Show More
@@ -1,419 +1,424 b'' | |||
|
1 | 1 | # encoding: utf-8 |
|
2 | 2 | """ |
|
3 | 3 | A mixin for :class:`~IPython.core.application.Application` classes that |
|
4 | 4 | launch InteractiveShell instances, load extensions, etc. |
|
5 | 5 | |
|
6 | 6 | Authors |
|
7 | 7 | ------- |
|
8 | 8 | |
|
9 | 9 | * Min Ragan-Kelley |
|
10 | 10 | """ |
|
11 | 11 | |
|
12 | 12 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
13 | 13 | # Copyright (C) 2008-2011 The IPython Development Team |
|
14 | 14 | # |
|
15 | 15 | # Distributed under the terms of the BSD License. The full license is in |
|
16 | 16 | # the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software. |
|
17 | 17 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
18 | 18 | |
|
19 | 19 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
20 | 20 | # Imports |
|
21 | 21 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
22 | 22 | |
|
23 | 23 | from __future__ import absolute_import |
|
24 | 24 | from __future__ import print_function |
|
25 | 25 | |
|
26 | 26 | import glob |
|
27 | 27 | import os |
|
28 | 28 | import sys |
|
29 | 29 | |
|
30 | 30 | from IPython.config.application import boolean_flag |
|
31 | 31 | from IPython.config.configurable import Configurable |
|
32 | 32 | from IPython.config.loader import Config |
|
33 | 33 | from IPython.core import pylabtools |
|
34 | 34 | from IPython.utils import py3compat |
|
35 | 35 | from IPython.utils.contexts import preserve_keys |
|
36 | 36 | from IPython.utils.path import filefind |
|
37 | 37 | from IPython.utils.traitlets import ( |
|
38 | 38 | Unicode, Instance, List, Bool, CaselessStrEnum, Dict |
|
39 | 39 | ) |
|
40 | 40 | from IPython.lib.inputhook import guis |
|
41 | 41 | |
|
42 | 42 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
43 | 43 | # Aliases and Flags |
|
44 | 44 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
45 | 45 | |
|
46 | 46 | gui_keys = tuple(sorted([ key for key in guis if key is not None ])) |
|
47 | 47 | |
|
48 | 48 | backend_keys = sorted(pylabtools.backends.keys()) |
|
49 | 49 | backend_keys.insert(0, 'auto') |
|
50 | 50 | |
|
51 | 51 | shell_flags = {} |
|
52 | 52 | |
|
53 | 53 | addflag = lambda *args: shell_flags.update(boolean_flag(*args)) |
|
54 | 54 | addflag('autoindent', 'InteractiveShell.autoindent', |
|
55 | 55 | 'Turn on autoindenting.', 'Turn off autoindenting.' |
|
56 | 56 | ) |
|
57 | 57 | addflag('automagic', 'InteractiveShell.automagic', |
|
58 | 58 | """Turn on the auto calling of magic commands. Type %%magic at the |
|
59 | 59 | IPython prompt for more information.""", |
|
60 | 60 | 'Turn off the auto calling of magic commands.' |
|
61 | 61 | ) |
|
62 | 62 | addflag('pdb', 'InteractiveShell.pdb', |
|
63 | 63 | "Enable auto calling the pdb debugger after every exception.", |
|
64 | 64 | "Disable auto calling the pdb debugger after every exception." |
|
65 | 65 | ) |
|
66 | 66 | # pydb flag doesn't do any config, as core.debugger switches on import, |
|
67 | 67 | # which is before parsing. This just allows the flag to be passed. |
|
68 | 68 | shell_flags.update(dict( |
|
69 | 69 | pydb = ({}, |
|
70 | 70 | """Use the third party 'pydb' package as debugger, instead of pdb. |
|
71 | 71 | Requires that pydb is installed.""" |
|
72 | 72 | ) |
|
73 | 73 | )) |
|
74 | 74 | addflag('pprint', 'PlainTextFormatter.pprint', |
|
75 | 75 | "Enable auto pretty printing of results.", |
|
76 | 76 | "Disable auto pretty printing of results." |
|
77 | 77 | ) |
|
78 | 78 | addflag('color-info', 'InteractiveShell.color_info', |
|
79 | 79 | """IPython can display information about objects via a set of func- |
|
80 | 80 | tions, and optionally can use colors for this, syntax highlighting |
|
81 | 81 | source code and various other elements. However, because this |
|
82 | 82 | information is passed through a pager (like 'less') and many pagers get |
|
83 | 83 | confused with color codes, this option is off by default. You can test |
|
84 | 84 | it and turn it on permanently in your ipython_config.py file if it |
|
85 | 85 | works for you. Test it and turn it on permanently if it works with |
|
86 | 86 | your system. The magic function %%color_info allows you to toggle this |
|
87 | 87 | interactively for testing.""", |
|
88 | 88 | "Disable using colors for info related things." |
|
89 | 89 | ) |
|
90 | 90 | addflag('deep-reload', 'InteractiveShell.deep_reload', |
|
91 | 91 | """Enable deep (recursive) reloading by default. IPython can use the |
|
92 | 92 | deep_reload module which reloads changes in modules recursively (it |
|
93 | 93 | replaces the reload() function, so you don't need to change anything to |
|
94 | 94 | use it). deep_reload() forces a full reload of modules whose code may |
|
95 | 95 | have changed, which the default reload() function does not. When |
|
96 | 96 | deep_reload is off, IPython will use the normal reload(), but |
|
97 | 97 | deep_reload will still be available as dreload(). This feature is off |
|
98 | 98 | by default [which means that you have both normal reload() and |
|
99 | 99 | dreload()].""", |
|
100 | 100 | "Disable deep (recursive) reloading by default." |
|
101 | 101 | ) |
|
102 | 102 | nosep_config = Config() |
|
103 | 103 | nosep_config.InteractiveShell.separate_in = '' |
|
104 | 104 | nosep_config.InteractiveShell.separate_out = '' |
|
105 | 105 | nosep_config.InteractiveShell.separate_out2 = '' |
|
106 | 106 | |
|
107 | 107 | shell_flags['nosep']=(nosep_config, "Eliminate all spacing between prompts.") |
|
108 | 108 | shell_flags['pylab'] = ( |
|
109 | 109 | {'InteractiveShellApp' : {'pylab' : 'auto'}}, |
|
110 | 110 | """Pre-load matplotlib and numpy for interactive use with |
|
111 | 111 | the default matplotlib backend.""" |
|
112 | 112 | ) |
|
113 | 113 | shell_flags['matplotlib'] = ( |
|
114 | 114 | {'InteractiveShellApp' : {'matplotlib' : 'auto'}}, |
|
115 | 115 | """Configure matplotlib for interactive use with |
|
116 | 116 | the default matplotlib backend.""" |
|
117 | 117 | ) |
|
118 | 118 | |
|
119 | 119 | # it's possible we don't want short aliases for *all* of these: |
|
120 | 120 | shell_aliases = dict( |
|
121 | 121 | autocall='InteractiveShell.autocall', |
|
122 | 122 | colors='InteractiveShell.colors', |
|
123 | 123 | logfile='InteractiveShell.logfile', |
|
124 | 124 | logappend='InteractiveShell.logappend', |
|
125 | 125 | c='InteractiveShellApp.code_to_run', |
|
126 | 126 | m='InteractiveShellApp.module_to_run', |
|
127 | 127 | ext='InteractiveShellApp.extra_extension', |
|
128 | 128 | gui='InteractiveShellApp.gui', |
|
129 | 129 | pylab='InteractiveShellApp.pylab', |
|
130 | 130 | matplotlib='InteractiveShellApp.matplotlib', |
|
131 | 131 | ) |
|
132 | 132 | shell_aliases['cache-size'] = 'InteractiveShell.cache_size' |
|
133 | 133 | |
|
134 | 134 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
135 | 135 | # Main classes and functions |
|
136 | 136 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
137 | 137 | |
|
138 | 138 | class InteractiveShellApp(Configurable): |
|
139 | 139 | """A Mixin for applications that start InteractiveShell instances. |
|
140 | 140 | |
|
141 | 141 | Provides configurables for loading extensions and executing files |
|
142 | 142 | as part of configuring a Shell environment. |
|
143 | 143 | |
|
144 | 144 | The following methods should be called by the :meth:`initialize` method |
|
145 | 145 | of the subclass: |
|
146 | 146 | |
|
147 | 147 | - :meth:`init_path` |
|
148 | 148 | - :meth:`init_shell` (to be implemented by the subclass) |
|
149 | 149 | - :meth:`init_gui_pylab` |
|
150 | 150 | - :meth:`init_extensions` |
|
151 | 151 | - :meth:`init_code` |
|
152 | 152 | """ |
|
153 | 153 | extensions = List(Unicode, config=True, |
|
154 | 154 | help="A list of dotted module names of IPython extensions to load." |
|
155 | 155 | ) |
|
156 | 156 | extra_extension = Unicode('', config=True, |
|
157 | 157 | help="dotted module name of an IPython extension to load." |
|
158 | 158 | ) |
|
159 | 159 | def _extra_extension_changed(self, name, old, new): |
|
160 | 160 | if new: |
|
161 | 161 | # add to self.extensions |
|
162 | 162 | self.extensions.append(new) |
|
163 | 163 | |
|
164 | 164 | # Extensions that are always loaded (not configurable) |
|
165 | 165 | default_extensions = List(Unicode, [u'storemagic'], config=False) |
|
166 | 166 | |
|
167 | 167 | hide_initial_ns = Bool(True, config=True, |
|
168 | 168 | help="""Should variables loaded at startup (by startup files, exec_lines, etc.) |
|
169 | 169 | be hidden from tools like %who?""" |
|
170 | 170 | ) |
|
171 | 171 | |
|
172 | 172 | exec_files = List(Unicode, config=True, |
|
173 | 173 | help="""List of files to run at IPython startup.""" |
|
174 | 174 | ) |
|
175 | exec_PYTHONSTARTUP = Bool(True, config=True, | |
|
176 | help="""Run the file referenced by the PYTHONSTARTUP environment | |
|
177 | variable at IPython startup.""" | |
|
178 | ) | |
|
175 | 179 | file_to_run = Unicode('', config=True, |
|
176 | 180 | help="""A file to be run""") |
|
177 | 181 | |
|
178 | 182 | exec_lines = List(Unicode, config=True, |
|
179 | 183 | help="""lines of code to run at IPython startup.""" |
|
180 | 184 | ) |
|
181 | 185 | code_to_run = Unicode('', config=True, |
|
182 | 186 | help="Execute the given command string." |
|
183 | 187 | ) |
|
184 | 188 | module_to_run = Unicode('', config=True, |
|
185 | 189 | help="Run the module as a script." |
|
186 | 190 | ) |
|
187 | 191 | gui = CaselessStrEnum(gui_keys, config=True, |
|
188 | 192 | help="Enable GUI event loop integration with any of {0}.".format(gui_keys) |
|
189 | 193 | ) |
|
190 | 194 | matplotlib = CaselessStrEnum(backend_keys, |
|
191 | 195 | config=True, |
|
192 | 196 | help="""Configure matplotlib for interactive use with |
|
193 | 197 | the default matplotlib backend.""" |
|
194 | 198 | ) |
|
195 | 199 | pylab = CaselessStrEnum(backend_keys, |
|
196 | 200 | config=True, |
|
197 | 201 | help="""Pre-load matplotlib and numpy for interactive use, |
|
198 | 202 | selecting a particular matplotlib backend and loop integration. |
|
199 | 203 | """ |
|
200 | 204 | ) |
|
201 | 205 | pylab_import_all = Bool(True, config=True, |
|
202 | 206 | help="""If true, IPython will populate the user namespace with numpy, pylab, etc. |
|
203 | 207 | and an ``import *`` is done from numpy and pylab, when using pylab mode. |
|
204 | 208 | |
|
205 | 209 | When False, pylab mode should not import any names into the user namespace. |
|
206 | 210 | """ |
|
207 | 211 | ) |
|
208 | 212 | shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC') |
|
209 | 213 | |
|
210 | 214 | user_ns = Instance(dict, args=None, allow_none=True) |
|
211 | 215 | def _user_ns_changed(self, name, old, new): |
|
212 | 216 | if self.shell is not None: |
|
213 | 217 | self.shell.user_ns = new |
|
214 | 218 | self.shell.init_user_ns() |
|
215 | 219 | |
|
216 | 220 | def init_path(self): |
|
217 | 221 | """Add current working directory, '', to sys.path""" |
|
218 | 222 | if sys.path[0] != '': |
|
219 | 223 | sys.path.insert(0, '') |
|
220 | 224 | |
|
221 | 225 | def init_shell(self): |
|
222 | 226 | raise NotImplementedError("Override in subclasses") |
|
223 | 227 | |
|
224 | 228 | def init_gui_pylab(self): |
|
225 | 229 | """Enable GUI event loop integration, taking pylab into account.""" |
|
226 | 230 | enable = False |
|
227 | 231 | shell = self.shell |
|
228 | 232 | if self.pylab: |
|
229 | 233 | enable = lambda key: shell.enable_pylab(key, import_all=self.pylab_import_all) |
|
230 | 234 | key = self.pylab |
|
231 | 235 | elif self.matplotlib: |
|
232 | 236 | enable = shell.enable_matplotlib |
|
233 | 237 | key = self.matplotlib |
|
234 | 238 | elif self.gui: |
|
235 | 239 | enable = shell.enable_gui |
|
236 | 240 | key = self.gui |
|
237 | 241 | |
|
238 | 242 | if not enable: |
|
239 | 243 | return |
|
240 | 244 | |
|
241 | 245 | try: |
|
242 | 246 | r = enable(key) |
|
243 | 247 | except ImportError: |
|
244 | 248 | self.log.warn("Eventloop or matplotlib integration failed. Is matplotlib installed?") |
|
245 | 249 | self.shell.showtraceback() |
|
246 | 250 | return |
|
247 | 251 | except Exception: |
|
248 | 252 | self.log.warn("GUI event loop or pylab initialization failed") |
|
249 | 253 | self.shell.showtraceback() |
|
250 | 254 | return |
|
251 | 255 | |
|
252 | 256 | if isinstance(r, tuple): |
|
253 | 257 | gui, backend = r[:2] |
|
254 | 258 | self.log.info("Enabling GUI event loop integration, " |
|
255 | 259 | "eventloop=%s, matplotlib=%s", gui, backend) |
|
256 | 260 | if key == "auto": |
|
257 | 261 | print("Using matplotlib backend: %s" % backend) |
|
258 | 262 | else: |
|
259 | 263 | gui = r |
|
260 | 264 | self.log.info("Enabling GUI event loop integration, " |
|
261 | 265 | "eventloop=%s", gui) |
|
262 | 266 | |
|
263 | 267 | def init_extensions(self): |
|
264 | 268 | """Load all IPython extensions in IPythonApp.extensions. |
|
265 | 269 | |
|
266 | 270 | This uses the :meth:`ExtensionManager.load_extensions` to load all |
|
267 | 271 | the extensions listed in ``self.extensions``. |
|
268 | 272 | """ |
|
269 | 273 | try: |
|
270 | 274 | self.log.debug("Loading IPython extensions...") |
|
271 | 275 | extensions = self.default_extensions + self.extensions |
|
272 | 276 | for ext in extensions: |
|
273 | 277 | try: |
|
274 | 278 | self.log.info("Loading IPython extension: %s" % ext) |
|
275 | 279 | self.shell.extension_manager.load_extension(ext) |
|
276 | 280 | except: |
|
277 | 281 | self.log.warn("Error in loading extension: %s" % ext + |
|
278 | 282 | "\nCheck your config files in %s" % self.profile_dir.location |
|
279 | 283 | ) |
|
280 | 284 | self.shell.showtraceback() |
|
281 | 285 | except: |
|
282 | 286 | self.log.warn("Unknown error in loading extensions:") |
|
283 | 287 | self.shell.showtraceback() |
|
284 | 288 | |
|
285 | 289 | def init_code(self): |
|
286 | 290 | """run the pre-flight code, specified via exec_lines""" |
|
287 | 291 | self._run_startup_files() |
|
288 | 292 | self._run_exec_lines() |
|
289 | 293 | self._run_exec_files() |
|
290 | 294 | |
|
291 | 295 | # Hide variables defined here from %who etc. |
|
292 | 296 | if self.hide_initial_ns: |
|
293 | 297 | self.shell.user_ns_hidden.update(self.shell.user_ns) |
|
294 | 298 | |
|
295 | 299 | # command-line execution (ipython -i script.py, ipython -m module) |
|
296 | 300 | # should *not* be excluded from %whos |
|
297 | 301 | self._run_cmd_line_code() |
|
298 | 302 | self._run_module() |
|
299 | 303 | |
|
300 | 304 | # flush output, so itwon't be attached to the first cell |
|
301 | 305 | sys.stdout.flush() |
|
302 | 306 | sys.stderr.flush() |
|
303 | 307 | |
|
304 | 308 | def _run_exec_lines(self): |
|
305 | 309 | """Run lines of code in IPythonApp.exec_lines in the user's namespace.""" |
|
306 | 310 | if not self.exec_lines: |
|
307 | 311 | return |
|
308 | 312 | try: |
|
309 | 313 | self.log.debug("Running code from IPythonApp.exec_lines...") |
|
310 | 314 | for line in self.exec_lines: |
|
311 | 315 | try: |
|
312 | 316 | self.log.info("Running code in user namespace: %s" % |
|
313 | 317 | line) |
|
314 | 318 | self.shell.run_cell(line, store_history=False) |
|
315 | 319 | except: |
|
316 | 320 | self.log.warn("Error in executing line in user " |
|
317 | 321 | "namespace: %s" % line) |
|
318 | 322 | self.shell.showtraceback() |
|
319 | 323 | except: |
|
320 | 324 | self.log.warn("Unknown error in handling IPythonApp.exec_lines:") |
|
321 | 325 | self.shell.showtraceback() |
|
322 | 326 | |
|
323 | 327 | def _exec_file(self, fname): |
|
324 | 328 | try: |
|
325 | 329 | full_filename = filefind(fname, [u'.', self.ipython_dir]) |
|
326 | 330 | except IOError as e: |
|
327 | 331 | self.log.warn("File not found: %r"%fname) |
|
328 | 332 | return |
|
329 | 333 | # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it |
|
330 | 334 | # were run from a system shell. |
|
331 | 335 | save_argv = sys.argv |
|
332 | 336 | sys.argv = [full_filename] + self.extra_args[1:] |
|
333 | 337 | # protect sys.argv from potential unicode strings on Python 2: |
|
334 | 338 | if not py3compat.PY3: |
|
335 | 339 | sys.argv = [ py3compat.cast_bytes(a) for a in sys.argv ] |
|
336 | 340 | try: |
|
337 | 341 | if os.path.isfile(full_filename): |
|
338 | 342 | self.log.info("Running file in user namespace: %s" % |
|
339 | 343 | full_filename) |
|
340 | 344 | # Ensure that __file__ is always defined to match Python |
|
341 | 345 | # behavior. |
|
342 | 346 | with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'): |
|
343 | 347 | self.shell.user_ns['__file__'] = fname |
|
344 | 348 | if full_filename.endswith('.ipy'): |
|
345 | 349 | self.shell.safe_execfile_ipy(full_filename) |
|
346 | 350 | else: |
|
347 | 351 | # default to python, even without extension |
|
348 | 352 | self.shell.safe_execfile(full_filename, |
|
349 | 353 | self.shell.user_ns) |
|
350 | 354 | finally: |
|
351 | 355 | sys.argv = save_argv |
|
352 | 356 | |
|
353 | 357 | def _run_startup_files(self): |
|
354 | 358 | """Run files from profile startup directory""" |
|
355 | 359 | startup_dir = self.profile_dir.startup_dir |
|
356 | 360 | startup_files = [] |
|
357 |
if |
|
|
358 |
|
|
|
361 | if self.exec_PYTHONSTARTUP: | |
|
362 | if os.environ.get('PYTHONSTARTUP', False): | |
|
363 | startup_files.append(os.environ['PYTHONSTARTUP']) | |
|
359 | 364 | startup_files += glob.glob(os.path.join(startup_dir, '*.py')) |
|
360 | 365 | startup_files += glob.glob(os.path.join(startup_dir, '*.ipy')) |
|
361 | 366 | if not startup_files: |
|
362 | 367 | return |
|
363 | 368 | |
|
364 | 369 | self.log.debug("Running startup files from %s...", startup_dir) |
|
365 | 370 | try: |
|
366 | 371 | for fname in sorted(startup_files): |
|
367 | 372 | self._exec_file(fname) |
|
368 | 373 | except: |
|
369 | 374 | self.log.warn("Unknown error in handling startup files:") |
|
370 | 375 | self.shell.showtraceback() |
|
371 | 376 | |
|
372 | 377 | def _run_exec_files(self): |
|
373 | 378 | """Run files from IPythonApp.exec_files""" |
|
374 | 379 | if not self.exec_files: |
|
375 | 380 | return |
|
376 | 381 | |
|
377 | 382 | self.log.debug("Running files in IPythonApp.exec_files...") |
|
378 | 383 | try: |
|
379 | 384 | for fname in self.exec_files: |
|
380 | 385 | self._exec_file(fname) |
|
381 | 386 | except: |
|
382 | 387 | self.log.warn("Unknown error in handling IPythonApp.exec_files:") |
|
383 | 388 | self.shell.showtraceback() |
|
384 | 389 | |
|
385 | 390 | def _run_cmd_line_code(self): |
|
386 | 391 | """Run code or file specified at the command-line""" |
|
387 | 392 | if self.code_to_run: |
|
388 | 393 | line = self.code_to_run |
|
389 | 394 | try: |
|
390 | 395 | self.log.info("Running code given at command line (c=): %s" % |
|
391 | 396 | line) |
|
392 | 397 | self.shell.run_cell(line, store_history=False) |
|
393 | 398 | except: |
|
394 | 399 | self.log.warn("Error in executing line in user namespace: %s" % |
|
395 | 400 | line) |
|
396 | 401 | self.shell.showtraceback() |
|
397 | 402 | |
|
398 | 403 | # Like Python itself, ignore the second if the first of these is present |
|
399 | 404 | elif self.file_to_run: |
|
400 | 405 | fname = self.file_to_run |
|
401 | 406 | try: |
|
402 | 407 | self._exec_file(fname) |
|
403 | 408 | except: |
|
404 | 409 | self.log.warn("Error in executing file in user namespace: %s" % |
|
405 | 410 | fname) |
|
406 | 411 | self.shell.showtraceback() |
|
407 | 412 | |
|
408 | 413 | def _run_module(self): |
|
409 | 414 | """Run module specified at the command-line.""" |
|
410 | 415 | if self.module_to_run: |
|
411 | 416 | # Make sure that the module gets a proper sys.argv as if it were |
|
412 | 417 | # run using `python -m`. |
|
413 | 418 | save_argv = sys.argv |
|
414 | 419 | sys.argv = [sys.executable] + self.extra_args |
|
415 | 420 | try: |
|
416 | 421 | self.shell.safe_run_module(self.module_to_run, |
|
417 | 422 | self.shell.user_ns) |
|
418 | 423 | finally: |
|
419 | 424 | sys.argv = save_argv |
@@ -1,1164 +1,1169 b'' | |||
|
1 | 1 | ================= |
|
2 | 2 | IPython reference |
|
3 | 3 | ================= |
|
4 | 4 | |
|
5 | 5 | .. _command_line_options: |
|
6 | 6 | |
|
7 | 7 | Command-line usage |
|
8 | 8 | ================== |
|
9 | 9 | |
|
10 | 10 | You start IPython with the command:: |
|
11 | 11 | |
|
12 | 12 | $ ipython [options] files |
|
13 | 13 | |
|
14 | 14 | .. note:: |
|
15 | 15 | |
|
16 | 16 | For IPython on Python 3, use ``ipython3`` in place of ``ipython``. |
|
17 | 17 | |
|
18 | 18 | If invoked with no options, it executes all the files listed in sequence |
|
19 | 19 | and drops you into the interpreter while still acknowledging any options |
|
20 | 20 | you may have set in your ipython_config.py. This behavior is different from |
|
21 | 21 | standard Python, which when called as python -i will only execute one |
|
22 | 22 | file and ignore your configuration setup. |
|
23 | 23 | |
|
24 | 24 | Please note that some of the configuration options are not available at |
|
25 | 25 | the command line, simply because they are not practical here. Look into |
|
26 | 26 | your configuration files for details on those. There are separate configuration |
|
27 | 27 | files for each profile, and the files look like "ipython_config.py" or |
|
28 | 28 | "ipython_config_<frontendname>.py". Profile directories look like |
|
29 | 29 | "profile_profilename" and are typically installed in the IPYTHONDIR directory, |
|
30 | 30 | which defaults to :file:`$HOME/.ipython`. For Windows users, :envvar:`HOME` |
|
31 | 31 | resolves to :file:`C:\\Documents and Settings\\YourUserName` in most |
|
32 | 32 | instances. |
|
33 | 33 | |
|
34 | 34 | |
|
35 | 35 | Eventloop integration |
|
36 | 36 | --------------------- |
|
37 | 37 | |
|
38 | 38 | Previously IPython had command line options for controlling GUI event loop |
|
39 | 39 | integration (-gthread, -qthread, -q4thread, -wthread, -pylab). As of IPython |
|
40 | 40 | version 0.11, these have been removed. Please see the new ``%gui`` |
|
41 | 41 | magic command or :ref:`this section <gui_support>` for details on the new |
|
42 | 42 | interface, or specify the gui at the commandline:: |
|
43 | 43 | |
|
44 | 44 | $ ipython --gui=qt |
|
45 | 45 | |
|
46 | 46 | |
|
47 | 47 | Command-line Options |
|
48 | 48 | -------------------- |
|
49 | 49 | |
|
50 | 50 | To see the options IPython accepts, use ``ipython --help`` (and you probably |
|
51 | 51 | should run the output through a pager such as ``ipython --help | less`` for |
|
52 | 52 | more convenient reading). This shows all the options that have a single-word |
|
53 | 53 | alias to control them, but IPython lets you configure all of its objects from |
|
54 | 54 | the command-line by passing the full class name and a corresponding value; type |
|
55 | 55 | ``ipython --help-all`` to see this full list. For example:: |
|
56 | 56 | |
|
57 | 57 | ipython --matplotlib qt |
|
58 | 58 | |
|
59 | 59 | is equivalent to:: |
|
60 | 60 | |
|
61 | 61 | ipython --TerminalIPythonApp.matplotlib='qt' |
|
62 | 62 | |
|
63 | 63 | Note that in the second form, you *must* use the equal sign, as the expression |
|
64 | 64 | is evaluated as an actual Python assignment. While in the above example the |
|
65 | 65 | short form is more convenient, only the most common options have a short form, |
|
66 | 66 | while any configurable variable in IPython can be set at the command-line by |
|
67 | 67 | using the long form. This long form is the same syntax used in the |
|
68 | 68 | configuration files, if you want to set these options permanently. |
|
69 | 69 | |
|
70 | 70 | |
|
71 | 71 | Interactive use |
|
72 | 72 | =============== |
|
73 | 73 | |
|
74 | 74 | IPython is meant to work as a drop-in replacement for the standard interactive |
|
75 | 75 | interpreter. As such, any code which is valid python should execute normally |
|
76 | 76 | under IPython (cases where this is not true should be reported as bugs). It |
|
77 | 77 | does, however, offer many features which are not available at a standard python |
|
78 | 78 | prompt. What follows is a list of these. |
|
79 | 79 | |
|
80 | 80 | |
|
81 | 81 | Caution for Windows users |
|
82 | 82 | ------------------------- |
|
83 | 83 | |
|
84 | 84 | Windows, unfortunately, uses the '\\' character as a path separator. This is a |
|
85 | 85 | terrible choice, because '\\' also represents the escape character in most |
|
86 | 86 | modern programming languages, including Python. For this reason, using '/' |
|
87 | 87 | character is recommended if you have problems with ``\``. However, in Windows |
|
88 | 88 | commands '/' flags options, so you can not use it for the root directory. This |
|
89 | 89 | means that paths beginning at the root must be typed in a contrived manner |
|
90 | 90 | like: ``%copy \opt/foo/bar.txt \tmp`` |
|
91 | 91 | |
|
92 | 92 | .. _magic: |
|
93 | 93 | |
|
94 | 94 | Magic command system |
|
95 | 95 | -------------------- |
|
96 | 96 | |
|
97 | 97 | IPython will treat any line whose first character is a % as a special |
|
98 | 98 | call to a 'magic' function. These allow you to control the behavior of |
|
99 | 99 | IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type features. They are all |
|
100 | 100 | prefixed with a % character, but parameters are given without |
|
101 | 101 | parentheses or quotes. |
|
102 | 102 | |
|
103 | 103 | Lines that begin with ``%%`` signal a *cell magic*: they take as arguments not |
|
104 | 104 | only the rest of the current line, but all lines below them as well, in the |
|
105 | 105 | current execution block. Cell magics can in fact make arbitrary modifications |
|
106 | 106 | to the input they receive, which need not even be valid Python code at all. |
|
107 | 107 | They receive the whole block as a single string. |
|
108 | 108 | |
|
109 | 109 | As a line magic example, the ``%cd`` magic works just like the OS command of |
|
110 | 110 | the same name:: |
|
111 | 111 | |
|
112 | 112 | In [8]: %cd |
|
113 | 113 | /home/fperez |
|
114 | 114 | |
|
115 | 115 | The following uses the builtin ``timeit`` in cell mode:: |
|
116 | 116 | |
|
117 | 117 | In [10]: %%timeit x = range(10000) |
|
118 | 118 | ...: min(x) |
|
119 | 119 | ...: max(x) |
|
120 | 120 | ...: |
|
121 | 121 | 1000 loops, best of 3: 438 us per loop |
|
122 | 122 | |
|
123 | 123 | In this case, ``x = range(10000)`` is called as the line argument, and the |
|
124 | 124 | block with ``min(x)`` and ``max(x)`` is called as the cell body. The |
|
125 | 125 | ``timeit`` magic receives both. |
|
126 | 126 | |
|
127 | 127 | If you have 'automagic' enabled (as it by default), you don't need to type in |
|
128 | 128 | the single ``%`` explicitly for line magics; IPython will scan its internal |
|
129 | 129 | list of magic functions and call one if it exists. With automagic on you can |
|
130 | 130 | then just type ``cd mydir`` to go to directory 'mydir':: |
|
131 | 131 | |
|
132 | 132 | In [9]: cd mydir |
|
133 | 133 | /home/fperez/mydir |
|
134 | 134 | |
|
135 | 135 | Note that cell magics *always* require an explicit ``%%`` prefix, automagic |
|
136 | 136 | calling only works for line magics. |
|
137 | 137 | |
|
138 | 138 | The automagic system has the lowest possible precedence in name searches, so |
|
139 | 139 | defining an identifier with the same name as an existing magic function will |
|
140 | 140 | shadow it for automagic use. You can still access the shadowed magic function |
|
141 | 141 | by explicitly using the ``%`` character at the beginning of the line. |
|
142 | 142 | |
|
143 | 143 | An example (with automagic on) should clarify all this: |
|
144 | 144 | |
|
145 | 145 | .. sourcecode:: ipython |
|
146 | 146 | |
|
147 | 147 | In [1]: cd ipython # %cd is called by automagic |
|
148 | 148 | /home/fperez/ipython |
|
149 | 149 | |
|
150 | 150 | In [2]: cd=1 # now cd is just a variable |
|
151 | 151 | |
|
152 | 152 | In [3]: cd .. # and doesn't work as a function anymore |
|
153 | 153 | File "<ipython-input-3-9fedb3aff56c>", line 1 |
|
154 | 154 | cd .. |
|
155 | 155 | ^ |
|
156 | 156 | SyntaxError: invalid syntax |
|
157 | 157 | |
|
158 | 158 | |
|
159 | 159 | In [4]: %cd .. # but %cd always works |
|
160 | 160 | /home/fperez |
|
161 | 161 | |
|
162 | 162 | In [5]: del cd # if you remove the cd variable, automagic works again |
|
163 | 163 | |
|
164 | 164 | In [6]: cd ipython |
|
165 | 165 | |
|
166 | 166 | /home/fperez/ipython |
|
167 | 167 | |
|
168 | 168 | Defining your own magics |
|
169 | 169 | ++++++++++++++++++++++++ |
|
170 | 170 | |
|
171 | 171 | There are two main ways to define your own magic functions: from standalone |
|
172 | 172 | functions and by inheriting from a base class provided by IPython: |
|
173 | 173 | :class:`IPython.core.magic.Magics`. Below we show code you can place in a file |
|
174 | 174 | that you load from your configuration, such as any file in the ``startup`` |
|
175 | 175 | subdirectory of your default IPython profile. |
|
176 | 176 | |
|
177 | 177 | First, let us see the simplest case. The following shows how to create a line |
|
178 | 178 | magic, a cell one and one that works in both modes, using just plain functions: |
|
179 | 179 | |
|
180 | 180 | .. sourcecode:: python |
|
181 | 181 | |
|
182 | 182 | from IPython.core.magic import (register_line_magic, register_cell_magic, |
|
183 | 183 | register_line_cell_magic) |
|
184 | 184 | |
|
185 | 185 | @register_line_magic |
|
186 | 186 | def lmagic(line): |
|
187 | 187 | "my line magic" |
|
188 | 188 | return line |
|
189 | 189 | |
|
190 | 190 | @register_cell_magic |
|
191 | 191 | def cmagic(line, cell): |
|
192 | 192 | "my cell magic" |
|
193 | 193 | return line, cell |
|
194 | 194 | |
|
195 | 195 | @register_line_cell_magic |
|
196 | 196 | def lcmagic(line, cell=None): |
|
197 | 197 | "Magic that works both as %lcmagic and as %%lcmagic" |
|
198 | 198 | if cell is None: |
|
199 | 199 | print "Called as line magic" |
|
200 | 200 | return line |
|
201 | 201 | else: |
|
202 | 202 | print "Called as cell magic" |
|
203 | 203 | return line, cell |
|
204 | 204 | |
|
205 | 205 | # We delete these to avoid name conflicts for automagic to work |
|
206 | 206 | del lmagic, lcmagic |
|
207 | 207 | |
|
208 | 208 | |
|
209 | 209 | You can also create magics of all three kinds by inheriting from the |
|
210 | 210 | :class:`IPython.core.magic.Magics` class. This lets you create magics that can |
|
211 | 211 | potentially hold state in between calls, and that have full access to the main |
|
212 | 212 | IPython object: |
|
213 | 213 | |
|
214 | 214 | .. sourcecode:: python |
|
215 | 215 | |
|
216 | 216 | # This code can be put in any Python module, it does not require IPython |
|
217 | 217 | # itself to be running already. It only creates the magics subclass but |
|
218 | 218 | # doesn't instantiate it yet. |
|
219 | 219 | from IPython.core.magic import (Magics, magics_class, line_magic, |
|
220 | 220 | cell_magic, line_cell_magic) |
|
221 | 221 | |
|
222 | 222 | # The class MUST call this class decorator at creation time |
|
223 | 223 | @magics_class |
|
224 | 224 | class MyMagics(Magics): |
|
225 | 225 | |
|
226 | 226 | @line_magic |
|
227 | 227 | def lmagic(self, line): |
|
228 | 228 | "my line magic" |
|
229 | 229 | print "Full access to the main IPython object:", self.shell |
|
230 | 230 | print "Variables in the user namespace:", self.shell.user_ns.keys() |
|
231 | 231 | return line |
|
232 | 232 | |
|
233 | 233 | @cell_magic |
|
234 | 234 | def cmagic(self, line, cell): |
|
235 | 235 | "my cell magic" |
|
236 | 236 | return line, cell |
|
237 | 237 | |
|
238 | 238 | @line_cell_magic |
|
239 | 239 | def lcmagic(self, line, cell=None): |
|
240 | 240 | "Magic that works both as %lcmagic and as %%lcmagic" |
|
241 | 241 | if cell is None: |
|
242 | 242 | print "Called as line magic" |
|
243 | 243 | return line |
|
244 | 244 | else: |
|
245 | 245 | print "Called as cell magic" |
|
246 | 246 | return line, cell |
|
247 | 247 | |
|
248 | 248 | |
|
249 | 249 | # In order to actually use these magics, you must register them with a |
|
250 | 250 | # running IPython. This code must be placed in a file that is loaded once |
|
251 | 251 | # IPython is up and running: |
|
252 | 252 | ip = get_ipython() |
|
253 | 253 | # You can register the class itself without instantiating it. IPython will |
|
254 | 254 | # call the default constructor on it. |
|
255 | 255 | ip.register_magics(MyMagics) |
|
256 | 256 | |
|
257 | 257 | If you want to create a class with a different constructor that holds |
|
258 | 258 | additional state, then you should always call the parent constructor and |
|
259 | 259 | instantiate the class yourself before registration: |
|
260 | 260 | |
|
261 | 261 | .. sourcecode:: python |
|
262 | 262 | |
|
263 | 263 | @magics_class |
|
264 | 264 | class StatefulMagics(Magics): |
|
265 | 265 | "Magics that hold additional state" |
|
266 | 266 | |
|
267 | 267 | def __init__(self, shell, data): |
|
268 | 268 | # You must call the parent constructor |
|
269 | 269 | super(StatefulMagics, self).__init__(shell) |
|
270 | 270 | self.data = data |
|
271 | 271 | |
|
272 | 272 | # etc... |
|
273 | 273 | |
|
274 | 274 | # This class must then be registered with a manually created instance, |
|
275 | 275 | # since its constructor has different arguments from the default: |
|
276 | 276 | ip = get_ipython() |
|
277 | 277 | magics = StatefulMagics(ip, some_data) |
|
278 | 278 | ip.register_magics(magics) |
|
279 | 279 | |
|
280 | 280 | |
|
281 | 281 | In earlier versions, IPython had an API for the creation of line magics (cell |
|
282 | 282 | magics did not exist at the time) that required you to create functions with a |
|
283 | 283 | method-looking signature and to manually pass both the function and the name. |
|
284 | 284 | While this API is no longer recommended, it remains indefinitely supported for |
|
285 | 285 | backwards compatibility purposes. With the old API, you'd create a magic as |
|
286 | 286 | follows: |
|
287 | 287 | |
|
288 | 288 | .. sourcecode:: python |
|
289 | 289 | |
|
290 | 290 | def func(self, line): |
|
291 | 291 | print "Line magic called with line:", line |
|
292 | 292 | print "IPython object:", self.shell |
|
293 | 293 | |
|
294 | 294 | ip = get_ipython() |
|
295 | 295 | # Declare this function as the magic %mycommand |
|
296 | 296 | ip.define_magic('mycommand', func) |
|
297 | 297 | |
|
298 | 298 | Type ``%magic`` for more information, including a list of all available magic |
|
299 | 299 | functions at any time and their docstrings. You can also type |
|
300 | 300 | ``%magic_function_name?`` (see :ref:`below <dynamic_object_info>` for |
|
301 | 301 | information on the '?' system) to get information about any particular magic |
|
302 | 302 | function you are interested in. |
|
303 | 303 | |
|
304 | 304 | The API documentation for the :mod:`IPython.core.magic` module contains the full |
|
305 | 305 | docstrings of all currently available magic commands. |
|
306 | 306 | |
|
307 | 307 | |
|
308 | 308 | Access to the standard Python help |
|
309 | 309 | ---------------------------------- |
|
310 | 310 | |
|
311 | 311 | Simply type ``help()`` to access Python's standard help system. You can |
|
312 | 312 | also type ``help(object)`` for information about a given object, or |
|
313 | 313 | ``help('keyword')`` for information on a keyword. You may need to configure your |
|
314 | 314 | PYTHONDOCS environment variable for this feature to work correctly. |
|
315 | 315 | |
|
316 | 316 | .. _dynamic_object_info: |
|
317 | 317 | |
|
318 | 318 | Dynamic object information |
|
319 | 319 | -------------------------- |
|
320 | 320 | |
|
321 | 321 | Typing ``?word`` or ``word?`` prints detailed information about an object. If |
|
322 | 322 | certain strings in the object are too long (e.g. function signatures) they get |
|
323 | 323 | snipped in the center for brevity. This system gives access variable types and |
|
324 | 324 | values, docstrings, function prototypes and other useful information. |
|
325 | 325 | |
|
326 | 326 | If the information will not fit in the terminal, it is displayed in a pager |
|
327 | 327 | (``less`` if available, otherwise a basic internal pager). |
|
328 | 328 | |
|
329 | 329 | Typing ``??word`` or ``word??`` gives access to the full information, including |
|
330 | 330 | the source code where possible. Long strings are not snipped. |
|
331 | 331 | |
|
332 | 332 | The following magic functions are particularly useful for gathering |
|
333 | 333 | information about your working environment. You can get more details by |
|
334 | 334 | typing ``%magic`` or querying them individually (``%function_name?``); |
|
335 | 335 | this is just a summary: |
|
336 | 336 | |
|
337 | 337 | * **%pdoc <object>**: Print (or run through a pager if too long) the |
|
338 | 338 | docstring for an object. If the given object is a class, it will |
|
339 | 339 | print both the class and the constructor docstrings. |
|
340 | 340 | * **%pdef <object>**: Print the call signature for any callable |
|
341 | 341 | object. If the object is a class, print the constructor information. |
|
342 | 342 | * **%psource <object>**: Print (or run through a pager if too long) |
|
343 | 343 | the source code for an object. |
|
344 | 344 | * **%pfile <object>**: Show the entire source file where an object was |
|
345 | 345 | defined via a pager, opening it at the line where the object |
|
346 | 346 | definition begins. |
|
347 | 347 | * **%who/%whos**: These functions give information about identifiers |
|
348 | 348 | you have defined interactively (not things you loaded or defined |
|
349 | 349 | in your configuration files). %who just prints a list of |
|
350 | 350 | identifiers and %whos prints a table with some basic details about |
|
351 | 351 | each identifier. |
|
352 | 352 | |
|
353 | 353 | Note that the dynamic object information functions (?/??, ``%pdoc``, |
|
354 | 354 | ``%pfile``, ``%pdef``, ``%psource``) work on object attributes, as well as |
|
355 | 355 | directly on variables. For example, after doing ``import os``, you can use |
|
356 | 356 | ``os.path.abspath??``. |
|
357 | 357 | |
|
358 | 358 | .. _readline: |
|
359 | 359 | |
|
360 | 360 | Readline-based features |
|
361 | 361 | ----------------------- |
|
362 | 362 | |
|
363 | 363 | These features require the GNU readline library, so they won't work if your |
|
364 | 364 | Python installation lacks readline support. We will first describe the default |
|
365 | 365 | behavior IPython uses, and then how to change it to suit your preferences. |
|
366 | 366 | |
|
367 | 367 | |
|
368 | 368 | Command line completion |
|
369 | 369 | +++++++++++++++++++++++ |
|
370 | 370 | |
|
371 | 371 | At any time, hitting TAB will complete any available python commands or |
|
372 | 372 | variable names, and show you a list of the possible completions if |
|
373 | 373 | there's no unambiguous one. It will also complete filenames in the |
|
374 | 374 | current directory if no python names match what you've typed so far. |
|
375 | 375 | |
|
376 | 376 | |
|
377 | 377 | Search command history |
|
378 | 378 | ++++++++++++++++++++++ |
|
379 | 379 | |
|
380 | 380 | IPython provides two ways for searching through previous input and thus |
|
381 | 381 | reduce the need for repetitive typing: |
|
382 | 382 | |
|
383 | 383 | 1. Start typing, and then use Ctrl-p (previous,up) and Ctrl-n |
|
384 | 384 | (next,down) to search through only the history items that match |
|
385 | 385 | what you've typed so far. If you use Ctrl-p/Ctrl-n at a blank |
|
386 | 386 | prompt, they just behave like normal arrow keys. |
|
387 | 387 | 2. Hit Ctrl-r: opens a search prompt. Begin typing and the system |
|
388 | 388 | searches your history for lines that contain what you've typed so |
|
389 | 389 | far, completing as much as it can. |
|
390 | 390 | |
|
391 | 391 | |
|
392 | 392 | Persistent command history across sessions |
|
393 | 393 | ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ |
|
394 | 394 | |
|
395 | 395 | IPython will save your input history when it leaves and reload it next |
|
396 | 396 | time you restart it. By default, the history file is named |
|
397 | 397 | $IPYTHONDIR/profile_<name>/history.sqlite. This allows you to keep |
|
398 | 398 | separate histories related to various tasks: commands related to |
|
399 | 399 | numerical work will not be clobbered by a system shell history, for |
|
400 | 400 | example. |
|
401 | 401 | |
|
402 | 402 | |
|
403 | 403 | Autoindent |
|
404 | 404 | ++++++++++ |
|
405 | 405 | |
|
406 | 406 | IPython can recognize lines ending in ':' and indent the next line, |
|
407 | 407 | while also un-indenting automatically after 'raise' or 'return'. |
|
408 | 408 | |
|
409 | 409 | This feature uses the readline library, so it will honor your |
|
410 | 410 | :file:`~/.inputrc` configuration (or whatever file your INPUTRC variable points |
|
411 | 411 | to). Adding the following lines to your :file:`.inputrc` file can make |
|
412 | 412 | indenting/unindenting more convenient (M-i indents, M-u unindents):: |
|
413 | 413 | |
|
414 | 414 | # if you don't already have a ~/.inputrc file, you need this include: |
|
415 | 415 | $include /etc/inputrc |
|
416 | 416 | |
|
417 | 417 | $if Python |
|
418 | 418 | "\M-i": " " |
|
419 | 419 | "\M-u": "\d\d\d\d" |
|
420 | 420 | $endif |
|
421 | 421 | |
|
422 | 422 | Note that there are 4 spaces between the quote marks after "M-i" above. |
|
423 | 423 | |
|
424 | 424 | .. warning:: |
|
425 | 425 | |
|
426 | 426 | Setting the above indents will cause problems with unicode text entry in |
|
427 | 427 | the terminal. |
|
428 | 428 | |
|
429 | 429 | .. warning:: |
|
430 | 430 | |
|
431 | 431 | Autoindent is ON by default, but it can cause problems with the pasting of |
|
432 | 432 | multi-line indented code (the pasted code gets re-indented on each line). A |
|
433 | 433 | magic function %autoindent allows you to toggle it on/off at runtime. You |
|
434 | 434 | can also disable it permanently on in your :file:`ipython_config.py` file |
|
435 | 435 | (set TerminalInteractiveShell.autoindent=False). |
|
436 | 436 | |
|
437 | 437 | If you want to paste multiple lines in the terminal, it is recommended that |
|
438 | 438 | you use ``%paste``. |
|
439 | 439 | |
|
440 | 440 | |
|
441 | 441 | Customizing readline behavior |
|
442 | 442 | +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ |
|
443 | 443 | |
|
444 | 444 | All these features are based on the GNU readline library, which has an |
|
445 | 445 | extremely customizable interface. Normally, readline is configured via a |
|
446 | 446 | file which defines the behavior of the library; the details of the |
|
447 | 447 | syntax for this can be found in the readline documentation available |
|
448 | 448 | with your system or on the Internet. IPython doesn't read this file (if |
|
449 | 449 | it exists) directly, but it does support passing to readline valid |
|
450 | 450 | options via a simple interface. In brief, you can customize readline by |
|
451 | 451 | setting the following options in your configuration file (note |
|
452 | 452 | that these options can not be specified at the command line): |
|
453 | 453 | |
|
454 | 454 | * **readline_parse_and_bind**: this holds a list of strings to be executed |
|
455 | 455 | via a readline.parse_and_bind() command. The syntax for valid commands |
|
456 | 456 | of this kind can be found by reading the documentation for the GNU |
|
457 | 457 | readline library, as these commands are of the kind which readline |
|
458 | 458 | accepts in its configuration file. |
|
459 | 459 | * **readline_remove_delims**: a string of characters to be removed |
|
460 | 460 | from the default word-delimiters list used by readline, so that |
|
461 | 461 | completions may be performed on strings which contain them. Do not |
|
462 | 462 | change the default value unless you know what you're doing. |
|
463 | 463 | |
|
464 | 464 | You will find the default values in your configuration file. |
|
465 | 465 | |
|
466 | 466 | |
|
467 | 467 | Session logging and restoring |
|
468 | 468 | ----------------------------- |
|
469 | 469 | |
|
470 | 470 | You can log all input from a session either by starting IPython with the |
|
471 | 471 | command line switch ``--logfile=foo.py`` (see :ref:`here <command_line_options>`) |
|
472 | 472 | or by activating the logging at any moment with the magic function %logstart. |
|
473 | 473 | |
|
474 | 474 | Log files can later be reloaded by running them as scripts and IPython |
|
475 | 475 | will attempt to 'replay' the log by executing all the lines in it, thus |
|
476 | 476 | restoring the state of a previous session. This feature is not quite |
|
477 | 477 | perfect, but can still be useful in many cases. |
|
478 | 478 | |
|
479 | 479 | The log files can also be used as a way to have a permanent record of |
|
480 | 480 | any code you wrote while experimenting. Log files are regular text files |
|
481 | 481 | which you can later open in your favorite text editor to extract code or |
|
482 | 482 | to 'clean them up' before using them to replay a session. |
|
483 | 483 | |
|
484 | 484 | The `%logstart` function for activating logging in mid-session is used as |
|
485 | 485 | follows:: |
|
486 | 486 | |
|
487 | 487 | %logstart [log_name [log_mode]] |
|
488 | 488 | |
|
489 | 489 | If no name is given, it defaults to a file named 'ipython_log.py' in your |
|
490 | 490 | current working directory, in 'rotate' mode (see below). |
|
491 | 491 | |
|
492 | 492 | '%logstart name' saves to file 'name' in 'backup' mode. It saves your |
|
493 | 493 | history up to that point and then continues logging. |
|
494 | 494 | |
|
495 | 495 | %logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be |
|
496 | 496 | one of (note that the modes are given unquoted): |
|
497 | 497 | |
|
498 | 498 | * [over:] overwrite existing log_name. |
|
499 | 499 | * [backup:] rename (if exists) to log_name~ and start log_name. |
|
500 | 500 | * [append:] well, that says it. |
|
501 | 501 | * [rotate:] create rotating logs log_name.1~, log_name.2~, etc. |
|
502 | 502 | |
|
503 | 503 | The %logoff and %logon functions allow you to temporarily stop and |
|
504 | 504 | resume logging to a file which had previously been started with |
|
505 | 505 | %logstart. They will fail (with an explanation) if you try to use them |
|
506 | 506 | before logging has been started. |
|
507 | 507 | |
|
508 | 508 | .. _system_shell_access: |
|
509 | 509 | |
|
510 | 510 | System shell access |
|
511 | 511 | ------------------- |
|
512 | 512 | |
|
513 | 513 | Any input line beginning with a ! character is passed verbatim (minus |
|
514 | 514 | the !, of course) to the underlying operating system. For example, |
|
515 | 515 | typing ``!ls`` will run 'ls' in the current directory. |
|
516 | 516 | |
|
517 | 517 | Manual capture of command output |
|
518 | 518 | -------------------------------- |
|
519 | 519 | |
|
520 | 520 | You can assign the result of a system command to a Python variable with the |
|
521 | 521 | syntax ``myfiles = !ls``. This gets machine readable output from stdout |
|
522 | 522 | (e.g. without colours), and splits on newlines. To explicitly get this sort of |
|
523 | 523 | output without assigning to a variable, use two exclamation marks (``!!ls``) or |
|
524 | 524 | the ``%sx`` magic command. |
|
525 | 525 | |
|
526 | 526 | The captured list has some convenience features. ``myfiles.n`` or ``myfiles.s`` |
|
527 | 527 | returns a string delimited by newlines or spaces, respectively. ``myfiles.p`` |
|
528 | 528 | produces `path objects <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/path.py>`_ from the list items. |
|
529 | 529 | See :ref:`string_lists` for details. |
|
530 | 530 | |
|
531 | 531 | IPython also allows you to expand the value of python variables when |
|
532 | 532 | making system calls. Wrap variables or expressions in {braces}:: |
|
533 | 533 | |
|
534 | 534 | In [1]: pyvar = 'Hello world' |
|
535 | 535 | In [2]: !echo "A python variable: {pyvar}" |
|
536 | 536 | A python variable: Hello world |
|
537 | 537 | In [3]: import math |
|
538 | 538 | In [4]: x = 8 |
|
539 | 539 | In [5]: !echo {math.factorial(x)} |
|
540 | 540 | 40320 |
|
541 | 541 | |
|
542 | 542 | For simple cases, you can alternatively prepend $ to a variable name:: |
|
543 | 543 | |
|
544 | 544 | In [6]: !echo $sys.argv |
|
545 | 545 | [/home/fperez/usr/bin/ipython] |
|
546 | 546 | In [7]: !echo "A system variable: $$HOME" # Use $$ for literal $ |
|
547 | 547 | A system variable: /home/fperez |
|
548 | 548 | |
|
549 | 549 | System command aliases |
|
550 | 550 | ---------------------- |
|
551 | 551 | |
|
552 | 552 | The %alias magic function allows you to define magic functions which are in fact |
|
553 | 553 | system shell commands. These aliases can have parameters. |
|
554 | 554 | |
|
555 | 555 | ``%alias alias_name cmd`` defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd' |
|
556 | 556 | |
|
557 | 557 | Then, typing ``alias_name params`` will execute the system command 'cmd |
|
558 | 558 | params' (from your underlying operating system). |
|
559 | 559 | |
|
560 | 560 | You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one per |
|
561 | 561 | parameter). The following example defines the parts function as an |
|
562 | 562 | alias to the command 'echo first %s second %s' where each %s will be |
|
563 | 563 | replaced by a positional parameter to the call to %parts:: |
|
564 | 564 | |
|
565 | 565 | In [1]: %alias parts echo first %s second %s |
|
566 | 566 | In [2]: parts A B |
|
567 | 567 | first A second B |
|
568 | 568 | In [3]: parts A |
|
569 | 569 | ERROR: Alias <parts> requires 2 arguments, 1 given. |
|
570 | 570 | |
|
571 | 571 | If called with no parameters, %alias prints the table of currently |
|
572 | 572 | defined aliases. |
|
573 | 573 | |
|
574 | 574 | The %rehashx magic allows you to load your entire $PATH as |
|
575 | 575 | ipython aliases. See its docstring for further details. |
|
576 | 576 | |
|
577 | 577 | |
|
578 | 578 | .. _dreload: |
|
579 | 579 | |
|
580 | 580 | Recursive reload |
|
581 | 581 | ---------------- |
|
582 | 582 | |
|
583 | 583 | The :mod:`IPython.lib.deepreload` module allows you to recursively reload a |
|
584 | 584 | module: changes made to any of its dependencies will be reloaded without |
|
585 | 585 | having to exit. To start using it, do:: |
|
586 | 586 | |
|
587 | 587 | from IPython.lib.deepreload import reload as dreload |
|
588 | 588 | |
|
589 | 589 | |
|
590 | 590 | Verbose and colored exception traceback printouts |
|
591 | 591 | ------------------------------------------------- |
|
592 | 592 | |
|
593 | 593 | IPython provides the option to see very detailed exception tracebacks, |
|
594 | 594 | which can be especially useful when debugging large programs. You can |
|
595 | 595 | run any Python file with the %run function to benefit from these |
|
596 | 596 | detailed tracebacks. Furthermore, both normal and verbose tracebacks can |
|
597 | 597 | be colored (if your terminal supports it) which makes them much easier |
|
598 | 598 | to parse visually. |
|
599 | 599 | |
|
600 | 600 | See the magic xmode and colors functions for details (just type %magic). |
|
601 | 601 | |
|
602 | 602 | These features are basically a terminal version of Ka-Ping Yee's cgitb |
|
603 | 603 | module, now part of the standard Python library. |
|
604 | 604 | |
|
605 | 605 | |
|
606 | 606 | .. _input_caching: |
|
607 | 607 | |
|
608 | 608 | Input caching system |
|
609 | 609 | -------------------- |
|
610 | 610 | |
|
611 | 611 | IPython offers numbered prompts (In/Out) with input and output caching |
|
612 | 612 | (also referred to as 'input history'). All input is saved and can be |
|
613 | 613 | retrieved as variables (besides the usual arrow key recall), in |
|
614 | 614 | addition to the %rep magic command that brings a history entry |
|
615 | 615 | up for editing on the next command line. |
|
616 | 616 | |
|
617 | 617 | The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so don't overwrite them!): |
|
618 | 618 | |
|
619 | 619 | * _i, _ii, _iii: store previous, next previous and next-next previous inputs. |
|
620 | 620 | * In, _ih : a list of all inputs; _ih[n] is the input from line n. If you |
|
621 | 621 | overwrite In with a variable of your own, you can remake the assignment to the |
|
622 | 622 | internal list with a simple ``In=_ih``. |
|
623 | 623 | |
|
624 | 624 | Additionally, global variables named _i<n> are dynamically created (<n> |
|
625 | 625 | being the prompt counter), so ``_i<n> == _ih[<n>] == In[<n>]``. |
|
626 | 626 | |
|
627 | 627 | For example, what you typed at prompt 14 is available as _i14, _ih[14] |
|
628 | 628 | and In[14]. |
|
629 | 629 | |
|
630 | 630 | This allows you to easily cut and paste multi line interactive prompts |
|
631 | 631 | by printing them out: they print like a clean string, without prompt |
|
632 | 632 | characters. You can also manipulate them like regular variables (they |
|
633 | 633 | are strings), modify or exec them (typing ``exec _i9`` will re-execute the |
|
634 | 634 | contents of input prompt 9. |
|
635 | 635 | |
|
636 | 636 | You can also re-execute multiple lines of input easily by using the |
|
637 | 637 | magic %rerun or %macro functions. The macro system also allows you to re-execute |
|
638 | 638 | previous lines which include magic function calls (which require special |
|
639 | 639 | processing). Type %macro? for more details on the macro system. |
|
640 | 640 | |
|
641 | 641 | A history function %hist allows you to see any part of your input |
|
642 | 642 | history by printing a range of the _i variables. |
|
643 | 643 | |
|
644 | 644 | You can also search ('grep') through your history by typing |
|
645 | 645 | ``%hist -g somestring``. This is handy for searching for URLs, IP addresses, |
|
646 | 646 | etc. You can bring history entries listed by '%hist -g' up for editing |
|
647 | 647 | with the %recall command, or run them immediately with %rerun. |
|
648 | 648 | |
|
649 | 649 | .. _output_caching: |
|
650 | 650 | |
|
651 | 651 | Output caching system |
|
652 | 652 | --------------------- |
|
653 | 653 | |
|
654 | 654 | For output that is returned from actions, a system similar to the input |
|
655 | 655 | cache exists but using _ instead of _i. Only actions that produce a |
|
656 | 656 | result (NOT assignments, for example) are cached. If you are familiar |
|
657 | 657 | with Mathematica, IPython's _ variables behave exactly like |
|
658 | 658 | Mathematica's % variables. |
|
659 | 659 | |
|
660 | 660 | The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so don't overwrite them!): |
|
661 | 661 | |
|
662 | 662 | * [_] (a single underscore) : stores previous output, like Python's |
|
663 | 663 | default interpreter. |
|
664 | 664 | * [__] (two underscores): next previous. |
|
665 | 665 | * [___] (three underscores): next-next previous. |
|
666 | 666 | |
|
667 | 667 | Additionally, global variables named _<n> are dynamically created (<n> |
|
668 | 668 | being the prompt counter), such that the result of output <n> is always |
|
669 | 669 | available as _<n> (don't use the angle brackets, just the number, e.g. |
|
670 | 670 | _21). |
|
671 | 671 | |
|
672 | 672 | These variables are also stored in a global dictionary (not a |
|
673 | 673 | list, since it only has entries for lines which returned a result) |
|
674 | 674 | available under the names _oh and Out (similar to _ih and In). So the |
|
675 | 675 | output from line 12 can be obtained as _12, Out[12] or _oh[12]. If you |
|
676 | 676 | accidentally overwrite the Out variable you can recover it by typing |
|
677 | 677 | 'Out=_oh' at the prompt. |
|
678 | 678 | |
|
679 | 679 | This system obviously can potentially put heavy memory demands on your |
|
680 | 680 | system, since it prevents Python's garbage collector from removing any |
|
681 | 681 | previously computed results. You can control how many results are kept |
|
682 | 682 | in memory with the option (at the command line or in your configuration |
|
683 | 683 | file) cache_size. If you set it to 0, the whole system is completely |
|
684 | 684 | disabled and the prompts revert to the classic '>>>' of normal Python. |
|
685 | 685 | |
|
686 | 686 | |
|
687 | 687 | Directory history |
|
688 | 688 | ----------------- |
|
689 | 689 | |
|
690 | 690 | Your history of visited directories is kept in the global list _dh, and |
|
691 | 691 | the magic %cd command can be used to go to any entry in that list. The |
|
692 | 692 | %dhist command allows you to view this history. Do ``cd -<TAB>`` to |
|
693 | 693 | conveniently view the directory history. |
|
694 | 694 | |
|
695 | 695 | |
|
696 | 696 | Automatic parentheses and quotes |
|
697 | 697 | -------------------------------- |
|
698 | 698 | |
|
699 | 699 | These features were adapted from Nathan Gray's LazyPython. They are |
|
700 | 700 | meant to allow less typing for common situations. |
|
701 | 701 | |
|
702 | 702 | |
|
703 | 703 | Automatic parentheses |
|
704 | 704 | +++++++++++++++++++++ |
|
705 | 705 | |
|
706 | 706 | Callable objects (i.e. functions, methods, etc) can be invoked like this |
|
707 | 707 | (notice the commas between the arguments):: |
|
708 | 708 | |
|
709 | 709 | In [1]: callable_ob arg1, arg2, arg3 |
|
710 | 710 | ------> callable_ob(arg1, arg2, arg3) |
|
711 | 711 | |
|
712 | 712 | You can force automatic parentheses by using '/' as the first character |
|
713 | 713 | of a line. For example:: |
|
714 | 714 | |
|
715 | 715 | In [2]: /globals # becomes 'globals()' |
|
716 | 716 | |
|
717 | 717 | Note that the '/' MUST be the first character on the line! This won't work:: |
|
718 | 718 | |
|
719 | 719 | In [3]: print /globals # syntax error |
|
720 | 720 | |
|
721 | 721 | In most cases the automatic algorithm should work, so you should rarely |
|
722 | 722 | need to explicitly invoke /. One notable exception is if you are trying |
|
723 | 723 | to call a function with a list of tuples as arguments (the parenthesis |
|
724 | 724 | will confuse IPython):: |
|
725 | 725 | |
|
726 | 726 | In [4]: zip (1,2,3),(4,5,6) # won't work |
|
727 | 727 | |
|
728 | 728 | but this will work:: |
|
729 | 729 | |
|
730 | 730 | In [5]: /zip (1,2,3),(4,5,6) |
|
731 | 731 | ------> zip ((1,2,3),(4,5,6)) |
|
732 | 732 | Out[5]: [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)] |
|
733 | 733 | |
|
734 | 734 | IPython tells you that it has altered your command line by displaying |
|
735 | 735 | the new command line preceded by ->. e.g.:: |
|
736 | 736 | |
|
737 | 737 | In [6]: callable list |
|
738 | 738 | ------> callable(list) |
|
739 | 739 | |
|
740 | 740 | |
|
741 | 741 | Automatic quoting |
|
742 | 742 | +++++++++++++++++ |
|
743 | 743 | |
|
744 | 744 | You can force automatic quoting of a function's arguments by using ',' |
|
745 | 745 | or ';' as the first character of a line. For example:: |
|
746 | 746 | |
|
747 | 747 | In [1]: ,my_function /home/me # becomes my_function("/home/me") |
|
748 | 748 | |
|
749 | 749 | If you use ';' the whole argument is quoted as a single string, while ',' splits |
|
750 | 750 | on whitespace:: |
|
751 | 751 | |
|
752 | 752 | In [2]: ,my_function a b c # becomes my_function("a","b","c") |
|
753 | 753 | |
|
754 | 754 | In [3]: ;my_function a b c # becomes my_function("a b c") |
|
755 | 755 | |
|
756 | 756 | Note that the ',' or ';' MUST be the first character on the line! This |
|
757 | 757 | won't work:: |
|
758 | 758 | |
|
759 | 759 | In [4]: x = ,my_function /home/me # syntax error |
|
760 | 760 | |
|
761 | 761 | IPython as your default Python environment |
|
762 | 762 | ========================================== |
|
763 | 763 | |
|
764 |
Python honors the environment variable PYTHONSTARTUP and will |
|
|
765 |
startup the file referenced by this variable. If you put the |
|
|
766 |
the end of that file, then IPython will be your working |
|
|
767 | start Python:: | |
|
764 | Python honors the environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` and will | |
|
765 | execute at startup the file referenced by this variable. If you put the | |
|
766 | following code at the end of that file, then IPython will be your working | |
|
767 | environment anytime you start Python:: | |
|
768 | 768 | |
|
769 | 769 | from IPython.frontend.terminal.ipapp import launch_new_instance |
|
770 | 770 | launch_new_instance() |
|
771 | 771 | raise SystemExit |
|
772 | 772 | |
|
773 | 773 | The ``raise SystemExit`` is needed to exit Python when |
|
774 | 774 | it finishes, otherwise you'll be back at the normal Python '>>>' |
|
775 | 775 | prompt. |
|
776 | 776 | |
|
777 | You'll also need to set the config option | |
|
778 | ``InteractiveShellApp.exec_PYTHONSTARTUP = False``, otherwise IPython | |
|
779 | will try to run :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` again, sending it into an | |
|
780 | infinite loop. | |
|
781 | ||
|
777 | 782 | This is probably useful to developers who manage multiple Python |
|
778 | 783 | versions and don't want to have correspondingly multiple IPython |
|
779 | 784 | versions. Note that in this mode, there is no way to pass IPython any |
|
780 | 785 | command-line options, as those are trapped first by Python itself. |
|
781 | 786 | |
|
782 | 787 | .. _Embedding: |
|
783 | 788 | |
|
784 | 789 | Embedding IPython |
|
785 | 790 | ================= |
|
786 | 791 | |
|
787 | 792 | You can start a regular IPython session with |
|
788 | 793 | |
|
789 | 794 | .. sourcecode:: python |
|
790 | 795 | |
|
791 | 796 | import IPython |
|
792 | 797 | IPython.start_ipython() |
|
793 | 798 | |
|
794 | 799 | at any point in your program. This will load IPython configuration, |
|
795 | 800 | startup files, and everything, just as if it were a normal IPython session. |
|
796 | 801 | In addition to this, |
|
797 | 802 | it is possible to embed an IPython instance inside your own Python programs. |
|
798 | 803 | This allows you to evaluate dynamically the state of your code, |
|
799 | 804 | operate with your variables, analyze them, etc. Note however that |
|
800 | 805 | any changes you make to values while in the shell do not propagate back |
|
801 | 806 | to the running code, so it is safe to modify your values because you |
|
802 | 807 | won't break your code in bizarre ways by doing so. |
|
803 | 808 | |
|
804 | 809 | .. note:: |
|
805 | 810 | |
|
806 | 811 | At present, embedding IPython cannot be done from inside IPython. |
|
807 | 812 | Run the code samples below outside IPython. |
|
808 | 813 | |
|
809 | 814 | This feature allows you to easily have a fully functional python |
|
810 | 815 | environment for doing object introspection anywhere in your code with a |
|
811 | 816 | simple function call. In some cases a simple print statement is enough, |
|
812 | 817 | but if you need to do more detailed analysis of a code fragment this |
|
813 | 818 | feature can be very valuable. |
|
814 | 819 | |
|
815 | 820 | It can also be useful in scientific computing situations where it is |
|
816 | 821 | common to need to do some automatic, computationally intensive part and |
|
817 | 822 | then stop to look at data, plots, etc. |
|
818 | 823 | Opening an IPython instance will give you full access to your data and |
|
819 | 824 | functions, and you can resume program execution once you are done with |
|
820 | 825 | the interactive part (perhaps to stop again later, as many times as |
|
821 | 826 | needed). |
|
822 | 827 | |
|
823 | 828 | The following code snippet is the bare minimum you need to include in |
|
824 | 829 | your Python programs for this to work (detailed examples follow later):: |
|
825 | 830 | |
|
826 | 831 | from IPython import embed |
|
827 | 832 | |
|
828 | 833 | embed() # this call anywhere in your program will start IPython |
|
829 | 834 | |
|
830 | 835 | .. note:: |
|
831 | 836 | |
|
832 | 837 | As of 0.13, you can embed an IPython *kernel*, for use with qtconsole, |
|
833 | 838 | etc. via ``IPython.embed_kernel()`` instead of ``IPython.embed()``. |
|
834 | 839 | It should function just the same as regular embed, but you connect |
|
835 | 840 | an external frontend rather than IPython starting up in the local |
|
836 | 841 | terminal. |
|
837 | 842 | |
|
838 | 843 | You can run embedded instances even in code which is itself being run at |
|
839 | 844 | the IPython interactive prompt with '%run <filename>'. Since it's easy |
|
840 | 845 | to get lost as to where you are (in your top-level IPython or in your |
|
841 | 846 | embedded one), it's a good idea in such cases to set the in/out prompts |
|
842 | 847 | to something different for the embedded instances. The code examples |
|
843 | 848 | below illustrate this. |
|
844 | 849 | |
|
845 | 850 | You can also have multiple IPython instances in your program and open |
|
846 | 851 | them separately, for example with different options for data |
|
847 | 852 | presentation. If you close and open the same instance multiple times, |
|
848 | 853 | its prompt counters simply continue from each execution to the next. |
|
849 | 854 | |
|
850 | 855 | Please look at the docstrings in the :mod:`~IPython.frontend.terminal.embed` |
|
851 | 856 | module for more details on the use of this system. |
|
852 | 857 | |
|
853 | 858 | The following sample file illustrating how to use the embedding |
|
854 | 859 | functionality is provided in the examples directory as example-embed.py. |
|
855 | 860 | It should be fairly self-explanatory: |
|
856 | 861 | |
|
857 | 862 | .. literalinclude:: ../../../examples/core/example-embed.py |
|
858 | 863 | :language: python |
|
859 | 864 | |
|
860 | 865 | Once you understand how the system functions, you can use the following |
|
861 | 866 | code fragments in your programs which are ready for cut and paste: |
|
862 | 867 | |
|
863 | 868 | .. literalinclude:: ../../../examples/core/example-embed-short.py |
|
864 | 869 | :language: python |
|
865 | 870 | |
|
866 | 871 | Using the Python debugger (pdb) |
|
867 | 872 | =============================== |
|
868 | 873 | |
|
869 | 874 | Running entire programs via pdb |
|
870 | 875 | ------------------------------- |
|
871 | 876 | |
|
872 | 877 | pdb, the Python debugger, is a powerful interactive debugger which |
|
873 | 878 | allows you to step through code, set breakpoints, watch variables, |
|
874 | 879 | etc. IPython makes it very easy to start any script under the control |
|
875 | 880 | of pdb, regardless of whether you have wrapped it into a 'main()' |
|
876 | 881 | function or not. For this, simply type '%run -d myscript' at an |
|
877 | 882 | IPython prompt. See the %run command's documentation (via '%run?' or |
|
878 | 883 | in Sec. magic_ for more details, including how to control where pdb |
|
879 | 884 | will stop execution first. |
|
880 | 885 | |
|
881 | 886 | For more information on the use of the pdb debugger, read the included |
|
882 | 887 | pdb.doc file (part of the standard Python distribution). On a stock |
|
883 | 888 | Linux system it is located at /usr/lib/python2.3/pdb.doc, but the |
|
884 | 889 | easiest way to read it is by using the help() function of the pdb module |
|
885 | 890 | as follows (in an IPython prompt):: |
|
886 | 891 | |
|
887 | 892 | In [1]: import pdb |
|
888 | 893 | In [2]: pdb.help() |
|
889 | 894 | |
|
890 | 895 | This will load the pdb.doc document in a file viewer for you automatically. |
|
891 | 896 | |
|
892 | 897 | |
|
893 | 898 | Automatic invocation of pdb on exceptions |
|
894 | 899 | ----------------------------------------- |
|
895 | 900 | |
|
896 | 901 | IPython, if started with the ``--pdb`` option (or if the option is set in |
|
897 | 902 | your config file) can call the Python pdb debugger every time your code |
|
898 | 903 | triggers an uncaught exception. This feature |
|
899 | 904 | can also be toggled at any time with the %pdb magic command. This can be |
|
900 | 905 | extremely useful in order to find the origin of subtle bugs, because pdb |
|
901 | 906 | opens up at the point in your code which triggered the exception, and |
|
902 | 907 | while your program is at this point 'dead', all the data is still |
|
903 | 908 | available and you can walk up and down the stack frame and understand |
|
904 | 909 | the origin of the problem. |
|
905 | 910 | |
|
906 | 911 | Furthermore, you can use these debugging facilities both with the |
|
907 | 912 | embedded IPython mode and without IPython at all. For an embedded shell |
|
908 | 913 | (see sec. Embedding_), simply call the constructor with |
|
909 | 914 | ``--pdb`` in the argument string and pdb will automatically be called if an |
|
910 | 915 | uncaught exception is triggered by your code. |
|
911 | 916 | |
|
912 | 917 | For stand-alone use of the feature in your programs which do not use |
|
913 | 918 | IPython at all, put the following lines toward the top of your 'main' |
|
914 | 919 | routine:: |
|
915 | 920 | |
|
916 | 921 | import sys |
|
917 | 922 | from IPython.core import ultratb |
|
918 | 923 | sys.excepthook = ultratb.FormattedTB(mode='Verbose', |
|
919 | 924 | color_scheme='Linux', call_pdb=1) |
|
920 | 925 | |
|
921 | 926 | The mode keyword can be either 'Verbose' or 'Plain', giving either very |
|
922 | 927 | detailed or normal tracebacks respectively. The color_scheme keyword can |
|
923 | 928 | be one of 'NoColor', 'Linux' (default) or 'LightBG'. These are the same |
|
924 | 929 | options which can be set in IPython with ``--colors`` and ``--xmode``. |
|
925 | 930 | |
|
926 | 931 | This will give any of your programs detailed, colored tracebacks with |
|
927 | 932 | automatic invocation of pdb. |
|
928 | 933 | |
|
929 | 934 | |
|
930 | 935 | Extensions for syntax processing |
|
931 | 936 | ================================ |
|
932 | 937 | |
|
933 | 938 | This isn't for the faint of heart, because the potential for breaking |
|
934 | 939 | things is quite high. But it can be a very powerful and useful feature. |
|
935 | 940 | In a nutshell, you can redefine the way IPython processes the user input |
|
936 | 941 | line to accept new, special extensions to the syntax without needing to |
|
937 | 942 | change any of IPython's own code. |
|
938 | 943 | |
|
939 | 944 | In the IPython/extensions directory you will find some examples |
|
940 | 945 | supplied, which we will briefly describe now. These can be used 'as is' |
|
941 | 946 | (and both provide very useful functionality), or you can use them as a |
|
942 | 947 | starting point for writing your own extensions. |
|
943 | 948 | |
|
944 | 949 | .. _pasting_with_prompts: |
|
945 | 950 | |
|
946 | 951 | Pasting of code starting with Python or IPython prompts |
|
947 | 952 | ------------------------------------------------------- |
|
948 | 953 | |
|
949 | 954 | IPython is smart enough to filter out input prompts, be they plain Python ones |
|
950 | 955 | (``>>>`` and ``...``) or IPython ones (``In [N]:`` and ``...:``). You can |
|
951 | 956 | therefore copy and paste from existing interactive sessions without worry. |
|
952 | 957 | |
|
953 | 958 | The following is a 'screenshot' of how things work, copying an example from the |
|
954 | 959 | standard Python tutorial:: |
|
955 | 960 | |
|
956 | 961 | In [1]: >>> # Fibonacci series: |
|
957 | 962 | |
|
958 | 963 | In [2]: ... # the sum of two elements defines the next |
|
959 | 964 | |
|
960 | 965 | In [3]: ... a, b = 0, 1 |
|
961 | 966 | |
|
962 | 967 | In [4]: >>> while b < 10: |
|
963 | 968 | ...: ... print b |
|
964 | 969 | ...: ... a, b = b, a+b |
|
965 | 970 | ...: |
|
966 | 971 | 1 |
|
967 | 972 | 1 |
|
968 | 973 | 2 |
|
969 | 974 | 3 |
|
970 | 975 | 5 |
|
971 | 976 | 8 |
|
972 | 977 | |
|
973 | 978 | And pasting from IPython sessions works equally well:: |
|
974 | 979 | |
|
975 | 980 | In [1]: In [5]: def f(x): |
|
976 | 981 | ...: ...: "A simple function" |
|
977 | 982 | ...: ...: return x**2 |
|
978 | 983 | ...: ...: |
|
979 | 984 | |
|
980 | 985 | In [2]: f(3) |
|
981 | 986 | Out[2]: 9 |
|
982 | 987 | |
|
983 | 988 | .. _gui_support: |
|
984 | 989 | |
|
985 | 990 | GUI event loop support |
|
986 | 991 | ====================== |
|
987 | 992 | |
|
988 | 993 | .. versionadded:: 0.11 |
|
989 | 994 | The ``%gui`` magic and :mod:`IPython.lib.inputhook`. |
|
990 | 995 | |
|
991 | 996 | IPython has excellent support for working interactively with Graphical User |
|
992 | 997 | Interface (GUI) toolkits, such as wxPython, PyQt4/PySide, PyGTK and Tk. This is |
|
993 | 998 | implemented using Python's builtin ``PyOSInputHook`` hook. This implementation |
|
994 | 999 | is extremely robust compared to our previous thread-based version. The |
|
995 | 1000 | advantages of this are: |
|
996 | 1001 | |
|
997 | 1002 | * GUIs can be enabled and disabled dynamically at runtime. |
|
998 | 1003 | * The active GUI can be switched dynamically at runtime. |
|
999 | 1004 | * In some cases, multiple GUIs can run simultaneously with no problems. |
|
1000 | 1005 | * There is a developer API in :mod:`IPython.lib.inputhook` for customizing |
|
1001 | 1006 | all of these things. |
|
1002 | 1007 | |
|
1003 | 1008 | For users, enabling GUI event loop integration is simple. You simple use the |
|
1004 | 1009 | ``%gui`` magic as follows:: |
|
1005 | 1010 | |
|
1006 | 1011 | %gui [GUINAME] |
|
1007 | 1012 | |
|
1008 | 1013 | With no arguments, ``%gui`` removes all GUI support. Valid ``GUINAME`` |
|
1009 | 1014 | arguments are ``wx``, ``qt``, ``gtk`` and ``tk``. |
|
1010 | 1015 | |
|
1011 | 1016 | Thus, to use wxPython interactively and create a running :class:`wx.App` |
|
1012 | 1017 | object, do:: |
|
1013 | 1018 | |
|
1014 | 1019 | %gui wx |
|
1015 | 1020 | |
|
1016 | 1021 | For information on IPython's matplotlib_ integration (and the ``matplotlib`` |
|
1017 | 1022 | mode) see :ref:`this section <matplotlib_support>`. |
|
1018 | 1023 | |
|
1019 | 1024 | For developers that want to use IPython's GUI event loop integration in the |
|
1020 | 1025 | form of a library, these capabilities are exposed in library form in the |
|
1021 | 1026 | :mod:`IPython.lib.inputhook` and :mod:`IPython.lib.guisupport` modules. |
|
1022 | 1027 | Interested developers should see the module docstrings for more information, |
|
1023 | 1028 | but there are a few points that should be mentioned here. |
|
1024 | 1029 | |
|
1025 | 1030 | First, the ``PyOSInputHook`` approach only works in command line settings |
|
1026 | 1031 | where readline is activated. The integration with various eventloops |
|
1027 | 1032 | is handled somewhat differently (and more simply) when using the standalone |
|
1028 | 1033 | kernel, as in the qtconsole and notebook. |
|
1029 | 1034 | |
|
1030 | 1035 | Second, when using the ``PyOSInputHook`` approach, a GUI application should |
|
1031 | 1036 | *not* start its event loop. Instead all of this is handled by the |
|
1032 | 1037 | ``PyOSInputHook``. This means that applications that are meant to be used both |
|
1033 | 1038 | in IPython and as standalone apps need to have special code to detects how the |
|
1034 | 1039 | application is being run. We highly recommend using IPython's support for this. |
|
1035 | 1040 | Since the details vary slightly between toolkits, we point you to the various |
|
1036 | 1041 | examples in our source directory :file:`examples/lib` that demonstrate |
|
1037 | 1042 | these capabilities. |
|
1038 | 1043 | |
|
1039 | 1044 | Third, unlike previous versions of IPython, we no longer "hijack" (replace |
|
1040 | 1045 | them with no-ops) the event loops. This is done to allow applications that |
|
1041 | 1046 | actually need to run the real event loops to do so. This is often needed to |
|
1042 | 1047 | process pending events at critical points. |
|
1043 | 1048 | |
|
1044 | 1049 | Finally, we also have a number of examples in our source directory |
|
1045 | 1050 | :file:`examples/lib` that demonstrate these capabilities. |
|
1046 | 1051 | |
|
1047 | 1052 | PyQt and PySide |
|
1048 | 1053 | --------------- |
|
1049 | 1054 | |
|
1050 | 1055 | .. attempt at explanation of the complete mess that is Qt support |
|
1051 | 1056 | |
|
1052 | 1057 | When you use ``--gui=qt`` or ``--matplotlib=qt``, IPython can work with either |
|
1053 | 1058 | PyQt4 or PySide. There are three options for configuration here, because |
|
1054 | 1059 | PyQt4 has two APIs for QString and QVariant - v1, which is the default on |
|
1055 | 1060 | Python 2, and the more natural v2, which is the only API supported by PySide. |
|
1056 | 1061 | v2 is also the default for PyQt4 on Python 3. IPython's code for the QtConsole |
|
1057 | 1062 | uses v2, but you can still use any interface in your code, since the |
|
1058 | 1063 | Qt frontend is in a different process. |
|
1059 | 1064 | |
|
1060 | 1065 | The default will be to import PyQt4 without configuration of the APIs, thus |
|
1061 | 1066 | matching what most applications would expect. It will fall back of PySide if |
|
1062 | 1067 | PyQt4 is unavailable. |
|
1063 | 1068 | |
|
1064 | 1069 | If specified, IPython will respect the environment variable ``QT_API`` used |
|
1065 | 1070 | by ETS. ETS 4.0 also works with both PyQt4 and PySide, but it requires |
|
1066 | 1071 | PyQt4 to use its v2 API. So if ``QT_API=pyside`` PySide will be used, |
|
1067 | 1072 | and if ``QT_API=pyqt`` then PyQt4 will be used *with the v2 API* for |
|
1068 | 1073 | QString and QVariant, so ETS codes like MayaVi will also work with IPython. |
|
1069 | 1074 | |
|
1070 | 1075 | If you launch IPython in matplotlib mode with ``ipython --matplotlib=qt``, |
|
1071 | 1076 | then IPython will ask matplotlib which Qt library to use (only if QT_API is |
|
1072 | 1077 | *not set*), via the 'backend.qt4' rcParam. If matplotlib is version 1.0.1 or |
|
1073 | 1078 | older, then IPython will always use PyQt4 without setting the v2 APIs, since |
|
1074 | 1079 | neither v2 PyQt nor PySide work. |
|
1075 | 1080 | |
|
1076 | 1081 | .. warning:: |
|
1077 | 1082 | |
|
1078 | 1083 | Note that this means for ETS 4 to work with PyQt4, ``QT_API`` *must* be set |
|
1079 | 1084 | to work with IPython's qt integration, because otherwise PyQt4 will be |
|
1080 | 1085 | loaded in an incompatible mode. |
|
1081 | 1086 | |
|
1082 | 1087 | It also means that you must *not* have ``QT_API`` set if you want to |
|
1083 | 1088 | use ``--gui=qt`` with code that requires PyQt4 API v1. |
|
1084 | 1089 | |
|
1085 | 1090 | |
|
1086 | 1091 | .. _matplotlib_support: |
|
1087 | 1092 | |
|
1088 | 1093 | Plotting with matplotlib |
|
1089 | 1094 | ======================== |
|
1090 | 1095 | |
|
1091 | 1096 | matplotlib_ provides high quality 2D and 3D plotting for Python. matplotlib_ |
|
1092 | 1097 | can produce plots on screen using a variety of GUI toolkits, including Tk, |
|
1093 | 1098 | PyGTK, PyQt4 and wxPython. It also provides a number of commands useful for |
|
1094 | 1099 | scientific computing, all with a syntax compatible with that of the popular |
|
1095 | 1100 | Matlab program. |
|
1096 | 1101 | |
|
1097 | 1102 | To start IPython with matplotlib support, use the ``--matplotlib`` switch. If |
|
1098 | 1103 | IPython is already running, you can run the ``%matplotlib`` magic. If no |
|
1099 | 1104 | arguments are given, IPython will automatically detect your choice of |
|
1100 | 1105 | matplotlib backend. You can also request a specific backend with |
|
1101 | 1106 | ``%matplotlib backend``, where ``backend`` must be one of: 'tk', 'qt', 'wx', |
|
1102 | 1107 | 'gtk', 'osx'. In the web notebook and Qt console, 'inline' is also a valid |
|
1103 | 1108 | backend value, which produces static figures inlined inside the application |
|
1104 | 1109 | window instead of matplotlib's interactive figures that live in separate |
|
1105 | 1110 | windows. |
|
1106 | 1111 | |
|
1107 | 1112 | .. _interactive_demos: |
|
1108 | 1113 | |
|
1109 | 1114 | Interactive demos with IPython |
|
1110 | 1115 | ============================== |
|
1111 | 1116 | |
|
1112 | 1117 | IPython ships with a basic system for running scripts interactively in |
|
1113 | 1118 | sections, useful when presenting code to audiences. A few tags embedded |
|
1114 | 1119 | in comments (so that the script remains valid Python code) divide a file |
|
1115 | 1120 | into separate blocks, and the demo can be run one block at a time, with |
|
1116 | 1121 | IPython printing (with syntax highlighting) the block before executing |
|
1117 | 1122 | it, and returning to the interactive prompt after each block. The |
|
1118 | 1123 | interactive namespace is updated after each block is run with the |
|
1119 | 1124 | contents of the demo's namespace. |
|
1120 | 1125 | |
|
1121 | 1126 | This allows you to show a piece of code, run it and then execute |
|
1122 | 1127 | interactively commands based on the variables just created. Once you |
|
1123 | 1128 | want to continue, you simply execute the next block of the demo. The |
|
1124 | 1129 | following listing shows the markup necessary for dividing a script into |
|
1125 | 1130 | sections for execution as a demo: |
|
1126 | 1131 | |
|
1127 | 1132 | .. literalinclude:: ../../../examples/lib/example-demo.py |
|
1128 | 1133 | :language: python |
|
1129 | 1134 | |
|
1130 | 1135 | In order to run a file as a demo, you must first make a Demo object out |
|
1131 | 1136 | of it. If the file is named myscript.py, the following code will make a |
|
1132 | 1137 | demo:: |
|
1133 | 1138 | |
|
1134 | 1139 | from IPython.lib.demo import Demo |
|
1135 | 1140 | |
|
1136 | 1141 | mydemo = Demo('myscript.py') |
|
1137 | 1142 | |
|
1138 | 1143 | This creates the mydemo object, whose blocks you run one at a time by |
|
1139 | 1144 | simply calling the object with no arguments. If you have autocall active |
|
1140 | 1145 | in IPython (the default), all you need to do is type:: |
|
1141 | 1146 | |
|
1142 | 1147 | mydemo |
|
1143 | 1148 | |
|
1144 | 1149 | and IPython will call it, executing each block. Demo objects can be |
|
1145 | 1150 | restarted, you can move forward or back skipping blocks, re-execute the |
|
1146 | 1151 | last block, etc. Simply use the Tab key on a demo object to see its |
|
1147 | 1152 | methods, and call '?' on them to see their docstrings for more usage |
|
1148 | 1153 | details. In addition, the demo module itself contains a comprehensive |
|
1149 | 1154 | docstring, which you can access via:: |
|
1150 | 1155 | |
|
1151 | 1156 | from IPython.lib import demo |
|
1152 | 1157 | |
|
1153 | 1158 | demo? |
|
1154 | 1159 | |
|
1155 | 1160 | Limitations: It is important to note that these demos are limited to |
|
1156 | 1161 | fairly simple uses. In particular, you cannot break up sections within |
|
1157 | 1162 | indented code (loops, if statements, function definitions, etc.) |
|
1158 | 1163 | Supporting something like this would basically require tracking the |
|
1159 | 1164 | internal execution state of the Python interpreter, so only top-level |
|
1160 | 1165 | divisions are allowed. If you want to be able to open an IPython |
|
1161 | 1166 | instance at an arbitrary point in a program, you can use IPython's |
|
1162 | 1167 | embedding facilities, see :func:`IPython.embed` for details. |
|
1163 | 1168 | |
|
1164 | 1169 | .. include:: ../links.txt |
General Comments 0
You need to be logged in to leave comments.
Login now