Use os.popen4() so that the error output of the running

command doesn't mess up the screen.

IPython/Extensions/ipipe.py

@@ -1,1851 +1,1852 b''
 # -*- coding: iso-8859-1 -*-
 
 """
 ``ipipe`` provides classes to be used in an interactive Python session. Doing a
 ``from ipipe import *`` is the preferred way to do this. The name of all
 objects imported this way starts with ``i`` to minimize collisions.
 
 ``ipipe`` supports "pipeline expressions", which is something resembling Unix
 pipes. An example is:
 
     >>> ienv | isort("key.lower()")
 
 This gives a listing of all environment variables sorted by name.
 
 
 There are three types of objects in a pipeline expression:
 
 * ``Table``s: These objects produce items. Examples are ``ls`` (listing the
   current directory, ``ienv`` (listing environment variables), ``ipwd`` (listing
   user account) and ``igrp`` (listing user groups). A ``Table`` must be the
   first object in a pipe expression.
 
 * ``Pipe``s: These objects sit in the middle of a pipe expression. They
   transform the input in some way (e.g. filtering or sorting it). Examples are:
   ``ifilter`` (which filters the input pipe), ``isort`` (which sorts the input
   pipe) and ``ieval`` (which evaluates a function or expression for each object
   in the input pipe).
 
 * ``Display``s: These objects can be put as the last object in a pipeline
   expression. There are responsible for displaying the result of the pipeline
   expression. If a pipeline expression doesn't end in a display object a default
   display objects will be used. One example is ``browse`` which is a ``curses``
   based browser.
 
 
 Adding support for pipeline expressions to your own objects can be done through
 three extensions points (all of them optional):
 
 * An object that will be displayed as a row by a ``Display`` object should
   implement the method ``__xattrs__(self, mode)``. This method must return a
   sequence of attribute names. This sequence may also contain integers, which
   will be treated as sequence indizes. Also supported is ``None``, which uses
   the object itself and callables which will be called with the object as the
   an argument. If ``__xattrs__()`` isn't implemented ``(None,)`` will be used as
   the attribute sequence (i.e. the object itself (it's ``repr()`` format) will
   be being displayed. The global function ``xattrs()`` implements this
   functionality.
 
 * When an object ``foo`` is displayed in the header, footer or table cell of the
   browser ``foo.__xrepr__(mode)`` is called. Mode can be ``"header"`` or
   ``"footer"`` for the header or footer line and ``"cell"`` for a table cell.
   ``__xrepr__()```must return an iterable (e.g. by being a generator) which
   produces the following items: The first item should be a tuple containing
   the alignment (-1 left aligned, 0 centered and 1 right aligned) and whether
   the complete output must be displayed or if the browser is allowed to stop
   output after enough text has been produced (e.g. a syntax highlighted text
   line would use ``True``, but for a large data structure (i.e. a nested list,
   tuple or dictionary) ``False`` would be used). The other output ``__xrepr__()``
   may produce is tuples of ``Style```objects and text (which contain the text
   representation of the object; see the ``astyle`` module). If ``__xrepr__()``
   recursively outputs a data structure the function ``xrepr(object, mode)`` can
   be used and ``"default"`` must be passed as the mode in these calls. This in
   turn calls the ``__xrepr__()`` method on ``object`` (or uses ``repr(object)``
   as the string representation if ``__xrepr__()`` doesn't exist).
 
 * Objects that can be iterated by ``Pipe``s must implement the method
 ``__xiter__(self, mode)``. ``mode`` can take the following values:
 
   - ``"default"``: This is the default value and ist always used by pipeline
     expressions. Other values are only used in the browser.
   - ``None``: This value is passed by the browser. The object must return an
     iterable of ``XMode`` objects describing all modes supported by the object.
     (This should never include ``"default"`` or ``None``).
   - Any other value that the object supports.
 
   The global function ``xiter()`` can be called to get such an iterator. If
   the method ``_xiter__`` isn't implemented, ``xiter()`` falls back to
   ``__iter__``. In addition to that, dictionaries and modules receive special
   treatment (returning an iterator over ``(key, value)`` pairs). This makes it
   possible to use dictionaries and modules in pipeline expressions, for example:
 
       >>> import sys
       >>> sys | ifilter("isinstance(value, int)") | idump
       key        |value
       api_version|      1012
       dllhandle  | 503316480
       hexversion |  33817328
       maxint     |2147483647
       maxunicode |     65535
       >>> sys.modules | ifilter("_.value is not None") | isort("_.key.lower()")
       ...
 
   Note: The expression strings passed to ``ifilter()`` and ``isort()`` can
   refer to the object to be filtered or sorted via the variable ``_`` and to any
   of the attributes of the object, i.e.:
 
       >>> sys.modules | ifilter("_.value is not None") | isort("_.key.lower()")
 
   does the same as
 
       >>> sys.modules | ifilter("value is not None") | isort("key.lower()")
 
   In addition to expression strings, it's possible to pass callables (taking
   the object as an argument) to ``ifilter()``, ``isort()`` and ``ieval()``:
 
       >>> sys | ifilter(lambda _:isinstance(_.value, int)) \
       ...     | ieval(lambda _: (_.key, hex(_.value))) | idump
       0          |1
       api_version|0x3f4
       dllhandle  |0x1e000000
       hexversion |0x20402f0
       maxint     |0x7fffffff
       maxunicode |0xffff
 """
 
 import sys, os, os.path, stat, glob, new, csv, datetime, types
 import itertools, mimetypes
 
 try: # Python 2.3 compatibility
     import collections
 except ImportError:
     deque = list
 else:
     deque = collections.deque
 
 try: # Python 2.3 compatibility
     set
 except NameError:
     import sets
     set = sets.Set
 
 try: # Python 2.3 compatibility
     sorted
 except NameError:
     def sorted(iterator, key=None, reverse=False):
         items = list(iterator)
         if key is not None:
             items.sort(lambda i1, i2: cmp(key(i1), key(i2)))
         else:
             items.sort()
         if reverse:
             items.reverse()
         return items
 
 try:
     import pwd
 except ImportError:
     pwd = None
 
 try:
     import grp
 except ImportError:
     grp = None
 
 import path
 try:
     from IPython import genutils, ipapi
 except ImportError:
     genutils = None
     ipapi = None
 
 import astyle
 
 
 __all__ = [
     "ifile", "ils", "iglob", "iwalk", "ipwdentry", "ipwd", "igrpentry", "igrp",
     "icsv", "ix", "ichain", "isort", "ifilter", "ieval", "ienum", "ienv",
     "idump", "iless"
 ]
 
 
 os.stat_float_times(True) # enable microseconds
 
 
 class AttrNamespace(object):
     """
     Helper class that is used for providing a namespace for evaluating
     expressions containing attribute names of an object.
     """
     def __init__(self, wrapped):
         self.wrapped = wrapped
 
     def __getitem__(self, name):
         if name == "_":
             return self.wrapped
         try:
             return getattr(self.wrapped, name)
         except AttributeError:
             raise KeyError(name)
 
 # Python 2.3 compatibility
 # use eval workaround to find out which names are used in the
 # eval string and put them into the locals. This works for most
 # normal uses case, bizarre ones like accessing the locals()
 # will fail
 try:
     eval("_", None, AttrNamespace(None))
 except TypeError:
     real_eval = eval
     def eval(codestring, _globals, _locals):
         """
         eval(source[, globals[, locals]]) -> value
 
         Evaluate the source in the context of globals and locals.
         The source may be a string representing a Python expression
         or a code object as returned by compile().
         The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mappping.
 
         This function is a workaround for the shortcomings of
         Python 2.3's eval.
         """
 
         if isinstance(codestring, basestring):
             code = compile(codestring, "_eval", "eval")
         else:
             code = codestring
         newlocals = {}
         for name in code.co_names:
             try:
                 newlocals[name] = _locals[name]
             except KeyError:
                 pass
         return real_eval(code, _globals, newlocals)
 
 
 noitem = object()
 
 def item(iterator, index, default=noitem):
     """
     Return the ``index``th item from the iterator ``iterator``.
     ``index`` must be an integer (negative integers are relative to the
     end (i.e. the last item produced by the iterator)).
 
     If ``default`` is given, this will be the default value when
     the iterator doesn't contain an item at this position. Otherwise an
     ``IndexError`` will be raised.
 
     Note that using this function will partially or totally exhaust the
     iterator.
     """
     i = index
     if i>=0:
         for item in iterator:
             if not i:
                 return item
             i -= 1
     else:
         i = -index
         cache = deque()
         for item in iterator:
             cache.append(item)
             if len(cache)>i:
                 cache.popleft()
         if len(cache)==i:
             return cache.popleft()
     if default is noitem:
         raise IndexError(index)
     else:
         return default
 
 
 def getglobals(g):
     if g is None:
         if ipapi is not None:
             return ipapi.get().user_ns
         else:
             return globals()
     return g
 
 
 class Table(object):
     """
     A ``Table`` is an object that produces items (just like a normal Python
     iterator/generator does) and can be used as the first object in a pipeline
     expression. The displayhook will open the default browser for such an object
     (instead of simply printing the ``repr()`` result).
     """
 
     # We want to support ``foo`` and ``foo()`` in pipeline expression:
     # So we implement the required operators (``|`` and ``+``) in the metaclass,
     # instantiate the class and forward the operator to the instance
     class __metaclass__(type):
         def __iter__(self):
             return iter(self())
 
         def __or__(self, other):
             return self() | other
 
         def __add__(self, other):
             return self() + other
 
         def __radd__(self, other):
             return other + self()
 
         def __getitem__(self, index):
             return self()[index]
 
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         return item(self, index)
 
     def __contains__(self, item):
         for haveitem in self:
             if item == haveitem:
                 return True
         return False
 
     def __or__(self, other):
         # autoinstantiate right hand side
         if isinstance(other, type) and issubclass(other, (Table, Display)):
             other = other()
         # treat simple strings and functions as ``ieval`` instances
         elif not isinstance(other, Display) and not isinstance(other, Table):
             other = ieval(other)
         # forward operations to the right hand side
         return other.__ror__(self)
 
     def __add__(self, other):
         # autoinstantiate right hand side
         if isinstance(other, type) and issubclass(other, Table):
             other = other()
         return ichain(self, other)
 
     def __radd__(self, other):
         # autoinstantiate left hand side
         if isinstance(other, type) and issubclass(other, Table):
             other = other()
         return ichain(other, self)
 
     def __iter__(self):
         return xiter(self, "default")
 
 
 class Pipe(Table):
     """
     A ``Pipe`` is an object that can be used in a pipeline expression. It
     processes the objects it gets from its input ``Table``/``Pipe``. Note that
     a ``Pipe`` object can't be used as the first object in a pipeline
     expression, as it doesn't produces items itself.
     """
     class __metaclass__(Table.__metaclass__):
         def __ror__(self, input):
             return input | self()
 
     def __ror__(self, input):
         # autoinstantiate left hand side
         if isinstance(input, type) and issubclass(input, Table):
             input = input()
         self.input = input
         return self
 
 
 def _getattr(obj, name, default=noitem):
     """
     Internal helper for getting an attribute of an item. If ``name`` is ``None``
     return the object itself. If ``name`` is an integer, use ``__getitem__``
     instead. If the attribute or item does not exist, return ``default``.
     """
     if name is None:
         return obj
     elif isinstance(name, basestring):
         if name.endswith("()"):
             return getattr(obj, name[:-2], default)()
         else:
             return getattr(obj, name, default)
     elif callable(name):
         try:
             return name(obj)
         except AttributeError:
             return default
     else:
         try:
             return obj[name]
         except IndexError:
             return default
 
 
 def _attrname(name):
     """
     Internal helper that gives a proper name for the attribute ``name``
     (which might be ``None`` or an ``int``).
     """
     if name is None:
         return "_"
     elif isinstance(name, basestring):
         return name
     elif callable(name):
         return getattr(name, "__xname__", name.__name__)
     else:
         return str(name)
 
 
 def xrepr(item, mode):
     try:
         func = item.__xrepr__
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     else:
         try:
             for x in func(mode):
                 yield x
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
             raise
         except Exception:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(item))
         return
     if item is None:
         yield (astyle.style_type_none, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, bool):
         yield (astyle.style_type_bool, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, str):
         if mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(item.expandtabs(tab))[1:-1])
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, unicode):
         if mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(item.expandtabs(tab))[2:-1])
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, (int, long, float)):
         yield (1, True)
         yield (astyle.style_type_number, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, complex):
         yield (astyle.style_type_number, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, datetime.datetime):
         if mode == "cell":
             # Don't use strftime() here, as this requires year >= 1900
             yield (astyle.style_type_datetime,
                    "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d.%06d" % \
                         (item.year, item.month, item.day,
                          item.hour, item.minute, item.second,
                          item.microsecond),
                     )
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_type_datetime, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, datetime.date):
         if mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_type_datetime,
                    "%04d-%02d-%02d" % (item.year, item.month, item.day))
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_type_datetime, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, datetime.time):
         if mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_type_datetime,
                     "%02d:%02d:%02d.%06d" % \
                         (item.hour, item.minute, item.second, item.microsecond))
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_type_datetime, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, datetime.timedelta):
         yield (astyle.style_type_datetime, repr(item))
     elif isinstance(item, Exception):
         if item.__class__.__module__ == "exceptions":
             classname = item.__class__.__name__
         else:
             classname = "%s.%s" % \
                 (item.__class__.__module__, item.__class__.__name__)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             yield (astyle.style_error, "%s: %s" % (classname, item))
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_error, classname)
     elif isinstance(item, (list, tuple)):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             if item.__class__.__module__ == "__builtin__":
                 classname = item.__class__.__name__
             else:
                 classname = "%s.%s" % \
                     (item.__class__.__module__,item.__class__.__name__)
             yield (astyle.style_default,
                    "<%s object with %d items at 0x%x>" % \
                        (classname, len(item), id(item)))
         else:
             yield (-1, False)
             if isinstance(item, list):
                 yield (astyle.style_default, "[")
                 end = "]"
             else:
                 yield (astyle.style_default, "(")
                 end = ")"
             for (i, subitem) in enumerate(item):
                 if i:
                     yield (astyle.style_default, ", ")
                 for part in xrepr(subitem, "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (astyle.style_default, end)
     elif isinstance(item, (dict, types.DictProxyType)):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             if item.__class__.__module__ == "__builtin__":
                 classname = item.__class__.__name__
             else:
                 classname = "%s.%s" % \
                     (item.__class__.__module__,item.__class__.__name__)
             yield (astyle.style_default,
                    "<%s object with %d items at 0x%x>" % \
                     (classname, len(item), id(item)))
         else:
             yield (-1, False)
             if isinstance(item, dict):
                 yield (astyle.style_default, "{")
                 end = "}"
             else:
                 yield (astyle.style_default, "dictproxy((")
                 end = "})"
             for (i, (key, value)) in enumerate(item.iteritems()):
                 if i:
                     yield (astyle.style_default, ", ")
                 for part in xrepr(key, "default"):
                     yield part
                 yield (astyle.style_default, ": ")
                 for part in xrepr(value, "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (astyle.style_default, end)
     else:
         yield (astyle.style_default, repr(item))
 
 
 def xattrs(item, mode):
     try:
         func = item.__xattrs__
     except AttributeError:
         if mode == "detail":
             return dir(item)
         else:
             return (None,)
     else:
         try:
             return func(mode)
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
             raise
         except Exception:
             return (None,)
 
 
 def xiter(item, mode):
     if mode == "detail":
         def items():
             for name in xattrs(item, mode):
                 yield XAttr(item, name)
         return items()
     try:
         func = item.__xiter__
     except AttributeError:
         if isinstance(item, (dict, types.DictProxyType)):
             def items(item):
                 fields = ("key", "value")
                 for (key, value) in item.iteritems():
                     yield Fields(fields, key=key, value=value)
             return items(item)
         elif isinstance(item, new.module):
             def items(item):
                 fields = ("key", "value")
                 for key in sorted(item.__dict__):
                     yield Fields(fields, key=key, value=getattr(item, key))
             return items(item)
         elif isinstance(item, basestring):
             if not len(item):
                 raise ValueError("can't enter empty string")
             lines = item.splitlines()
             if len(lines) <= 1:
                 raise ValueError("can't enter one line string")
             return iter(lines)
         return iter(item)
     else:
         return iter(func(mode)) # iter() just to be safe
 
 
 class ichain(Pipe):
     """
     Chains multiple ``Table``s into one.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *iters):
         self.iters = iters
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         return itertools.chain(*self.iters)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             for (i, item) in enumerate(self.iters):
                 if i:
                     yield (astyle.style_default, "+")
                 if isinstance(item, Pipe):
                     yield (astyle.style_default, "(")
                 for part in xrepr(item, mode):
                     yield part
                 if isinstance(item, Pipe):
                     yield (astyle.style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         args = ", ".join([repr(it) for it in self.iters])
         return "%s.%s(%s)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, args)
 
 
 class ifile(path.path):
     """
     file (or directory) object.
     """
 
     def __add_(self, other):
         return ifile(path._base(self) + other)
 
     def __radd_(self, other):
         return ifile(other + path._base(self))
 
     def __div_(self, other):
         return ifile(path.__div__(self, other))
 
     def getcwd():
         return ifile(path.path.getcwd())
     getcwd.__doc__ = path.path.getcwd.__doc__
     getcwd = staticmethod(getcwd)
 
     def abspath(self):
         return ifile(path.path.abspath(self))
     abspath.__doc__ = path.path.abspath.__doc__
 
     def normcase(self):
         return ifile(path.path.normcase(self))
     normcase.__doc__ = path.path.normcase.__doc__
 
     def normpath(self):
         return ifile(path.path.normpath(self))
     normpath.__doc__ = path.path.normpath.__doc__
 
     def realpath(self):
         return ifile(path.path.realpath(self))
     realpath.__doc__ = path.path.realpath.__doc__
 
     def expanduser(self):
         return ifile(path.path.expanduser(self))
     expanduser.__doc__ = path.path.expanduser.__doc__
 
     def expandvars(self):
         return ifile(path.path.expandvars(self))
     expandvars.__doc__ = path.path.expandvars.__doc__
 
     def dirname(self):
         return ifile(path.path.dirname(self))
     dirname.__doc__ = path.path.dirname.__doc__
 
     parent = property(dirname, None, None, path.path.parent.__doc__)
 
     def splitpath(self):
         (parent, child) = path.path.splitpath(self)
         return (ifile(parent), child)
     splitpath.__doc__ = path.path.splitpath.__doc__
 
     def splitdrive(self):
         (drive, rel) = path.path.splitdrive(self)
         return (ifile(drive), rel)
     splitdrive.__doc__ = path.path.splitdrive.__doc__
 
     def splitext(self):
         (filename, ext) = path.path.splitext(self)
         return (ifile(filename), ext)
     splitext.__doc__ = path.path.splitext.__doc__
 
     if hasattr(path.path, "splitunc"):
         def splitunc(self):
             (unc, rest) = path.path.splitunc(self)
             return (ifile(unc), rest)
         splitunc.__doc__ = path.path.splitunc.__doc__
 
         def _get_uncshare(self):
             unc, r = os.path.splitunc(self)
             return ifile(unc)
 
         uncshare = property(
             _get_uncshare, None, None,
             """ The UNC mount point for this path.
             This is empty for paths on local drives. """)
 
     def joinpath(self, *args):
         return ifile(path.path.joinpath(self, *args))
     joinpath.__doc__ = path.path.joinpath.__doc__
 
     def splitall(self):
         return map(ifile, path.path.splitall(self))
     splitall.__doc__ = path.path.splitall.__doc__
 
     def relpath(self):
         return ifile(path.path.relpath(self))
     relpath.__doc__ = path.path.relpath.__doc__
 
     def relpathto(self, dest):
         return ifile(path.path.relpathto(self, dest))
     relpathto.__doc__ = path.path.relpathto.__doc__
 
     def listdir(self, pattern=None):
         return [ifile(child) for child in path.path.listdir(self, pattern)]
     listdir.__doc__ = path.path.listdir.__doc__
 
     def dirs(self, pattern=None):
         return [ifile(child) for child in path.path.dirs(self, pattern)]
     dirs.__doc__ = path.path.dirs.__doc__
 
     def files(self, pattern=None):
         return [ifile(child) for child in path.path.files(self, pattern)]
     files.__doc__ = path.path.files.__doc__
 
     def walk(self, pattern=None):
         for child in path.path.walk(self, pattern):
             yield ifile(child)
     walk.__doc__ = path.path.walk.__doc__
 
     def walkdirs(self, pattern=None):
         for child in path.path.walkdirs(self, pattern):
             yield ifile(child)
     walkdirs.__doc__ = path.path.walkdirs.__doc__
 
     def walkfiles(self, pattern=None):
         for child in path.path.walkfiles(self, pattern):
             yield ifile(child)
     walkfiles.__doc__ = path.path.walkfiles.__doc__
 
     def glob(self, pattern):
         return map(ifile, path.path.glob(self, pattern))
     glob.__doc__ = path.path.glob.__doc__
 
     if hasattr(os, 'readlink'):
         def readlink(self):
             return ifile(path.path.readlink(self))
         readlink.__doc__ = path.path.readlink.__doc__
 
         def readlinkabs(self):
             return ifile(path.path.readlinkabs(self))
         readlinkabs.__doc__ = path.path.readlinkabs.__doc__
 
     def getmode(self):
         return self.stat().st_mode
     mode = property(getmode, None, None, "Access mode")
 
     def gettype(self):
         data = [
             (stat.S_ISREG, "file"),
             (stat.S_ISDIR, "dir"),
             (stat.S_ISCHR, "chardev"),
             (stat.S_ISBLK, "blockdev"),
             (stat.S_ISFIFO, "fifo"),
             (stat.S_ISLNK, "symlink"),
             (stat.S_ISSOCK,"socket"),
         ]
         lstat = self.lstat()
         if lstat is not None:
             types = set([text for (func, text) in data if func(lstat.st_mode)])
         else:
             types = set()
         m = self.mode
         types.update([text for (func, text) in data if func(m)])
         return ", ".join(types)
     type = property(gettype, None, None, "file type (file, directory, link, etc.)")
 
     def getmodestr(self):
         m = self.mode
         data = [
             (stat.S_IRUSR, "-r"),
             (stat.S_IWUSR, "-w"),
             (stat.S_IXUSR, "-x"),
             (stat.S_IRGRP, "-r"),
             (stat.S_IWGRP, "-w"),
             (stat.S_IXGRP, "-x"),
             (stat.S_IROTH, "-r"),
             (stat.S_IWOTH, "-w"),
             (stat.S_IXOTH, "-x"),
         ]
         return "".join([text[bool(m&bit)] for (bit, text) in data])
 
     modestr = property(getmodestr, None, None, "Access mode as string")
 
     def getblocks(self):
         return self.stat().st_blocks
     blocks = property(getblocks, None, None, "File size in blocks")
 
     def getblksize(self):
         return self.stat().st_blksize
     blksize = property(getblksize, None, None, "Filesystem block size")
 
     def getdev(self):
         return self.stat().st_dev
     dev = property(getdev)
 
     def getnlink(self):
         return self.stat().st_nlink
     nlink = property(getnlink, None, None, "Number of links")
 
     def getuid(self):
         return self.stat().st_uid
     uid = property(getuid, None, None, "User id of file owner")
 
     def getgid(self):
         return self.stat().st_gid
     gid = property(getgid, None, None, "Group id of file owner")
 
     def getowner(self):
         stat = self.stat()
         try:
             return pwd.getpwuid(stat.st_uid).pw_name
         except KeyError:
             return stat.st_uid
     owner = property(getowner, None, None, "Owner name (or id)")
 
     def getgroup(self):
         stat = self.stat()
         try:
             return grp.getgrgid(stat.st_gid).gr_name
         except KeyError:
             return stat.st_gid
     group = property(getgroup, None, None, "Group name (or id)")
 
     def getadate(self):
         return datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(self.atime)
     adate = property(getadate, None, None, "Access date")
 
     def getcdate(self):
         return datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(self.ctime)
     cdate = property(getcdate, None, None, "Creation date")
 
     def getmdate(self):
         return datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(self.mtime)
     mdate = property(getmdate, None, None, "Modification date")
 
     def getmimetype(self):
         return mimetypes.guess_type(self.basename())[0]
     mimetype = property(getmimetype, None, None, "MIME type")
 
     def getencoding(self):
         return mimetypes.guess_type(self.basename())[1]
     encoding = property(getencoding, None, None, "Compression")
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "ifile(%s)" % path._base.__repr__(self)
 
     defaultattrs = (None, "type", "size", "modestr", "owner", "group", "mdate")
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         if mode == "detail":
             return (
                 "name", "basename()", "abspath()", "realpath()",
                 "type", "mode", "modestr", "stat()", "lstat()",
                 "uid", "gid", "owner", "group", "dev", "nlink",
                 "ctime", "mtime", "atime", "cdate", "mdate", "adate",
                 "size", "blocks", "blksize", "isdir()", "islink()",
                 "mimetype", "encoding"
             )
         return self.defaultattrs
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         try:
             if self.isdir():
                 name = "idir"
                 style = astyle.style_dir
             else:
                 name = "ifile"
                 style = astyle.style_file
         except IOError:
             name = "ifile"
             style = astyle.style_default
         if mode == "cell" or mode in "header" or mode == "footer":
             abspath = repr(path._base(self.normpath()))
             if abspath.startswith("u"):
                 abspath = abspath[2:-1]
             else:
                 abspath = abspath[1:-1]
             if mode == "cell":
                 yield (style, abspath)
             else:
                 yield (style, "%s(%s)" % (name, abspath))
         else:
             yield (style, repr(self))
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         if self.isdir():
             yield iparentdir(self / os.pardir)
             for child in sorted(self.listdir()):
                 yield child
         else:
             f = self.open("rb")
             for line in f:
                 yield line
             f.close()
 
 
 class iparentdir(ifile):
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_dir, os.pardir)
         else:
             for part in ifile.__xrepr__(self, mode):
                 yield part
 
 
 class ils(Table):
     """
     List the current (or a specific) directory.
 
     Examples:
 
         >>> ils
         >>> ils("/usr/local/lib/python2.4")
         >>> ils("~")
     """
     def __init__(self, base=os.curdir):
         self.base = os.path.expanduser(base)
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         return xiter(ifile(self.base), mode)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
        return ifile(self.base).__xrepr__(mode)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self.base)
 
 
 class iglob(Table):
     """
     List all files and directories matching a specified pattern.
     (See ``glob.glob()`` for more info.).
 
     Examples:
 
         >>> iglob("*.py")
     """
     def __init__(self, glob):
         self.glob = glob
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         for name in glob.glob(self.glob):
             yield ifile(name)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer" or mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_default,
                    "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.glob))
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self.glob)
 
 
 class iwalk(Table):
     """
     List all files and directories in a directory and it's subdirectory.
 
         >>> iwalk
         >>> iwalk("/usr/local/lib/python2.4")
         >>> iwalk("~")
     """
     def __init__(self, base=os.curdir, dirs=True, files=True):
         self.base = os.path.expanduser(base)
         self.dirs = dirs
         self.files = files
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         for (dirpath, dirnames, filenames) in os.walk(self.base):
             if self.dirs:
                 for name in sorted(dirnames):
                     yield ifile(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
             if self.files:
                 for name in sorted(filenames):
                     yield ifile(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer" or mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_default,
                    "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.base))
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self.base)
 
 
 class ipwdentry(object):
     """
     ``ipwdentry`` objects encapsulate entries in the Unix user account and
     password database.
     """
     def __init__(self, id):
         self._id = id
         self._entry = None
 
     def _getentry(self):
         if self._entry is None:
             if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
                 self._entry = pwd.getpwnam(self._id)
             else:
                 self._entry = pwd.getpwuid(self._id)
         return self._entry
 
     def getname(self):
         if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
             return self._id
         else:
             return self._getentry().pw_name
     name = property(getname, None, None, "User name")
 
     def getpasswd(self):
         return self._getentry().pw_passwd
     passwd = property(getpasswd, None, None, "Password")
 
     def getuid(self):
         if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
             return self._getentry().pw_uid
         else:
             return self._id
     uid = property(getuid, None, None, "User id")
 
     def getgid(self):
         return self._getentry().pw_gid
     gid = property(getgid, None, None, "Primary group id")
 
     def getgroup(self):
         return igrpentry(self.gid)
     group = property(getgroup, None, None, "Group")
 
     def getgecos(self):
         return self._getentry().pw_gecos
     gecos = property(getgecos, None, None, "Information (e.g. full user name)")
 
     def getdir(self):
         return self._getentry().pw_dir
     dir = property(getdir, None, None, "$HOME directory")
 
     def getshell(self):
         return self._getentry().pw_shell
     shell = property(getshell, None, None, "Login shell")
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         return ("name", "passwd", "uid", "gid", "gecos", "dir", "shell")
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self._id)
 
 
 class ipwd(Table):
     """
     List all entries in the Unix user account and password database.
 
     Example:
 
         >>> ipwd | isort("uid")
     """
     def __iter__(self):
         for entry in pwd.getpwall():
             yield ipwdentry(entry.pw_name)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer" or mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_default, "%s()" % self.__class__.__name__)
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
 
 class igrpentry(object):
     """
     ``igrpentry`` objects encapsulate entries in the Unix group database.
     """
     def __init__(self, id):
         self._id = id
         self._entry = None
 
     def _getentry(self):
         if self._entry is None:
             if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
                 self._entry = grp.getgrnam(self._id)
             else:
                 self._entry = grp.getgrgid(self._id)
         return self._entry
 
     def getname(self):
         if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
             return self._id
         else:
             return self._getentry().gr_name
     name = property(getname, None, None, "Group name")
 
     def getpasswd(self):
         return self._getentry().gr_passwd
     passwd = property(getpasswd, None, None, "Password")
 
     def getgid(self):
         if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
             return self._getentry().gr_gid
         else:
             return self._id
     gid = property(getgid, None, None, "Group id")
 
     def getmem(self):
         return self._getentry().gr_mem
     mem = property(getmem, None, None, "Members")
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         return ("name", "passwd", "gid", "mem")
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer" or mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_default, "group ")
             try:
                 yield (astyle.style_default, self.name)
             except KeyError:
                 if isinstance(self._id, basestring):
                     yield (astyle.style_default, self.name_id)
                 else:
                     yield (astyle.style_type_number, str(self._id))
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         for member in self.mem:
             yield ipwdentry(member)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self._id)
 
 
 class igrp(Table):
     """
     This ``Table`` lists all entries in the Unix group database.
     """
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         for entry in grp.getgrall():
             yield igrpentry(entry.gr_name)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             yield (astyle.style_default, "%s()" % self.__class__.__name__)
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
 
 class Fields(object):
     def __init__(self, fieldnames, **fields):
         self.__fieldnames = fieldnames
         for (key, value) in fields.iteritems():
             setattr(self, key, value)
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         return self.__fieldnames
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_default, self.__class__.__name__)
             yield (astyle.style_default, "(")
             for (i, f) in enumerate(self.__fieldnames):
                 if i:
                     yield (astyle.style_default, ", ")
                 yield (astyle.style_default, f)
                 yield (astyle.style_default, "=")
                 for part in xrepr(getattr(self, f), "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (astyle.style_default, ")")
         elif mode == "footer":
             yield (astyle.style_default, self.__class__.__name__)
             yield (astyle.style_default, "(")
             for (i, f) in enumerate(self.__fieldnames):
                 if i:
                     yield (astyle.style_default, ", ")
                 yield (astyle.style_default, f)
             yield (astyle.style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
 
 class FieldTable(Table, list):
     def __init__(self, *fields):
         Table.__init__(self)
         list.__init__(self)
         self.fields = fields
 
     def add(self, **fields):
         self.append(Fields(self.fields, **fields))
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         return list.__iter__(self)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             yield (astyle.style_default, self.__class__.__name__)
             yield (astyle.style_default, "(")
             for (i, f) in enumerate(self.__fieldnames):
                 if i:
                     yield (astyle.style_default, ", ")
                 yield (astyle.style_default, f)
             yield (astyle.style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s.%s object with fields=%r at 0x%x>" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              ", ".join(map(repr, self.fields)), id(self))
 
 
 class List(list):
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         return xrange(len(self))
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "cell" or mode == "footer" or mode == "default":
             yield (astyle.style_default, self.__class__.__name__)
             yield (astyle.style_default, "(")
             for (i, item) in enumerate(self):
                 if i:
                     yield (astyle.style_default, ", ")
                 for part in xrepr(item, "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (astyle.style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
 
 class ienv(Table):
     """
     List environment variables.
 
     Example:
 
         >>> ienv
     """
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         fields = ("key", "value")
         for (key, value) in os.environ.iteritems():
             yield Fields(fields, key=key, value=value)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "cell":
             yield (astyle.style_default, "%s()" % self.__class__.__name__)
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
 
 class icsv(Pipe):
     """
     This ``Pipe`` lists turn the input (with must be a pipe outputting lines
     or an ``ifile``) into lines of CVS columns.
     """
     def __init__(self, **csvargs):
         """
         Create an ``icsv`` object. ``cvsargs`` will be passed through as
         keyword arguments to ``cvs.reader()``.
         """
         self.csvargs = csvargs
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         input = self.input
         if isinstance(input, ifile):
             input = input.open("rb")
         reader = csv.reader(input, **self.csvargs)
         for line in reader:
             yield List(line)
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         yield (-1, False)
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             input = getattr(self, "input", None)
             if input is not None:
                 for part in xrepr(input, mode):
                     yield part
                 yield (astyle.style_default, " | ")
             yield (astyle.style_default, "%s(" % self.__class__.__name__)
             for (i, (name, value)) in enumerate(self.csvargs.iteritems()):
                 if i:
                     yield (astyle.style_default, ", ")
                 yield (astyle.style_default, name)
                 yield (astyle.style_default, "=")
                 for part in xrepr(value, "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (astyle.style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         args = ", ".join(["%s=%r" % item for item in self.csvargs.iteritems()])
         return "<%s.%s %s at 0x%x>" % \
         (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, args, id(self))
 
 
 class ix(Table):
     """
     Execute a system command and list its output as lines
     (similar to ``os.popen()``).
 
     Examples:
 
         >>> ix("ps x")
         >>> ix("find .") | ifile
     """
     def __init__(self, cmd):
         self.cmd = cmd
-        self._pipe = None
+        self._pipeout = None
 
-    def __xiter__(self, mode):
-        self._pipe = os.popen(self.cmd)
-        for l in self._pipe:
+    def __xiter__(self, mode="default"):
+        (_pipein, self._pipeout) = os.popen4(self.cmd)
+        _pipein.close()
+        for l in self._pipeout:
             yield l.rstrip("\r\n")
-        self._pipe.close()
-        self._pipe = None
+        self._pipeout.close()
+        self._pipeout = None
 
     def __del__(self):
-        if self._pipe is not None and not self._pipe.closed:
-            self._pipe.close()
-        self._pipe = None
+        if self._pipeout is not None and not self._pipeout.closed:
+            self._pipeout.close()
+        self._pipeout = None
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             yield (astyle.style_default,
                    "%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.cmd))
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s.%s(%r)" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__, self.cmd)
 
 
 class ifilter(Pipe):
     """
     Filter an input pipe. Only objects where an expression evaluates to true
     (and doesn't raise an exception) are listed.
 
     Examples:
 
         >>> ils | ifilter("_.isfile() and size>1000")
         >>> igrp | ifilter("len(mem)")
         >>> sys.modules | ifilter(lambda _:_.value is not None)
     """
 
     def __init__(self, expr, globals=None, errors="raiseifallfail"):
         """
         Create an ``ifilter`` object. ``expr`` can be a callable or a string
         containing an expression. ``globals`` will be used as the global
         namespace for calling string expressions (defaulting to IPython's
         user namespace). ``errors`` specifies how exception during evaluation
         of ``expr`` are handled:
 
         * ``drop``: drop all items that have errors;
 
         * ``keep``: keep all items that have errors;
 
         * ``keeperror``: keep the exception of all items that have errors;
 
         * ``raise``: raise the exception;
 
         * ``raiseifallfail``: raise the first exception if all items have errors;
           otherwise drop those with errors (this is the default).
         """
         self.expr = expr
         self.globals = globals
         self.errors = errors
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         if callable(self.expr):
             test = self.expr
         else:
             g = getglobals(self.globals)
             expr = compile(self.expr, "ipipe-expression", "eval")
             def test(item):
                 return eval(expr, g, AttrNamespace(item))
 
         ok = 0
         exc_info = None
         for item in xiter(self.input, mode):
             try:
                 if test(item):
                     yield item
                 ok += 1
             except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
                 raise
             except Exception, exc:
                 if self.errors == "drop":
                     pass # Ignore errors
                 elif self.errors == "keep":
                     yield item
                 elif self.errors == "keeperror":
                     yield exc
                 elif self.errors == "raise":
                     raise
                 elif self.errors == "raiseifallfail":
                     if exc_info is None:
                         exc_info = sys.exc_info()
         if not ok and exc_info is not None:
             raise exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2]
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             input = getattr(self, "input", None)
             if input is not None:
                 for part in xrepr(input, mode):
                     yield part
                 yield (astyle.style_default, " | ")
             yield (astyle.style_default, "%s(" % self.__class__.__name__)
             for part in xrepr(self.expr, "default"):
                 yield part
             yield (astyle.style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s.%s expr=%r at 0x%x>" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              self.expr, id(self))
 
 
 class ieval(Pipe):
     """
     Evaluate an expression for each object in the input pipe.
 
     Examples:
 
         >>> ils | ieval("_.abspath()")
         >>> sys.path | ieval(ifile)
     """
 
     def __init__(self, expr, globals=None, errors="raiseifallfail"):
         """
         Create an ``ieval`` object. ``expr`` can be a callable or a string
         containing an expression. For the meaning of ``globals`` and
         ``errors`` see ``ifilter``.
         """
         self.expr = expr
         self.globals = globals
         self.errors = errors
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         if callable(self.expr):
             do = self.expr
         else:
             g = getglobals(self.globals)
             expr = compile(self.expr, "ipipe-expression", "eval")
             def do(item):
                 return eval(expr, g, AttrNamespace(item))
 
         ok = 0
         exc_info = None
         for item in xiter(self.input, mode):
             try:
                 yield do(item)
             except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
                 raise
             except Exception, exc:
                 if self.errors == "drop":
                     pass # Ignore errors
                 elif self.errors == "keep":
                     yield item
                 elif self.errors == "keeperror":
                     yield exc
                 elif self.errors == "raise":
                     raise
                 elif self.errors == "raiseifallfail":
                     if exc_info is None:
                         exc_info = sys.exc_info()
         if not ok and exc_info is not None:
             raise exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2]
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             input = getattr(self, "input", None)
             if input is not None:
                 for part in xrepr(input, mode):
                     yield part
                 yield (astyle.style_default, " | ")
             yield (astyle.style_default, "%s(" % self.__class__.__name__)
             for part in xrepr(self.expr, "default"):
                 yield part
             yield (astyle.style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s.%s expr=%r at 0x%x>" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              self.expr, id(self))
 
 
 class ienum(Pipe):
     """
     Enumerate the input pipe (i.e. wrap each input object in an object
     with ``index`` and ``object`` attributes).
 
     Examples:
 
         >>> xrange(20) | ieval("_,_*_") | ienum | ifilter("index % 2 == 0") | ieval("object")
     """
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         fields = ("index", "object")
         for (index, object) in enumerate(xiter(self.input, mode)):
             yield Fields(fields, index=index, object=object)
 
 
 class isort(Pipe):
     """
     Sorts the input pipe.
 
     Examples:
 
         >>> ils | isort("size")
         >>> ils | isort("_.isdir(), _.lower()", reverse=True)
     """
 
     def __init__(self, key=None, globals=None, reverse=False):
         """
         Create an ``isort`` object. ``key`` can be a callable or a string
         containing an expression (or ``None`` in which case the items
         themselves will be sorted). If ``reverse`` is true the sort order
         will be reversed. For the meaning of ``globals`` see ``ifilter``.
         """
         self.key = key
         self.globals = globals
         self.reverse = reverse
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         if self.key is None:
             items = sorted(
                 xiter(self.input, mode),
                 reverse=self.reverse
             )
         elif callable(self.key):
             items = sorted(
                 xiter(self.input, mode),
                 key=self.key,
                 reverse=self.reverse
             )
         else:
             g = getglobals(self.globals)
             key = compile(self.key, "ipipe-expression", "eval")
             def realkey(item):
                 return eval(key, g, AttrNamespace(item))
             items = sorted(
                 xiter(self.input, mode),
                 key=realkey,
                 reverse=self.reverse
             )
         for item in items:
             yield item
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             input = getattr(self, "input", None)
             if input is not None:
                 for part in xrepr(input, mode):
                     yield part
                 yield (astyle.style_default, " | ")
             yield (astyle.style_default, "%s(" % self.__class__.__name__)
             for part in xrepr(self.key, "default"):
                 yield part
             if self.reverse:
                 yield (astyle.style_default, ", ")
                 for part in xrepr(True, "default"):
                     yield part
             yield (astyle.style_default, ")")
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s.%s key=%r reverse=%r at 0x%x>" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              self.key, self.reverse, id(self))
 
 
 tab = 3 # for expandtabs()
 
 def _format(field):
     if isinstance(field, str):
         text = repr(field.expandtabs(tab))[1:-1]
     elif isinstance(field, unicode):
         text = repr(field.expandtabs(tab))[2:-1]
     elif isinstance(field, datetime.datetime):
         # Don't use strftime() here, as this requires year >= 1900
         text = "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d.%06d" % \
             (field.year, field.month, field.day,
              field.hour, field.minute, field.second, field.microsecond)
     elif isinstance(field, datetime.date):
         text = "%04d-%02d-%02d" % (field.year, field.month, field.day)
     else:
         text = repr(field)
     return text
 
 
 class Display(object):
     class __metaclass__(type):
         def __ror__(self, input):
             return input | self()
 
     def __ror__(self, input):
         self.input = input
         return self
 
     def display(self):
         pass
 
 
 class iless(Display):
     cmd = "less --quit-if-one-screen --LONG-PROMPT --LINE-NUMBERS --chop-long-lines --shift=8 --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS"
 
     def display(self):
         try:
             pager = os.popen(self.cmd, "w")
             try:
                 for item in xiter(self.input, "default"):
                     attrs = xattrs(item, "default")
                     attrs = ["%s=%s" % (a, _format(_getattr(item, a))) for a in attrs]
                     pager.write(" ".join(attrs))
                     pager.write("\n")
             finally:
                 pager.close()
         except Exception, exc:
             print "%s: %s" % (exc.__class__.__name__, str(exc))
 
 
 def xformat(value, mode, maxlength):
     align = None
     full = True
     width = 0
     text = astyle.Text()
     for (style, part) in xrepr(value, mode):
         # only consider the first result
         if align is None:
             if isinstance(style, int):
                 # (style, text) really is (alignment, stop)
                 align = style
                 full = part
                 continue
             else:
                 align = -1
                 full = True
         if not isinstance(style, int):
             text.append((style, part))
             width += len(part)
             if width >= maxlength and not full:
                 text.append((astyle.style_ellisis, "..."))
                 width += 3
                 break
     if align is None: # default to left alignment
         align = -1
     return (align, width, text)
 
 
 class idump(Display):
     # The approximate maximum length of a column entry
     maxattrlength = 200
 
     # Style for column names
     style_header = astyle.Style.fromstr("white:black:bold")
 
     def __init__(self, *attrs):
         self.attrs = attrs
         self.headerpadchar = " "
         self.headersepchar = "|"
         self.datapadchar = " "
         self.datasepchar = "|"
 
     def display(self):
         stream = genutils.Term.cout
         allattrs = []
         allattrset = set()
         colwidths = {}
         rows = []
         for item in xiter(self.input, "default"):
             row = {}
             attrs = self.attrs
             if not attrs:
                 attrs = xattrs(item, "default")
             for attrname in attrs:
                 if attrname not in allattrset:
                     allattrs.append(attrname)
                     allattrset.add(attrname)
                     colwidths[attrname] = len(_attrname(attrname))
                 try:
                     value = _getattr(item, attrname, None)
                 except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
                     raise
                 except Exception, exc:
                     value = exc
                 (align, width, text) = xformat(value, "cell", self.maxattrlength)
                 colwidths[attrname] = max(colwidths[attrname], width)
                 # remember alignment, length and colored parts
                 row[attrname] = (align, width, text)
             rows.append(row)
 
         stream.write("\n")
         for (i, attrname) in enumerate(allattrs):
             self.style_header(_attrname(attrname)).write(stream)
             spc = colwidths[attrname] - len(_attrname(attrname))
             if i < len(colwidths)-1:
                 stream.write(self.headerpadchar*spc)
                 stream.write(self.headersepchar)
         stream.write("\n")
 
         for row in rows:
             for (i, attrname) in enumerate(allattrs):
                 (align, width, text) = row[attrname]
                 spc = colwidths[attrname] - width
                 if align == -1:
                     text.write(stream)
                     if i < len(colwidths)-1:
                         stream.write(self.datapadchar*spc)
                 elif align == 0:
                     spc = colwidths[attrname] - width
                     spc1 = spc//2
                     spc2 = spc-spc1
                     stream.write(self.datapadchar*spc1)
                     text.write(stream)
                     if i < len(colwidths)-1:
                         stream.write(self.datapadchar*spc2)
                 else:
                     stream.write(self.datapadchar*spc)
                     text.write(stream)
                 if i < len(colwidths)-1:
                     stream.write(self.datasepchar)
             stream.write("\n")
 
 
 class XMode(object):
     """
     An ``XMode`` object describes one enter mode available for an object
     """
     def __init__(self, object, mode, title=None, description=None):
         """
         Create a new ``XMode`` object for the object ``object``. This object
         must support the enter mode ``mode`` (i.e. ``object.__xiter__(mode)``
         must return an iterable). ``title`` and ``description`` will be
         displayed in the browser when selecting among the available modes.
         """
         self.object = object
         self.mode = mode
         self.title = title
         self.description = description
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s.%s object mode=%r at 0x%x>" % \
             (self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__name__,
              self.mode, id(self))
 
     def __xrepr__(self, mode):
         if mode == "header" or mode == "footer":
             yield (astyle.style_default, self.title)
         else:
             yield (astyle.style_default, repr(self))
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         if mode == "detail":
             return ("object", "mode", "title", "description")
         return ("title", "description")
 
     def __xiter__(self, mode):
         return xiter(self.object, self.mode)
 
 
 class XAttr(object):
     def __init__(self, object, name):
         self.name = _attrname(name)
 
         try:
             self.value = _getattr(object, name)
         except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
             raise
         except Exception, exc:
             if exc.__class__.__module__ == "exceptions":
                 self.value = exc.__class__.__name__
             else:
                 self.value = "%s.%s" % \
                     (exc.__class__.__module__, exc.__class__.__name__)
             self.type = self.value
         else:
             t = type(self.value)
             if t.__module__ == "__builtin__":
                 self.type = t.__name__
             else:
                 self.type = "%s.%s" % (t.__module__, t.__name__)
 
         doc = None
         if isinstance(name, basestring):
             if name.endswith("()"):
                 doc = getattr(getattr(object, name[:-2]), "__doc__", None)
             else:
                 try:
                     meta = getattr(type(object), name)
                 except AttributeError:
                     pass
                 else:
                     if isinstance(meta, property):
                         doc = getattr(meta, "__doc__", None)
         elif callable(name):
             doc = getattr(name, "__doc__", None)
         if isinstance(doc, basestring):
             doc = doc.strip()
         self.doc = doc
 
     def __xattrs__(self, mode):
         return ("name", "type", "doc", "value")
 
 
 try:
     from ibrowse import ibrowse
 except ImportError:
     # No curses (probably Windows) => use ``idump`` as the default display.
     defaultdisplay = idump
 else:
     defaultdisplay = ibrowse
     __all__.append("ibrowse")
 
 
 # If we're running under IPython, install an IPython displayhook that
 # returns the object from Display.display(), else install a displayhook
 # directly as sys.displayhook
 api = None
 if ipapi is not None:
     try:
         api = ipapi.get()
     except AttributeError:
         pass
 
 if api is not None:
     def displayhook(self, obj):
         if isinstance(obj, type) and issubclass(obj, Table):
             obj = obj()
         if isinstance(obj, Table):
             obj = obj | defaultdisplay
         if isinstance(obj, Display):
             return obj.display()
         else:
             raise ipapi.TryNext
     api.set_hook("result_display", displayhook)
 else:
     def installdisplayhook():
         _originalhook = sys.displayhook
         def displayhook(obj):
             if isinstance(obj, type) and issubclass(obj, Table):
                 obj = obj()
             if isinstance(obj, Table):
                 obj = obj | defaultdisplay
             if isinstance(obj, Display):
                 return obj.display()
             else:
                 _originalhook(obj)
         sys.displayhook = displayhook
     installdisplayhook()