1] = self.ast_setup.body
 
         return node
 
     def visit_For(self, node):
         "Fill in the statement to be timed"
         if getattr(getattr(node.body[0], 'value', None), 'id', None) == 'stmt':
             node.body = self.ast_stmt.body
         return node
 
 
 class Timer(timeit.Timer):
     """Timer class that explicitly uses self.inner
     
     which is an undocumented implementation detail of CPython,
     not shared by PyPy.
     """
     # Timer.timeit copied from CPython 3.4.2
     def timeit(self, number=timeit.default_number):
         """Time 'number' executions of the main statement.
 
         To be precise, this executes the setup statement once, and
         then returns the time it takes to execute the main statement
         a number of times, as a float measured in seconds.  The
         argument is the number of times through the loop, defaulting
         to one million.  The main statement, the setup statement and
         the timer function to be used are passed to the constructor.
         """
         it = itertools.repeat(None, number)
         gcold = gc.isenabled()
         gc.disable()
         try:
             timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
         finally:
             if gcold:
                 gc.enable()
         return timing
 
 
 @magics_class
 class ExecutionMagics(Magics):
     """Magics related to code execution, debugging, profiling, etc.
 
     """
 
     def __init__(self, shell):
         super(ExecutionMagics, self).__init__(shell)
         # Default execution function used to actually run user code.
         self.default_runner = None
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     def prun(self, parameter_s='', cell=None):
 
         """Run a statement through the python code profiler.
 
         Usage, in line mode:
           %prun [options] statement
 
         Usage, in cell mode:
           %%prun [options] [statement]
           code...
           code...
 
         In cell mode, the additional code lines are appended to the (possibly
         empty) statement in the first line.  Cell mode allows you to easily
         profile multiline blocks without having to put them in a separate
         function.
 
         The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
         python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
         Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
         cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
         namespaces which do not hold under IPython.
 
         Options:
 
         -l <limit>
           you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
           profile gets printed. The limit value can be:
 
              * A string: only information for function names containing this string
                is printed.
 
              * An integer: only these many lines are printed.
 
              * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
                (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).
 
           You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
           example, ``-l __init__ -l 5`` will print only the topmost 5 lines of
           information about class constructors.
 
         -r
           return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
           object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
           later use it for further analysis or in other functions.
 
         -s <key>
           sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
           by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
           default sorting key is 'time'.
 
           The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
           referenced below:
 
           When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
           secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
           before them.
 
           Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
           abbreviation is unambiguous.  The following are the keys currently
           defined:
 
           ============  =====================
           Valid Arg     Meaning
           ============  =====================
           "calls"       call count
           "cumulative"  cumulative time
           "file"        file name
           "module"      file name
           "pcalls"      primitive call count
           "line"        line number
           "name"        function name
           "nfl"         name/file/line
           "stdname"     standard name
           "time"        internal time
           ============  =====================
 
           Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
           most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
           searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
           distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
           sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
           numbers get compared in an odd way.  For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
           would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
           "20" "3" and "40".  In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
           line numbers.  In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
           sort_stats("name", "file", "line").
 
         -T <filename>
           save profile results as shown on screen to a text
           file. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -D <filename>
           save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given
           filename. This data is in a format understood by the pstats module, and
           is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile
           objects. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -q
           suppress output to the pager.  Best used with -T and/or -D above.
 
         If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use
         ``%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]`` where prof_opts
         contains profiler specific options as described here.
 
         You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with::
 
           In [1]: import profile; profile.help()
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         """
         opts, arg_str = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'D:l:rs:T:q',
                                            list_all=True, posix=False)
         if cell is not None:
             arg_str += '\n' + cell
         arg_str = self.shell.transform_cell(arg_str)
         return self._run_with_profiler(arg_str, opts, self.shell.user_ns)
 
     def _run_with_profiler(self, code, opts, namespace):
         """
         Run `code` with profiler.  Used by ``%prun`` and ``%run -p``.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : str
             Code to be executed.
         opts : Struct
             Options parsed by `self.parse_options`.
         namespace : dict
             A dictionary for Python namespace (e.g., `self.shell.user_ns`).
 
         """
 
         # Fill default values for unspecified options:
         opts.merge(Struct(D=[''], l=[], s=['time'], T=['']))
 
         prof = profile.Profile()
         try:
             prof = prof.runctx(code, namespace, namespace)
             sys_exit = ''
         except SystemExit:
             sys_exit = """*** SystemExit exception caught in code being profiled."""
 
         stats = pstats.Stats(prof).strip_dirs().sort_stats(*opts.s)
 
         lims = opts.l
         if lims:
             lims = []  # rebuild lims with ints/floats/strings
             for lim in opts.l:
                 try:
                     lims.append(int(lim))
                 except ValueError:
                     try:
                         lims.append(float(lim))
                     except ValueError:
                         lims.append(lim)
 
         # Trap output.
         stdout_trap = StringIO()
         stats_stream = stats.stream
         try:
             stats.stream = stdout_trap
             stats.print_stats(*lims)
         finally:
             stats.stream = stats_stream
 
         output = stdout_trap.getvalue()
         output = output.rstrip()
 
         if 'q' not in opts:
             page.page(output)
         print(sys_exit, end=' ')
 
         dump_file = opts.D[0]
         text_file = opts.T[0]
         if dump_file:
             prof.dump_stats(dump_file)
             print(
                 f"\n*** Profile stats marshalled to file {repr(dump_file)}.{sys_exit}"
             )
         if text_file:
             pfile = Path(text_file)
             pfile.touch(exist_ok=True)
             pfile.write_text(output, encoding="utf-8")
 
             print(
                 f"\n*** Profile printout saved to text file {repr(text_file)}.{sys_exit}"
             )
 
         if 'r' in opts:
             return stats
 
         return None
 
     @line_magic
     def pdb(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
 
         Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
         argument it works as a toggle.
 
         When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
         interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
         this feature on and off.
 
         The initial state of this feature is set in your configuration
         file (the option is ``InteractiveShell.pdb``).
 
         If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired,
         without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use
         the %debug magic."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip().lower()
 
         if par:
             try:
                 new_pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par]
             except KeyError:
                 print ('Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0, '
                        'or nothing for a toggle.')
                 return
         else:
             # toggle
             new_pdb = not self.shell.call_pdb
 
         # set on the shell
         self.shell.call_pdb = new_pdb
         print('Automatic pdb calling has been turned',on_off(new_pdb))
 
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument('--breakpoint', '-b', metavar='FILE:LINE',
         help="""
         Set break point at LINE in FILE.
         """
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('statement', nargs='*',
         help="""
         Code to run in debugger.
         You can omit this in cell magic mode.
         """
     )
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     def debug(self, line='', cell=None):
         """Activate the interactive debugger.
 
         This magic command support two ways of activating debugger.
         One is to activate debugger before executing code.  This way, you
         can set a break point, to step through the code from the point.
         You can use this mode by giving statements to execute and optionally
         a breakpoint.
 
         The other one is to activate debugger in post-mortem mode.  You can
         activate this mode simply running %debug without any argument.
         If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
         frames interactively.  Note that this will always work only on the last
         traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
         exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
         occurs, it clobbers the previous one.
 
         If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
         the %pdb magic for more details.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             When running code, user variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         """
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.debug, line)
 
         if not (args.breakpoint or args.statement or cell):
             self._debug_post_mortem()
         elif not (args.breakpoint or cell):
             # If there is no breakpoints, the line is just code to execute
             self._debug_exec(line, None)
         else:
             # Here we try to reconstruct the code from the output of
             # parse_argstring. This might not work if the code has spaces
             # For example this fails for `print("a b")`
             code = "\n".join(args.statement)
             if cell:
                 code += "\n" + cell
             self._debug_exec(code, args.breakpoint)
 
     def _debug_post_mortem(self):
         self.shell.debugger(force=True)
 
     def _debug_exec(self, code, breakpoint):
         if breakpoint:
             (filename, bp_line) = breakpoint.rsplit(':', 1)
             bp_line = int(bp_line)
         else:
             (filename, bp_line) = (None, None)
         self._run_with_debugger(code, self.shell.user_ns, filename, bp_line)
 
     @line_magic
     def tb(self, s):
         """Print the last traceback.
 
         Optionally, specify an exception reporting mode, tuning the
         verbosity of the traceback. By default the currently-active exception
         mode is used. See %xmode for changing exception reporting modes.
 
         Valid modes: Plain, Context, Verbose, and Minimal.
         """
         interactive_tb = self.shell.InteractiveTB
         if s:
             # Switch exception reporting mode for this one call.
             # Ensure it is switched back.
             def xmode_switch_err(name):
                 warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' %
                     (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
 
             new_mode = s.strip().capitalize()
             original_mode = interactive_tb.mode
             try:
                 try:
                     interactive_tb.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
                 except Exception:
                     xmode_switch_err('user')
                 else:
                     self.shell.showtraceback()
             finally:
                 interactive_tb.set_mode(mode=original_mode)
         else:
             self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def run(self, parameter_s='', runner=None,
                   file_finder=get_py_filename):
         """Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
 
         Usage::
-        
+
           %run [-n -i -e -G]
                [( -t [-N<N>] | -d [-b<N>] | -p [profile options] )]
                ( -m mod | filename ) [args]
 
         The filename argument should be either a pure Python script (with
         extension ``.py``), or a file with custom IPython syntax (such as
         magics). If the latter, the file can be either a script with ``.ipy``
         extension, or a Jupyter notebook with ``.ipynb`` extension. When running
         a Jupyter notebook, the output from print statements and other
         displayed objects will appear in the terminal (even matplotlib figures
         will open, if a terminal-compliant backend is being used). Note that,
         at the system command line, the ``jupyter run`` command offers similar
         functionality for executing notebooks (albeit currently with some
         differences in supported options).
 
         Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to
         the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's
         prompt.
 
         This is similar to running at a system prompt ``python file args``,
         but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of
         loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use
         (unless -p is used, see below).
 
         The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of
         ``__name__=='__main__'`` and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus
         sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program
         (except for sharing global objects such as previously imported
         modules). But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets
         updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__
         and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for
         interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in.
 
         Arguments are expanded using shell-like glob match.  Patterns
         '*', '?', '[seq]' and '[!seq]' can be used.  Additionally,
         tilde '~' will be expanded into user's home directory.  Unlike
         real shells, quotation does not suppress expansions.  Use
         *two* back slashes (e.g. ``\\\\*``) to suppress expansions.
         To completely disable these expansions, you can use -G flag.
 
-        On Windows systems, the use of single quotes `'` when specifying 
+        On Windows systems, the use of single quotes `'` when specifying
         a file is not supported. Use double quotes `"`.
 
         Options:
 
         -n
           __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name
           without extension (as python does under import).  This allows running
           scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code
           protected by an ``if __name__ == "__main__"`` clause.
 
         -i
           run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This
           is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor
           which depends on variables defined interactively.
 
         -e
           ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script
           being run.  This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to
           run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call.  In such
           cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in
           seeing a traceback of the unittest module.
 
         -t
           print timing information at the end of the run.  IPython will give
           you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under
           Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of
           time.clock().  Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks
           is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).
 
         If -t is given, an additional ``-N<N>`` option can be given, where <N>
         must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to
         run.  The final timing report will include total and per run results.
 
         For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py)::
 
             In [1]: run -t uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):
               User  :    0.19597 s.
               System:        0.0 s.
 
             In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):
             Total runs performed: 5
               Times :      Total       Per run
               User  :   0.910862 s,  0.1821724 s.
               System:        0.0 s,        0.0 s.
 
         -d
           run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger.
           This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables,
           etc.  Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling::
 
               pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")')
 
           with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file.  You can change the line
           number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option
           (where N must be an integer). For example::
 
               %run -d -b40 myscript
 
           will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py.  Note that
           the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does
           something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.
 
           Or you can specify a breakpoint in a different file::
 
               %run -d -b myotherfile.py:20 myscript
 
           When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt.  You must
           first enter 'c' (without quotes) to start execution up to the first
           breakpoint.
 
           Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger.  You
           can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()"
           at a prompt.
 
         -p
           run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which
           prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).
 
           You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the
           profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.
 
           In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the
           IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace
           where the profiler executes them).
 
           Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for
           details on the options available specifically for profiling.
 
         There is one special usage for which the text above doesn't apply:
         if the filename ends with .ipy[nb], the file is run as ipython script,
         just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt.
 
         -m
           specify module name to load instead of script path. Similar to
           the -m option for the python interpreter. Use this option last if you
           want to combine with other %run options. Unlike the python interpreter
           only source modules are allowed no .pyc or .pyo files.
           For example::
 
               %run -m example
 
           will run the example module.
 
         -G
           disable shell-like glob expansion of arguments.
 
         """
 
         # Logic to handle issue #3664
         # Add '--' after '-m <module_name>' to ignore additional args passed to a module.
         if '-m' in parameter_s and '--' not in parameter_s:
             argv = shlex.split(parameter_s, posix=(os.name == 'posix'))
             for idx, arg in enumerate(argv):
                 if arg and arg.startswith('-') and arg != '-':
                     if arg == '-m':
                         argv.insert(idx + 2, '--')
                         break
                 else:
                     # Positional arg, break
                     break
             parameter_s = ' '.join(shlex.quote(arg) for arg in argv)
 
         # get arguments and set sys.argv for program to be run.
         opts, arg_lst = self.parse_options(parameter_s,
                                            'nidtN:b:pD:l:rs:T:em:G',
                                            mode='list', list_all=1)
         if "m" in opts:
             modulename = opts["m"][0]
             modpath = find_mod(modulename)
             if modpath is None:
                 msg = '%r is not a valid modulename on sys.path'%modulename
                 raise Exception(msg)
             arg_lst = [modpath] + arg_lst
         try:
             fpath = None # initialize to make sure fpath is in scope later
             fpath = arg_lst[0]
             filename = file_finder(fpath)
         except IndexError as e:
             msg = 'you must provide at least a filename.'
             raise Exception(msg) from e
         except IOError as e:
             try:
                 msg = str(e)
             except UnicodeError:
                 msg = e.message
             if os.name == 'nt' and re.match(r"^'.*'$",fpath):
                 warn('For Windows, use double quotes to wrap a filename: %run "mypath\\myfile.py"')
             raise Exception(msg) from e
         except TypeError:
             if fpath in sys.meta_path:
                 filename = ""
             else:
                 raise
 
         if filename.lower().endswith(('.ipy', '.ipynb')):
             with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'):
                 self.shell.user_ns['__file__'] = filename
                 self.shell.safe_execfile_ipy(filename, raise_exceptions=True)
             return
 
         # Control the response to exit() calls made by the script being run
         exit_ignore = 'e' in opts
 
         # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it
         # were run from a system shell.
         save_argv = sys.argv # save it for later restoring
 
         if 'G' in opts:
             args = arg_lst[1:]
         else:
             # tilde and glob expansion
             args = shellglob(map(os.path.expanduser,  arg_lst[1:]))
 
         sys.argv = [filename] + args  # put in the proper filename
 
         if 'n' in opts:
             name = Path(filename).stem
         else:
             name = '__main__'
 
         if 'i' in opts:
             # Run in user's interactive namespace
             prog_ns = self.shell.user_ns
             __name__save = self.shell.user_ns['__name__']
             prog_ns['__name__'] = name
             main_mod = self.shell.user_module
 
             # Since '%run foo' emulates 'python foo.py' at the cmd line, we must
             # set the __file__ global in the script's namespace
             # TK: Is this necessary in interactive mode?
             prog_ns['__file__'] = filename
         else:
             # Run in a fresh, empty namespace
 
             # The shell MUST hold a reference to prog_ns so after %run
             # exits, the python deletion mechanism doesn't zero it out
             # (leaving dangling references). See interactiveshell for details
             main_mod = self.shell.new_main_mod(filename, name)
             prog_ns = main_mod.__dict__
 
         # pickle fix.  See interactiveshell for an explanation.  But we need to
         # make sure that, if we overwrite __main__, we replace it at the end
         main_mod_name = prog_ns['__name__']
 
         if main_mod_name == '__main__':
             restore_main = sys.modules['__main__']
         else:
             restore_main = False
 
         # This needs to be undone at the end to prevent holding references to
         # every single object ever created.
         sys.modules[main_mod_name] = main_mod
 
         if 'p' in opts or 'd' in opts:
             if 'm' in opts:
                 code = 'run_module(modulename, prog_ns)'
                 code_ns = {
                     'run_module': self.shell.safe_run_module,
                     'prog_ns': prog_ns,
                     'modulename': modulename,
                 }
             else:
                 if 'd' in opts:
                     # allow exceptions to raise in debug mode
                     code = 'execfile(filename, prog_ns, raise_exceptions=True)'
                 else:
                     code = 'execfile(filename, prog_ns)'
                 code_ns = {
                     'execfile': self.shell.safe_execfile,
                     'prog_ns': prog_ns,
                     'filename': get_py_filename(filename),
                 }
 
         try:
             stats = None
             if 'p' in opts:
                 stats = self._run_with_profiler(code, opts, code_ns)
             else:
                 if 'd' in opts:
                     bp_file, bp_line = parse_breakpoint(
                         opts.get('b', ['1'])[0], filename)
                     self._run_with_debugger(
                         code, code_ns, filename, bp_line, bp_file)
                 else:
                     if 'm' in opts:
                         def run():
                             self.shell.safe_run_module(modulename, prog_ns)
                     else:
                         if runner is None:
                             runner = self.default_runner
                         if runner is None:
                             runner = self.shell.safe_execfile
 
                         def run():
                             runner(filename, prog_ns, prog_ns,
                                     exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
 
                     if 't' in opts:
                         # timed execution
                         try:
                             nruns = int(opts['N'][0])
                             if nruns < 1:
                                 error('Number of runs must be >=1')
                                 return
                         except (KeyError):
                             nruns = 1
                         self._run_with_timing(run, nruns)
                     else:
                         # regular execution
                         run()
 
             if 'i' in opts:
                 self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] = __name__save
             else:
                 # update IPython interactive namespace
 
                 # Some forms of read errors on the file may mean the
                 # __name__ key was never set; using pop we don't have to
                 # worry about a possible KeyError.
                 prog_ns.pop('__name__', None)
 
                 with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'):
                     self.shell.user_ns.update(prog_ns)
         finally:
             # It's a bit of a mystery why, but __builtins__ can change from
             # being a module to becoming a dict missing some key data after
             # %run.  As best I can see, this is NOT something IPython is doing
             # at all, and similar problems have been reported before:
             # http://coding.derkeiler.com/Archive/Python/comp.lang.python/2004-10/0188.html
             # Since this seems to be done by the interpreter itself, the best
             # we can do is to at least restore __builtins__ for the user on
             # exit.
             self.shell.user_ns['__builtins__'] = builtin_mod
 
             # Ensure key global structures are restored
             sys.argv = save_argv
             if restore_main:
                 sys.modules['__main__'] = restore_main
                 if '__mp_main__' in sys.modules:
                     sys.modules['__mp_main__'] = restore_main
             else:
                 # Remove from sys.modules the reference to main_mod we'd
                 # added.  Otherwise it will trap references to objects
                 # contained therein.
                 del sys.modules[main_mod_name]
 
         return stats
 
     def _run_with_debugger(self, code, code_ns, filename=None,
                            bp_line=None, bp_file=None):
         """
         Run `code` in debugger with a break point.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : str
             Code to execute.
         code_ns : dict
             A namespace in which `code` is executed.
         filename : str
             `code` is ran as if it is in `filename`.
         bp_line : int, optional
             Line number of the break point.
         bp_file : str, optional
             Path to the file in which break point is specified.
             `filename` is used if not given.
 
         Raises
         ------
         UsageError
             If the break point given by `bp_line` is not valid.
 
         """
         deb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb
         if not deb:
             self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.debugger_cls()
             deb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb
 
         # deb.checkline() fails if deb.curframe exists but is None; it can
         # handle it not existing. https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10028
         if hasattr(deb, 'curframe'):
             del deb.curframe
 
         # reset Breakpoint state, which is moronically kept
         # in a class
         bdb.Breakpoint.next = 1
         bdb.Breakpoint.bplist = {}
         bdb.Breakpoint.bpbynumber = [None]
         deb.clear_all_breaks()
         if bp_line is not None:
             # Set an initial breakpoint to stop execution
             maxtries = 10
             bp_file = bp_file or filename
             checkline = deb.checkline(bp_file, bp_line)
             if not checkline:
                 for bp in range(bp_line + 1, bp_line + maxtries + 1):
                     if deb.checkline(bp_file, bp):
                         break
                 else:
                     msg = ("\nI failed to find a valid line to set "
                            "a breakpoint\n"
                            "after trying up to line: %s.\n"
                            "Please set a valid breakpoint manually "
                            "with the -b option." % bp)
                     raise UsageError(msg)
             # if we find a good linenumber, set the breakpoint
             deb.do_break('%s:%s' % (bp_file, bp_line))
 
         if filename:
             # Mimic Pdb._runscript(...)
             deb._wait_for_mainpyfile = True
             deb.mainpyfile = deb.canonic(filename)
 
         # Start file run
         print("NOTE: Enter 'c' at the %s prompt to continue execution." % deb.prompt)
         try:
             if filename:
                 # save filename so it can be used by methods on the deb object
                 deb._exec_filename = filename
             while True:
                 try:
                     trace = sys.gettrace()
                     deb.run(code, code_ns)
                 except Restart:
                     print("Restarting")
                     if filename:
                         deb._wait_for_mainpyfile = True
                         deb.mainpyfile = deb.canonic(filename)
                     continue
                 else:
                     break
                 finally:
                     sys.settrace(trace)
             
 
         except:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             # Skip three frames in the traceback: the %run one,
             # one inside bdb.py, and the command-line typed by the
             # user (run by exec in pdb itself).
             self.shell.InteractiveTB(etype, value, tb, tb_offset=3)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _run_with_timing(run, nruns):
         """
         Run function `run` and print timing information.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         run : callable
             Any callable object which takes no argument.
         nruns : int
             Number of times to execute `run`.
 
         """
         twall0 = time.perf_counter()
         if nruns == 1:
             t0 = clock2()
             run()
             t1 = clock2()
             t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
             t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
             print("\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):")
             print("  User   : %10.2f s." % t_usr)
             print("  System : %10.2f s." % t_sys)
         else:
             runs = range(nruns)
             t0 = clock2()
             for nr in runs:
                 run()
             t1 = clock2()
             t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
             t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
             print("\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):")
             print("Total runs performed:", nruns)
             print("  Times  : %10s   %10s" % ('Total', 'Per run'))
             print("  User   : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_usr, t_usr / nruns))
             print("  System : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_sys, t_sys / nruns))
         twall1 = time.perf_counter()
         print("Wall time: %10.2f s." % (twall1 - twall0))
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     @needs_local_scope
     def timeit(self, line='', cell=None, local_ns=None):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression
 
         Usage, in line mode:
           %timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c] -q -p<P> -o] statement
         or in cell mode:
           %%timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c] -q -p<P> -o] setup_code
           code
           code...
 
         Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit
         module.  This function can be used both as a line and cell magic:
 
         - In line mode you can time a single-line statement (though multiple
           ones can be chained with using semicolons).
 
         - In cell mode, the statement in the first line is used as setup code
           (executed but not timed) and the body of the cell is timed.  The cell
           body has access to any variables created in the setup code.
 
         Options:
         -n<N>: execute the given statement <N> times in a loop. If <N> is not
         provided, <N> is determined so as to get sufficient accuracy.
 
         -r<R>: number of repeats <R>, each consisting of <N> loops, and take the
         best result.
         Default: 7
 
         -t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix.
         This function measures wall time.
 
         -c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on
         Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used
         instead and returns the CPU user time.
 
         -p<P>: use a precision of <P> digits to display the timing result.
         Default: 3
 
         -q: Quiet, do not print result.
 
         -o: return a TimeitResult that can be stored in a variable to inspect
             the result in more details.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: %timeit pass
           8.26 ns ± 0.12 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000000 loops each)
 
           In [2]: u = None
 
           In [3]: %timeit u is None
           29.9 ns ± 0.643 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000000 loops each)
 
           In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None
 
           In [5]: import time
 
           In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2)
 
         The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those
         reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is
         due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace
         of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup
         statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias
         does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with
         those from %timeit."""
 
         opts, stmt = self.parse_options(
             line, "n:r:tcp:qo", posix=False, strict=False, preserve_non_opts=True
         )
         if stmt == "" and cell is None:
             return
         
         timefunc = timeit.default_timer
         number = int(getattr(opts, "n", 0))
         default_repeat = 7 if timeit.default_repeat < 7 else timeit.default_repeat
         repeat = int(getattr(opts, "r", default_repeat))
         precision = int(getattr(opts, "p", 3))
         quiet = 'q' in opts
         return_result = 'o' in opts
         if hasattr(opts, "t"):
             timefunc = time.time
         if hasattr(opts, "c"):
             timefunc = clock
 
         timer = Timer(timer=timefunc)
         # this code has tight coupling to the inner workings of timeit.Timer,
         # but is there a better way to achieve that the code stmt has access
         # to the shell namespace?
         transform  = self.shell.transform_cell
 
         if cell is None:
             # called as line magic
             ast_setup = self.shell.compile.ast_parse("pass")
             ast_stmt = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(stmt))
         else:
             ast_setup = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(stmt))
             ast_stmt = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(cell))
 
         ast_setup = self.shell.transform_ast(ast_setup)
         ast_stmt = self.shell.transform_ast(ast_stmt)
 
         # Check that these compile to valid Python code *outside* the timer func
         # Invalid code may become valid when put inside the function & loop,
         # which messes up error messages.
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10636
         self.shell.compile(ast_setup, "<magic-timeit-setup>", "exec")
         self.shell.compile(ast_stmt, "<magic-timeit-stmt>", "exec")
 
         # This codestring is taken from timeit.template - we fill it in as an
         # AST, so that we can apply our AST transformations to the user code
         # without affecting the timing code.
         timeit_ast_template = ast.parse('def inner(_it, _timer):\n'
                                         '    setup\n'
                                         '    _t0 = _timer()\n'
                                         '    for _i in _it:\n'
                                         '        stmt\n'
                                         '    _t1 = _timer()\n'
                                         '    return _t1 - _t0\n')
 
         timeit_ast = TimeitTemplateFiller(ast_setup, ast_stmt).visit(timeit_ast_template)
         timeit_ast = ast.fix_missing_locations(timeit_ast)
 
         # Track compilation time so it can be reported if too long
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
 
         t0 = clock()
         code = self.shell.compile(timeit_ast, "<magic-timeit>", "exec")
         tc = clock()-t0
 
         ns = {}
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         # handles global vars with same name as local vars. We store them in conflict_globs.
         conflict_globs = {}
         if local_ns and cell is None:
             for var_name, var_val in glob.items():
                 if var_name in local_ns:
                     conflict_globs[var_name] = var_val
             glob.update(local_ns)
             
         exec(code, glob, ns)
         timer.inner = ns["inner"]
 
         # This is used to check if there is a huge difference between the
         # best and worst timings.
         # Issue: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/6471
         if number == 0:
             # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
             for index in range(0, 10):
                 number = 10 ** index
                 time_number = timer.timeit(number)
                 if time_number >= 0.2:
                     break
 
         all_runs = timer.repeat(repeat, number)
         best = min(all_runs) / number
         worst = max(all_runs) / number
         timeit_result = TimeitResult(number, repeat, best, worst, all_runs, tc, precision)
 
         # Restore global vars from conflict_globs
         if conflict_globs:
            glob.update(conflict_globs)
                 
         if not quiet :
             # Check best timing is greater than zero to avoid a
             # ZeroDivisionError.
             # In cases where the slowest timing is lesser than a microsecond
             # we assume that it does not really matter if the fastest
             # timing is 4 times faster than the slowest timing or not.
             if worst > 4 * best and best > 0 and worst > 1e-6:
                 print("The slowest run took %0.2f times longer than the "
                       "fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result "
                       "is being cached." % (worst / best))
            
             print( timeit_result )
 
             if tc > tc_min:
                 print("Compiler time: %.2f s" % tc)
         if return_result:
             return timeit_result
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @needs_local_scope
     @line_cell_magic
     def time(self,line='', cell=None, local_ns=None):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
 
         The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the
         expression (if any) is returned.  Note that under Win32, system time
         is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.
 
         This function can be used both as a line and cell magic:
 
         - In line mode you can time a single-line statement (though multiple
           ones can be chained with using semicolons).
 
         - In cell mode, you can time the cell body (a directly
           following statement raises an error).
 
         This function provides very basic timing functionality.  Use the timeit
         magic for more control over the measurement.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: %time 2**128
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
           Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
 
           In [2]: n = 1000000
 
           In [3]: %time sum(range(n))
           CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s
           Wall time: 1.37
           Out[3]: 499999500000L
 
           In [4]: %time print 'hello world'
           hello world
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
 
         .. note::
             The time needed by Python to compile the given expression will be
             reported if it is more than 0.1s.
 
             In the example below, the actual exponentiation is done by Python
             at compilation time, so while the expression can take a noticeable
             amount of time to compute, that time is purely due to the
             compilation::
 
                 In [5]: %time 3**9999;
                 CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
                 Wall time: 0.00 s
 
                 In [6]: %time 3**999999;
                 CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
                 Wall time: 0.00 s
                 Compiler : 0.78 s
         """
         # fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled
         
         if line and cell:
             raise UsageError("Can't use statement directly after '%%time'!")
         
         if cell:
             expr = self.shell.transform_cell(cell)
         else:
             expr = self.shell.transform_cell(line)
 
         # Minimum time above which parse time will be reported
         tp_min = 0.1
 
         t0 = clock()
         expr_ast = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(expr)
         tp = clock()-t0
 
         # Apply AST transformations
         expr_ast = self.shell.transform_ast(expr_ast)
 
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
 
         expr_val=None
         if len(expr_ast.body)==1 and isinstance(expr_ast.body[0], ast.Expr):
             mode = 'eval'
             source = '<timed eval>'
             expr_ast = ast.Expression(expr_ast.body[0].value)
         else:
             mode = 'exec'
             source = '<timed exec>'
             # multi-line %%time case
             if len(expr_ast.body) > 1 and isinstance(expr_ast.body[-1], ast.Expr):
                 expr_val= expr_ast.body[-1]
                 expr_ast = expr_ast.body[:-1]
                 expr_ast = Module(expr_ast, [])
                 expr_val = ast.Expression(expr_val.value)
 
         t0 = clock()
         code = self.shell.compile(expr_ast, source, mode)
         tc = clock()-t0
 
         # skew measurement as little as possible
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         wtime = time.time
         # time execution
         wall_st = wtime()
         if mode=='eval':
             st = clock2()
             try:
                 out = eval(code, glob, local_ns)
             except:
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
                 return
             end = clock2()
         else:
             st = clock2()
             try:
                 exec(code, glob, local_ns)
                 out=None
                 # multi-line %%time case
                 if expr_val is not None:
                     code_2 = self.shell.compile(expr_val, source, 'eval')
                     out = eval(code_2, glob, local_ns)
             except:
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
                 return
             end = clock2()
 
         wall_end = wtime()
         # Compute actual times and report
         wall_time = wall_end - wall_st
         cpu_user = end[0] - st[0]
         cpu_sys = end[1] - st[1]
         cpu_tot = cpu_user + cpu_sys
         # On windows cpu_sys is always zero, so only total is displayed
         if sys.platform != "win32":
             print(
                 f"CPU times: user {_format_time(cpu_user)}, sys: {_format_time(cpu_sys)}, total: {_format_time(cpu_tot)}"
             )
         else:
             print(f"CPU times: total: {_format_time(cpu_tot)}")
         print(f"Wall time: {_format_time(wall_time)}")
         if tc > tc_min:
             print(f"Compiler : {_format_time(tc)}")
         if tp > tp_min:
             print(f"Parser   : {_format_time(tp)}")
         return out
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def macro(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Define a macro for future re-execution. It accepts ranges of history,
         filenames or string objects.
 
         Usage:\\
           %macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
 
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed at the
           command line is used instead.
           
           -q: quiet macro definition.  By default, a tag line is printed 
           to indicate the macro has been created, and then the contents of 
           the macro are printed.  If this option is given, then no printout
           is produced once the macro is created.
 
         This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string
         made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers
         above) from your input history into a single string. This variable
         acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if
         you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code
         executes.
 
         The syntax for indicating input ranges is described in %history.
 
         Note: as a 'hidden' feature, you can also use traditional python slice
         notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1.
 
         For example, if your history contains (print using %hist -n )::
 
           44: x=1
           45: y=3
           46: z=x+y
           47: print x
           48: a=5
           49: print 'x',x,'y',y
 
         you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49
         called my_macro with::
 
           In [55]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49
 
         Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code
         in one pass.
 
         You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line
         number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any
         lines from your input history in any order.
 
         The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute,
         but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as
         code instead of printing them when you type their name.
 
         You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with::
 
           print macro_name
 
         """
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'rq',mode='list')
         if not args:   # List existing macros
             return sorted(k for k,v in self.shell.user_ns.items() if isinstance(v, Macro))
         if len(args) == 1:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%macro insufficient args; usage '%macro name n1-n2 n3-4...")
         name, codefrom = args[0], " ".join(args[1:])
 
         #print 'rng',ranges  # dbg
         try:
             lines = self.shell.find_user_code(codefrom, 'r' in opts)
         except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
             print(e.args[0])
             return
         macro = Macro(lines)
         self.shell.define_macro(name, macro)
         if not ( 'q' in opts) : 
             print('Macro `%s` created. To execute, type its name (without quotes).' % name)
             print('=== Macro contents: ===')
             print(macro, end=' ')
 
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument('output', type=str, default='', nargs='?',
         help="""The name of the variable in which to store output.
         This is a utils.io.CapturedIO object with stdout/err attributes
         for the text of the captured output.
 
         CapturedOutput also has a show() method for displaying the output,
         and __call__ as well, so you can use that to quickly display the
         output.
 
         If unspecified, captured output is discarded.
         """
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-stderr', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture stderr."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-stdout', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture stdout."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-display', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture IPython's rich display."""
     )
     @cell_magic
     def capture(self, line, cell):
         """run the cell, capturing stdout, stderr, and IPython's rich display() calls."""
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.capture, line)
         out = not args.no_stdout
         err = not args.no_stderr
         disp = not args.no_display
         with capture_output(out, err, disp) as io:
             self.shell.run_cell(cell)
         if args.output:
             self.shell.user_ns[args.output] = io
 
 def parse_breakpoint(text, current_file):
     '''Returns (file, line) for file:line and (current_file, line) for line'''
     colon = text.find(':')
     if colon == -1:
         return current_file, int(text)
     else:
         return text[:colon], int(text[colon+1:])
     
 def _format_time(timespan, precision=3):
     """Formats the timespan in a human readable form"""
 
     if timespan >= 60.0:
         # we have more than a minute, format that in a human readable form
         # Idea from http://snipplr.com/view/5713/
         parts = [("d", 60*60*24),("h", 60*60),("min", 60), ("s", 1)]
         time = []
         leftover = timespan
         for suffix, length in parts:
             value = int(leftover / length)
             if value > 0:
                 leftover = leftover % length
                 time.append(u'%s%s' % (str(value), suffix))
             if leftover < 1:
                 break
         return " ".join(time)
 
     
     # Unfortunately the unicode 'micro' symbol can cause problems in
     # certain terminals.  
     # See bug: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/348466
     # Try to prevent crashes by being more secure than it needs to
     # E.g. eclipse is able to print a µ, but has no sys.stdout.encoding set.
     units = [u"s", u"ms",u'us',"ns"] # the save value   
     if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding') and sys.stdout.encoding:
         try:
             u'\xb5'.encode(sys.stdout.encoding)
             units = [u"s", u"ms",u'\xb5s',"ns"]
         except:
             pass
     scaling = [1, 1e3, 1e6, 1e9]
         
     if timespan > 0.0:
         order = min(-int(math.floor(math.log10(timespan)) // 3), 3)
     else:
         order = 3
     return u"%.*g %s" % (precision, timespan * scaling[order], units[order])

IPython/core/magics/script.py

@@ -1,362 +1,362 b''
 """Magic functions for running cells in various scripts."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import asyncio
 import atexit
 import errno
 import os
 import signal
 import sys
 import time
 from subprocess import CalledProcessError
 from threading import Thread
 
 from traitlets import Any, Dict, List, default
 
 from IPython.core import magic_arguments
 from IPython.core.async_helpers import _AsyncIOProxy
 from IPython.core.magic import Magics, cell_magic, line_magic, magics_class
 from IPython.utils.process import arg_split
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Magic implementation classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def script_args(f):
     """single decorator for adding script args"""
     args = [
         magic_arguments.argument(
             '--out', type=str,
             help="""The variable in which to store stdout from the script.
             If the script is backgrounded, this will be the stdout *pipe*,
             instead of the stderr text itself and will not be auto closed.
             """
         ),
         magic_arguments.argument(
             '--err', type=str,
             help="""The variable in which to store stderr from the script.
             If the script is backgrounded, this will be the stderr *pipe*,
             instead of the stderr text itself and will not be autoclosed.
             """
         ),
         magic_arguments.argument(
             '--bg', action="store_true",
             help="""Whether to run the script in the background.
             If given, the only way to see the output of the command is
             with --out/err.
             """
         ),
         magic_arguments.argument(
             '--proc', type=str,
             help="""The variable in which to store Popen instance.
             This is used only when --bg option is given.
             """
         ),
         magic_arguments.argument(
             '--no-raise-error', action="store_false", dest='raise_error',
             help="""Whether you should raise an error message in addition to
             a stream on stderr if you get a nonzero exit code.
-            """
-        )
+            """,
+        ),
     ]
     for arg in args:
         f = arg(f)
     return f
 
 
 @magics_class
 class ScriptMagics(Magics):
     """Magics for talking to scripts
     
     This defines a base `%%script` cell magic for running a cell
     with a program in a subprocess, and registers a few top-level
     magics that call %%script with common interpreters.
     """
 
     event_loop = Any(
         help="""
         The event loop on which to run subprocesses
 
         Not the main event loop,
         because we want to be able to make blocking calls
         and have certain requirements we don't want to impose on the main loop.
         """
     )
 
     script_magics = List(
         help="""Extra script cell magics to define
         
         This generates simple wrappers of `%%script foo` as `%%foo`.
         
         If you want to add script magics that aren't on your path,
         specify them in script_paths
         """,
     ).tag(config=True)
     @default('script_magics')
     def _script_magics_default(self):
         """default to a common list of programs"""
         
         defaults = [
             'sh',
             'bash',
             'perl',
             'ruby',
             'python',
             'python2',
             'python3',
             'pypy',
         ]
         if os.name == 'nt':
             defaults.extend([
                 'cmd',
             ])
         
         return defaults
     
     script_paths = Dict(
         help="""Dict mapping short 'ruby' names to full paths, such as '/opt/secret/bin/ruby'
         
         Only necessary for items in script_magics where the default path will not
         find the right interpreter.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     
     def __init__(self, shell=None):
         super(ScriptMagics, self).__init__(shell=shell)
         self._generate_script_magics()
         self.bg_processes = []
         atexit.register(self.kill_bg_processes)
 
     def __del__(self):
         self.kill_bg_processes()
     
     def _generate_script_magics(self):
         cell_magics = self.magics['cell']
         for name in self.script_magics:
             cell_magics[name] = self._make_script_magic(name)
     
     def _make_script_magic(self, name):
         """make a named magic, that calls %%script with a particular program"""
         # expand to explicit path if necessary:
         script = self.script_paths.get(name, name)
         
         @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
         @script_args
         def named_script_magic(line, cell):
             # if line, add it as cl-flags
             if line:
                 line = "%s %s" % (script, line)
             else:
                 line = script
             return self.shebang(line, cell)
         
         # write a basic docstring:
         named_script_magic.__doc__ = \
         """%%{name} script magic
         
         Run cells with {script} in a subprocess.
         
         This is a shortcut for `%%script {script}`
         """.format(**locals())
         
         return named_script_magic
     
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @script_args
     @cell_magic("script")
     def shebang(self, line, cell):
         """Run a cell via a shell command
 
         The `%%script` line is like the #! line of script,
         specifying a program (bash, perl, ruby, etc.) with which to run.
 
         The rest of the cell is run by that program.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
             In [1]: %%script bash
                ...: for i in 1 2 3; do
                ...:   echo $i
                ...: done
             1
             2
             3
         """
 
         # Create the event loop in which to run script magics
         # this operates on a background thread
         if self.event_loop is None:
             if sys.platform == "win32":
                 # don't override the current policy,
                 # just create an event loop
                 event_loop = asyncio.WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy().new_event_loop()
             else:
                 event_loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
             self.event_loop = event_loop
 
             # start the loop in a background thread
             asyncio_thread = Thread(target=event_loop.run_forever, daemon=True)
             asyncio_thread.start()
         else:
             event_loop = self.event_loop
 
         def in_thread(coro):
             """Call a coroutine on the asyncio thread"""
             return asyncio.run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro, event_loop).result()
 
         async def _handle_stream(stream, stream_arg, file_object):
             while True:
                 line = (await stream.readline()).decode("utf8")
                 if not line:
                     break
                 if stream_arg:
                     self.shell.user_ns[stream_arg] = line
                 else:
                     file_object.write(line)
                     file_object.flush()
 
         async def _stream_communicate(process, cell):
             process.stdin.write(cell)
             process.stdin.close()
             stdout_task = asyncio.create_task(
                 _handle_stream(process.stdout, args.out, sys.stdout)
             )
             stderr_task = asyncio.create_task(
                 _handle_stream(process.stderr, args.err, sys.stderr)
             )
             await asyncio.wait([stdout_task, stderr_task])
             await process.wait()
 
         argv = arg_split(line, posix=not sys.platform.startswith("win"))
         args, cmd = self.shebang.parser.parse_known_args(argv)
 
         try:
             p = in_thread(
                 asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
                     *cmd,
                     stdout=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
                     stderr=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
                     stdin=asyncio.subprocess.PIPE,
                 )
             )
         except OSError as e:
             if e.errno == errno.ENOENT:
                 print("Couldn't find program: %r" % cmd[0])
                 return
             else:
                 raise
 
         if not cell.endswith('\n'):
             cell += '\n'
         cell = cell.encode('utf8', 'replace')
         if args.bg:
             self.bg_processes.append(p)
             self._gc_bg_processes()
             to_close = []
             if args.out:
                 self.shell.user_ns[args.out] = _AsyncIOProxy(p.stdout, event_loop)
             else:
                 to_close.append(p.stdout)
             if args.err:
                 self.shell.user_ns[args.err] = _AsyncIOProxy(p.stderr, event_loop)
             else:
                 to_close.append(p.stderr)
             event_loop.call_soon_threadsafe(
                 lambda: asyncio.Task(self._run_script(p, cell, to_close))
             )
             if args.proc:
                 proc_proxy = _AsyncIOProxy(p, event_loop)
                 proc_proxy.stdout = _AsyncIOProxy(p.stdout, event_loop)
                 proc_proxy.stderr = _AsyncIOProxy(p.stderr, event_loop)
                 self.shell.user_ns[args.proc] = proc_proxy
             return
 
         try:
             in_thread(_stream_communicate(p, cell))
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             try:
                 p.send_signal(signal.SIGINT)
                 in_thread(asyncio.wait_for(p.wait(), timeout=0.1))
                 if p.returncode is not None:
                     print("Process is interrupted.")
                     return
                 p.terminate()
                 in_thread(asyncio.wait_for(p.wait(), timeout=0.1))
                 if p.returncode is not None:
                     print("Process is terminated.")
                     return
                 p.kill()
                 print("Process is killed.")
             except OSError:
                 pass
             except Exception as e:
                 print("Error while terminating subprocess (pid=%i): %s" % (p.pid, e))
             return
 
         if args.raise_error and p.returncode != 0:
             # If we get here and p.returncode is still None, we must have
             # killed it but not yet seen its return code. We don't wait for it,
             # in case it's stuck in uninterruptible sleep. -9 = SIGKILL
             rc = p.returncode or -9
             raise CalledProcessError(rc, cell)
 
     shebang.__skip_doctest__ = os.name != "posix"
 
     async def _run_script(self, p, cell, to_close):
         """callback for running the script in the background"""
 
         p.stdin.write(cell)
         await p.stdin.drain()
         p.stdin.close()
         await p.stdin.wait_closed()
         await p.wait()
         # asyncio read pipes have no close
         # but we should drain the data anyway
         for s in to_close:
             await s.read()
         self._gc_bg_processes()
 
     @line_magic("killbgscripts")
     def killbgscripts(self, _nouse_=''):
         """Kill all BG processes started by %%script and its family."""
         self.kill_bg_processes()
         print("All background processes were killed.")
 
     def kill_bg_processes(self):
         """Kill all BG processes which are still running."""
         if not self.bg_processes:
             return
         for p in self.bg_processes:
             if p.returncode is None:
                 try:
                     p.send_signal(signal.SIGINT)
                 except:
                     pass
         time.sleep(0.1)
         self._gc_bg_processes()
         if not self.bg_processes:
             return
         for p in self.bg_processes:
             if p.returncode is None:
                 try:
                     p.terminate()
                 except:
                     pass
         time.sleep(0.1)
         self._gc_bg_processes()
         if not self.bg_processes:
             return
         for p in self.bg_processes:
             if p.returncode is None:
                 try:
                     p.kill()
                 except:
                     pass
         self._gc_bg_processes()
 
     def _gc_bg_processes(self):
         self.bg_processes = [p for p in self.bg_processes if p.returncode is None]

IPython/core/tests/test_inputtransformer2.py

@@ -1,442 +1,443 b''
 """Tests for the token-based transformers in IPython.core.inputtransformer2
 
 Line-based transformers are the simpler ones; token-based transformers are
 more complex. See test_inputtransformer2_line for tests for line-based
 transformations.
 """
 import platform
 import string
 import sys
 from textwrap import dedent
 
 import pytest
 
 from IPython.core import inputtransformer2 as ipt2
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer2 import _find_assign_op, make_tokens_by_line
 
 MULTILINE_MAGIC = (
     """\
 a = f()
 %foo \\
 bar
 g()
 """.splitlines(
         keepends=True
     ),
     (2, 0),
     """\
 a = f()
 get_ipython().run_line_magic('foo', ' bar')
 g()
 """.splitlines(
         keepends=True
     ),
 )
 
 INDENTED_MAGIC = (
     """\
 for a in range(5):
     %ls
 """.splitlines(
         keepends=True
     ),
     (2, 4),
     """\
 for a in range(5):
     get_ipython().run_line_magic('ls', '')
 """.splitlines(
         keepends=True
     ),
 )
 
 CRLF_MAGIC = (
     ["a = f()\n", "%ls\r\n", "g()\n"],
     (2, 0),
     ["a = f()\n", "get_ipython().run_line_magic('ls', '')\n", "g()\n"],
 )
 
 MULTILINE_MAGIC_ASSIGN = (
     """\
 a = f()
 b = %foo \\
   bar
 g()
 """.splitlines(
         keepends=True
     ),
     (2, 4),
     """\
 a = f()
 b = get_ipython().run_line_magic('foo', '   bar')
 g()
 """.splitlines(
         keepends=True
     ),
 )
 
 MULTILINE_SYSTEM_ASSIGN = ("""\
 a = f()
 b = !foo \\
   bar
 g()
 """.splitlines(keepends=True), (2, 4), """\
 a = f()
 b = get_ipython().getoutput('foo    bar')
 g()
 """.splitlines(keepends=True))
 
 #####
 
-MULTILINE_SYSTEM_ASSIGN_AFTER_DEDENT = ("""\
+MULTILINE_SYSTEM_ASSIGN_AFTER_DEDENT = (
+    """\
 def test():
   for i in range(1):
     print(i)
   res =! ls
 """.splitlines(
         keepends=True
     ),
     (4, 7),
     """\
 def test():
   for i in range(1):
     print(i)
   res =get_ipython().getoutput(\' ls\')
 """.splitlines(
         keepends=True
     ),
 )
 
 ######
 
 AUTOCALL_QUOTE = ([",f 1 2 3\n"], (1, 0), ['f("1", "2", "3")\n'])
 
 AUTOCALL_QUOTE2 = ([";f 1 2 3\n"], (1, 0), ['f("1 2 3")\n'])
 
 AUTOCALL_PAREN = (["/f 1 2 3\n"], (1, 0), ["f(1, 2, 3)\n"])
 
 SIMPLE_HELP = (["foo?\n"], (1, 0), ["get_ipython().run_line_magic('pinfo', 'foo')\n"])
 
 DETAILED_HELP = (
     ["foo??\n"],
     (1, 0),
     ["get_ipython().run_line_magic('pinfo2', 'foo')\n"],
 )
 
 MAGIC_HELP = (["%foo?\n"], (1, 0), ["get_ipython().run_line_magic('pinfo', '%foo')\n"])
 
 HELP_IN_EXPR = (
     ["a = b + c?\n"],
     (1, 0),
     ["get_ipython().run_line_magic('pinfo', 'c')\n"],
 )
 
 HELP_CONTINUED_LINE = (
     """\
 a = \\
 zip?
 """.splitlines(
         keepends=True
     ),
     (1, 0),
     [r"get_ipython().run_line_magic('pinfo', 'zip')" + "\n"],
 )
 
 HELP_MULTILINE = (
     """\
 (a,
 b) = zip?
 """.splitlines(
         keepends=True
     ),
     (1, 0),
     [r"get_ipython().run_line_magic('pinfo', 'zip')" + "\n"],
 )
 
 HELP_UNICODE = (
     ["π.foo?\n"],
     (1, 0),
     ["get_ipython().run_line_magic('pinfo', 'π.foo')\n"],
 )
 
 
 def null_cleanup_transformer(lines):
     """
     A cleanup transform that returns an empty list.
     """
     return []
 
 
 def test_check_make_token_by_line_never_ends_empty():
     """
     Check that not sequence of single or double characters ends up leading to en empty list of tokens
     """
     from string import printable
 
     for c in printable:
         assert make_tokens_by_line(c)[-1] != []
         for k in printable:
             assert make_tokens_by_line(c + k)[-1] != []
 
 
 def check_find(transformer, case, match=True):
     sample, expected_start, _ = case
     tbl = make_tokens_by_line(sample)
     res = transformer.find(tbl)
     if match:
         # start_line is stored 0-indexed, expected values are 1-indexed
         assert (res.start_line + 1, res.start_col) == expected_start
         return res
     else:
         assert res is None
 
 
 def check_transform(transformer_cls, case):
     lines, start, expected = case
     transformer = transformer_cls(start)
     assert transformer.transform(lines) == expected
 
 
 def test_continued_line():
     lines = MULTILINE_MAGIC_ASSIGN[0]
     assert ipt2.find_end_of_continued_line(lines, 1) == 2
 
     assert ipt2.assemble_continued_line(lines, (1, 5), 2) == "foo    bar"
 
 
 def test_find_assign_magic():
     check_find(ipt2.MagicAssign, MULTILINE_MAGIC_ASSIGN)
     check_find(ipt2.MagicAssign, MULTILINE_SYSTEM_ASSIGN, match=False)
     check_find(ipt2.MagicAssign, MULTILINE_SYSTEM_ASSIGN_AFTER_DEDENT, match=False)
 
 
 def test_transform_assign_magic():
     check_transform(ipt2.MagicAssign, MULTILINE_MAGIC_ASSIGN)
 
 
 def test_find_assign_system():
     check_find(ipt2.SystemAssign, MULTILINE_SYSTEM_ASSIGN)
     check_find(ipt2.SystemAssign, MULTILINE_SYSTEM_ASSIGN_AFTER_DEDENT)
     check_find(ipt2.SystemAssign, (["a =  !ls\n"], (1, 5), None))
     check_find(ipt2.SystemAssign, (["a=!ls\n"], (1, 2), None))
     check_find(ipt2.SystemAssign, MULTILINE_MAGIC_ASSIGN, match=False)
 
 
 def test_transform_assign_system():
     check_transform(ipt2.SystemAssign, MULTILINE_SYSTEM_ASSIGN)
     check_transform(ipt2.SystemAssign, MULTILINE_SYSTEM_ASSIGN_AFTER_DEDENT)
 
 
 def test_find_magic_escape():
     check_find(ipt2.EscapedCommand, MULTILINE_MAGIC)
     check_find(ipt2.EscapedCommand, INDENTED_MAGIC)
     check_find(ipt2.EscapedCommand, MULTILINE_MAGIC_ASSIGN, match=False)
 
 
 def test_transform_magic_escape():
     check_transform(ipt2.EscapedCommand, MULTILINE_MAGIC)
     check_transform(ipt2.EscapedCommand, INDENTED_MAGIC)
     check_transform(ipt2.EscapedCommand, CRLF_MAGIC)
 
 
 def test_find_autocalls():
     for case in [AUTOCALL_QUOTE, AUTOCALL_QUOTE2, AUTOCALL_PAREN]:
         print("Testing %r" % case[0])
         check_find(ipt2.EscapedCommand, case)
 
 
 def test_transform_autocall():
     for case in [AUTOCALL_QUOTE, AUTOCALL_QUOTE2, AUTOCALL_PAREN]:
         print("Testing %r" % case[0])
         check_transform(ipt2.EscapedCommand, case)
 
 
 def test_find_help():
     for case in [SIMPLE_HELP, DETAILED_HELP, MAGIC_HELP, HELP_IN_EXPR]:
         check_find(ipt2.HelpEnd, case)
 
     tf = check_find(ipt2.HelpEnd, HELP_CONTINUED_LINE)
     assert tf.q_line == 1
     assert tf.q_col == 3
 
     tf = check_find(ipt2.HelpEnd, HELP_MULTILINE)
     assert tf.q_line == 1
     assert tf.q_col == 8
 
     # ? in a comment does not trigger help
     check_find(ipt2.HelpEnd, (["foo # bar?\n"], None, None), match=False)
     # Nor in a string
     check_find(ipt2.HelpEnd, (["foo = '''bar?\n"], None, None), match=False)
 
 
 def test_transform_help():
     tf = ipt2.HelpEnd((1, 0), (1, 9))
     assert tf.transform(HELP_IN_EXPR[0]) == HELP_IN_EXPR[2]
 
     tf = ipt2.HelpEnd((1, 0), (2, 3))
     assert tf.transform(HELP_CONTINUED_LINE[0]) == HELP_CONTINUED_LINE[2]
 
     tf = ipt2.HelpEnd((1, 0), (2, 8))
     assert tf.transform(HELP_MULTILINE[0]) == HELP_MULTILINE[2]
 
     tf = ipt2.HelpEnd((1, 0), (1, 0))
     assert tf.transform(HELP_UNICODE[0]) == HELP_UNICODE[2]
 
 
 def test_find_assign_op_dedent():
     """
     be careful that empty token like dedent are not counted as parens
     """
 
     class Tk:
         def __init__(self, s):
             self.string = s
 
     assert _find_assign_op([Tk(s) for s in ("", "a", "=", "b")]) == 2
     assert (
         _find_assign_op([Tk(s) for s in ("", "(", "a", "=", "b", ")", "=", "5")]) == 6
     )
 
 
 examples = [
     pytest.param("a = 1", "complete", None),
     pytest.param("for a in range(5):", "incomplete", 4),
     pytest.param("for a in range(5):\n    if a > 0:", "incomplete", 8),
     pytest.param("raise = 2", "invalid", None),
     pytest.param("a = [1,\n2,", "incomplete", 0),
     pytest.param("(\n))", "incomplete", 0),
     pytest.param("\\\r\n", "incomplete", 0),
     pytest.param("a = '''\n   hi", "incomplete", 3),
     pytest.param("def a():\n x=1\n global x", "invalid", None),
     pytest.param(
         "a \\ ",
         "invalid",
         None,
         marks=pytest.mark.xfail(
             reason="Bug in python 3.9.8 – bpo 45738",
             condition=sys.version_info
             in [(3, 9, 8, "final", 0), (3, 11, 0, "alpha", 2)],
             raises=SystemError,
             strict=True,
         ),
     ),  # Nothing allowed after backslash,
     pytest.param("1\\\n+2", "complete", None),
 ]
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("code, expected, number", examples)
 def test_check_complete_param(code, expected, number):
     cc = ipt2.TransformerManager().check_complete
     assert cc(code) == (expected, number)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.xfail(platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy", reason="fail on pypy")
 @pytest.mark.xfail(
     reason="Bug in python 3.9.8 – bpo 45738",
     condition=sys.version_info in [(3, 9, 8, "final", 0), (3, 11, 0, "alpha", 2)],
     raises=SystemError,
     strict=True,
 )
 def test_check_complete():
     cc = ipt2.TransformerManager().check_complete
 
     example = dedent(
         """
         if True:
             a=1"""
     )
 
     assert cc(example) == ("incomplete", 4)
     assert cc(example + "\n") == ("complete", None)
     assert cc(example + "\n    ") == ("complete", None)
 
     # no need to loop on all the letters/numbers.
     short = "12abAB" + string.printable[62:]
     for c in short:
         # test does not raise:
         cc(c)
         for k in short:
             cc(c + k)
 
     assert cc("def f():\n  x=0\n  \\\n  ") == ("incomplete", 2)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.xfail(platform.python_implementation() == "PyPy", reason="fail on pypy")
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "value, expected",
     [
         ('''def foo():\n    """''', ("incomplete", 4)),
         ("""async with example:\n    pass""", ("incomplete", 4)),
         ("""async with example:\n    pass\n    """, ("complete", None)),
     ],
 )
 def test_check_complete_II(value, expected):
     """
     Test that multiple line strings are properly handled.
 
     Separate test function for convenience
 
     """
     cc = ipt2.TransformerManager().check_complete
     assert cc(value) == expected
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "value, expected",
     [
         (")", ("invalid", None)),
         ("]", ("invalid", None)),
         ("}", ("invalid", None)),
         (")(", ("invalid", None)),
         ("][", ("invalid", None)),
         ("}{", ("invalid", None)),
         ("]()(", ("invalid", None)),
         ("())(", ("invalid", None)),
         (")[](", ("invalid", None)),
         ("()](", ("invalid", None)),
     ],
 )
 def test_check_complete_invalidates_sunken_brackets(value, expected):
     """
     Test that a single line with more closing brackets than the opening ones is
     interpreted as invalid
     """
     cc = ipt2.TransformerManager().check_complete
     assert cc(value) == expected
 
 
 def test_null_cleanup_transformer():
     manager = ipt2.TransformerManager()
     manager.cleanup_transforms.insert(0, null_cleanup_transformer)
     assert manager.transform_cell("") == ""
 
 
 def test_side_effects_I():
     count = 0
 
     def counter(lines):
         nonlocal count
         count += 1
         return lines
 
     counter.has_side_effects = True
 
     manager = ipt2.TransformerManager()
     manager.cleanup_transforms.insert(0, counter)
     assert manager.check_complete("a=1\n") == ("complete", None)
     assert count == 0
 
 
 def test_side_effects_II():
     count = 0
 
     def counter(lines):
         nonlocal count
         count += 1
         return lines
 
     counter.has_side_effects = True
 
     manager = ipt2.TransformerManager()
     manager.line_transforms.insert(0, counter)
     assert manager.check_complete("b=1\n") == ("complete", None)
     assert count == 0

IPython/core/tests/test_interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,1100 +1,1100 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Tests for the key interactiveshell module.
 
 Historically the main classes in interactiveshell have been under-tested.  This
 module should grow as many single-method tests as possible to trap many of the
 recurring bugs we seem to encounter with high-level interaction.
 """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import asyncio
 import ast
 import os
 import signal
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import unittest
 from unittest import mock
 
 from os.path import join
 
 from IPython.core.error import InputRejected
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer import InputTransformer
 from IPython.core import interactiveshell
 from IPython.testing.decorators import (
     skipif, skip_win32, onlyif_unicode_paths, onlyif_cmds_exist,
 )
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 from IPython.utils.process import find_cmd
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # This is used by every single test, no point repeating it ad nauseam
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Tests
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class DerivedInterrupt(KeyboardInterrupt):
     pass
 
 class InteractiveShellTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_naked_string_cells(self):
         """Test that cells with only naked strings are fully executed"""
         # First, single-line inputs
         ip.run_cell('"a"\n')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_'], 'a')
         # And also multi-line cells
         ip.run_cell('"""a\nb"""\n')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_'], 'a\nb')
 
     def test_run_empty_cell(self):
         """Just make sure we don't get a horrible error with a blank
         cell of input. Yes, I did overlook that."""
         old_xc = ip.execution_count
         res = ip.run_cell('')
         self.assertEqual(ip.execution_count, old_xc)
         self.assertEqual(res.execution_count, None)
 
     def test_run_cell_multiline(self):
         """Multi-block, multi-line cells must execute correctly.
         """
         src = '\n'.join(["x=1",
                          "y=2",
                          "if 1:",
                          "    x += 1",
                          "    y += 1",])
         res = ip.run_cell(src)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['x'], 2)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['y'], 3)
         self.assertEqual(res.success, True)
         self.assertEqual(res.result, None)
 
     def test_multiline_string_cells(self):
         "Code sprinkled with multiline strings should execute (GH-306)"
         ip.run_cell('tmp=0')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['tmp'], 0)
         res = ip.run_cell('tmp=1;"""a\nb"""\n')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['tmp'], 1)
         self.assertEqual(res.success, True)
         self.assertEqual(res.result, "a\nb")
 
     def test_dont_cache_with_semicolon(self):
         "Ending a line with semicolon should not cache the returned object (GH-307)"
         oldlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
         for cell in ['1;', '1;1;']:
             res = ip.run_cell(cell, store_history=True)
             newlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
             self.assertEqual(oldlen, newlen)
             self.assertIsNone(res.result)
         i = 0
         #also test the default caching behavior
         for cell in ['1', '1;1']:
             ip.run_cell(cell, store_history=True)
             newlen = len(ip.user_ns['Out'])
             i += 1
             self.assertEqual(oldlen+i, newlen)
 
     def test_syntax_error(self):
         res = ip.run_cell("raise = 3")
         self.assertIsInstance(res.error_before_exec, SyntaxError)
 
     def test_In_variable(self):
         "Verify that In variable grows with user input (GH-284)"
         oldlen = len(ip.user_ns['In'])
         ip.run_cell('1;', store_history=True)
         newlen = len(ip.user_ns['In'])
         self.assertEqual(oldlen+1, newlen)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['In'][-1],'1;')
         
     def test_magic_names_in_string(self):
         ip.run_cell('a = """\n%exit\n"""')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['a'], '\n%exit\n')
     
     def test_trailing_newline(self):
         """test that running !(command) does not raise a SyntaxError"""
         ip.run_cell('!(true)\n', False)
         ip.run_cell('!(true)\n\n\n', False)
     
     def test_gh_597(self):
         """Pretty-printing lists of objects with non-ascii reprs may cause
         problems."""
         class Spam(object):
             def __repr__(self):
                 return "\xe9"*50
         import IPython.core.formatters
         f = IPython.core.formatters.PlainTextFormatter()
         f([Spam(),Spam()])
     
 
     def test_future_flags(self):
         """Check that future flags are used for parsing code (gh-777)"""
         ip.run_cell('from __future__ import barry_as_FLUFL')
         try:
             ip.run_cell('prfunc_return_val = 1 <> 2')
             assert 'prfunc_return_val' in ip.user_ns
         finally:
             # Reset compiler flags so we don't mess up other tests.
             ip.compile.reset_compiler_flags()
 
     def test_can_pickle(self):
         "Can we pickle objects defined interactively (GH-29)"
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.reset()
         ip.run_cell(("class Mylist(list):\n"
                      "    def __init__(self,x=[]):\n"
                      "        list.__init__(self,x)"))
         ip.run_cell("w=Mylist([1,2,3])")
         
         from pickle import dumps
         
         # We need to swap in our main module - this is only necessary
         # inside the test framework, because IPython puts the interactive module
         # in place (but the test framework undoes this).
         _main = sys.modules['__main__']
         sys.modules['__main__'] = ip.user_module
         try:
             res = dumps(ip.user_ns["w"])
         finally:
             sys.modules['__main__'] = _main
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(res, bytes))
         
     def test_global_ns(self):
         "Code in functions must be able to access variables outside them."
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.run_cell("a = 10")
         ip.run_cell(("def f(x):\n"
                      "    return x + a"))
         ip.run_cell("b = f(12)")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["b"], 22)
 
     def test_bad_custom_tb(self):
         """Check that InteractiveShell is protected from bad custom exception handlers"""
         ip.set_custom_exc((IOError,), lambda etype,value,tb: 1/0)
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, (IOError,))
         with tt.AssertPrints("Custom TB Handler failed", channel='stderr'):
             ip.run_cell(u'raise IOError("foo")')
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, ())
 
     def test_bad_custom_tb_return(self):
         """Check that InteractiveShell is protected from bad return types in custom exception handlers"""
         ip.set_custom_exc((NameError,),lambda etype,value,tb, tb_offset=None: 1)
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, (NameError,))
         with tt.AssertPrints("Custom TB Handler failed", channel='stderr'):
             ip.run_cell(u'a=abracadabra')
         self.assertEqual(ip.custom_exceptions, ())
 
     def test_drop_by_id(self):
         myvars = {"a":object(), "b":object(), "c": object()}
         ip.push(myvars, interactive=False)
         for name in myvars:
             assert name in ip.user_ns, name
             assert name in ip.user_ns_hidden, name
         ip.user_ns['b'] = 12
         ip.drop_by_id(myvars)
         for name in ["a", "c"]:
             assert name not in ip.user_ns, name
             assert name not in ip.user_ns_hidden, name
         assert ip.user_ns['b'] == 12
         ip.reset()
 
     def test_var_expand(self):
         ip.user_ns['f'] = u'Ca\xf1o'
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo $f'), u'echo Ca\xf1o')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {f}'), u'echo Ca\xf1o')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {f[:-1]}'), u'echo Ca\xf1')
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u'echo {1*2}'), u'echo 2')
         
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"grep x | awk '{print $1}'"), u"grep x | awk '{print $1}'")
 
         ip.user_ns['f'] = b'Ca\xc3\xb1o'
         # This should not raise any exception:
         ip.var_expand(u'echo $f')
    
     def test_var_expand_local(self):
         """Test local variable expansion in !system and %magic calls"""
         # !system
         ip.run_cell(
             "def test():\n"
             '    lvar = "ttt"\n'
             "    ret = !echo {lvar}\n"
             "    return ret[0]\n"
         )
         res = ip.user_ns["test"]()
         self.assertIn("ttt", res)
 
         # %magic
         ip.run_cell(
             "def makemacro():\n"
             '    macroname = "macro_var_expand_locals"\n'
             "    %macro {macroname} codestr\n"
         )
         ip.user_ns["codestr"] = "str(12)"
         ip.run_cell("makemacro()")
         self.assertIn("macro_var_expand_locals", ip.user_ns)
 
     def test_var_expand_self(self):
         """Test variable expansion with the name 'self', which was failing.
         
         See https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1878#issuecomment-7698218
         """
         ip.run_cell(
             "class cTest:\n"
             '  classvar="see me"\n'
             "  def test(self):\n"
             "    res = !echo Variable: {self.classvar}\n"
             "    return res[0]\n"
         )
         self.assertIn("see me", ip.user_ns["cTest"]().test())
 
     def test_bad_var_expand(self):
         """var_expand on invalid formats shouldn't raise"""
         # SyntaxError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{'a':5}"), u"{'a':5}")
         # NameError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{asdf}"), u"{asdf}")
         # ZeroDivisionError
         self.assertEqual(ip.var_expand(u"{1/0}"), u"{1/0}")
     
     def test_silent_postexec(self):
         """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't invoke pre/post_run_cell callbacks"""
         pre_explicit = mock.Mock()
         pre_always = mock.Mock()
         post_explicit = mock.Mock()
         post_always = mock.Mock()
         all_mocks = [pre_explicit, pre_always, post_explicit, post_always]
         
         ip.events.register('pre_run_cell', pre_explicit)
         ip.events.register('pre_execute', pre_always)
         ip.events.register('post_run_cell', post_explicit)
         ip.events.register('post_execute', post_always)
         
         try:
             ip.run_cell("1", silent=True)
             assert pre_always.called
             assert not pre_explicit.called
             assert post_always.called
             assert not post_explicit.called
             # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
             # silent to avoid
             ip.run_cell("1")
             assert pre_explicit.called
             assert post_explicit.called
             info, = pre_explicit.call_args[0]
             result, = post_explicit.call_args[0]
             self.assertEqual(info, result.info)
             # check that post hooks are always called
             [m.reset_mock() for m in all_mocks]
             ip.run_cell("syntax error")
             assert pre_always.called
             assert pre_explicit.called
             assert post_always.called
             assert post_explicit.called
             info, = pre_explicit.call_args[0]
             result, = post_explicit.call_args[0]
             self.assertEqual(info, result.info)
         finally:
             # remove post-exec
             ip.events.unregister('pre_run_cell', pre_explicit)
             ip.events.unregister('pre_execute', pre_always)
             ip.events.unregister('post_run_cell', post_explicit)
             ip.events.unregister('post_execute', post_always)
     
     def test_silent_noadvance(self):
         """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't advance execution_count"""
         ec = ip.execution_count
         # silent should force store_history=False
         ip.run_cell("1", store_history=True, silent=True)
         
         self.assertEqual(ec, ip.execution_count)
         # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
         # silent to avoid
         ip.run_cell("1", store_history=True)
         self.assertEqual(ec+1, ip.execution_count)
     
     def test_silent_nodisplayhook(self):
         """run_cell(silent=True) doesn't trigger displayhook"""
         d = dict(called=False)
         
         trap = ip.display_trap
         save_hook = trap.hook
         
         def failing_hook(*args, **kwargs):
             d['called'] = True
         
         try:
             trap.hook = failing_hook
             res = ip.run_cell("1", silent=True)
             self.assertFalse(d['called'])
             self.assertIsNone(res.result)
             # double-check that non-silent exec did what we expected
             # silent to avoid
             ip.run_cell("1")
             self.assertTrue(d['called'])
         finally:
             trap.hook = save_hook
 
     def test_ofind_line_magic(self):
         from IPython.core.magic import register_line_magic
         
         @register_line_magic
         def lmagic(line):
             "A line magic"
 
         # Get info on line magic
         lfind = ip._ofind("lmagic")
         info = dict(
             found=True,
             isalias=False,
             ismagic=True,
             namespace="IPython internal",
             obj=lmagic,
             parent=None,
         )
         self.assertEqual(lfind, info)
         
     def test_ofind_cell_magic(self):
         from IPython.core.magic import register_cell_magic
         
         @register_cell_magic
         def cmagic(line, cell):
             "A cell magic"
 
         # Get info on cell magic
         find = ip._ofind("cmagic")
         info = dict(
             found=True,
             isalias=False,
             ismagic=True,
             namespace="IPython internal",
             obj=cmagic,
             parent=None,
         )
         self.assertEqual(find, info)
 
     def test_ofind_property_with_error(self):
         class A(object):
             @property
             def foo(self):
                 raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
 
         a = A()
 
         found = ip._ofind('a.foo', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace='locals', obj=A.foo, parent=a)
         self.assertEqual(found, info)
 
     def test_ofind_multiple_attribute_lookups(self):
         class A(object):
             @property
             def foo(self):
                 raise NotImplementedError()  # pragma: no cover
 
         a = A()
         a.a = A()
         a.a.a = A()
 
         found = ip._ofind('a.a.a.foo', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace='locals', obj=A.foo, parent=a.a.a)
         self.assertEqual(found, info)
 
     def test_ofind_slotted_attributes(self):
         class A(object):
             __slots__ = ['foo']
             def __init__(self):
                 self.foo = 'bar'
 
         a = A()
         found = ip._ofind('a.foo', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=True, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace='locals', obj=a.foo, parent=a)
         self.assertEqual(found, info)
 
         found = ip._ofind('a.bar', [('locals', locals())])
         info = dict(found=False, isalias=False, ismagic=False,
                     namespace=None, obj=None, parent=a)
         self.assertEqual(found, info)
 
     def test_ofind_prefers_property_to_instance_level_attribute(self):
         class A(object):
             @property
             def foo(self):
                 return 'bar'
         a = A()
         a.__dict__["foo"] = "baz"
         self.assertEqual(a.foo, "bar")
         found = ip._ofind("a.foo", [("locals", locals())])
         self.assertIs(found["obj"], A.foo)
 
     def test_custom_syntaxerror_exception(self):
         called = []
         def my_handler(shell, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             called.append(etype)
             shell.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=tb_offset)
 
         ip.set_custom_exc((SyntaxError,), my_handler)
         try:
             ip.run_cell("1f")
             # Check that this was called, and only once.
             self.assertEqual(called, [SyntaxError])
         finally:
             # Reset the custom exception hook
             ip.set_custom_exc((), None)
 
     def test_custom_exception(self):
         called = []
         def my_handler(shell, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             called.append(etype)
             shell.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=tb_offset)
         
         ip.set_custom_exc((ValueError,), my_handler)
         try:
             res = ip.run_cell("raise ValueError('test')")
             # Check that this was called, and only once.
             self.assertEqual(called, [ValueError])
             # Check that the error is on the result object
             self.assertIsInstance(res.error_in_exec, ValueError)
         finally:
             # Reset the custom exception hook
             ip.set_custom_exc((), None)
     
     @mock.patch("builtins.print")
     def test_showtraceback_with_surrogates(self, mocked_print):
         values = []
 
         def mock_print_func(value, sep=" ", end="\n", file=sys.stdout, flush=False):
             values.append(value)
             if value == chr(0xD8FF):
                 raise UnicodeEncodeError("utf-8", chr(0xD8FF), 0, 1, "")
 
         # mock builtins.print
         mocked_print.side_effect = mock_print_func
 
         # ip._showtraceback() is replaced in globalipapp.py.
         # Call original method to test.
         interactiveshell.InteractiveShell._showtraceback(ip, None, None, chr(0xD8FF))
 
         self.assertEqual(mocked_print.call_count, 2)
         self.assertEqual(values, [chr(0xD8FF), "\\ud8ff"])
 
     def test_mktempfile(self):
         filename = ip.mktempfile()
         # Check that we can open the file again on Windows
         with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write("abc")
 
         filename = ip.mktempfile(data="blah")
         with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), "blah")
 
     def test_new_main_mod(self):
         # Smoketest to check that this accepts a unicode module name
         name = u'jiefmw'
         mod = ip.new_main_mod(u'%s.py' % name, name)
         self.assertEqual(mod.__name__, name)
 
     def test_get_exception_only(self):
         try:
             raise KeyboardInterrupt
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             msg = ip.get_exception_only()
         self.assertEqual(msg, 'KeyboardInterrupt\n')
 
         try:
             raise DerivedInterrupt("foo")
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             msg = ip.get_exception_only()
         self.assertEqual(msg, 'IPython.core.tests.test_interactiveshell.DerivedInterrupt: foo\n')
 
     def test_inspect_text(self):
         ip.run_cell('a = 5')
         text = ip.object_inspect_text('a')
         self.assertIsInstance(text, str)
 
     def test_last_execution_result(self):
         """ Check that last execution result gets set correctly (GH-10702) """
         result = ip.run_cell('a = 5; a')
         self.assertTrue(ip.last_execution_succeeded)
         self.assertEqual(ip.last_execution_result.result, 5)
 
         result = ip.run_cell('a = x_invalid_id_x')
         self.assertFalse(ip.last_execution_succeeded)
         self.assertFalse(ip.last_execution_result.success)
         self.assertIsInstance(ip.last_execution_result.error_in_exec, NameError)
 
     def test_reset_aliasing(self):
         """ Check that standard posix aliases work after %reset. """
         if os.name != 'posix':
             return
 
         ip.reset()
         for cmd in ('clear', 'more', 'less', 'man'):
             res = ip.run_cell('%' + cmd)
             self.assertEqual(res.success, True)
 
 
 class TestSafeExecfileNonAsciiPath(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def setUp(self):
         self.BASETESTDIR = tempfile.mkdtemp()
         self.TESTDIR = join(self.BASETESTDIR, u"åäö")
         os.mkdir(self.TESTDIR)
         with open(
-            join(self.TESTDIR, u"åäötestscript.py"), "w", encoding="utf-8"
+            join(self.TESTDIR, "åäötestscript.py"), "w", encoding="utf-8"
         ) as sfile:
             sfile.write("pass\n")
         self.oldpath = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(self.TESTDIR)
         self.fname = u"åäötestscript.py"
 
     def tearDown(self):
         os.chdir(self.oldpath)
         shutil.rmtree(self.BASETESTDIR)
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_1(self):
         """Test safe_execfile with non-ascii path
         """
         ip.safe_execfile(self.fname, {}, raise_exceptions=True)
 
 class ExitCodeChecks(tt.TempFileMixin):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.system = ip.system_raw
 
     def test_exit_code_ok(self):
         self.system('exit 0')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_exit_code'], 0)
 
     def test_exit_code_error(self):
         self.system('exit 1')
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_exit_code'], 1)
     
     @skipif(not hasattr(signal, 'SIGALRM'))
     def test_exit_code_signal(self):
         self.mktmp("import signal, time\n"
                    "signal.setitimer(signal.ITIMER_REAL, 0.1)\n"
                    "time.sleep(1)\n")
         self.system("%s %s" % (sys.executable, self.fname))
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['_exit_code'], -signal.SIGALRM)
     
     @onlyif_cmds_exist("csh")
     def test_exit_code_signal_csh(self):  # pragma: no cover
         SHELL = os.environ.get("SHELL", None)
         os.environ["SHELL"] = find_cmd("csh")
         try:
             self.test_exit_code_signal()
         finally:
             if SHELL is not None:
                 os.environ['SHELL'] = SHELL
             else:
                 del os.environ['SHELL']
 
 
 class TestSystemRaw(ExitCodeChecks):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.system = ip.system_raw
 
     @onlyif_unicode_paths
     def test_1(self):
         """Test system_raw with non-ascii cmd
         """
         cmd = u'''python -c "'åäö'"   '''
         ip.system_raw(cmd)
 
     @mock.patch('subprocess.call', side_effect=KeyboardInterrupt)
     @mock.patch('os.system', side_effect=KeyboardInterrupt)
     def test_control_c(self, *mocks):
         try:
             self.system("sleep 1 # wont happen")
         except KeyboardInterrupt:  # pragma: no cove
             self.fail(
                 "system call should intercept "
                 "keyboard interrupt from subprocess.call"
             )
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["_exit_code"], -signal.SIGINT)
 
     def test_magic_warnings(self):
         for magic_cmd in ("pip", "conda", "cd"):
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(Warning, "You executed the system command"):
                 ip.system_raw(magic_cmd)
 
 # TODO: Exit codes are currently ignored on Windows.
 class TestSystemPipedExitCode(ExitCodeChecks):
 
     def setUp(self):
         super().setUp()
         self.system = ip.system_piped
 
     @skip_win32
     def test_exit_code_ok(self):
         ExitCodeChecks.test_exit_code_ok(self)
 
     @skip_win32
     def test_exit_code_error(self):
         ExitCodeChecks.test_exit_code_error(self)
 
     @skip_win32
     def test_exit_code_signal(self):
         ExitCodeChecks.test_exit_code_signal(self)
 
 class TestModules(tt.TempFileMixin):
     def test_extraneous_loads(self):
         """Test we're not loading modules on startup that we shouldn't.
         """
         self.mktmp("import sys\n"
                    "print('numpy' in sys.modules)\n"
                    "print('ipyparallel' in sys.modules)\n"
                    "print('ipykernel' in sys.modules)\n"
                    )
         out = "False\nFalse\nFalse\n"
         tt.ipexec_validate(self.fname, out)
 
 class Negator(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Negates all number literals in an AST."""
 
     # for python 3.7 and earlier
     def visit_Num(self, node):
         node.n = -node.n
         return node
 
     # for python 3.8+
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, int):
             return self.visit_Num(node)
         return node
 
 class TestAstTransform(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.negator = Negator()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(self.negator)
     
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.ast_transformers.remove(self.negator)
 
     def test_non_int_const(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints("hello"):
             ip.run_cell('print("hello")')
 
     def test_run_cell(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints("-34"):
             ip.run_cell("print(12 + 22)")
 
         # A named reference to a number shouldn't be transformed.
         ip.user_ns["n"] = 55
         with tt.AssertNotPrints("-55"):
             ip.run_cell("print(n)")
 
     def test_timeit(self):
         called = set()
         def f(x):
             called.add(x)
         ip.push({'f':f})
         
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_line_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(1)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {-1})
         called.clear()
 
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_cell_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(2)", "f(3)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {-2, -3})
     
     def test_time(self):
         called = []
         def f(x):
             called.append(x)
         ip.push({'f':f})
         
         # Test with an expression
         with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
             ip.run_line_magic("time", "f(5+9)")
         self.assertEqual(called, [-14])
         called[:] = []
         
         # Test with a statement (different code path)
         with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
             ip.run_line_magic("time", "a = f(-3 + -2)")
         self.assertEqual(called, [5])
     
     def test_macro(self):
         ip.push({'a':10})
         # The AST transformation makes this do a+=-1
         ip.define_macro("amacro", "a+=1\nprint(a)")
         
         with tt.AssertPrints("9"):
             ip.run_cell("amacro")
         with tt.AssertPrints("8"):
             ip.run_cell("amacro")
 
 class TestMiscTransform(unittest.TestCase):
 
 
     def test_transform_only_once(self):
         cleanup = 0
         line_t = 0
         def count_cleanup(lines):
             nonlocal cleanup
             cleanup += 1
             return lines
 
         def count_line_t(lines):
             nonlocal line_t
             line_t += 1
             return lines
 
         ip.input_transformer_manager.cleanup_transforms.append(count_cleanup)
         ip.input_transformer_manager.line_transforms.append(count_line_t)
 
         ip.run_cell('1')
 
         assert cleanup == 1
         assert line_t == 1
 
 class IntegerWrapper(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Wraps all integers in a call to Integer()"""
 
     # for Python 3.7 and earlier
 
     # for Python 3.7 and earlier
     def visit_Num(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.n, int):
             return ast.Call(func=ast.Name(id='Integer', ctx=ast.Load()),
                             args=[node], keywords=[])
         return node
 
     # For Python 3.8+
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, int):
             return self.visit_Num(node)
         return node
 
 
 class TestAstTransform2(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.intwrapper = IntegerWrapper()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(self.intwrapper)
         
         self.calls = []
         def Integer(*args):
             self.calls.append(args)
             return args
         ip.push({"Integer": Integer})
     
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.ast_transformers.remove(self.intwrapper)
         del ip.user_ns['Integer']
     
     def test_run_cell(self):
         ip.run_cell("n = 2")
         self.assertEqual(self.calls, [(2,)])
         
         # This shouldn't throw an error
         ip.run_cell("o = 2.0")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns['o'], 2.0)
 
     def test_run_cell_non_int(self):
         ip.run_cell("n = 'a'")
         assert self.calls == []
 
     def test_timeit(self):
         called = set()
         def f(x):
             called.add(x)
         ip.push({'f':f})
 
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_line_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(1)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {(1,)})
         called.clear()
 
         with tt.AssertPrints("std. dev. of"):
             ip.run_cell_magic("timeit", "-n1 f(2)", "f(3)")
         self.assertEqual(called, {(2,), (3,)})
 
 class ErrorTransformer(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Throws an error when it sees a number."""
 
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, int):
             raise ValueError("test")
         return node
 
 
 class TestAstTransformError(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_unregistering(self):
         err_transformer = ErrorTransformer()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(err_transformer)
         
         with self.assertWarnsRegex(UserWarning, "It will be unregistered"):
             ip.run_cell("1 + 2")
         
         # This should have been removed.
         self.assertNotIn(err_transformer, ip.ast_transformers)
 
 
 class StringRejector(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Throws an InputRejected when it sees a string literal.
 
     Used to verify that NodeTransformers can signal that a piece of code should
     not be executed by throwing an InputRejected.
     """
     
     # 3.8 only
     def visit_Constant(self, node):
         if isinstance(node.value, str):
             raise InputRejected("test")
         return node
 
 
 class TestAstTransformInputRejection(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.transformer = StringRejector()
         ip.ast_transformers.append(self.transformer)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.ast_transformers.remove(self.transformer)
 
     def test_input_rejection(self):
         """Check that NodeTransformers can reject input."""
 
         expect_exception_tb = tt.AssertPrints("InputRejected: test")
         expect_no_cell_output = tt.AssertNotPrints("'unsafe'", suppress=False)
 
         # Run the same check twice to verify that the transformer is not
         # disabled after raising.
         with expect_exception_tb, expect_no_cell_output:
             ip.run_cell("'unsafe'")
 
         with expect_exception_tb, expect_no_cell_output:
             res = ip.run_cell("'unsafe'")
 
         self.assertIsInstance(res.error_before_exec, InputRejected)
 
 def test__IPYTHON__():
     # This shouldn't raise a NameError, that's all
     __IPYTHON__
 
 
 class DummyRepr(object):
     def __repr__(self):
         return "DummyRepr"
     
     def _repr_html_(self):
         return "<b>dummy</b>"
     
     def _repr_javascript_(self):
         return "console.log('hi');", {'key': 'value'}
     
 
 def test_user_variables():
     # enable all formatters
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ip.display_formatter.format_types
     
     ip.user_ns['dummy'] = d = DummyRepr()
     keys = {'dummy', 'doesnotexist'}
     r = ip.user_expressions({ key:key for key in keys})
 
     assert keys == set(r.keys())
     dummy = r["dummy"]
     assert {"status", "data", "metadata"} == set(dummy.keys())
     assert dummy["status"] == "ok"
     data = dummy["data"]
     metadata = dummy["metadata"]
     assert data.get("text/html") == d._repr_html_()
     js, jsmd = d._repr_javascript_()
     assert data.get("application/javascript") == js
     assert metadata.get("application/javascript") == jsmd
 
     dne = r["doesnotexist"]
     assert dne["status"] == "error"
     assert dne["ename"] == "NameError"
 
     # back to text only
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ['text/plain']
     
 def test_user_expression():
     # enable all formatters
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ip.display_formatter.format_types
     query = {
         'a' : '1 + 2',
         'b' : '1/0',
     }
     r = ip.user_expressions(query)
     import pprint
     pprint.pprint(r)
     assert set(r.keys()) == set(query.keys())
     a = r["a"]
     assert {"status", "data", "metadata"} == set(a.keys())
     assert a["status"] == "ok"
     data = a["data"]
     metadata = a["metadata"]
     assert data.get("text/plain") == "3"
 
     b = r["b"]
     assert b["status"] == "error"
     assert b["ename"] == "ZeroDivisionError"
 
     # back to text only
     ip.display_formatter.active_types = ['text/plain']
 
 
 class TestSyntaxErrorTransformer(unittest.TestCase):
     """Check that SyntaxError raised by an input transformer is handled by run_cell()"""
 
     @staticmethod
     def transformer(lines):
         for line in lines:
             pos = line.find('syntaxerror')
             if pos >= 0:
                 e = SyntaxError('input contains "syntaxerror"')
                 e.text = line
                 e.offset = pos + 1
                 raise e
         return lines
 
     def setUp(self):
         ip.input_transformers_post.append(self.transformer)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.input_transformers_post.remove(self.transformer)
 
     def test_syntaxerror_input_transformer(self):
         with tt.AssertPrints('1234'):
             ip.run_cell('1234')
         with tt.AssertPrints('SyntaxError: invalid syntax'):
             ip.run_cell('1 2 3')   # plain python syntax error
         with tt.AssertPrints('SyntaxError: input contains "syntaxerror"'):
             ip.run_cell('2345  # syntaxerror')  # input transformer syntax error
         with tt.AssertPrints('3456'):
             ip.run_cell('3456')
 
 
 class TestWarningSuppression(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_warning_suppression(self):
         ip.run_cell("import warnings")
         try:
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(UserWarning, "asdf"):
                 ip.run_cell("warnings.warn('asdf')")
             # Here's the real test -- if we run that again, we should get the
             # warning again. Traditionally, each warning was only issued once per
             # IPython session (approximately), even if the user typed in new and
             # different code that should have also triggered the warning, leading
             # to much confusion.
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(UserWarning, "asdf"):
                 ip.run_cell("warnings.warn('asdf')")
         finally:
             ip.run_cell("del warnings")
 
 
     def test_deprecation_warning(self):
         ip.run_cell("""
 import warnings
 def wrn():
     warnings.warn(
         "I AM  A WARNING",
         DeprecationWarning
     )
         """)
         try:
             with self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, "I AM  A WARNING"):
                 ip.run_cell("wrn()")
         finally:
             ip.run_cell("del warnings")
             ip.run_cell("del wrn")
 
 
 class TestImportNoDeprecate(tt.TempFileMixin):
 
     def setUp(self):
         """Make a valid python temp file."""
         self.mktmp("""
 import warnings
 def wrn():
     warnings.warn(
         "I AM  A WARNING",
         DeprecationWarning
     )
 """)
         super().setUp()
 
     def test_no_dep(self):
         """
         No deprecation warning should be raised from imported functions
         """
         ip.run_cell("from {} import wrn".format(self.fname))
 
         with tt.AssertNotPrints("I AM  A WARNING"):
             ip.run_cell("wrn()")
         ip.run_cell("del wrn")
 
 
 def test_custom_exc_count():
     hook = mock.Mock(return_value=None)
     ip.set_custom_exc((SyntaxError,), hook)
     before = ip.execution_count
     ip.run_cell("def foo()", store_history=True)
     # restore default excepthook
     ip.set_custom_exc((), None)
     assert hook.call_count == 1
     assert ip.execution_count == before + 1
 
 
 def test_run_cell_async():
     ip.run_cell("import asyncio")
     coro = ip.run_cell_async("await asyncio.sleep(0.01)\n5")
     assert asyncio.iscoroutine(coro)
     loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
     result = loop.run_until_complete(coro)
     assert isinstance(result, interactiveshell.ExecutionResult)
     assert result.result == 5
 
 
 def test_run_cell_await():
     ip.run_cell("import asyncio")
     result = ip.run_cell("await asyncio.sleep(0.01); 10")
     assert ip.user_ns["_"] == 10
 
 
 def test_run_cell_asyncio_run():
     ip.run_cell("import asyncio")
     result = ip.run_cell("await asyncio.sleep(0.01); 1")
     assert ip.user_ns["_"] == 1
     result = ip.run_cell("asyncio.run(asyncio.sleep(0.01)); 2")
     assert ip.user_ns["_"] == 2
     result = ip.run_cell("await asyncio.sleep(0.01); 3")
     assert ip.user_ns["_"] == 3
 
 
 def test_should_run_async():
     assert not ip.should_run_async("a = 5")
     assert ip.should_run_async("await x")
     assert ip.should_run_async("import asyncio; await asyncio.sleep(1)")
 
 
 def test_set_custom_completer():
     num_completers = len(ip.Completer.matchers)
 
     def foo(*args, **kwargs):
         return "I'm a completer!"
 
     ip.set_custom_completer(foo, 0)
 
     # check that we've really added a new completer
     assert len(ip.Completer.matchers) == num_completers + 1
 
     # check that the first completer is the function we defined
     assert ip.Completer.matchers[0]() == "I'm a completer!"
 
     # clean up
     ip.Completer.custom_matchers.pop()

IPython/core/tests/test_iplib.py

@@ -1,249 +1,250 b''
 """Tests for the key interactiveshell module, where the main ipython class is defined.
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Module imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # third party
 import pytest
 
 # our own packages
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Test functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def test_reset():
     """reset must clear most namespaces."""
 
     # Check that reset runs without error
     ip.reset()
 
     # Once we've reset it (to clear of any junk that might have been there from
     # other tests, we can count how many variables are in the user's namespace
     nvars_user_ns = len(ip.user_ns)
     nvars_hidden = len(ip.user_ns_hidden)
 
     # Now add a few variables to user_ns, and check that reset clears them
     ip.user_ns['x'] = 1
     ip.user_ns['y'] = 1
     ip.reset()
     
     # Finally, check that all namespaces have only as many variables as we
     # expect to find in them:
     assert len(ip.user_ns) == nvars_user_ns
     assert len(ip.user_ns_hidden) == nvars_hidden
 
 
 # Tests for reporting of exceptions in various modes, handling of SystemExit,
 # and %tb functionality.  This is really a mix of testing ultraTB and interactiveshell.
 
 def doctest_tb_plain():
     """
     In [18]: xmode plain
     Exception reporting mode: Plain
 
     In [19]: run simpleerr.py
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File ...:... in <module>
         bar(mode)
       File ...:... in bar
         div0()
       File ...:... in div0
         x/y
     ZeroDivisionError: ...
     """
 
 
 def doctest_tb_context():
     """
     In [3]: xmode context
     Exception reporting mode: Context
 
     In [4]: run simpleerr.py
     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     ZeroDivisionError                         Traceback (most recent call last)
     <BLANKLINE>
     ... in <module>
          30     except IndexError:
          31         mode = 'div'
     ---> 33     bar(mode)
     <BLANKLINE>
     ... in bar(mode)
          15     "bar"
          16     if mode=='div':
     ---> 17         div0()
          18     elif mode=='exit':
          19         try:
     <BLANKLINE>
     ... in div0()
           6     x = 1
           7     y = 0
     ----> 8     x/y
     <BLANKLINE>
     ZeroDivisionError: ..."""
 
 
 def doctest_tb_verbose():
     """
     In [5]: xmode verbose
     Exception reporting mode: Verbose
 
     In [6]: run simpleerr.py
     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     ZeroDivisionError                         Traceback (most recent call last)
     <BLANKLINE>
     ... in <module>
          30     except IndexError:
          31         mode = 'div'
     ---> 33     bar(mode)
             mode = 'div'
     <BLANKLINE>
     ... in bar(mode='div')
          15     "bar"
          16     if mode=='div':
     ---> 17         div0()
          18     elif mode=='exit':
          19         try:
     <BLANKLINE>
     ... in div0()
           6     x = 1
           7     y = 0
     ----> 8     x/y
             x = 1
             y = 0
     <BLANKLINE>
     ZeroDivisionError: ...
     """
 
 
 def doctest_tb_sysexit():
     """
     In [17]: %xmode plain
     Exception reporting mode: Plain
 
     In [18]: %run simpleerr.py exit
     An exception has occurred, use %tb to see the full traceback.
     SystemExit: (1, 'Mode = exit')
 
     In [19]: %run simpleerr.py exit 2
     An exception has occurred, use %tb to see the full traceback.
     SystemExit: (2, 'Mode = exit')
 
     In [20]: %tb
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File ...:... in execfile
         exec(compiler(f.read(), fname, "exec"), glob, loc)
       File ...:... in <module>
         bar(mode)
       File ...:... in bar
         sysexit(stat, mode)
       File ...:... in sysexit
         raise SystemExit(stat, f"Mode = {mode}")
     SystemExit: (2, 'Mode = exit')
 
     In [21]: %xmode context
     Exception reporting mode: Context
 
     In [22]: %tb
     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     SystemExit                                Traceback (most recent call last)
     File ..., in execfile(fname, glob, loc, compiler)
          ... with open(fname, "rb") as f:
          ...     compiler = compiler or compile
     ---> ...     exec(compiler(f.read(), fname, "exec"), glob, loc)
     ...<module>
          30     except IndexError:
          31         mode = 'div'
     ---> 33     bar(mode)
     <BLANKLINE>
     ...bar(mode)
          21         except:
          22             stat = 1
     ---> 23         sysexit(stat, mode)
          24     else:
          25         raise ValueError('Unknown mode')
     <BLANKLINE>
     ...sysexit(stat, mode)
          10 def sysexit(stat, mode):
     ---> 11     raise SystemExit(stat, f"Mode = {mode}")
     <BLANKLINE>
     SystemExit: (2, 'Mode = exit')
     """
 
 
 def doctest_tb_sysexit_verbose():
     """
     In [18]: %run simpleerr.py exit
     An exception has occurred, use %tb to see the full traceback.
     SystemExit: (1, 'Mode = exit')
 
     In [19]: %run simpleerr.py exit 2
     An exception has occurred, use %tb to see the full traceback.
     SystemExit: (2, 'Mode = exit')
 
     In [23]: %xmode verbose
     Exception reporting mode: Verbose
 
     In [24]: %tb
     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     SystemExit                                Traceback (most recent call last)
     <BLANKLINE>
     ... in <module>
          30     except IndexError:
          31         mode = 'div'
     ---> 33     bar(mode)
             mode = 'exit'
     <BLANKLINE>
     ... in bar(mode='exit')
          ...     except:
          ...         stat = 1
     ---> ...     sysexit(stat, mode)
             mode = 'exit'
             stat = 2
          ...     else:
          ...         raise ValueError('Unknown mode')
     <BLANKLINE>
     ... in sysexit(stat=2, mode='exit')
          10 def sysexit(stat, mode):
     ---> 11     raise SystemExit(stat, f"Mode = {mode}")
             stat = 2
     <BLANKLINE>
     SystemExit: (2, 'Mode = exit')
     """
 
 
 def test_run_cell():
     import textwrap
 
     ip.run_cell("a = 10\na+=1")
     ip.run_cell("assert a == 11\nassert 1")
 
     assert ip.user_ns["a"] == 11
     complex = textwrap.dedent(
         """
     if 1:
         print "hello"
         if 1:
             print "world"
         
     if 2:
         print "foo"
 
     if 3:
         print "bar"
 
     if 4:
         print "bar"
     
-    """)
+    """
+    )
     # Simply verifies that this kind of input is run
     ip.run_cell(complex)
     
 
 def test_db():
     """Test the internal database used for variable persistence."""
     ip.db["__unittest_"] = 12
     assert ip.db["__unittest_"] == 12
     del ip.db["__unittest_"]
     assert "__unittest_" not in ip.db

IPython/core/tests/test_magic.py

@@ -1,1450 +1,1452 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Tests for various magic functions."""
 
 import asyncio
 import gc
 import io
 import os
 import re
 import shlex
 import sys
 import warnings
 from importlib import invalidate_caches
 from io import StringIO
 from pathlib import Path
 from textwrap import dedent
 from unittest import TestCase, mock
 
 import pytest
 
 from IPython import get_ipython
 from IPython.core import magic
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.magic import (
     Magics,
     cell_magic,
     line_magic,
     magics_class,
     register_cell_magic,
     register_line_magic,
 )
 from IPython.core.magics import code, execution, logging, osm, script
 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 from IPython.utils.io import capture_output
 from IPython.utils.process import find_cmd
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory, TemporaryWorkingDirectory
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 
 from .test_debugger import PdbTestInput
 
 from tempfile import NamedTemporaryFile
 
 @magic.magics_class
 class DummyMagics(magic.Magics): pass
 
 def test_extract_code_ranges():
     instr = "1 3 5-6 7-9 10:15 17: :10 10- -13 :"
     expected = [
         (0, 1),
         (2, 3),
         (4, 6),
         (6, 9),
         (9, 14),
         (16, None),
         (None, 9),
         (9, None),
         (None, 13),
         (None, None),
     ]
     actual = list(code.extract_code_ranges(instr))
     assert actual == expected
 
 def test_extract_symbols():
     source = """import foo\na = 10\ndef b():\n    return 42\n\n\nclass A: pass\n\n\n"""
     symbols_args = ["a", "b", "A", "A,b", "A,a", "z"]
     expected = [([], ['a']),
                 (["def b():\n    return 42\n"], []),
                 (["class A: pass\n"], []),
                 (["class A: pass\n", "def b():\n    return 42\n"], []),
                 (["class A: pass\n"], ['a']),
                 ([], ['z'])]
     for symbols, exp in zip(symbols_args, expected):
         assert code.extract_symbols(source, symbols) == exp
 
 
 def test_extract_symbols_raises_exception_with_non_python_code():
     source = ("=begin A Ruby program :)=end\n"
               "def hello\n"
               "puts 'Hello world'\n"
               "end")
     with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
         code.extract_symbols(source, "hello")
 
 
 def test_magic_not_found():
     # magic not found raises UsageError
     with pytest.raises(UsageError):
         _ip.magic('doesntexist')
 
     # ensure result isn't success when a magic isn't found
     result = _ip.run_cell('%doesntexist')
     assert isinstance(result.error_in_exec, UsageError)
 
 
 def test_cell_magic_not_found():
     # magic not found raises UsageError
     with pytest.raises(UsageError):
         _ip.run_cell_magic('doesntexist', 'line', 'cell')
 
     # ensure result isn't success when a magic isn't found
     result = _ip.run_cell('%%doesntexist')
     assert isinstance(result.error_in_exec, UsageError)
 
 
 def test_magic_error_status():
     def fail(shell):
         1/0
     _ip.register_magic_function(fail)
     result = _ip.run_cell('%fail')
     assert isinstance(result.error_in_exec, ZeroDivisionError)
 
 
 def test_config():
     """ test that config magic does not raise
     can happen if Configurable init is moved too early into
     Magics.__init__ as then a Config object will be registered as a
     magic.
     """
     ## should not raise.
     _ip.magic('config')
 
 def test_config_available_configs():
     """ test that config magic prints available configs in unique and
     sorted order. """
     with capture_output() as captured:
         _ip.magic('config')
 
     stdout = captured.stdout
     config_classes = stdout.strip().split('\n')[1:]
     assert config_classes == sorted(set(config_classes))
 
 def test_config_print_class():
     """ test that config with a classname prints the class's options. """
     with capture_output() as captured:
         _ip.magic('config TerminalInteractiveShell')
 
     stdout = captured.stdout
     assert re.match(
         "TerminalInteractiveShell.* options", stdout.splitlines()[0]
     ), f"{stdout}\n\n1st line of stdout not like 'TerminalInteractiveShell.* options'"
 
 
 def test_rehashx():
     # clear up everything
     _ip.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
     del _ip.db['syscmdlist']
 
     _ip.magic('rehashx')
     # Practically ALL ipython development systems will have more than 10 aliases
 
     assert len(_ip.alias_manager.aliases) > 10
     for name, cmd in _ip.alias_manager.aliases:
         # we must strip dots from alias names
         assert "." not in name
 
     # rehashx must fill up syscmdlist
     scoms = _ip.db['syscmdlist']
     assert len(scoms) > 10
 
 
 def test_magic_parse_options():
     """Test that we don't mangle paths when parsing magic options."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     path = 'c:\\x'
     m = DummyMagics(ip)
     opts = m.parse_options('-f %s' % path,'f:')[0]
     # argv splitting is os-dependent
     if os.name == 'posix':
         expected = 'c:x'
     else:
         expected = path
     assert opts["f"] == expected
 
 
 def test_magic_parse_long_options():
     """Magic.parse_options can handle --foo=bar long options"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     m = DummyMagics(ip)
     opts, _ = m.parse_options("--foo --bar=bubble", "a", "foo", "bar=")
     assert "foo" in opts
     assert "bar" in opts
     assert opts["bar"] == "bubble"
 
 
 def doctest_hist_f():
     """Test %hist -f with temporary filename.
 
     In [9]: import tempfile
 
     In [10]: tfile = tempfile.mktemp('.py','tmp-ipython-')
 
     In [11]: %hist -nl -f $tfile 3
 
     In [13]: import os; os.unlink(tfile)
     """
 
 
 def doctest_hist_op():
     """Test %hist -op
 
     In [1]: class b(float):
        ...:     pass
        ...:
 
     In [2]: class s(object):
        ...:     def __str__(self):
        ...:         return 's'
        ...:
 
     In [3]:
 
     In [4]: class r(b):
        ...:     def __repr__(self):
        ...:         return 'r'
        ...:
 
     In [5]: class sr(s,r): pass
        ...:
 
     In [6]:
 
     In [7]: bb=b()
 
     In [8]: ss=s()
 
     In [9]: rr=r()
 
     In [10]: ssrr=sr()
 
     In [11]: 4.5
     Out[11]: 4.5
 
     In [12]: str(ss)
     Out[12]: 's'
 
     In [13]:
 
     In [14]: %hist -op
     >>> class b:
     ...     pass
     ...
     >>> class s(b):
     ...     def __str__(self):
     ...         return 's'
     ...
     >>>
     >>> class r(b):
     ...     def __repr__(self):
     ...         return 'r'
     ...
     >>> class sr(s,r): pass
     >>>
     >>> bb=b()
     >>> ss=s()
     >>> rr=r()
     >>> ssrr=sr()
     >>> 4.5
     4.5
     >>> str(ss)
     's'
     >>>
     """
 
 def test_hist_pof():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell("1+2", store_history=True)
     #raise Exception(ip.history_manager.session_number)
     #raise Exception(list(ip.history_manager._get_range_session()))
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         tf = os.path.join(td, 'hist.py')
         ip.run_line_magic('history', '-pof %s' % tf)
         assert os.path.isfile(tf)
 
 
 def test_macro():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()   # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n  return a**2", "print(a,b())"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
     ip.magic("macro test 1-3")
     assert ip.user_ns["test"].value == "\n".join(cmds) + "\n"
 
     # List macros
     assert "test" in ip.magic("macro")
 
 
 def test_macro_run():
     """Test that we can run a multi-line macro successfully."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()
     cmds = ["a=10", "a+=1", "print(a)", "%macro test 2-3"]
     for cmd in cmds:
         ip.run_cell(cmd, store_history=True)
     assert ip.user_ns["test"].value == "a+=1\nprint(a)\n"
     with tt.AssertPrints("12"):
         ip.run_cell("test")
     with tt.AssertPrints("13"):
         ip.run_cell("test")
 
 
 def test_magic_magic():
     """Test %magic"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with capture_output() as captured:
         ip.magic("magic")
 
     stdout = captured.stdout
     assert "%magic" in stdout
     assert "IPython" in stdout
     assert "Available" in stdout
 
 
 @dec.skipif_not_numpy
 def test_numpy_reset_array_undec():
     "Test '%reset array' functionality"
     _ip.ex("import numpy as np")
     _ip.ex("a = np.empty(2)")
     assert "a" in _ip.user_ns
     _ip.magic("reset -f array")
     assert "a" not in _ip.user_ns
 
 
 def test_reset_out():
     "Test '%reset out' magic"
     _ip.run_cell("parrot = 'dead'", store_history=True)
     # test '%reset -f out', make an Out prompt
     _ip.run_cell("parrot", store_history=True)
     assert "dead" in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ("_", "__", "___")]
     _ip.magic("reset -f out")
     assert "dead" not in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ("_", "__", "___")]
     assert len(_ip.user_ns["Out"]) == 0
 
 
 def test_reset_in():
     "Test '%reset in' magic"
     # test '%reset -f in'
     _ip.run_cell("parrot", store_history=True)
     assert "parrot" in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ("_i", "_ii", "_iii")]
     _ip.magic("%reset -f in")
     assert "parrot" not in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ("_i", "_ii", "_iii")]
     assert len(set(_ip.user_ns["In"])) == 1
 
 
 def test_reset_dhist():
     "Test '%reset dhist' magic"
     _ip.run_cell("tmp = [d for d in _dh]")  # copy before clearing
     _ip.magic("cd " + os.path.dirname(pytest.__file__))
     _ip.magic("cd -")
     assert len(_ip.user_ns["_dh"]) > 0
     _ip.magic("reset -f dhist")
     assert len(_ip.user_ns["_dh"]) == 0
     _ip.run_cell("_dh = [d for d in tmp]")  # restore
 
 
 def test_reset_in_length():
     "Test that '%reset in' preserves In[] length"
     _ip.run_cell("print 'foo'")
     _ip.run_cell("reset -f in")
     assert len(_ip.user_ns["In"]) == _ip.displayhook.prompt_count + 1
 
 
 class TestResetErrors(TestCase):
 
     def test_reset_redefine(self):
 
         @magics_class
         class KernelMagics(Magics):
               @line_magic
               def less(self, shell): pass
 
         _ip.register_magics(KernelMagics)
 
         with self.assertLogs() as cm:
             # hack, we want to just capture logs, but assertLogs fails if not
             # logs get produce.
             # so log one things we ignore.
             import logging as log_mod
             log = log_mod.getLogger()
             log.info('Nothing')
             # end hack.
             _ip.run_cell("reset -f")
 
         assert len(cm.output) == 1
         for out in cm.output:
             assert "Invalid alias" not in out
 
 def test_tb_syntaxerror():
     """test %tb after a SyntaxError"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell("for")
 
     # trap and validate stdout
     save_stdout = sys.stdout
     try:
         sys.stdout = StringIO()
         ip.run_cell("%tb")
         out = sys.stdout.getvalue()
     finally:
         sys.stdout = save_stdout
     # trim output, and only check the last line
     last_line = out.rstrip().splitlines()[-1].strip()
     assert last_line == "SyntaxError: invalid syntax"
 
 
 def test_time():
     ip = get_ipython()
 
     with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
         ip.run_cell("%time None")
 
     ip.run_cell("def f(kmjy):\n"
                 "    %time print (2*kmjy)")
 
     with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
         with tt.AssertPrints("hihi", suppress=False):
             ip.run_cell("f('hi')")
 
 def test_time_last_not_expression():
     ip.run_cell("%%time\n"
                 "var_1 = 1\n"
                 "var_2 = 2\n")
     assert ip.user_ns['var_1'] == 1
     del ip.user_ns['var_1']
     assert ip.user_ns['var_2'] == 2
     del ip.user_ns['var_2']
 
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_time2():
     ip = get_ipython()
 
     with tt.AssertPrints("CPU times: user "):
         ip.run_cell("%time None")
 
 def test_time3():
     """Erroneous magic function calls, issue gh-3334"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.user_ns.pop('run', None)
 
     with tt.AssertNotPrints("not found", channel='stderr'):
         ip.run_cell("%%time\n"
                     "run = 0\n"
                     "run += 1")
 
 def test_multiline_time():
     """Make sure last statement from time return a value."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.user_ns.pop('run', None)
 
-    ip.run_cell(dedent("""\
+    ip.run_cell(
+        dedent(
+            """\
         %%time
         a = "ho"
         b = "hey"
         a+b
         """
         )
     )
     assert ip.user_ns_hidden["_"] == "hohey"
 
 
 def test_time_local_ns():
     """
     Test that local_ns is actually global_ns when running a cell magic
     """
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell("%%time\n" "myvar = 1")
     assert ip.user_ns["myvar"] == 1
     del ip.user_ns["myvar"]
 
 
 def test_doctest_mode():
     "Toggle doctest_mode twice, it should be a no-op and run without error"
     _ip.magic('doctest_mode')
     _ip.magic('doctest_mode')
 
 
 def test_parse_options():
     """Tests for basic options parsing in magics."""
     # These are only the most minimal of tests, more should be added later.  At
     # the very least we check that basic text/unicode calls work OK.
     m = DummyMagics(_ip)
     assert m.parse_options("foo", "")[1] == "foo"
     assert m.parse_options("foo", "")[1] == "foo"
 
 
 def test_parse_options_preserve_non_option_string():
     """Test to assert preservation of non-option part of magic-block, while parsing magic options."""
     m = DummyMagics(_ip)
     opts, stmt = m.parse_options(
         " -n1  -r 13 _ = 314 + foo", "n:r:", preserve_non_opts=True
     )
     assert opts == {"n": "1", "r": "13"}
     assert stmt == "_ = 314 + foo"
 
 
 def test_run_magic_preserve_code_block():
     """Test to assert preservation of non-option part of magic-block, while running magic."""
     _ip.user_ns["spaces"] = []
     _ip.magic("timeit -n1 -r1 spaces.append([s.count(' ') for s in ['document']])")
     assert _ip.user_ns["spaces"] == [[0]]
 
 
 def test_dirops():
     """Test various directory handling operations."""
     # curpath = lambda :os.path.splitdrive(os.getcwd())[1].replace('\\','/')
     curpath = os.getcwd
     startdir = os.getcwd()
     ipdir = os.path.realpath(_ip.ipython_dir)
     try:
         _ip.magic('cd "%s"' % ipdir)
         assert curpath() == ipdir
         _ip.magic('cd -')
         assert curpath() == startdir
         _ip.magic('pushd "%s"' % ipdir)
         assert curpath() == ipdir
         _ip.magic('popd')
         assert curpath() == startdir
     finally:
         os.chdir(startdir)
 
 
 def test_cd_force_quiet():
     """Test OSMagics.cd_force_quiet option"""
     _ip.config.OSMagics.cd_force_quiet = True
     osmagics = osm.OSMagics(shell=_ip)
 
     startdir = os.getcwd()
     ipdir = os.path.realpath(_ip.ipython_dir)
 
     try:
         with tt.AssertNotPrints(ipdir):
             osmagics.cd('"%s"' % ipdir)
         with tt.AssertNotPrints(startdir):
             osmagics.cd('-')
     finally:
         os.chdir(startdir)
 
 
 def test_xmode():
     # Calling xmode three times should be a no-op
     xmode = _ip.InteractiveTB.mode
     for i in range(4):
         _ip.magic("xmode")
     assert _ip.InteractiveTB.mode == xmode
 
 def test_reset_hard():
     monitor = []
     class A(object):
         def __del__(self):
             monitor.append(1)
         def __repr__(self):
             return "<A instance>"
 
     _ip.user_ns["a"] = A()
     _ip.run_cell("a")
 
     assert monitor == []
     _ip.magic("reset -f")
     assert monitor == [1]
 
 class TestXdel(tt.TempFileMixin):
     def test_xdel(self):
         """Test that references from %run are cleared by xdel."""
         src = ("class A(object):\n"
                "    monitor = []\n"
                "    def __del__(self):\n"
                "        self.monitor.append(1)\n"
                "a = A()\n")
         self.mktmp(src)
         # %run creates some hidden references...
         _ip.magic("run %s" % self.fname)
         # ... as does the displayhook.
         _ip.run_cell("a")
 
         monitor = _ip.user_ns["A"].monitor
         assert monitor == []
 
         _ip.magic("xdel a")
 
         # Check that a's __del__ method has been called.
         gc.collect(0)
         assert monitor == [1]
 
 def doctest_who():
     """doctest for %who
 
     In [1]: %reset -sf
 
     In [2]: alpha = 123
 
     In [3]: beta = 'beta'
 
     In [4]: %who int
     alpha
 
     In [5]: %who str
     beta
 
     In [6]: %whos
     Variable   Type    Data/Info
     ----------------------------
     alpha      int     123
     beta       str     beta
 
     In [7]: %who_ls
     Out[7]: ['alpha', 'beta']
     """
 
 def test_whos():
     """Check that whos is protected against objects where repr() fails."""
     class A(object):
         def __repr__(self):
             raise Exception()
     _ip.user_ns['a'] = A()
     _ip.magic("whos")
 
 def doctest_precision():
     """doctest for %precision
 
     In [1]: f = get_ipython().display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
 
     In [2]: %precision 5
     Out[2]: '%.5f'
 
     In [3]: f.float_format
     Out[3]: '%.5f'
 
     In [4]: %precision %e
     Out[4]: '%e'
 
     In [5]: f(3.1415927)
     Out[5]: '3.141593e+00'
     """
 
 def test_debug_magic():
     """Test debugging a small code with %debug
 
     In [1]: with PdbTestInput(['c']):
        ...:     %debug print("a b") #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
        ...:
     ...
     ipdb> c
     a b
     In [2]:
     """
 
 def test_psearch():
     with tt.AssertPrints("dict.fromkeys"):
         _ip.run_cell("dict.fr*?")
     with tt.AssertPrints("π.is_integer"):
         _ip.run_cell("π = 3.14;\nπ.is_integ*?")
 
 def test_timeit_shlex():
     """test shlex issues with timeit (#1109)"""
     _ip.ex("def f(*a,**kw): pass")
     _ip.magic('timeit -n1 "this is a bug".count(" ")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f(" ", 1)')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f(" ", 1, " ", 2, " ")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 ("a " + "b")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f("a " + "b")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f("a " + "b ")')
 
 
 def test_timeit_special_syntax():
     "Test %%timeit with IPython special syntax"
     @register_line_magic
     def lmagic(line):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.user_ns['lmagic_out'] = line
 
     # line mode test
     _ip.run_line_magic("timeit", "-n1 -r1 %lmagic my line")
     assert _ip.user_ns["lmagic_out"] == "my line"
     # cell mode test
     _ip.run_cell_magic("timeit", "-n1 -r1", "%lmagic my line2")
     assert _ip.user_ns["lmagic_out"] == "my line2"
 
 
 def test_timeit_return():
     """
     test whether timeit -o return object
     """
 
     res = _ip.run_line_magic('timeit','-n10 -r10 -o 1')
     assert(res is not None)
 
 def test_timeit_quiet():
     """
     test quiet option of timeit magic
     """
     with tt.AssertNotPrints("loops"):
         _ip.run_cell("%timeit -n1 -r1 -q 1")
 
 def test_timeit_return_quiet():
     with tt.AssertNotPrints("loops"):
         res = _ip.run_line_magic('timeit', '-n1 -r1 -q -o 1')
     assert (res is not None)
 
 def test_timeit_invalid_return():
     with pytest.raises(SyntaxError):
         _ip.run_line_magic('timeit', 'return')
 
 @dec.skipif(execution.profile is None)
 def test_prun_special_syntax():
     "Test %%prun with IPython special syntax"
     @register_line_magic
     def lmagic(line):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.user_ns['lmagic_out'] = line
 
     # line mode test
     _ip.run_line_magic("prun", "-q %lmagic my line")
     assert _ip.user_ns["lmagic_out"] == "my line"
     # cell mode test
     _ip.run_cell_magic("prun", "-q", "%lmagic my line2")
     assert _ip.user_ns["lmagic_out"] == "my line2"
 
 
 @dec.skipif(execution.profile is None)
 def test_prun_quotes():
     "Test that prun does not clobber string escapes (GH #1302)"
     _ip.magic(r"prun -q x = '\t'")
     assert _ip.user_ns["x"] == "\t"
 
 
 def test_extension():
     # Debugging information for failures of this test
     print('sys.path:')
     for p in sys.path:
         print(' ', p)
     print('CWD', os.getcwd())
 
     pytest.raises(ImportError, _ip.magic, "load_ext daft_extension")
     daft_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "daft_extension")
     sys.path.insert(0, daft_path)
     try:
         _ip.user_ns.pop('arq', None)
         invalidate_caches()   # Clear import caches
         _ip.magic("load_ext daft_extension")
         assert _ip.user_ns["arq"] == 185
         _ip.magic("unload_ext daft_extension")
         assert 'arq' not in _ip.user_ns
     finally:
         sys.path.remove(daft_path)
 
 
 def test_notebook_export_json():
     pytest.importorskip("nbformat")
     _ip = get_ipython()
     _ip.history_manager.reset()   # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n  return a**2", "print('noël, été', b())"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         _ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         outfile = os.path.join(td, "nb.ipynb")
         _ip.magic("notebook %s" % outfile)
 
 
 class TestEnv(TestCase):
 
     def test_env(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env")
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(env, dict))
 
     def test_env_secret(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env")
         hidden = "<hidden>"
         with mock.patch.dict(
             os.environ,
             {
                 "API_KEY": "abc123",
                 "SECRET_THING": "ssshhh",
                 "JUPYTER_TOKEN": "",
                 "VAR": "abc"
             }
         ):
             env = _ip.magic("env")
         assert env["API_KEY"] == hidden
         assert env["SECRET_THING"] == hidden
         assert env["JUPYTER_TOKEN"] == hidden
         assert env["VAR"] == "abc"
 
     def test_env_get_set_simple(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env var val1")
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], 'val1')
         self.assertEqual(_ip.magic("env var"), 'val1')
         env = _ip.magic("env var=val2")
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], 'val2')
 
     def test_env_get_set_complex(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env var 'val1 '' 'val2")
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], "'val1 '' 'val2")
         self.assertEqual(_ip.magic("env var"), "'val1 '' 'val2")
         env = _ip.magic('env var=val2 val3="val4')
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], 'val2 val3="val4')
 
     def test_env_set_bad_input(self):
         self.assertRaises(UsageError, lambda: _ip.magic("set_env var"))
 
     def test_env_set_whitespace(self):
         self.assertRaises(UsageError, lambda: _ip.magic("env var A=B"))
 
 
 class CellMagicTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def check_ident(self, magic):
         # Manually called, we get the result
         out = _ip.run_cell_magic(magic, "a", "b")
         assert out == ("a", "b")
         # Via run_cell, it goes into the user's namespace via displayhook
         _ip.run_cell("%%" + magic + " c\nd\n")
         assert _ip.user_ns["_"] == ("c", "d\n")
 
     def test_cell_magic_func_deco(self):
         "Cell magic using simple decorator"
         @register_cell_magic
         def cellm(line, cell):
             return line, cell
 
         self.check_ident('cellm')
 
     def test_cell_magic_reg(self):
         "Cell magic manually registered"
         def cellm(line, cell):
             return line, cell
 
         _ip.register_magic_function(cellm, 'cell', 'cellm2')
         self.check_ident('cellm2')
 
     def test_cell_magic_class(self):
         "Cell magics declared via a class"
         @magics_class
         class MyMagics(Magics):
 
             @cell_magic
             def cellm3(self, line, cell):
                 return line, cell
 
         _ip.register_magics(MyMagics)
         self.check_ident('cellm3')
 
     def test_cell_magic_class2(self):
         "Cell magics declared via a class, #2"
         @magics_class
         class MyMagics2(Magics):
 
             @cell_magic('cellm4')
             def cellm33(self, line, cell):
                 return line, cell
 
         _ip.register_magics(MyMagics2)
         self.check_ident('cellm4')
         # Check that nothing is registered as 'cellm33'
         c33 = _ip.find_cell_magic('cellm33')
         assert c33 == None
 
 def test_file():
     """Basic %%writefile"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, "file1")
         ip.run_cell_magic(
             "writefile",
             fname,
             "\n".join(
                 [
                     "line1",
                     "line2",
                 ]
             ),
         )
         s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line2" in s
 
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_file_single_quote():
     """Basic %%writefile with embedded single quotes"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, "'file1'")
         ip.run_cell_magic(
             "writefile",
             fname,
             "\n".join(
                 [
                     "line1",
                     "line2",
                 ]
             ),
         )
         s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line2" in s
 
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_file_double_quote():
     """Basic %%writefile with embedded double quotes"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, '"file1"')
         ip.run_cell_magic(
             "writefile",
             fname,
             "\n".join(
                 [
                     "line1",
                     "line2",
                 ]
             ),
         )
         s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line2" in s
 
 
 def test_file_var_expand():
     """%%writefile $filename"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, "file1")
         ip.user_ns["filename"] = fname
         ip.run_cell_magic(
             "writefile",
             "$filename",
             "\n".join(
                 [
                     "line1",
                     "line2",
                 ]
             ),
         )
         s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line2" in s
 
 
 def test_file_unicode():
     """%%writefile with unicode cell"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, 'file1')
         ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
             u'liné1',
             u'liné2',
         ]))
         with io.open(fname, encoding='utf-8') as f:
             s = f.read()
         assert "liné1\n" in s
         assert "liné2" in s
 
 
 def test_file_amend():
     """%%writefile -a amends files"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, "file2")
         ip.run_cell_magic(
             "writefile",
             fname,
             "\n".join(
                 [
                     "line1",
                     "line2",
                 ]
             ),
         )
         ip.run_cell_magic(
             "writefile",
             "-a %s" % fname,
             "\n".join(
                 [
                     "line3",
                     "line4",
                 ]
             ),
         )
         s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line3\n" in s
 
 
 def test_file_spaces():
     """%%file with spaces in filename"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryWorkingDirectory() as td:
         fname = "file name"
         ip.run_cell_magic(
             "file",
             '"%s"' % fname,
             "\n".join(
                 [
                     "line1",
                     "line2",
                 ]
             ),
         )
         s = Path(fname).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert "line1\n" in s
         assert "line2" in s
 
 
 def test_script_config():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.config.ScriptMagics.script_magics = ['whoda']
     sm = script.ScriptMagics(shell=ip)
     assert "whoda" in sm.magics["cell"]
 
 
 def test_script_out():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic("script", f"--out output {sys.executable}", "print('hi')")
     assert ip.user_ns["output"].strip() == "hi"
 
 
 def test_script_err():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic(
         "script",
         f"--err error {sys.executable}",
         "import sys; print('hello', file=sys.stderr)",
     )
     assert ip.user_ns["error"].strip() == "hello"
 
 
 def test_script_out_err():
 
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic(
         "script",
         f"--out output --err error {sys.executable}",
         "\n".join(
             [
                 "import sys",
                 "print('hi')",
                 "print('hello', file=sys.stderr)",
             ]
         ),
     )
     assert ip.user_ns["output"].strip() == "hi"
     assert ip.user_ns["error"].strip() == "hello"
 
 
 async def test_script_bg_out():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic("script", f"--bg --out output {sys.executable}", "print('hi')")
     assert (await ip.user_ns["output"].read()).strip() == b"hi"
     assert ip.user_ns["output"].at_eof()
 
 
 async def test_script_bg_err():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic(
         "script",
         f"--bg --err error {sys.executable}",
         "import sys; print('hello', file=sys.stderr)",
     )
     assert (await ip.user_ns["error"].read()).strip() == b"hello"
     assert ip.user_ns["error"].at_eof()
 
 
 async def test_script_bg_out_err():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic(
         "script",
         f"--bg --out output --err error {sys.executable}",
         "\n".join(
             [
                 "import sys",
                 "print('hi')",
                 "print('hello', file=sys.stderr)",
             ]
         ),
     )
     assert (await ip.user_ns["output"].read()).strip() == b"hi"
     assert (await ip.user_ns["error"].read()).strip() == b"hello"
     assert ip.user_ns["output"].at_eof()
     assert ip.user_ns["error"].at_eof()
 
 
 async def test_script_bg_proc():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic(
         "script",
         f"--bg --out output --proc p {sys.executable}",
         "\n".join(
             [
                 "import sys",
                 "print('hi')",
                 "print('hello', file=sys.stderr)",
             ]
         ),
     )
     p = ip.user_ns["p"]
     await p.wait()
     assert p.returncode == 0
     assert (await p.stdout.read()).strip() == b"hi"
     # not captured, so empty
     assert (await p.stderr.read()) == b""
     assert p.stdout.at_eof()
     assert p.stderr.at_eof()
 
 
 def test_script_defaults():
     ip = get_ipython()
     for cmd in ['sh', 'bash', 'perl', 'ruby']:
         try:
             find_cmd(cmd)
         except Exception:
             pass
         else:
             assert cmd in ip.magics_manager.magics["cell"]
 
 
 @magics_class
 class FooFoo(Magics):
     """class with both %foo and %%foo magics"""
     @line_magic('foo')
     def line_foo(self, line):
         "I am line foo"
         pass
 
     @cell_magic("foo")
     def cell_foo(self, line, cell):
         "I am cell foo, not line foo"
         pass
 
 def test_line_cell_info():
     """%%foo and %foo magics are distinguishable to inspect"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.magics_manager.register(FooFoo)
     oinfo = ip.object_inspect("foo")
     assert oinfo["found"] is True
     assert oinfo["ismagic"] is True
 
     oinfo = ip.object_inspect("%%foo")
     assert oinfo["found"] is True
     assert oinfo["ismagic"] is True
     assert oinfo["docstring"] == FooFoo.cell_foo.__doc__
 
     oinfo = ip.object_inspect("%foo")
     assert oinfo["found"] is True
     assert oinfo["ismagic"] is True
     assert oinfo["docstring"] == FooFoo.line_foo.__doc__
 
 
 def test_multiple_magics():
     ip = get_ipython()
     foo1 = FooFoo(ip)
     foo2 = FooFoo(ip)
     mm = ip.magics_manager
     mm.register(foo1)
     assert mm.magics["line"]["foo"].__self__ is foo1
     mm.register(foo2)
     assert mm.magics["line"]["foo"].__self__ is foo2
 
 
 def test_alias_magic():
     """Test %alias_magic."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     mm = ip.magics_manager
 
     # Basic operation: both cell and line magics are created, if possible.
     ip.run_line_magic("alias_magic", "timeit_alias timeit")
     assert "timeit_alias" in mm.magics["line"]
     assert "timeit_alias" in mm.magics["cell"]
 
     # --cell is specified, line magic not created.
     ip.run_line_magic("alias_magic", "--cell timeit_cell_alias timeit")
     assert "timeit_cell_alias" not in mm.magics["line"]
     assert "timeit_cell_alias" in mm.magics["cell"]
 
     # Test that line alias is created successfully.
     ip.run_line_magic("alias_magic", "--line env_alias env")
     assert ip.run_line_magic("env", "") == ip.run_line_magic("env_alias", "")
 
     # Test that line alias with parameters passed in is created successfully.
     ip.run_line_magic(
         "alias_magic", "--line history_alias history --params " + shlex.quote("3")
     )
     assert "history_alias" in mm.magics["line"]
 
 
 def test_save():
     """Test %save."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()   # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n  return a**2", "print(a, b())"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         file = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testsave.py")
         ip.run_line_magic("save", "%s 1-10" % file)
         content = Path(file).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert content.count(cmds[0]) == 1
         assert "coding: utf-8" in content
         ip.run_line_magic("save", "-a %s 1-10" % file)
         content = Path(file).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         assert content.count(cmds[0]) == 2
         assert "coding: utf-8" in content
 
 
 def test_save_with_no_args():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()  # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n    return a**2", "print(a, b())", "%save"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
 
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         path = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testsave.py")
         ip.run_line_magic("save", path)
         content = Path(path).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
         expected_content = dedent(
             """\
             # coding: utf-8
             a=1
             def b():
                 return a**2
             print(a, b())
             """
         )
         assert content == expected_content
 
 
 def test_store():
     """Test %store."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_line_magic('load_ext', 'storemagic')
 
     # make sure the storage is empty
     ip.run_line_magic("store", "-z")
     ip.user_ns["var"] = 42
     ip.run_line_magic("store", "var")
     ip.user_ns["var"] = 39
     ip.run_line_magic("store", "-r")
     assert ip.user_ns["var"] == 42
 
     ip.run_line_magic("store", "-d var")
     ip.user_ns["var"] = 39
     ip.run_line_magic("store", "-r")
     assert ip.user_ns["var"] == 39
 
 
 def _run_edit_test(arg_s, exp_filename=None,
                         exp_lineno=-1,
                         exp_contents=None,
                         exp_is_temp=None):
     ip = get_ipython()
     M = code.CodeMagics(ip)
     last_call = ['','']
     opts,args = M.parse_options(arg_s,'prxn:')
     filename, lineno, is_temp = M._find_edit_target(ip, args, opts, last_call)
 
     if exp_filename is not None:
         assert exp_filename == filename
     if exp_contents is not None:
         with io.open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
             contents = f.read()
         assert exp_contents == contents
     if exp_lineno != -1:
         assert exp_lineno == lineno
     if exp_is_temp is not None:
         assert exp_is_temp == is_temp
 
 
 def test_edit_interactive():
     """%edit on interactively defined objects"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     n = ip.execution_count
     ip.run_cell("def foo(): return 1", store_history=True)
 
     with pytest.raises(code.InteractivelyDefined) as e:
         _run_edit_test("foo")
     assert e.value.index == n
 
 
 def test_edit_cell():
     """%edit [cell id]"""
     ip = get_ipython()
 
     ip.run_cell("def foo(): return 1", store_history=True)
 
     # test
     _run_edit_test("1", exp_contents=ip.user_ns['In'][1], exp_is_temp=True)
 
 def test_edit_fname():
     """%edit file"""
     # test
     _run_edit_test("test file.py", exp_filename="test file.py")
 
 def test_bookmark():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_line_magic('bookmark', 'bmname')
     with tt.AssertPrints('bmname'):
         ip.run_line_magic('bookmark', '-l')
     ip.run_line_magic('bookmark', '-d bmname')
 
 def test_ls_magic():
     ip = get_ipython()
     json_formatter = ip.display_formatter.formatters['application/json']
     json_formatter.enabled = True
     lsmagic = ip.magic('lsmagic')
     with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
         j = json_formatter(lsmagic)
     assert sorted(j) == ["cell", "line"]
     assert w == []  # no warnings
 
 
 def test_strip_initial_indent():
     def sii(s):
         lines = s.splitlines()
         return '\n'.join(code.strip_initial_indent(lines))
 
     assert sii("  a = 1\nb = 2") == "a = 1\nb = 2"
     assert sii("  a\n    b\nc") == "a\n  b\nc"
     assert sii("a\n  b") == "a\n  b"
 
 def test_logging_magic_quiet_from_arg():
     _ip.config.LoggingMagics.quiet = False
     lm = logging.LoggingMagics(shell=_ip)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         try:
             with tt.AssertNotPrints(re.compile("Activating.*")):
                 lm.logstart('-q {}'.format(
                         os.path.join(td, "quiet_from_arg.log")))
         finally:
             _ip.logger.logstop()
 
 def test_logging_magic_quiet_from_config():
     _ip.config.LoggingMagics.quiet = True
     lm = logging.LoggingMagics(shell=_ip)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         try:
             with tt.AssertNotPrints(re.compile("Activating.*")):
                 lm.logstart(os.path.join(td, "quiet_from_config.log"))
         finally:
             _ip.logger.logstop()
 
 
 def test_logging_magic_not_quiet():
     _ip.config.LoggingMagics.quiet = False
     lm = logging.LoggingMagics(shell=_ip)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         try:
             with tt.AssertPrints(re.compile("Activating.*")):
                 lm.logstart(os.path.join(td, "not_quiet.log"))
         finally:
             _ip.logger.logstop()
 
 
 def test_time_no_var_expand():
     _ip.user_ns['a'] = 5
     _ip.user_ns['b'] = []
     _ip.magic('time b.append("{a}")')
     assert _ip.user_ns['b'] == ['{a}']
 
 
 # this is slow, put at the end for local testing.
 def test_timeit_arguments():
     "Test valid timeit arguments, should not cause SyntaxError (GH #1269)"
     _ip.magic("timeit -n1 -r1 a=('#')")
 
 
 MINIMAL_LAZY_MAGIC = """
 from IPython.core.magic import (
     Magics,
     magics_class,
     line_magic,
     cell_magic,
 )
 
 
 @magics_class
 class LazyMagics(Magics):
     @line_magic
     def lazy_line(self, line):
         print("Lazy Line")
 
     @cell_magic
     def lazy_cell(self, line, cell):
         print("Lazy Cell")
 
 
 def load_ipython_extension(ipython):
     ipython.register_magics(LazyMagics)
 """
 
 
 def test_lazy_magics():
     with pytest.raises(UsageError):
         ip.run_line_magic("lazy_line", "")
 
     startdir = os.getcwd()
 
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         with prepended_to_syspath(tmpdir):
             ptempdir = Path(tmpdir)
             tf = ptempdir / "lazy_magic_module.py"
             tf.write_text(MINIMAL_LAZY_MAGIC)
             ip.magics_manager.register_lazy("lazy_line", Path(tf.name).name[:-3])
             with tt.AssertPrints("Lazy Line"):
                 ip.run_line_magic("lazy_line", "")
 
 
 TEST_MODULE = """
 print('Loaded my_tmp')
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     print('I just ran a script')
 """
 
 def test_run_module_from_import_hook():
     "Test that a module can be loaded via an import hook"
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         fullpath = os.path.join(tmpdir, "my_tmp.py")
         Path(fullpath).write_text(TEST_MODULE, encoding="utf-8")
 
         import importlib.abc
         import importlib.util
 
         class MyTempImporter(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder, importlib.abc.SourceLoader):
             def find_spec(self, fullname, path, target=None):
                 if fullname == "my_tmp":
                     return importlib.util.spec_from_loader(fullname, self)
 
             def get_filename(self, fullname):
                 assert fullname == "my_tmp"
                 return fullpath
 
             def get_data(self, path):
                 assert Path(path).samefile(fullpath)
                 return Path(fullpath).read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
         sys.meta_path.insert(0, MyTempImporter())
 
         with capture_output() as captured:
             _ip.magic("run -m my_tmp")
             _ip.run_cell("import my_tmp")
 
         output = "Loaded my_tmp\nI just ran a script\nLoaded my_tmp\n"
         assert output == captured.stdout
 
         sys.meta_path.pop(0)

IPython/core/tests/test_magic_terminal.py

@@ -1,212 +1,216 b''
 """Tests for various magic functions specific to the terminal frontend."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import sys
 from io import StringIO
 from unittest import TestCase
 
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Test functions begin
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 MINIMAL_LAZY_MAGIC = """
 from IPython.core.magic import (
     Magics,
     magics_class,
     line_magic,
     cell_magic,
 )
 
 
 @magics_class
 class LazyMagics(Magics):
     @line_magic
     def lazy_line(self, line):
         print("Lazy Line")
 
     @cell_magic
     def lazy_cell(self, line, cell):
         print("Lazy Cell")
 
 
 def load_ipython_extension(ipython):
     ipython.register_magics(LazyMagics)
 """
 
 def check_cpaste(code, should_fail=False):
     """Execute code via 'cpaste' and ensure it was executed, unless
     should_fail is set.
     """
     ip.user_ns['code_ran'] = False
 
     src = StringIO()
     src.write(code)
     src.write('\n--\n')
     src.seek(0)
 
     stdin_save = sys.stdin
     sys.stdin = src
 
     try:
         context = tt.AssertPrints if should_fail else tt.AssertNotPrints
         with context("Traceback (most recent call last)"):
             ip.run_line_magic("cpaste", "")
 
         if not should_fail:
             assert ip.user_ns['code_ran'], "%r failed" % code
     finally:
         sys.stdin = stdin_save
 
 def test_cpaste():
     """Test cpaste magic"""
 
     def runf():
         """Marker function: sets a flag when executed.
         """
         ip.user_ns['code_ran'] = True
         return 'runf' # return string so '+ runf()' doesn't result in success
 
     tests = {'pass': ["runf()",
                       "In [1]: runf()",
                       "In [1]: if 1:\n   ...:     runf()",
                       "> > > runf()",
                       ">>> runf()",
                       "   >>> runf()",
                       ],
 
              'fail': ["1 + runf()",
                       "++ runf()",
              ]}
 
     ip.user_ns['runf'] = runf
 
     for code in tests['pass']:
         check_cpaste(code)
 
     for code in tests['fail']:
         check_cpaste(code, should_fail=True)
 
 
 
 class PasteTestCase(TestCase):
     """Multiple tests for clipboard pasting"""
 
     def paste(self, txt, flags='-q'):
         """Paste input text, by default in quiet mode"""
         ip.hooks.clipboard_get = lambda: txt
         ip.run_line_magic("paste", flags)
 
     def setUp(self):
         # Inject fake clipboard hook but save original so we can restore it later
         self.original_clip = ip.hooks.clipboard_get
 
     def tearDown(self): 
         # Restore original hook
         ip.hooks.clipboard_get = self.original_clip
        
     def test_paste(self):
         ip.user_ns.pop("x", None)
         self.paste("x = 1")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["x"], 1)
         ip.user_ns.pop("x")
 
     def test_paste_pyprompt(self):
         ip.user_ns.pop("x", None)
         self.paste(">>> x=2")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["x"], 2)
         ip.user_ns.pop("x")
 
     def test_paste_py_multi(self):
-        self.paste("""
+        self.paste(
+            """
         >>> x = [1,2,3]
         >>> y = []
         >>> for i in x:
         ...     y.append(i**2)
         ... 
         """
         )
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["x"], [1, 2, 3])
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["y"], [1, 4, 9])
 
     def test_paste_py_multi_r(self):
         "Now, test that self.paste -r works"
         self.test_paste_py_multi()
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns.pop("x"), [1, 2, 3])
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns.pop("y"), [1, 4, 9])
         self.assertFalse("x" in ip.user_ns)
         ip.run_line_magic("paste", "-r")
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["x"], [1, 2, 3])
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["y"], [1, 4, 9])
 
     def test_paste_email(self):
         "Test pasting of email-quoted contents"
-        self.paste("""\
+        self.paste(
+            """\
         >> def foo(x):
         >>     return x + 1
         >> xx = foo(1.1)"""
         )
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["xx"], 2.1)
 
     def test_paste_email2(self):
         "Email again; some programs add a space also at each quoting level"
-        self.paste("""\
+        self.paste(
+            """\
         > > def foo(x):
         > >     return x + 1
         > > yy = foo(2.1)     """
         )
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["yy"], 3.1)
 
     def test_paste_email_py(self):
         "Email quoting of interactive input"
-        self.paste("""\
+        self.paste(
+            """\
         >> >>> def f(x):
         >> ...   return x+1
         >> ... 
         >> >>> zz = f(2.5)      """
         )
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["zz"], 3.5)
 
     def test_paste_echo(self):
         "Also test self.paste echoing, by temporarily faking the writer"
         w = StringIO()
         old_write = sys.stdout.write
         sys.stdout.write = w.write
         code = """
         a = 100
         b = 200"""
         try:
             self.paste(code,'')
             out = w.getvalue()
         finally:
             sys.stdout.write = old_write
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["a"], 100)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["b"], 200)
         assert out == code + "\n## -- End pasted text --\n"
 
     def test_paste_leading_commas(self):
         "Test multiline strings with leading commas"
         tm = ip.magics_manager.registry['TerminalMagics']
         s = '''\
 a = """
 ,1,2,3
 """'''
         ip.user_ns.pop("foo", None)
         tm.store_or_execute(s, "foo")
         self.assertIn("foo", ip.user_ns)
 
     def test_paste_trailing_question(self):
         "Test pasting sources with trailing question marks"
         tm = ip.magics_manager.registry['TerminalMagics']
         s = '''\
 def funcfoo():
    if True: #am i true?
        return 'fooresult'
 '''
         ip.user_ns.pop('funcfoo', None)
         self.paste(s)
         self.assertEqual(ip.user_ns["funcfoo"](), "fooresult")

IPython/core/tests/test_profile.py

@@ -1,155 +1,155 b''
 # coding: utf-8
 """Tests for profile-related functions.
 
 Currently only the startup-dir functionality is tested, but more tests should
 be added for:
 
     * ipython profile create
     * ipython profile list
     * ipython profile create --parallel
     * security dir permissions
 
 Authors
 -------
 
 * MinRK
 
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import shutil
 import sys
 import tempfile
 from pathlib import Path
 from unittest import TestCase
 
 from tempfile import TemporaryDirectory
 
 from IPython.core.profileapp import list_bundled_profiles, list_profiles_in
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 from IPython.utils.process import getoutput
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 TMP_TEST_DIR = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp())
 HOME_TEST_DIR = TMP_TEST_DIR / "home_test_dir"
 IP_TEST_DIR = HOME_TEST_DIR / ".ipython"
 
 #
 # Setup/teardown functions/decorators
 #
 
 def setup_module():
     """Setup test environment for the module:
 
             - Adds dummy home dir tree
     """
     # Do not mask exceptions here.  In particular, catching WindowsError is a
     # problem because that exception is only defined on Windows...
     (Path.cwd() / IP_TEST_DIR).mkdir(parents=True)
 
 
 def teardown_module():
     """Teardown test environment for the module:
 
             - Remove dummy home dir tree
     """
     # Note: we remove the parent test dir, which is the root of all test
     # subdirs we may have created.  Use shutil instead of os.removedirs, so
     # that non-empty directories are all recursively removed.
     shutil.rmtree(TMP_TEST_DIR)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Test functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class ProfileStartupTest(TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         # create profile dir
         self.pd = ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(IP_TEST_DIR, "test")
         self.options = ["--ipython-dir", IP_TEST_DIR, "--profile", "test"]
         self.fname = TMP_TEST_DIR / "test.py"
 
     def tearDown(self):
         # We must remove this profile right away so its presence doesn't
         # confuse other tests.
         shutil.rmtree(self.pd.location)
 
     def init(self, startup_file, startup, test):
         # write startup python file
         with open(Path(self.pd.startup_dir) / startup_file, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write(startup)
         # write simple test file, to check that the startup file was run
         with open(self.fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
             f.write(test)
 
     def validate(self, output):
         tt.ipexec_validate(self.fname, output, "", options=self.options)
 
     def test_startup_py(self):
         self.init('00-start.py', 'zzz=123\n', 'print(zzz)\n')
         self.validate('123')
 
     def test_startup_ipy(self):
         self.init('00-start.ipy', '%xmode plain\n', '')
         self.validate('Exception reporting mode: Plain')
 
 
 def test_list_profiles_in():
     # No need to remove these directories and files, as they will get nuked in
     # the module-level teardown.
     td = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=TMP_TEST_DIR))
     for name in ("profile_foo", "profile_hello", "not_a_profile"):
         Path(td / name).mkdir(parents=True)
     if dec.unicode_paths:
-        Path(td / u"profile_ünicode").mkdir(parents=True)
+        Path(td / "profile_ünicode").mkdir(parents=True)
 
     with open(td / "profile_file", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
         f.write("I am not a profile directory")
     profiles = list_profiles_in(td)
 
     # unicode normalization can turn u'ünicode' into u'u\0308nicode',
     # so only check for *nicode, and that creating a ProfileDir from the
     # name remains valid
     found_unicode = False
     for p in list(profiles):
         if p.endswith('nicode'):
             pd = ProfileDir.find_profile_dir_by_name(td, p)
             profiles.remove(p)
             found_unicode = True
             break
     if dec.unicode_paths:
         assert found_unicode is True
     assert set(profiles) == {"foo", "hello"}
 
 
 def test_list_bundled_profiles():
     # This variable will need to be updated when a new profile gets bundled
     bundled = sorted(list_bundled_profiles())
     assert bundled == []
 
 
 def test_profile_create_ipython_dir():
     """ipython profile create respects --ipython-dir"""
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         getoutput(
             [
                 sys.executable,
                 "-m",
                 "IPython",
                 "profile",
                 "create",
                 "foo",
                 "--ipython-dir=%s" % td,
             ]
         )
         profile_dir = Path(td) / "profile_foo"
         assert Path(profile_dir).exists()
         ipython_config = profile_dir / "ipython_config.py"
         assert Path(ipython_config).exists()

IPython/external/qt_loaders.py

@@ -1,397 +1,399 b''
 """
 This module contains factory functions that attempt
 to return Qt submodules from the various python Qt bindings.
 
 It also protects against double-importing Qt with different
 bindings, which is unstable and likely to crash
 
 This is used primarily by qt and qt_for_kernel, and shouldn't
 be accessed directly from the outside
 """
 import importlib.abc
 import sys
 import types
 from functools import partial, lru_cache
 import operator
 
 # ### Available APIs.
 # Qt6
 QT_API_PYQT6 = "pyqt6"
 QT_API_PYSIDE6 = "pyside6"
 
 # Qt5
 QT_API_PYQT5 = 'pyqt5'
 QT_API_PYSIDE2 = 'pyside2'
 
 # Qt4
 QT_API_PYQT = "pyqt"  # Force version 2
 QT_API_PYQTv1 = "pyqtv1"  # Force version 2
 QT_API_PYSIDE = "pyside"
 
 QT_API_PYQT_DEFAULT = "pyqtdefault"  # use system default for version 1 vs. 2
 
 api_to_module = {
     # Qt6
     QT_API_PYQT6: "PyQt6",
     QT_API_PYSIDE6: "PySide6",
     # Qt5
     QT_API_PYQT5: "PyQt5",
     QT_API_PYSIDE2: "PySide2",
     # Qt4
     QT_API_PYSIDE: "PySide",
     QT_API_PYQT: "PyQt4",
     QT_API_PYQTv1: "PyQt4",
     # default
     QT_API_PYQT_DEFAULT: "PyQt6",
 }
 
 
 class ImportDenier(importlib.abc.MetaPathFinder):
     """Import Hook that will guard against bad Qt imports
     once IPython commits to a specific binding
     """
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.__forbidden = set()
 
     def forbid(self, module_name):
         sys.modules.pop(module_name, None)
         self.__forbidden.add(module_name)
 
     def find_spec(self, fullname, path, target=None):
         if path:
             return
         if fullname in self.__forbidden:
             raise ImportError(
                 """
     Importing %s disabled by IPython, which has
     already imported an Incompatible QT Binding: %s
-    """ % (fullname, loaded_api()))
+    """
+                % (fullname, loaded_api())
+            )
 
 
 ID = ImportDenier()
 sys.meta_path.insert(0, ID)
 
 
 def commit_api(api):
     """Commit to a particular API, and trigger ImportErrors on subsequent
     dangerous imports"""
     modules = set(api_to_module.values())
 
     modules.remove(api_to_module[api])
     for mod in modules:
         ID.forbid(mod)
 
 
 def loaded_api():
     """Return which API is loaded, if any
 
     If this returns anything besides None,
     importing any other Qt binding is unsafe.
 
     Returns
     -------
     None, 'pyside6', 'pyqt6', 'pyside2', 'pyside', 'pyqt', 'pyqt5', 'pyqtv1'
     """
     if sys.modules.get("PyQt6.QtCore"):
         return QT_API_PYQT6
     elif sys.modules.get("PySide6.QtCore"):
         return QT_API_PYSIDE6
     elif sys.modules.get("PyQt5.QtCore"):
         return QT_API_PYQT5
     elif sys.modules.get("PySide2.QtCore"):
         return QT_API_PYSIDE2
     elif sys.modules.get("PyQt4.QtCore"):
         if qtapi_version() == 2:
             return QT_API_PYQT
         else:
             return QT_API_PYQTv1
     elif sys.modules.get("PySide.QtCore"):
         return QT_API_PYSIDE
 
     return None
 
 
 def has_binding(api):
     """Safely check for PyQt4/5, PySide or PySide2, without importing submodules
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     api : str [ 'pyqtv1' | 'pyqt' | 'pyqt5' | 'pyside' | 'pyside2' | 'pyqtdefault']
         Which module to check for
 
     Returns
     -------
     True if the relevant module appears to be importable
     """
     module_name = api_to_module[api]
     from importlib.util import find_spec
 
     required = ['QtCore', 'QtGui', 'QtSvg']
     if api in (QT_API_PYQT5, QT_API_PYSIDE2, QT_API_PYQT6, QT_API_PYSIDE6):
         # QT5 requires QtWidgets too
         required.append('QtWidgets')
 
     for submod in required:
         try:
             spec = find_spec('%s.%s' % (module_name, submod))
         except ImportError:
             # Package (e.g. PyQt5) not found
             return False
         else:
             if spec is None:
                 # Submodule (e.g. PyQt5.QtCore) not found
                 return False
 
     if api == QT_API_PYSIDE:
         # We can also safely check PySide version
         import PySide
 
         return PySide.__version_info__ >= (1, 0, 3)
 
     return True
 
 
 def qtapi_version():
     """Return which QString API has been set, if any
 
     Returns
     -------
     The QString API version (1 or 2), or None if not set
     """
     try:
         import sip
     except ImportError:
         # as of PyQt5 5.11, sip is no longer available as a top-level
         # module and needs to be imported from the PyQt5 namespace
         try:
             from PyQt5 import sip
         except ImportError:
             return
     try:
         return sip.getapi('QString')
     except ValueError:
         return
 
 
 def can_import(api):
     """Safely query whether an API is importable, without importing it"""
     if not has_binding(api):
         return False
 
     current = loaded_api()
     if api == QT_API_PYQT_DEFAULT:
         return current in [QT_API_PYQT6, None]
     else:
         return current in [api, None]
 
 
 def import_pyqt4(version=2):
     """
     Import PyQt4
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     version : 1, 2, or None
         Which QString/QVariant API to use. Set to None to use the system
         default
     ImportErrors raised within this function are non-recoverable
     """
     # The new-style string API (version=2) automatically
     # converts QStrings to Unicode Python strings. Also, automatically unpacks
     # QVariants to their underlying objects.
     import sip
 
     if version is not None:
         sip.setapi('QString', version)
         sip.setapi('QVariant', version)
 
     from PyQt4 import QtGui, QtCore, QtSvg
 
     if QtCore.PYQT_VERSION < 0x040700:
         raise ImportError("IPython requires PyQt4 >= 4.7, found %s" %
                           QtCore.PYQT_VERSION_STR)
 
     # Alias PyQt-specific functions for PySide compatibility.
     QtCore.Signal = QtCore.pyqtSignal
     QtCore.Slot = QtCore.pyqtSlot
 
     # query for the API version (in case version == None)
     version = sip.getapi('QString')
     api = QT_API_PYQTv1 if version == 1 else QT_API_PYQT
     return QtCore, QtGui, QtSvg, api
 
 
 def import_pyqt5():
     """
     Import PyQt5
 
     ImportErrors raised within this function are non-recoverable
     """
 
     from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtSvg, QtWidgets, QtGui
 
     # Alias PyQt-specific functions for PySide compatibility.
     QtCore.Signal = QtCore.pyqtSignal
     QtCore.Slot = QtCore.pyqtSlot
 
     # Join QtGui and QtWidgets for Qt4 compatibility.
     QtGuiCompat = types.ModuleType('QtGuiCompat')
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtGui.__dict__)
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtWidgets.__dict__)
 
     api = QT_API_PYQT5
     return QtCore, QtGuiCompat, QtSvg, api
 
 
 def import_pyqt6():
     """
     Import PyQt6
 
     ImportErrors raised within this function are non-recoverable
     """
 
     from PyQt6 import QtCore, QtSvg, QtWidgets, QtGui
 
     # Alias PyQt-specific functions for PySide compatibility.
     QtCore.Signal = QtCore.pyqtSignal
     QtCore.Slot = QtCore.pyqtSlot
 
     # Join QtGui and QtWidgets for Qt4 compatibility.
     QtGuiCompat = types.ModuleType("QtGuiCompat")
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtGui.__dict__)
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtWidgets.__dict__)
 
     api = QT_API_PYQT6
     return QtCore, QtGuiCompat, QtSvg, api
 
 
 def import_pyside():
     """
     Import PySide
 
     ImportErrors raised within this function are non-recoverable
     """
     from PySide import QtGui, QtCore, QtSvg
     return QtCore, QtGui, QtSvg, QT_API_PYSIDE
 
 def import_pyside2():
     """
     Import PySide2
 
     ImportErrors raised within this function are non-recoverable
     """
     from PySide2 import QtGui, QtCore, QtSvg, QtWidgets, QtPrintSupport
 
     # Join QtGui and QtWidgets for Qt4 compatibility.
     QtGuiCompat = types.ModuleType('QtGuiCompat')
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtGui.__dict__)
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtWidgets.__dict__)
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtPrintSupport.__dict__)
 
     return QtCore, QtGuiCompat, QtSvg, QT_API_PYSIDE2
 
 
 def import_pyside6():
     """
     Import PySide6
 
     ImportErrors raised within this function are non-recoverable
     """
     from PySide6 import QtGui, QtCore, QtSvg, QtWidgets, QtPrintSupport
 
     # Join QtGui and QtWidgets for Qt4 compatibility.
     QtGuiCompat = types.ModuleType("QtGuiCompat")
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtGui.__dict__)
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtWidgets.__dict__)
     QtGuiCompat.__dict__.update(QtPrintSupport.__dict__)
 
     return QtCore, QtGuiCompat, QtSvg, QT_API_PYSIDE6
 
 
 def load_qt(api_options):
     """
     Attempt to import Qt, given a preference list
     of permissible bindings
 
     It is safe to call this function multiple times.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     api_options : List of strings
         The order of APIs to try. Valid items are 'pyside', 'pyside2',
         'pyqt', 'pyqt5', 'pyqtv1' and 'pyqtdefault'
 
     Returns
     -------
     A tuple of QtCore, QtGui, QtSvg, QT_API
     The first three are the Qt modules. The last is the
     string indicating which module was loaded.
 
     Raises
     ------
     ImportError, if it isn't possible to import any requested
     bindings (either because they aren't installed, or because
     an incompatible library has already been installed)
     """
     loaders = {
         # Qt6
         QT_API_PYQT6: import_pyqt6,
         QT_API_PYSIDE6: import_pyside6,
         # Qt5
         QT_API_PYQT5: import_pyqt5,
         QT_API_PYSIDE2: import_pyside2,
         # Qt4
         QT_API_PYSIDE: import_pyside,
         QT_API_PYQT: import_pyqt4,
         QT_API_PYQTv1: partial(import_pyqt4, version=1),
         # default
         QT_API_PYQT_DEFAULT: import_pyqt6,
     }
 
     for api in api_options:
 
         if api not in loaders:
             raise RuntimeError(
                 "Invalid Qt API %r, valid values are: %s" %
                 (api, ", ".join(["%r" % k for k in loaders.keys()])))
 
         if not can_import(api):
             continue
 
         #cannot safely recover from an ImportError during this
         result = loaders[api]()
         api = result[-1]  # changed if api = QT_API_PYQT_DEFAULT
         commit_api(api)
         return result
     else:
         raise ImportError("""
     Could not load requested Qt binding. Please ensure that
     PyQt4 >= 4.7, PyQt5, PySide >= 1.0.3 or PySide2 is available,
     and only one is imported per session.
 
     Currently-imported Qt library:                              %r
     PyQt4 available (requires QtCore, QtGui, QtSvg):            %s
     PyQt5 available (requires QtCore, QtGui, QtSvg, QtWidgets): %s
     PySide >= 1.0.3 installed:                                  %s
     PySide2 installed:                                          %s
     Tried to load:                                              %r
     """ % (loaded_api(),
            has_binding(QT_API_PYQT),
            has_binding(QT_API_PYQT5),
            has_binding(QT_API_PYSIDE),
            has_binding(QT_API_PYSIDE2),
            api_options))
 
 
 def enum_factory(QT_API, QtCore):
     """Construct an enum helper to account for PyQt5 <-> PyQt6 changes."""
 
     @lru_cache(None)
     def _enum(name):
         # foo.bar.Enum.Entry (PyQt6) <=> foo.bar.Entry (non-PyQt6).
         return operator.attrgetter(
             name if QT_API == QT_API_PYQT6 else name.rpartition(".")[0]
         )(sys.modules[QtCore.__package__])
 
     return _enum

IPython/lib/display.py

@@ -1,677 +1,675 b''
 """Various display related classes.
 
 Authors : MinRK, gregcaporaso, dannystaple
 """
 from html import escape as html_escape
 from os.path import exists, isfile, splitext, abspath, join, isdir
 from os import walk, sep, fsdecode
 
 from IPython.core.display import DisplayObject, TextDisplayObject
 
 from typing import Tuple, Iterable
 
 __all__ = ['Audio', 'IFrame', 'YouTubeVideo', 'VimeoVideo', 'ScribdDocument',
            'FileLink', 'FileLinks', 'Code']
 
 
 class Audio(DisplayObject):
     """Create an audio object.
 
     When this object is returned by an input cell or passed to the
     display function, it will result in Audio controls being displayed
     in the frontend (only works in the notebook).
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     data : numpy array, list, unicode, str or bytes
         Can be one of
 
           * Numpy 1d array containing the desired waveform (mono)
           * Numpy 2d array containing waveforms for each channel.
             Shape=(NCHAN, NSAMPLES). For the standard channel order, see
             http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/dn653308(v=vs.85).aspx
           * List of float or integer representing the waveform (mono)
           * String containing the filename
           * Bytestring containing raw PCM data or
           * URL pointing to a file on the web.
 
         If the array option is used, the waveform will be normalized.
 
         If a filename or url is used, the format support will be browser
         dependent.
     url : unicode
         A URL to download the data from.
     filename : unicode
         Path to a local file to load the data from.
     embed : boolean
         Should the audio data be embedded using a data URI (True) or should
         the original source be referenced. Set this to True if you want the
         audio to playable later with no internet connection in the notebook.
 
         Default is `True`, unless the keyword argument `url` is set, then
         default value is `False`.
     rate : integer
         The sampling rate of the raw data.
         Only required when data parameter is being used as an array
     autoplay : bool
         Set to True if the audio should immediately start playing.
         Default is `False`.
     normalize : bool
         Whether audio should be normalized (rescaled) to the maximum possible
         range. Default is `True`. When set to `False`, `data` must be between
         -1 and 1 (inclusive), otherwise an error is raised.
         Applies only when `data` is a list or array of samples; other types of
         audio are never normalized.
 
     Examples
     --------
 
     >>> import pytest
     >>> np = pytest.importorskip("numpy")
 
     Generate a sound
 
     >>> import numpy as np
     >>> framerate = 44100
     >>> t = np.linspace(0,5,framerate*5)
     >>> data = np.sin(2*np.pi*220*t) + np.sin(2*np.pi*224*t)
     >>> Audio(data, rate=framerate)
     <IPython.lib.display.Audio object>
 
     Can also do stereo or more channels
 
     >>> dataleft = np.sin(2*np.pi*220*t)
     >>> dataright = np.sin(2*np.pi*224*t)
     >>> Audio([dataleft, dataright], rate=framerate)
     <IPython.lib.display.Audio object>
 
     From URL:
 
     >>> Audio("http://www.nch.com.au/acm/8k16bitpcm.wav")  # doctest: +SKIP
     >>> Audio(url="http://www.w3schools.com/html/horse.ogg")  # doctest: +SKIP
 
     From a File:
 
     >>> Audio('IPython/lib/tests/test.wav')  # doctest: +SKIP
     >>> Audio(filename='IPython/lib/tests/test.wav')  # doctest: +SKIP
 
     From Bytes:
 
     >>> Audio(b'RAW_WAV_DATA..')  # doctest: +SKIP
     >>> Audio(data=b'RAW_WAV_DATA..')  # doctest: +SKIP
 
     See Also
     --------
     ipywidgets.Audio
-    
-         AUdio widget with more more flexibility and options.
-    
+
+         Audio widget with more more flexibility and options.
+
     """
     _read_flags = 'rb'
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, filename=None, url=None, embed=None, rate=None, autoplay=False, normalize=True, *,
                  element_id=None):
         if filename is None and url is None and data is None:
             raise ValueError("No audio data found. Expecting filename, url, or data.")
         if embed is False and url is None:
             raise ValueError("No url found. Expecting url when embed=False")
 
         if url is not None and embed is not True:
             self.embed = False
         else:
             self.embed = True
         self.autoplay = autoplay
         self.element_id = element_id
         super(Audio, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
         if self.data is not None and not isinstance(self.data, bytes):
             if rate is None:
                 raise ValueError("rate must be specified when data is a numpy array or list of audio samples.")
             self.data = Audio._make_wav(data, rate, normalize)
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload the raw data from file or URL."""
         import mimetypes
         if self.embed:
             super(Audio, self).reload()
 
         if self.filename is not None:
             self.mimetype = mimetypes.guess_type(self.filename)[0]
         elif self.url is not None:
             self.mimetype = mimetypes.guess_type(self.url)[0]
         else:
             self.mimetype = "audio/wav"
 
     @staticmethod
     def _make_wav(data, rate, normalize):
         """ Transform a numpy array to a PCM bytestring """
         from io import BytesIO
         import wave
 
         try:
             scaled, nchan = Audio._validate_and_normalize_with_numpy(data, normalize)
         except ImportError:
             scaled, nchan = Audio._validate_and_normalize_without_numpy(data, normalize)
 
         fp = BytesIO()
         waveobj = wave.open(fp,mode='wb')
         waveobj.setnchannels(nchan)
         waveobj.setframerate(rate)
         waveobj.setsampwidth(2)
         waveobj.setcomptype('NONE','NONE')
         waveobj.writeframes(scaled)
         val = fp.getvalue()
         waveobj.close()
 
         return val
 
     @staticmethod
     def _validate_and_normalize_with_numpy(data, normalize) -> Tuple[bytes, int]:
         import numpy as np
 
         data = np.array(data, dtype=float)
         if len(data.shape) == 1:
             nchan = 1
         elif len(data.shape) == 2:
             # In wave files,channels are interleaved. E.g.,
             # "L1R1L2R2..." for stereo. See
             # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/dn653308(v=vs.85).aspx
             # for channel ordering
             nchan = data.shape[0]
             data = data.T.ravel()
         else:
             raise ValueError('Array audio input must be a 1D or 2D array')
         
         max_abs_value = np.max(np.abs(data))
         normalization_factor = Audio._get_normalization_factor(max_abs_value, normalize)
         scaled = data / normalization_factor * 32767
         return scaled.astype("<h").tobytes(), nchan
 
     @staticmethod
     def _validate_and_normalize_without_numpy(data, normalize):
         import array
         import sys
 
         data = array.array('f', data)
 
         try:
             max_abs_value = float(max([abs(x) for x in data]))
         except TypeError as e:
             raise TypeError('Only lists of mono audio are '
                 'supported if numpy is not installed') from e
 
         normalization_factor = Audio._get_normalization_factor(max_abs_value, normalize)
         scaled = array.array('h', [int(x / normalization_factor * 32767) for x in data])
         if sys.byteorder == 'big':
             scaled.byteswap()
         nchan = 1
         return scaled.tobytes(), nchan
 
     @staticmethod
     def _get_normalization_factor(max_abs_value, normalize):
         if not normalize and max_abs_value > 1:
             raise ValueError('Audio data must be between -1 and 1 when normalize=False.')
         return max_abs_value if normalize else 1
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self):
         """shortcut for returning metadata with url information, if defined"""
         md = {}
         if self.url:
             md['url'] = self.url
         if md:
             return self.data, md
         else:
             return self.data
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         src = """
                 <audio {element_id} controls="controls" {autoplay}>
                     <source src="{src}" type="{type}" />
                     Your browser does not support the audio element.
                 </audio>
               """
         return src.format(src=self.src_attr(), type=self.mimetype, autoplay=self.autoplay_attr(),
                           element_id=self.element_id_attr())
 
     def src_attr(self):
         import base64
         if self.embed and (self.data is not None):
             data = base64=base64.b64encode(self.data).decode('ascii')
             return """data:{type};base64,{base64}""".format(type=self.mimetype,
                                                             base64=data)
         elif self.url is not None:
             return self.url
         else:
             return ""
 
     def autoplay_attr(self):
         if(self.autoplay):
             return 'autoplay="autoplay"'
         else:
             return ''
     
     def element_id_attr(self):
         if (self.element_id):
             return 'id="{element_id}"'.format(element_id=self.element_id)
         else:
             return ''
 
 class IFrame(object):
     """
     Generic class to embed an iframe in an IPython notebook
     """
 
     iframe = """
         <iframe
             width="{width}"
             height="{height}"
             src="{src}{params}"
             frameborder="0"
             allowfullscreen
             {extras}
         ></iframe>
         """
 
     def __init__(self, src, width, height, extras: Iterable[str] = None, **kwargs):
         if extras is None:
             extras = []
 
         self.src = src
         self.width = width
         self.height = height
         self.extras = extras
         self.params = kwargs
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         """return the embed iframe"""
         if self.params:
             from urllib.parse import urlencode
             params = "?" + urlencode(self.params)
         else:
             params = ""
         return self.iframe.format(
             src=self.src,
             width=self.width,
             height=self.height,
             params=params,
             extras=" ".join(self.extras),
         )
 
 
 class YouTubeVideo(IFrame):
     """Class for embedding a YouTube Video in an IPython session, based on its video id.
 
     e.g. to embed the video from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=foo , you would
     do::
 
         vid = YouTubeVideo("foo")
         display(vid)
 
     To start from 30 seconds::
 
         vid = YouTubeVideo("abc", start=30)
         display(vid)
 
     To calculate seconds from time as hours, minutes, seconds use
     :class:`datetime.timedelta`::
 
         start=int(timedelta(hours=1, minutes=46, seconds=40).total_seconds())
 
     Other parameters can be provided as documented at
     https://developers.google.com/youtube/player_parameters#Parameters
     
     When converting the notebook using nbconvert, a jpeg representation of the video
     will be inserted in the document.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, id, width=400, height=300, allow_autoplay=False, **kwargs):
         self.id=id
         src = "https://www.youtube.com/embed/{0}".format(id)
         if allow_autoplay:
             extras = list(kwargs.get("extras", [])) + ['allow="autoplay"']
             kwargs.update(autoplay=1, extras=extras)
         super(YouTubeVideo, self).__init__(src, width, height, **kwargs)
 
     def _repr_jpeg_(self):
         # Deferred import
         from urllib.request import urlopen
 
         try:
             return urlopen("https://img.youtube.com/vi/{id}/hqdefault.jpg".format(id=self.id)).read()
         except IOError:
             return None
 
 class VimeoVideo(IFrame):
     """
     Class for embedding a Vimeo video in an IPython session, based on its video id.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, id, width=400, height=300, **kwargs):
         src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/{0}".format(id)
         super(VimeoVideo, self).__init__(src, width, height, **kwargs)
 
 class ScribdDocument(IFrame):
     """
     Class for embedding a Scribd document in an IPython session
 
     Use the start_page params to specify a starting point in the document
     Use the view_mode params to specify display type one off scroll | slideshow | book
 
     e.g to Display Wes' foundational paper about PANDAS in book mode from page 3
 
     ScribdDocument(71048089, width=800, height=400, start_page=3, view_mode="book")
     """
 
     def __init__(self, id, width=400, height=300, **kwargs):
         src="https://www.scribd.com/embeds/{0}/content".format(id)
         super(ScribdDocument, self).__init__(src, width, height, **kwargs)
 
 class FileLink(object):
     """Class for embedding a local file link in an IPython session, based on path
 
     e.g. to embed a link that was generated in the IPython notebook as my/data.txt
 
     you would do::
 
         local_file = FileLink("my/data.txt")
         display(local_file)
 
     or in the HTML notebook, just::
 
         FileLink("my/data.txt")
     """
 
     html_link_str = "<a href='%s' target='_blank'>%s</a>"
 
     def __init__(self,
                  path,
                  url_prefix='',
                  result_html_prefix='',
                  result_html_suffix='<br>'):
         """
         Parameters
         ----------
         path : str
             path to the file or directory that should be formatted
         url_prefix : str
             prefix to be prepended to all files to form a working link [default:
             '']
         result_html_prefix : str
             text to append to beginning to link [default: '']
         result_html_suffix : str
             text to append at the end of link [default: '<br>']
         """
         if isdir(path):
             raise ValueError("Cannot display a directory using FileLink. "
               "Use FileLinks to display '%s'." % path)
         self.path = fsdecode(path)
         self.url_prefix = url_prefix
         self.result_html_prefix = result_html_prefix
         self.result_html_suffix = result_html_suffix
 
     def _format_path(self):
         fp = ''.join([self.url_prefix, html_escape(self.path)])
         return ''.join([self.result_html_prefix,
                         self.html_link_str % \
                             (fp, html_escape(self.path, quote=False)),
                         self.result_html_suffix])
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         """return html link to file
         """
         if not exists(self.path):
             return ("Path (<tt>%s</tt>) doesn't exist. "
                     "It may still be in the process of "
                     "being generated, or you may have the "
                     "incorrect path." % self.path)
 
         return self._format_path()
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """return absolute path to file
         """
         return abspath(self.path)
 
 class FileLinks(FileLink):
     """Class for embedding local file links in an IPython session, based on path
 
     e.g. to embed links to files that were generated in the IPython notebook
     under ``my/data``, you would do::
 
         local_files = FileLinks("my/data")
         display(local_files)
 
     or in the HTML notebook, just::
 
         FileLinks("my/data")
     """
     def __init__(self,
                  path,
                  url_prefix='',
                  included_suffixes=None,
                  result_html_prefix='',
                  result_html_suffix='<br>',
                  notebook_display_formatter=None,
                  terminal_display_formatter=None,
                  recursive=True):
         """
         See :class:`FileLink` for the ``path``, ``url_prefix``,
         ``result_html_prefix`` and ``result_html_suffix`` parameters.
 
         included_suffixes : list
           Filename suffixes to include when formatting output [default: include
           all files]
 
         notebook_display_formatter : function
           Used to format links for display in the notebook. See discussion of
           formatter functions below.
 
         terminal_display_formatter : function
           Used to format links for display in the terminal. See discussion of
           formatter functions below.
 
         Formatter functions must be of the form::
 
             f(dirname, fnames, included_suffixes)
 
         dirname : str
           The name of a directory
         fnames : list
           The files in that directory
         included_suffixes : list
           The file suffixes that should be included in the output (passing None
           meansto include all suffixes in the output in the built-in formatters)
         recursive : boolean
           Whether to recurse into subdirectories. Default is True.
 
         The function should return a list of lines that will be printed in the
         notebook (if passing notebook_display_formatter) or the terminal (if
         passing terminal_display_formatter). This function is iterated over for
         each directory in self.path. Default formatters are in place, can be
         passed here to support alternative formatting.
 
         """
         if isfile(path):
             raise ValueError("Cannot display a file using FileLinks. "
               "Use FileLink to display '%s'." % path)
         self.included_suffixes = included_suffixes
         # remove trailing slashes for more consistent output formatting
         path = path.rstrip('/')
 
         self.path = path
         self.url_prefix = url_prefix
         self.result_html_prefix = result_html_prefix
         self.result_html_suffix = result_html_suffix
 
         self.notebook_display_formatter = \
              notebook_display_formatter or self._get_notebook_display_formatter()
         self.terminal_display_formatter = \
              terminal_display_formatter or self._get_terminal_display_formatter()
 
         self.recursive = recursive
 
-    def _get_display_formatter(self,
-                               dirname_output_format,
-                               fname_output_format,
-                               fp_format,
-                               fp_cleaner=None):
-        """ generate built-in formatter function
+    def _get_display_formatter(
+        self, dirname_output_format, fname_output_format, fp_format, fp_cleaner=None
+    ):
+        """generate built-in formatter function
 
         this is used to define both the notebook and terminal built-in
          formatters as they only differ by some wrapper text for each entry
 
         dirname_output_format: string to use for formatting directory
          names, dirname will be substituted for a single "%s" which
          must appear in this string
         fname_output_format: string to use for formatting file names,
          if a single "%s" appears in the string, fname will be substituted
          if two "%s" appear in the string, the path to fname will be
           substituted for the first and fname will be substituted for the
           second
         fp_format: string to use for formatting filepaths, must contain
          exactly two "%s" and the dirname will be substituted for the first
          and fname will be substituted for the second
         """
         def f(dirname, fnames, included_suffixes=None):
             result = []
             # begin by figuring out which filenames, if any,
             # are going to be displayed
             display_fnames = []
             for fname in fnames:
                 if (isfile(join(dirname,fname)) and
                        (included_suffixes is None or
                         splitext(fname)[1] in included_suffixes)):
                       display_fnames.append(fname)
 
             if len(display_fnames) == 0:
                 # if there are no filenames to display, don't print anything
                 # (not even the directory name)
                 pass
             else:
                 # otherwise print the formatted directory name followed by
                 # the formatted filenames
                 dirname_output_line = dirname_output_format % dirname
                 result.append(dirname_output_line)
                 for fname in display_fnames:
                     fp = fp_format % (dirname,fname)
                     if fp_cleaner is not None:
                         fp = fp_cleaner(fp)
                     try:
                         # output can include both a filepath and a filename...
                         fname_output_line = fname_output_format % (fp, fname)
                     except TypeError:
                         # ... or just a single filepath
                         fname_output_line = fname_output_format % fname
                     result.append(fname_output_line)
             return result
         return f
 
     def _get_notebook_display_formatter(self,
                                         spacer="&nbsp;&nbsp;"):
         """ generate function to use for notebook formatting
         """
         dirname_output_format = \
          self.result_html_prefix + "%s/" + self.result_html_suffix
         fname_output_format = \
          self.result_html_prefix + spacer + self.html_link_str + self.result_html_suffix
         fp_format = self.url_prefix + '%s/%s'
         if sep == "\\":
             # Working on a platform where the path separator is "\", so
             # must convert these to "/" for generating a URI
             def fp_cleaner(fp):
                 # Replace all occurrences of backslash ("\") with a forward
                 # slash ("/") - this is necessary on windows when a path is
                 # provided as input, but we must link to a URI
                 return fp.replace('\\','/')
         else:
             fp_cleaner = None
 
         return self._get_display_formatter(dirname_output_format,
                                            fname_output_format,
                                            fp_format,
                                            fp_cleaner)
 
     def _get_terminal_display_formatter(self,
                                         spacer="  "):
         """ generate function to use for terminal formatting
         """
         dirname_output_format = "%s/"
         fname_output_format = spacer + "%s"
         fp_format = '%s/%s'
 
         return self._get_display_formatter(dirname_output_format,
                                            fname_output_format,
                                            fp_format)
 
     def _format_path(self):
         result_lines = []
         if self.recursive:
             walked_dir = list(walk(self.path))
         else:
             walked_dir = [next(walk(self.path))]
         walked_dir.sort()
         for dirname, subdirs, fnames in walked_dir:
             result_lines += self.notebook_display_formatter(dirname, fnames, self.included_suffixes)
         return '\n'.join(result_lines)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """return newline-separated absolute paths
         """
         result_lines = []
         if self.recursive:
             walked_dir = list(walk(self.path))
         else:
             walked_dir = [next(walk(self.path))]
         walked_dir.sort()
         for dirname, subdirs, fnames in walked_dir:
             result_lines += self.terminal_display_formatter(dirname, fnames, self.included_suffixes)
         return '\n'.join(result_lines)
 
 
 class Code(TextDisplayObject):
     """Display syntax-highlighted source code.
 
     This uses Pygments to highlight the code for HTML and Latex output.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     data : str
         The code as a string
     url : str
         A URL to fetch the code from
     filename : str
         A local filename to load the code from
     language : str
         The short name of a Pygments lexer to use for highlighting.
         If not specified, it will guess the lexer based on the filename
         or the code. Available lexers: http://pygments.org/docs/lexers/
     """
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, language=None):
         self.language = language
         super().__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _get_lexer(self):
         if self.language:
             from pygments.lexers import get_lexer_by_name
             return get_lexer_by_name(self.language)
         elif self.filename:
             from pygments.lexers import get_lexer_for_filename
             return get_lexer_for_filename(self.filename)
         else:
             from pygments.lexers import guess_lexer
             return guess_lexer(self.data)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return self.data
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         from pygments import highlight
         from pygments.formatters import HtmlFormatter
         fmt = HtmlFormatter()
         style = '<style>{}</style>'.format(fmt.get_style_defs('.output_html'))
         return style + highlight(self.data, self._get_lexer(), fmt)
 
     def _repr_latex_(self):
         from pygments import highlight
         from pygments.formatters import LatexFormatter
         return highlight(self.data, self._get_lexer(), LatexFormatter())

IPython/lib/tests/test_latextools.py

@@ -1,192 +1,192 b''
 """Tests for IPython.utils.path.py"""
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
 
 from IPython.lib import latextools
 from IPython.testing.decorators import (
     onlyif_cmds_exist,
     skipif_not_matplotlib,
 )
 from IPython.utils.process import FindCmdError
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('command', ['latex', 'dvipng'])
 def test_check_latex_to_png_dvipng_fails_when_no_cmd(command):
     def mock_find_cmd(arg):
         if arg == command:
             raise FindCmdError
 
     with patch.object(latextools, "find_cmd", mock_find_cmd):
         assert latextools.latex_to_png_dvipng("whatever", True) is None
 
 
 @contextmanager
 def no_op(*args, **kwargs):
     yield
 
 
 @onlyif_cmds_exist("latex", "dvipng")
[e-mail]("s, wrap", [(u"$$x^2$$", False), (u"x^2", True)])
[e-mail]("s, wrap", [("$$x^2$$", False), ("x^2", True)])
 def test_latex_to_png_dvipng_runs(s, wrap):
     """
     Test that latex_to_png_dvipng just runs without error.
     """
     def mock_kpsewhich(filename):
         assert filename == "breqn.sty"
         return None
 
     latextools.latex_to_png_dvipng(s, wrap)
 
     with patch_latextool(mock_kpsewhich):
         latextools.latex_to_png_dvipng(s, wrap)
 
 
 def mock_kpsewhich(filename):
     assert filename == "breqn.sty"
     return None
 
 @contextmanager
 def patch_latextool(mock=mock_kpsewhich):
     with patch.object(latextools, "kpsewhich", mock):
         yield
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('context', [no_op, patch_latextool])
 @pytest.mark.parametrize('s_wrap', [("$x^2$", False), ("x^2", True)])
 def test_latex_to_png_mpl_runs(s_wrap, context):
     """
     Test that latex_to_png_mpl just runs without error.
     """
     try:
         import matplotlib
     except ImportError:
         pytest.skip("This needs matplotlib to be available")
         return
     s, wrap = s_wrap
     with context():
         latextools.latex_to_png_mpl(s, wrap)
 
 @skipif_not_matplotlib
 def test_latex_to_html():
     img = latextools.latex_to_html("$x^2$")
     assert "data:image/png;base64,iVBOR" in img
 
 
 def test_genelatex_no_wrap():
     """
     Test genelatex with wrap=False.
     """
     def mock_kpsewhich(filename):
         assert False, ("kpsewhich should not be called "
                        "(called with {0})".format(filename))
 
     with patch_latextool(mock_kpsewhich):
         assert '\n'.join(latextools.genelatex("body text", False)) == r'''\documentclass{article}
 \usepackage{amsmath}
 \usepackage{amsthm}
 \usepackage{amssymb}
 \usepackage{bm}
 \pagestyle{empty}
 \begin{document}
 body text
 \end{document}'''
 
 
 def test_genelatex_wrap_with_breqn():
     """
     Test genelatex with wrap=True for the case breqn.sty is installed.
     """
     def mock_kpsewhich(filename):
         assert filename == "breqn.sty"
         return "path/to/breqn.sty"
 
     with patch_latextool(mock_kpsewhich):
         assert '\n'.join(latextools.genelatex("x^2", True)) == r'''\documentclass{article}
 \usepackage{amsmath}
 \usepackage{amsthm}
 \usepackage{amssymb}
 \usepackage{bm}
 \usepackage{breqn}
 \pagestyle{empty}
 \begin{document}
 \begin{dmath*}
 x^2
 \end{dmath*}
 \end{document}'''
 
 
 def test_genelatex_wrap_without_breqn():
     """
     Test genelatex with wrap=True for the case breqn.sty is not installed.
     """
     def mock_kpsewhich(filename):
         assert filename == "breqn.sty"
         return None
 
     with patch_latextool(mock_kpsewhich):
         assert '\n'.join(latextools.genelatex("x^2", True)) == r'''\documentclass{article}
 \usepackage{amsmath}
 \usepackage{amsthm}
 \usepackage{amssymb}
 \usepackage{bm}
 \pagestyle{empty}
 \begin{document}
 $$x^2$$
 \end{document}'''
 
 
 @skipif_not_matplotlib
 @onlyif_cmds_exist('latex', 'dvipng')
 def test_latex_to_png_color():
     """
     Test color settings for latex_to_png.
     """
     latex_string = "$x^2$"
     default_value = latextools.latex_to_png(latex_string, wrap=False)
     default_hexblack = latextools.latex_to_png(latex_string, wrap=False,
                                                color='#000000')
     dvipng_default = latextools.latex_to_png_dvipng(latex_string, False)
     dvipng_black = latextools.latex_to_png_dvipng(latex_string, False, 'Black')
     assert dvipng_default == dvipng_black
     mpl_default = latextools.latex_to_png_mpl(latex_string, False)
     mpl_black = latextools.latex_to_png_mpl(latex_string, False, 'Black')
     assert mpl_default == mpl_black
     assert default_value in [dvipng_black, mpl_black]
     assert default_hexblack in [dvipng_black, mpl_black]
 
     # Test that dvips name colors can be used without error
     dvipng_maroon = latextools.latex_to_png_dvipng(latex_string, False,
                                                    'Maroon')
     # And that it doesn't return the black one
     assert dvipng_black != dvipng_maroon
 
     mpl_maroon = latextools.latex_to_png_mpl(latex_string, False, 'Maroon')
     assert mpl_black != mpl_maroon
     mpl_white = latextools.latex_to_png_mpl(latex_string, False, 'White')
     mpl_hexwhite = latextools.latex_to_png_mpl(latex_string, False, '#FFFFFF')
     assert mpl_white == mpl_hexwhite
 
     mpl_white_scale = latextools.latex_to_png_mpl(latex_string, False,
                                                   'White', 1.2)
     assert mpl_white != mpl_white_scale
 
 
 def test_latex_to_png_invalid_hex_colors():
     """
     Test that invalid hex colors provided to dvipng gives an exception.
     """
     latex_string = "$x^2$"
     pytest.raises(
         ValueError,
         lambda: latextools.latex_to_png(
             latex_string, backend="dvipng", color="#f00bar"
         ),
     )
     pytest.raises(
         ValueError,
         lambda: latextools.latex_to_png(latex_string, backend="dvipng", color="#f00"),
     )

IPython/lib/tests/test_pretty.py

@@ -1,536 +1,536 b''
 # coding: utf-8
 """Tests for IPython.lib.pretty."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 from collections import Counter, defaultdict, deque, OrderedDict, UserList
 import os
 import pytest
 import types
 import string
 import sys
 import unittest
 
 import pytest
 
 from IPython.lib import pretty
 
 from io import StringIO
 
 
 class MyList(object):
     def __init__(self, content):
         self.content = content
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
         if cycle:
             p.text("MyList(...)")
         else:
             with p.group(3, "MyList(", ")"):
                 for (i, child) in enumerate(self.content):
                     if i:
                         p.text(",")
                         p.breakable()
                     else:
                         p.breakable("")
                     p.pretty(child)
 
 
 class MyDict(dict):
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
         p.text("MyDict(...)")
 
 class MyObj(object):
     def somemethod(self):
         pass
 
 
 class Dummy1(object):
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
         p.text("Dummy1(...)")
 
 class Dummy2(Dummy1):
     _repr_pretty_ = None
 
 class NoModule(object):
     pass
 
 NoModule.__module__ = None
 
 class Breaking(object):
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
         with p.group(4,"TG: ",":"):
             p.text("Breaking(")
             p.break_()
             p.text(")")
 
 class BreakingRepr(object):
     def __repr__(self):
         return "Breaking(\n)"
 
 class BadRepr(object):
     def __repr__(self):
         return 1/0
 
 
 def test_indentation():
     """Test correct indentation in groups"""
     count = 40
     gotoutput = pretty.pretty(MyList(range(count)))
     expectedoutput = "MyList(\n" + ",\n".join("   %d" % i for i in range(count)) + ")"
 
     assert gotoutput == expectedoutput
 
 
 def test_dispatch():
     """
     Test correct dispatching: The _repr_pretty_ method for MyDict
     must be found before the registered printer for dict.
     """
     gotoutput = pretty.pretty(MyDict())
     expectedoutput = "MyDict(...)"
 
     assert gotoutput == expectedoutput
 
 
 def test_callability_checking():
     """
     Test that the _repr_pretty_ method is tested for callability and skipped if
     not.
     """
     gotoutput = pretty.pretty(Dummy2())
     expectedoutput = "Dummy1(...)"
 
     assert gotoutput == expectedoutput
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
     "obj,expected_output",
     zip(
         [
             set(),
             frozenset(),
             set([1]),
             frozenset([1]),
             set([1, 2]),
             frozenset([1, 2]),
             set([-1, -2, -3]),
         ],
         [
             "set()",
             "frozenset()",
             "{1}",
             "frozenset({1})",
             "{1, 2}",
             "frozenset({1, 2})",
             "{-3, -2, -1}",
         ],
     ),
 )
 def test_sets(obj, expected_output):
     """
     Test that set and frozenset use Python 3 formatting.
     """
     got_output = pretty.pretty(obj)
     assert got_output == expected_output
 
 
 def test_pprint_heap_allocated_type():
     """
     Test that pprint works for heap allocated types.
     """
     module_name = "xxlimited" if sys.version_info < (3, 10) else "xxlimited_35"
     xxlimited = pytest.importorskip(module_name)
     output = pretty.pretty(xxlimited.Null)
     assert output == "xxlimited.Null"
 
 
 def test_pprint_nomod():
     """
     Test that pprint works for classes with no __module__.
     """
     output = pretty.pretty(NoModule)
     assert output == "NoModule"
 
 
 def test_pprint_break():
     """
     Test that p.break_ produces expected output
     """
     output = pretty.pretty(Breaking())
     expected = "TG: Breaking(\n    ):"
     assert output == expected
 
 def test_pprint_break_repr():
     """
     Test that p.break_ is used in repr
     """
     output = pretty.pretty([[BreakingRepr()]])
     expected = "[[Breaking(\n  )]]"
     assert output == expected
 
     output = pretty.pretty([[BreakingRepr()]*2])
     expected = "[[Breaking(\n  ),\n  Breaking(\n  )]]"
     assert output == expected
 
 def test_bad_repr():
     """Don't catch bad repr errors"""
     with pytest.raises(ZeroDivisionError):
         pretty.pretty(BadRepr())
 
 class BadException(Exception):
     def __str__(self):
         return -1
 
 class ReallyBadRepr(object):
     __module__ = 1
     @property
     def __class__(self):
         raise ValueError("I am horrible")
 
     def __repr__(self):
         raise BadException()
 
 def test_really_bad_repr():
     with pytest.raises(BadException):
         pretty.pretty(ReallyBadRepr())
 
 
 class SA(object):
     pass
 
 class SB(SA):
     pass
 
 class TestsPretty(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_super_repr(self):
         # "<super: module_name.SA, None>"
         output = pretty.pretty(super(SA))
         self.assertRegex(output, r"<super: \S+.SA, None>")
 
         # "<super: module_name.SA, <module_name.SB at 0x...>>"
         sb = SB()
         output = pretty.pretty(super(SA, sb))
         self.assertRegex(output, r"<super: \S+.SA,\s+<\S+.SB at 0x\S+>>")
 
 
     def test_long_list(self):
         lis = list(range(10000))
         p = pretty.pretty(lis)
         last2 = p.rsplit('\n', 2)[-2:]
         self.assertEqual(last2, [' 999,', ' ...]'])
 
     def test_long_set(self):
         s = set(range(10000))
         p = pretty.pretty(s)
         last2 = p.rsplit('\n', 2)[-2:]
         self.assertEqual(last2, [' 999,', ' ...}'])
 
     def test_long_tuple(self):
         tup = tuple(range(10000))
         p = pretty.pretty(tup)
         last2 = p.rsplit('\n', 2)[-2:]
         self.assertEqual(last2, [' 999,', ' ...)'])
 
     def test_long_dict(self):
         d = { n:n for n in range(10000) }
         p = pretty.pretty(d)
         last2 = p.rsplit('\n', 2)[-2:]
         self.assertEqual(last2, [' 999: 999,', ' ...}'])
 
     def test_unbound_method(self):
         output = pretty.pretty(MyObj.somemethod)
         self.assertIn('MyObj.somemethod', output)
 
 
 class MetaClass(type):
     def __new__(cls, name):
         return type.__new__(cls, name, (object,), {'name': name})
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "[CUSTOM REPR FOR CLASS %s]" % self.name
 
 
 ClassWithMeta = MetaClass('ClassWithMeta')
 
 
 def test_metaclass_repr():
     output = pretty.pretty(ClassWithMeta)
     assert output == "[CUSTOM REPR FOR CLASS ClassWithMeta]"
 
 
 def test_unicode_repr():
     u = u"üniçodé"
     ustr = u
 
     class C(object):
         def __repr__(self):
             return ustr
 
     c = C()
     p = pretty.pretty(c)
     assert p == u
     p = pretty.pretty([c])
-    assert p == u"[%s]" % u
+    assert p == "[%s]" % u
 
 
 def test_basic_class():
     def type_pprint_wrapper(obj, p, cycle):
         if obj is MyObj:
             type_pprint_wrapper.called = True
         return pretty._type_pprint(obj, p, cycle)
     type_pprint_wrapper.called = False
 
     stream = StringIO()
     printer = pretty.RepresentationPrinter(stream)
     printer.type_pprinters[type] = type_pprint_wrapper
     printer.pretty(MyObj)
     printer.flush()
     output = stream.getvalue()
 
     assert output == "%s.MyObj" % __name__
     assert type_pprint_wrapper.called is True
 
 
 def test_collections_userlist():
     # Create userlist with cycle
     a = UserList()
     a.append(a)
 
     cases = [
         (UserList(), "UserList([])"),
         (
             UserList(i for i in range(1000, 1020)),
             "UserList([1000,\n"
             "          1001,\n"
             "          1002,\n"
             "          1003,\n"
             "          1004,\n"
             "          1005,\n"
             "          1006,\n"
             "          1007,\n"
             "          1008,\n"
             "          1009,\n"
             "          1010,\n"
             "          1011,\n"
             "          1012,\n"
             "          1013,\n"
             "          1014,\n"
             "          1015,\n"
             "          1016,\n"
             "          1017,\n"
             "          1018,\n"
             "          1019])",
         ),
         (a, "UserList([UserList(...)])"),
     ]
     for obj, expected in cases:
         assert pretty.pretty(obj) == expected
 
 
 # TODO : pytest.mark.parametrise once nose is gone.
 def test_collections_defaultdict():
     # Create defaultdicts with cycles
     a = defaultdict()
     a.default_factory = a
     b = defaultdict(list)
     b['key'] = b
 
     # Dictionary order cannot be relied on, test against single keys.
     cases = [
         (defaultdict(list), 'defaultdict(list, {})'),
         (defaultdict(list, {'key': '-' * 50}),
          "defaultdict(list,\n"
          "            {'key': '--------------------------------------------------'})"),
         (a, 'defaultdict(defaultdict(...), {})'),
         (b, "defaultdict(list, {'key': defaultdict(...)})"),
     ]
     for obj, expected in cases:
         assert pretty.pretty(obj) == expected
 
 
 # TODO : pytest.mark.parametrise once nose is gone.
 def test_collections_ordereddict():
     # Create OrderedDict with cycle
     a = OrderedDict()
     a['key'] = a
 
     cases = [
         (OrderedDict(), 'OrderedDict()'),
         (OrderedDict((i, i) for i in range(1000, 1010)),
          'OrderedDict([(1000, 1000),\n'
          '             (1001, 1001),\n'
          '             (1002, 1002),\n'
          '             (1003, 1003),\n'
          '             (1004, 1004),\n'
          '             (1005, 1005),\n'
          '             (1006, 1006),\n'
          '             (1007, 1007),\n'
          '             (1008, 1008),\n'
          '             (1009, 1009)])'),
         (a, "OrderedDict([('key', OrderedDict(...))])"),
     ]
     for obj, expected in cases:
         assert pretty.pretty(obj) == expected
 
 
 # TODO : pytest.mark.parametrise once nose is gone.
 def test_collections_deque():
     # Create deque with cycle
     a = deque()
     a.append(a)
 
     cases = [
         (deque(), 'deque([])'),
         (deque(i for i in range(1000, 1020)),
          'deque([1000,\n'
          '       1001,\n'
          '       1002,\n'
          '       1003,\n'
          '       1004,\n'
          '       1005,\n'
          '       1006,\n'
          '       1007,\n'
          '       1008,\n'
          '       1009,\n'
          '       1010,\n'
          '       1011,\n'
          '       1012,\n'
          '       1013,\n'
          '       1014,\n'
          '       1015,\n'
          '       1016,\n'
          '       1017,\n'
          '       1018,\n'
          '       1019])'),
         (a, 'deque([deque(...)])'),
     ]
     for obj, expected in cases:
         assert pretty.pretty(obj) == expected
 
 
 # TODO : pytest.mark.parametrise once nose is gone.
 def test_collections_counter():
     class MyCounter(Counter):
         pass
     cases = [
         (Counter(), 'Counter()'),
         (Counter(a=1), "Counter({'a': 1})"),
         (MyCounter(a=1), "MyCounter({'a': 1})"),
     ]
     for obj, expected in cases:
         assert pretty.pretty(obj) == expected
 
 # TODO : pytest.mark.parametrise once nose is gone.
 def test_mappingproxy():
     MP = types.MappingProxyType
     underlying_dict = {}
     mp_recursive = MP(underlying_dict)
     underlying_dict[2] = mp_recursive
     underlying_dict[3] = underlying_dict
 
     cases = [
         (MP({}), "mappingproxy({})"),
         (MP({None: MP({})}), "mappingproxy({None: mappingproxy({})})"),
         (MP({k: k.upper() for k in string.ascii_lowercase}),
          "mappingproxy({'a': 'A',\n"
          "              'b': 'B',\n"
          "              'c': 'C',\n"
          "              'd': 'D',\n"
          "              'e': 'E',\n"
          "              'f': 'F',\n"
          "              'g': 'G',\n"
          "              'h': 'H',\n"
          "              'i': 'I',\n"
          "              'j': 'J',\n"
          "              'k': 'K',\n"
          "              'l': 'L',\n"
          "              'm': 'M',\n"
          "              'n': 'N',\n"
          "              'o': 'O',\n"
          "              'p': 'P',\n"
          "              'q': 'Q',\n"
          "              'r': 'R',\n"
          "              's': 'S',\n"
          "              't': 'T',\n"
          "              'u': 'U',\n"
          "              'v': 'V',\n"
          "              'w': 'W',\n"
          "              'x': 'X',\n"
          "              'y': 'Y',\n"
          "              'z': 'Z'})"),
         (mp_recursive, "mappingproxy({2: {...}, 3: {2: {...}, 3: {...}}})"),
         (underlying_dict,
          "{2: mappingproxy({2: {...}, 3: {...}}), 3: {...}}"),
     ]
     for obj, expected in cases:
         assert pretty.pretty(obj) == expected
 
 
 # TODO : pytest.mark.parametrise once nose is gone.
 def test_simplenamespace():
     SN = types.SimpleNamespace
 
     sn_recursive = SN()
     sn_recursive.first = sn_recursive
     sn_recursive.second = sn_recursive
     cases = [
         (SN(), "namespace()"),
         (SN(x=SN()), "namespace(x=namespace())"),
         (SN(a_long_name=[SN(s=string.ascii_lowercase)]*3, a_short_name=None),
          "namespace(a_long_name=[namespace(s='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'),\n"
          "                       namespace(s='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'),\n"
          "                       namespace(s='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz')],\n"
          "          a_short_name=None)"),
         (sn_recursive, "namespace(first=namespace(...), second=namespace(...))"),
     ]
     for obj, expected in cases:
         assert pretty.pretty(obj) == expected
 
 
 def test_pretty_environ():
     dict_repr = pretty.pretty(dict(os.environ))
     # reindent to align with 'environ' prefix
     dict_indented = dict_repr.replace('\n', '\n' + (' ' * len('environ')))
     env_repr = pretty.pretty(os.environ)
     assert env_repr == "environ" + dict_indented
 
 
 def test_function_pretty():
     "Test pretty print of function"
     # posixpath is a pure python module, its interface is consistent
     # across Python distributions
     import posixpath
 
     assert pretty.pretty(posixpath.join) == "<function posixpath.join(a, *p)>"
 
     # custom function
     def meaning_of_life(question=None):
         if question:
             return 42
         return "Don't panic"
 
     assert "meaning_of_life(question=None)" in pretty.pretty(meaning_of_life)
 
 
 class OrderedCounter(Counter, OrderedDict):
     'Counter that remembers the order elements are first encountered'
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, OrderedDict(self))
 
     def __reduce__(self):
         return self.__class__, (OrderedDict(self),)
 
 class MySet(set):  # Override repr of a basic type
     def __repr__(self):
         return 'mine'
 
 def test_custom_repr():
     """A custom repr should override a pretty printer for a parent type"""
     oc = OrderedCounter("abracadabra")
     assert "OrderedCounter(OrderedDict" in pretty.pretty(oc)
 
     assert pretty.pretty(MySet()) == "mine"

IPython/testing/plugin/dtexample.py

@@ -1,167 +1,167 b''
 """Simple example using doctests.
 
 This file just contains doctests both using plain python and IPython prompts.
 All tests should be loaded by nose.
 """
 
 import os
 
 
 def pyfunc():
     """Some pure python tests...
 
     >>> pyfunc()
     'pyfunc'
 
     >>> import os
 
     >>> 2+3
     5
 
     >>> for i in range(3):
     ...     print(i, end=' ')
     ...     print(i+1, end=' ')
     ...
     0 1 1 2 2 3 
     """
     return 'pyfunc'
 
 def ipfunc():
     """Some ipython tests...
 
     In [1]: import os
 
     In [3]: 2+3
     Out[3]: 5
 
     In [26]: for i in range(3):
        ....:     print(i, end=' ')
        ....:     print(i+1, end=' ')
        ....:
-    0 1 1 2 2 3 
+    0 1 1 2 2 3
 
 
     It's OK to use '_' for the last result, but do NOT try to use IPython's
     numbered history of _NN outputs, since those won't exist under the
     doctest environment:
 
     In [7]: 'hi'
     Out[7]: 'hi'
 
     In [8]: print(repr(_))
     'hi'
-    
+
     In [7]: 3+4
     Out[7]: 7
 
     In [8]: _+3
     Out[8]: 10
 
     In [9]: ipfunc()
     Out[9]: 'ipfunc'
     """
     return 'ipfunc'
 
 
 def ipos():
     """Examples that access the operating system work:
 
     In [1]: !echo hello
     hello
 
     In [2]: !echo hello > /tmp/foo_iptest
 
     In [3]: !cat /tmp/foo_iptest
     hello
 
     In [4]: rm -f /tmp/foo_iptest
     """
     pass
 
 
 ipos.__skip_doctest__ = os.name == "nt"
 
 
 def ranfunc():
     """A function with some random output.
 
        Normal examples are verified as usual:
        >>> 1+3
        4
 
        But if you put '# random' in the output, it is ignored:
        >>> 1+3
        junk goes here...  # random
 
        >>> 1+2
        again,  anything goes #random
        if multiline, the random mark is only needed once.
 
        >>> 1+2
        You can also put the random marker at the end:
        # random
 
        >>> 1+2
        # random
        .. or at the beginning.
 
        More correct input is properly verified:
        >>> ranfunc()
        'ranfunc'
     """
     return 'ranfunc'
 
 
 def random_all():
     """A function where we ignore the output of ALL examples.
 
     Examples:
 
       # all-random
 
       This mark tells the testing machinery that all subsequent examples should
       be treated as random (ignoring their output).  They are still executed,
       so if a they raise an error, it will be detected as such, but their
       output is completely ignored.
 
       >>> 1+3
       junk goes here...
 
       >>> 1+3
       klasdfj;
 
       >>> 1+2
       again,  anything goes
       blah...
     """
     pass
 
 def iprand():
     """Some ipython tests with random output.
 
     In [7]: 3+4
     Out[7]: 7
 
     In [8]: print('hello')
     world  # random
 
     In [9]: iprand()
     Out[9]: 'iprand'
     """
     return 'iprand'
 
 def iprand_all():
     """Some ipython tests with fully random output.
 
     # all-random
     
     In [7]: 1
     Out[7]: 99
 
     In [8]: print('hello')
     world
 
     In [9]: iprand_all()
     Out[9]: 'junk'
     """
     return 'iprand_all'

IPython/testing/plugin/pytest_ipdoctest.py

@@ -1,860 +1,860 b''
 # Based on Pytest doctest.py
 # Original license:
 # The MIT License (MIT)
 #
 # Copyright (c) 2004-2021 Holger Krekel and others
 """Discover and run ipdoctests in modules and test files."""
 import builtins
 import bdb
 import inspect
 import os
 import platform
 import sys
 import traceback
 import types
 import warnings
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import Dict
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Iterable
 from typing import List
 from typing import Optional
 from typing import Pattern
 from typing import Sequence
 from typing import Tuple
 from typing import Type
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from typing import Union
 
 import pytest
 from _pytest import outcomes
 from _pytest._code.code import ExceptionInfo
 from _pytest._code.code import ReprFileLocation
 from _pytest._code.code import TerminalRepr
 from _pytest._io import TerminalWriter
 from _pytest.compat import safe_getattr
 from _pytest.config import Config
 from _pytest.config.argparsing import Parser
 from _pytest.fixtures import FixtureRequest
 from _pytest.nodes import Collector
 from _pytest.outcomes import OutcomeException
 from _pytest.pathlib import fnmatch_ex
 from _pytest.pathlib import import_path
 from _pytest.python_api import approx
 from _pytest.warning_types import PytestWarning
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     import doctest
 
 DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_NONE = "none"
 DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_CDIFF = "cdiff"
 DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_NDIFF = "ndiff"
 DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_UDIFF = "udiff"
 DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE = "only_first_failure"
 
 DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICES = (
     DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_NONE,
     DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_CDIFF,
     DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_NDIFF,
     DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_UDIFF,
     DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE,
 )
 
 # Lazy definition of runner class
 RUNNER_CLASS = None
 # Lazy definition of output checker class
 CHECKER_CLASS: Optional[Type["IPDoctestOutputChecker"]] = None
 
 
 def pytest_addoption(parser: Parser) -> None:
     parser.addini(
         "ipdoctest_optionflags",
         "option flags for ipdoctests",
         type="args",
         default=["ELLIPSIS"],
     )
     parser.addini(
         "ipdoctest_encoding", "encoding used for ipdoctest files", default="utf-8"
     )
     group = parser.getgroup("collect")
     group.addoption(
         "--ipdoctest-modules",
         action="store_true",
         default=False,
         help="run ipdoctests in all .py modules",
         dest="ipdoctestmodules",
     )
     group.addoption(
         "--ipdoctest-report",
         type=str.lower,
         default="udiff",
         help="choose another output format for diffs on ipdoctest failure",
         choices=DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICES,
         dest="ipdoctestreport",
     )
     group.addoption(
         "--ipdoctest-glob",
         action="append",
         default=[],
         metavar="pat",
         help="ipdoctests file matching pattern, default: test*.txt",
         dest="ipdoctestglob",
     )
     group.addoption(
         "--ipdoctest-ignore-import-errors",
         action="store_true",
         default=False,
         help="ignore ipdoctest ImportErrors",
         dest="ipdoctest_ignore_import_errors",
     )
     group.addoption(
         "--ipdoctest-continue-on-failure",
         action="store_true",
         default=False,
         help="for a given ipdoctest, continue to run after the first failure",
         dest="ipdoctest_continue_on_failure",
     )
 
 
 def pytest_unconfigure() -> None:
     global RUNNER_CLASS
 
     RUNNER_CLASS = None
 
 
 def pytest_collect_file(
     file_path: Path,
     parent: Collector,
 ) -> Optional[Union["IPDoctestModule", "IPDoctestTextfile"]]:
     config = parent.config
     if file_path.suffix == ".py":
         if config.option.ipdoctestmodules and not any(
             (_is_setup_py(file_path), _is_main_py(file_path))
         ):
             mod: IPDoctestModule = IPDoctestModule.from_parent(parent, path=file_path)
             return mod
     elif _is_ipdoctest(config, file_path, parent):
         txt: IPDoctestTextfile = IPDoctestTextfile.from_parent(parent, path=file_path)
         return txt
     return None
 
 
 if int(pytest.__version__.split(".")[0]) < 7:
     _collect_file = pytest_collect_file
 
     def pytest_collect_file(
         path,
         parent: Collector,
     ) -> Optional[Union["IPDoctestModule", "IPDoctestTextfile"]]:
         return _collect_file(Path(path), parent)
 
     _import_path = import_path
 
     def import_path(path, root):
         import py.path
 
         return _import_path(py.path.local(path))
 
 
 def _is_setup_py(path: Path) -> bool:
     if path.name != "setup.py":
         return False
     contents = path.read_bytes()
     return b"setuptools" in contents or b"distutils" in contents
 
 
 def _is_ipdoctest(config: Config, path: Path, parent: Collector) -> bool:
     if path.suffix in (".txt", ".rst") and parent.session.isinitpath(path):
         return True
     globs = config.getoption("ipdoctestglob") or ["test*.txt"]
     return any(fnmatch_ex(glob, path) for glob in globs)
 
 
 def _is_main_py(path: Path) -> bool:
     return path.name == "__main__.py"
 
 
 class ReprFailDoctest(TerminalRepr):
     def __init__(
         self, reprlocation_lines: Sequence[Tuple[ReprFileLocation, Sequence[str]]]
     ) -> None:
         self.reprlocation_lines = reprlocation_lines
 
     def toterminal(self, tw: TerminalWriter) -> None:
         for reprlocation, lines in self.reprlocation_lines:
             for line in lines:
                 tw.line(line)
             reprlocation.toterminal(tw)
 
 
 class MultipleDoctestFailures(Exception):
     def __init__(self, failures: Sequence["doctest.DocTestFailure"]) -> None:
         super().__init__()
         self.failures = failures
 
 
 def _init_runner_class() -> Type["IPDocTestRunner"]:
     import doctest
     from .ipdoctest import IPDocTestRunner
 
     class PytestDoctestRunner(IPDocTestRunner):
         """Runner to collect failures.
 
         Note that the out variable in this case is a list instead of a
         stdout-like object.
         """
 
         def __init__(
             self,
             checker: Optional["IPDoctestOutputChecker"] = None,
             verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
             optionflags: int = 0,
             continue_on_failure: bool = True,
         ) -> None:
             super().__init__(checker=checker, verbose=verbose, optionflags=optionflags)
             self.continue_on_failure = continue_on_failure
 
         def report_failure(
             self,
             out,
             test: "doctest.DocTest",
             example: "doctest.Example",
             got: str,
         ) -> None:
             failure = doctest.DocTestFailure(test, example, got)
             if self.continue_on_failure:
                 out.append(failure)
             else:
                 raise failure
 
         def report_unexpected_exception(
             self,
             out,
             test: "doctest.DocTest",
             example: "doctest.Example",
             exc_info: Tuple[Type[BaseException], BaseException, types.TracebackType],
         ) -> None:
             if isinstance(exc_info[1], OutcomeException):
                 raise exc_info[1]
             if isinstance(exc_info[1], bdb.BdbQuit):
                 outcomes.exit("Quitting debugger")
             failure = doctest.UnexpectedException(test, example, exc_info)
             if self.continue_on_failure:
                 out.append(failure)
             else:
                 raise failure
 
     return PytestDoctestRunner
 
 
 def _get_runner(
     checker: Optional["IPDoctestOutputChecker"] = None,
     verbose: Optional[bool] = None,
     optionflags: int = 0,
     continue_on_failure: bool = True,
 ) -> "IPDocTestRunner":
     # We need this in order to do a lazy import on doctest
     global RUNNER_CLASS
     if RUNNER_CLASS is None:
         RUNNER_CLASS = _init_runner_class()
     # Type ignored because the continue_on_failure argument is only defined on
     # PytestDoctestRunner, which is lazily defined so can't be used as a type.
     return RUNNER_CLASS(  # type: ignore
         checker=checker,
         verbose=verbose,
         optionflags=optionflags,
         continue_on_failure=continue_on_failure,
     )
 
 
 class IPDoctestItem(pytest.Item):
     def __init__(
         self,
         name: str,
         parent: "Union[IPDoctestTextfile, IPDoctestModule]",
         runner: Optional["IPDocTestRunner"] = None,
         dtest: Optional["doctest.DocTest"] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(name, parent)
         self.runner = runner
         self.dtest = dtest
         self.obj = None
         self.fixture_request: Optional[FixtureRequest] = None
 
     @classmethod
     def from_parent(  # type: ignore
         cls,
         parent: "Union[IPDoctestTextfile, IPDoctestModule]",
         *,
         name: str,
         runner: "IPDocTestRunner",
         dtest: "doctest.DocTest",
     ):
         # incompatible signature due to imposed limits on subclass
         """The public named constructor."""
         return super().from_parent(name=name, parent=parent, runner=runner, dtest=dtest)
 
     def setup(self) -> None:
         if self.dtest is not None:
             self.fixture_request = _setup_fixtures(self)
             globs = dict(getfixture=self.fixture_request.getfixturevalue)
             for name, value in self.fixture_request.getfixturevalue(
                 "ipdoctest_namespace"
             ).items():
                 globs[name] = value
             self.dtest.globs.update(globs)
 
             from .ipdoctest import IPExample
 
             if isinstance(self.dtest.examples[0], IPExample):
                 # for IPython examples *only*, we swap the globals with the ipython
                 # namespace, after updating it with the globals (which doctest
                 # fills with the necessary info from the module being tested).
                 self._user_ns_orig = {}
                 self._user_ns_orig.update(_ip.user_ns)
                 _ip.user_ns.update(self.dtest.globs)
                 # We must remove the _ key in the namespace, so that Python's
                 # doctest code sets it naturally
                 _ip.user_ns.pop("_", None)
                 _ip.user_ns["__builtins__"] = builtins
                 self.dtest.globs = _ip.user_ns
 
     def teardown(self) -> None:
         from .ipdoctest import IPExample
 
         # Undo the test.globs reassignment we made
         if isinstance(self.dtest.examples[0], IPExample):
             self.dtest.globs = {}
             _ip.user_ns.clear()
             _ip.user_ns.update(self._user_ns_orig)
             del self._user_ns_orig
 
         self.dtest.globs.clear()
 
     def runtest(self) -> None:
         assert self.dtest is not None
         assert self.runner is not None
         _check_all_skipped(self.dtest)
         self._disable_output_capturing_for_darwin()
         failures: List["doctest.DocTestFailure"] = []
 
         # exec(compile(..., "single", ...), ...) puts result in builtins._
         had_underscore_value = hasattr(builtins, "_")
         underscore_original_value = getattr(builtins, "_", None)
 
         # Save our current directory and switch out to the one where the
         # test was originally created, in case another doctest did a
         # directory change.  We'll restore this in the finally clause.
         curdir = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(self.fspath.dirname)
         try:
             # Type ignored because we change the type of `out` from what
             # ipdoctest expects.
             self.runner.run(self.dtest, out=failures, clear_globs=False)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
         finally:
             os.chdir(curdir)
             if had_underscore_value:
                 setattr(builtins, "_", underscore_original_value)
             elif hasattr(builtins, "_"):
                 delattr(builtins, "_")
 
         if failures:
             raise MultipleDoctestFailures(failures)
 
     def _disable_output_capturing_for_darwin(self) -> None:
         """Disable output capturing. Otherwise, stdout is lost to ipdoctest (pytest#985)."""
         if platform.system() != "Darwin":
             return
         capman = self.config.pluginmanager.getplugin("capturemanager")
         if capman:
             capman.suspend_global_capture(in_=True)
             out, err = capman.read_global_capture()
             sys.stdout.write(out)
             sys.stderr.write(err)
 
     # TODO: Type ignored -- breaks Liskov Substitution.
     def repr_failure(  # type: ignore[override]
         self,
         excinfo: ExceptionInfo[BaseException],
     ) -> Union[str, TerminalRepr]:
         import doctest
 
         failures: Optional[
             Sequence[Union[doctest.DocTestFailure, doctest.UnexpectedException]]
         ] = None
         if isinstance(
             excinfo.value, (doctest.DocTestFailure, doctest.UnexpectedException)
         ):
             failures = [excinfo.value]
         elif isinstance(excinfo.value, MultipleDoctestFailures):
             failures = excinfo.value.failures
 
         if failures is None:
             return super().repr_failure(excinfo)
 
         reprlocation_lines = []
         for failure in failures:
             example = failure.example
             test = failure.test
             filename = test.filename
             if test.lineno is None:
                 lineno = None
             else:
                 lineno = test.lineno + example.lineno + 1
             message = type(failure).__name__
             # TODO: ReprFileLocation doesn't expect a None lineno.
             reprlocation = ReprFileLocation(filename, lineno, message)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
             checker = _get_checker()
             report_choice = _get_report_choice(self.config.getoption("ipdoctestreport"))
             if lineno is not None:
                 assert failure.test.docstring is not None
                 lines = failure.test.docstring.splitlines(False)
                 # add line numbers to the left of the error message
                 assert test.lineno is not None
                 lines = [
                     "%03d %s" % (i + test.lineno + 1, x) for (i, x) in enumerate(lines)
                 ]
                 # trim docstring error lines to 10
                 lines = lines[max(example.lineno - 9, 0) : example.lineno + 1]
             else:
                 lines = [
                     "EXAMPLE LOCATION UNKNOWN, not showing all tests of that example"
                 ]
                 indent = ">>>"
                 for line in example.source.splitlines():
                     lines.append(f"??? {indent} {line}")
                     indent = "..."
             if isinstance(failure, doctest.DocTestFailure):
                 lines += checker.output_difference(
                     example, failure.got, report_choice
                 ).split("\n")
             else:
                 inner_excinfo = ExceptionInfo.from_exc_info(failure.exc_info)
                 lines += ["UNEXPECTED EXCEPTION: %s" % repr(inner_excinfo.value)]
                 lines += [
                     x.strip("\n") for x in traceback.format_exception(*failure.exc_info)
                 ]
             reprlocation_lines.append((reprlocation, lines))
         return ReprFailDoctest(reprlocation_lines)
 
     def reportinfo(self) -> Tuple[Union["os.PathLike[str]", str], Optional[int], str]:
         assert self.dtest is not None
         return self.path, self.dtest.lineno, "[ipdoctest] %s" % self.name
 
     if int(pytest.__version__.split(".")[0]) < 7:
 
         @property
         def path(self) -> Path:
             return Path(self.fspath)
 
 
 def _get_flag_lookup() -> Dict[str, int]:
     import doctest
 
     return dict(
         DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1=doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1,
         DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE=doctest.DONT_ACCEPT_BLANKLINE,
         NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE=doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE,
         ELLIPSIS=doctest.ELLIPSIS,
         IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL=doctest.IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL,
         COMPARISON_FLAGS=doctest.COMPARISON_FLAGS,
         ALLOW_UNICODE=_get_allow_unicode_flag(),
         ALLOW_BYTES=_get_allow_bytes_flag(),
         NUMBER=_get_number_flag(),
     )
 
 
 def get_optionflags(parent):
     optionflags_str = parent.config.getini("ipdoctest_optionflags")
     flag_lookup_table = _get_flag_lookup()
     flag_acc = 0
     for flag in optionflags_str:
         flag_acc |= flag_lookup_table[flag]
     return flag_acc
 
 
 def _get_continue_on_failure(config):
     continue_on_failure = config.getvalue("ipdoctest_continue_on_failure")
     if continue_on_failure:
         # We need to turn off this if we use pdb since we should stop at
         # the first failure.
         if config.getvalue("usepdb"):
             continue_on_failure = False
     return continue_on_failure
 
 
 class IPDoctestTextfile(pytest.Module):
     obj = None
 
     def collect(self) -> Iterable[IPDoctestItem]:
         import doctest
         from .ipdoctest import IPDocTestParser
 
         # Inspired by doctest.testfile; ideally we would use it directly,
         # but it doesn't support passing a custom checker.
         encoding = self.config.getini("ipdoctest_encoding")
         text = self.path.read_text(encoding)
         filename = str(self.path)
         name = self.path.name
         globs = {"__name__": "__main__"}
 
         optionflags = get_optionflags(self)
 
         runner = _get_runner(
             verbose=False,
             optionflags=optionflags,
             checker=_get_checker(),
             continue_on_failure=_get_continue_on_failure(self.config),
         )
 
         parser = IPDocTestParser()
         test = parser.get_doctest(text, globs, name, filename, 0)
         if test.examples:
             yield IPDoctestItem.from_parent(
                 self, name=test.name, runner=runner, dtest=test
             )
 
     if int(pytest.__version__.split(".")[0]) < 7:
 
         @property
         def path(self) -> Path:
             return Path(self.fspath)
 
         @classmethod
         def from_parent(
             cls,
             parent,
             *,
             fspath=None,
             path: Optional[Path] = None,
             **kw,
         ):
             if path is not None:
                 import py.path
 
                 fspath = py.path.local(path)
             return super().from_parent(parent=parent, fspath=fspath, **kw)
 
 
 def _check_all_skipped(test: "doctest.DocTest") -> None:
     """Raise pytest.skip() if all examples in the given DocTest have the SKIP
     option set."""
     import doctest
 
     all_skipped = all(x.options.get(doctest.SKIP, False) for x in test.examples)
     if all_skipped:
         pytest.skip("all docstests skipped by +SKIP option")
 
 
 def _is_mocked(obj: object) -> bool:
     """Return if an object is possibly a mock object by checking the
     existence of a highly improbable attribute."""
     return (
         safe_getattr(obj, "pytest_mock_example_attribute_that_shouldnt_exist", None)
         is not None
     )
 
 
 @contextmanager
 def _patch_unwrap_mock_aware() -> Generator[None, None, None]:
     """Context manager which replaces ``inspect.unwrap`` with a version
     that's aware of mock objects and doesn't recurse into them."""
     real_unwrap = inspect.unwrap
 
     def _mock_aware_unwrap(
         func: Callable[..., Any], *, stop: Optional[Callable[[Any], Any]] = None
     ) -> Any:
         try:
             if stop is None or stop is _is_mocked:
                 return real_unwrap(func, stop=_is_mocked)
             _stop = stop
             return real_unwrap(func, stop=lambda obj: _is_mocked(obj) or _stop(func))
         except Exception as e:
             warnings.warn(
                 "Got %r when unwrapping %r.  This is usually caused "
                 "by a violation of Python's object protocol; see e.g. "
                 "https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/5080" % (e, func),
                 PytestWarning,
             )
             raise
 
     inspect.unwrap = _mock_aware_unwrap
     try:
         yield
     finally:
         inspect.unwrap = real_unwrap
 
 
 class IPDoctestModule(pytest.Module):
     def collect(self) -> Iterable[IPDoctestItem]:
         import doctest
         from .ipdoctest import DocTestFinder, IPDocTestParser
 
         class MockAwareDocTestFinder(DocTestFinder):
             """A hackish ipdoctest finder that overrides stdlib internals to fix a stdlib bug.
 
             https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/3456
             https://bugs.python.org/issue25532
             """
 
             def _find_lineno(self, obj, source_lines):
                 """Doctest code does not take into account `@property`, this
                 is a hackish way to fix it. https://bugs.python.org/issue17446
 
                 Wrapped Doctests will need to be unwrapped so the correct
                 line number is returned. This will be reported upstream. #8796
                 """
                 if isinstance(obj, property):
                     obj = getattr(obj, "fget", obj)
 
                 if hasattr(obj, "__wrapped__"):
                     # Get the main obj in case of it being wrapped
                     obj = inspect.unwrap(obj)
 
                 # Type ignored because this is a private function.
                 return super()._find_lineno(  # type:ignore[misc]
                     obj,
                     source_lines,
                 )
 
             def _find(
                 self, tests, obj, name, module, source_lines, globs, seen
             ) -> None:
                 if _is_mocked(obj):
                     return
                 with _patch_unwrap_mock_aware():
 
                     # Type ignored because this is a private function.
                     super()._find(  # type:ignore[misc]
                         tests, obj, name, module, source_lines, globs, seen
                     )
 
         if self.path.name == "conftest.py":
             if int(pytest.__version__.split(".")[0]) < 7:
                 module = self.config.pluginmanager._importconftest(
                     self.path,
                     self.config.getoption("importmode"),
                 )
             else:
                 module = self.config.pluginmanager._importconftest(
                     self.path,
                     self.config.getoption("importmode"),
                     rootpath=self.config.rootpath,
                 )
         else:
             try:
                 module = import_path(self.path, root=self.config.rootpath)
             except ImportError:
                 if self.config.getvalue("ipdoctest_ignore_import_errors"):
                     pytest.skip("unable to import module %r" % self.path)
                 else:
                     raise
         # Uses internal doctest module parsing mechanism.
         finder = MockAwareDocTestFinder(parser=IPDocTestParser())
         optionflags = get_optionflags(self)
         runner = _get_runner(
             verbose=False,
             optionflags=optionflags,
             checker=_get_checker(),
             continue_on_failure=_get_continue_on_failure(self.config),
         )
 
         for test in finder.find(module, module.__name__):
             if test.examples:  # skip empty ipdoctests
                 yield IPDoctestItem.from_parent(
                     self, name=test.name, runner=runner, dtest=test
                 )
 
     if int(pytest.__version__.split(".")[0]) < 7:
 
         @property
         def path(self) -> Path:
             return Path(self.fspath)
 
         @classmethod
         def from_parent(
             cls,
             parent,
             *,
             fspath=None,
             path: Optional[Path] = None,
             **kw,
         ):
             if path is not None:
                 import py.path
 
                 fspath = py.path.local(path)
             return super().from_parent(parent=parent, fspath=fspath, **kw)
 
 
 def _setup_fixtures(doctest_item: IPDoctestItem) -> FixtureRequest:
     """Used by IPDoctestTextfile and IPDoctestItem to setup fixture information."""
 
     def func() -> None:
         pass
 
     doctest_item.funcargs = {}  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
     fm = doctest_item.session._fixturemanager
     doctest_item._fixtureinfo = fm.getfixtureinfo(  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
         node=doctest_item, func=func, cls=None, funcargs=False
     )
     fixture_request = FixtureRequest(doctest_item, _ispytest=True)
     fixture_request._fillfixtures()
     return fixture_request
 
 
 def _init_checker_class() -> Type["IPDoctestOutputChecker"]:
     import doctest
     import re
     from .ipdoctest import IPDoctestOutputChecker
 
     class LiteralsOutputChecker(IPDoctestOutputChecker):
         # Based on doctest_nose_plugin.py from the nltk project
         # (https://github.com/nltk/nltk) and on the "numtest" doctest extension
         # by Sebastien Boisgerault (https://github.com/boisgera/numtest).
 
         _unicode_literal_re = re.compile(r"(\W|^)[uU]([rR]?[\'\"])", re.UNICODE)
         _bytes_literal_re = re.compile(r"(\W|^)[bB]([rR]?[\'\"])", re.UNICODE)
         _number_re = re.compile(
             r"""
             (?P<number>
               (?P<mantissa>
                 (?P<integer1> [+-]?\d*)\.(?P<fraction>\d+)
                 |
                 (?P<integer2> [+-]?\d+)\.
               )
               (?:
                 [Ee]
                 (?P<exponent1> [+-]?\d+)
               )?
               |
               (?P<integer3> [+-]?\d+)
               (?:
                 [Ee]
                 (?P<exponent2> [+-]?\d+)
               )
             )
             """,
             re.VERBOSE,
         )
 
         def check_output(self, want: str, got: str, optionflags: int) -> bool:
             if super().check_output(want, got, optionflags):
                 return True
 
             allow_unicode = optionflags & _get_allow_unicode_flag()
             allow_bytes = optionflags & _get_allow_bytes_flag()
             allow_number = optionflags & _get_number_flag()
 
             if not allow_unicode and not allow_bytes and not allow_number:
                 return False
 
             def remove_prefixes(regex: Pattern[str], txt: str) -> str:
                 return re.sub(regex, r"\1\2", txt)
 
             if allow_unicode:
                 want = remove_prefixes(self._unicode_literal_re, want)
                 got = remove_prefixes(self._unicode_literal_re, got)
 
             if allow_bytes:
                 want = remove_prefixes(self._bytes_literal_re, want)
                 got = remove_prefixes(self._bytes_literal_re, got)
 
             if allow_number:
                 got = self._remove_unwanted_precision(want, got)
 
             return super().check_output(want, got, optionflags)
 
         def _remove_unwanted_precision(self, want: str, got: str) -> str:
             wants = list(self._number_re.finditer(want))
             gots = list(self._number_re.finditer(got))
             if len(wants) != len(gots):
                 return got
             offset = 0
             for w, g in zip(wants, gots):
                 fraction: Optional[str] = w.group("fraction")
                 exponent: Optional[str] = w.group("exponent1")
                 if exponent is None:
                     exponent = w.group("exponent2")
                 precision = 0 if fraction is None else len(fraction)
                 if exponent is not None:
                     precision -= int(exponent)
-                if float(w.group()) == approx(float(g.group()), abs=10 ** -precision):
+                if float(w.group()) == approx(float(g.group()), abs=10**-precision):
                     # They're close enough. Replace the text we actually
                     # got with the text we want, so that it will match when we
                     # check the string literally.
                     got = (
                         got[: g.start() + offset] + w.group() + got[g.end() + offset :]
                     )
                     offset += w.end() - w.start() - (g.end() - g.start())
             return got
 
     return LiteralsOutputChecker
 
 
 def _get_checker() -> "IPDoctestOutputChecker":
     """Return a IPDoctestOutputChecker subclass that supports some
     additional options:
 
     * ALLOW_UNICODE and ALLOW_BYTES options to ignore u'' and b''
       prefixes (respectively) in string literals. Useful when the same
       ipdoctest should run in Python 2 and Python 3.
 
     * NUMBER to ignore floating-point differences smaller than the
       precision of the literal number in the ipdoctest.
 
     An inner class is used to avoid importing "ipdoctest" at the module
     level.
     """
     global CHECKER_CLASS
     if CHECKER_CLASS is None:
         CHECKER_CLASS = _init_checker_class()
     return CHECKER_CLASS()
 
 
 def _get_allow_unicode_flag() -> int:
     """Register and return the ALLOW_UNICODE flag."""
     import doctest
 
     return doctest.register_optionflag("ALLOW_UNICODE")
 
 
 def _get_allow_bytes_flag() -> int:
     """Register and return the ALLOW_BYTES flag."""
     import doctest
 
     return doctest.register_optionflag("ALLOW_BYTES")
 
 
 def _get_number_flag() -> int:
     """Register and return the NUMBER flag."""
     import doctest
 
     return doctest.register_optionflag("NUMBER")
 
 
 def _get_report_choice(key: str) -> int:
     """Return the actual `ipdoctest` module flag value.
 
     We want to do it as late as possible to avoid importing `ipdoctest` and all
     its dependencies when parsing options, as it adds overhead and breaks tests.
     """
     import doctest
 
     return {
         DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_UDIFF: doctest.REPORT_UDIFF,
         DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_CDIFF: doctest.REPORT_CDIFF,
         DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_NDIFF: doctest.REPORT_NDIFF,
         DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE: doctest.REPORT_ONLY_FIRST_FAILURE,
         DOCTEST_REPORT_CHOICE_NONE: 0,
     }[key]
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope="session")
 def ipdoctest_namespace() -> Dict[str, Any]:
     """Fixture that returns a :py:class:`dict` that will be injected into the
     namespace of ipdoctests."""
     return dict()

IPython/utils/text.py

@@ -1,752 +1,752 b''
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 Utilities for working with strings and text.
 
 Inheritance diagram:
 
 .. inheritance-diagram:: IPython.utils.text
    :parts: 3
 """
 
 import os
 import re
 import string
 import sys
 import textwrap
 from string import Formatter
 from pathlib import Path
 
 
 # datetime.strftime date format for ipython
 if sys.platform == 'win32':
     date_format = "%B %d, %Y"
 else:
     date_format = "%B %-d, %Y"
 
 class LSString(str):
     """String derivative with a special access attributes.
 
     These are normal strings, but with the special attributes:
 
         .l (or .list) : value as list (split on newlines).
         .n (or .nlstr): original value (the string itself).
         .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
         .p (or .paths): list of path objects (requires path.py package)
 
     Any values which require transformations are computed only once and
     cached.
 
     Such strings are very useful to efficiently interact with the shell, which
     typically only understands whitespace-separated options for commands."""
 
     def get_list(self):
         try:
             return self.__list
         except AttributeError:
             self.__list = self.split('\n')
             return self.__list
 
     l = list = property(get_list)
 
     def get_spstr(self):
         try:
             return self.__spstr
         except AttributeError:
             self.__spstr = self.replace('\n',' ')
             return self.__spstr
 
     s = spstr = property(get_spstr)
 
     def get_nlstr(self):
         return self
 
     n = nlstr = property(get_nlstr)
 
     def get_paths(self):
         try:
             return self.__paths
         except AttributeError:
             self.__paths = [Path(p) for p in self.split('\n') if os.path.exists(p)]
             return self.__paths
 
     p = paths = property(get_paths)
 
 # FIXME: We need to reimplement type specific displayhook and then add this
 # back as a custom printer. This should also be moved outside utils into the
 # core.
 
 # def print_lsstring(arg):
 #     """ Prettier (non-repr-like) and more informative printer for LSString """
 #     print "LSString (.p, .n, .l, .s available). Value:"
 #     print arg
 #
 #
 # print_lsstring = result_display.register(LSString)(print_lsstring)
 
 
 class SList(list):
     """List derivative with a special access attributes.
 
     These are normal lists, but with the special attributes:
 
     * .l (or .list) : value as list (the list itself).
     * .n (or .nlstr): value as a string, joined on newlines.
     * .s (or .spstr): value as a string, joined on spaces.
     * .p (or .paths): list of path objects (requires path.py package)
 
     Any values which require transformations are computed only once and
     cached."""
 
     def get_list(self):
         return self
 
     l = list = property(get_list)
 
     def get_spstr(self):
         try:
             return self.__spstr
         except AttributeError:
             self.__spstr = ' '.join(self)
             return self.__spstr
 
     s = spstr = property(get_spstr)
 
     def get_nlstr(self):
         try:
             return self.__nlstr
         except AttributeError:
             self.__nlstr = '\n'.join(self)
             return self.__nlstr
 
     n = nlstr = property(get_nlstr)
 
     def get_paths(self):
         try:
             return self.__paths
         except AttributeError:
             self.__paths = [Path(p) for p in self if os.path.exists(p)]
             return self.__paths
 
     p = paths = property(get_paths)
 
     def grep(self, pattern, prune = False, field = None):
         """ Return all strings matching 'pattern' (a regex or callable)
 
         This is case-insensitive. If prune is true, return all items
         NOT matching the pattern.
 
         If field is specified, the match must occur in the specified
         whitespace-separated field.
 
         Examples::
 
             a.grep( lambda x: x.startswith('C') )
             a.grep('Cha.*log', prune=1)
             a.grep('chm', field=-1)
         """
 
         def match_target(s):
             if field is None:
                 return s
             parts = s.split()
             try:
                 tgt = parts[field]
                 return tgt
             except IndexError:
                 return ""
 
         if isinstance(pattern, str):
             pred = lambda x : re.search(pattern, x, re.IGNORECASE)
         else:
             pred = pattern
         if not prune:
             return SList([el for el in self if pred(match_target(el))])
         else:
             return SList([el for el in self if not pred(match_target(el))])
 
     def fields(self, *fields):
         """ Collect whitespace-separated fields from string list
 
         Allows quick awk-like usage of string lists.
 
         Example data (in var a, created by 'a = !ls -l')::
 
             -rwxrwxrwx  1 ville None      18 Dec 14  2006 ChangeLog
             drwxrwxrwx+ 6 ville None       0 Oct 24 18:05 IPython
 
         * ``a.fields(0)`` is ``['-rwxrwxrwx', 'drwxrwxrwx+']``
         * ``a.fields(1,0)`` is ``['1 -rwxrwxrwx', '6 drwxrwxrwx+']``
           (note the joining by space).
         * ``a.fields(-1)`` is ``['ChangeLog', 'IPython']``
 
         IndexErrors are ignored.
 
         Without args, fields() just split()'s the strings.
         """
         if len(fields) == 0:
             return [el.split() for el in self]
 
         res = SList()
         for el in [f.split() for f in self]:
             lineparts = []
 
             for fd in fields:
                 try:
                     lineparts.append(el[fd])
                 except IndexError:
                     pass
             if lineparts:
                 res.append(" ".join(lineparts))
 
         return res
 
     def sort(self,field= None,  nums = False):
         """ sort by specified fields (see fields())
 
         Example::
 
             a.sort(1, nums = True)
 
         Sorts a by second field, in numerical order (so that 21 > 3)
 
         """
 
         #decorate, sort, undecorate
         if field is not None:
             dsu = [[SList([line]).fields(field),  line] for line in self]
         else:
             dsu = [[line,  line] for line in self]
         if nums:
             for i in range(len(dsu)):
                 numstr = "".join([ch for ch in dsu[i][0] if ch.isdigit()])
                 try:
                     n = int(numstr)
                 except ValueError:
                     n = 0
                 dsu[i][0] = n
 
 
         dsu.sort()
         return SList([t[1] for t in dsu])
 
 
 # FIXME: We need to reimplement type specific displayhook and then add this
 # back as a custom printer. This should also be moved outside utils into the
 # core.
 
 # def print_slist(arg):
 #     """ Prettier (non-repr-like) and more informative printer for SList """
 #     print "SList (.p, .n, .l, .s, .grep(), .fields(), sort() available):"
 #     if hasattr(arg,  'hideonce') and arg.hideonce:
 #         arg.hideonce = False
 #         return
 #
 #     nlprint(arg)   # This was a nested list printer, now removed.
 #
 # print_slist = result_display.register(SList)(print_slist)
 
 
 def indent(instr,nspaces=4, ntabs=0, flatten=False):
     """Indent a string a given number of spaces or tabstops.
 
     indent(str,nspaces=4,ntabs=0) -> indent str by ntabs+nspaces.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     instr : basestring
         The string to be indented.
     nspaces : int (default: 4)
         The number of spaces to be indented.
     ntabs : int (default: 0)
         The number of tabs to be indented.
     flatten : bool (default: False)
         Whether to scrub existing indentation.  If True, all lines will be
         aligned to the same indentation.  If False, existing indentation will
         be strictly increased.
 
     Returns
     -------
     str|unicode : string indented by ntabs and nspaces.
 
     """
     if instr is None:
         return
     ind = '\t'*ntabs+' '*nspaces
     if flatten:
         pat = re.compile(r'^\s*', re.MULTILINE)
     else:
         pat = re.compile(r'^', re.MULTILINE)
     outstr = re.sub(pat, ind, instr)
     if outstr.endswith(os.linesep+ind):
         return outstr[:-len(ind)]
     else:
         return outstr
 
 
 def list_strings(arg):
     """Always return a list of strings, given a string or list of strings
     as input.
 
     Examples
     --------
     ::
 
         In [7]: list_strings('A single string')
         Out[7]: ['A single string']
 
         In [8]: list_strings(['A single string in a list'])
         Out[8]: ['A single string in a list']
 
         In [9]: list_strings(['A','list','of','strings'])
         Out[9]: ['A', 'list', 'of', 'strings']
     """
 
     if isinstance(arg, str):
         return [arg]
     else:
         return arg
 
 
 def marquee(txt='',width=78,mark='*'):
     """Return the input string centered in a 'marquee'.
 
     Examples
     --------
     ::
 
         In [16]: marquee('A test',40)
         Out[16]: '**************** A test ****************'
 
         In [17]: marquee('A test',40,'-')
         Out[17]: '---------------- A test ----------------'
 
         In [18]: marquee('A test',40,' ')
         Out[18]: '                 A test                 '
 
     """
     if not txt:
         return (mark*width)[:width]
     nmark = (width-len(txt)-2)//len(mark)//2
     if nmark < 0: nmark =0
     marks = mark*nmark
     return '%s %s %s' % (marks,txt,marks)
 
 
 ini_spaces_re = re.compile(r'^(\s+)')
 
 def num_ini_spaces(strng):
     """Return the number of initial spaces in a string"""
 
     ini_spaces = ini_spaces_re.match(strng)
     if ini_spaces:
         return ini_spaces.end()
     else:
         return 0
 
 
 def format_screen(strng):
     """Format a string for screen printing.
 
     This removes some latex-type format codes."""
     # Paragraph continue
     par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
     strng = par_re.sub('',strng)
     return strng
 
 
 def dedent(text):
     """Equivalent of textwrap.dedent that ignores unindented first line.
 
     This means it will still dedent strings like:
     '''foo
     is a bar
     '''
 
     For use in wrap_paragraphs.
     """
 
     if text.startswith('\n'):
         # text starts with blank line, don't ignore the first line
         return textwrap.dedent(text)
 
     # split first line
     splits = text.split('\n',1)
     if len(splits) == 1:
         # only one line
         return textwrap.dedent(text)
 
     first, rest = splits
     # dedent everything but the first line
     rest = textwrap.dedent(rest)
     return '\n'.join([first, rest])
 
 
 def wrap_paragraphs(text, ncols=80):
     """Wrap multiple paragraphs to fit a specified width.
 
     This is equivalent to textwrap.wrap, but with support for multiple
     paragraphs, as separated by empty lines.
 
     Returns
     -------
     list of complete paragraphs, wrapped to fill `ncols` columns.
     """
     paragraph_re = re.compile(r'\n(\s*\n)+', re.MULTILINE)
     text = dedent(text).strip()
     paragraphs = paragraph_re.split(text)[::2] # every other entry is space
     out_ps = []
     indent_re = re.compile(r'\n\s+', re.MULTILINE)
     for p in paragraphs:
         # presume indentation that survives dedent is meaningful formatting,
         # so don't fill unless text is flush.
         if indent_re.search(p) is None:
             # wrap paragraph
             p = textwrap.fill(p, ncols)
         out_ps.append(p)
     return out_ps
 
 
 def strip_email_quotes(text):
     """Strip leading email quotation characters ('>').
 
     Removes any combination of leading '>' interspersed with whitespace that
     appears *identically* in all lines of the input text.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     text : str
 
     Examples
     --------
 
     Simple uses::
 
         In [2]: strip_email_quotes('> > text')
         Out[2]: 'text'
 
         In [3]: strip_email_quotes('> > text\\n> > more')
         Out[3]: 'text\\nmore'
 
     Note how only the common prefix that appears in all lines is stripped::
 
         In [4]: strip_email_quotes('> > text\\n> > more\\n> more...')
         Out[4]: '> text\\n> more\\nmore...'
 
     So if any line has no quote marks ('>'), then none are stripped from any
     of them ::
 
         In [5]: strip_email_quotes('> > text\\n> > more\\nlast different')
         Out[5]: '> > text\\n> > more\\nlast different'
     """
     lines = text.splitlines()
     strip_len = 0
 
     for characters in zip(*lines):
         # Check if all characters in this position are the same
         if len(set(characters)) > 1:
             break
         prefix_char = characters[0]
 
         if prefix_char in string.whitespace or prefix_char == ">":
             strip_len += 1
         else:
             break
 
     text = "\n".join([ln[strip_len:] for ln in lines])
     return text
 
 
 def strip_ansi(source):
     """
     Remove ansi escape codes from text.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     source : str
         Source to remove the ansi from
     """
     return re.sub(r'\033\[(\d|;)+?m', '', source)
 
 
 class EvalFormatter(Formatter):
     """A String Formatter that allows evaluation of simple expressions.
-    
+
     Note that this version interprets a `:`  as specifying a format string (as per
     standard string formatting), so if slicing is required, you must explicitly
     create a slice.
-    
+
     This is to be used in templating cases, such as the parallel batch
     script templates, where simple arithmetic on arguments is useful.
 
     Examples
     --------
     ::
 
         In [1]: f = EvalFormatter()
         In [2]: f.format('{n//4}', n=8)
         Out[2]: '2'
 
         In [3]: f.format("{greeting[slice(2,4)]}", greeting="Hello")
         Out[3]: 'll'
     """
     def get_field(self, name, args, kwargs):
         v = eval(name, kwargs)
         return v, name
 
 #XXX: As of Python 3.4, the format string parsing no longer splits on a colon
 # inside [], so EvalFormatter can handle slicing. Once we only support 3.4 and
 # above, it should be possible to remove FullEvalFormatter.
 
 class FullEvalFormatter(Formatter):
     """A String Formatter that allows evaluation of simple expressions.
     
     Any time a format key is not found in the kwargs,
     it will be tried as an expression in the kwargs namespace.
     
     Note that this version allows slicing using [1:2], so you cannot specify
     a format string. Use :class:`EvalFormatter` to permit format strings.
     
     Examples
     --------
     ::
 
         In [1]: f = FullEvalFormatter()
         In [2]: f.format('{n//4}', n=8)
         Out[2]: '2'
 
         In [3]: f.format('{list(range(5))[2:4]}')
         Out[3]: '[2, 3]'
 
         In [4]: f.format('{3*2}')
         Out[4]: '6'
     """
     # copied from Formatter._vformat with minor changes to allow eval
     # and replace the format_spec code with slicing
     def vformat(self, format_string:str, args, kwargs)->str:
         result = []
         for literal_text, field_name, format_spec, conversion in \
                 self.parse(format_string):
 
             # output the literal text
             if literal_text:
                 result.append(literal_text)
 
             # if there's a field, output it
             if field_name is not None:
                 # this is some markup, find the object and do
                 # the formatting
 
                 if format_spec:
                     # override format spec, to allow slicing:
                     field_name = ':'.join([field_name, format_spec])
 
                 # eval the contents of the field for the object
                 # to be formatted
                 obj = eval(field_name, kwargs)
 
                 # do any conversion on the resulting object
                 obj = self.convert_field(obj, conversion)
 
                 # format the object and append to the result
                 result.append(self.format_field(obj, ''))
 
         return ''.join(result)
 
 
 class DollarFormatter(FullEvalFormatter):
     """Formatter allowing Itpl style $foo replacement, for names and attribute
     access only. Standard {foo} replacement also works, and allows full
     evaluation of its arguments.
 
     Examples
     --------
     ::
 
         In [1]: f = DollarFormatter()
         In [2]: f.format('{n//4}', n=8)
         Out[2]: '2'
 
         In [3]: f.format('23 * 76 is $result', result=23*76)
         Out[3]: '23 * 76 is 1748'
 
         In [4]: f.format('$a or {b}', a=1, b=2)
         Out[4]: '1 or 2'
     """
     _dollar_pattern_ignore_single_quote = re.compile(r"(.*?)\$(\$?[\w\.]+)(?=([^']*'[^']*')*[^']*$)")
     def parse(self, fmt_string):
         for literal_txt, field_name, format_spec, conversion \
                     in Formatter.parse(self, fmt_string):
             
             # Find $foo patterns in the literal text.
             continue_from = 0
             txt = ""
             for m in self._dollar_pattern_ignore_single_quote.finditer(literal_txt):
                 new_txt, new_field = m.group(1,2)
                 # $$foo --> $foo
                 if new_field.startswith("$"):
                     txt += new_txt + new_field
                 else:
                     yield (txt + new_txt, new_field, "", None)
                     txt = ""
                 continue_from = m.end()
             
             # Re-yield the {foo} style pattern
             yield (txt + literal_txt[continue_from:], field_name, format_spec, conversion)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<DollarFormatter>"
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utils to columnize a list of string
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def _col_chunks(l, max_rows, row_first=False):
     """Yield successive max_rows-sized column chunks from l."""
     if row_first:
         ncols = (len(l) // max_rows) + (len(l) % max_rows > 0)
         for i in range(ncols):
             yield [l[j] for j in range(i, len(l), ncols)]
     else:
         for i in range(0, len(l), max_rows):
             yield l[i:(i + max_rows)]
 
 
 def _find_optimal(rlist, row_first=False, separator_size=2, displaywidth=80):
     """Calculate optimal info to columnize a list of string"""
     for max_rows in range(1, len(rlist) + 1):
         col_widths = list(map(max, _col_chunks(rlist, max_rows, row_first)))
         sumlength = sum(col_widths)
         ncols = len(col_widths)
         if sumlength + separator_size * (ncols - 1) <= displaywidth:
             break
     return {'num_columns': ncols,
             'optimal_separator_width': (displaywidth - sumlength) // (ncols - 1) if (ncols - 1) else 0,
             'max_rows': max_rows,
             'column_widths': col_widths
             }
 
 
 def _get_or_default(mylist, i, default=None):
     """return list item number, or default if don't exist"""
     if i >= len(mylist):
         return default
     else :
         return mylist[i]
 
 
 def compute_item_matrix(items, row_first=False, empty=None, *args, **kwargs) :
     """Returns a nested list, and info to columnize items
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     items
         list of strings to columize
     row_first : (default False)
         Whether to compute columns for a row-first matrix instead of
         column-first (default).
     empty : (default None)
         default value to fill list if needed
     separator_size : int (default=2)
         How much characters will be used as a separation between each columns.
     displaywidth : int (default=80)
         The width of the area onto which the columns should enter
 
     Returns
     -------
     strings_matrix
         nested list of string, the outer most list contains as many list as
         rows, the innermost lists have each as many element as columns. If the
         total number of elements in `items` does not equal the product of
         rows*columns, the last element of some lists are filled with `None`.
     dict_info
         some info to make columnize easier:
 
         num_columns
           number of columns
         max_rows
           maximum number of rows (final number may be less)
         column_widths
           list of with of each columns
         optimal_separator_width
           best separator width between columns
 
     Examples
     --------
     ::
 
         In [1]: l = ['aaa','b','cc','d','eeeee','f','g','h','i','j','k','l']
         In [2]: list, info = compute_item_matrix(l, displaywidth=12)
         In [3]: list
         Out[3]: [['aaa', 'f', 'k'], ['b', 'g', 'l'], ['cc', 'h', None], ['d', 'i', None], ['eeeee', 'j', None]]
         In [4]: ideal = {'num_columns': 3, 'column_widths': [5, 1, 1], 'optimal_separator_width': 2, 'max_rows': 5}
         In [5]: all((info[k] == ideal[k] for k in ideal.keys()))
         Out[5]: True
     """
     info = _find_optimal(list(map(len, items)), row_first, *args, **kwargs)
     nrow, ncol = info['max_rows'], info['num_columns']
     if row_first:
         return ([[_get_or_default(items, r * ncol + c, default=empty) for c in range(ncol)] for r in range(nrow)], info)
     else:
         return ([[_get_or_default(items, c * nrow + r, default=empty) for c in range(ncol)] for r in range(nrow)], info)
 
 
-def columnize(items, row_first=False, separator='  ', displaywidth=80, spread=False):
-    """ Transform a list of strings into a single string with columns.
+def columnize(items, row_first=False, separator="  ", displaywidth=80, spread=False):
+    """Transform a list of strings into a single string with columns.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     items : sequence of strings
         The strings to process.
     row_first : (default False)
         Whether to compute columns for a row-first matrix instead of
         column-first (default).
     separator : str, optional [default is two spaces]
         The string that separates columns.
     displaywidth : int, optional [default is 80]
         Width of the display in number of characters.
 
     Returns
     -------
     The formatted string.
     """
     if not items:
         return '\n'
     matrix, info = compute_item_matrix(items, row_first=row_first, separator_size=len(separator), displaywidth=displaywidth)
     if spread:
         separator = separator.ljust(int(info['optimal_separator_width']))
     fmatrix = [filter(None, x) for x in matrix]
     sjoin = lambda x : separator.join([ y.ljust(w, ' ') for y, w in zip(x, info['column_widths'])])
     return '\n'.join(map(sjoin, fmatrix))+'\n'
 
 
 def get_text_list(list_, last_sep=' and ', sep=", ", wrap_item_with=""):
     """
     Return a string with a natural enumeration of items
 
     >>> get_text_list(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
     'a, b, c and d'
     >>> get_text_list(['a', 'b', 'c'], ' or ')
     'a, b or c'
     >>> get_text_list(['a', 'b', 'c'], ', ')
     'a, b, c'
     >>> get_text_list(['a', 'b'], ' or ')
     'a or b'
     >>> get_text_list(['a'])
     'a'
     >>> get_text_list([])
     ''
     >>> get_text_list(['a', 'b'], wrap_item_with="`")
     '`a` and `b`'
     >>> get_text_list(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], " = ", sep=" + ")
     'a + b + c = d'
     """
     if len(list_) == 0:
         return ''
     if wrap_item_with:
         list_ = ['%s%s%s' % (wrap_item_with, item, wrap_item_with) for
                  item in list_]
     if len(list_) == 1:
         return list_[0]
     return '%s%s%s' % (
         sep.join(i for i in list_[:-1]),
         last_sep, list_[-1])