merged from trunk

IPython/Extensions/ipy_editors.py

@@ -1,84 +1,88 b''
 """ 'editor' hooks for common editors that work well with ipython
 
 They should honor the line number argument, at least.
 
 Contributions are *very* welcome.
 """
 
 import IPython.ipapi
 ip = IPython.ipapi.get()
 
 from IPython.Itpl import itplns
 import os
 
 def install_editor(run_template, wait = False):
     """ Gets a template in format "myeditor bah bah $file bah bah $line"
     
     $file will be replaced by file name, $line by line number (or 0).
     Installs the editor that is called by IPython, instead of the default
     notepad or vi.
     
     If wait is true, wait until the user presses enter before returning,
     to facilitate non-blocking editors that exit immediately after
     the call.
     """
     
     def call_editor(self, file, line=0):
         if line is None:
             line = 0
         cmd = itplns(run_template, locals())
         print ">",cmd
-        os.system(cmd)
+        if os.system(cmd) != 0:
+            raise IPython.ipapi.TryNext()
         if wait:
             raw_input("Press Enter when done editing:")
 
     ip.set_hook('editor',call_editor)
 
 
 # in these, exe is always the path/name of the executable. Useful
 # if you don't have the editor directory in your path
 
 def komodo(exe = 'komodo'):
     """ Activestate Komodo [Edit] """
     install_editor(exe + ' -l $line "$file"', wait = True)
 
 def scite(exe = "scite"):
     """ SciTE or Sc1 """
     install_editor(exe + ' "$file" -goto:$line')
 
 def notepadplusplus(exe = 'notepad++'):
     """ Notepad++ http://notepad-plus.sourceforge.net """
     install_editor(exe + ' -n$line "$file"')
     
 def jed(exe = 'jed'):
     """ JED, the lightweight emacsish editor """
     install_editor(exe + ' +$line "$file"')
 
 def idle(exe = None):
     """ Idle, the editor bundled with python
     
     Should be pretty smart about finding the executable.
     """
     if exe is None:
         import idlelib
         p = os.path.dirname(idlelib.__file__)
         exe = p + '/idle.py'
     install_editor(exe + ' "$file"')
         
+def mate(exe = 'mate'):
+    """ TextMate, the missing editor"""
+    install_editor(exe + ' -w -l $line "$file"')
 
 # these are untested, report any problems
 
 def emacs(exe = 'emacs'):
     install_editor(exe + ' +$line "$file"')
 
 def gnuclient(exe= 'gnuclient'):
     install_editor(exe + ' -nw +$line "$file"')
 
 def crimson_editor(exe = 'cedt.exe'):
     install_editor(exe + ' /L:$line "$file"')
     
 def kate(exe = 'kate'):
     install_editor(exe + ' -u -l $line "$file"')
     
    
     
  No newline at end of file

IPython/Extensions/ipy_profile_sh.py

@@ -1,270 +1,270 b''
 """Shell mode for IPython.
 
 Start ipython in shell mode by invoking "ipython -p sh"
 
 (the old version, "ipython -p pysh" still works but this is the more "modern" 
 shell mode and is recommended for users who don't care about pysh-mode
 compatibility)
 """
 
 from IPython import ipapi
-import os,textwrap
+import os,re,textwrap
 
 # The import below effectively obsoletes your old-style ipythonrc[.ini],
 # so consider yourself warned!
 
 import ipy_defaults
 
 def main():    
     ip = ipapi.get()
     o = ip.options
     # autocall to "full" mode (smart mode is default, I like full mode)
     
     o.autocall = 2
     
     # Jason Orendorff's path class is handy to have in user namespace
     # if you are doing shell-like stuff
     try:
         ip.ex("from IPython.external.path import path" )
     except ImportError:
         pass
     
     # beefed up %env is handy in shell mode
     import envpersist
     
     # To see where mycmd resides (in path/aliases), do %which mycmd 
     import ipy_which
     
     # tab completers for hg, svn, ...
     import ipy_app_completers
     
     # To make executables foo and bar in mybin usable without PATH change, do:
     # %rehashdir c:/mybin
     # %store foo
     # %store bar
     import ipy_rehashdir
 
     # does not work without subprocess module!
     #import ipy_signals
     
     ip.ex('import os')
     ip.ex("def up(): os.chdir('..')")
     ip.user_ns['LA'] = LastArgFinder() 
     
     # You can assign to _prompt_title variable 
     # to provide some extra information for prompt
     # (e.g. the current mode, host/username...)
 
     ip.user_ns['_prompt_title'] = ''
     
     # Nice prompt
     o.prompt_in1= r'\C_Green${_prompt_title}\C_LightBlue[\C_LightCyan\Y2\C_LightBlue]\C_Green|\#> '
     o.prompt_in2= r'\C_Green|\C_LightGreen\D\C_Green> '
     o.prompt_out= '<\#> '
     
     from IPython import Release
 
     import sys
     # Non-chatty banner
     o.banner = "IPython %s   [on Py %s]\n" % (Release.version,sys.version.split(None,1)[0])
     
     
     ip.IP.default_option('cd','-q')
     ip.IP.default_option('macro', '-r')
     # If you only rarely want to execute the things you %edit...  
     #ip.IP.default_option('edit','-x')
     
 
     o.prompts_pad_left="1"
     # Remove all blank lines in between prompts, like a normal shell.
     o.separate_in="0"
     o.separate_out="0"
     o.separate_out2="0"
     
     # now alias all syscommands
     
     db = ip.db
     
     syscmds = db.get("syscmdlist",[] )
     if not syscmds:
         print textwrap.dedent("""
         System command list not initialized, probably the first run...
         running %rehashx to refresh the command list. Run %rehashx
         again to refresh command list (after installing new software etc.)
         """)
         ip.magic('rehashx')
         syscmds = db.get("syscmdlist")
     
     # lowcase aliases on win32 only
     if os.name == 'posix':
         mapper = lambda s:s
     else:
         def mapper(s): return s.lower()
         
     for cmd in syscmds:
         # print "sys",cmd #dbg
         noext, ext = os.path.splitext(cmd)
         if ext.lower() == '.exe':
             cmd = noext
         
         key = mapper(cmd)
         if key not in ip.IP.alias_table:
             # Dots will be removed from alias names, since ipython
             # assumes names with dots to be python code
             
             ip.defalias(key.replace('.',''), cmd)
 
     # mglob combines 'find', recursion, exclusion... '%mglob?' to learn more
     ip.load("IPython.external.mglob")    
 
     # win32 is crippled w/o cygwin, try to help it a little bit
     if sys.platform == 'win32':
         if 'cygwin' in os.environ['PATH'].lower():          
             # use the colors of cygwin ls (recommended)
             ip.defalias('d', 'ls -F --color=auto')
         else:
             # get icp, imv, imkdir, igrep, irm,...
             ip.load('ipy_fsops')
             
             # and the next best thing to real 'ls -F'
             ip.defalias('d','dir /w /og /on')
     
-    ip.set_hook('input_prefilter', dotslash_prefilter_f)
+    ip.set_hook('input_prefilter', slash_prefilter_f)
     extend_shell_behavior(ip)
 
 class LastArgFinder:
     """ Allow $LA to work as "last argument of previous command", like $! in bash
     
     To call this in normal IPython code, do LA()
     """
     def __call__(self, hist_idx = None):
         ip = ipapi.get()
         if hist_idx is None:
             return str(self)
         return ip.IP.input_hist_raw[hist_idx].strip().split()[-1]
     def __str__(self):
         ip = ipapi.get()        
         for cmd in reversed(ip.IP.input_hist_raw):
             parts = cmd.strip().split()
             if len(parts) < 2 or parts[-1] in ['$LA', 'LA()']:
                 continue
             return parts[-1]
         return ""
 
-def dotslash_prefilter_f(self,line):
-    """ ./foo now runs foo as system command 
+def slash_prefilter_f(self,line):
+    """ ./foo, ~/foo and /bin/foo now run foo as system command
     
-    Removes the need for doing !./foo
+    Removes the need for doing !./foo, !~/foo or !/bin/foo
     """
     import IPython.genutils
-    if line.startswith("./"):
+    if re.match('(?:[.~]|/[a-zA-Z_0-9]+)/', line):
         return "_ip.system(" + IPython.genutils.make_quoted_expr(line)+")"
     raise ipapi.TryNext
 
 # XXX You do not need to understand the next function!
 # This should probably be moved out of profile
 
 def extend_shell_behavior(ip):
 
     # Instead of making signature a global variable tie it to IPSHELL.
     # In future if it is required to distinguish between different
     # shells we can assign a signature per shell basis
     ip.IP.__sig__ = 0xa005
     # mark the IPSHELL with this signature
     ip.IP.user_ns['__builtins__'].__dict__['__sig__'] = ip.IP.__sig__
 
     from IPython.Itpl import ItplNS
     from IPython.genutils import shell
     # utility to expand user variables via Itpl
     # xxx do something sensible with depth?
     ip.IP.var_expand = lambda cmd, lvars=None, depth=2: \
         str(ItplNS(cmd, ip.IP.user_ns, get_locals()))
 
     def get_locals():
         """ Substituting a variable through Itpl deep inside the IPSHELL stack
             requires the knowledge of all the variables in scope upto the last
             IPSHELL frame. This routine simply merges all the local variables
             on the IPSHELL stack without worrying about their scope rules
         """
         import sys
         # note lambda expression constitues a function call
         # hence fno should be incremented by one
         getsig = lambda fno: sys._getframe(fno+1).f_globals \
                              ['__builtins__'].__dict__['__sig__']
         getlvars = lambda fno: sys._getframe(fno+1).f_locals
         # trackback until we enter the IPSHELL
         frame_no = 1
         sig = ip.IP.__sig__
         fsig = ~sig
         while fsig != sig :
             try:
                 fsig = getsig(frame_no)
             except (AttributeError, KeyError):
                 frame_no += 1
             except ValueError:
                 # stack is depleted
                 # call did not originate from IPSHELL
                 return {}
         first_frame = frame_no
         # walk further back until we exit from IPSHELL or deplete stack
         try:
             while(sig == getsig(frame_no+1)):
                 frame_no += 1
         except (AttributeError, KeyError, ValueError):
             pass
         # merge the locals from top down hence overriding
         # any re-definitions of variables, functions etc.
         lvars = {}
         for fno in range(frame_no, first_frame-1, -1):
             lvars.update(getlvars(fno))
         #print '\n'*5, first_frame, frame_no, '\n', lvars, '\n'*5 #dbg
         return lvars
 
     def _runlines(lines):
         """Run a string of one or more lines of source.
 
         This method is capable of running a string containing multiple source
         lines, as if they had been entered at the IPython prompt.  Since it
         exposes IPython's processing machinery, the given strings can contain
         magic calls (%magic), special shell access (!cmd), etc."""
 
         # We must start with a clean buffer, in case this is run from an
         # interactive IPython session (via a magic, for example).
         ip.IP.resetbuffer()
         lines = lines.split('\n')
         more = 0
         command = ''
         for line in lines:
             # skip blank lines so we don't mess up the prompt counter, but do
             # NOT skip even a blank line if we are in a code block (more is
             # true)
             # if command is not empty trim the line
             if command != '' :
                 line = line.strip()
             # add the broken line to the command
             if line and line[-1] == '\\' :
                 command += line[0:-1] + ' '
                 more = True
                 continue
             else :
                 # add the last (current) line to the command
                 command += line
                 if command or more:
                     # push to raw history, so hist line numbers stay in sync
                     ip.IP.input_hist_raw.append("# " + command + "\n")
                     
                     more = ip.IP.push(ip.IP.prefilter(command,more))
                     command = ''
                     # IPython's runsource returns None if there was an error
                     # compiling the code.  This allows us to stop processing right
                     # away, so the user gets the error message at the right place.
                     if more is None:
                         break
         # final newline in case the input didn't have it, so that the code
         # actually does get executed
         if more:
             ip.IP.push('\n')
 
     ip.IP.runlines = _runlines
 
 main()

IPython/Magic.py

@@ -1,3397 +1,3405 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
 
 $Id: Magic.py 2996 2008-01-30 06:31:39Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Modules and globals
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>\n%s <%s>' % \
               ( Release.authors['Janko'] + Release.authors['Fernando'] )
 __license__ = Release.license
 
 # Python standard modules
 import __builtin__
 import bdb
 import inspect
 import os
 import pdb
 import pydoc
 import sys
 import re
 import tempfile
 import time
 import cPickle as pickle
 import textwrap
 from cStringIO import StringIO
 from getopt import getopt,GetoptError
 from pprint import pprint, pformat
 from sets import Set
 
 # cProfile was added in Python2.5
 try:
     import cProfile as profile
     import pstats
 except ImportError:
     # profile isn't bundled by default in Debian for license reasons
     try:
         import profile,pstats
     except ImportError:
         profile = pstats = None
 
 # Homebrewed
 import IPython
 from IPython import Debugger, OInspect, wildcard
 from IPython.FakeModule import FakeModule
 from IPython.Itpl import Itpl, itpl, printpl,itplns
 from IPython.PyColorize import Parser
 from IPython.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.macro import Macro
 from IPython.genutils import *
 from IPython import platutils
 import IPython.generics
 import IPython.ipapi
 from IPython.ipapi import UsageError
 from IPython.testing import decorators as testdec
 
 #***************************************************************************
 # Utility functions
 def on_off(tag):
     """Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function."""
     return ['OFF','ON'][tag]
 
 class Bunch: pass
 
 def compress_dhist(dh):
     head, tail = dh[:-10], dh[-10:]
 
     newhead = []
     done = Set()
     for h in head:
         if h in done:
             continue
         newhead.append(h)
         done.add(h)
 
     return newhead + tail        
         
 
 #***************************************************************************
 # Main class implementing Magic functionality
 class Magic:
     """Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
 
     Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic
     functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own
     needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg `%cd ../`
     vs. `%cd("../")`
 
     ALL definitions MUST begin with the prefix magic_. The user won't need it
     at the command line, but it is is needed in the definition. """
 
     # class globals
     auto_status = ['Automagic is OFF, % prefix IS needed for magic functions.',
                    'Automagic is ON, % prefix NOT needed for magic functions.']
 
     #......................................................................
     # some utility functions
 
     def __init__(self,shell):
         
         self.options_table = {}
         if profile is None:
             self.magic_prun = self.profile_missing_notice
         self.shell = shell
 
         # namespace for holding state we may need
         self._magic_state = Bunch()
 
     def profile_missing_notice(self, *args, **kwargs):
         error("""\
 The profile module could not be found. It has been removed from the standard
 python packages because of its non-free license. To use profiling, install the
 python-profiler package from non-free.""")
 
     def default_option(self,fn,optstr):
         """Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr"""
 
         if fn not in self.lsmagic():
             error("%s is not a magic function" % fn)
         self.options_table[fn] = optstr
 
     def lsmagic(self):
         """Return a list of currently available magic functions.
 
         Gives a list of the bare names after mangling (['ls','cd', ...], not
         ['magic_ls','magic_cd',...]"""
 
         # FIXME. This needs a cleanup, in the way the magics list is built.
         
         # magics in class definition
         class_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                       callable(Magic.__dict__[fn])
         # in instance namespace (run-time user additions)
         inst_magic =  lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                      callable(self.__dict__[fn])
         # and bound magics by user (so they can access self):
         inst_bound_magic =  lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                            callable(self.__class__.__dict__[fn])
         magics = filter(class_magic,Magic.__dict__.keys()) + \
                  filter(inst_magic,self.__dict__.keys()) + \
                  filter(inst_bound_magic,self.__class__.__dict__.keys())
         out = []
         for fn in Set(magics):
             out.append(fn.replace('magic_','',1))
         out.sort()
         return out
     
     def extract_input_slices(self,slices,raw=False):
         """Return as a string a set of input history slices.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - slices: the set of slices is given as a list of strings (like
           ['1','4:8','9'], since this function is for use by magic functions
           which get their arguments as strings.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - raw(False): by default, the processed input is used.  If this is
           true, the raw input history is used instead.
 
         Note that slices can be called with two notations:
 
         N:M -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).
 
         N-M -> include items N..M (closed endpoint)."""
 
         if raw:
             hist = self.shell.input_hist_raw
         else:
             hist = self.shell.input_hist
 
         cmds = []
         for chunk in slices:
             if ':' in chunk:
                 ini,fin = map(int,chunk.split(':'))
             elif '-' in chunk:
                 ini,fin = map(int,chunk.split('-'))
                 fin += 1
             else:
                 ini = int(chunk)
                 fin = ini+1
             cmds.append(hist[ini:fin])
         return cmds
         
     def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
         self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         
         oname = oname.strip()
 
         alias_ns = None
         if namespaces is None:
             # Namespaces to search in:
             # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
             # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
             namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.shell.user_ns),
                            ('IPython internal', self.shell.internal_ns),
                            ('Python builtin', __builtin__.__dict__),
                            ('Alias', self.shell.alias_table),
                            ]
             alias_ns = self.shell.alias_table
 
         # initialize results to 'null'
         found = 0; obj = None;  ospace = None;  ds = None;
         ismagic = 0; isalias = 0; parent = None
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
         oname_parts = oname.split('.')
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 #print 'oname_rest:', oname_rest  # dbg
                 for part in oname_rest:
                     try:
                         parent = obj
                         obj = getattr(obj,part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = 1
                     ospace = nsname
                     if ns == alias_ns:
                         isalias = 1
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             if oname.startswith(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname[1:]
             obj = getattr(self,'magic_'+oname,None)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = 1
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = 1
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = 1
             ospace = 'Interactive'
             
         return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace,
                 'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias, 'parent':parent}
     
     def arg_err(self,func):
         """Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed"""
         print 'Error in arguments:'
         print OInspect.getdoc(func)
 
     def format_latex(self,strng):
         """Format a string for latex inclusion."""
 
         # Characters that need to be escaped for latex:
         escape_re = re.compile(r'(%|_|\$|#|&)',re.MULTILINE)
         # Magic command names as headers:
         cmd_name_re = re.compile(r'^(%s.*?):' % self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                  re.MULTILINE)
         # Magic commands 
         cmd_re = re.compile(r'(?P<cmd>%s.+?\b)(?!\}\}:)' % self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                             re.MULTILINE)
         # Paragraph continue
         par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
 
         # The "\n" symbol
         newline_re = re.compile(r'\\n')
 
         # Now build the string for output:
         #strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\texttt{\\textsl{\\large \1}}:',strng)
         strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\bigskip\n\\texttt{\\textbf{ \1}}:',
                                 strng)
         strng = cmd_re.sub(r'\\texttt{\g<cmd>}',strng)
         strng = par_re.sub(r'\\\\',strng)
         strng = escape_re.sub(r'\\\1',strng)
         strng = newline_re.sub(r'\\textbackslash{}n',strng)
         return strng
 
     def format_screen(self,strng):
         """Format a string for screen printing.
 
         This removes some latex-type format codes."""
         # Paragraph continue
         par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
         strng = par_re.sub('',strng)
         return strng
 
     def parse_options(self,arg_str,opt_str,*long_opts,**kw):
         """Parse options passed to an argument string.
 
         The interface is similar to that of getopt(), but it returns back a
         Struct with the options as keys and the stripped argument string still
         as a string.
 
         arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split.
         This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote
         arguments, etc.
 
         Options:
           -mode: default 'string'. If given as 'list', the argument string is
           returned as a list (split on whitespace) instead of a string.
 
           -list_all: put all option values in lists. Normally only options
           appearing more than once are put in a list.
 
           -posix (True): whether to split the input line in POSIX mode or not,
           as per the conventions outlined in the shlex module from the
           standard library."""
  
         # inject default options at the beginning of the input line
         caller = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name.replace('magic_','')
         arg_str = '%s %s' % (self.options_table.get(caller,''),arg_str)
         
         mode = kw.get('mode','string')
         if mode not in ['string','list']:
             raise ValueError,'incorrect mode given: %s' % mode
         # Get options
         list_all = kw.get('list_all',0)
         posix = kw.get('posix',True)
 
         # Check if we have more than one argument to warrant extra processing:
         odict = {}  # Dictionary with options
         args = arg_str.split()
         if len(args) >= 1:
             # If the list of inputs only has 0 or 1 thing in it, there's no
             # need to look for options
             argv = arg_split(arg_str,posix)
             # Do regular option processing
             try:
                 opts,args = getopt(argv,opt_str,*long_opts)
             except GetoptError,e:
                 raise UsageError('%s ( allowed: "%s" %s)' % (e.msg,opt_str, 
                                         " ".join(long_opts)))
             for o,a in opts:
                 if o.startswith('--'):
                     o = o[2:]
                 else:
                     o = o[1:]
                 try:
                     odict[o].append(a)
                 except AttributeError:
                     odict[o] = [odict[o],a]
                 except KeyError:
                     if list_all:
                         odict[o] = [a]
                     else:
                         odict[o] = a
 
         # Prepare opts,args for return
         opts = Struct(odict)
         if mode == 'string':
             args = ' '.join(args)
 
         return opts,args
     
     #......................................................................
     # And now the actual magic functions
 
     # Functions for IPython shell work (vars,funcs, config, etc)
     def magic_lsmagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """List currently available magic functions."""
         mesc = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
         print 'Available magic functions:\n'+mesc+\
               ('  '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic())
         print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[self.shell.rc.automagic]
         return None
         
     def magic_magic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Print information about the magic function system.
         
         Supported formats: -latex, -brief, -rest        
         """
 
         mode = ''
         try:
             if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-latex':
                 mode = 'latex'
             if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-brief':
                 mode = 'brief'
             if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-rest':
                 mode = 'rest'
                 rest_docs = []
         except:
             pass
 
         magic_docs = []
         for fname in self.lsmagic():
             mname = 'magic_' + fname
             for space in (Magic,self,self.__class__):
                 try:
                     fn = space.__dict__[mname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
                 else:
                     break
             if mode == 'brief':
                 # only first line
                 if fn.__doc__:                    
                     fndoc = fn.__doc__.split('\n',1)[0]
                 else:
                     fndoc = 'No documentation'
             else:
+                if fn.__doc__:
                 fndoc = fn.__doc__.rstrip()
+                else:
+                    fndoc = 'No documentation'
+                
                 
             if mode == 'rest':
                 rest_docs.append('**%s%s**::\n\n\t%s\n\n' %(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                                     fname,fndoc))
                 
             else:
                 magic_docs.append('%s%s:\n\t%s\n' %(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                                     fname,fndoc))
                 
         magic_docs = ''.join(magic_docs)
 
         if mode == 'rest':
             return "".join(rest_docs)
         
         if mode == 'latex':
             print self.format_latex(magic_docs)
             return
         else:
             magic_docs = self.format_screen(magic_docs)
         if mode == 'brief':
             return magic_docs
         
         outmsg = """
 IPython's 'magic' functions
 ===========================
 
 The magic function system provides a series of functions which allow you to
 control the behavior of IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type
 features. All these functions are prefixed with a % character, but parameters
 are given without parentheses or quotes.
 
 NOTE: If you have 'automagic' enabled (via the command line option or with the
 %automagic function), you don't need to type in the % explicitly.  By default,
 IPython ships with automagic on, so you should only rarely need the % escape.
 
 Example: typing '%cd mydir' (without the quotes) changes you working directory
 to 'mydir', if it exists.
 
 You can define your own magic functions to extend the system. See the supplied
 ipythonrc and example-magic.py files for details (in your ipython
 configuration directory, typically $HOME/.ipython/).
 
 You can also define your own aliased names for magic functions. In your
 ipythonrc file, placing a line like:
 
   execute __IPYTHON__.magic_pf = __IPYTHON__.magic_profile
 
 will define %pf as a new name for %profile.
 
 You can also call magics in code using the ipmagic() function, which IPython
 automatically adds to the builtin namespace.  Type 'ipmagic?' for details.
 
 For a list of the available magic functions, use %lsmagic. For a description
 of any of them, type %magic_name?, e.g. '%cd?'.
 
 Currently the magic system has the following functions:\n"""
 
         mesc = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
         outmsg = ("%s\n%s\n\nSummary of magic functions (from %slsmagic):"
                   "\n\n%s%s\n\n%s" % (outmsg,
                                      magic_docs,mesc,mesc,
                                      ('  '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic()),
                                      Magic.auto_status[self.shell.rc.automagic] ) )
 
         page(outmsg,screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length)
   
 
     def magic_autoindent(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Toggle autoindent on/off (if available)."""
 
         self.shell.set_autoindent()
         print "Automatic indentation is:",['OFF','ON'][self.shell.autoindent]
 
 
     def magic_automagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.
 
         Without argumentsl toggles on/off (when off, you must call it as
         %automagic, of course).  With arguments it sets the value, and you can
         use any of (case insensitive):
 
          - on,1,True: to activate
 
          - off,0,False: to deactivate.
 
         Note that magic functions have lowest priority, so if there's a
         variable whose name collides with that of a magic fn, automagic won't
         work for that function (you get the variable instead). However, if you
         delete the variable (del var), the previously shadowed magic function
         becomes visible to automagic again."""
 
         rc = self.shell.rc
         arg = parameter_s.lower()
         if parameter_s in ('on','1','true'):
             rc.automagic = True
         elif parameter_s in ('off','0','false'):
             rc.automagic = False
         else:
             rc.automagic = not rc.automagic
         print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[rc.automagic]
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_autocall(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.
 
         Usage:
 
            %autocall [mode]
 
         The mode can be one of: 0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full.  If not given, the
         value is toggled on and off (remembering the previous state).
 
         In more detail, these values mean:
 
         0 -> fully disabled
 
         1 -> active, but do not apply if there are no arguments on the line.
 
         In this mode, you get:
 
         In [1]: callable
         Out[1]: <built-in function callable>
 
         In [2]: callable 'hello'
         ------> callable('hello')
         Out[2]: False
 
         2 -> Active always.  Even if no arguments are present, the callable
         object is called:
 
         In [2]: float
         ------> float()
         Out[2]: 0.0
 
         Note that even with autocall off, you can still use '/' at the start of
         a line to treat the first argument on the command line as a function
         and add parentheses to it:
 
         In [8]: /str 43
         ------> str(43)
         Out[8]: '43'
 
         # all-random (note for auto-testing)
         """
 
         rc = self.shell.rc
 
         if parameter_s:
             arg = int(parameter_s)
         else:
             arg = 'toggle'
 
         if not arg in (0,1,2,'toggle'):
             error('Valid modes: (0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full')
             return
 
         if arg in (0,1,2):
             rc.autocall = arg
         else: # toggle
             if rc.autocall:
                 self._magic_state.autocall_save = rc.autocall
                 rc.autocall = 0
             else:
                 try:
                     rc.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save
                 except AttributeError:
                     rc.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save = 1
 
         print "Automatic calling is:",['OFF','Smart','Full'][rc.autocall]
 
     def magic_system_verbose(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Set verbose printing of system calls.
 
         If called without an argument, act as a toggle"""
 
         if parameter_s:
             val = bool(eval(parameter_s))
         else:
             val = None
             
         self.shell.rc_set_toggle('system_verbose',val)
         print "System verbose printing is:",\
               ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.system_verbose]
 
 
     def magic_page(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
         
         %page [options] OBJECT
 
         If no object is given, use _ (last output).
         
         Options:
 
           -r: page str(object), don't pretty-print it."""
 
         # After a function contributed by Olivier Aubert, slightly modified.
 
         # Process options/args
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r')
         raw = 'r' in opts
 
         oname = args and args or '_'
         info = self._ofind(oname)
         if info['found']:
             txt = (raw and str or pformat)( info['obj'] )
             page(txt)
         else:
             print 'Object `%s` not found' % oname
 
     def magic_profile(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print your currently active IPyhton profile."""
         if self.shell.rc.profile:
             printpl('Current IPython profile: $self.shell.rc.profile.')
         else:
             print 'No profile active.'
 
     def magic_pinfo(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Provide detailed information about an object.
     
         '%pinfo object' is just a synonym for object? or ?object."""
     
         #print 'pinfo par: <%s>' % parameter_s  # dbg
     
         
         # detail_level: 0 -> obj? , 1 -> obj??
         detail_level = 0
         # We need to detect if we got called as 'pinfo pinfo foo', which can
         # happen if the user types 'pinfo foo?' at the cmd line.
         pinfo,qmark1,oname,qmark2 = \
                re.match('(pinfo )?(\?*)(.*?)(\??$)',parameter_s).groups()
         if pinfo or qmark1 or qmark2:
             detail_level = 1
         if "*" in oname:
             self.magic_psearch(oname)
         else:
             self._inspect('pinfo', oname, detail_level=detail_level,
                           namespaces=namespaces)
 
     def magic_pdef(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print the definition header for any callable object.
 
         If the object is a class, print the constructor information."""
         self._inspect('pdef',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     def magic_pdoc(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print the docstring for an object.
 
         If the given object is a class, it will print both the class and the
         constructor docstrings."""
         self._inspect('pdoc',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     def magic_psource(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
         """Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object."""
         self._inspect('psource',parameter_s, namespaces)
 
     def magic_pfile(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
 
         The file opens at the line where the object definition begins. IPython
         will honor the environment variable PAGER if set, and otherwise will
         do its best to print the file in a convenient form.
 
         If the given argument is not an object currently defined, IPython will
         try to interpret it as a filename (automatically adding a .py extension
         if needed). You can thus use %pfile as a syntax highlighting code
         viewer."""
 
         # first interpret argument as an object name
         out = self._inspect('pfile',parameter_s)
         # if not, try the input as a filename
         if out == 'not found':
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
             except IOError,msg:
                 print msg
                 return
             page(self.shell.inspector.format(file(filename).read()))
 
     def _inspect(self,meth,oname,namespaces=None,**kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends."""
 
         #oname = oname.strip()
         #print '1- oname: <%r>' % oname  # dbg
         try:
             oname = oname.strip().encode('ascii')
             #print '2- oname: <%r>' % oname  # dbg
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.'
             return 'not found'
             
         info = Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces))
         
         if info.found:
             try:
                 IPython.generics.inspect_object(info.obj)
                 return
             except IPython.ipapi.TryNext:
                 pass
             # Get the docstring of the class property if it exists.
             path = oname.split('.')
             root = '.'.join(path[:-1])
             if info.parent is not None:
                 try:
                     target = getattr(info.parent, '__class__') 
                     # The object belongs to a class instance. 
                     try: 
                         target = getattr(target, path[-1])
                         # The class defines the object. 
                         if isinstance(target, property):
                             oname = root + '.__class__.' + path[-1]
                             info = Struct(self._ofind(oname))
                     except AttributeError: pass
                 except AttributeError: pass
                         
             pmethod = getattr(self.shell.inspector,meth)
             formatter = info.ismagic and self.format_screen or None
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj,oname,formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(info.obj,oname,formatter,info,**kw)
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj,oname)
         else:
             print 'Object `%s` not found.' % oname
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
         
     def magic_psearch(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.
 
         %psearch [options] PATTERN [OBJECT TYPE]
 
         Note: ? can be used as a synonym for %psearch, at the beginning or at
         the end: both a*? and ?a* are equivalent to '%psearch a*'.  Still, the
         rest of the command line must be unchanged (options come first), so
         for example the following forms are equivalent
 
         %psearch -i a* function
         -i a* function?
         ?-i a* function
 
         Arguments:
         
           PATTERN
 
           where PATTERN is a string containing * as a wildcard similar to its
           use in a shell.  The pattern is matched in all namespaces on the
           search path. By default objects starting with a single _ are not
           matched, many IPython generated objects have a single
           underscore. The default is case insensitive matching. Matching is
           also done on the attributes of objects and not only on the objects
           in a module.
 
           [OBJECT TYPE]
 
           Is the name of a python type from the types module. The name is
           given in lowercase without the ending type, ex. StringType is
           written string. By adding a type here only objects matching the
           given type are matched. Using all here makes the pattern match all
           types (this is the default).
 
         Options:
 
           -a: makes the pattern match even objects whose names start with a
           single underscore.  These names are normally ommitted from the
           search.
 
           -i/-c: make the pattern case insensitive/sensitive.  If neither of
           these options is given, the default is read from your ipythonrc
           file.  The option name which sets this value is
           'wildcards_case_sensitive'.  If this option is not specified in your
           ipythonrc file, IPython's internal default is to do a case sensitive
           search.
 
           -e/-s NAMESPACE: exclude/search a given namespace.  The pattern you
           specifiy can be searched in any of the following namespaces:
           'builtin', 'user', 'user_global','internal', 'alias', where
           'builtin' and 'user' are the search defaults.  Note that you should
           not use quotes when specifying namespaces.
 
           'Builtin' contains the python module builtin, 'user' contains all
           user data, 'alias' only contain the shell aliases and no python
           objects, 'internal' contains objects used by IPython.  The
           'user_global' namespace is only used by embedded IPython instances,
           and it contains module-level globals.  You can add namespaces to the
           search with -s or exclude them with -e (these options can be given
           more than once).
     
         Examples:
        
         %psearch a*            -> objects beginning with an a
         %psearch -e builtin a* -> objects NOT in the builtin space starting in a
         %psearch a* function   -> all functions beginning with an a
         %psearch re.e*         -> objects beginning with an e in module re
         %psearch r*.e*         -> objects that start with e in modules starting in r
         %psearch r*.* string   -> all strings in modules beginning with r
 
         Case sensitve search:
        
         %psearch -c a*         list all object beginning with lower case a
 
         Show objects beginning with a single _:
        
         %psearch -a _*         list objects beginning with a single underscore"""
         try:
             parameter_s = parameter_s.encode('ascii')
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.'
             return
 
         # default namespaces to be searched
         def_search = ['user','builtin']
 
         # Process options/args
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'cias:e:',list_all=True)
         opt = opts.get
         shell = self.shell
         psearch = shell.inspector.psearch
 
         # select case options
         if opts.has_key('i'):
             ignore_case = True
         elif opts.has_key('c'):
             ignore_case = False
         else:
             ignore_case = not shell.rc.wildcards_case_sensitive
 
         # Build list of namespaces to search from user options
         def_search.extend(opt('s',[]))
         ns_exclude = ns_exclude=opt('e',[])
         ns_search = [nm for nm in def_search if nm not in ns_exclude]
         
         # Call the actual search
         try:
             psearch(args,shell.ns_table,ns_search,
                     show_all=opt('a'),ignore_case=ignore_case)
         except:
             shell.showtraceback()
 
     def magic_who_ls(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.
 
         If arguments are given, only variables of types matching these
         arguments are returned."""
 
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
         internal_ns = self.shell.internal_ns
         user_config_ns = self.shell.user_config_ns
         out = []
         typelist = parameter_s.split()
 
         for i in user_ns:
             if not (i.startswith('_') or i.startswith('_i')) \
                    and not (i in internal_ns or i in user_config_ns):
                 if typelist:
                     if type(user_ns[i]).__name__ in typelist:
                         out.append(i)
                 else:
                     out.append(i)
         out.sort()
         return out
         
     def magic_who(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.
 
         If any arguments are given, only variables whose type matches one of
         these are printed.  For example:
 
           %who function str
 
         will only list functions and strings, excluding all other types of
         variables.  To find the proper type names, simply use type(var) at a
         command line to see how python prints type names.  For example:
 
           In [1]: type('hello')\\
           Out[1]: <type 'str'>
 
         indicates that the type name for strings is 'str'.
 
         %who always excludes executed names loaded through your configuration
         file and things which are internal to IPython.
 
         This is deliberate, as typically you may load many modules and the
         purpose of %who is to show you only what you've manually defined."""
 
         varlist = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
         if not varlist:
             if parameter_s:
                 print 'No variables match your requested type.'
             else:
                 print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
             return
 
         # if we have variables, move on...
         count = 0
         for i in varlist:
             print i+'\t',
             count += 1
             if count > 8:
                 count = 0
                 print
         print
 
     def magic_whos(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.
 
         The same type filtering of %who can be applied here.
 
         For all variables, the type is printed. Additionally it prints:
         
           - For {},[],(): their length.
 
           - For numpy and Numeric arrays, a summary with shape, number of
           elements, typecode and size in memory.
 
           - Everything else: a string representation, snipping their middle if
           too long."""
         
         varnames = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
         if not varnames:
             if parameter_s:
                 print 'No variables match your requested type.'
             else:
                 print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
             return
 
         # if we have variables, move on...
 
         # for these types, show len() instead of data:
         seq_types = [types.DictType,types.ListType,types.TupleType]
 
         # for numpy/Numeric arrays, display summary info
         try:
             import numpy
         except ImportError:
             ndarray_type = None
         else:
             ndarray_type = numpy.ndarray.__name__
         try:
             import Numeric
         except ImportError:
             array_type = None
         else:
             array_type = Numeric.ArrayType.__name__
 
         # Find all variable names and types so we can figure out column sizes
         def get_vars(i):
             return self.shell.user_ns[i]
         
         # some types are well known and can be shorter
         abbrevs = {'IPython.macro.Macro' : 'Macro'}
         def type_name(v):
             tn = type(v).__name__
             return abbrevs.get(tn,tn)
             
         varlist = map(get_vars,varnames)
 
         typelist = []
         for vv in varlist:
             tt = type_name(vv)
 
             if tt=='instance':
                 typelist.append( abbrevs.get(str(vv.__class__),
                                              str(vv.__class__)))
             else:
                 typelist.append(tt)
 
         # column labels and # of spaces as separator
         varlabel = 'Variable'
         typelabel = 'Type'
         datalabel = 'Data/Info'
         colsep = 3
         # variable format strings
         vformat    = "$vname.ljust(varwidth)$vtype.ljust(typewidth)"
         vfmt_short = '$vstr[:25]<...>$vstr[-25:]'
         aformat    = "%s: %s elems, type `%s`, %s bytes"
         # find the size of the columns to format the output nicely
         varwidth = max(max(map(len,varnames)), len(varlabel)) + colsep
         typewidth = max(max(map(len,typelist)), len(typelabel)) + colsep
         # table header
         print varlabel.ljust(varwidth) + typelabel.ljust(typewidth) + \
               ' '+datalabel+'\n' + '-'*(varwidth+typewidth+len(datalabel)+1)
         # and the table itself
         kb = 1024
         Mb = 1048576  # kb**2
         for vname,var,vtype in zip(varnames,varlist,typelist):
             print itpl(vformat),
             if vtype in seq_types:
                 print len(var)
             elif vtype in [array_type,ndarray_type]:
                 vshape = str(var.shape).replace(',','').replace(' ','x')[1:-1]
                 if vtype==ndarray_type:
                     # numpy
                     vsize  = var.size
                     vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize
                     vdtype = var.dtype
                 else:
                     # Numeric
                     vsize  = Numeric.size(var)
                     vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize()
                     vdtype = var.typecode()
                     
                 if vbytes < 100000:
                     print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes)
                 else:
                     print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes),
                     if vbytes < Mb:
                         print '(%s kb)' % (vbytes/kb,)
                     else:
                         print '(%s Mb)' % (vbytes/Mb,)
             else:
                 try:
                     vstr = str(var)
                 except UnicodeEncodeError:
                     vstr = unicode(var).encode(sys.getdefaultencoding(),
                                                'backslashreplace')
                 vstr = vstr.replace('\n','\\n')
                 if len(vstr) < 50:
                     print vstr
                 else:
                     printpl(vfmt_short)
                 
     def magic_reset(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user.
 
         Input/Output history are left around in case you need them."""
 
         ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(
           "Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])? ")
         if not ans:
             print 'Nothing done.'
             return
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
         for i in self.magic_who_ls():
             del(user_ns[i])
             
         # Also flush the private list of module references kept for script
         # execution protection
         self.shell._user_main_modules[:] = []
 
     def magic_logstart(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Start logging anywhere in a session.
 
         %logstart [-o|-r|-t] [log_name [log_mode]]
 
         If no name is given, it defaults to a file named 'ipython_log.py' in your
         current directory, in 'rotate' mode (see below).
 
         '%logstart name' saves to file 'name' in 'backup' mode.  It saves your
         history up to that point and then continues logging.
 
         %logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be one
         of (note that the modes are given unquoted):\\
           append: well, that says it.\\
           backup: rename (if exists) to name~ and start name.\\
           global: single logfile in your home dir, appended to.\\
           over  : overwrite existing log.\\
           rotate: create rotating logs name.1~, name.2~, etc.
 
         Options:
 
           -o: log also IPython's output.  In this mode, all commands which
           generate an Out[NN] prompt are recorded to the logfile, right after
           their corresponding input line.  The output lines are always
           prepended with a '#[Out]# ' marker, so that the log remains valid
           Python code.
 
           Since this marker is always the same, filtering only the output from
           a log is very easy, using for example a simple awk call:
 
             awk -F'#\\[Out\\]# ' '{if($2) {print $2}}' ipython_log.py
 
           -r: log 'raw' input.  Normally, IPython's logs contain the processed
           input, so that user lines are logged in their final form, converted
           into valid Python.  For example, %Exit is logged as
           '_ip.magic("Exit").  If the -r flag is given, all input is logged
           exactly as typed, with no transformations applied.
 
           -t: put timestamps before each input line logged (these are put in
           comments)."""
         
         opts,par = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'ort')
         log_output = 'o' in opts
         log_raw_input = 'r' in opts
         timestamp = 't' in opts
 
         rc = self.shell.rc
         logger = self.shell.logger
 
         # if no args are given, the defaults set in the logger constructor by
         # ipytohn remain valid
         if par:
             try:
                 logfname,logmode = par.split()
             except:
                 logfname = par
                 logmode = 'backup'
         else:
             logfname = logger.logfname
             logmode = logger.logmode
         # put logfname into rc struct as if it had been called on the command
         # line, so it ends up saved in the log header Save it in case we need
         # to restore it...
         old_logfile = rc.opts.get('logfile','')  
         if logfname:
             logfname = os.path.expanduser(logfname)
         rc.opts.logfile = logfname
         loghead = self.shell.loghead_tpl % (rc.opts,rc.args)
         try:
             started  = logger.logstart(logfname,loghead,logmode,
                                        log_output,timestamp,log_raw_input)
         except:
             rc.opts.logfile = old_logfile
             warn("Couldn't start log: %s" % sys.exc_info()[1])
         else:
             # log input history up to this point, optionally interleaving
             # output if requested
 
             if timestamp:
                 # disable timestamping for the previous history, since we've
                 # lost those already (no time machine here).
                 logger.timestamp = False
 
             if log_raw_input:
                 input_hist = self.shell.input_hist_raw
             else:
                 input_hist = self.shell.input_hist
                 
             if log_output:
                 log_write = logger.log_write
                 output_hist = self.shell.output_hist
                 for n in range(1,len(input_hist)-1):
                     log_write(input_hist[n].rstrip())
                     if n in output_hist:
                         log_write(repr(output_hist[n]),'output')
             else:
                 logger.log_write(input_hist[1:])
             if timestamp:
                 # re-enable timestamping
                 logger.timestamp = True
                 
             print ('Activating auto-logging. '
                    'Current session state plus future input saved.')
             logger.logstate()
 
     def magic_logstop(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Fully stop logging and close log file.
 
         In order to start logging again, a new %logstart call needs to be made,
         possibly (though not necessarily) with a new filename, mode and other
         options."""
         self.logger.logstop()
 
     def magic_logoff(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Temporarily stop logging.
 
         You must have previously started logging."""
         self.shell.logger.switch_log(0)
         
     def magic_logon(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Restart logging.
 
         This function is for restarting logging which you've temporarily
         stopped with %logoff. For starting logging for the first time, you
         must use the %logstart function, which allows you to specify an
         optional log filename."""
         
         self.shell.logger.switch_log(1)
     
     def magic_logstate(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Print the status of the logging system."""
 
         self.shell.logger.logstate()
         
     def magic_pdb(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
 
         Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
         argument it works as a toggle.
 
         When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
         interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
         this feature on and off.
 
         The initial state of this feature is set in your ipythonrc
         configuration file (the variable is called 'pdb').
 
         If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired,
         without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use
         the %debug magic."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip().lower()
 
         if par:
             try:
                 new_pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par]
             except KeyError:
                 print ('Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0, '
                        'or nothing for a toggle.')
                 return
         else:
             # toggle
             new_pdb = not self.shell.call_pdb
 
         # set on the shell
         self.shell.call_pdb = new_pdb
         print 'Automatic pdb calling has been turned',on_off(new_pdb)
 
     def magic_debug(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Activate the interactive debugger in post-mortem mode.
 
         If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
         frames interactively.  Note that this will always work only on the last
         traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
         exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
         occurs, it clobbers the previous one.
 
         If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
         the %pdb magic for more details.
         """
         
         self.shell.debugger(force=True)
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_prun(self, parameter_s ='',user_mode=1,
                    opts=None,arg_lst=None,prog_ns=None):
 
         """Run a statement through the python code profiler.
 
         Usage:
           %prun [options] statement
 
         The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
         python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
         Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
         cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
         namespaces which do not hold under IPython.
 
         Options:
 
         -l <limit>: you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
         profile gets printed. The limit value can be:
 
           * A string: only information for function names containing this string
           is printed.
 
           * An integer: only these many lines are printed.
 
           * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
           (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).
 
         You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
         example, '-l __init__ -l 5' will print only the topmost 5 lines of
         information about class constructors.
 
         -r: return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
         object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
         later use it for further analysis or in other functions.
 
        -s <key>: sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
         by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
         default sorting key is 'time'.
 
         The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
         referenced below:
 
         When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
         secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
         before them.
         
         Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
         abbreviation is unambiguous.  The following are the keys currently
         defined:
 
                 Valid Arg       Meaning
                   "calls"      call count
                   "cumulative" cumulative time
                   "file"       file name
                   "module"     file name
                   "pcalls"     primitive call count
                   "line"       line number
                   "name"       function name
                   "nfl"        name/file/line
                   "stdname"    standard name
                   "time"       internal time
 
         Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
         most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
         searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
         distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
         sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
         numbers get compared in an odd way.  For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
         would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
         "20" "3" and "40".  In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
         line numbers.  In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
         sort_stats("name", "file", "line").
 
         -T <filename>: save profile results as shown on screen to a text
         file. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -D <filename>: save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given
         filename. This data is in a format understod by the pstats module, and
         is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile
         objects. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use
         '%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]' where prof_opts
         contains profiler specific options as described here.
         
         You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with::
         
           In [1]: import profile; profile.help()
         """
 
         opts_def = Struct(D=[''],l=[],s=['time'],T=[''])
         # protect user quote marks
         parameter_s = parameter_s.replace('"',r'\"').replace("'",r"\'")
         
         if user_mode:  # regular user call
             opts,arg_str = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'D:l:rs:T:',
                                               list_all=1)
             namespace = self.shell.user_ns
         else:  # called to run a program by %run -p
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(arg_lst[0])
             except IOError,msg:
                 error(msg)
                 return
 
             arg_str = 'execfile(filename,prog_ns)'
             namespace = locals()
 
         opts.merge(opts_def)
         
         prof = profile.Profile()
         try:
             prof = prof.runctx(arg_str,namespace,namespace)
             sys_exit = ''
         except SystemExit:
             sys_exit = """*** SystemExit exception caught in code being profiled."""
 
         stats = pstats.Stats(prof).strip_dirs().sort_stats(*opts.s)
 
         lims = opts.l
         if lims:
             lims = []  # rebuild lims with ints/floats/strings
             for lim in opts.l:
                 try:
                     lims.append(int(lim))
                 except ValueError:
                     try:
                         lims.append(float(lim))
                     except ValueError:
                         lims.append(lim)
                     
         # Trap output.
         stdout_trap = StringIO()
 
         if hasattr(stats,'stream'):
             # In newer versions of python, the stats object has a 'stream'
             # attribute to write into.
             stats.stream = stdout_trap
             stats.print_stats(*lims)
         else:
             # For older versions, we manually redirect stdout during printing
             sys_stdout = sys.stdout
             try:
                 sys.stdout = stdout_trap
                 stats.print_stats(*lims)
             finally:
                 sys.stdout = sys_stdout
                 
         output = stdout_trap.getvalue()
         output = output.rstrip()
 
         page(output,screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length)
         print sys_exit,
 
         dump_file = opts.D[0]
         text_file = opts.T[0]
         if dump_file:
             prof.dump_stats(dump_file)
             print '\n*** Profile stats marshalled to file',\
                   `dump_file`+'.',sys_exit
         if text_file:
             pfile = file(text_file,'w')
             pfile.write(output)
             pfile.close()
             print '\n*** Profile printout saved to text file',\
                   `text_file`+'.',sys_exit
 
         if opts.has_key('r'):
             return stats
         else:
             return None
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_run(self, parameter_s ='',runner=None):
         """Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
 
         Usage:\\
           %run [-n -i -t [-N<N>] -d [-b<N>] -p [profile options]] file [args]
         
         Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to
         the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's
         prompt.
 
         This is similar to running at a system prompt:\\
           $ python file args\\
         but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of
         loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use
         (unless -p is used, see below).
 
         The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of
         __name__=='__main__' and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus
         sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program
         (except for sharing global objects such as previously imported
         modules). But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets
         updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__
         and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for
         interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in.
 
         Options:
         
         -n: __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name
         without extension (as python does under import).  This allows running
         scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code
         protected by an ' if __name__ == "__main__" ' clause.
 
         -i: run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This
         is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor
         which depends on variables defined interactively.
 
         -e: ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script
         being run.  This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to
         run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call.  In such
         cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in
         seeing a traceback of the unittest module.
 
         -t: print timing information at the end of the run.  IPython will give
         you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under
         Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of
         time.clock().  Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks
         is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).
 
         If -t is given, an additional -N<N> option can be given, where <N>
         must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to
         run.  The final timing report will include total and per run results.
 
         For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py):
 
             In [1]: run -t uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\
               User  :    0.19597 s.\\
               System:        0.0 s.\\
 
             In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\
             Total runs performed: 5\\
               Times :      Total       Per run\\
               User  :   0.910862 s,  0.1821724 s.\\
               System:        0.0 s,        0.0 s.
 
         -d: run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger.
         This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables,
         etc.  Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling:
         
           pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")')
 
         with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file.  You can change the line
         number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option
         (where N must be an integer).  For example:
 
           %run -d -b40 myscript
 
         will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py.  Note that
         the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does
         something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.
 
         When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt.  You must
         first enter 'c' (without qoutes) to start execution up to the first
         breakpoint.
 
         Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger.  You
         can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()"
         at a prompt.
 
         -p: run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which
         prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).
 
         You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the
         profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.
 
         In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the
         IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace
         where the profiler executes them).
 
         Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for
         details on the options available specifically for profiling.
 
         There is one special usage for which the text above doesn't apply:
         if the filename ends with .ipy, the file is run as ipython script,
         just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt.
         """
 
         # get arguments and set sys.argv for program to be run.
         opts,arg_lst = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'nidtN:b:pD:l:rs:T:e',
                                           mode='list',list_all=1)
 
         try:
             filename = get_py_filename(arg_lst[0])
         except IndexError:
             warn('you must provide at least a filename.')
             print '\n%run:\n',OInspect.getdoc(self.magic_run)
             return
         except IOError,msg:
             error(msg)
             return
 
         if filename.lower().endswith('.ipy'):
             self.api.runlines(open(filename).read())
             return
         
         # Control the response to exit() calls made by the script being run
         exit_ignore = opts.has_key('e')
         
         # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it
         # were run from a system shell.
         save_argv = sys.argv # save it for later restoring
         sys.argv = [filename]+ arg_lst[1:]  # put in the proper filename
 
         if opts.has_key('i'):
             # Run in user's interactive namespace
             prog_ns = self.shell.user_ns
             __name__save = self.shell.user_ns['__name__']
             prog_ns['__name__'] = '__main__'
             main_mod = FakeModule(prog_ns)
         else:
             # Run in a fresh, empty namespace
             if opts.has_key('n'):
                 name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0]
             else:
                 name = '__main__'
             main_mod = FakeModule()
             prog_ns = main_mod.__dict__
             prog_ns['__name__'] = name
             # The shell MUST hold a reference to main_mod so after %run exits,
             # the python deletion mechanism doesn't zero it out (leaving
             # dangling references)
             self.shell._user_main_modules.append(main_mod)
 
         # Since '%run foo' emulates 'python foo.py' at the cmd line, we must
         # set the __file__ global in the script's namespace
         prog_ns['__file__'] = filename
 
         # pickle fix.  See iplib for an explanation.  But we need to make sure
         # that, if we overwrite __main__, we replace it at the end
         main_mod_name = prog_ns['__name__']
 
         if main_mod_name == '__main__':
             restore_main = sys.modules['__main__']
         else:
             restore_main = False
 
         # This needs to be undone at the end to prevent holding references to
         # every single object ever created.
         sys.modules[main_mod_name] = main_mod
         
         stats = None
         try:
             self.shell.savehist()
 
             if opts.has_key('p'):
                 stats = self.magic_prun('',0,opts,arg_lst,prog_ns)
             else:
                 if opts.has_key('d'):
                     deb = Debugger.Pdb(self.shell.rc.colors)
                     # reset Breakpoint state, which is moronically kept
                     # in a class
                     bdb.Breakpoint.next = 1
                     bdb.Breakpoint.bplist = {}
                     bdb.Breakpoint.bpbynumber = [None]
                     # Set an initial breakpoint to stop execution
                     maxtries = 10
                     bp = int(opts.get('b',[1])[0])
                     checkline = deb.checkline(filename,bp)
                     if not checkline:
                         for bp in range(bp+1,bp+maxtries+1):
                             if deb.checkline(filename,bp):
                                 break
                         else:
                             msg = ("\nI failed to find a valid line to set "
                                    "a breakpoint\n"
                                    "after trying up to line: %s.\n"
                                    "Please set a valid breakpoint manually "
                                    "with the -b option." % bp)
                             error(msg)
                             return
                     # if we find a good linenumber, set the breakpoint
                     deb.do_break('%s:%s' % (filename,bp))
                     # Start file run
                     print "NOTE: Enter 'c' at the",
                     print "%s prompt to start your script." % deb.prompt
                     try:
                         deb.run('execfile("%s")' % filename,prog_ns)
                         
                     except:
                         etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                         # Skip three frames in the traceback: the %run one,
                         # one inside bdb.py, and the command-line typed by the
                         # user (run by exec in pdb itself).
                         self.shell.InteractiveTB(etype,value,tb,tb_offset=3)
                 else:
                     if runner is None:
                         runner = self.shell.safe_execfile
                     if opts.has_key('t'):
                         # timed execution
                         try:
                             nruns = int(opts['N'][0])
                             if nruns < 1:
                                 error('Number of runs must be >=1')
                                 return
                         except (KeyError):
                             nruns = 1
                         if nruns == 1:
                             t0 = clock2()
                             runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns,
                                    exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
                             t1 = clock2()
                             t_usr = t1[0]-t0[0]
                             t_sys = t1[1]-t1[1]
                             print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):"
                             print "  User  : %10s s." % t_usr
                             print "  System: %10s s." % t_sys
                         else:
                             runs = range(nruns)
                             t0 = clock2()
                             for nr in runs:
                                 runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns,
                                        exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
                             t1 = clock2()
                             t_usr = t1[0]-t0[0]
                             t_sys = t1[1]-t1[1]
                             print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):"
                             print "Total runs performed:",nruns
                             print "  Times : %10s    %10s" % ('Total','Per run')
                             print "  User  : %10s s, %10s s." % (t_usr,t_usr/nruns)
                             print "  System: %10s s, %10s s." % (t_sys,t_sys/nruns)
                             
                     else:
                         # regular execution
                         runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns,exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
                 if opts.has_key('i'):
                     self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] = __name__save
                 else:
                     # update IPython interactive namespace
                     del prog_ns['__name__']
                     self.shell.user_ns.update(prog_ns)
         finally:
             # Ensure key global structures are restored
             sys.argv = save_argv
             if restore_main:
                 sys.modules['__main__'] = restore_main
             else:
                 # Remove from sys.modules the reference to main_mod we'd
                 # added.  Otherwise it will trap references to objects
                 # contained therein.
                 del sys.modules[main_mod_name]
             self.shell.reloadhist()
                 
         return stats
 
     def magic_runlog(self, parameter_s =''):
         """Run files as logs.
 
         Usage:\\
           %runlog file1 file2 ...
 
         Run the named files (treating them as log files) in sequence inside
         the interpreter, and return to the prompt.  This is much slower than
         %run because each line is executed in a try/except block, but it
         allows running files with syntax errors in them.
 
         Normally IPython will guess when a file is one of its own logfiles, so
         you can typically use %run even for logs. This shorthand allows you to
         force any file to be treated as a log file."""
 
         for f in parameter_s.split():
             self.shell.safe_execfile(f,self.shell.user_ns,
                                      self.shell.user_ns,islog=1)
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_timeit(self, parameter_s =''):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression
 
         Usage:\\
           %timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c]] statement
 
         Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit
         module.
 
         Options:
         -n<N>: execute the given statement <N> times in a loop. If this value
         is not given, a fitting value is chosen. 
         
         -r<R>: repeat the loop iteration <R> times and take the best result.
         Default: 3
         
         -t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix.
         This function measures wall time.
         
         -c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on
         Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used
         instead and returns the CPU user time.
 
         -p<P>: use a precision of <P> digits to display the timing result.
         Default: 3
 
         
         Examples:
 
           In [1]: %timeit pass
           10000000 loops, best of 3: 53.3 ns per loop
 
           In [2]: u = None
 
           In [3]: %timeit u is None
           10000000 loops, best of 3: 184 ns per loop
 
           In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None
           1000000 loops, best of 4: 242 ns per loop
 
           In [5]: import time
 
           In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2)
           1 loops, best of 3: 2 s per loop
           
 
         The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those
         reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is
         due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace
         of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup
         statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias
         does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with
         those from %timeit."""
 
         import timeit
         import math
 
         units = [u"s", u"ms", u"\xb5s", u"ns"]
         scaling = [1, 1e3, 1e6, 1e9]
 
         opts, stmt = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'n:r:tcp:',
                                         posix=False)
         if stmt == "":
             return
         timefunc = timeit.default_timer
         number = int(getattr(opts, "n", 0))
         repeat = int(getattr(opts, "r", timeit.default_repeat))
         precision = int(getattr(opts, "p", 3))
         if hasattr(opts, "t"):
             timefunc = time.time
         if hasattr(opts, "c"):
             timefunc = clock
 
         timer = timeit.Timer(timer=timefunc)
         # this code has tight coupling to the inner workings of timeit.Timer,
         # but is there a better way to achieve that the code stmt has access
         # to the shell namespace?
 
         src = timeit.template % {'stmt': timeit.reindent(stmt, 8),
                                  'setup': "pass"}
         # Track compilation time so it can be reported if too long
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
         
         t0 = clock()
         code = compile(src, "<magic-timeit>", "exec")
         tc = clock()-t0
         
         ns = {}
         exec code in self.shell.user_ns, ns
         timer.inner = ns["inner"]
         
         if number == 0:
             # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
             number = 1
             for i in range(1, 10):
                 number *= 10
                 if timer.timeit(number) >= 0.2:
                     break
         
         best = min(timer.repeat(repeat, number)) / number
 
         if best > 0.0:
             order = min(-int(math.floor(math.log10(best)) // 3), 3)
         else:
             order = 3
         print u"%d loops, best of %d: %.*g %s per loop" % (number, repeat,
                                                           precision,
                                                           best * scaling[order],
                                                           units[order])
         if tc > tc_min:
             print "Compiler time: %.2f s" % tc
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_time(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
 
         The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the
         expression (if any) is returned.  Note that under Win32, system time
         is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.
 
         This function provides very basic timing functionality.  In Python
         2.3, the timeit module offers more control and sophistication, so this
         could be rewritten to use it (patches welcome).
         
         Some examples:
 
           In [1]: time 2**128
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
           Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
 
           In [2]: n = 1000000
 
           In [3]: time sum(range(n))
           CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s
           Wall time: 1.37
           Out[3]: 499999500000L
 
           In [4]: time print 'hello world'
           hello world
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
 
           Note that the time needed by Python to compile the given expression
           will be reported if it is more than 0.1s.  In this example, the
           actual exponentiation is done by Python at compilation time, so while
           the expression can take a noticeable amount of time to compute, that
           time is purely due to the compilation:
 
           In [5]: time 3**9999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
 
           In [6]: time 3**999999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
           Compiler : 0.78 s
           """
         
         # fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled
         
         expr = self.shell.prefilter(parameter_s,False)
 
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
         
         try:
             mode = 'eval'
             t0 = clock()
             code = compile(expr,'<timed eval>',mode)
             tc = clock()-t0
         except SyntaxError:
             mode = 'exec'
             t0 = clock()
             code = compile(expr,'<timed exec>',mode)
             tc = clock()-t0
         # skew measurement as little as possible
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         clk = clock2
         wtime = time.time
         # time execution
         wall_st = wtime()
         if mode=='eval':
             st = clk()
             out = eval(code,glob)
             end = clk()
         else:
             st = clk()
             exec code in glob
             end = clk()
             out = None
         wall_end = wtime()
         # Compute actual times and report
         wall_time = wall_end-wall_st
         cpu_user = end[0]-st[0]
         cpu_sys = end[1]-st[1]
         cpu_tot = cpu_user+cpu_sys
         print "CPU times: user %.2f s, sys: %.2f s, total: %.2f s" % \
               (cpu_user,cpu_sys,cpu_tot)
         print "Wall time: %.2f s" % wall_time
         if tc > tc_min:
             print "Compiler : %.2f s" % tc
         return out
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_macro(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Define a set of input lines as a macro for future re-execution.
 
         Usage:\\
           %macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
         
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
           command line is used instead.
 
         This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string
         made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers
         above) from your input history into a single string. This variable
         acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if
         you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code
         executes.
 
         The notation for indicating number ranges is: n1-n2 means 'use line
         numbers n1,...n2' (the endpoint is included).  That is, '5-7' means
         using the lines numbered 5,6 and 7.
 
         Note: as a 'hidden' feature, you can also use traditional python slice
         notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1.
 
         For example, if your history contains (%hist prints it):
         
           44: x=1
           45: y=3
           46: z=x+y
           47: print x
           48: a=5
           49: print 'x',x,'y',y
 
         you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49
         called my_macro with:
 
           In [55]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49
 
         Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code
         in one pass.
 
         You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line
         number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any
         lines from your input history in any order.
 
         The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute,
         but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as
         code instead of printing them when you type their name.
 
         You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with:
         
           'print macro_name'.
 
         For one-off cases which DON'T contain magic function calls in them you
         can obtain similar results by explicitly executing slices from your
         input history with:
 
           In [60]: exec In[44:48]+In[49]"""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r',mode='list')
         if not args:
             macs = [k for k,v in self.shell.user_ns.items() if isinstance(v, Macro)]
             macs.sort()
             return macs
         if len(args) == 1:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%macro insufficient args; usage '%macro name n1-n2 n3-4...")
         name,ranges = args[0], args[1:]
         
         #print 'rng',ranges  # dbg
         lines = self.extract_input_slices(ranges,opts.has_key('r'))
         macro = Macro(lines)
         self.shell.user_ns.update({name:macro})
         print 'Macro `%s` created. To execute, type its name (without quotes).' % name
         print 'Macro contents:'
         print macro,
 
     def magic_save(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Save a set of lines to a given filename.
 
         Usage:\\
           %save [options] filename n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
         
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
           command line is used instead.
 
         This function uses the same syntax as %macro for line extraction, but
         instead of creating a macro it saves the resulting string to the
         filename you specify.
 
         It adds a '.py' extension to the file if you don't do so yourself, and
         it asks for confirmation before overwriting existing files."""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r',mode='list')
         fname,ranges = args[0], args[1:]
         if not fname.endswith('.py'):
             fname += '.py'
         if os.path.isfile(fname):
             ans = raw_input('File `%s` exists. Overwrite (y/[N])? ' % fname)
             if ans.lower() not in ['y','yes']:
                 print 'Operation cancelled.'
                 return
         cmds = ''.join(self.extract_input_slices(ranges,opts.has_key('r')))
         f = file(fname,'w')
         f.write(cmds)
         f.close()
         print 'The following commands were written to file `%s`:' % fname
         print cmds
 
     def _edit_macro(self,mname,macro):
         """open an editor with the macro data in a file"""
         filename = self.shell.mktempfile(macro.value)
         self.shell.hooks.editor(filename)
 
         # and make a new macro object, to replace the old one
         mfile = open(filename)
         mvalue = mfile.read()
         mfile.close()
         self.shell.user_ns[mname] = Macro(mvalue)
 
     def magic_ed(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Alias to %edit."""
         return self.magic_edit(parameter_s)
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_edit(self,parameter_s='',last_call=['','']):
         """Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
 
         Usage:
           %edit [options] [args]
 
         %edit runs IPython's editor hook.  The default version of this hook is
         set to call the __IPYTHON__.rc.editor command.  This is read from your
         environment variable $EDITOR.  If this isn't found, it will default to
         vi under Linux/Unix and to notepad under Windows.  See the end of this
         docstring for how to change the editor hook.
 
         You can also set the value of this editor via the command line option
         '-editor' or in your ipythonrc file. This is useful if you wish to use
         specifically for IPython an editor different from your typical default
         (and for Windows users who typically don't set environment variables).
 
         This command allows you to conveniently edit multi-line code right in
         your IPython session.
         
         If called without arguments, %edit opens up an empty editor with a
         temporary file and will execute the contents of this file when you
         close it (don't forget to save it!).
 
 
         Options:
 
         -n <number>: open the editor at a specified line number.  By default,
         the IPython editor hook uses the unix syntax 'editor +N filename', but
         you can configure this by providing your own modified hook if your
         favorite editor supports line-number specifications with a different
         syntax.
         
         -p: this will call the editor with the same data as the previous time
         it was used, regardless of how long ago (in your current session) it
         was.
 
         -r: use 'raw' input.  This option only applies to input taken from the
         user's history.  By default, the 'processed' history is used, so that
         magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python.  If
         this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is
         used instead.  When you exit the editor, it will be executed by
         IPython's own processor.
         
         -x: do not execute the edited code immediately upon exit. This is
         mainly useful if you are editing programs which need to be called with
         command line arguments, which you can then do using %run.
 
 
         Arguments:
 
         If arguments are given, the following possibilites exist:
 
         - The arguments are numbers or pairs of colon-separated numbers (like
         1 4:8 9). These are interpreted as lines of previous input to be
         loaded into the editor. The syntax is the same of the %macro command.
 
         - If the argument doesn't start with a number, it is evaluated as a
         variable and its contents loaded into the editor. You can thus edit
         any string which contains python code (including the result of
         previous edits).
 
         - If the argument is the name of an object (other than a string),
         IPython will try to locate the file where it was defined and open the
         editor at the point where it is defined. You can use `%edit function`
         to load an editor exactly at the point where 'function' is defined,
         edit it and have the file be executed automatically.
 
         If the object is a macro (see %macro for details), this opens up your
         specified editor with a temporary file containing the macro's data.
         Upon exit, the macro is reloaded with the contents of the file.
 
         Note: opening at an exact line is only supported under Unix, and some
         editors (like kedit and gedit up to Gnome 2.8) do not understand the
         '+NUMBER' parameter necessary for this feature. Good editors like
         (X)Emacs, vi, jed, pico and joe all do.
 
         - If the argument is not found as a variable, IPython will look for a
         file with that name (adding .py if necessary) and load it into the
         editor. It will execute its contents with execfile() when you exit,
         loading any code in the file into your interactive namespace.
 
         After executing your code, %edit will return as output the code you
         typed in the editor (except when it was an existing file). This way
         you can reload the code in further invocations of %edit as a variable,
         via _<NUMBER> or Out[<NUMBER>], where <NUMBER> is the prompt number of
         the output.
 
         Note that %edit is also available through the alias %ed.
 
         This is an example of creating a simple function inside the editor and
         then modifying it. First, start up the editor:
 
         In [1]: ed
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         Out[1]: 'def foo():n    print "foo() was defined in an editing session"n'
 
         We can then call the function foo():
         
         In [2]: foo()
         foo() was defined in an editing session
 
         Now we edit foo.  IPython automatically loads the editor with the
         (temporary) file where foo() was previously defined:
         
         In [3]: ed foo
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
 
         And if we call foo() again we get the modified version:
         
         In [4]: foo()
         foo() has now been changed!
 
         Here is an example of how to edit a code snippet successive
         times. First we call the editor:
 
         In [5]: ed
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         hello
         Out[5]: "print 'hello'n"
 
         Now we call it again with the previous output (stored in _):
 
         In [6]: ed _
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         hello world
         Out[6]: "print 'hello world'n"
 
         Now we call it with the output #8 (stored in _8, also as Out[8]):
 
         In [7]: ed _8
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
         hello again
         Out[7]: "print 'hello again'n"
 
 
         Changing the default editor hook:
 
         If you wish to write your own editor hook, you can put it in a
         configuration file which you load at startup time.  The default hook
         is defined in the IPython.hooks module, and you can use that as a
         starting example for further modifications.  That file also has
         general instructions on how to set a new hook for use once you've
         defined it."""
         
         # FIXME: This function has become a convoluted mess.  It needs a
         # ground-up rewrite with clean, simple logic.
 
         def make_filename(arg):
             "Make a filename from the given args"
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(arg)
             except IOError:
                 if args.endswith('.py'):
                     filename = arg
                 else:
                     filename = None
             return filename
 
         # custom exceptions
         class DataIsObject(Exception): pass
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'prxn:')
         # Set a few locals from the options for convenience:
         opts_p = opts.has_key('p')
         opts_r = opts.has_key('r')
         
         # Default line number value
         lineno = opts.get('n',None)
 
         if opts_p:
             args = '_%s' % last_call[0]
             if not self.shell.user_ns.has_key(args):
                 args = last_call[1]
             
         # use last_call to remember the state of the previous call, but don't
         # let it be clobbered by successive '-p' calls.
         try:
             last_call[0] = self.shell.outputcache.prompt_count
             if not opts_p:
                 last_call[1] = parameter_s
         except:
             pass
 
         # by default this is done with temp files, except when the given
         # arg is a filename
         use_temp = 1
 
         if re.match(r'\d',args):
             # Mode where user specifies ranges of lines, like in %macro.
             # This means that you can't edit files whose names begin with
             # numbers this way. Tough.
             ranges = args.split()
             data = ''.join(self.extract_input_slices(ranges,opts_r))
         elif args.endswith('.py'):
             filename = make_filename(args)
             data = ''
             use_temp = 0
         elif args:
             try:
                 # Load the parameter given as a variable. If not a string,
                 # process it as an object instead (below)
 
                 #print '*** args',args,'type',type(args)  # dbg
                 data = eval(args,self.shell.user_ns)
                 if not type(data) in StringTypes:
                     raise DataIsObject
 
             except (NameError,SyntaxError):
                 # given argument is not a variable, try as a filename
                 filename = make_filename(args)
                 if filename is None:
                     warn("Argument given (%s) can't be found as a variable "
                          "or as a filename." % args)
                     return
 
                 data = ''
                 use_temp = 0
             except DataIsObject:
 
                 # macros have a special edit function
                 if isinstance(data,Macro):
                     self._edit_macro(args,data)
                     return
                                 
                 # For objects, try to edit the file where they are defined
                 try:
                     filename = inspect.getabsfile(data)
                     if 'fakemodule' in filename.lower() and inspect.isclass(data):                     
                         # class created by %edit? Try to find source
                         # by looking for method definitions instead, the
                         # __module__ in those classes is FakeModule.
                         attrs = [getattr(data, aname) for aname in dir(data)]
                         for attr in attrs:
                             if not inspect.ismethod(attr):
                                 continue
                             filename = inspect.getabsfile(attr)
                             if filename and 'fakemodule' not in filename.lower():
                                 # change the attribute to be the edit target instead
                                 data = attr 
                                 break
                     
                     datafile = 1
                 except TypeError:
                     filename = make_filename(args)
                     datafile = 1
                     warn('Could not find file where `%s` is defined.\n'
                          'Opening a file named `%s`' % (args,filename))
                 # Now, make sure we can actually read the source (if it was in
                 # a temp file it's gone by now).
                 if datafile:
                     try:
                         if lineno is None:
                             lineno = inspect.getsourcelines(data)[1]
                     except IOError:
                         filename = make_filename(args)
                         if filename is None:
                             warn('The file `%s` where `%s` was defined cannot '
                                  'be read.' % (filename,data))
                             return
                 use_temp = 0
         else:
             data = ''
 
         if use_temp:
             filename = self.shell.mktempfile(data)
             print 'IPython will make a temporary file named:',filename
 
         # do actual editing here
         print 'Editing...',
         sys.stdout.flush()
+        try:
         self.shell.hooks.editor(filename,lineno)
+        except IPython.ipapi.TryNext:
+            warn('Could not open editor')
+            return
         
         # XXX TODO: should this be generalized for all string vars?
         # For now, this is special-cased to blocks created by cpaste
         if args.strip() == 'pasted_block':
             self.shell.user_ns['pasted_block'] = file_read(filename)
         
         if opts.has_key('x'):  # -x prevents actual execution
             print
         else:
             print 'done. Executing edited code...'
             if opts_r:
                 self.shell.runlines(file_read(filename))
             else:
                 self.shell.safe_execfile(filename,self.shell.user_ns,
                                          self.shell.user_ns)
         
                                                      
         if use_temp:
             try:
                 return open(filename).read()
             except IOError,msg:
                 if msg.filename == filename:
                     warn('File not found. Did you forget to save?')
                     return
                 else:
                     self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     def magic_xmode(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Switch modes for the exception handlers.
 
         Valid modes: Plain, Context and Verbose.
 
         If called without arguments, acts as a toggle."""
 
         def xmode_switch_err(name):
             warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' %
                  (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
 
         shell = self.shell
         new_mode = parameter_s.strip().capitalize()
         try:
             shell.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
             print 'Exception reporting mode:',shell.InteractiveTB.mode
         except:
             xmode_switch_err('user')
 
         # threaded shells use a special handler in sys.excepthook
         if shell.isthreaded:
             try:
                 shell.sys_excepthook.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
             except:
                 xmode_switch_err('threaded')
             
     def magic_colors(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
 
         Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
 
         Color scheme names are not case-sensitive."""
 
         def color_switch_err(name):
             warn('Error changing %s color schemes.\n%s' %
                  (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
             
         
         new_scheme = parameter_s.strip()
         if not new_scheme:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%colors: you must specify a color scheme. See '%colors?'")
             return
         # local shortcut
         shell = self.shell
 
         import IPython.rlineimpl as readline
 
         if not readline.have_readline and sys.platform == "win32":
             msg = """\
 Proper color support under MS Windows requires the pyreadline library.
 You can find it at:
 http://ipython.scipy.org/moin/PyReadline/Intro
 Gary's readline needs the ctypes module, from:
 http://starship.python.net/crew/theller/ctypes
 (Note that ctypes is already part of Python versions 2.5 and newer).
 
 Defaulting color scheme to 'NoColor'"""
             new_scheme = 'NoColor'
             warn(msg)
         
         # readline option is 0
         if not shell.has_readline:
             new_scheme = 'NoColor'
             
         # Set prompt colors
         try:
             shell.outputcache.set_colors(new_scheme)
         except:
             color_switch_err('prompt')
         else:
             shell.rc.colors = \
                        shell.outputcache.color_table.active_scheme_name
         # Set exception colors
         try:
             shell.InteractiveTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
             shell.SyntaxTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
         except:
             color_switch_err('exception')
 
         # threaded shells use a verbose traceback in sys.excepthook
         if shell.isthreaded:
             try:
                 shell.sys_excepthook.set_colors(scheme=new_scheme)
             except:
                 color_switch_err('system exception handler')
         
         # Set info (for 'object?') colors
         if shell.rc.color_info:
             try:
                 shell.inspector.set_active_scheme(new_scheme)
             except:
                 color_switch_err('object inspector')
         else:
             shell.inspector.set_active_scheme('NoColor')
                 
     def magic_color_info(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Toggle color_info.
 
         The color_info configuration parameter controls whether colors are
         used for displaying object details (by things like %psource, %pfile or
         the '?' system). This function toggles this value with each call.
 
         Note that unless you have a fairly recent pager (less works better
         than more) in your system, using colored object information displays
         will not work properly. Test it and see."""
         
         self.shell.rc.color_info = 1 - self.shell.rc.color_info
         self.magic_colors(self.shell.rc.colors)
         print 'Object introspection functions have now coloring:',
         print ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.color_info]
 
     def magic_Pprint(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Toggle pretty printing on/off."""
         
         self.shell.rc.pprint = 1 - self.shell.rc.pprint
         print 'Pretty printing has been turned', \
               ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.pprint]
         
     def magic_exit(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Exit IPython, confirming if configured to do so.
 
         You can configure whether IPython asks for confirmation upon exit by
         setting the confirm_exit flag in the ipythonrc file."""
 
         self.shell.exit()
 
     def magic_quit(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Exit IPython, confirming if configured to do so (like %exit)"""
 
         self.shell.exit()
         
     def magic_Exit(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Exit IPython without confirmation."""
 
         self.shell.ask_exit()
 
     #......................................................................
     # Functions to implement unix shell-type things
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_alias(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Define an alias for a system command.
 
         '%alias alias_name cmd' defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd'
 
         Then, typing 'alias_name params' will execute the system command 'cmd
         params' (from your underlying operating system).
 
         Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal
         variables, so if 'foo' is both a Python variable and an alias, the
         alias can not be executed until 'del foo' removes the Python variable.
 
         You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the
         whole line when the alias is called.  For example:
 
           In [2]: alias all echo "Input in brackets: <%l>"
           In [3]: all hello world
           Input in brackets: <hello world>
 
         You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one
         per parameter):
         
           In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s
           In [2]: %parts A B
           first A second B
           In [3]: %parts A
           Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.
           parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s'
 
         Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive.  You can only use one or
         the other in your aliases.
 
         Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !! 
         do: all expressions prefixed with '$' get expanded.  For details of
         the semantic rules, see PEP-215:
         http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html.  This is the library used by
         IPython for variable expansion.  If you want to access a true shell
         variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by IPython:
 
         In [6]: alias show echo
         In [7]: PATH='A Python string'
         In [8]: show $PATH
         A Python string
         In [9]: show $$PATH
         /usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:...
 
         You can use the alias facility to acess all of $PATH.  See the %rehash
         and %rehashx functions, which automatically create aliases for the
         contents of your $PATH.
 
         If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip()
         if not par:
             stored = self.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
             atab = self.shell.alias_table
             aliases = atab.keys()
             aliases.sort()
             res = []
             showlast = []
             for alias in aliases:
                 special = False
                 try:
                     tgt = atab[alias][1]
                 except (TypeError, AttributeError):
                     # unsubscriptable? probably a callable
                     tgt = atab[alias]
                     special = True
                 # 'interesting' aliases
                 if (alias in stored or
                     special or 
                     alias.lower() != os.path.splitext(tgt)[0].lower() or
                     ' ' in tgt):
                     showlast.append((alias, tgt))
                 else:
                     res.append((alias, tgt ))                
             
             # show most interesting aliases last
             res.extend(showlast)
             print "Total number of aliases:",len(aliases)
             return res
         try:
             alias,cmd = par.split(None,1)
         except:
             print OInspect.getdoc(self.magic_alias)
         else:
             nargs = cmd.count('%s')
             if nargs>0 and cmd.find('%l')>=0:
                 error('The %s and %l specifiers are mutually exclusive '
                       'in alias definitions.')
             else:  # all looks OK
                 self.shell.alias_table[alias] = (nargs,cmd)
                 self.shell.alias_table_validate(verbose=0)
     # end magic_alias
 
     def magic_unalias(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Remove an alias"""
 
         aname = parameter_s.strip()
         if aname in self.shell.alias_table:
             del self.shell.alias_table[aname]
         stored = self.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
         if aname in stored:
             print "Removing %stored alias",aname
             del stored[aname]
             self.db['stored_aliases'] = stored
             
 
     def magic_rehashx(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
 
         This version explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file
         with execute access (os.X_OK), so it is much slower than %rehash.
 
         Under Windows, it checks executability as a match agains a
         '|'-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config
         variable win_exec_ext.  This defaults to 'exe|com|bat'.
         
         This function also resets the root module cache of module completer,
         used on slow filesystems.
         """
         
         
         ip = self.api
 
         # for the benefit of module completer in ipy_completers.py
         del ip.db['rootmodules']
         
         path = [os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(p)) for p in 
             os.environ.get('PATH','').split(os.pathsep)]
         path = filter(os.path.isdir,path)
         
         alias_table = self.shell.alias_table
         syscmdlist = []
         if os.name == 'posix':
             isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and \
                      os.access(fname,os.X_OK)
         else:
 
             try:
                 winext = os.environ['pathext'].replace(';','|').replace('.','')
             except KeyError:
                 winext = 'exe|com|bat|py'
             if 'py' not in winext:
                 winext += '|py'
             execre = re.compile(r'(.*)\.(%s)$' % winext,re.IGNORECASE)
             isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and execre.match(fname)
         savedir = os.getcwd()
         try:
             # write the whole loop for posix/Windows so we don't have an if in
             # the innermost part
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 for pdir in path:
                     os.chdir(pdir)
                     for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                         if isexec(ff) and ff not in self.shell.no_alias:
                             # each entry in the alias table must be (N,name),
                             # where N is the number of positional arguments of the
                             # alias.                            
                             # Dots will be removed from alias names, since ipython
                             # assumes names with dots to be python code
                             alias_table[ff.replace('.','')] = (0,ff)
                             syscmdlist.append(ff)
             else:
                 for pdir in path:
                     os.chdir(pdir)
                     for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                         base, ext = os.path.splitext(ff)
                         if isexec(ff) and base.lower() not in self.shell.no_alias:
                             if ext.lower() == '.exe':
                                 ff = base
                             alias_table[base.lower().replace('.','')] = (0,ff)
                             syscmdlist.append(ff)
             # Make sure the alias table doesn't contain keywords or builtins
             self.shell.alias_table_validate()
             # Call again init_auto_alias() so we get 'rm -i' and other
             # modified aliases since %rehashx will probably clobber them
             
             # no, we don't want them. if %rehashx clobbers them, good,
             # we'll probably get better versions
             # self.shell.init_auto_alias()
             db = ip.db
             db['syscmdlist'] = syscmdlist
         finally:
             os.chdir(savedir)
         
     def magic_pwd(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Return the current working directory path."""
         return os.getcwd()
 
     def magic_cd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change the current working directory.
 
         This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories
         you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The
         command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted. You can also
         do 'cd -<tab>' to see directory history conveniently.
 
         Usage:
 
           cd 'dir': changes to directory 'dir'.
 
           cd -: changes to the last visited directory.
 
           cd -<n>: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history.
 
           cd --foo: change to directory that matches 'foo' in history
             
           cd -b <bookmark_name>: jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark
              (note: cd <bookmark_name> is enough if there is no
               directory <bookmark_name>, but a bookmark with the name exists.)
               'cd -b <tab>' allows you to tab-complete bookmark names. 
 
         Options:
 
         -q: quiet.  Do not print the working directory after the cd command is
         executed.  By default IPython's cd command does print this directory,
         since the default prompts do not display path information.
         
         Note that !cd doesn't work for this purpose because the shell where
         !command runs is immediately discarded after executing 'command'."""
 
         parameter_s = parameter_s.strip()
         #bkms = self.shell.persist.get("bookmarks",{})
 
         oldcwd = os.getcwd()
         numcd = re.match(r'(-)(\d+)$',parameter_s)
         # jump in directory history by number
         if numcd:
             nn = int(numcd.group(2))
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][nn]
             except IndexError:
                 print 'The requested directory does not exist in history.'
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
         elif parameter_s.startswith('--'):
             ps = None
             fallback = None
             pat = parameter_s[2:]
             dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
             # first search only by basename (last component)
             for ent in reversed(dh):
                 if pat in os.path.basename(ent) and os.path.isdir(ent):
                     ps = ent
                     break
             
                 if fallback is None and pat in ent and os.path.isdir(ent):
                     fallback = ent
                 
             # if we have no last part match, pick the first full path match
             if ps is None:
                 ps = fallback
             
             if ps is None:
                 print "No matching entry in directory history"
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
                 
             
         else:
             #turn all non-space-escaping backslashes to slashes, 
             # for c:\windows\directory\names\
             parameter_s = re.sub(r'\\(?! )','/', parameter_s)            
             opts,ps = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'qb',mode='string')
         # jump to previous
         if ps == '-':
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-2]
             except IndexError:
                 raise UsageError('%cd -: No previous directory to change to.')
         # jump to bookmark if needed
         else:
             if not os.path.isdir(ps) or opts.has_key('b'):
                 bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks', {})
             
                 if bkms.has_key(ps):
                     target = bkms[ps]
                     print '(bookmark:%s) -> %s' % (ps,target)
                     ps = target
                 else:
                     if opts.has_key('b'):
                         raise UsageError("Bookmark '%s' not found.  "
                               "Use '%%bookmark -l' to see your bookmarks." % ps)
             
         # at this point ps should point to the target dir
         if ps:
             try:                
                 os.chdir(os.path.expanduser(ps))
                 if self.shell.rc.term_title:
                     #print 'set term title:',self.shell.rc.term_title  # dbg
                     platutils.set_term_title('IPy ' + abbrev_cwd())
             except OSError:
                 print sys.exc_info()[1]
             else:
                 cwd = os.getcwd()
                 dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
                 if oldcwd != cwd:
                     dhist.append(cwd)
                     self.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
                 
         else:
             os.chdir(self.shell.home_dir)
             if self.shell.rc.term_title:
                 platutils.set_term_title("IPy ~")
             cwd = os.getcwd()
             dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
             
             if oldcwd != cwd:
                 dhist.append(cwd)
                 self.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
         if not 'q' in opts and self.shell.user_ns['_dh']:
             print self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-1]
 
 
     def magic_env(self, parameter_s=''):
         """List environment variables."""
         
         return os.environ.data
 
     def magic_pushd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
         
         Usage:\\
           %pushd ['dirname']
         """
         
         dir_s = self.shell.dir_stack
         tgt = os.path.expanduser(parameter_s)
         cwd = os.getcwd().replace(self.home_dir,'~')
         if tgt:
             self.magic_cd(parameter_s)
         dir_s.insert(0,cwd)
         return self.magic_dirs()
 
     def magic_popd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
         """
         if not self.shell.dir_stack:
             raise UsageError("%popd on empty stack")
         top = self.shell.dir_stack.pop(0)
         self.magic_cd(top)
         print "popd ->",top
 
     def magic_dirs(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return the current directory stack."""
 
         return self.shell.dir_stack
 
     def magic_dhist(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print your history of visited directories.
 
         %dhist       -> print full history\\
         %dhist n     -> print last n entries only\\
         %dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n1 not included)\\
 
         This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and
         always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd -<n>
         to go to directory number <n>.
         
         Note that most of time, you should view directory history by entering
         cd -<TAB>.
         
         """
 
         dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
         if parameter_s:
             try:
                 args = map(int,parameter_s.split())
             except:
                 self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist)
                 return
             if len(args) == 1:
                 ini,fin = max(len(dh)-(args[0]),0),len(dh)
             elif len(args) == 2:
                 ini,fin = args
             else:
                 self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist)
                 return
         else:
             ini,fin = 0,len(dh)
         nlprint(dh,
                 header = 'Directory history (kept in _dh)',
                 start=ini,stop=fin)
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_sc(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Shell capture - execute a shell command and capture its output.
 
         DEPRECATED. Suboptimal, retained for backwards compatibility.
         
         You should use the form 'var = !command' instead. Example:
          
          "%sc -l myfiles = ls ~" should now be written as
             
          "myfiles = !ls ~"
          
         myfiles.s, myfiles.l and myfiles.n still apply as documented
         below.
 
         --
         %sc [options] varname=command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         will then update the user's interactive namespace with a variable
         called varname, containing the value of the call.  Your command can
         contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc.
 
         The '=' sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you
         supply must follow Python's standard conventions for valid names.
         
         (A special format without variable name exists for internal use)
 
         Options:
 
           -l: list output.  Split the output on newlines into a list before
           assigning it to the given variable.  By default the output is stored
           as a single string.
 
           -v: verbose.  Print the contents of the variable.
 
         In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the
         returned value is a special type of string which can automatically
         provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a
         space-separated string.  These are convenient, respectively, either
         for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command.
 
         For example:
 
         # all-random
         
             # Capture into variable a
             In [1]: sc a=ls *py
 
             # a is a string with embedded newlines
             In [2]: a
             Out[2]: 'setup.py\\nwin32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # which can be seen as a list:
             In [3]: a.l
             Out[3]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             # or as a whitespace-separated string:
             In [4]: a.s
             Out[4]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # a.s is useful to pass as a single command line:
             In [5]: !wc -l $a.s
               146 setup.py
               130 win32_manual_post_install.py
               276 total
 
             # while the list form is useful to loop over:
             In [6]: for f in a.l:
               ...:      !wc -l $f
               ...:
             146 setup.py
             130 win32_manual_post_install.py
 
         Similiarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in
         the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to
         automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents:
 
             In [7]: sc -l b=ls *py
 
             In [8]: b
             Out[8]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             In [9]: b.s
             Out[9]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
         In summary, both the lists and strings used for ouptut capture have
         the following special attributes:
 
             .l (or .list) : value as list.
             .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
             .s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string.
         """
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'lv')
         # Try to get a variable name and command to run
         try:
             # the variable name must be obtained from the parse_options
             # output, which uses shlex.split to strip options out.
             var,_ = args.split('=',1)
             var = var.strip()
             # But the the command has to be extracted from the original input
             # parameter_s, not on what parse_options returns, to avoid the
             # quote stripping which shlex.split performs on it.
             _,cmd = parameter_s.split('=',1)
         except ValueError:
             var,cmd = '',''
         # If all looks ok, proceed
         out,err = self.shell.getoutputerror(cmd)
         if err:
             print >> Term.cerr,err
         if opts.has_key('l'):
             out = SList(out.split('\n'))
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         if opts.has_key('v'):
             print '%s ==\n%s' % (var,pformat(out))
         if var:
             self.shell.user_ns.update({var:out})
         else:
             return out
 
     def magic_sx(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Shell execute - run a shell command and capture its output.
 
         %sx command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         return the result formatted as a list (split on '\\n').  Since the
         output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython's regular output
         cache Out[N] and in the '_N' automatic variables.
 
         Notes:
 
         1) If an input line begins with '!!', then %sx is automatically
         invoked.  That is, while:
           !ls
         causes ipython to simply issue system('ls'), typing
           !!ls
         is a shorthand equivalent to:
           %sx ls
         
         2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
         like '%sc -l'.  The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
         to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
         %sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
         typing.
 
         3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:
 
           .l (or .list) : value as list.
           .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
           .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
 
         This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
         system commands."""
 
         if parameter_s:
             out,err = self.shell.getoutputerror(parameter_s)
             if err:
                 print >> Term.cerr,err
             return SList(out.split('\n'))
 
     def magic_bg(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Run a job in the background, in a separate thread.
 
         For example,
 
           %bg myfunc(x,y,z=1)
 
         will execute 'myfunc(x,y,z=1)' in a background thread.  As soon as the
         execution starts, a message will be printed indicating the job
         number.  If your job number is 5, you can use
 
           myvar = jobs.result(5)  or  myvar = jobs[5].result
 
         to assign this result to variable 'myvar'.
 
         IPython has a job manager, accessible via the 'jobs' object.  You can
         type jobs? to get more information about it, and use jobs.<TAB> to see
         its attributes.  All attributes not starting with an underscore are
         meant for public use.
 
         In particular, look at the jobs.new() method, which is used to create
         new jobs.  This magic %bg function is just a convenience wrapper
         around jobs.new(), for expression-based jobs.  If you want to create a
         new job with an explicit function object and arguments, you must call
         jobs.new() directly.
 
         The jobs.new docstring also describes in detail several important
         caveats associated with a thread-based model for background job
         execution.  Type jobs.new? for details.
 
         You can check the status of all jobs with jobs.status().
 
         The jobs variable is set by IPython into the Python builtin namespace.
         If you ever declare a variable named 'jobs', you will shadow this
         name.  You can either delete your global jobs variable to regain
         access to the job manager, or make a new name and assign it manually
         to the manager (stored in IPython's namespace).  For example, to
         assign the job manager to the Jobs name, use:
 
           Jobs = __builtins__.jobs"""
         
         self.shell.jobs.new(parameter_s,self.shell.user_ns)
         
     def magic_r(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Repeat previous input.
 
         Note: Consider using the more powerfull %rep instead!
         
         If given an argument, repeats the previous command which starts with
         the same string, otherwise it just repeats the previous input.
 
         Shell escaped commands (with ! as first character) are not recognized
         by this system, only pure python code and magic commands.
         """
 
         start = parameter_s.strip()
         esc_magic = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
         # Identify magic commands even if automagic is on (which means
         # the in-memory version is different from that typed by the user).
         if self.shell.rc.automagic:
             start_magic = esc_magic+start
         else:
             start_magic = start
         # Look through the input history in reverse
         for n in range(len(self.shell.input_hist)-2,0,-1):
             input = self.shell.input_hist[n]
             # skip plain 'r' lines so we don't recurse to infinity
             if input != '_ip.magic("r")\n' and \
                    (input.startswith(start) or input.startswith(start_magic)):
                 #print 'match',`input`  # dbg
                 print 'Executing:',input,
                 self.shell.runlines(input)
                 return
         print 'No previous input matching `%s` found.' % start
 
     
     def magic_bookmark(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Manage IPython's bookmark system.
 
         %bookmark <name>       - set bookmark to current dir
         %bookmark <name> <dir> - set bookmark to <dir>
         %bookmark -l           - list all bookmarks
         %bookmark -d <name>    - remove bookmark
         %bookmark -r           - remove all bookmarks
 
         You can later on access a bookmarked folder with:
           %cd -b <name>
         or simply '%cd <name>' if there is no directory called <name> AND
         there is such a bookmark defined.
 
         Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are
         associated with each profile."""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'drl',mode='list')
         if len(args) > 2:
             raise UsageError("%bookmark: too many arguments")
 
         bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks',{})
             
         if opts.has_key('d'):
             try:
                 todel = args[0]
             except IndexError:
                 raise UsageError(
                     "%bookmark -d: must provide a bookmark to delete")
             else:
                 try:
                     del bkms[todel]
                 except KeyError:
                     raise UsageError(
                         "%%bookmark -d: Can't delete bookmark '%s'" % todel)
 
         elif opts.has_key('r'):
             bkms = {}
         elif opts.has_key('l'):
             bks = bkms.keys()
             bks.sort()
             if bks:
                 size = max(map(len,bks))
             else:
                 size = 0
             fmt = '%-'+str(size)+'s -> %s'
             print 'Current bookmarks:'
             for bk in bks:
                 print fmt % (bk,bkms[bk])
         else:
             if not args:
                 raise UsageError("%bookmark: You must specify the bookmark name")
             elif len(args)==1:
                 bkms[args[0]] = os.getcwd()
             elif len(args)==2:
                 bkms[args[0]] = args[1]
         self.db['bookmarks'] = bkms
 
     def magic_pycat(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
 
         This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file
         to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting. """
         
         try:
             filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
             cont = file_read(filename)
         except IOError:
             try:
                 cont = eval(parameter_s,self.user_ns)
             except NameError:
                 cont = None
         if cont is None:
             print "Error: no such file or variable"
             return
             
         page(self.shell.pycolorize(cont),
              screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length)
 
     def magic_cpaste(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Allows you to paste & execute a pre-formatted code block from clipboard.
         
         You must terminate the block with '--' (two minus-signs) alone on the
         line. You can also provide your own sentinel with '%paste -s %%' ('%%' 
         is the new sentinel for this operation)
         
         The block is dedented prior to execution to enable execution of method
         definitions. '>' and '+' characters at the beginning of a line are
         ignored, to allow pasting directly from e-mails, diff files and
         doctests (the '...' continuation prompt is also stripped).  The
         executed block is also assigned to variable named 'pasted_block' for
         later editing with '%edit pasted_block'.
         
         You can also pass a variable name as an argument, e.g. '%cpaste foo'.
         This assigns the pasted block to variable 'foo' as string, without 
         dedenting or executing it (preceding >>> and + is still stripped)
         
         '%cpaste -r' re-executes the block previously entered by cpaste.
         
         Do not be alarmed by garbled output on Windows (it's a readline bug). 
         Just press enter and type -- (and press enter again) and the block 
         will be what was just pasted.
         
         IPython statements (magics, shell escapes) are not supported (yet).
         """
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'rs:',mode='string')
         par = args.strip()
         if opts.has_key('r'):
             b = self.user_ns.get('pasted_block', None)
             if b is None:
                 raise UsageError('No previous pasted block available')
             print "Re-executing '%s...' (%d chars)"% (b.split('\n',1)[0], len(b))
             exec b in self.user_ns
             return
         
         sentinel = opts.get('s','--')
 
         # Regular expressions that declare text we strip from the input:
         strip_re =  [r'^\s*In \[\d+\]:', # IPython input prompt
                      r'^\s*(\s?>)+', # Python input prompt
                      r'^\s*\.{3,}', # Continuation prompts
                      r'^\++',
                      ]
 
         strip_from_start = map(re.compile,strip_re)
         
         from IPython import iplib
         lines = []
         print "Pasting code; enter '%s' alone on the line to stop." % sentinel
         while 1:
             l = iplib.raw_input_original(':')
             if l ==sentinel:
                 break
             
             for pat in strip_from_start: 
                 l = pat.sub('',l)
             lines.append(l)
                          
         block = "\n".join(lines) + '\n'
         #print "block:\n",block
         if not par:
             b = textwrap.dedent(block)
             self.user_ns['pasted_block'] = b
             exec b in self.user_ns
         else:
             self.user_ns[par] = SList(block.splitlines())
             print "Block assigned to '%s'" % par
             
     def magic_quickref(self,arg):
         """ Show a quick reference sheet """
         import IPython.usage
         qr = IPython.usage.quick_reference + self.magic_magic('-brief')
         
         page(qr)
         
     def magic_upgrade(self,arg):
         """ Upgrade your IPython installation
         
         This will copy the config files that don't yet exist in your 
         ipython dir from the system config dir. Use this after upgrading 
         IPython if you don't wish to delete your .ipython dir.
 
         Call with -nolegacy to get rid of ipythonrc* files (recommended for
         new users)
 
         """
         ip = self.getapi()
         ipinstallation = path(IPython.__file__).dirname()
         upgrade_script = '%s "%s"' % (sys.executable,ipinstallation / 'upgrade_dir.py')
         src_config = ipinstallation / 'UserConfig'
         userdir = path(ip.options.ipythondir)
         cmd = '%s "%s" "%s"' % (upgrade_script, src_config, userdir)
         print ">",cmd
         shell(cmd)
         if arg == '-nolegacy':
             legacy = userdir.files('ipythonrc*')
             print "Nuking legacy files:",legacy
             
             [p.remove() for p in legacy]
             suffix = (sys.platform == 'win32' and '.ini' or '')
             (userdir / ('ipythonrc' + suffix)).write_text('# Empty, see ipy_user_conf.py\n')
 
 
     def magic_doctest_mode(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Toggle doctest mode on and off.
 
         This mode allows you to toggle the prompt behavior between normal
         IPython prompts and ones that are as similar to the default IPython
         interpreter as possible.
 
         It also supports the pasting of code snippets that have leading '>>>'
         and '...' prompts in them.  This means that you can paste doctests from
         files or docstrings (even if they have leading whitespace), and the
         code will execute correctly.  You can then use '%history -tn' to see
         the translated history without line numbers; this will give you the
         input after removal of all the leading prompts and whitespace, which
         can be pasted back into an editor.
 
         With these features, you can switch into this mode easily whenever you
         need to do testing and changes to doctests, without having to leave
         your existing IPython session.
         """
 
         # XXX - Fix this to have cleaner activate/deactivate calls.
         from IPython.Extensions import InterpreterPasteInput as ipaste
         from IPython.ipstruct import Struct
 
         # Shorthands
         shell = self.shell
         oc = shell.outputcache
         rc = shell.rc
         meta = shell.meta
         # dstore is a data store kept in the instance metadata bag to track any
         # changes we make, so we can undo them later.
         dstore = meta.setdefault('doctest_mode',Struct())
         save_dstore = dstore.setdefault
 
         # save a few values we'll need to recover later
         mode = save_dstore('mode',False)
         save_dstore('rc_pprint',rc.pprint)
         save_dstore('xmode',shell.InteractiveTB.mode)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_out',rc.separate_out)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_out2',rc.separate_out2)
         save_dstore('rc_prompts_pad_left',rc.prompts_pad_left)
         save_dstore('rc_separate_in',rc.separate_in)
 
         if mode == False:
             # turn on
             ipaste.activate_prefilter()
 
             oc.prompt1.p_template = '>>> '
             oc.prompt2.p_template = '... '
             oc.prompt_out.p_template = ''
 
             # Prompt separators like plain python
             oc.input_sep = oc.prompt1.sep = ''
             oc.output_sep = ''
             oc.output_sep2 = ''
 
             oc.prompt1.pad_left = oc.prompt2.pad_left = \
                                   oc.prompt_out.pad_left = False
 
             rc.pprint = False
 
             shell.magic_xmode('Plain')
 
         else:
             # turn off
             ipaste.deactivate_prefilter()
 
             oc.prompt1.p_template = rc.prompt_in1
             oc.prompt2.p_template = rc.prompt_in2
             oc.prompt_out.p_template = rc.prompt_out
 
             oc.input_sep = oc.prompt1.sep = dstore.rc_separate_in
 
             oc.output_sep = dstore.rc_separate_out
             oc.output_sep2 = dstore.rc_separate_out2
 
             oc.prompt1.pad_left = oc.prompt2.pad_left = \
                          oc.prompt_out.pad_left = dstore.rc_prompts_pad_left
 
             rc.pprint = dstore.rc_pprint
 
             shell.magic_xmode(dstore.xmode)
 
         # Store new mode and inform
         dstore.mode = bool(1-int(mode))
         print 'Doctest mode is:',
         print ['OFF','ON'][dstore.mode]
 
 # end Magic

IPython/Shell.py

@@ -1,1238 +1,1249 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """IPython Shell classes.
 
 All the matplotlib support code was co-developed with John Hunter,
 matplotlib's author.
 
 $Id: Shell.py 3024 2008-02-07 15:34:42Z darren.dale $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 
 # Code begins
 # Stdlib imports
 import __builtin__
 import __main__
 import Queue
 import inspect
 import os
 import sys
 import thread
 import threading
 import time
 
 from signal import signal, SIGINT
 
 try:
     import ctypes
     HAS_CTYPES = True
 except ImportError:
     HAS_CTYPES = False
 
 # IPython imports
 import IPython
 from IPython import ultraTB, ipapi
 from IPython.Magic import Magic
 from IPython.genutils import Term,warn,error,flag_calls, ask_yes_no
 from IPython.iplib import InteractiveShell
 from IPython.ipmaker import make_IPython
 from IPython.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.testing import decorators as testdec
 
 # Globals
 # global flag to pass around information about Ctrl-C without exceptions
 KBINT = False
 
 # global flag to turn on/off Tk support.
 USE_TK = False
 
 # ID for the main thread, used for cross-thread exceptions
 MAIN_THREAD_ID = thread.get_ident()
 
 # Tag when runcode() is active, for exception handling
 CODE_RUN = None
 
 # Default timeout for waiting for multithreaded shells (in seconds)
 GUI_TIMEOUT = 10
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # This class is trivial now, but I want to have it in to publish a clean
 # interface. Later when the internals are reorganized, code that uses this
 # shouldn't have to change.
 
 class IPShell:
     """Create an IPython instance."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,
                  debug=1,shell_class=InteractiveShell):
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,
                                user_global_ns=user_global_ns,
                                debug=debug,shell_class=shell_class)
 
     def mainloop(self,sys_exit=0,banner=None):
         self.IP.mainloop(banner)
         if sys_exit:
             sys.exit()
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def kill_embedded(self,parameter_s=''):
     """%kill_embedded : deactivate for good the current embedded IPython.
 
     This function (after asking for confirmation) sets an internal flag so that
     an embedded IPython will never activate again.  This is useful to
     permanently disable a shell that is being called inside a loop: once you've
     figured out what you needed from it, you may then kill it and the program
     will then continue to run without the interactive shell interfering again.
     """
     
     kill = ask_yes_no("Are you sure you want to kill this embedded instance "
                      "(y/n)? [y/N] ",'n')
     if kill:
         self.shell.embedded_active = False
         print "This embedded IPython will not reactivate anymore once you exit."
     
 class IPShellEmbed:
     """Allow embedding an IPython shell into a running program.
 
     Instances of this class are callable, with the __call__ method being an
     alias to the embed() method of an InteractiveShell instance.
 
     Usage (see also the example-embed.py file for a running example):
 
     ipshell = IPShellEmbed([argv,banner,exit_msg,rc_override])
 
     - argv: list containing valid command-line options for IPython, as they
     would appear in sys.argv[1:].
 
     For example, the following command-line options:
 
       $ ipython -prompt_in1 'Input <\\#>' -colors LightBG
 
     would be passed in the argv list as:
 
       ['-prompt_in1','Input <\\#>','-colors','LightBG']
 
     - banner: string which gets printed every time the interpreter starts.
 
     - exit_msg: string which gets printed every time the interpreter exits.
 
     - rc_override: a dict or Struct of configuration options such as those
     used by IPython. These options are read from your ~/.ipython/ipythonrc
     file when the Shell object is created. Passing an explicit rc_override
     dict with any options you want allows you to override those values at
     creation time without having to modify the file. This way you can create
     embeddable instances configured in any way you want without editing any
     global files (thus keeping your interactive IPython configuration
     unchanged).
 
     Then the ipshell instance can be called anywhere inside your code:
     
     ipshell(header='') -> Opens up an IPython shell.
 
     - header: string printed by the IPython shell upon startup. This can let
     you know where in your code you are when dropping into the shell. Note
     that 'banner' gets prepended to all calls, so header is used for
     location-specific information.
 
     For more details, see the __call__ method below.
 
     When the IPython shell is exited with Ctrl-D, normal program execution
     resumes.
 
     This functionality was inspired by a posting on comp.lang.python by cmkl
     <[e-mail]> on Dec. 06/01 concerning similar uses of pyrepl, and
     by the IDL stop/continue commands."""
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,banner='',exit_msg=None,rc_override=None,
                  user_ns=None):
         """Note that argv here is a string, NOT a list."""
         self.set_banner(banner)
         self.set_exit_msg(exit_msg)
         self.set_dummy_mode(0)
 
         # sys.displayhook is a global, we need to save the user's original
         # Don't rely on __displayhook__, as the user may have changed that.
         self.sys_displayhook_ori = sys.displayhook
 
         # save readline completer status
         try:
             #print 'Save completer',sys.ipcompleter  # dbg
             self.sys_ipcompleter_ori = sys.ipcompleter
         except:
             pass # not nested with IPython
         
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,rc_override=rc_override,
                                embedded=True,
                                user_ns=user_ns)
 
         ip = ipapi.IPApi(self.IP)
         ip.expose_magic("kill_embedded",kill_embedded)
 
         # copy our own displayhook also
         self.sys_displayhook_embed = sys.displayhook
         # and leave the system's display hook clean
         sys.displayhook = self.sys_displayhook_ori
         # don't use the ipython crash handler so that user exceptions aren't
         # trapped
         sys.excepthook = ultraTB.FormattedTB(color_scheme = self.IP.rc.colors,
                                              mode = self.IP.rc.xmode,
                                              call_pdb = self.IP.rc.pdb)
         self.restore_system_completer()
 
     def restore_system_completer(self):
         """Restores the readline completer which was in place.
 
         This allows embedded IPython within IPython not to disrupt the
         parent's completion.
         """
         
         try:
             self.IP.readline.set_completer(self.sys_ipcompleter_ori)
             sys.ipcompleter = self.sys_ipcompleter_ori
         except:
             pass
 
     def __call__(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns=None,dummy=None):
         """Activate the interactive interpreter.
 
         __call__(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns,dummy=None) -> Start
         the interpreter shell with the given local and global namespaces, and
         optionally print a header string at startup.
 
         The shell can be globally activated/deactivated using the
         set/get_dummy_mode methods. This allows you to turn off a shell used
         for debugging globally.
 
         However, *each* time you call the shell you can override the current
         state of dummy_mode with the optional keyword parameter 'dummy'. For
         example, if you set dummy mode on with IPShell.set_dummy_mode(1), you
         can still have a specific call work by making it as IPShell(dummy=0).
 
         The optional keyword parameter dummy controls whether the call
         actually does anything.  """
 
         # If the user has turned it off, go away
         if not self.IP.embedded_active:
             return
 
         # Normal exits from interactive mode set this flag, so the shell can't
         # re-enter (it checks this variable at the start of interactive mode).
         self.IP.exit_now = False
 
         # Allow the dummy parameter to override the global __dummy_mode
         if dummy or (dummy != 0 and self.__dummy_mode):
             return
 
         # Set global subsystems (display,completions) to our values
         sys.displayhook = self.sys_displayhook_embed
         if self.IP.has_readline:
             self.IP.set_completer()
 
         if self.banner and header:
             format = '%s\n%s\n'
         else:
             format = '%s%s\n'
         banner =  format % (self.banner,header)
 
         # Call the embedding code with a stack depth of 1 so it can skip over
         # our call and get the original caller's namespaces.
         self.IP.embed_mainloop(banner,local_ns,global_ns,stack_depth=1)
 
         if self.exit_msg:
             print self.exit_msg
             
         # Restore global systems (display, completion)
         sys.displayhook = self.sys_displayhook_ori
         self.restore_system_completer()
     
     def set_dummy_mode(self,dummy):
         """Sets the embeddable shell's dummy mode parameter.
 
         set_dummy_mode(dummy): dummy = 0 or 1.
 
         This parameter is persistent and makes calls to the embeddable shell
         silently return without performing any action. This allows you to
         globally activate or deactivate a shell you're using with a single call.
 
         If you need to manually"""
 
         if dummy not in [0,1,False,True]:
             raise ValueError,'dummy parameter must be boolean'
         self.__dummy_mode = dummy
 
     def get_dummy_mode(self):
         """Return the current value of the dummy mode parameter.
         """
         return self.__dummy_mode
     
     def set_banner(self,banner):
         """Sets the global banner.
 
         This banner gets prepended to every header printed when the shell
         instance is called."""
 
         self.banner = banner
 
     def set_exit_msg(self,exit_msg):
         """Sets the global exit_msg.
 
         This exit message gets printed upon exiting every time the embedded
         shell is called. It is None by default. """
 
         self.exit_msg = exit_msg
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 if HAS_CTYPES:
     #  Add async exception support.  Trick taken from:
     # http://sebulba.wikispaces.com/recipe+thread2
     def _async_raise(tid, exctype):
         """raises the exception, performs cleanup if needed"""
         if not inspect.isclass(exctype):
             raise TypeError("Only types can be raised (not instances)")
         res = ctypes.pythonapi.PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc(tid,
                                                          ctypes.py_object(exctype))
         if res == 0:
             raise ValueError("invalid thread id")
         elif res != 1:
             # """if it returns a number greater than one, you're in trouble, 
             # and you should call it again with exc=NULL to revert the effect"""
             ctypes.pythonapi.PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc(tid, 0)
             raise SystemError("PyThreadState_SetAsyncExc failed")
 
     def sigint_handler (signum,stack_frame):
         """Sigint handler for threaded apps.
 
         This is a horrible hack to pass information about SIGINT _without_
         using exceptions, since I haven't been able to properly manage
         cross-thread exceptions in GTK/WX.  In fact, I don't think it can be
         done (or at least that's my understanding from a c.l.py thread where
         this was discussed)."""
 
         global KBINT
 
         if CODE_RUN:
             _async_raise(MAIN_THREAD_ID,KeyboardInterrupt)
         else:
             KBINT = True
             print '\nKeyboardInterrupt - Press <Enter> to continue.',
             Term.cout.flush()
 
 else:
     def sigint_handler (signum,stack_frame):
         """Sigint handler for threaded apps.
 
         This is a horrible hack to pass information about SIGINT _without_
         using exceptions, since I haven't been able to properly manage
         cross-thread exceptions in GTK/WX.  In fact, I don't think it can be
         done (or at least that's my understanding from a c.l.py thread where
         this was discussed)."""
 
         global KBINT
 
         print '\nKeyboardInterrupt - Press <Enter> to continue.',
         Term.cout.flush()
         # Set global flag so that runsource can know that Ctrl-C was hit
         KBINT = True
 
 
 class MTInteractiveShell(InteractiveShell):
     """Simple multi-threaded shell."""
 
     # Threading strategy taken from:
     # http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/65109, by Brian
     # McErlean and John Finlay.  Modified with corrections by Antoon Pardon,
     # from the pygtk mailing list, to avoid lockups with system calls.
 
     # class attribute to indicate whether the class supports threads or not.
     # Subclasses with thread support should override this as needed.
     isthreaded = True
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,banner2='',
                  gui_timeout=GUI_TIMEOUT,**kw):
         """Similar to the normal InteractiveShell, but with threading control"""
         
         InteractiveShell.__init__(self,name,usage,rc,user_ns,
                                   user_global_ns,banner2)
 
         # Timeout we wait for GUI thread
         self.gui_timeout = gui_timeout
 
         # A queue to hold the code to be executed. 
         self.code_queue = Queue.Queue()
 
         # Stuff to do at closing time
         self._kill = None
         on_kill = kw.get('on_kill', [])
         # Check that all things to kill are callable:
         for t in on_kill:
             if not callable(t):
                 raise TypeError,'on_kill must be a list of callables'
         self.on_kill = on_kill
         # thread identity of the "worker thread" (that may execute code directly)
         self.worker_ident = None
         
     def runsource(self, source, filename="<input>", symbol="single"):
         """Compile and run some source in the interpreter.
 
         Modified version of code.py's runsource(), to handle threading issues.
         See the original for full docstring details."""
         
         global KBINT
         
         # If Ctrl-C was typed, we reset the flag and return right away
         if KBINT:
             KBINT = False
             return False
 
         if self._kill:
             # can't queue new code if we are being killed
             return True
         
         try:
             code = self.compile(source, filename, symbol)
         except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError):
             # Case 1
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             return False
 
         if code is None:
             # Case 2
             return True
 
         # shortcut - if we are in worker thread, or the worker thread is not
         # running, execute directly (to allow recursion and prevent deadlock if
         # code is run early in IPython construction)
         
         if (self.worker_ident is None
             or self.worker_ident == thread.get_ident() ):
             InteractiveShell.runcode(self,code)
-            return
+            return False
 
         # Case 3
         # Store code in queue, so the execution thread can handle it.
 
         completed_ev, received_ev = threading.Event(), threading.Event() 
         
         self.code_queue.put((code,completed_ev, received_ev))
         # first make sure the message was received, with timeout
         received_ev.wait(self.gui_timeout)
         if not received_ev.isSet():
             # the mainloop is dead, start executing code directly
             print "Warning: Timeout for mainloop thread exceeded"
             print "switching to nonthreaded mode (until mainloop wakes up again)"
             self.worker_ident = None
         else:
             completed_ev.wait()
         return False
 
     def runcode(self):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         Multithreaded wrapper around IPython's runcode()."""
         
         global CODE_RUN
         
         # we are in worker thread, stash out the id for runsource() 
         self.worker_ident = thread.get_ident()
 
         if self._kill:
             print >>Term.cout, 'Closing threads...',
             Term.cout.flush()
             for tokill in self.on_kill:
                 tokill()
             print >>Term.cout, 'Done.'
             # allow kill() to return
             self._kill.set()
             return True
 
         # Install sigint handler.  We do it every time to ensure that if user
         # code modifies it, we restore our own handling.
         try:
             signal(SIGINT,sigint_handler)
         except SystemError:
             # This happens under Windows, which seems to have all sorts
             # of problems with signal handling.  Oh well...
             pass
 
         # Flush queue of pending code by calling the run methood of the parent
         # class with all items which may be in the queue.
         code_to_run = None
         while 1:
             try:
                 code_to_run, completed_ev, received_ev = self.code_queue.get_nowait()                
             except Queue.Empty:
                 break
             received_ev.set()
             
             # Exceptions need to be raised differently depending on which
             # thread is active.  This convoluted try/except is only there to
             # protect against asynchronous exceptions, to ensure that a KBINT
             # at the wrong time doesn't deadlock everything.  The global
             # CODE_TO_RUN is set to true/false as close as possible to the
             # runcode() call, so that the KBINT handler is correctly informed.
             try:
                 try:
                    CODE_RUN = True
                    InteractiveShell.runcode(self,code_to_run)
                 except KeyboardInterrupt:
                    print "Keyboard interrupted in mainloop"
                    while not self.code_queue.empty():
                       code, ev1,ev2 = self.code_queue.get_nowait()
                       ev1.set()
                       ev2.set()                      
                    break
             finally:
                 CODE_RUN = False
                 # allow runsource() return from wait
                 completed_ev.set()
                 
         
         # This MUST return true for gtk threading to work
         return True
 
     def kill(self):
         """Kill the thread, returning when it has been shut down."""
         self._kill = threading.Event()
         self._kill.wait()
 
 class MatplotlibShellBase:
     """Mixin class to provide the necessary modifications to regular IPython
     shell classes for matplotlib support.
 
     Given Python's MRO, this should be used as the FIRST class in the
     inheritance hierarchy, so that it overrides the relevant methods."""
     
     def _matplotlib_config(self,name,user_ns,user_global_ns=None):
         """Return items needed to setup the user's shell with matplotlib"""
 
         # Initialize matplotlib to interactive mode always
         import matplotlib
         from matplotlib import backends
         matplotlib.interactive(True)
 
         def use(arg):
             """IPython wrapper for matplotlib's backend switcher.
 
             In interactive use, we can not allow switching to a different
             interactive backend, since thread conflicts will most likely crash
             the python interpreter.  This routine does a safety check first,
             and refuses to perform a dangerous switch.  It still allows
             switching to non-interactive backends."""
 
             if arg in backends.interactive_bk and arg != self.mpl_backend:
                 m=('invalid matplotlib backend switch.\n'
                    'This script attempted to switch to the interactive '
                    'backend: `%s`\n'
                    'Your current choice of interactive backend is: `%s`\n\n'
                    'Switching interactive matplotlib backends at runtime\n'
                    'would crash the python interpreter, '
                    'and IPython has blocked it.\n\n'
                    'You need to either change your choice of matplotlib backend\n'
                    'by editing your .matplotlibrc file, or run this script as a \n'
                    'standalone file from the command line, not using IPython.\n' %
                    (arg,self.mpl_backend) )
                 raise RuntimeError, m
             else:
                 self.mpl_use(arg)
                 self.mpl_use._called = True
         
         self.matplotlib = matplotlib
         self.mpl_backend = matplotlib.rcParams['backend']
 
         # we also need to block switching of interactive backends by use()
         self.mpl_use = matplotlib.use
         self.mpl_use._called = False
         # overwrite the original matplotlib.use with our wrapper
         matplotlib.use = use
 
         # This must be imported last in the matplotlib series, after
         # backend/interactivity choices have been made
         import matplotlib.pylab as pylab
         self.pylab = pylab
 
         self.pylab.show._needmain = False
         # We need to detect at runtime whether show() is called by the user.
         # For this, we wrap it into a decorator which adds a 'called' flag.
         self.pylab.draw_if_interactive = flag_calls(self.pylab.draw_if_interactive)
 
         # Build a user namespace initialized with matplotlib/matlab features.
         user_ns, user_global_ns = IPython.ipapi.make_user_namespaces(user_ns,
             user_global_ns)
 
         # Import numpy as np/pyplot as plt are conventions we're trying to
         # somewhat standardize on.  Making them available to users by default
         # will greatly help this. 
         exec ("import numpy\n"
               "import numpy as np\n"
               "import matplotlib\n"
               "import matplotlib.pylab as pylab\n"
               "try:\n"
               "    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n"
               "except ImportError:\n"
               "    pass\n"
               ) in user_ns
         
         # Build matplotlib info banner
         b="""
   Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment.
   For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.
 """
         return user_ns,user_global_ns,b
 
     def mplot_exec(self,fname,*where,**kw):
         """Execute a matplotlib script.
 
         This is a call to execfile(), but wrapped in safeties to properly
         handle interactive rendering and backend switching."""
 
         #print '*** Matplotlib runner ***' # dbg
         # turn off rendering until end of script
         isInteractive = self.matplotlib.rcParams['interactive']
         self.matplotlib.interactive(False)
         self.safe_execfile(fname,*where,**kw)
         self.matplotlib.interactive(isInteractive)
         # make rendering call now, if the user tried to do it
         if self.pylab.draw_if_interactive.called:
             self.pylab.draw()
             self.pylab.draw_if_interactive.called = False
                 
         # if a backend switch was performed, reverse it now
         if self.mpl_use._called:
             self.matplotlib.rcParams['backend'] = self.mpl_backend
 
     @testdec.skip_doctest
     def magic_run(self,parameter_s=''):
         Magic.magic_run(self,parameter_s,runner=self.mplot_exec)
 
     # Fix the docstring so users see the original as well
     magic_run.__doc__ = "%s\n%s" % (Magic.magic_run.__doc__,
                                     "\n        *** Modified %run for Matplotlib,"
                                     " with proper interactive handling ***")
 
 # Now we provide 2 versions of a matplotlib-aware IPython base shells, single
 # and multithreaded.  Note that these are meant for internal use, the IPShell*
 # classes below are the ones meant for public consumption.
 
 class MatplotlibShell(MatplotlibShellBase,InteractiveShell):
     """Single-threaded shell with matplotlib support."""
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,**kw):
         user_ns,user_global_ns,b2 = self._matplotlib_config(name,user_ns,user_global_ns)
         InteractiveShell.__init__(self,name,usage,rc,user_ns,user_global_ns,
                                   banner2=b2,**kw)
 
 class MatplotlibMTShell(MatplotlibShellBase,MTInteractiveShell):
     """Multi-threaded shell with matplotlib support."""
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None, **kw):
         user_ns,user_global_ns,b2 = self._matplotlib_config(name,user_ns,user_global_ns)
         MTInteractiveShell.__init__(self,name,usage,rc,user_ns,user_global_ns,
                                     banner2=b2,**kw)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utility functions for the different GUI enabled IPShell* classes.
 
 def get_tk():
     """Tries to import Tkinter and returns a withdrawn Tkinter root
     window.  If Tkinter is already imported or not available, this
     returns None.  This function calls `hijack_tk` underneath.
     """
     if not USE_TK or sys.modules.has_key('Tkinter'):
         return None
     else:
         try:
             import Tkinter
         except ImportError:
             return None
         else:
             hijack_tk()
             r = Tkinter.Tk()
             r.withdraw()
             return r
 
 def hijack_tk():
     """Modifies Tkinter's mainloop with a dummy so when a module calls
     mainloop, it does not block.
 
     """
     def misc_mainloop(self, n=0):
         pass
     def tkinter_mainloop(n=0):
         pass
     
     import Tkinter
     Tkinter.Misc.mainloop = misc_mainloop
     Tkinter.mainloop = tkinter_mainloop
 
 def update_tk(tk):
     """Updates the Tkinter event loop.  This is typically called from
     the respective WX or GTK mainloops.
     """    
     if tk:
         tk.update()
 
 def hijack_wx():
     """Modifies wxPython's MainLoop with a dummy so user code does not
     block IPython.  The hijacked mainloop function is returned.
     """    
     def dummy_mainloop(*args, **kw):
         pass
 
     try:
         import wx
     except ImportError:
         # For very old versions of WX
         import wxPython as wx
         
     ver = wx.__version__
     orig_mainloop = None
     if ver[:3] >= '2.5':
         import wx
         if hasattr(wx, '_core_'): core = getattr(wx, '_core_')
         elif hasattr(wx, '_core'): core = getattr(wx, '_core')
         else: raise AttributeError('Could not find wx core module')
         orig_mainloop = core.PyApp_MainLoop
         core.PyApp_MainLoop = dummy_mainloop
     elif ver[:3] == '2.4':
         orig_mainloop = wx.wxc.wxPyApp_MainLoop
         wx.wxc.wxPyApp_MainLoop = dummy_mainloop
     else:
         warn("Unable to find either wxPython version 2.4 or >= 2.5.")
     return orig_mainloop
 
 def hijack_gtk():
     """Modifies pyGTK's mainloop with a dummy so user code does not
     block IPython.  This function returns the original `gtk.mainloop`
     function that has been hijacked.
     """    
     def dummy_mainloop(*args, **kw):
         pass
     import gtk
     if gtk.pygtk_version >= (2,4,0): orig_mainloop = gtk.main
     else:                            orig_mainloop = gtk.mainloop
     gtk.mainloop = dummy_mainloop
     gtk.main = dummy_mainloop
     return orig_mainloop
 
 def hijack_qt():
     """Modifies PyQt's mainloop with a dummy so user code does not 
     block IPython.  This function returns the original 
     `qt.qApp.exec_loop` function that has been hijacked.
     """    
     def dummy_mainloop(*args, **kw):
         pass
     import qt
     orig_mainloop = qt.qApp.exec_loop
     qt.qApp.exec_loop = dummy_mainloop
     qt.QApplication.exec_loop = dummy_mainloop
     return orig_mainloop
 
 def hijack_qt4():
     """Modifies PyQt4's mainloop with a dummy so user code does not
     block IPython.  This function returns the original 
     `QtGui.qApp.exec_` function that has been hijacked.
     """    
     def dummy_mainloop(*args, **kw):
         pass
     from PyQt4 import QtGui, QtCore
     orig_mainloop = QtGui.qApp.exec_
     QtGui.qApp.exec_ = dummy_mainloop
     QtGui.QApplication.exec_ = dummy_mainloop
     QtCore.QCoreApplication.exec_ = dummy_mainloop
     return orig_mainloop
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # The IPShell* classes below are the ones meant to be run by external code as
 # IPython instances.  Note that unless a specific threading strategy is
 # desired, the factory function start() below should be used instead (it
 # selects the proper threaded class).
 
 class IPThread(threading.Thread):
     def run(self):
         self.IP.mainloop(self._banner)
         self.IP.kill()
 
 class IPShellGTK(IPThread):
     """Run a gtk mainloop() in a separate thread.
     
     Python commands can be passed to the thread where they will be executed.
     This is implemented by periodically checking for passed code using a
     GTK timeout callback."""
     
     TIMEOUT = 100 # Millisecond interval between timeouts.
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,
                  debug=1,shell_class=MTInteractiveShell):
 
         import gtk
+        # Check for set_interactive, coming up in new pygtk.
+        # Disable it so that this code works, but notify 
+        # the user that he has a better option as well.
+        # XXX TODO better support when set_interactive is released
+        try:
+            gtk.set_interactive(False)
+            print "Your PyGtk has set_interactive(), so you can use the"
+            print "more stable single-threaded Gtk mode."
+            print "See https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/270856"
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
         
         self.gtk = gtk
         self.gtk_mainloop = hijack_gtk()
 
         # Allows us to use both Tk and GTK.
         self.tk = get_tk()
         
         if gtk.pygtk_version >= (2,4,0): mainquit = self.gtk.main_quit
         else:                            mainquit = self.gtk.mainquit
 
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,
                                user_global_ns=user_global_ns,
                                debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class,
                                on_kill=[mainquit])
 
         # HACK: slot for banner in self; it will be passed to the mainloop
         # method only and .run() needs it.  The actual value will be set by
         # .mainloop().
         self._banner = None 
 
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
 
     def mainloop(self,sys_exit=0,banner=None):
 
         self._banner = banner
         
         if self.gtk.pygtk_version >= (2,4,0):
             import gobject
             gobject.idle_add(self.on_timer)
         else:
             self.gtk.idle_add(self.on_timer)
 
         if sys.platform != 'win32':
             try:
                 if self.gtk.gtk_version[0] >= 2:
                     self.gtk.gdk.threads_init()
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             except RuntimeError:
                 error('Your pyGTK likely has not been compiled with '
                       'threading support.\n'
                       'The exception printout is below.\n'
                       'You can either rebuild pyGTK with threads, or '
                       'try using \n'
                       'matplotlib with a different backend (like Tk or WX).\n'
                       'Note that matplotlib will most likely not work in its '
                       'current state!')
                 self.IP.InteractiveTB()
 
         self.start()
         self.gtk.gdk.threads_enter()
         self.gtk_mainloop()
         self.gtk.gdk.threads_leave()
         self.join()
 
     def on_timer(self):
         """Called when GTK is idle.
 
         Must return True always, otherwise GTK stops calling it"""
         
         update_tk(self.tk)
         self.IP.runcode()
         time.sleep(0.01)
         return True
 
 
 class IPShellWX(IPThread):
     """Run a wx mainloop() in a separate thread.
     
     Python commands can be passed to the thread where they will be executed.
     This is implemented by periodically checking for passed code using a
     GTK timeout callback."""
     
     TIMEOUT = 100 # Millisecond interval between timeouts.
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,
                  debug=1,shell_class=MTInteractiveShell):
 
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,
                                user_global_ns=user_global_ns,
                                debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class,
                                on_kill=[self.wxexit])
 
         wantedwxversion=self.IP.rc.wxversion
         if wantedwxversion!="0":
             try:
                 import wxversion
             except ImportError:
                 error('The wxversion module is needed for WX version selection')
             else:
                 try:
                     wxversion.select(wantedwxversion)
                 except:
                     self.IP.InteractiveTB()
                     error('Requested wxPython version %s could not be loaded' %
                                                                wantedwxversion)
 
         import wx
 
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
         self.wx = wx
         self.wx_mainloop = hijack_wx()
 
         # Allows us to use both Tk and GTK.
         self.tk = get_tk()
         
         # HACK: slot for banner in self; it will be passed to the mainloop
         # method only and .run() needs it.  The actual value will be set by
         # .mainloop().
         self._banner = None 
 
         self.app = None
 
     def wxexit(self, *args):
         if self.app is not None:
             self.app.agent.timer.Stop()
             self.app.ExitMainLoop()
 
     def mainloop(self,sys_exit=0,banner=None):
 
         self._banner = banner
         
         self.start()
 
         class TimerAgent(self.wx.MiniFrame):
             wx = self.wx
             IP = self.IP
             tk = self.tk
             def __init__(self, parent, interval):
                 style = self.wx.DEFAULT_FRAME_STYLE | self.wx.TINY_CAPTION_HORIZ
                 self.wx.MiniFrame.__init__(self, parent, -1, ' ', pos=(200, 200),
                                              size=(100, 100),style=style)
                 self.Show(False)
                 self.interval = interval
                 self.timerId = self.wx.NewId()                                
 
             def StartWork(self):
                 self.timer = self.wx.Timer(self, self.timerId)
                 self.wx.EVT_TIMER(self,  self.timerId, self.OnTimer)
                 self.timer.Start(self.interval)
 
             def OnTimer(self, event):
                 update_tk(self.tk)
                 self.IP.runcode()
 
         class App(self.wx.App):
             wx = self.wx
             TIMEOUT = self.TIMEOUT
             def OnInit(self):
                 'Create the main window and insert the custom frame'
                 self.agent = TimerAgent(None, self.TIMEOUT)
                 self.agent.Show(False)
                 self.agent.StartWork()
                 return True
 
         self.app = App(redirect=False)
         self.wx_mainloop(self.app)
         self.join()
 
 
 class IPShellQt(IPThread):
     """Run a Qt event loop in a separate thread.
     
     Python commands can be passed to the thread where they will be executed.
     This is implemented by periodically checking for passed code using a
     Qt timer / slot."""
     
     TIMEOUT = 100 # Millisecond interval between timeouts.
 
     def __init__(self, argv=None, user_ns=None, user_global_ns=None,
                  debug=0, shell_class=MTInteractiveShell):
 
         import qt
 
         self.exec_loop = hijack_qt()
 
         # Allows us to use both Tk and QT.
         self.tk = get_tk()
 
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,
                                user_ns=user_ns,
                                user_global_ns=user_global_ns,
                                debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class,
                                on_kill=[qt.qApp.exit])
 
         # HACK: slot for banner in self; it will be passed to the mainloop
         # method only and .run() needs it.  The actual value will be set by
         # .mainloop().
         self._banner = None 
         
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
 
     def mainloop(self, sys_exit=0, banner=None):
 
         import qt
 
         self._banner = banner
 
         if qt.QApplication.startingUp():
             a = qt.QApplication(sys.argv)
 
         self.timer = qt.QTimer()
         qt.QObject.connect(self.timer,
                            qt.SIGNAL('timeout()'),
                            self.on_timer)
 
         self.start()
         self.timer.start(self.TIMEOUT, True)
         while True:
             if self.IP._kill: break
             self.exec_loop()
         self.join()
 
     def on_timer(self):
         update_tk(self.tk)
         result = self.IP.runcode()
         self.timer.start(self.TIMEOUT, True)
         return result
 
 
 class IPShellQt4(IPThread):
     """Run a Qt event loop in a separate thread.
 
     Python commands can be passed to the thread where they will be executed.
     This is implemented by periodically checking for passed code using a
     Qt timer / slot."""
 
     TIMEOUT = 100 # Millisecond interval between timeouts.
 
     def __init__(self, argv=None, user_ns=None, user_global_ns=None,
                  debug=0, shell_class=MTInteractiveShell):
 
         from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui
 
         try:
             # present in PyQt4-4.2.1 or later
             QtCore.pyqtRemoveInputHook()
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 
         if QtCore.PYQT_VERSION_STR == '4.3':
             warn('''PyQt4 version 4.3 detected.
 If you experience repeated threading warnings, please update PyQt4.
 ''')
 
         self.exec_ = hijack_qt4()
 
         # Allows us to use both Tk and QT.
         self.tk = get_tk()
 
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,
                                user_ns=user_ns,
                                user_global_ns=user_global_ns,
                                debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class,
                                on_kill=[QtGui.qApp.exit])
 
         # HACK: slot for banner in self; it will be passed to the mainloop
         # method only and .run() needs it.  The actual value will be set by
         # .mainloop().
         self._banner = None
 
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
 
     def mainloop(self, sys_exit=0, banner=None):
 
         from PyQt4 import QtCore, QtGui
 
         self._banner = banner
 
         if QtGui.QApplication.startingUp():
             a = QtGui.QApplication(sys.argv)
 
         self.timer = QtCore.QTimer()
         QtCore.QObject.connect(self.timer,
                                QtCore.SIGNAL('timeout()'),
                                self.on_timer)
 
         self.start()
         self.timer.start(self.TIMEOUT)
         while True:
             if self.IP._kill: break
             self.exec_()
         self.join()
 
     def on_timer(self):
         update_tk(self.tk)
         result = self.IP.runcode()
         self.timer.start(self.TIMEOUT)
         return result
 
 
 # A set of matplotlib public IPython shell classes, for single-threaded (Tk*
 # and FLTK*) and multithreaded (GTK*, WX* and Qt*) backends to use.
 def _load_pylab(user_ns):
     """Allow users to disable pulling all of pylab into the top-level
     namespace.
 
     This little utility must be called AFTER the actual ipython instance is
     running, since only then will the options file have been fully parsed."""
     
     ip = IPython.ipapi.get()
     if ip.options.pylab_import_all:
         ip.ex("from matplotlib.pylab import *")
         ip.IP.user_config_ns.update(ip.user_ns)
         
 
 class IPShellMatplotlib(IPShell):
     """Subclass IPShell with MatplotlibShell as the internal shell.
 
     Single-threaded class, meant for the Tk* and FLTK* backends.
 
     Having this on a separate class simplifies the external driver code."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShell.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,user_global_ns,debug,
                          shell_class=MatplotlibShell)
         _load_pylab(self.IP.user_ns)
 
 class IPShellMatplotlibGTK(IPShellGTK):
     """Subclass IPShellGTK with MatplotlibMTShell as the internal shell.
 
     Multi-threaded class, meant for the GTK* backends."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShellGTK.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,user_global_ns,debug,
                             shell_class=MatplotlibMTShell)
         _load_pylab(self.IP.user_ns)
 
 class IPShellMatplotlibWX(IPShellWX):
     """Subclass IPShellWX with MatplotlibMTShell as the internal shell.
 
     Multi-threaded class, meant for the WX* backends."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShellWX.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,user_global_ns,debug,
                            shell_class=MatplotlibMTShell)
         _load_pylab(self.IP.user_ns)
 
 class IPShellMatplotlibQt(IPShellQt):
     """Subclass IPShellQt with MatplotlibMTShell as the internal shell.
 
     Multi-threaded class, meant for the Qt* backends."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShellQt.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,user_global_ns,debug,
                            shell_class=MatplotlibMTShell)
         _load_pylab(self.IP.user_ns)
 
 class IPShellMatplotlibQt4(IPShellQt4):
     """Subclass IPShellQt4 with MatplotlibMTShell as the internal shell.
 
     Multi-threaded class, meant for the Qt4* backends."""
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShellQt4.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,user_global_ns,debug,
                            shell_class=MatplotlibMTShell)
         _load_pylab(self.IP.user_ns)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Factory functions to actually start the proper thread-aware shell
 
 def _select_shell(argv):
     """Select a shell from the given argv vector.
 
     This function implements the threading selection policy, allowing runtime
     control of the threading mode, both for general users and for matplotlib.
 
     Return:
       Shell class to be instantiated for runtime operation.
     """
     
     global USE_TK
 
     mpl_shell = {'gthread' : IPShellMatplotlibGTK,
                  'wthread' : IPShellMatplotlibWX,
                  'qthread' : IPShellMatplotlibQt,
                  'q4thread' : IPShellMatplotlibQt4,
                  'tkthread' : IPShellMatplotlib,  # Tk is built-in
                  }
 
     th_shell = {'gthread' : IPShellGTK,
                 'wthread' : IPShellWX,
                 'qthread' : IPShellQt,
                 'q4thread' : IPShellQt4,
                 'tkthread' : IPShell, # Tk is built-in
                 }
 
     backends = {'gthread' : 'GTKAgg',
                 'wthread' : 'WXAgg',
                 'qthread' : 'QtAgg',
                 'q4thread' :'Qt4Agg',
                 'tkthread' :'TkAgg',
                 }
 
     all_opts = set(['tk','pylab','gthread','qthread','q4thread','wthread',
                     'tkthread'])
     user_opts = set([s.replace('-','') for s in argv[:3]])
     special_opts = user_opts & all_opts            
 
     if 'tk' in special_opts:
         USE_TK = True
         special_opts.remove('tk')
 
     if 'pylab' in special_opts:
 
         try:
             import matplotlib
         except ImportError:
             error('matplotlib could NOT be imported!  Starting normal IPython.')
             return IPShell
         
         special_opts.remove('pylab')
         # If there's any option left, it means the user wants to force the
         # threading backend, else it's auto-selected from the rc file
         if special_opts:
             th_mode = special_opts.pop()
             matplotlib.rcParams['backend'] = backends[th_mode]
         else:
             backend = matplotlib.rcParams['backend']
             if backend.startswith('GTK'):
                 th_mode = 'gthread'
             elif backend.startswith('WX'):
                 th_mode = 'wthread'
             elif backend.startswith('Qt4'):
                 th_mode = 'q4thread'
             elif backend.startswith('Qt'):
                 th_mode = 'qthread'
             else:
                 # Any other backend, use plain Tk
                 th_mode = 'tkthread'
                 
         return mpl_shell[th_mode]
     else:
         # No pylab requested, just plain threads
         try:
             th_mode = special_opts.pop()
         except KeyError:
             th_mode = 'tkthread'
         return th_shell[th_mode]
 
 
 # This is the one which should be called by external code.
 def start(user_ns = None):
     """Return a running shell instance, dealing with threading options.
 
     This is a factory function which will instantiate the proper IPython shell
     based on the user's threading choice.  Such a selector is needed because
     different GUI toolkits require different thread handling details."""
 
     shell = _select_shell(sys.argv)
     return shell(user_ns = user_ns)
 
 # Some aliases for backwards compatibility
 IPythonShell = IPShell
 IPythonShellEmbed = IPShellEmbed
 #************************ End of file <Shell.py> ***************************

IPython/demo.py

@@ -1,526 +1,526 b''
 """Module for interactive demos using IPython.
 
 This module implements a few classes for running Python scripts interactively
 in IPython for demonstrations.  With very simple markup (a few tags in
 comments), you can control points where the script stops executing and returns
 control to IPython.
 
 
 Provided classes
 ================
 
 The classes are (see their docstrings for further details):
 
  - Demo: pure python demos
 
  - IPythonDemo: demos with input to be processed by IPython as if it had been
  typed interactively (so magics work, as well as any other special syntax you
  may have added via input prefilters).
 
  - LineDemo: single-line version of the Demo class.  These demos are executed
  one line at a time, and require no markup.
 
  - IPythonLineDemo: IPython version of the LineDemo class (the demo is
  executed a line at a time, but processed via IPython).
 
  - ClearMixin: mixin to make Demo classes with less visual clutter.  It
    declares an empty marquee and a pre_cmd that clears the screen before each
    block (see Subclassing below).
 
  - ClearDemo, ClearIPDemo: mixin-enabled versions of the Demo and IPythonDemo
    classes.
 
 
 Subclassing
 ===========
 
 The classes here all include a few methods meant to make customization by
 subclassing more convenient.  Their docstrings below have some more details:
 
   - marquee(): generates a marquee to provide visible on-screen markers at each
     block start and end.
 
   - pre_cmd(): run right before the execution of each block.
 
   - post_cmd(): run right after the execution of each block.  If the block
     raises an exception, this is NOT called.
     
 
 Operation
 =========
 
 The file is run in its own empty namespace (though you can pass it a string of
 arguments as if in a command line environment, and it will see those as
 sys.argv).  But at each stop, the global IPython namespace is updated with the
 current internal demo namespace, so you can work interactively with the data
 accumulated so far.
 
 By default, each block of code is printed (with syntax highlighting) before
 executing it and you have to confirm execution.  This is intended to show the
 code to an audience first so you can discuss it, and only proceed with
 execution once you agree.  There are a few tags which allow you to modify this
 behavior.
 
 The supported tags are:
 
 # <demo> stop
 
   Defines block boundaries, the points where IPython stops execution of the
   file and returns to the interactive prompt.
 
   You can optionally mark the stop tag with extra dashes before and after the
   word 'stop', to help visually distinguish the blocks in a text editor:
 
   # <demo> --- stop ---
   
 
 # <demo> silent
 
   Make a block execute silently (and hence automatically).  Typically used in
   cases where you have some boilerplate or initialization code which you need
   executed but do not want to be seen in the demo.
   
 # <demo> auto
 
   Make a block execute automatically, but still being printed.  Useful for
   simple code which does not warrant discussion, since it avoids the extra
   manual confirmation.
 
 # <demo> auto_all
 
   This tag can _only_ be in the first block, and if given it overrides the
   individual auto tags to make the whole demo fully automatic (no block asks
   for confirmation).  It can also be given at creation time (or the attribute
   set later) to override what's in the file.
 
 While _any_ python file can be run as a Demo instance, if there are no stop
 tags the whole file will run in a single block (no different that calling
 first %pycat and then %run).  The minimal markup to make this useful is to
 place a set of stop tags; the other tags are only there to let you fine-tune
 the execution.
 
 This is probably best explained with the simple example file below.  You can
 copy this into a file named ex_demo.py, and try running it via:
 
 from IPython.demo import Demo
 d = Demo('ex_demo.py')
 d()  <--- Call the d object (omit the parens if you have autocall set to 2).
 
 Each time you call the demo object, it runs the next block.  The demo object
 has a few useful methods for navigation, like again(), edit(), jump(), seek()
 and back().  It can be reset for a new run via reset() or reloaded from disk
 (in case you've edited the source) via reload().  See their docstrings below.
 
 
 Example
 =======
 
 The following is a very simple example of a valid demo file.
 
 #################### EXAMPLE DEMO <ex_demo.py> ###############################
 '''A simple interactive demo to illustrate the use of IPython's Demo class.'''
 
 print 'Hello, welcome to an interactive IPython demo.'
 
 # The mark below defines a block boundary, which is a point where IPython will
 # stop execution and return to the interactive prompt. The dashes are actually
 # optional and used only as a visual aid to clearly separate blocks while
 editing the demo code.
 # <demo> stop
 
 x = 1
 y = 2
 
 # <demo> stop
 
 # the mark below makes this block as silent
 # <demo> silent
 
 print 'This is a silent block, which gets executed but not printed.'
 
 # <demo> stop
 # <demo> auto
 print 'This is an automatic block.'
 print 'It is executed without asking for confirmation, but printed.'
 z = x+y
 
 print 'z=',x
 
 # <demo> stop
 # This is just another normal block.
 print 'z is now:', z
 
 print 'bye!'
 ################### END EXAMPLE DEMO <ex_demo.py> ############################
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #     Copyright (C) 2005-2006 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 import exceptions
 import os
 import re
 import shlex
 import sys
 
 from IPython.PyColorize import Parser
 from IPython.genutils import marquee, file_read, file_readlines
 
 __all__ = ['Demo','IPythonDemo','LineDemo','IPythonLineDemo','DemoError']
 
 class DemoError(exceptions.Exception): pass
 
 def re_mark(mark):
     return re.compile(r'^\s*#\s+<demo>\s+%s\s*$' % mark,re.MULTILINE)
 
 class Demo(object):
 
-    re_stop     = re_mark('-?\s?stop\s?-?')
+    re_stop     = re_mark('-*\s?stop\s?-*')
     re_silent   = re_mark('silent')
     re_auto     = re_mark('auto')
     re_auto_all = re_mark('auto_all')
 
     def __init__(self,fname,arg_str='',auto_all=None):
         """Make a new demo object.  To run the demo, simply call the object.
 
         See the module docstring for full details and an example (you can use
         IPython.Demo? in IPython to see it).
 
         Inputs:
         
           - fname = filename.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - arg_str(''): a string of arguments, internally converted to a list
           just like sys.argv, so the demo script can see a similar
           environment.
 
           - auto_all(None): global flag to run all blocks automatically without
           confirmation.  This attribute overrides the block-level tags and
           applies to the whole demo.  It is an attribute of the object, and
           can be changed at runtime simply by reassigning it to a boolean
           value.
           """
         
         self.fname    = fname
         self.sys_argv = [fname] + shlex.split(arg_str)
         self.auto_all = auto_all
         
         # get a few things from ipython.  While it's a bit ugly design-wise,
         # it ensures that things like color scheme and the like are always in
         # sync with the ipython mode being used.  This class is only meant to
         # be used inside ipython anyways,  so it's OK.
         self.ip_ns       = __IPYTHON__.user_ns
         self.ip_colorize = __IPYTHON__.pycolorize
         self.ip_showtb   = __IPYTHON__.showtraceback
         self.ip_runlines = __IPYTHON__.runlines
         self.shell       = __IPYTHON__
 
         # load user data and initialize data structures
         self.reload()
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload source from disk and initialize state."""
         # read data and parse into blocks
         self.src     = file_read(self.fname)
         src_b        = [b.strip() for b in self.re_stop.split(self.src) if b]
         self._silent = [bool(self.re_silent.findall(b)) for b in src_b]
         self._auto   = [bool(self.re_auto.findall(b)) for b in src_b]
 
         # if auto_all is not given (def. None), we read it from the file
         if self.auto_all is None:
             self.auto_all = bool(self.re_auto_all.findall(src_b[0]))
         else:
             self.auto_all = bool(self.auto_all)
 
         # Clean the sources from all markup so it doesn't get displayed when
         # running the demo
         src_blocks = []
         auto_strip = lambda s: self.re_auto.sub('',s)
         for i,b in enumerate(src_b):
             if self._auto[i]:
                 src_blocks.append(auto_strip(b))
             else:
                 src_blocks.append(b)
         # remove the auto_all marker
         src_blocks[0] = self.re_auto_all.sub('',src_blocks[0])
 
         self.nblocks = len(src_blocks)
         self.src_blocks = src_blocks
 
         # also build syntax-highlighted source
         self.src_blocks_colored = map(self.ip_colorize,self.src_blocks)
 
         # ensure clean namespace and seek offset
         self.reset()
 
     def reset(self):
         """Reset the namespace and seek pointer to restart the demo"""
         self.user_ns     = {}
         self.finished    = False
         self.block_index = 0
 
     def _validate_index(self,index):
         if index<0 or index>=self.nblocks:
             raise ValueError('invalid block index %s' % index)
 
     def _get_index(self,index):
         """Get the current block index, validating and checking status.
 
         Returns None if the demo is finished"""
         
         if index is None:
             if self.finished:
                 print 'Demo finished.  Use reset() if you want to rerun it.'
                 return None
             index = self.block_index
         else:
             self._validate_index(index)
         return index
 
     def seek(self,index):
         """Move the current seek pointer to the given block.
 
         You can use negative indices to seek from the end, with identical
         semantics to those of Python lists."""
         if index<0:
             index = self.nblocks + index
         self._validate_index(index)
         self.block_index = index
         self.finished = False
 
     def back(self,num=1):
         """Move the seek pointer back num blocks (default is 1)."""
         self.seek(self.block_index-num)
 
     def jump(self,num=1):
         """Jump a given number of blocks relative to the current one.
 
         The offset can be positive or negative, defaults to 1."""
         self.seek(self.block_index+num)
 
     def again(self):
         """Move the seek pointer back one block and re-execute."""
         self.back(1)
         self()
 
     def edit(self,index=None):
         """Edit a block.
 
         If no number is given, use the last block executed.
 
         This edits the in-memory copy of the demo, it does NOT modify the
         original source file.  If you want to do that, simply open the file in
         an editor and use reload() when you make changes to the file.  This
         method is meant to let you change a block during a demonstration for
         explanatory purposes, without damaging your original script."""
 
         index = self._get_index(index)
         if index is None:
             return
         # decrease the index by one (unless we're at the very beginning), so
         # that the default demo.edit() call opens up the sblock we've last run
         if index>0:
             index -= 1
             
         filename = self.shell.mktempfile(self.src_blocks[index])
         self.shell.hooks.editor(filename,1)
         new_block = file_read(filename)
         # update the source and colored block
         self.src_blocks[index] = new_block
         self.src_blocks_colored[index] = self.ip_colorize(new_block)
         self.block_index = index
         # call to run with the newly edited index
         self()
         
     def show(self,index=None):
         """Show a single block on screen"""
 
         index = self._get_index(index)
         if index is None:
             return
 
         print self.marquee('<%s> block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                            (self.fname,index,self.nblocks-index-1))
         sys.stdout.write(self.src_blocks_colored[index])
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
     def show_all(self):
         """Show entire demo on screen, block by block"""
 
         fname = self.fname
         nblocks = self.nblocks
         silent = self._silent
         marquee = self.marquee
         for index,block in enumerate(self.src_blocks_colored):
             if silent[index]:
                 print marquee('<%s> SILENT block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                               (fname,index,nblocks-index-1))
             else:
                 print marquee('<%s> block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                               (fname,index,nblocks-index-1))
             print block,
         sys.stdout.flush()
 
     def runlines(self,source):
         """Execute a string with one or more lines of code"""
 
         exec source in self.user_ns
         
     def __call__(self,index=None):
         """run a block of the demo.
 
         If index is given, it should be an integer >=1 and <= nblocks.  This
         means that the calling convention is one off from typical Python
         lists.  The reason for the inconsistency is that the demo always
         prints 'Block n/N, and N is the total, so it would be very odd to use
         zero-indexing here."""
 
         index = self._get_index(index)
         if index is None:
             return
         try:
             marquee = self.marquee
             next_block = self.src_blocks[index]
             self.block_index += 1
             if self._silent[index]:
                 print marquee('Executing silent block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                               (index,self.nblocks-index-1))
             else:
                 self.pre_cmd()
                 self.show(index)
                 if self.auto_all or self._auto[index]:
                     print marquee('output:')
                 else:
                     print marquee('Press <q> to quit, <Enter> to execute...'),
                     ans = raw_input().strip()
                     if ans:
                         print marquee('Block NOT executed')
                         return
             try:
                 save_argv = sys.argv
                 sys.argv = self.sys_argv
                 self.runlines(next_block)
                 self.post_cmd()
             finally:
                 sys.argv = save_argv
             
         except:
             self.ip_showtb(filename=self.fname)
         else:
             self.ip_ns.update(self.user_ns)
 
         if self.block_index == self.nblocks:
             mq1 = self.marquee('END OF DEMO')
             if mq1:
                 # avoid spurious prints if empty marquees are used
                 print
                 print mq1
                 print self.marquee('Use reset() if you want to rerun it.')
             self.finished = True
 
     # These methods are meant to be overridden by subclasses who may wish to
     # customize the behavior of of their demos.
     def marquee(self,txt='',width=78,mark='*'):
         """Return the input string centered in a 'marquee'."""
         return marquee(txt,width,mark)
 
     def pre_cmd(self):
         """Method called before executing each block."""
         pass
 
     def post_cmd(self):
         """Method called after executing each block."""
         pass
 
 
 class IPythonDemo(Demo):
     """Class for interactive demos with IPython's input processing applied.
 
     This subclasses Demo, but instead of executing each block by the Python
     interpreter (via exec), it actually calls IPython on it, so that any input
     filters which may be in place are applied to the input block.
 
     If you have an interactive environment which exposes special input
     processing, you can use this class instead to write demo scripts which
     operate exactly as if you had typed them interactively.  The default Demo
     class requires the input to be valid, pure Python code.
     """
 
     def runlines(self,source):
         """Execute a string with one or more lines of code"""
 
         self.shell.runlines(source)
         
 class LineDemo(Demo):
     """Demo where each line is executed as a separate block.
 
     The input script should be valid Python code.
 
     This class doesn't require any markup at all, and it's meant for simple
     scripts (with no nesting or any kind of indentation) which consist of
     multiple lines of input to be executed, one at a time, as if they had been
     typed in the interactive prompt."""
     
     def reload(self):
         """Reload source from disk and initialize state."""
         # read data and parse into blocks
         src_b           = [l for l in file_readlines(self.fname) if l.strip()]
         nblocks         = len(src_b)
         self.src        = os.linesep.join(file_readlines(self.fname))
         self._silent    = [False]*nblocks
         self._auto      = [True]*nblocks
         self.auto_all   = True
         self.nblocks    = nblocks
         self.src_blocks = src_b
 
         # also build syntax-highlighted source
         self.src_blocks_colored = map(self.ip_colorize,self.src_blocks)
 
         # ensure clean namespace and seek offset
         self.reset()
 
 
 class IPythonLineDemo(IPythonDemo,LineDemo):
     """Variant of the LineDemo class whose input is processed by IPython."""
     pass
 
 
 class ClearMixin(object):
     """Use this mixin to make Demo classes with less visual clutter.
 
     Demos using this mixin will clear the screen before every block and use
     blank marquees.
 
     Note that in order for the methods defined here to actually override those
     of the classes it's mixed with, it must go /first/ in the inheritance
     tree.  For example:
 
         class ClearIPDemo(ClearMixin,IPythonDemo): pass
 
     will provide an IPythonDemo class with the mixin's features.
     """
     
     def marquee(self,txt='',width=78,mark='*'):
         """Blank marquee that returns '' no matter what the input."""
         return ''
 
     def pre_cmd(self):
         """Method called before executing each block.
 
         This one simply clears the screen."""
         os.system('clear')
 
 
 class ClearDemo(ClearMixin,Demo):
     pass
 
 
 class ClearIPDemo(ClearMixin,IPythonDemo):
     pass

IPython/hooks.py

@@ -1,249 +1,252 b''
 """hooks for IPython.
 
 In Python, it is possible to overwrite any method of any object if you really
 want to.  But IPython exposes a few 'hooks', methods which are _designed_ to
 be overwritten by users for customization purposes.  This module defines the
 default versions of all such hooks, which get used by IPython if not
 overridden by the user.
 
 hooks are simple functions, but they should be declared with 'self' as their
 first argument, because when activated they are registered into IPython as
 instance methods.  The self argument will be the IPython running instance
 itself, so hooks have full access to the entire IPython object.
 
 If you wish to define a new hook and activate it, you need to put the
 necessary code into a python file which can be either imported or execfile()'d
 from within your ipythonrc configuration.
 
 For example, suppose that you have a module called 'myiphooks' in your
 PYTHONPATH, which contains the following definition:
 
 import os
 import IPython.ipapi
 ip = IPython.ipapi.get()
 
 def calljed(self,filename, linenum):
     "My editor hook calls the jed editor directly."
     print "Calling my own editor, jed ..."
-    os.system('jed +%d %s' % (linenum,filename))
+    if os.system('jed +%d %s' % (linenum,filename)) != 0:
+        raise ipapi.TryNext()
 
 ip.set_hook('editor', calljed)
 
 You can then enable the functionality by doing 'import myiphooks'
 somewhere in your configuration files or ipython command line.
 
 $Id: hooks.py 2998 2008-01-31 10:06:04Z vivainio $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2005 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 from IPython import ipapi
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 __version__ = Release.version
 
 import os,bisect
 from genutils import Term,shell
 from pprint import PrettyPrinter
 
 # List here all the default hooks.  For now it's just the editor functions
 # but over time we'll move here all the public API for user-accessible things.
 # vds: >>
 __all__ = ['editor', 'fix_error_editor', 'synchronize_with_editor', 'result_display',
            'input_prefilter', 'shutdown_hook', 'late_startup_hook',
            'generate_prompt', 'generate_output_prompt','shell_hook',
            'show_in_pager','pre_prompt_hook', 'pre_runcode_hook']
 # vds: <<
 
 pformat = PrettyPrinter().pformat
 
 def editor(self,filename, linenum=None):
     """Open the default editor at the given filename and linenumber.
 
     This is IPython's default editor hook, you can use it as an example to
     write your own modified one.  To set your own editor function as the
     new editor hook, call ip.set_hook('editor',yourfunc)."""
 
     # IPython configures a default editor at startup by reading $EDITOR from
     # the environment, and falling back on vi (unix) or notepad (win32).
     editor = self.rc.editor
     
     # marker for at which line to open the file (for existing objects)
     if linenum is None or editor=='notepad':
         linemark = ''
     else:
         linemark = '+%d' % int(linenum)
     
     # Enclose in quotes if necessary and legal
     if ' ' in editor and os.path.isfile(editor) and editor[0] != '"':
         editor = '"%s"' % editor
         
     # Call the actual editor
-    os.system('%s %s %s' % (editor,linemark,filename))
+    if os.system('%s %s %s' % (editor,linemark,filename)) != 0:
+        raise ipapi.TryNext()
 
 import tempfile
 def fix_error_editor(self,filename,linenum,column,msg):
     """Open the editor at the given filename, linenumber, column and 
     show an error message. This is used for correcting syntax errors.
     The current implementation only has special support for the VIM editor,
     and falls back on the 'editor' hook if VIM is not used.
 
     Call ip.set_hook('fix_error_editor',youfunc) to use your own function,
     """
     def vim_quickfix_file():
         t = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
         t.write('%s:%d:%d:%s\n' % (filename,linenum,column,msg))
         t.flush()
         return t
     if os.path.basename(self.rc.editor) != 'vim':
         self.hooks.editor(filename,linenum)
         return
     t = vim_quickfix_file()
     try:
-        os.system('vim --cmd "set errorformat=%f:%l:%c:%m" -q ' + t.name)
+        if os.system('vim --cmd "set errorformat=%f:%l:%c:%m" -q ' + t.name):
+            raise ipapi.TryNext()
     finally:
         t.close()
 
 # vds: >>
 def synchronize_with_editor(self, filename, linenum, column):
 	pass
 # vds: <<
 
 class CommandChainDispatcher:
     """ Dispatch calls to a chain of commands until some func can handle it
     
     Usage: instantiate, execute "add" to add commands (with optional
     priority), execute normally via f() calling mechanism.
     
     """
     def __init__(self,commands=None):
         if commands is None:
             self.chain = []
         else:
             self.chain = commands
             
             
     def __call__(self,*args, **kw):
         """ Command chain is called just like normal func. 
         
         This will call all funcs in chain with the same args as were given to this
         function, and return the result of first func that didn't raise
         TryNext """
         
         for prio,cmd in self.chain:
             #print "prio",prio,"cmd",cmd #dbg
             try:
                 ret = cmd(*args, **kw)
                 return ret
             except ipapi.TryNext, exc:
                 if exc.args or exc.kwargs:
                     args = exc.args
                     kw = exc.kwargs
         # if no function will accept it, raise TryNext up to the caller
         raise ipapi.TryNext
                 
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.chain)
     
     def add(self, func, priority=0):
         """ Add a func to the cmd chain with given priority """
         bisect.insort(self.chain,(priority,func))
 
     def __iter__(self):
         """ Return all objects in chain.
         
         Handy if the objects are not callable.
         """
         return iter(self.chain)
     
 def result_display(self,arg):
     """ Default display hook.
     
     Called for displaying the result to the user.
     """
     
     if self.rc.pprint:
         out = pformat(arg)
         if '\n' in out:
             # So that multi-line strings line up with the left column of
             # the screen, instead of having the output prompt mess up
             # their first line.                
             Term.cout.write('\n')
         print >>Term.cout, out
     else:
         # By default, the interactive prompt uses repr() to display results,
         # so we should honor this.  Users who'd rather use a different
         # mechanism can easily override this hook.
         print >>Term.cout, repr(arg)
     # the default display hook doesn't manipulate the value to put in history
     return None 
 
 def input_prefilter(self,line):     
     """ Default input prefilter
     
     This returns the line as unchanged, so that the interpreter
     knows that nothing was done and proceeds with "classic" prefiltering
     (%magics, !shell commands etc.). 
     
     Note that leading whitespace is not passed to this hook. Prefilter
     can't alter indentation.
     
     """
     #print "attempt to rewrite",line #dbg
     return line
 
 def shutdown_hook(self):
     """ default shutdown hook
     
     Typically, shotdown hooks should raise TryNext so all shutdown ops are done
     """
     
     #print "default shutdown hook ok" # dbg
     return
 
 def late_startup_hook(self):
     """ Executed after ipython has been constructed and configured 
     
     """
     #print "default startup hook ok" # dbg
 
 def generate_prompt(self, is_continuation):
     """ calculate and return a string with the prompt to display """
     ip = self.api
     if is_continuation:
         return str(ip.IP.outputcache.prompt2)
     return str(ip.IP.outputcache.prompt1)
 
 def generate_output_prompt(self):
     ip = self.api
     return str(ip.IP.outputcache.prompt_out)
 
 def shell_hook(self,cmd):
     """ Run system/shell command a'la os.system() """
 
     shell(cmd, header=self.rc.system_header, verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
 
 def show_in_pager(self,s):
     """ Run a string through pager """
     # raising TryNext here will use the default paging functionality
     raise ipapi.TryNext
 
 def pre_prompt_hook(self):
     """ Run before displaying the next prompt
     
     Use this e.g. to display output from asynchronous operations (in order 
     to not mess up text entry)   
     """
     
     return None
 
 def pre_runcode_hook(self):
     """ Executed before running the (prefiltered) code in IPython """
     return None
     
 

IPython/iplib.py

@@ -1,2686 +1,2695 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python
 
 Requires Python 2.3 or newer.
 
 This file contains all the classes and helper functions specific to IPython.
 
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #
 # Note: this code originally subclassed code.InteractiveConsole from the
 # Python standard library.  Over time, all of that class has been copied
 # verbatim here for modifications which could not be accomplished by
 # subclassing.  At this point, there are no dependencies at all on the code
 # module anymore (it is not even imported).  The Python License (sec. 2)
 # allows for this, but it's always nice to acknowledge credit where credit is
 # due.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Modules and globals
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>\n%s <%s>' % \
               ( Release.authors['Janko'] + Release.authors['Fernando'] )
 __license__ = Release.license
 __version__ = Release.version
 
 # Python standard modules
 import __main__
 import __builtin__
 import StringIO
 import bdb
 import cPickle as pickle
 import codeop
 import exceptions
 import glob
 import inspect
 import keyword
 import new
 import os
 import pydoc
 import re
 import shutil
 import string
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import traceback
 import types
 import warnings
 warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', r'.*sets module*')
 from sets import Set
 from pprint import pprint, pformat
 
 # IPython's own modules
 #import IPython
 from IPython import Debugger,OInspect,PyColorize,ultraTB
 from IPython.ColorANSI import ColorScheme,ColorSchemeTable  # too long names
 from IPython.Extensions import pickleshare
 from IPython.FakeModule import FakeModule
 from IPython.Itpl import Itpl,itpl,printpl,ItplNS,itplns
 from IPython.Logger import Logger
 from IPython.Magic import Magic
 from IPython.Prompts import CachedOutput
 from IPython.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.background_jobs import BackgroundJobManager
 from IPython.usage import cmd_line_usage,interactive_usage
 from IPython.genutils import *
 from IPython.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 import IPython.ipapi
 import IPython.history
 import IPython.prefilter as prefilter
 import IPython.shadowns
 # Globals
 
 # store the builtin raw_input globally, and use this always, in case user code
 # overwrites it (like wx.py.PyShell does)
 raw_input_original = raw_input
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Some utility function definitions
 
 ini_spaces_re = re.compile(r'^(\s+)')
 
 def num_ini_spaces(strng):
     """Return the number of initial spaces in a string"""
 
     ini_spaces = ini_spaces_re.match(strng)
     if ini_spaces:
         return ini_spaces.end()
     else:
         return 0
 
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Local use exceptions
 class SpaceInInput(exceptions.Exception): pass
 
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Local use classes
 class Bunch: pass
 
 class Undefined: pass
 
 class Quitter(object):
     """Simple class to handle exit, similar to Python 2.5's.
 
     It handles exiting in an ipython-safe manner, which the one in Python 2.5
     doesn't do (obviously, since it doesn't know about ipython)."""
     
     def __init__(self,shell,name):
         self.shell = shell
         self.name = name
         
     def __repr__(self):
         return 'Type %s() to exit.' % self.name
     __str__ = __repr__
 
     def __call__(self):
         self.shell.exit()
 
 class InputList(list):
     """Class to store user input.
 
     It's basically a list, but slices return a string instead of a list, thus
     allowing things like (assuming 'In' is an instance):
 
     exec In[4:7]
 
     or
 
     exec In[5:9] + In[14] + In[21:25]"""
 
     def __getslice__(self,i,j):
         return ''.join(list.__getslice__(self,i,j))
 
 class SyntaxTB(ultraTB.ListTB):
     """Extension which holds some state: the last exception value"""
 
     def __init__(self,color_scheme = 'NoColor'):
         ultraTB.ListTB.__init__(self,color_scheme)
         self.last_syntax_error = None
 
     def __call__(self, etype, value, elist):
         self.last_syntax_error = value
         ultraTB.ListTB.__call__(self,etype,value,elist)
 
     def clear_err_state(self):
         """Return the current error state and clear it"""
         e = self.last_syntax_error
         self.last_syntax_error = None
         return e
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Main IPython class
 
 # FIXME: the Magic class is a mixin for now, and will unfortunately remain so
 # until a full rewrite is made.  I've cleaned all cross-class uses of
 # attributes and methods, but too much user code out there relies on the
 # equlity %foo == __IP.magic_foo, so I can't actually remove the mixin usage.
 #
 # But at least now, all the pieces have been separated and we could, in
 # principle, stop using the mixin.  This will ease the transition to the
 # chainsaw branch.
 
 # For reference, the following is the list of 'self.foo' uses in the Magic
 # class as of 2005-12-28.  These are names we CAN'T use in the main ipython
 # class, to prevent clashes.
 
 # ['self.__class__', 'self.__dict__', 'self._inspect', 'self._ofind',
 #  'self.arg_err', 'self.extract_input', 'self.format_', 'self.lsmagic',
 #  'self.magic_', 'self.options_table', 'self.parse', 'self.shell',
 #  'self.value']
 
 class InteractiveShell(object,Magic):
     """An enhanced console for Python."""
 
     # class attribute to indicate whether the class supports threads or not.
     # Subclasses with thread support should override this as needed.
     isthreaded = False
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns=None,user_global_ns=None,banner2='',
                  custom_exceptions=((),None),embedded=False):
 
         # log system
         self.logger = Logger(self,logfname='ipython_log.py',logmode='rotate')
             
         # Job manager (for jobs run as background threads)
         self.jobs = BackgroundJobManager()
 
         # Store the actual shell's name
         self.name = name
         self.more = False
 
         # We need to know whether the instance is meant for embedding, since
         # global/local namespaces need to be handled differently in that case
         self.embedded = embedded
         if embedded:
             # Control variable so users can, from within the embedded instance,
             # permanently deactivate it.
             self.embedded_active = True
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = codeop.CommandCompiler()
 
         # User input buffer
         self.buffer = []
 
         # Default name given in compilation of code
         self.filename = '<ipython console>'
 
         # Install our own quitter instead of the builtins.  For python2.3-2.4,
         # this brings in behavior like 2.5, and for 2.5 it's identical.
         __builtin__.exit = Quitter(self,'exit')
         __builtin__.quit = Quitter(self,'quit')
         
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return properly built dicts as needed by the rest of
         # the code, and can also be used by extension writers to generate
         # properly initialized namespaces.
         user_ns, user_global_ns = IPython.ipapi.make_user_namespaces(user_ns,
             user_global_ns)
 
         # Assign namespaces
         # This is the namespace where all normal user variables live
         self.user_ns = user_ns
         self.user_global_ns = user_global_ns
         # A namespace to keep track of internal data structures to prevent
         # them from cluttering user-visible stuff.  Will be updated later
         self.internal_ns = {}
 
         # Namespace of system aliases.  Each entry in the alias
         # table must be a 2-tuple of the form (N,name), where N is the number
         # of positional arguments of the alias.
         self.alias_table = {}
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user':user_ns,
                          'user_global':user_global_ns,
                          'alias':self.alias_table,
                          'internal':self.internal_ns,
                          'builtin':__builtin__.__dict__
                          }
         # The user namespace MUST have a pointer to the shell itself.
         self.user_ns[name] = self
 
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         if not embedded:
             try:
                 main_name = self.user_ns['__name__']
             except KeyError:
                 raise KeyError,'user_ns dictionary MUST have a "__name__" key'
             else:
                 #print "pickle hack in place"  # dbg
                 #print 'main_name:',main_name # dbg
                 sys.modules[main_name] = FakeModule(self.user_ns)
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so docetst and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  This means that later calls to functions
         # defined in the script (which have become interactively visible after
         # script exit) fail, because they hold references to objects that have
         # become overwritten into None.  The only solution I see right now is
         # to protect every FakeModule used by %run by holding an internal
         # reference to it.  This private list will be used for that.  The
         # %reset command will flush it as well.
         self._user_main_modules = []
 
         # List of input with multi-line handling.
         # Fill its zero entry, user counter starts at 1
         self.input_hist = InputList(['\n'])
         # This one will hold the 'raw' input history, without any
         # pre-processing.  This will allow users to retrieve the input just as
         # it was exactly typed in by the user, with %hist -r.
         self.input_hist_raw = InputList(['\n'])
 
         # list of visited directories
         try:
             self.dir_hist = [os.getcwd()]
         except OSError:
             self.dir_hist = []
 
         # dict of output history
         self.output_hist = {}
 
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
         # dict of things NOT to alias (keywords, builtins and some magics)
         no_alias = {}
         no_alias_magics = ['cd','popd','pushd','dhist','alias','unalias']
         for key in keyword.kwlist + no_alias_magics:
             no_alias[key] = 1
         no_alias.update(__builtin__.__dict__)
         self.no_alias = no_alias
                 
         # make global variables for user access to these
         self.user_ns['_ih'] = self.input_hist
         self.user_ns['_oh'] = self.output_hist
         self.user_ns['_dh'] = self.dir_hist
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories
         self.user_ns['In']  = self.input_hist
         self.user_ns['Out'] = self.output_hist
 
         self.user_ns['_sh'] = IPython.shadowns
         # Object variable to store code object waiting execution.  This is
         # used mainly by the multithreaded shells, but it can come in handy in
         # other situations.  No need to use a Queue here, since it's a single
         # item which gets cleared once run.
         self.code_to_run = None
         
         # escapes for automatic behavior on the command line
         self.ESC_SHELL  = '!'
         self.ESC_SH_CAP = '!!'
         self.ESC_HELP   = '?'
         self.ESC_MAGIC  = '%'
         self.ESC_QUOTE  = ','
         self.ESC_QUOTE2 = ';'
         self.ESC_PAREN  = '/'
 
         # And their associated handlers
         self.esc_handlers = {self.ESC_PAREN  : self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_QUOTE  : self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_QUOTE2 : self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_MAGIC  : self.handle_magic,
                              self.ESC_HELP   : self.handle_help,
                              self.ESC_SHELL  : self.handle_shell_escape,
                              self.ESC_SH_CAP : self.handle_shell_escape,
                              }
 
         # class initializations
         Magic.__init__(self,self)
 
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser().format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str',self.rc['colors'])
 
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
         
         self.strdispatchers = {}
         
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name), 100)
             #print "bound hook",hook_name
 
         # Flag to mark unconditional exit
         self.exit_now = False
 
         self.usage_min =  """\
         An enhanced console for Python.
         Some of its features are:
         - Readline support if the readline library is present.
         - Tab completion in the local namespace.
         - Logging of input, see command-line options.
         - System shell escape via ! , eg !ls.
         - Magic commands, starting with a % (like %ls, %pwd, %cd, etc.)
         - Keeps track of locally defined variables via %who, %whos.
         - Show object information with a ? eg ?x or x? (use ?? for more info).
         """
         if usage: self.usage = usage
         else: self.usage = self.usage_min
 
         # Storage
         self.rc = rc   # This will hold all configuration information
         self.pager = 'less'
         # temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         self.tempfiles = []
 
         # Keep track of readline usage (later set by init_readline)
         self.has_readline = False
 
         # template for logfile headers.  It gets resolved at runtime by the
         # logstart method.
         self.loghead_tpl = \
 """#log# Automatic Logger file. *** THIS MUST BE THE FIRST LINE ***
 #log# DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE OR THE TWO BELOW
 #log# opts = %s
 #log# args = %s
 #log# It is safe to make manual edits below here.
 #log#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 """
         # for pushd/popd management
         try:
             self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
         except HomeDirError,msg:
             fatal(msg)
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
         # Functions to call the underlying shell.
 
         # The first is similar to os.system, but it doesn't return a value,
         # and it allows interpolation of variables in the user's namespace.
         self.system = lambda cmd: \
                       self.hooks.shell_hook(self.var_expand(cmd,depth=2))
 
         # These are for getoutput and getoutputerror:
         self.getoutput = lambda cmd: \
                          getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd,depth=2),
                                    header=self.rc.system_header,
                                    verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
 
         self.getoutputerror = lambda cmd: \
                               getoutputerror(self.var_expand(cmd,depth=2),
                                              header=self.rc.system_header,
                                              verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
  
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Various switches which can be set
         self.CACHELENGTH = 5000  # this is cheap, it's just text
         self.BANNER = "Python %(version)s on %(platform)s\n" % sys.__dict__
         self.banner2 = banner2
 
         # TraceBack handlers:
 
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor')
         
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultraTB.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1)
 
         # IPython itself shouldn't crash. This will produce a detailed
         # post-mortem if it does.  But we only install the crash handler for
         # non-threaded shells, the threaded ones use a normal verbose reporter
         # and lose the crash handler.  This is because exceptions in the main
         # thread (such as in GUI code) propagate directly to sys.excepthook,
         # and there's no point in printing crash dumps for every user exception.
         if self.isthreaded:
             ipCrashHandler = ultraTB.FormattedTB()
         else:
             from IPython import CrashHandler
             ipCrashHandler = CrashHandler.IPythonCrashHandler(self)
         self.set_crash_handler(ipCrashHandler)
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # indentation management
         self.autoindent = False
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
         # Make some aliases automatically
         # Prepare list of shell aliases to auto-define
         if os.name == 'posix':
             auto_alias = ('mkdir mkdir', 'rmdir rmdir',
                           'mv mv -i','rm rm -i','cp cp -i',
                           'cat cat','less less','clear clear',
                           # a better ls
                           'ls ls -F',
                           # long ls
                           'll ls -lF')
             # Extra ls aliases with color, which need special treatment on BSD
             # variants
             ls_extra = ( # color ls
                          'lc ls -F -o --color',
                          # ls normal files only
                          'lf ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^-',
                          # ls symbolic links
                          'lk ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^l',
                          # directories or links to directories,
                          'ldir ls -F -o --color %l | grep /$',
                          # things which are executable
                          'lx ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^-..x',
                          )
             # The BSDs don't ship GNU ls, so they don't understand the
             # --color switch out of the box
             if 'bsd' in sys.platform:
                 ls_extra = ( # ls normal files only
                              'lf ls -lF | grep ^-',
                              # ls symbolic links
                              'lk ls -lF | grep ^l',
                              # directories or links to directories,
                              'ldir ls -lF | grep /$',
                              # things which are executable
                              'lx ls -lF | grep ^-..x',
                              )
             auto_alias = auto_alias + ls_extra
         elif os.name in ['nt','dos']:
             auto_alias = ('ls dir /on',
                           'ddir dir /ad /on', 'ldir dir /ad /on',
                           'mkdir mkdir','rmdir rmdir','echo echo',
                           'ren ren','cls cls','copy copy')
         else:
             auto_alias = ()
         self.auto_alias = [s.split(None,1) for s in auto_alias]
 
         
         # Produce a public API instance
         self.api = IPython.ipapi.IPApi(self)
 
         # Call the actual (public) initializer
         self.init_auto_alias()
 
         # track which builtins we add, so we can clean up later
         self.builtins_added = {}
         # This method will add the necessary builtins for operation, but
         # tracking what it did via the builtins_added dict.
         
         #TODO: remove this, redundant
         self.add_builtins()
 
         
         
 
     # end __init__
 
     def var_expand(self,cmd,depth=0):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
 
         return str(ItplNS(cmd,
                           self.user_ns,  # globals
                           # Skip our own frame in searching for locals:
                           sys._getframe(depth+1).f_locals # locals
                           ))
 
     def pre_config_initialization(self):
         """Pre-configuration init method
 
         This is called before the configuration files are processed to
         prepare the services the config files might need.
         
         self.rc already has reasonable default values at this point.
         """
         rc = self.rc
         try:
             self.db = pickleshare.PickleShareDB(rc.ipythondir + "/db")            
         except exceptions.UnicodeDecodeError:
             print "Your ipythondir can't be decoded to unicode!"
             print "Please set HOME environment variable to something that"
             print r"only has ASCII characters, e.g. c:\home"
             print "Now it is",rc.ipythondir
             sys.exit()
         self.shadowhist = IPython.history.ShadowHist(self.db)            
             
     
     def post_config_initialization(self):
         """Post configuration init method
 
         This is called after the configuration files have been processed to
         'finalize' the initialization."""
 
         rc = self.rc
 
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = OInspect.Inspector(OInspect.InspectColors,
                                             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
                                             'NoColor',
                                             rc.object_info_string_level)
         
         self.rl_next_input = None
         self.rl_do_indent = False
         # Load readline proper
         if rc.readline:
             self.init_readline()
 
         
         # local shortcut, this is used a LOT
         self.log = self.logger.log
 
         # Initialize cache, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.outputcache = CachedOutput(self,
                                         rc.cache_size,
                                         rc.pprint,
                                         input_sep = rc.separate_in,
                                         output_sep = rc.separate_out,
                                         output_sep2 = rc.separate_out2,
                                         ps1 = rc.prompt_in1,
                                         ps2 = rc.prompt_in2,
                                         ps_out = rc.prompt_out,
                                         pad_left = rc.prompts_pad_left)
 
         # user may have over-ridden the default print hook:
         try:
             self.outputcache.__class__.display = self.hooks.display
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 
         # I don't like assigning globally to sys, because it means when
         # embedding instances, each embedded instance overrides the previous
         # choice. But sys.displayhook seems to be called internally by exec,
         # so I don't see a way around it.  We first save the original and then
         # overwrite it.
         self.sys_displayhook = sys.displayhook
         sys.displayhook = self.outputcache
 
         # Do a proper resetting of doctest, including the necessary displayhook
         # monkeypatching
         try:
             doctest_reload()
         except ImportError:
             warn("doctest module does not exist.")
         
         # Set user colors (don't do it in the constructor above so that it
         # doesn't crash if colors option is invalid)
         self.magic_colors(rc.colors)
 
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         self.call_pdb = rc.pdb
 
         # Load user aliases
         for alias in rc.alias:
             self.magic_alias(alias)
         
         self.hooks.late_startup_hook()
         
         for cmd in self.rc.autoexec:
             #print "autoexec>",cmd #dbg
             self.api.runlines(cmd)
             
         batchrun = False
         for batchfile in [path(arg) for arg in self.rc.args 
             if arg.lower().endswith('.ipy')]:
             if not batchfile.isfile():
                 print "No such batch file:", batchfile
                 continue
             self.api.runlines(batchfile.text())
             batchrun = True
         # without -i option, exit after running the batch file
         if batchrun and not self.rc.interact:
             self.ask_exit()            
 
     def add_builtins(self):
         """Store ipython references into the builtin namespace.
 
         Some parts of ipython operate via builtins injected here, which hold a
         reference to IPython itself."""
 
         # TODO: deprecate all of these, they are unsafe
         builtins_new  = dict(__IPYTHON__ = self,
              ip_set_hook = self.set_hook, 
              jobs = self.jobs,
              ipmagic = wrap_deprecated(self.ipmagic,'_ip.magic()'),  
              ipalias = wrap_deprecated(self.ipalias),  
              ipsystem = wrap_deprecated(self.ipsystem,'_ip.system()'),
              #_ip = self.api
              )
         for biname,bival in builtins_new.items():
             try:
                 # store the orignal value so we can restore it
                 self.builtins_added[biname] =  __builtin__.__dict__[biname]
             except KeyError:
                 # or mark that it wasn't defined, and we'll just delete it at
                 # cleanup
                 self.builtins_added[biname] = Undefined
             __builtin__.__dict__[biname] = bival
             
         # Keep in the builtins a flag for when IPython is active.  We set it
         # with setdefault so that multiple nested IPythons don't clobber one
         # another.  Each will increase its value by one upon being activated,
         # which also gives us a way to determine the nesting level.
         __builtin__.__dict__.setdefault('__IPYTHON__active',0)
 
     def clean_builtins(self):
         """Remove any builtins which might have been added by add_builtins, or
         restore overwritten ones to their previous values."""
         for biname,bival in self.builtins_added.items():
             if bival is Undefined:
                 del __builtin__.__dict__[biname]
             else:
                 __builtin__.__dict__[biname] = bival
         self.builtins_added.clear()
     
     def set_hook(self,name,hook, priority = 50, str_key = None, re_key = None):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's 
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
         
         f = new.instancemethod(hook,self,self.__class__)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
             
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.hooks.__all__:
             print "Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % (name, IPython.hooks.__all__ )
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
         
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
         
         
         #setattr(self.hooks,name,new.instancemethod(hook,self,self.__class__))
 
     def set_crash_handler(self,crashHandler):
         """Set the IPython crash handler.
 
         This must be a callable with a signature suitable for use as
         sys.excepthook."""
 
         # Install the given crash handler as the Python exception hook
         sys.excepthook = crashHandler
         
         # The instance will store a pointer to this, so that runtime code
         # (such as magics) can access it.  This is because during the
         # read-eval loop, it gets temporarily overwritten (to deal with GUI
         # frameworks).
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
 
     def set_custom_exc(self,exc_tuple,handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple,handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         runcode() method.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - exc_tuple: a *tuple* of valid exceptions to call the defined
           handler for.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
           LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
           you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple:
 
             exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
           - handler: this must be defined as a function with the following
           basic interface: def my_handler(self,etype,value,tb).
 
           This will be made into an instance method (via new.instancemethod)
           of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
           listed in the exc_tuple are caught.  If the handler is None, an
           internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
 
         assert type(exc_tuple)==type(()) , \
                "The custom exceptions must be given AS A TUPLE."
 
         def dummy_handler(self,etype,value,tb):
             print '*** Simple custom exception handler ***'
             print 'Exception type :',etype
             print 'Exception value:',value
             print 'Traceback      :',tb
             print 'Source code    :','\n'.join(self.buffer)
 
         if handler is None: handler = dummy_handler
 
         self.CustomTB = new.instancemethod(handler,self,self.__class__)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def set_custom_completer(self,completer,pos=0):
         """set_custom_completer(completer,pos=0)
 
         Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted."""
 
         newcomp = new.instancemethod(completer,self.Completer,
                                      self.Completer.__class__)
         self.Completer.matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_completer(self):
         """reset readline's completer to be our own."""
         self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
         
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError,'new call_pdb value must be boolean'
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
         if self.isthreaded:
             try:
                 self.sys_excepthook.call_pdb = val
             except:
                 warn('Failed to activate pdb for threaded exception handler')
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
  
 
     # These special functions get installed in the builtin namespace, to
     # provide programmatic (pure python) access to magics, aliases and system
     # calls.  This is important for logging, user scripting, and more.
 
     # We are basically exposing, via normal python functions, the three
     # mechanisms in which ipython offers special call modes (magics for
     # internal control, aliases for direct system access via pre-selected
     # names, and !cmd for calling arbitrary system commands).
 
     def ipmagic(self,arg_s):
         """Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and any
         additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         ipmagic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use ipmagic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
         namespace upon initialization."""
 
         args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
         magic_name = args[0]
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(self.ESC_MAGIC)
 
         try:
             magic_args = args[1]
         except IndexError:
             magic_args = ''
         fn = getattr(self,'magic_'+magic_name,None)
         if fn is None:
             error("Magic function `%s` not found." % magic_name)
         else:
             magic_args = self.var_expand(magic_args,1)
             return fn(magic_args)
 
     def ipalias(self,arg_s):
         """Call an alias by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the alias to call and any
         additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         ipalias('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: name -opt foo bar
 
         To call an alias without arguments, simply use ipalias('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's aliases in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
         namespace upon initialization."""
 
         args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
         alias_name = args[0]
         try:
             alias_args = args[1]
         except IndexError:
             alias_args = ''
         if alias_name in self.alias_table:
             self.call_alias(alias_name,alias_args)
         else:
             error("Alias `%s` not found." % alias_name)
 
     def ipsystem(self,arg_s):
         """Make a system call, using IPython."""
 
         self.system(arg_s)
 
     def complete(self,text):
         """Return a sorted list of all possible completions on text.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - text: a string of text to be completed on.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [7]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [8]: x
         Out[8]: 'hello'
 
         In [9]: print x
         hello
 
         In [10]: _ip.IP.complete('x.l')
         Out[10]: ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip']
         """
         
         complete = self.Completer.complete
         state = 0
         # use a dict so we get unique keys, since ipyhton's multiple
         # completers can return duplicates.  When we make 2.4 a requirement,
         # start using sets instead, which are faster.
         comps = {}
         while True:
             newcomp = complete(text,state,line_buffer=text)
             if newcomp is None:
                 break
             comps[newcomp] = 1
             state += 1
         outcomps = comps.keys()
         outcomps.sort()
         #print "T:",text,"OC:",outcomps  # dbg
         #print "vars:",self.user_ns.keys()
         return outcomps
         
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     def init_auto_alias(self):
         """Define some aliases automatically.
 
         These are ALL parameter-less aliases"""
 
         for alias,cmd in self.auto_alias:
             self.getapi().defalias(alias,cmd)
             
 
     def alias_table_validate(self,verbose=0):
         """Update information about the alias table.
 
         In particular, make sure no Python keywords/builtins are in it."""
 
         no_alias = self.no_alias
         for k in self.alias_table.keys():
             if k in no_alias:
                 del self.alias_table[k]
                 if verbose:
                     print ("Deleting alias <%s>, it's a Python "
                            "keyword or builtin." % k)
     
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag, checking for readline support.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
 
         if not self.has_readline:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn("The auto-indent feature requires the readline library")
             self.autoindent = 0
             return
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     def rc_set_toggle(self,rc_field,value=None):
         """Set or toggle a field in IPython's rc config. structure.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle.
 
         If called with a non-existent field, the resulting AttributeError
         exception will propagate out."""
 
         rc_val = getattr(self.rc,rc_field)
         if value is None:
             value = not rc_val
         setattr(self.rc,rc_field,value)
 
     def user_setup(self,ipythondir,rc_suffix,mode='install'):
         """Install the user configuration directory.
 
         Can be called when running for the first time or to upgrade the user's
         .ipython/ directory with the mode parameter. Valid modes are 'install'
         and 'upgrade'."""
 
         def wait():
             try:
                 raw_input("Please press <RETURN> to start IPython.")
             except EOFError:
                 print >> Term.cout
             print '*'*70
 
         cwd = os.getcwd()  # remember where we started
         glb = glob.glob
         print '*'*70
         if mode == 'install':
             print \
 """Welcome to IPython. I will try to create a personal configuration directory
 where you can customize many aspects of IPython's functionality in:\n"""
         else:
             print 'I am going to upgrade your configuration in:'
 
         print ipythondir
 
         rcdirend = os.path.join('IPython','UserConfig')
         cfg = lambda d: os.path.join(d,rcdirend)
         try:
             rcdir = filter(os.path.isdir,map(cfg,sys.path))[0]
             print "Initializing from configuration",rcdir
         except IndexError:
             warning = """
 Installation error. IPython's directory was not found.
 
 Check the following:
 
 The ipython/IPython directory should be in a directory belonging to your
 PYTHONPATH environment variable (that is, it should be in a directory
 belonging to sys.path). You can copy it explicitly there or just link to it.
 
 IPython will create a minimal default configuration for you.
 
 """
             warn(warning)
             wait()
             
             if sys.platform =='win32':
                 inif = 'ipythonrc.ini'
             else:
                 inif = 'ipythonrc'
             minimal_setup = {'ipy_user_conf.py' : 'import ipy_defaults', inif : '# intentionally left blank' }    
             os.makedirs(ipythondir, mode = 0777)
             for f, cont in minimal_setup.items():
                 open(ipythondir + '/' + f,'w').write(cont)
                              
             return
 
         if mode == 'install':
             try:
                 shutil.copytree(rcdir,ipythondir)
                 os.chdir(ipythondir)
                 rc_files = glb("ipythonrc*")
                 for rc_file in rc_files:
                     os.rename(rc_file,rc_file+rc_suffix)
             except:
                 warning = """
 
 There was a problem with the installation:
 %s
 Try to correct it or contact the developers if you think it's a bug.
 IPython will proceed with builtin defaults.""" % sys.exc_info()[1]
                 warn(warning)
                 wait()
                 return
 
         elif mode == 'upgrade':
             try:
                 os.chdir(ipythondir)
             except:
                 print """
 Can not upgrade: changing to directory %s failed. Details:
 %s
 """ % (ipythondir,sys.exc_info()[1])
                 wait()
                 return
             else:
                 sources = glb(os.path.join(rcdir,'[A-Za-z]*'))
                 for new_full_path in sources:
                     new_filename = os.path.basename(new_full_path)
                     if new_filename.startswith('ipythonrc'):
                         new_filename = new_filename + rc_suffix
                     # The config directory should only contain files, skip any
                     # directories which may be there (like CVS)
                     if os.path.isdir(new_full_path):
                         continue
                     if os.path.exists(new_filename):
                         old_file = new_filename+'.old'
                         if os.path.exists(old_file):
                             os.remove(old_file)
                         os.rename(new_filename,old_file)
                     shutil.copy(new_full_path,new_filename)
         else:
             raise ValueError,'unrecognized mode for install:',`mode`
 
         # Fix line-endings to those native to each platform in the config
         # directory.
         try:
             os.chdir(ipythondir)
         except:
             print """
 Problem: changing to directory %s failed.
 Details:
 %s
 
 Some configuration files may have incorrect line endings.  This should not
 cause any problems during execution.  """ % (ipythondir,sys.exc_info()[1])
             wait()
         else:
             for fname in glb('ipythonrc*'):
                 try:
                     native_line_ends(fname,backup=0)
                 except IOError:
                     pass
 
         if mode == 'install':
             print """
 Successful installation!
 
 Please read the sections 'Initial Configuration' and 'Quick Tips' in the
 IPython manual (there are both HTML and PDF versions supplied with the
 distribution) to make sure that your system environment is properly configured
 to take advantage of IPython's features.
 
 Important note: the configuration system has changed! The old system is
 still in place, but its setting may be partly overridden by the settings in 
 "~/.ipython/ipy_user_conf.py" config file. Please take a look at the file 
 if some of the new settings bother you. 
 
 """
         else:
             print """
 Successful upgrade!
 
 All files in your directory:
 %(ipythondir)s
 which would have been overwritten by the upgrade were backed up with a .old
 extension.  If you had made particular customizations in those files you may
 want to merge them back into the new files.""" % locals()
         wait()
         os.chdir(cwd)
         # end user_setup()
 
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Saving of persistent data should be performed here. """
 
         #print '*** IPython exit cleanup ***' # dbg
         # input history
         self.savehist()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 os.unlink(tfile)
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
         self.hooks.shutdown_hook()
         
     def savehist(self):
         """Save input history to a file (via readline library)."""
 
         if not self.has_readline:
             return
         
         try:
             self.readline.write_history_file(self.histfile)
         except:
             print 'Unable to save IPython command history to file: ' + \
                   `self.histfile`
 
     def reloadhist(self):
         """Reload the input history from disk file."""
 
         if self.has_readline:
             try:
                 self.readline.clear_history()
                 self.readline.read_history_file(self.shell.histfile)
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             
 
     def history_saving_wrapper(self, func):
         """ Wrap func for readline history saving
         
         Convert func into callable that saves & restores
         history around the call """
         
         if not self.has_readline:
             return func
         
         def wrapper():
             self.savehist()
             try:
                 func()
             finally:
                 readline.read_history_file(self.histfile)
         return wrapper
                 
             
     def pre_readline(self):
         """readline hook to be used at the start of each line.
 
         Currently it handles auto-indent only."""
 
         #debugx('self.indent_current_nsp','pre_readline:')
 
         if self.rl_do_indent:
             self.readline.insert_text(self.indent_current_str())
         if self.rl_next_input is not None:
             self.readline.insert_text(self.rl_next_input)
             self.rl_next_input = None
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """Command history completion/saving/reloading."""
 
 
         import IPython.rlineimpl as readline
                   
         if not readline.have_readline:
             self.has_readline = 0
             self.readline = None
             # no point in bugging windows users with this every time:
             warn('Readline services not available on this platform.')
         else:
             sys.modules['readline'] = readline
             import atexit
             from IPython.completer import IPCompleter
             self.Completer = IPCompleter(self,
                                             self.user_ns,
                                             self.user_global_ns,
                                             self.rc.readline_omit__names,
                                             self.alias_table)
             sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
             self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
             self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
             # Platform-specific configuration
             if os.name == 'nt':
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_pre_input_hook
             else:
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_startup_hook
 
             # Load user's initrc file (readline config)
             # Or if libedit is used, load editrc.
             inputrc_name = os.environ.get('INPUTRC')
             if inputrc_name is None:
                 home_dir = get_home_dir()
                 if home_dir is not None:
                     inputrc_name = '.inputrc'
                     if readline.uses_libedit:
                         inputrc_name = '.editrc'
                     inputrc_name = os.path.join(home_dir, inputrc_name)
             if os.path.isfile(inputrc_name):
                 try:
                     readline.read_init_file(inputrc_name)
                 except:
                     warn('Problems reading readline initialization file <%s>'
                          % inputrc_name)
             
             self.has_readline = 1
             self.readline = readline
             # save this in sys so embedded copies can restore it properly
             sys.ipcompleter = self.Completer.complete
             self.set_completer()
 
             # Configure readline according to user's prefs
             # This is only done if GNU readline is being used.  If libedit
             # is being used (as on Leopard) the readline config is
             # not run as the syntax for libedit is different.
             if not readline.uses_libedit:
                 for rlcommand in self.rc.readline_parse_and_bind:
                     readline.parse_and_bind(rlcommand)
 
             # remove some chars from the delimiters list
             delims = readline.get_completer_delims()
             delims = delims.translate(string._idmap,
                                       self.rc.readline_remove_delims)
             readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             # otherwise we end up with a monster history after a while:
             readline.set_history_length(1000)
             try:
                 #print '*** Reading readline history'  # dbg
                 readline.read_history_file(self.histfile)
             except IOError:
                 pass  # It doesn't exist yet.
 
             atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
             del atexit
 
         # Configure auto-indent for all platforms
         self.set_autoindent(self.rc.autoindent)
 
     def ask_yes_no(self,prompt,default=True):
         if self.rc.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default)
     
     def _should_recompile(self,e):
         """Utility routine for edit_syntax_error"""
 
         if e.filename in ('<ipython console>','<input>','<string>',
                           '<console>','<BackgroundJob compilation>',
                           None):
                               
             return False
         try:
             if (self.rc.autoedit_syntax and 
                 not self.ask_yes_no('Return to editor to correct syntax error? '
                               '[Y/n] ','y')):
                 return False
         except EOFError:
             return False
 
         def int0(x):
             try:
                 return int(x)
             except TypeError:
                 return 0
         # always pass integer line and offset values to editor hook
+        try:
         self.hooks.fix_error_editor(e.filename,
             int0(e.lineno),int0(e.offset),e.msg)
+        except IPython.ipapi.TryNext:
+            warn('Could not open editor')
+            return False
         return True
         
     def edit_syntax_error(self):
         """The bottom half of the syntax error handler called in the main loop.
 
         Loop until syntax error is fixed or user cancels.
         """
 
         while self.SyntaxTB.last_syntax_error:
             # copy and clear last_syntax_error
             err = self.SyntaxTB.clear_err_state()
             if not self._should_recompile(err):
                 return
             try:
                 # may set last_syntax_error again if a SyntaxError is raised
                 self.safe_execfile(err.filename,self.user_ns)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
             else:
                 try:
                     f = file(err.filename)
                     try:
                         sys.displayhook(f.read())
                     finally:
                         f.close()
                 except:
                     self.showtraceback()
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
         """
         etype, value, last_traceback = sys.exc_info()
 
         # See note about these variables in showtraceback() below
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = last_traceback
         
         if filename and etype is SyntaxError:
             # Work hard to stuff the correct filename in the exception
             try:
                 msg, (dummy_filename, lineno, offset, line) = value
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
             else:
                 # Stuff in the right filename
                 try:
                     # Assume SyntaxError is a class exception
                     value = SyntaxError(msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line))
                 except:
                     # If that failed, assume SyntaxError is a string
                     value = msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line)
         self.SyntaxTB(etype,value,[])
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pydb/pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
           flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
           The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
           is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         # use pydb if available
         if Debugger.has_pydb:
             from pydb import pm
         else:
             # fallback to our internal debugger
             pm = lambda : self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
         self.history_saving_wrapper(pm)()
 
     def showtraceback(self,exc_tuple = None,filename=None,tb_offset=None):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
 
         
         # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input line,
         # there may be SyntaxError cases whith imported code.
         
         try:
             if exc_tuple is None:
                 etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             else:
                 etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
     
             if etype is SyntaxError:
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             elif etype is IPython.ipapi.UsageError:
                 print "UsageError:", value
             else:
                 # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
                 # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
                 # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
                 # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
                 sys.last_type = etype
                 sys.last_value = value
                 sys.last_traceback = tb
     
                 if etype in self.custom_exceptions:
                     self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
                 else:
                     self.InteractiveTB(etype,value,tb,tb_offset=tb_offset)
                     if self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb and self.has_readline:
                         # pdb mucks up readline, fix it back
                         self.set_completer()
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.write("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
             
         
 
     def mainloop(self,banner=None):
         """Creates the local namespace and starts the mainloop.
 
         If an optional banner argument is given, it will override the
         internally created default banner."""
 
         if self.rc.c:  # Emulate Python's -c option
             self.exec_init_cmd()
         if banner is None:
             if not self.rc.banner:
                 banner = ''
             # banner is string? Use it directly!
             elif isinstance(self.rc.banner,basestring):
                 banner = self.rc.banner
             else:                
                 banner = self.BANNER+self.banner2
 
+        # if you run stuff with -c <cmd>, raw hist is not updated
+        # ensure that it's in sync
+        if len(self.input_hist) != len (self.input_hist_raw):
+            self.input_hist_raw = InputList(self.input_hist)
+
         while 1:
             try:
                 self.interact(banner)
                 #self.interact_with_readline()                
                 # XXX for testing of a readline-decoupled repl loop, call interact_with_readline above
 
                 break
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 # this should not be necessary, but KeyboardInterrupt
                 # handling seems rather unpredictable...
                 self.write("\nKeyboardInterrupt in interact()\n")
 
     def exec_init_cmd(self):
         """Execute a command given at the command line.
 
         This emulates Python's -c option."""
 
         #sys.argv = ['-c']
         self.push(self.prefilter(self.rc.c, False))
         if not self.rc.interact:
             self.ask_exit()
 
     def embed_mainloop(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns=None,stack_depth=0):
         """Embeds IPython into a running python program.
 
         Input:
 
           - header: An optional header message can be specified.
 
           - local_ns, global_ns: working namespaces. If given as None, the
           IPython-initialized one is updated with __main__.__dict__, so that
           program variables become visible but user-specific configuration
           remains possible.
 
           - stack_depth: specifies how many levels in the stack to go to
           looking for namespaces (when local_ns and global_ns are None).  This
           allows an intermediate caller to make sure that this function gets
           the namespace from the intended level in the stack.  By default (0)
           it will get its locals and globals from the immediate caller.
 
         Warning: it's possible to use this in a program which is being run by
         IPython itself (via %run), but some funny things will happen (a few
         globals get overwritten). In the future this will be cleaned up, as
         there is no fundamental reason why it can't work perfectly."""
 
         # Get locals and globals from caller
         if local_ns is None or global_ns is None:
             call_frame = sys._getframe(stack_depth).f_back
 
             if local_ns is None:
                 local_ns = call_frame.f_locals
             if global_ns is None:
                 global_ns = call_frame.f_globals
 
         # Update namespaces and fire up interpreter
 
         # The global one is easy, we can just throw it in
         self.user_global_ns = global_ns
 
         # but the user/local one is tricky: ipython needs it to store internal
         # data, but we also need the locals.  We'll copy locals in the user
         # one, but will track what got copied so we can delete them at exit.
         # This is so that a later embedded call doesn't see locals from a
         # previous call (which most likely existed in a separate scope).
         local_varnames = local_ns.keys()
         self.user_ns.update(local_ns)
         #self.user_ns['local_ns'] = local_ns  # dbg
 
         # Patch for global embedding to make sure that things don't overwrite
         # user globals accidentally. Thanks to Richard <[e-mail]>
         # FIXME. Test this a bit more carefully (the if.. is new)
         if local_ns is None and global_ns is None:
             self.user_global_ns.update(__main__.__dict__)
 
         # make sure the tab-completer has the correct frame information, so it
         # actually completes using the frame's locals/globals
         self.set_completer_frame()
 
         # before activating the interactive mode, we need to make sure that
         # all names in the builtin namespace needed by ipython point to
         # ourselves, and not to other instances.
         self.add_builtins()
 
         self.interact(header)
         
         # now, purge out the user namespace from anything we might have added
         # from the caller's local namespace
         delvar = self.user_ns.pop
         for var in local_varnames:
             delvar(var,None)
         # and clean builtins we may have overridden
         self.clean_builtins()
 
     def interact_prompt(self):
         """ Print the prompt (in read-eval-print loop) 
 
         Provided for those who want to implement their own read-eval-print loop (e.g. GUIs), not 
         used in standard IPython flow.
         """
         if self.more:
             try:
                 prompt = self.hooks.generate_prompt(True)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
             if self.autoindent:
                 self.rl_do_indent = True
 
         else:
             try:
                 prompt = self.hooks.generate_prompt(False)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
         self.write(prompt)
 
     def interact_handle_input(self,line):
         """ Handle the input line (in read-eval-print loop)
         
         Provided for those who want to implement their own read-eval-print loop (e.g. GUIs), not 
         used in standard IPython flow.        
         """
         if line.lstrip() == line:
             self.shadowhist.add(line.strip())
         lineout = self.prefilter(line,self.more)
 
         if line.strip():
             if self.more:
                 self.input_hist_raw[-1] += '%s\n' % line
             else:
                 self.input_hist_raw.append('%s\n' % line)                
 
         
         self.more = self.push(lineout)
         if (self.SyntaxTB.last_syntax_error and
             self.rc.autoedit_syntax):
             self.edit_syntax_error()
 
     def interact_with_readline(self):
         """ Demo of using interact_handle_input, interact_prompt
         
         This is the main read-eval-print loop. If you need to implement your own (e.g. for GUI),
         it should work like this.
         """ 
         self.readline_startup_hook(self.pre_readline)
         while not self.exit_now:
             self.interact_prompt()
             if self.more:
                 self.rl_do_indent = True
             else:
                 self.rl_do_indent = False
             line = raw_input_original().decode(self.stdin_encoding)
             self.interact_handle_input(line)
 
         
     def interact(self, banner=None):
         """Closely emulate the interactive Python console.
 
         The optional banner argument specify the banner to print
         before the first interaction; by default it prints a banner
         similar to the one printed by the real Python interpreter,
         followed by the current class name in parentheses (so as not
         to confuse this with the real interpreter -- since it's so
         close!).
 
         """
         
         if self.exit_now:
             # batch run -> do not interact
             return
         cprt = 'Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.'
         if banner is None:
             self.write("Python %s on %s\n%s\n(%s)\n" %
                        (sys.version, sys.platform, cprt,
                         self.__class__.__name__))
         else:
             self.write(banner)
 
         more = 0
         
         # Mark activity in the builtins
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] += 1
         
         if self.has_readline:
             self.readline_startup_hook(self.pre_readline)
         # exit_now is set by a call to %Exit or %Quit, through the
         # ask_exit callback.
         
         while not self.exit_now:
             self.hooks.pre_prompt_hook()
             if more:
                 try:
                     prompt = self.hooks.generate_prompt(True)
                 except:
                     self.showtraceback()
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.rl_do_indent = True
                     
             else:
                 try:
                     prompt = self.hooks.generate_prompt(False)
                 except:
                     self.showtraceback()
             try:
                 line = self.raw_input(prompt,more)
                 if self.exit_now:
                     # quick exit on sys.std[in|out] close
                     break
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.rl_do_indent = False
                     
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 #double-guard against keyboardinterrupts during kbdint handling
                 try:
                     self.write('\nKeyboardInterrupt\n')
                     self.resetbuffer()
                     # keep cache in sync with the prompt counter:
                     self.outputcache.prompt_count -= 1
     
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
                     more = 0
                 except KeyboardInterrupt:
                     pass
             except EOFError:
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.rl_do_indent = False
                     self.readline_startup_hook(None)
                 self.write('\n')
                 self.exit()
             except bdb.BdbQuit:
                 warn('The Python debugger has exited with a BdbQuit exception.\n'
                      'Because of how pdb handles the stack, it is impossible\n'
                      'for IPython to properly format this particular exception.\n'
                      'IPython will resume normal operation.')
             except:
                 # exceptions here are VERY RARE, but they can be triggered
                 # asynchronously by signal handlers, for example.
                 self.showtraceback()
             else:
                 more = self.push(line)
                 if (self.SyntaxTB.last_syntax_error and
                     self.rc.autoedit_syntax):
                     self.edit_syntax_error()
             
         # We are off again...
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] -= 1
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
       """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
       GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
       sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
       enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
       otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
       which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
       except: statement.
 
       Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
       any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
       IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
       CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
       regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
       call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
       IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
       crashes.
 
       This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
       to be true IPython errors.
       """
       self.showtraceback((etype,value,tb),tb_offset=0)
 
     def expand_aliases(self,fn,rest):
         """ Expand multiple levels of aliases:
         
         if:
         
         alias foo bar /tmp
         alias baz foo
         
         then:
         
         baz huhhahhei -> bar /tmp huhhahhei
         
         """
         line = fn + " " + rest
         
         done = Set()
         while 1:
             pre,fn,rest = prefilter.splitUserInput(line,
                                                    prefilter.shell_line_split)
             if fn in self.alias_table:
                 if fn in done:
                     warn("Cyclic alias definition, repeated '%s'" % fn)
                     return ""
                 done.add(fn)
 
                 l2 = self.transform_alias(fn,rest)
                 # dir -> dir 
                 # print "alias",line, "->",l2  #dbg
                 if l2 == line:
                     break
                 # ls -> ls -F should not recurse forever
                 if l2.split(None,1)[0] == line.split(None,1)[0]:
                     line = l2
                     break
                 
                 line=l2
                 
                 
                 # print "al expand to",line #dbg
             else:
                 break
                 
         return line
 
     def transform_alias(self, alias,rest=''):
         """ Transform alias to system command string.
         """
         trg = self.alias_table[alias]
 
         nargs,cmd = trg
         # print trg #dbg
         if ' ' in cmd and os.path.isfile(cmd):
             cmd = '"%s"' % cmd
 
         # Expand the %l special to be the user's input line
         if cmd.find('%l') >= 0:
             cmd = cmd.replace('%l',rest)
             rest = ''
         if nargs==0:
             # Simple, argument-less aliases
             cmd = '%s %s' % (cmd,rest)
         else:
             # Handle aliases with positional arguments
             args = rest.split(None,nargs)
             if len(args)< nargs:
                 error('Alias <%s> requires %s arguments, %s given.' %
                       (alias,nargs,len(args)))
                 return None
             cmd = '%s %s' % (cmd % tuple(args[:nargs]),' '.join(args[nargs:]))
         # Now call the macro, evaluating in the user's namespace
         #print 'new command: <%r>' % cmd  # dbg
         return cmd
         
     def call_alias(self,alias,rest=''):
         """Call an alias given its name and the rest of the line.
 
         This is only used to provide backwards compatibility for users of
         ipalias(), use of which is not recommended for anymore."""
 
         # Now call the macro, evaluating in the user's namespace
         cmd = self.transform_alias(alias, rest)
         try:
             self.system(cmd)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
 
     def indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.indent_current_nsp * ' '
 
     def autoindent_update(self,line):
         """Keep track of the indent level."""
 
         #debugx('line')
         #debugx('self.indent_current_nsp')
         if self.autoindent:
             if line:
                 inisp = num_ini_spaces(line)
                 if inisp < self.indent_current_nsp:
                     self.indent_current_nsp = inisp
 
                 if line[-1] == ':':
                     self.indent_current_nsp += 4
                 elif dedent_re.match(line):
                     self.indent_current_nsp -= 4
             else:
                 self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
     def runlines(self,lines):
         """Run a string of one or more lines of source.
 
         This method is capable of running a string containing multiple source
         lines, as if they had been entered at the IPython prompt.  Since it
         exposes IPython's processing machinery, the given strings can contain
         magic calls (%magic), special shell access (!cmd), etc."""
 
         # We must start with a clean buffer, in case this is run from an
         # interactive IPython session (via a magic, for example).
         self.resetbuffer()
         lines = lines.split('\n')
         more = 0
     
         for line in lines:
             # skip blank lines so we don't mess up the prompt counter, but do
             # NOT skip even a blank line if we are in a code block (more is
             # true)
             
             
             if line or more:
                 # push to raw history, so hist line numbers stay in sync
                 self.input_hist_raw.append("# " + line + "\n")
                 more = self.push(self.prefilter(line,more))
                 # IPython's runsource returns None if there was an error
                 # compiling the code.  This allows us to stop processing right
                 # away, so the user gets the error message at the right place.
                 if more is None:
                     break
             else:
                 self.input_hist_raw.append("\n")
         # final newline in case the input didn't have it, so that the code
         # actually does get executed
         if more:
             self.push('\n')
 
     def runsource(self, source, filename='<input>', symbol='single'):
         """Compile and run some source in the interpreter.
 
         Arguments are as for compile_command().
 
         One several things can happen:
 
         1) The input is incorrect; compile_command() raised an
         exception (SyntaxError or OverflowError).  A syntax traceback
         will be printed by calling the showsyntaxerror() method.
 
         2) The input is incomplete, and more input is required;
         compile_command() returned None.  Nothing happens.
 
         3) The input is complete; compile_command() returned a code
         object.  The code is executed by calling self.runcode() (which
         also handles run-time exceptions, except for SystemExit).
 
         The return value is:
 
           - True in case 2
 
           - False in the other cases, unless an exception is raised, where
           None is returned instead.  This can be used by external callers to
           know whether to continue feeding input or not.
 
         The return value can be used to decide whether to use sys.ps1 or
         sys.ps2 to prompt the next line."""
 
         # if the source code has leading blanks, add 'if 1:\n' to it
         # this allows execution of indented pasted code. It is tempting
         # to add '\n' at the end of source to run commands like ' a=1'
         # directly, but this fails for more complicated scenarios
         source=source.encode(self.stdin_encoding)
         if source[:1] in [' ', '\t']:
             source = 'if 1:\n%s' % source
 
         try:
             code = self.compile(source,filename,symbol)
         except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError):
             # Case 1
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             return None
 
         if code is None:
             # Case 2
             return True
 
         # Case 3
         # We store the code object so that threaded shells and
         # custom exception handlers can access all this info if needed.
         # The source corresponding to this can be obtained from the
         # buffer attribute as '\n'.join(self.buffer).
         self.code_to_run = code
         # now actually execute the code object
         if self.runcode(code) == 0:
             return False
         else:
             return None
 
     def runcode(self,code_obj):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Return value: a flag indicating whether the code to be run completed
         successfully:
 
           - 0: successful execution.
           - 1: an error occurred.
         """
 
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook,sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = 1  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 self.hooks.pre_runcode_hook()
                 exec code_obj in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit:
             self.resetbuffer()
             self.showtraceback()
             warn("Type %exit or %quit to exit IPython "
                  "(%Exit or %Quit do so unconditionally).",level=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype,value,tb = sys.exc_info()
             self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
         else:
             outflag = 0
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print
         # Flush out code object which has been run (and source)
         self.code_to_run = None
         return outflag
         
     def push(self, line):
         """Push a line to the interpreter.
 
         The line should not have a trailing newline; it may have
         internal newlines.  The line is appended to a buffer and the
         interpreter's runsource() method is called with the
         concatenated contents of the buffer as source.  If this
         indicates that the command was executed or invalid, the buffer
         is reset; otherwise, the command is incomplete, and the buffer
         is left as it was after the line was appended.  The return
         value is 1 if more input is required, 0 if the line was dealt
         with in some way (this is the same as runsource()).
         """
 
         # autoindent management should be done here, and not in the
         # interactive loop, since that one is only seen by keyboard input.  We
         # need this done correctly even for code run via runlines (which uses
         # push).
 
         #print 'push line: <%s>' % line  # dbg
         for subline in line.splitlines():
             self.autoindent_update(subline)
         self.buffer.append(line)
         more = self.runsource('\n'.join(self.buffer), self.filename)
         if not more:
             self.resetbuffer()
         return more
 
     def split_user_input(self, line):
         # This is really a hold-over to support ipapi and some extensions
         return prefilter.splitUserInput(line)
 
     def resetbuffer(self):
         """Reset the input buffer."""
         self.buffer[:] = []
         
     def raw_input(self,prompt='',continue_prompt=False):
         """Write a prompt and read a line.
 
         The returned line does not include the trailing newline.
         When the user enters the EOF key sequence, EOFError is raised.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - prompt(''): a string to be printed to prompt the user.
 
           - continue_prompt(False): whether this line is the first one or a
           continuation in a sequence of inputs.
         """
 
         # Code run by the user may have modified the readline completer state.
         # We must ensure that our completer is back in place.
         if self.has_readline:
             self.set_completer()
         
         try:
             line = raw_input_original(prompt).decode(self.stdin_encoding)
         except ValueError:
             warn("\n********\nYou or a %run:ed script called sys.stdin.close()"
                  " or sys.stdout.close()!\nExiting IPython!")
             self.ask_exit()
             return ""
 
         # Try to be reasonably smart about not re-indenting pasted input more
         # than necessary.  We do this by trimming out the auto-indent initial
         # spaces, if the user's actual input started itself with whitespace.
         #debugx('self.buffer[-1]')
 
         if self.autoindent:
             if num_ini_spaces(line) > self.indent_current_nsp:
                 line = line[self.indent_current_nsp:]
                 self.indent_current_nsp = 0
             
         # store the unfiltered input before the user has any chance to modify
         # it.
         if line.strip():
             if continue_prompt:
                 self.input_hist_raw[-1] += '%s\n' % line
                 if self.has_readline: # and some config option is set?
                     try:
                         histlen = self.readline.get_current_history_length()
                         if histlen > 1:
                             newhist = self.input_hist_raw[-1].rstrip()
                             self.readline.remove_history_item(histlen-1)
                             self.readline.replace_history_item(histlen-2,
                                             newhist.encode(self.stdin_encoding))
                     except AttributeError:
                         pass # re{move,place}_history_item are new in 2.4.                
             else:
                 self.input_hist_raw.append('%s\n' % line)                
             # only entries starting at first column go to shadow history
             if line.lstrip() == line:
                 self.shadowhist.add(line.strip())
         elif not continue_prompt:
             self.input_hist_raw.append('\n')
         try:
             lineout = self.prefilter(line,continue_prompt)
         except:
             # blanket except, in case a user-defined prefilter crashes, so it
             # can't take all of ipython with it.
             self.showtraceback()
             return ''
         else:
             return lineout
 
     def _prefilter(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """Calls different preprocessors, depending on the form of line."""
 
         # All handlers *must* return a value, even if it's blank ('').
 
         # Lines are NOT logged here. Handlers should process the line as
         # needed, update the cache AND log it (so that the input cache array
         # stays synced).
 
         #.....................................................................
         # Code begins
 
         #if line.startswith('%crash'): raise RuntimeError,'Crash now!'  # dbg
 
         # save the line away in case we crash, so the post-mortem handler can
         # record it
         self._last_input_line = line
 
         #print '***line: <%s>' % line # dbg
 
         if not line:
             # Return immediately on purely empty lines, so that if the user
             # previously typed some whitespace that started a continuation
             # prompt, he can break out of that loop with just an empty line.
             # This is how the default python prompt works.
 
             # Only return if the accumulated input buffer was just whitespace!
             if ''.join(self.buffer).isspace():
                 self.buffer[:] = []
             return ''
         
         line_info = prefilter.LineInfo(line, continue_prompt)
         
         # the input history needs to track even empty lines
         stripped = line.strip()
         
         if not stripped:
             if not continue_prompt:
                 self.outputcache.prompt_count -= 1
             return self.handle_normal(line_info)
 
         # print '***cont',continue_prompt  # dbg
         # special handlers are only allowed for single line statements
         if continue_prompt and not self.rc.multi_line_specials:
             return self.handle_normal(line_info)
 
 
         # See whether any pre-existing handler can take care of it  
         rewritten = self.hooks.input_prefilter(stripped)
         if rewritten != stripped: # ok, some prefilter did something
             rewritten = line_info.pre + rewritten  # add indentation
             return self.handle_normal(prefilter.LineInfo(rewritten,
                                                          continue_prompt))
             
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun,theRest)  # dbg
         
         return prefilter.prefilter(line_info, self)
 
 
     def _prefilter_dumb(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """simple prefilter function, for debugging"""
         return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     
     def multiline_prefilter(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """ Run _prefilter for each line of input
         
         Covers cases where there are multiple lines in the user entry,
         which is the case when the user goes back to a multiline history
         entry and presses enter.
         
         """
         out = []
         for l in line.rstrip('\n').split('\n'):
             out.append(self._prefilter(l, continue_prompt))
         return '\n'.join(out)
     
     # Set the default prefilter() function (this can be user-overridden)
     prefilter = multiline_prefilter
 
     def handle_normal(self,line_info):
         """Handle normal input lines. Use as a template for handlers."""
 
         # With autoindent on, we need some way to exit the input loop, and I
         # don't want to force the user to have to backspace all the way to
         # clear the line.  The rule will be in this case, that either two
         # lines of pure whitespace in a row, or a line of pure whitespace but
         # of a size different to the indent level, will exit the input loop.
         line = line_info.line
         continue_prompt = line_info.continue_prompt
         
         if (continue_prompt and self.autoindent and line.isspace() and
             (0 < abs(len(line) - self.indent_current_nsp) <= 2 or
              (self.buffer[-1]).isspace() )):
             line = ''
 
         self.log(line,line,continue_prompt)
         return line
 
     def handle_alias(self,line_info):
         """Handle alias input lines. """
         tgt = self.alias_table[line_info.iFun]
         # print "=>",tgt #dbg
         if callable(tgt):
             if '$' in line_info.line:
                 call_meth = '(_ip, _ip.itpl(%s))'
             else:
                 call_meth = '(_ip,%s)'
             line_out = ("%s_sh.%s" + call_meth) % (line_info.preWhitespace,
                                          line_info.iFun, 
             make_quoted_expr(line_info.line))
         else:
             transformed = self.expand_aliases(line_info.iFun,line_info.theRest)
 
             # pre is needed, because it carries the leading whitespace.  Otherwise
             # aliases won't work in indented sections.
             line_out = '%s_ip.system(%s)' % (line_info.preWhitespace,
                                              make_quoted_expr( transformed ))
         
         self.log(line_info.line,line_out,line_info.continue_prompt)
         #print 'line out:',line_out # dbg
         return line_out
 
     def handle_shell_escape(self, line_info):
         """Execute the line in a shell, empty return value"""
         #print 'line in :', `line` # dbg
         line = line_info.line
         if line.lstrip().startswith('!!'):
             # rewrite LineInfo's line, iFun and theRest to properly hold the
             # call to %sx and the actual command to be executed, so
             # handle_magic can work correctly.  Note that this works even if
             # the line is indented, so it handles multi_line_specials
             # properly.
             new_rest = line.lstrip()[2:]
             line_info.line = '%ssx %s' % (self.ESC_MAGIC,new_rest)
             line_info.iFun = 'sx'
             line_info.theRest = new_rest
             return self.handle_magic(line_info)
         else:
             cmd = line.lstrip().lstrip('!')
             line_out = '%s_ip.system(%s)' % (line_info.preWhitespace,
                                              make_quoted_expr(cmd))
         # update cache/log and return
         self.log(line,line_out,line_info.continue_prompt)
         return line_out
 
     def handle_magic(self, line_info):
         """Execute magic functions."""
         iFun    = line_info.iFun
         theRest = line_info.theRest
         cmd = '%s_ip.magic(%s)' % (line_info.preWhitespace,
                                    make_quoted_expr(iFun + " " + theRest))
         self.log(line_info.line,cmd,line_info.continue_prompt)
         #print 'in handle_magic, cmd=<%s>' % cmd  # dbg
         return cmd
 
     def handle_auto(self, line_info):
         """Hande lines which can be auto-executed, quoting if requested."""
 
         line    = line_info.line
         iFun    = line_info.iFun
         theRest = line_info.theRest
         pre     = line_info.pre
         continue_prompt = line_info.continue_prompt
         obj = line_info.ofind(self)['obj']
 
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun,theRest)  # dbg
 
         # This should only be active for single-line input!
         if continue_prompt:
             self.log(line,line,continue_prompt)
             return line
 
         force_auto = isinstance(obj, IPython.ipapi.IPyAutocall)
         auto_rewrite = True
         
         if pre == self.ESC_QUOTE:
             # Auto-quote splitting on whitespace
             newcmd = '%s("%s")' % (iFun,'", "'.join(theRest.split()) )
         elif pre == self.ESC_QUOTE2:
             # Auto-quote whole string
             newcmd = '%s("%s")' % (iFun,theRest)
         elif pre == self.ESC_PAREN:
             newcmd = '%s(%s)' % (iFun,",".join(theRest.split()))
         else:
             # Auto-paren.
             # We only apply it to argument-less calls if the autocall
             # parameter is set to 2.  We only need to check that autocall is <
             # 2, since this function isn't called unless it's at least 1.
             if not theRest and (self.rc.autocall < 2) and not force_auto:
                 newcmd = '%s %s' % (iFun,theRest)
                 auto_rewrite = False
             else:
                 if not force_auto and theRest.startswith('['):
                     if hasattr(obj,'__getitem__'):
                         # Don't autocall in this case: item access for an object
                         # which is BOTH callable and implements __getitem__.
                         newcmd = '%s %s' % (iFun,theRest)
                         auto_rewrite = False
                     else:
                         # if the object doesn't support [] access, go ahead and
                         # autocall
                         newcmd = '%s(%s)' % (iFun.rstrip(),theRest)
                 elif theRest.endswith(';'):
                     newcmd = '%s(%s);' % (iFun.rstrip(),theRest[:-1])
                 else:
                     newcmd = '%s(%s)' % (iFun.rstrip(), theRest)
 
         if auto_rewrite:
             rw = self.outputcache.prompt1.auto_rewrite() + newcmd
             
             try:
                 # plain ascii works better w/ pyreadline, on some machines, so
                 # we use it and only print uncolored rewrite if we have unicode
                 rw = str(rw)
                 print >>Term.cout, rw
             except UnicodeEncodeError:
                 print "-------------->" + newcmd
             
         # log what is now valid Python, not the actual user input (without the
         # final newline)
         self.log(line,newcmd,continue_prompt)
         return newcmd
 
     def handle_help(self, line_info):
         """Try to get some help for the object.
 
         obj? or ?obj   -> basic information.
         obj?? or ??obj -> more details.
         """
         
         line = line_info.line
         # We need to make sure that we don't process lines which would be
         # otherwise valid python, such as "x=1 # what?"
         try:
             codeop.compile_command(line)
         except SyntaxError:
             # We should only handle as help stuff which is NOT valid syntax
             if line[0]==self.ESC_HELP:
                 line = line[1:]
             elif line[-1]==self.ESC_HELP:
                 line = line[:-1]
             self.log(line,'#?'+line,line_info.continue_prompt)
             if line:
                 #print 'line:<%r>' % line  # dbg
                 self.magic_pinfo(line)
             else:
                 page(self.usage,screen_lines=self.rc.screen_length)
             return '' # Empty string is needed here!
         except:
             # Pass any other exceptions through to the normal handler
             return self.handle_normal(line_info)
         else:
             # If the code compiles ok, we should handle it normally
             return self.handle_normal(line_info)
 
     def getapi(self):
         """ Get an IPApi object for this shell instance
         
         Getting an IPApi object is always preferable to accessing the shell
         directly, but this holds true especially for extensions.
         
         It should always be possible to implement an extension with IPApi
         alone. If not, contact maintainer to request an addition.
         
         """
         return self.api
 
     def handle_emacs(self, line_info):
         """Handle input lines marked by python-mode."""
 
         # Currently, nothing is done.  Later more functionality can be added
         # here if needed.
 
         # The input cache shouldn't be updated
         return line_info.line
     
 
     def mktempfile(self,data=None):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mktemp, but it registers the created
         filename internally so ipython cleans it up at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
           immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
         filename = tempfile.mktemp('.py','ipython_edit_')
         self.tempfiles.append(filename)
         
         if data:
             tmp_file = open(filename,'w')
             tmp_file.write(data)
             tmp_file.close()
         return filename
 
     def write(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default output"""
         Term.cout.write(data)
 
     def write_err(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default error output"""
         Term.cerr.write(data)
 
     def ask_exit(self):
         """ Call for exiting. Can be overiden and used as a callback. """
         self.exit_now = True
 
     def exit(self):
         """Handle interactive exit.
 
         This method calls the ask_exit callback."""
 
         if self.rc.confirm_exit:
             if self.ask_yes_no('Do you really want to exit ([y]/n)?','y'):
                 self.ask_exit()
         else:
             self.ask_exit()
 
     def safe_execfile(self,fname,*where,**kw):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, and knows how to handle
         ipython logs as well.
 
         :Parameters:
           fname : string
             Name of the file to be executed.
             
           where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
 
         :Keywords:
           islog : boolean (False)
 
           quiet : boolean (True)
 
           exit_ignore : boolean (False)
           """
 
         def syspath_cleanup():
             """Internal cleanup routine for sys.path."""
             if add_dname:
                 try:
                     sys.path.remove(dname)
                 except ValueError:
                     # For some reason the user has already removed it, ignore.
                     pass
         
         fname = os.path.expanduser(fname)
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(fname))
         add_dname = False
         if dname not in sys.path:
             sys.path.insert(0,dname)
             add_dname = True
 
         try:
             xfile = open(fname)
         except:
             print >> Term.cerr, \
                   'Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname
             syspath_cleanup()
             return None
 
         kw.setdefault('islog',0)
         kw.setdefault('quiet',1)
         kw.setdefault('exit_ignore',0)
         
         first = xfile.readline()
         loghead = str(self.loghead_tpl).split('\n',1)[0].strip()
         xfile.close()
         # line by line execution
         if first.startswith(loghead) or kw['islog']:
             print 'Loading log file <%s> one line at a time...' % fname
             if kw['quiet']:
                 stdout_save = sys.stdout
                 sys.stdout = StringIO.StringIO()
             try:
                 globs,locs = where[0:2]
             except:
                 try:
                     globs = locs = where[0]
                 except:
                     globs = locs = globals()
             badblocks = []
 
             # we also need to identify indented blocks of code when replaying
             # logs and put them together before passing them to an exec
             # statement. This takes a bit of regexp and look-ahead work in the
             # file. It's easiest if we swallow the whole thing in memory
             # first, and manually walk through the lines list moving the
             # counter ourselves.
             indent_re = re.compile('\s+\S')
             xfile = open(fname)
             filelines = xfile.readlines()
             xfile.close()
             nlines = len(filelines)
             lnum = 0
             while lnum < nlines:
                 line = filelines[lnum]
                 lnum += 1
                 # don't re-insert logger status info into cache
                 if line.startswith('#log#'):
                     continue
                 else:
                     # build a block of code (maybe a single line) for execution
                     block = line
                     try:
                         next = filelines[lnum] # lnum has already incremented
                     except:
                         next = None
                     while next and indent_re.match(next):
                         block += next
                         lnum += 1
                         try:
                             next = filelines[lnum]
                         except:
                             next = None
                     # now execute the block of one or more lines
                     try:
                         exec block in globs,locs
                     except SystemExit:
                         pass
                     except:
                         badblocks.append(block.rstrip())
             if kw['quiet']:  # restore stdout
                 sys.stdout.close()
                 sys.stdout = stdout_save
             print 'Finished replaying log file <%s>' % fname
             if badblocks:
                 print >> sys.stderr, ('\nThe following lines/blocks in file '
                                       '<%s> reported errors:' % fname)
                     
                 for badline in badblocks:
                     print >> sys.stderr, badline
         else:  # regular file execution
             try:
                 if sys.platform == 'win32' and sys.version_info < (2,5,1):
                     # Work around a bug in Python for Windows.  The bug was
                     # fixed in in Python 2.5 r54159 and 54158, but that's still
                     # SVN Python as of March/07.  For details, see:
                     # http://projects.scipy.org/ipython/ipython/ticket/123
                     try:
                         globs,locs = where[0:2]
                     except:
                         try:
                             globs = locs = where[0]
                         except:
                             globs = locs = globals()
                     exec file(fname) in globs,locs
                 else:
                     execfile(fname,*where)
             except SyntaxError:
                 self.showsyntaxerror()
                 warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
             except SystemExit,status:
                 # Code that correctly sets the exit status flag to success (0)
                 # shouldn't be bothered with a traceback.  Note that a plain
                 # sys.exit() does NOT set the message to 0 (it's empty) so that
                 # will still get a traceback.  Note that the structure of the
                 # SystemExit exception changed between Python 2.4 and 2.5, so
                 # the checks must be done in a version-dependent way.
                 show = False
 
                 if sys.version_info[:2] > (2,5):
                     if status.message!=0 and not kw['exit_ignore']:
                         show = True
                 else:
                     if status.code and not kw['exit_ignore']:
                         show = True
                 if show:
                     self.showtraceback()
                     warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
         syspath_cleanup()
 
 #************************* end of file <iplib.py> *****************************

IPython/kernel/scripts/ipengine.py

@@ -1,172 +1,172 b''
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # encoding: utf-8
 
 """Start the IPython Engine."""
 
 __docformat__ = "restructuredtext en"
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2008  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # Python looks for an empty string at the beginning of sys.path to enable
 # importing from the cwd.
 import sys
 sys.path.insert(0, '')
 
 import sys, os
 from optparse import OptionParser
 
 from twisted.application import service
 from twisted.internet import reactor
 from twisted.python import log
 
 from IPython.kernel.fcutil import Tub, UnauthenticatedTub
 
 from IPython.kernel.core.config import config_manager as core_config_manager
 from IPython.config.cutils import import_item
 from IPython.kernel.engineservice import EngineService
 from IPython.kernel.config import config_manager as kernel_config_manager
 from IPython.kernel.engineconnector import EngineConnector
 
 
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Code
 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def start_engine():
     """
     Start the engine, by creating it and starting the Twisted reactor.
     
     This method does:
     
         * If it exists, runs the `mpi_import_statement` to call `MPI_Init`
         * Starts the engine logging
         * Creates an IPython shell and wraps it in an `EngineService`
         * Creates a `foolscap.Tub` to use in connecting to a controller.
         * Uses the tub and the `EngineService` along with a Foolscap URL
           (or FURL) to connect to the controller and register the engine
           with the controller
     """
     kernel_config = kernel_config_manager.get_config_obj()
     core_config = core_config_manager.get_config_obj()
     
 
     # Execute the mpi import statement that needs to call MPI_Init
     global mpi
     mpikey = kernel_config['mpi']['default']
     mpi_import_statement = kernel_config['mpi'].get(mpikey, None)
     if mpi_import_statement is not None:
         try:
             exec mpi_import_statement in globals()
         except:
             mpi = None
     else:
         mpi = None
     
     # Start logging
     logfile = kernel_config['engine']['logfile']
     if logfile:
         logfile = logfile + str(os.getpid()) + '.log'
         try:
             openLogFile = open(logfile, 'w')
         except:
             openLogFile = sys.stdout
     else:
         openLogFile = sys.stdout
     log.startLogging(openLogFile)
     
     # Create the underlying shell class and EngineService
     shell_class = import_item(core_config['shell']['shell_class'])
     engine_service = EngineService(shell_class, mpi=mpi)
     shell_import_statement = core_config['shell']['import_statement']
     if shell_import_statement:
         try:
             engine_service.execute(shell_import_statement)
         except:
-            log.msg("Error running import_statement: %s" % sis)
+            log.msg("Error running import_statement: %s" % shell_import_statement)
     
     # Create the service hierarchy
     main_service = service.MultiService()
     engine_service.setServiceParent(main_service)
     tub_service = Tub()
     tub_service.setServiceParent(main_service)
     # This needs to be called before the connection is initiated
     main_service.startService()
     
     # This initiates the connection to the controller and calls
     # register_engine to tell the controller we are ready to do work
     engine_connector = EngineConnector(tub_service)
     furl_file = kernel_config['engine']['furl_file']
     log.msg("Using furl file: %s" % furl_file)
     d = engine_connector.connect_to_controller(engine_service, furl_file)
     d.addErrback(lambda _: reactor.stop())
     
     reactor.run()
 
 
 def init_config():
     """
     Initialize the configuration using default and command line options.
     """
     
     parser = OptionParser()
     
     parser.add_option(
         "--furl-file",
         type="string", 
         dest="furl_file",
         help="The filename containing the FURL of the controller"
     )
     parser.add_option(
         "--mpi",
         type="string",
         dest="mpi",
         help="How to enable MPI (mpi4py, pytrilinos, or empty string to disable)"
     )
     parser.add_option(
         "-l",
         "--logfile",
         type="string",
         dest="logfile",
         help="log file name (default is stdout)"
     )
     parser.add_option(
         "--ipythondir",
         type="string",
         dest="ipythondir",
         help="look for config files and profiles in this directory"
     )
     
     (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
     
     kernel_config_manager.update_config_obj_from_default_file(options.ipythondir)
     core_config_manager.update_config_obj_from_default_file(options.ipythondir)
     
     kernel_config = kernel_config_manager.get_config_obj()
     # Now override with command line options
     if options.furl_file is not None:
         kernel_config['engine']['furl_file'] = options.furl_file
     if options.logfile is not None:
         kernel_config['engine']['logfile'] = options.logfile
     if options.mpi is not None:
         kernel_config['mpi']['default'] = options.mpi
 
 
 def main():
     """
     After creating the configuration information, start the engine.
     """
     init_config()
     start_engine()
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

docs/source/interactive/reference.txt

@@ -1,3162 +1,3200 b''
 .. IPython documentation master file, created by sphinx-quickstart.py on Mon Mar 24 17:01:34 2008.
    You can adapt this file completely to your liking, but it should at least
    contain the root 'toctree' directive.
 
 =================
 IPython reference
 =================
 
 .. contents::
 
 .. _command_line_options:
 
 Command-line usage
 ==================
 
 You start IPython with the command::
 
     $ ipython [options] files
 
 If invoked with no options, it executes all the files listed in sequence
 and drops you into the interpreter while still acknowledging any options
 you may have set in your ipythonrc file. This behavior is different from
 standard Python, which when called as python -i will only execute one
 file and ignore your configuration setup.
 
 Please note that some of the configuration options are not available at
 the command line, simply because they are not practical here. Look into
 your ipythonrc configuration file for details on those. This file
 typically installed in the $HOME/.ipython directory. For Windows users,
 $HOME resolves to C:\\Documents and Settings\\YourUserName in most
 instances. In the rest of this text, we will refer to this directory as
 IPYTHONDIR.
 
 .. _Threading options:
 
 
 Special Threading Options
 -------------------------
 
 The following special options are ONLY valid at the beginning of the
 command line, and not later. This is because they control the initial-
 ization of ipython itself, before the normal option-handling mechanism
 is active.
 
     -gthread, -qthread, -q4thread, -wthread, -pylab: 
 	Only one of these can be given, and it can only be given as
 	the first option passed to IPython (it will have no effect in
 	any other position).  They provide threading support for the
 	GTK, Qt (versions 3 and 4) and WXPython toolkits, and for the
 	matplotlib library.
 
 	With any of the first four options, IPython starts running a
 	separate thread for the graphical toolkit's operation, so that
 	you can open and control graphical elements from within an
 	IPython command line, without blocking. All four provide
 	essentially the same functionality, respectively for GTK, Qt3,
 	Qt4 and WXWidgets (via their Python interfaces).
 
 	Note that with -wthread, you can additionally use the
 	-wxversion option to request a specific version of wx to be
 	used.  This requires that you have the wxversion Python module
 	installed, which is part of recent wxPython distributions.
 
 	If -pylab is given, IPython loads special support for the mat
 	plotlib library (http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net), allowing
 	interactive usage of any of its backends as defined in the
 	user's ~/.matplotlib/matplotlibrc file. It automatically
 	activates GTK, Qt or WX threading for IPyhton if the choice of
 	matplotlib backend requires it. It also modifies the %run
 	command to correctly execute (without blocking) any
 	matplotlib-based script which calls show() at the end.
 
     -tk
 	The -g/q/q4/wthread options, and -pylab (if matplotlib is
 	configured to use GTK, Qt3, Qt4 or WX), will normally block Tk
 	graphical interfaces. This means that when either GTK, Qt or WX
 	threading is active, any attempt to open a Tk GUI will result in a
 	dead window, and possibly cause the Python interpreter to crash.
 	An extra option, -tk, is available to address this issue. It can
 	only be given as a second option after any of the above (-gthread,
 	-wthread or -pylab).
 
 	If -tk is given, IPython will try to coordinate Tk threading
 	with GTK, Qt or WX. This is however potentially unreliable, and
 	you will have to test on your platform and Python configuration to
 	determine whether it works for you. Debian users have reported
 	success, apparently due to the fact that Debian builds all of Tcl,
 	Tk, Tkinter and Python with pthreads support. Under other Linux
 	environments (such as Fedora Core 2/3), this option has caused
 	random crashes and lockups of the Python interpreter. Under other
 	operating systems (Mac OSX and Windows), you'll need to try it to
 	find out, since currently no user reports are available.
     
 	There is unfortunately no way for IPython to determine at run time
 	whether -tk will work reliably or not, so you will need to do some
 	experiments before relying on it for regular work.
 
 
 
 Regular Options
 ---------------
 
 After the above threading options have been given, regular options can
 follow in any order. All options can be abbreviated to their shortest
 non-ambiguous form and are case-sensitive. One or two dashes can be
 used. Some options have an alternate short form, indicated after a ``|``.
 
 Most options can also be set from your ipythonrc configuration file. See
 the provided example for more details on what the options do. Options
 given at the command line override the values set in the ipythonrc file.
 
 All options with a [no] prepended can be specified in negated form
 (-nooption instead of -option) to turn the feature off.
 
     -help  print a help message and exit.
 
     -pylab
 	this can only be given as the first option passed to IPython
 	(it will have no effect in any other position). It adds
 	special support for the matplotlib library
 	(http://matplotlib.sourceforge.ne), allowing interactive usage
 	of any of its backends as defined in the user's .matplotlibrc
 	file.  It automatically activates GTK or WX threading for
 	IPyhton if the choice of matplotlib backend requires it. It
 	also modifies the %run command to correctly execute (without
 	blocking) any matplotlib-based script which calls show() at
 	the end. See `Matplotlib support`_ for more details.
 
     -autocall <val>
 	Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if you
 	didn't type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes
 	'str(43)' automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature,
 	'1' for smart autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more
 	arguments on the line, and '2' for full autocall, where all callable
 	objects are automatically called (even if no arguments are
 	present). The default is '1'.
 
     -[no]autoindent    
 	Turn automatic indentation on/off.
 
     -[no]automagic 
 	make magic commands automatic (without needing their first character
 	to be %). Type %magic at the IPython prompt for more information.
 
     -[no]autoedit_syntax 
 	When a syntax error occurs after editing a file, automatically
 	open the file to the trouble causing line for convenient
 	fixing.
 
     -[no]banner		Print the initial information banner (default on).
 
     -c <command>
 	execute the given command string. This is similar to the -c
 	option in the normal Python interpreter.
 
     -cache_size, cs <n> 
 	size of the output cache (maximum number of entries to hold in
 	memory). The default is 1000, you can change it permanently in your
 	config file. Setting it to 0 completely disables the caching system,
 	and the minimum value accepted is 20 (if you provide a value less than
 	20, it is reset to 0 and a warning is issued) This limit is defined
 	because otherwise you'll spend more time re-flushing a too small cache
 	than working.
 
     -classic, cl 
 	Gives IPython a similar feel to the classic Python
 	prompt.
 
     -colors <scheme> 
 	Color scheme for prompts and exception reporting. Currently
 	implemented: NoColor, Linux and LightBG.
 
     -[no]color_info 
 	IPython can display information about objects via a set of functions,
 	and optionally can use colors for this, syntax highlighting source
 	code and various other elements.  However, because this information is
 	passed through a pager (like 'less') and many pagers get confused with
 	color codes, this option is off by default. You can test it and turn
 	it on permanently in your ipythonrc file if it works for you. As a
 	reference, the 'less' pager supplied with Mandrake 8.2 works ok, but
 	that in RedHat 7.2 doesn't.
 
 	Test it and turn it on permanently if it works with your
 	system. The magic function %color_info allows you to toggle this
 	interactively for testing.
 
     -[no]debug 
 	Show information about the loading process. Very useful to pin down
 	problems with your configuration files or to get details about
 	session restores.
 
     -[no]deep_reload: 
 	IPython can use the deep_reload module which reloads changes in
 	modules recursively (it replaces the reload() function, so you don't
 	need to change anything to use it).  deep_reload() forces a full
 	reload of modules whose code may have changed, which the default
 	reload() function does not.
 
 	When deep_reload is off, IPython will use the normal reload(),
 	but deep_reload will still be available as dreload(). This
 	feature is off by default [which means that you have both
 	normal reload() and dreload()].
 
     -editor <name>
 	Which editor to use with the %edit command. By default,
 	IPython will honor your EDITOR environment variable (if not
 	set, vi is the Unix default and notepad the Windows one).
 	Since this editor is invoked on the fly by IPython and is
 	meant for editing small code snippets, you may want to use a
 	small, lightweight editor here (in case your default EDITOR is
 	something like Emacs).
 
     -ipythondir <name> 
 	name of your IPython configuration directory IPYTHONDIR. This
 	can also be specified through the environment variable
 	IPYTHONDIR.
 
     -log, l 
 	generate a log file of all input. The file is named
 	ipython_log.py in your current directory (which prevents logs
 	from multiple IPython sessions from trampling each other). You
 	can use this to later restore a session by loading your
 	logfile as a file to be executed with option -logplay (see
 	below).
 
     -logfile, lf <name>   specify the name of your logfile.
 
     -logplay, lp <name> 
 
       you can replay a previous log. For restoring a session as close as
       possible to the state you left it in, use this option (don't just run
       the logfile). With -logplay, IPython will try to reconstruct the
       previous working environment in full, not just execute the commands in
       the logfile.
 
       When a session is restored, logging is automatically turned on
       again with the name of the logfile it was invoked with (it is
       read from the log header). So once you've turned logging on for
       a session, you can quit IPython and reload it as many times as
       you want and it will continue to log its history and restore
       from the beginning every time.
       
       Caveats: there are limitations in this option. The history
       variables _i*,_* and _dh don't get restored properly. In the
       future we will try to implement full session saving by writing
       and retrieving a 'snapshot' of the memory state of IPython. But
       our first attempts failed because of inherent limitations of
       Python's Pickle module, so this may have to wait.
 
     -[no]messages   
 	Print messages which IPython collects about its startup
 	process (default on).
 
     -[no]pdb
 	Automatically call the pdb debugger after every uncaught
 	exception. If you are used to debugging using pdb, this puts
 	you automatically inside of it after any call (either in
 	IPython or in code called by it) which triggers an exception
 	which goes uncaught.
 
     -pydb
 	Makes IPython use the third party "pydb" package as debugger,
 	instead of pdb. Requires that pydb is installed.
 	
     -[no]pprint
 	ipython can optionally use the pprint (pretty printer) module
 	for displaying results. pprint tends to give a nicer display
 	of nested data structures. If you like it, you can turn it on
 	permanently in your config file (default off).
 
     -profile, p <name>
 
 	assume that your config file is ipythonrc-<name> or
 	ipy_profile_<name>.py (looks in current dir first, then in
 	IPYTHONDIR).  This is a quick way to keep and load multiple
 	config files for different tasks, especially if you use the
 	include option of config files. You can keep a basic
 	IPYTHONDIR/ipythonrc file and then have other 'profiles' which
 	include this one and load extra things for particular
 	tasks. For example:
 
 	1. $HOME/.ipython/ipythonrc : load basic things you always want.
 	2. $HOME/.ipython/ipythonrc-math : load (1) and basic math-related modules.
 	3. $HOME/.ipython/ipythonrc-numeric : load (1) and Numeric and plotting modules.
 
 	Since it is possible to create an endless loop by having
 	circular file inclusions, IPython will stop if it reaches 15
 	recursive inclusions.
 
     -prompt_in1, pi1 <string>
 
         Specify the string used for input prompts. Note that if you are using
 	numbered prompts, the number is represented with a '\#' in the
 	string. Don't forget to quote strings with spaces embedded in
 	them. Default: 'In [\#]:'.  The :ref:`prompts section <prompts>`
 	discusses in detail all the available escapes to customize your
 	prompts.
 
     -prompt_in2, pi2 <string>
 	Similar to the previous option, but used for the continuation
 	prompts. The special sequence '\D' is similar to '\#', but
 	with all digits replaced dots (so you can have your
 	continuation prompt aligned with your input prompt).  Default:
 	' .\D.:' (note three spaces at the start for alignment with
 	'In [\#]').
 
     -prompt_out,po <string> 
 	String used for output prompts, also uses numbers like
 	prompt_in1. Default: 'Out[\#]:'
 
     -quick   start in bare bones mode (no config file loaded).
 
     -rcfile <name>   
 	name of your IPython resource configuration file. Normally
 	IPython loads ipythonrc (from current directory) or
 	IPYTHONDIR/ipythonrc.
 
 	If the loading of your config file fails, IPython starts with
 	a bare bones configuration (no modules loaded at all).
 
     -[no]readline
 	use the readline library, which is needed to support name
 	completion and command history, among other things.  It is
 	enabled by default, but may cause problems for users of
 	X/Emacs in Python comint or shell buffers.
 
 	Note that X/Emacs 'eterm' buffers (opened with M-x term) support
 	IPython's readline and syntax coloring fine, only 'emacs' (M-x
 	shell and C-c !) buffers do not.
 
     -screen_length, sl <n>
 	number of lines of your screen. This is used to control
 	printing of very long strings. Strings longer than this number
 	of lines will be sent through a pager instead of directly
 	printed.
 
 	The default value for this is 0, which means IPython will
 	auto-detect your screen size every time it needs to print certain
 	potentially long strings (this doesn't change the behavior of the
 	'print' keyword, it's only triggered internally). If for some
 	reason this isn't working well (it needs curses support), specify
 	it yourself. Otherwise don't change the default.
 
     -separate_in, si <string>
 
 	separator before input prompts.
 	Default: '\n'
 
     -separate_out, so <string>  
         separator before output prompts.
         Default: nothing.
 
     -separate_out2, so2
 	separator after output prompts.
 	Default: nothing.
 	For these three options, use the value 0 to specify no separator.
 
     -nosep   
 	shorthand for '-SeparateIn 0 -SeparateOut 0 -SeparateOut2
 	0'. Simply removes all input/output separators.
 
     -upgrade 
 	allows you to upgrade your IPYTHONDIR configuration when you
 	install a new version of IPython. Since new versions may
 	include new command line options or example files, this copies
 	updated ipythonrc-type files. However, it backs up (with a
 	.old extension) all files which it overwrites so that you can
 	merge back any customizations you might have in your personal
 	files. Note that you should probably use %upgrade instead,
 	it's a safer alternative.
 
 
     -Version    print version information and exit.
 
     -wxversion <string> 
 	Select a specific version of wxPython (used in conjunction
 	with -wthread). Requires the wxversion module, part of recent
 	wxPython distributions
 
     -xmode <modename>
 
 	Mode for exception reporting.
 
 	Valid modes: Plain, Context and Verbose.
 
 	* Plain: similar to python's normal traceback printing.
 	* Context: prints 5 lines of context source code around each
 	  line in the traceback.
 	* Verbose: similar to Context, but additionally prints the
 	  variables currently visible where the exception happened
 	  (shortening their strings if too long). This can potentially be
 	  very slow, if you happen to have a huge data structure whose
 	  string representation is complex to compute. Your computer may
 	  appear to freeze for a while with cpu usage at 100%. If this
 	  occurs, you can cancel the traceback with Ctrl-C (maybe hitting it
 	  more than once).
 
 Interactive use
 ===============
 
 Warning: IPython relies on the existence of a global variable called
 _ip which controls the shell itself. If you redefine _ip to anything,
 bizarre behavior will quickly occur.
 
 Other than the above warning, IPython is meant to work as a drop-in
 replacement for the standard interactive interpreter. As such, any code
 which is valid python should execute normally under IPython (cases where
 this is not true should be reported as bugs). It does, however, offer
 many features which are not available at a standard python prompt. What
 follows is a list of these.
 
 
 Caution for Windows users
 -------------------------
 
 Windows, unfortunately, uses the '\' character as a path
 separator. This is a terrible choice, because '\' also represents the
 escape character in most modern programming languages, including
 Python. For this reason, using '/' character is recommended if you
 have problems with ``\``.  However, in Windows commands '/' flags
 options, so you can not use it for the root directory. This means that
 paths beginning at the root must be typed in a contrived manner like:
 ``%copy \opt/foo/bar.txt \tmp``
 
 .. _magic:
 
 Magic command system
 --------------------
 
 IPython will treat any line whose first character is a % as a special
 call to a 'magic' function. These allow you to control the behavior of
 IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type features. They are all
 prefixed with a % character, but parameters are given without
 parentheses or quotes.
 
 Example: typing '%cd mydir' (without the quotes) changes you working
 directory to 'mydir', if it exists.
 
 If you have 'automagic' enabled (in your ipythonrc file, via the command
 line option -automagic or with the %automagic function), you don't need
 to type in the % explicitly. IPython will scan its internal list of
 magic functions and call one if it exists. With automagic on you can
 then just type 'cd mydir' to go to directory 'mydir'. The automagic
 system has the lowest possible precedence in name searches, so defining
 an identifier with the same name as an existing magic function will
 shadow it for automagic use. You can still access the shadowed magic
 function by explicitly using the % character at the beginning of the line.
 
 An example (with automagic on) should clarify all this::
 
     In [1]: cd ipython # %cd is called by automagic
 
     /home/fperez/ipython
 
     In [2]: cd=1 # now cd is just a variable
 
     In [3]: cd .. # and doesn't work as a function anymore
 
     ------------------------------
 
         File "<console>", line 1
 
           cd ..
 
               ^
 
     SyntaxError: invalid syntax
 
     In [4]: %cd .. # but %cd always works
 
     /home/fperez
 
     In [5]: del cd # if you remove the cd variable
 
     In [6]: cd ipython # automagic can work again
 
     /home/fperez/ipython
 
 You can define your own magic functions to extend the system. The
 following example defines a new magic command, %impall::
 
     import IPython.ipapi 
 
     ip = IPython.ipapi.get()
 
     def doimp(self, arg):
 
         ip = self.api
 
         ip.ex("import %s; reload(%s); from %s import *" % (
 
         arg,arg,arg)
 
         )
 
     ip.expose_magic('impall', doimp)
 
 You can also define your own aliased names for magic functions. In your
 ipythonrc file, placing a line like:
 
 execute __IP.magic_cl = __IP.magic_clear
 
 will define %cl as a new name for %clear.
 
 Type %magic for more information, including a list of all available
 magic functions at any time and their docstrings. You can also type
 %magic_function_name? (see sec. 6.4 <#sec:dyn-object-info> for
 information on the '?' system) to get information about any particular
 magic function you are interested in.
 
 
 Magic commands
 --------------
 
 The rest of this section is automatically generated for each release
 from the docstrings in the IPython code. Therefore the formatting is
 somewhat minimal, but this method has the advantage of having
 information always in sync with the code.
 
 A list of all the magic commands available in IPython's default
 installation follows. This is similar to what you'll see by simply
 typing %magic at the prompt, but that will also give you information
 about magic commands you may have added as part of your personal
 customizations.
 
 .. magic_start
 
 **%Exit**::
 
 	Exit IPython without confirmation.
 
 **%Pprint**::
 
 	Toggle pretty printing on/off.
 
 **%alias**::
 
 	Define an alias for a system command.
 
         '%alias alias_name cmd' defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd'
 
         Then, typing 'alias_name params' will execute the system command 'cmd
         params' (from your underlying operating system).
 
         Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal
         variables, so if 'foo' is both a Python variable and an alias, the
         alias can not be executed until 'del foo' removes the Python variable.
 
         You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the
         whole line when the alias is called.  For example:
 
           In [2]: alias all echo "Input in brackets: <%l>"\
           In [3]: all hello world\
           Input in brackets: <hello world>
 
         You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one
         per parameter):
         
           In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s\
           In [2]: %parts A B\
           first A second B\
           In [3]: %parts A\
           Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.\
           parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s'
 
         Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive.  You can only use one or
         the other in your aliases.
 
         Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !! 
         do: all expressions prefixed with '$' get expanded.  For details of
         the semantic rules, see PEP-215:
         http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html.  This is the library used by
         IPython for variable expansion.  If you want to access a true shell
         variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by IPython:
 
         In [6]: alias show echo\
         In [7]: PATH='A Python string'\
         In [8]: show $PATH\
         A Python string\
         In [9]: show $$PATH\
         /usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:...
 
         You can use the alias facility to acess all of $PATH.  See the %rehash
         and %rehashx functions, which automatically create aliases for the
         contents of your $PATH.
 
         If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table.
 
 **%autocall**::
 
 	Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.
 
         Usage:
 
            %autocall [mode]
 
         The mode can be one of: 0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full.  If not given, the
         value is toggled on and off (remembering the previous state).
 
         In more detail, these values mean:
 
         0 -> fully disabled
 
         1 -> active, but do not apply if there are no arguments on the line.
 
         In this mode, you get:
 
         In [1]: callable
         Out[1]: <built-in function callable>
 
         In [2]: callable 'hello'
         ------> callable('hello')
         Out[2]: False
 
         2 -> Active always.  Even if no arguments are present, the callable
         object is called:
 
         In [4]: callable
         ------> callable()
 
         Note that even with autocall off, you can still use '/' at the start of
         a line to treat the first argument on the command line as a function
         and add parentheses to it:
 
         In [8]: /str 43
         ------> str(43)
         Out[8]: '43'
 
 **%autoindent**::
 
 	Toggle autoindent on/off (if available).
 
 **%automagic**::
 
 	Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.
 
         Without argumentsl toggles on/off (when off, you must call it as
         %automagic, of course).  With arguments it sets the value, and you can
         use any of (case insensitive):
 
          - on,1,True: to activate
 
          - off,0,False: to deactivate.
 
         Note that magic functions have lowest priority, so if there's a
         variable whose name collides with that of a magic fn, automagic won't
         work for that function (you get the variable instead). However, if you
         delete the variable (del var), the previously shadowed magic function
         becomes visible to automagic again.
 
 **%bg**::
 
 	Run a job in the background, in a separate thread.
 
         For example,
 
           %bg myfunc(x,y,z=1)
 
         will execute 'myfunc(x,y,z=1)' in a background thread.  As soon as the
         execution starts, a message will be printed indicating the job
         number.  If your job number is 5, you can use
 
           myvar = jobs.result(5)  or  myvar = jobs[5].result
 
         to assign this result to variable 'myvar'.
 
         IPython has a job manager, accessible via the 'jobs' object.  You can
         type jobs? to get more information about it, and use jobs.<TAB> to see
         its attributes.  All attributes not starting with an underscore are
         meant for public use.
 
         In particular, look at the jobs.new() method, which is used to create
         new jobs.  This magic %bg function is just a convenience wrapper
         around jobs.new(), for expression-based jobs.  If you want to create a
         new job with an explicit function object and arguments, you must call
         jobs.new() directly.
 
         The jobs.new docstring also describes in detail several important
         caveats associated with a thread-based model for background job
         execution.  Type jobs.new? for details.
 
         You can check the status of all jobs with jobs.status().
 
         The jobs variable is set by IPython into the Python builtin namespace.
         If you ever declare a variable named 'jobs', you will shadow this
         name.  You can either delete your global jobs variable to regain
         access to the job manager, or make a new name and assign it manually
         to the manager (stored in IPython's namespace).  For example, to
         assign the job manager to the Jobs name, use:
 
           Jobs = __builtins__.jobs
 
 **%bookmark**::
 
 	Manage IPython's bookmark system.
 
         %bookmark <name>       - set bookmark to current dir
         %bookmark <name> <dir> - set bookmark to <dir>
         %bookmark -l           - list all bookmarks
         %bookmark -d <name>    - remove bookmark
         %bookmark -r           - remove all bookmarks
 
         You can later on access a bookmarked folder with:
           %cd -b <name>
         or simply '%cd <name>' if there is no directory called <name> AND
         there is such a bookmark defined.
 
         Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are
         associated with each profile.
 
 **%cd**::
 
 	Change the current working directory.
 
         This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories
         you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The
         command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted. You can also
         do 'cd -<tab>' to see directory history conveniently.
 
         Usage:
 
           cd 'dir': changes to directory 'dir'.
 
           cd -: changes to the last visited directory.
 
           cd -<n>: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history.
 
           cd -b <bookmark_name>: jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark
              (note: cd <bookmark_name> is enough if there is no
               directory <bookmark_name>, but a bookmark with the name exists.)
               'cd -b <tab>' allows you to tab-complete bookmark names. 
 
         Options:
 
         -q: quiet.  Do not print the working directory after the cd command is
         executed.  By default IPython's cd command does print this directory,
         since the default prompts do not display path information.
         
         Note that !cd doesn't work for this purpose because the shell where
         !command runs is immediately discarded after executing 'command'.
 
 **%clear**::
 
 	 Clear various data (e.g. stored history data)
     
     %clear out - clear output history
     %clear in  - clear input history
     %clear shadow_compress - Compresses shadow history (to speed up ipython)
     %clear shadow_nuke - permanently erase all entries in shadow history
     %clear dhist - clear dir history
 
 **%color_info**::
 
 	Toggle color_info.
 
         The color_info configuration parameter controls whether colors are
         used for displaying object details (by things like %psource, %pfile or
         the '?' system). This function toggles this value with each call.
 
         Note that unless you have a fairly recent pager (less works better
         than more) in your system, using colored object information displays
         will not work properly. Test it and see.
 
 **%colors**::
 
 	Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
 
         Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
 
         Color scheme names are not case-sensitive.
 
 **%cpaste**::
 
 	Allows you to paste & execute a pre-formatted code block from clipboard
         
         You must terminate the block with '--' (two minus-signs) alone on the
         line. You can also provide your own sentinel with '%paste -s %%' ('%%' 
         is the new sentinel for this operation)
         
         The block is dedented prior to execution to enable execution of method
         definitions. '>' and '+' characters at the beginning of a line are
         ignored, to allow pasting directly from e-mails or diff files. The
         executed block is also assigned to variable named 'pasted_block' for
         later editing with '%edit pasted_block'.
         
         You can also pass a variable name as an argument, e.g. '%cpaste foo'.
         This assigns the pasted block to variable 'foo' as string, without 
         dedenting or executing it.
         
         Do not be alarmed by garbled output on Windows (it's a readline bug). 
         Just press enter and type -- (and press enter again) and the block 
         will be what was just pasted.
         
         IPython statements (magics, shell escapes) are not supported (yet).
 
 **%debug**::
 
 	Activate the interactive debugger in post-mortem mode.
 
         If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
         frames interactively.  Note that this will always work only on the last
         traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
         exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
         occurs, it clobbers the previous one.
 
         If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
         the %pdb magic for more details.
 
 **%dhist**::
 
 	Print your history of visited directories.
 
         %dhist       -> print full history\
         %dhist n     -> print last n entries only\
         %dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n1 not included)\
 
         This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and
         always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd -<n>
         to go to directory number <n>.
         
         Note that most of time, you should view directory history by entering
         cd -<TAB>.
 
 **%dirs**::
 
 	Return the current directory stack.
 
 **%doctest_mode**::
 
 	Toggle doctest mode on and off.
 
         This mode allows you to toggle the prompt behavior between normal
         IPython prompts and ones that are as similar to the default IPython
         interpreter as possible.
 
         It also supports the pasting of code snippets that have leading '>>>'
         and '...' prompts in them.  This means that you can paste doctests from
         files or docstrings (even if they have leading whitespace), and the
         code will execute correctly.  You can then use '%history -tn' to see
         the translated history without line numbers; this will give you the
         input after removal of all the leading prompts and whitespace, which
         can be pasted back into an editor.
 
         With these features, you can switch into this mode easily whenever you
         need to do testing and changes to doctests, without having to leave
         your existing IPython session.
 
 **%ed**::
 
 	Alias to %edit.
 
 **%edit**::
 
 	Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
 
         Usage:
           %edit [options] [args]
 
         %edit runs IPython's editor hook.  The default version of this hook is
         set to call the __IPYTHON__.rc.editor command.  This is read from your
         environment variable $EDITOR.  If this isn't found, it will default to
         vi under Linux/Unix and to notepad under Windows.  See the end of this
         docstring for how to change the editor hook.
 
         You can also set the value of this editor via the command line option
         '-editor' or in your ipythonrc file. This is useful if you wish to use
         specifically for IPython an editor different from your typical default
         (and for Windows users who typically don't set environment variables).
 
         This command allows you to conveniently edit multi-line code right in
         your IPython session.
         
         If called without arguments, %edit opens up an empty editor with a
         temporary file and will execute the contents of this file when you
         close it (don't forget to save it!).
 
 
         Options:
 
         -n <number>: open the editor at a specified line number.  By default,
         the IPython editor hook uses the unix syntax 'editor +N filename', but
         you can configure this by providing your own modified hook if your
         favorite editor supports line-number specifications with a different
         syntax.
         
         -p: this will call the editor with the same data as the previous time
         it was used, regardless of how long ago (in your current session) it
         was.
 
         -r: use 'raw' input.  This option only applies to input taken from the
         user's history.  By default, the 'processed' history is used, so that
         magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python.  If
         this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is
         used instead.  When you exit the editor, it will be executed by
         IPython's own processor.
         
         -x: do not execute the edited code immediately upon exit. This is
         mainly useful if you are editing programs which need to be called with
         command line arguments, which you can then do using %run.
 
 
         Arguments:
 
         If arguments are given, the following possibilites exist:
 
         - The arguments are numbers or pairs of colon-separated numbers (like
         1 4:8 9). These are interpreted as lines of previous input to be
         loaded into the editor. The syntax is the same of the %macro command.
 
         - If the argument doesn't start with a number, it is evaluated as a
         variable and its contents loaded into the editor. You can thus edit
         any string which contains python code (including the result of
         previous edits).
 
         - If the argument is the name of an object (other than a string),
         IPython will try to locate the file where it was defined and open the
         editor at the point where it is defined. You can use `%edit function`
         to load an editor exactly at the point where 'function' is defined,
         edit it and have the file be executed automatically.
 
         If the object is a macro (see %macro for details), this opens up your
         specified editor with a temporary file containing the macro's data.
         Upon exit, the macro is reloaded with the contents of the file.
 
         Note: opening at an exact line is only supported under Unix, and some
         editors (like kedit and gedit up to Gnome 2.8) do not understand the
         '+NUMBER' parameter necessary for this feature. Good editors like
         (X)Emacs, vi, jed, pico and joe all do.
 
         - If the argument is not found as a variable, IPython will look for a
         file with that name (adding .py if necessary) and load it into the
         editor. It will execute its contents with execfile() when you exit,
         loading any code in the file into your interactive namespace.
 
         After executing your code, %edit will return as output the code you
         typed in the editor (except when it was an existing file). This way
         you can reload the code in further invocations of %edit as a variable,
         via _<NUMBER> or Out[<NUMBER>], where <NUMBER> is the prompt number of
         the output.
 
         Note that %edit is also available through the alias %ed.
 
         This is an example of creating a simple function inside the editor and
         then modifying it. First, start up the editor:
 
         In [1]: ed\
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...\
         Out[1]: 'def foo():\n    print "foo() was defined in an editing session"\n'
 
         We can then call the function foo():
         
         In [2]: foo()\
         foo() was defined in an editing session
 
         Now we edit foo.  IPython automatically loads the editor with the
         (temporary) file where foo() was previously defined:
         
         In [3]: ed foo\
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
 
         And if we call foo() again we get the modified version:
         
         In [4]: foo()\
         foo() has now been changed!
 
         Here is an example of how to edit a code snippet successive
         times. First we call the editor:
 
         In [8]: ed\
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...\
         hello\
         Out[8]: "print 'hello'\n"
 
         Now we call it again with the previous output (stored in _):
 
         In [9]: ed _\
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...\
         hello world\
         Out[9]: "print 'hello world'\n"
 
         Now we call it with the output #8 (stored in _8, also as Out[8]):
 
         In [10]: ed _8\
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...\
         hello again\
         Out[10]: "print 'hello again'\n"
 
 
         Changing the default editor hook:
 
         If you wish to write your own editor hook, you can put it in a
         configuration file which you load at startup time.  The default hook
         is defined in the IPython.hooks module, and you can use that as a
         starting example for further modifications.  That file also has
         general instructions on how to set a new hook for use once you've
         defined it.
 
 **%env**::
 
 	List environment variables.
 
 **%exit**::
 
 	Exit IPython, confirming if configured to do so.
 
         You can configure whether IPython asks for confirmation upon exit by
         setting the confirm_exit flag in the ipythonrc file.
 
 **%hist**::
 
 	Alternate name for %history.
 
 **%history**::
 
 	Print input history (_i<n> variables), with most recent last.
     
     %history       -> print at most 40 inputs (some may be multi-line)\
     %history n     -> print at most n inputs\
     %history n1 n2 -> print inputs between n1 and n2 (n2 not included)\
     
     Each input's number <n> is shown, and is accessible as the
     automatically generated variable _i<n>.  Multi-line statements are
     printed starting at a new line for easy copy/paste.
     
 
     Options:
 
       -n: do NOT print line numbers. This is useful if you want to get a
       printout of many lines which can be directly pasted into a text
       editor.
 
       This feature is only available if numbered prompts are in use.
 
       -t: (default) print the 'translated' history, as IPython understands it.
       IPython filters your input and converts it all into valid Python source
       before executing it (things like magics or aliases are turned into
       function calls, for example). With this option, you'll see the native
       history instead of the user-entered version: '%cd /' will be seen as
       '_ip.magic("%cd /")' instead of '%cd /'.
       
       -r: print the 'raw' history, i.e. the actual commands you typed.
       
       -g: treat the arg as a pattern to grep for in (full) history.
       This includes the "shadow history" (almost all commands ever written).
       Use '%hist -g' to show full shadow history (may be very long).
       In shadow history, every index nuwber starts with 0.
 
       -f FILENAME: instead of printing the output to the screen, redirect it to
        the given file.  The file is always overwritten, though IPython asks for
        confirmation first if it already exists.
 
 **%logoff**::
 
 	Temporarily stop logging.
 
         You must have previously started logging.
 
 **%logon**::
 
 	Restart logging.
 
         This function is for restarting logging which you've temporarily
         stopped with %logoff. For starting logging for the first time, you
         must use the %logstart function, which allows you to specify an
         optional log filename.
 
 **%logstart**::
 
 	Start logging anywhere in a session.
 
         %logstart [-o|-r|-t] [log_name [log_mode]]
 
         If no name is given, it defaults to a file named 'ipython_log.py' in your
         current directory, in 'rotate' mode (see below).
 
         '%logstart name' saves to file 'name' in 'backup' mode.  It saves your
         history up to that point and then continues logging.
 
         %logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be one
         of (note that the modes are given unquoted):\
           append: well, that says it.\
           backup: rename (if exists) to name~ and start name.\
           global: single logfile in your home dir, appended to.\
           over  : overwrite existing log.\
           rotate: create rotating logs name.1~, name.2~, etc.
 
         Options:
 
           -o: log also IPython's output.  In this mode, all commands which
           generate an Out[NN] prompt are recorded to the logfile, right after
           their corresponding input line.  The output lines are always
           prepended with a '#[Out]# ' marker, so that the log remains valid
           Python code.
 
           Since this marker is always the same, filtering only the output from
           a log is very easy, using for example a simple awk call:
 
             awk -F'#\[Out\]# ' '{if($2) {print $2}}' ipython_log.py
 
           -r: log 'raw' input.  Normally, IPython's logs contain the processed
           input, so that user lines are logged in their final form, converted
           into valid Python.  For example, %Exit is logged as
           '_ip.magic("Exit").  If the -r flag is given, all input is logged
           exactly as typed, with no transformations applied.
 
           -t: put timestamps before each input line logged (these are put in
           comments).
 
 **%logstate**::
 
 	Print the status of the logging system.
 
 **%logstop**::
 
 	Fully stop logging and close log file.
 
         In order to start logging again, a new %logstart call needs to be made,
         possibly (though not necessarily) with a new filename, mode and other
         options.
 
 **%lsmagic**::
 
 	List currently available magic functions.
 
 **%macro**::
 
 	Define a set of input lines as a macro for future re-execution.
 
         Usage:\
           %macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
         
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
           command line is used instead.
 
         This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string
         made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers
         above) from your input history into a single string. This variable
         acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if
         you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code
         executes.
 
         The notation for indicating number ranges is: n1-n2 means 'use line
         numbers n1,...n2' (the endpoint is included).  That is, '5-7' means
         using the lines numbered 5,6 and 7.
 
         Note: as a 'hidden' feature, you can also use traditional python slice
         notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1.
 
         For example, if your history contains (%hist prints it):
         
           44: x=1\
           45: y=3\
           46: z=x+y\
           47: print x\
           48: a=5\
           49: print 'x',x,'y',y\
 
         you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49
         called my_macro with:
 
           In [51]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49
 
         Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code
         in one pass.
 
         You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line
         number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any
         lines from your input history in any order.
 
         The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute,
         but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as
         code instead of printing them when you type their name.
 
         You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with:
         
           'print macro_name'.
 
         For one-off cases which DON'T contain magic function calls in them you
         can obtain similar results by explicitly executing slices from your
         input history with:
 
           In [60]: exec In[44:48]+In[49]
 
 **%magic**::
 
 	Print information about the magic function system.
 
 **%mglob**::
 
 	    This program allows specifying filenames with "mglob" mechanism.
     Supported syntax in globs (wilcard matching patterns)::
     
      *.cpp ?ellowo*                
          - obvious. Differs from normal glob in that dirs are not included.
            Unix users might want to write this as: "*.cpp" "?ellowo*"
      rec:/usr/share=*.txt,*.doc    
          - get all *.txt and *.doc under /usr/share, 
            recursively
      rec:/usr/share
          - All files under /usr/share, recursively
      rec:*.py
          - All .py files under current working dir, recursively
      foo                           
          - File or dir foo
      !*.bak readme*                   
          - readme*, exclude files ending with .bak
      !.svn/ !.hg/ !*_Data/ rec:.
          - Skip .svn, .hg, foo_Data dirs (and their subdirs) in recurse.
            Trailing / is the key, \ does not work!
      dir:foo                       
          - the directory foo if it exists (not files in foo)
      dir:*                         
          - all directories in current folder
      foo.py bar.* !h* rec:*.py
          - Obvious. !h* exclusion only applies for rec:*.py.
            foo.py is *not* included twice.
      @filelist.txt
          - All files listed in 'filelist.txt' file, on separate lines.
 
 **%page**::
 
 	Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
         
         %page [options] OBJECT
 
         If no object is given, use _ (last output).
         
         Options:
 
           -r: page str(object), don't pretty-print it.
 
 **%pdb**::
 
 	Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
 
         Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
         argument it works as a toggle.
 
         When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
         interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
         this feature on and off.
 
         The initial state of this feature is set in your ipythonrc
         configuration file (the variable is called 'pdb').
 
         If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired,
         without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use
         the %debug magic.
 
 **%pdef**::
 
 	Print the definition header for any callable object.
 
         If the object is a class, print the constructor information.
 
 **%pdoc**::
 
 	Print the docstring for an object.
 
         If the given object is a class, it will print both the class and the
         constructor docstrings.
 
 **%pfile**::
 
 	Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
 
         The file opens at the line where the object definition begins. IPython
         will honor the environment variable PAGER if set, and otherwise will
         do its best to print the file in a convenient form.
 
         If the given argument is not an object currently defined, IPython will
         try to interpret it as a filename (automatically adding a .py extension
         if needed). You can thus use %pfile as a syntax highlighting code
         viewer.
 
 **%pinfo**::
 
 	Provide detailed information about an object.
     
         '%pinfo object' is just a synonym for object? or ?object.
 
 **%popd**::
 
 	Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
 
 **%profile**::
 
 	Print your currently active IPyhton profile.
 
 **%prun**::
 
 	Run a statement through the python code profiler.
 
         Usage:\
           %prun [options] statement
 
         The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
         python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
         Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
         cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
         namespaces which do not hold under IPython.
 
         Options:
 
         -l <limit>: you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
         profile gets printed. The limit value can be:
 
           * A string: only information for function names containing this string
           is printed.
 
           * An integer: only these many lines are printed.
 
           * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
           (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).
 
         You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
         example, '-l __init__ -l 5' will print only the topmost 5 lines of
         information about class constructors.
 
         -r: return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
         object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
         later use it for further analysis or in other functions.
 
        -s <key>: sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
         by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
         default sorting key is 'time'.
 
         The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
         referenced below:
 
         When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
         secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
         before them.
         
         Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
         abbreviation is unambiguous.  The following are the keys currently
         defined:
 
                 Valid Arg       Meaning\
                   "calls"      call count\
                   "cumulative" cumulative time\
                   "file"       file name\
                   "module"     file name\
                   "pcalls"     primitive call count\
                   "line"       line number\
                   "name"       function name\
                   "nfl"        name/file/line\
                   "stdname"    standard name\
                   "time"       internal time
 
         Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
         most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
         searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
         distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
         sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
         numbers get compared in an odd way.  For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
         would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
         "20" "3" and "40".  In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
         line numbers.  In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
         sort_stats("name", "file", "line").
 
         -T <filename>: save profile results as shown on screen to a text
         file. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -D <filename>: save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given
         filename. This data is in a format understod by the pstats module, and
         is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile
         objects. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use
         '%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]' where prof_opts
         contains profiler specific options as described here.
         
         You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with:\
           In [1]: import profile; profile.help()
 
 **%psearch**::
 
 	Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.
 
         %psearch [options] PATTERN [OBJECT TYPE]
 
         Note: ? can be used as a synonym for %psearch, at the beginning or at
         the end: both a*? and ?a* are equivalent to '%psearch a*'.  Still, the
         rest of the command line must be unchanged (options come first), so
         for example the following forms are equivalent
 
         %psearch -i a* function
         -i a* function?
         ?-i a* function
 
         Arguments:
         
           PATTERN
 
           where PATTERN is a string containing * as a wildcard similar to its
           use in a shell.  The pattern is matched in all namespaces on the
           search path. By default objects starting with a single _ are not
           matched, many IPython generated objects have a single
           underscore. The default is case insensitive matching. Matching is
           also done on the attributes of objects and not only on the objects
           in a module.
 
           [OBJECT TYPE]
 
           Is the name of a python type from the types module. The name is
           given in lowercase without the ending type, ex. StringType is
           written string. By adding a type here only objects matching the
           given type are matched. Using all here makes the pattern match all
           types (this is the default).
 
         Options:
 
           -a: makes the pattern match even objects whose names start with a
           single underscore.  These names are normally ommitted from the
           search.
 
           -i/-c: make the pattern case insensitive/sensitive.  If neither of
           these options is given, the default is read from your ipythonrc
           file.  The option name which sets this value is
           'wildcards_case_sensitive'.  If this option is not specified in your
           ipythonrc file, IPython's internal default is to do a case sensitive
           search.
 
           -e/-s NAMESPACE: exclude/search a given namespace.  The pattern you
           specifiy can be searched in any of the following namespaces:
           'builtin', 'user', 'user_global','internal', 'alias', where
           'builtin' and 'user' are the search defaults.  Note that you should
           not use quotes when specifying namespaces.
 
           'Builtin' contains the python module builtin, 'user' contains all
           user data, 'alias' only contain the shell aliases and no python
           objects, 'internal' contains objects used by IPython.  The
           'user_global' namespace is only used by embedded IPython instances,
           and it contains module-level globals.  You can add namespaces to the
           search with -s or exclude them with -e (these options can be given
           more than once).
     
         Examples:
        
         %psearch a*            -> objects beginning with an a
         %psearch -e builtin a* -> objects NOT in the builtin space starting in a
         %psearch a* function   -> all functions beginning with an a
         %psearch re.e*         -> objects beginning with an e in module re
         %psearch r*.e*         -> objects that start with e in modules starting in r
         %psearch r*.* string   -> all strings in modules beginning with r
 
         Case sensitve search:
        
         %psearch -c a*         list all object beginning with lower case a
 
         Show objects beginning with a single _:
        
         %psearch -a _*         list objects beginning with a single underscore
 
 **%psource**::
 
 	Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object.
 
 **%pushd**::
 
 	Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
         
         Usage:\
           %pushd ['dirname']
 
 **%pwd**::
 
 	Return the current working directory path.
 
 **%pycat**::
 
 	Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
 
         This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file
         to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting.
 
 **%quickref**::
 
 	 Show a quick reference sheet
 
 **%quit**::
 
 	Exit IPython, confirming if configured to do so (like %exit)
 
 **%r**::
 
 	Repeat previous input.
 
         Note: Consider using the more powerfull %rep instead!
         
         If given an argument, repeats the previous command which starts with
         the same string, otherwise it just repeats the previous input.
 
         Shell escaped commands (with ! as first character) are not recognized
         by this system, only pure python code and magic commands.
 
 **%rehashdir**::
 
 	 Add executables in all specified dirs to alias table
      
     Usage:
 
     %rehashdir c:/bin;c:/tools
       - Add all executables under c:/bin and c:/tools to alias table, in 
       order to make them directly executable from any directory.
         
       Without arguments, add all executables in current directory.
 
 **%rehashx**::
 
 	Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
 
         This version explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file
         with execute access (os.X_OK), so it is much slower than %rehash.
 
         Under Windows, it checks executability as a match agains a
         '|'-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config
         variable win_exec_ext.  This defaults to 'exe|com|bat'.
         
         This function also resets the root module cache of module completer,
         used on slow filesystems.
 
 **%rep**::
 
 	 Repeat a command, or get command to input line for editing
 
     - %rep (no arguments):
     
     Place a string version of last computation result (stored in the special '_'
     variable) to the next input prompt. Allows you to create elaborate command
     lines without using copy-paste::
     
         $ l = ["hei", "vaan"]       
         $ "".join(l)        
         ==> heivaan        
         $ %rep        
         $ heivaan_ <== cursor blinking    
     
     %rep 45
     
     Place history line 45 to next input prompt. Use %hist to find out the
     number.
     
     %rep 1-4 6-7 3
     
     Repeat the specified lines immediately. Input slice syntax is the same as
     in %macro and %save.
     
     %rep foo
     
     Place the most recent line that has the substring "foo" to next input.
     (e.g. 'svn ci -m foobar').
 
 **%reset**::
 
 	Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user.
 
         Input/Output history are left around in case you need them.
 
 **%run**::
 
 	Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
 
         Usage:\
           %run [-n -i -t [-N<N>] -d [-b<N>] -p [profile options]] file [args]
         
         Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to
         the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's
         prompt.
 
         This is similar to running at a system prompt:\
           $ python file args\
         but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of
         loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use
         (unless -p is used, see below).
 
         The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of
         __name__=='__main__' and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus
         sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program
         (except for sharing global objects such as previously imported
         modules). But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets
         updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__
         and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for
         interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in.
 
         Options:
         
         -n: __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name
         without extension (as python does under import).  This allows running
         scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code
         protected by an ' if __name__ == "__main__" ' clause.
 
         -i: run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This
         is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor
         which depends on variables defined interactively.
 
         -e: ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script
         being run.  This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to
         run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call.  In such
         cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in
         seeing a traceback of the unittest module.
 
         -t: print timing information at the end of the run.  IPython will give
         you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under
         Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of
         time.clock().  Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks
         is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).
 
         If -t is given, an additional -N<N> option can be given, where <N>
         must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to
         run.  The final timing report will include total and per run results.
 
         For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py):
 
             In [1]: run -t uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):\
               User  :    0.19597 s.\
               System:        0.0 s.\
 
             In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):\
             Total runs performed: 5\
               Times :      Total       Per run\
               User  :   0.910862 s,  0.1821724 s.\
               System:        0.0 s,        0.0 s.
 
         -d: run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger.
         This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables,
         etc.  Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling:
         
           pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")')
 
         with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file.  You can change the line
         number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option
         (where N must be an integer).  For example:
 
           %run -d -b40 myscript
 
         will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py.  Note that
         the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does
         something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.
 
         When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt.  You must
         first enter 'c' (without qoutes) to start execution up to the first
         breakpoint.
 
         Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger.  You
         can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()"
         at a prompt.
 
         -p: run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which
         prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).
 
         You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the
         profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.
 
         In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the
         IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace
         where the profiler executes them).
 
         Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for
         details on the options available specifically for profiling.
 
         There is one special usage for which the text above doesn't apply:
         if the filename ends with .ipy, the file is run as ipython script,
         just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt.
 
 **%runlog**::
 
 	Run files as logs.
 
         Usage:\
           %runlog file1 file2 ...
 
         Run the named files (treating them as log files) in sequence inside
         the interpreter, and return to the prompt.  This is much slower than
         %run because each line is executed in a try/except block, but it
         allows running files with syntax errors in them.
 
         Normally IPython will guess when a file is one of its own logfiles, so
         you can typically use %run even for logs. This shorthand allows you to
         force any file to be treated as a log file.
 
 **%save**::
 
 	Save a set of lines to a given filename.
 
         Usage:\
           %save [options] filename n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
         
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
           command line is used instead.
 
         This function uses the same syntax as %macro for line extraction, but
         instead of creating a macro it saves the resulting string to the
         filename you specify.
 
         It adds a '.py' extension to the file if you don't do so yourself, and
         it asks for confirmation before overwriting existing files.
 
 **%sc**::
 
 	Shell capture - execute a shell command and capture its output.
 
         DEPRECATED. Suboptimal, retained for backwards compatibility.
         
         You should use the form 'var = !command' instead. Example:
          
          "%sc -l myfiles = ls ~" should now be written as
             
          "myfiles = !ls ~"
          
         myfiles.s, myfiles.l and myfiles.n still apply as documented
         below.
 
         --
         %sc [options] varname=command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         will then update the user's interactive namespace with a variable
         called varname, containing the value of the call.  Your command can
         contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc.
 
         The '=' sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you
         supply must follow Python's standard conventions for valid names.
         
         (A special format without variable name exists for internal use)
 
         Options:
 
           -l: list output.  Split the output on newlines into a list before
           assigning it to the given variable.  By default the output is stored
           as a single string.
 
           -v: verbose.  Print the contents of the variable.
 
         In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the
         returned value is a special type of string which can automatically
         provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a
         space-separated string.  These are convenient, respectively, either
         for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command.
 
         For example:
 
             # Capture into variable a
             In [9]: sc a=ls *py
 
             # a is a string with embedded newlines
             In [10]: a
             Out[10]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # which can be seen as a list:
             In [11]: a.l
             Out[11]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             # or as a whitespace-separated string:
             In [12]: a.s
             Out[12]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # a.s is useful to pass as a single command line:
             In [13]: !wc -l $a.s
               146 setup.py
               130 win32_manual_post_install.py
               276 total
 
             # while the list form is useful to loop over:
             In [14]: for f in a.l:
                ....:      !wc -l $f
                ....:
             146 setup.py
             130 win32_manual_post_install.py
 
         Similiarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in
         the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to
         automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents:
 
             In [1]: sc -l b=ls *py
 
             In [2]: b
             Out[2]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             In [3]: b.s
             Out[3]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
         In summary, both the lists and strings used for ouptut capture have
         the following special attributes:
 
             .l (or .list) : value as list.
             .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
             .s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string.
 
 **%store**::
 
 	Lightweight persistence for python variables.
 
     Example:
     
     ville@badger[~]|1> A = ['hello',10,'world']\
     ville@badger[~]|2> %store A\
     ville@badger[~]|3> Exit
     
     (IPython session is closed and started again...)
     
     ville@badger:~$ ipython -p pysh\
     ville@badger[~]|1> print A
     
     ['hello', 10, 'world']
     
     Usage:
     
     %store          - Show list of all variables and their current values\
     %store <var>    - Store the *current* value of the variable to disk\
     %store -d <var> - Remove the variable and its value from storage\
     %store -z       - Remove all variables from storage\
     %store -r       - Refresh all variables from store (delete current vals)\
     %store foo >a.txt  - Store value of foo to new file a.txt\
     %store foo >>a.txt - Append value of foo to file a.txt\   
     
     It should be noted that if you change the value of a variable, you
     need to %store it again if you want to persist the new value.
     
     Note also that the variables will need to be pickleable; most basic
     python types can be safely %stored.
     
     Also aliases can be %store'd across sessions.
 
 **%sx**::
 
 	Shell execute - run a shell command and capture its output.
 
         %sx command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         return the result formatted as a list (split on '\n').  Since the
         output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython's regular output
         cache Out[N] and in the '_N' automatic variables.
 
         Notes:
 
         1) If an input line begins with '!!', then %sx is automatically
         invoked.  That is, while:
           !ls
         causes ipython to simply issue system('ls'), typing
           !!ls
         is a shorthand equivalent to:
           %sx ls
         
         2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
         like '%sc -l'.  The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
         to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
         %sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
         typing.
 
         3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:
 
           .l (or .list) : value as list.
           .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
           .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
 
         This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
         system commands.
 
 **%system_verbose**::
 
 	Set verbose printing of system calls.
 
         If called without an argument, act as a toggle
 
 **%time**::
 
 	Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
 
         The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the
         expression (if any) is returned.  Note that under Win32, system time
         is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.
 
         This function provides very basic timing functionality.  In Python
         2.3, the timeit module offers more control and sophistication, so this
         could be rewritten to use it (patches welcome).
         
         Some examples:
 
           In [1]: time 2**128
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
           Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
 
           In [2]: n = 1000000
 
           In [3]: time sum(range(n))
           CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s
           Wall time: 1.37
           Out[3]: 499999500000L
 
           In [4]: time print 'hello world'
           hello world
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
 
           Note that the time needed by Python to compile the given expression
           will be reported if it is more than 0.1s.  In this example, the
           actual exponentiation is done by Python at compilation time, so while
           the expression can take a noticeable amount of time to compute, that
           time is purely due to the compilation:
 
           In [5]: time 3**9999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
 
           In [6]: time 3**999999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
           Compiler : 0.78 s
 
 **%timeit**::
 
 	Time execution of a Python statement or expression
 
         Usage:\
           %timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c]] statement
 
         Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit
         module.
 
         Options:
         -n<N>: execute the given statement <N> times in a loop. If this value
         is not given, a fitting value is chosen. 
         
         -r<R>: repeat the loop iteration <R> times and take the best result.
         Default: 3
         
         -t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix.
         This function measures wall time.
         
         -c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on
         Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used
         instead and returns the CPU user time.
 
         -p<P>: use a precision of <P> digits to display the timing result.
         Default: 3
 
         
         Examples:\
           In [1]: %timeit pass
           10000000 loops, best of 3: 53.3 ns per loop
 
           In [2]: u = None
 
           In [3]: %timeit u is None
           10000000 loops, best of 3: 184 ns per loop
 
           In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None
           1000000 loops, best of 4: 242 ns per loop
 
           In [5]: import time
 
           In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2)
           1 loops, best of 3: 2 s per loop
           
 
         The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those
         reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is
         due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace
         of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup
         statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias
         does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with
         those from %timeit.
 
 **%unalias**::
 
 	Remove an alias
 
 **%upgrade**::
 
 	 Upgrade your IPython installation
         
         This will copy the config files that don't yet exist in your 
         ipython dir from the system config dir. Use this after upgrading 
         IPython if you don't wish to delete your .ipython dir.
 
         Call with -nolegacy to get rid of ipythonrc* files (recommended for
         new users)
 
 **%which**::
 
 	 %which <cmd> => search PATH for files matching cmd. Also scans aliases.
 
     Traverses PATH and prints all files (not just executables!) that match the
     pattern on command line. Probably more useful in finding stuff
     interactively than 'which', which only prints the first matching item.
     
     Also discovers and expands aliases, so you'll see what will be executed
     when you call an alias.
     
     Example:
     
     [~]|62> %which d
     d -> ls -F --color=auto
       == c:\cygwin\bin\ls.exe
     c:\cygwin\bin\d.exe
     
     [~]|64> %which diff*
     diff3 -> diff3
       == c:\cygwin\bin\diff3.exe
     diff -> diff
       == c:\cygwin\bin\diff.exe
     c:\cygwin\bin\diff.exe
     c:\cygwin\bin\diff3.exe
 
 **%who**::
 
 	Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.
 
         If any arguments are given, only variables whose type matches one of
         these are printed.  For example:
 
           %who function str
 
         will only list functions and strings, excluding all other types of
         variables.  To find the proper type names, simply use type(var) at a
         command line to see how python prints type names.  For example:
 
           In [1]: type('hello')\
           Out[1]: <type 'str'>
 
         indicates that the type name for strings is 'str'.
 
         %who always excludes executed names loaded through your configuration
         file and things which are internal to IPython.
 
         This is deliberate, as typically you may load many modules and the
         purpose of %who is to show you only what you've manually defined.
 
 **%who_ls**::
 
 	Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.
 
         If arguments are given, only variables of types matching these
         arguments are returned.
 
 **%whos**::
 
 	Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.
 
         The same type filtering of %who can be applied here.
 
         For all variables, the type is printed. Additionally it prints:
         
           - For {},[],(): their length.
 
           - For numpy and Numeric arrays, a summary with shape, number of
           elements, typecode and size in memory.
 
           - Everything else: a string representation, snipping their middle if
           too long.
 
 **%xmode**::
 
 	Switch modes for the exception handlers.
 
         Valid modes: Plain, Context and Verbose.
 
         If called without arguments, acts as a toggle.
 
 .. magic_end
 
 Access to the standard Python help
 ----------------------------------
 
 As of Python 2.1, a help system is available with access to object docstrings
 and the Python manuals. Simply type 'help' (no quotes) to access it. You can
 also type help(object) to obtain information about a given object, and
 help('keyword') for information on a keyword. As noted :ref:`here
 <accessing_help>`, you need to properly configure your environment variable
 PYTHONDOCS for this feature to work correctly.
 
 .. _dynamic_object_info:
 
 Dynamic object information
 --------------------------
 
 Typing ?word or word? prints detailed information about an object. If
 certain strings in the object are too long (docstrings, code, etc.) they
 get snipped in the center for brevity. This system gives access variable
 types and values, full source code for any object (if available),
 function prototypes and other useful information.
 
 Typing ??word or word?? gives access to the full information without
 snipping long strings. Long strings are sent to the screen through the
 less pager if longer than the screen and printed otherwise. On systems
 lacking the less command, IPython uses a very basic internal pager.
 
 The following magic functions are particularly useful for gathering
 information about your working environment. You can get more details by
 typing %magic or querying them individually (use %function_name? with or
 without the %), this is just a summary:
 
     * **%pdoc <object>**: Print (or run through a pager if too long) the
       docstring for an object. If the given object is a class, it will
       print both the class and the constructor docstrings.
     * **%pdef <object>**: Print the definition header for any callable
       object. If the object is a class, print the constructor information.
     * **%psource <object>**: Print (or run through a pager if too long)
       the source code for an object.
     * **%pfile <object>**: Show the entire source file where an object was
       defined via a pager, opening it at the line where the object
       definition begins.
     * **%who/%whos**: These functions give information about identifiers
       you have defined interactively (not things you loaded or defined
       in your configuration files). %who just prints a list of
       identifiers and %whos prints a table with some basic details about
       each identifier.
 
 Note that the dynamic object information functions (?/??, %pdoc, %pfile,
 %pdef, %psource) give you access to documentation even on things which
 are not really defined as separate identifiers. Try for example typing
 {}.get? or after doing import os, type os.path.abspath??.
 
 
 .. _readline:
 
 Readline-based features
 -----------------------
 
 These features require the GNU readline library, so they won't work if
 your Python installation lacks readline support. We will first describe
 the default behavior IPython uses, and then how to change it to suit
 your preferences.
 
 
 Command line completion
 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 
 At any time, hitting TAB will complete any available python commands or
 variable names, and show you a list of the possible completions if
 there's no unambiguous one. It will also complete filenames in the
 current directory if no python names match what you've typed so far.
 
 
 Search command history
 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 
 IPython provides two ways for searching through previous input and thus
 reduce the need for repetitive typing:
 
    1. Start typing, and then use Ctrl-p (previous,up) and Ctrl-n
       (next,down) to search through only the history items that match
       what you've typed so far. If you use Ctrl-p/Ctrl-n at a blank
       prompt, they just behave like normal arrow keys.
    2. Hit Ctrl-r: opens a search prompt. Begin typing and the system
       searches your history for lines that contain what you've typed so
       far, completing as much as it can.
 
 
 Persistent command history across sessions
 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 
 IPython will save your input history when it leaves and reload it next
 time you restart it. By default, the history file is named
 $IPYTHONDIR/history, but if you've loaded a named profile,
 '-PROFILE_NAME' is appended to the name. This allows you to keep
 separate histories related to various tasks: commands related to
 numerical work will not be clobbered by a system shell history, for
 example.
 
 
 Autoindent
 ++++++++++
 
 IPython can recognize lines ending in ':' and indent the next line,
 while also un-indenting automatically after 'raise' or 'return'.
 
 This feature uses the readline library, so it will honor your ~/.inputrc
 configuration (or whatever file your INPUTRC variable points to). Adding
 the following lines to your .inputrc file can make indenting/unindenting
 more convenient (M-i indents, M-u unindents)::
 
     $if Python 
     "\M-i": "    "  
     "\M-u": "\d\d\d\d"  
     $endif
 
 Note that there are 4 spaces between the quote marks after "M-i" above.
 
 Warning: this feature is ON by default, but it can cause problems with
 the pasting of multi-line indented code (the pasted code gets
 re-indented on each line). A magic function %autoindent allows you to
 toggle it on/off at runtime. You can also disable it permanently on in
 your ipythonrc file (set autoindent 0).
 
 
 Customizing readline behavior
 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 
 All these features are based on the GNU readline library, which has an
 extremely customizable interface. Normally, readline is configured via a
 file which defines the behavior of the library; the details of the
 syntax for this can be found in the readline documentation available
 with your system or on the Internet. IPython doesn't read this file (if
 it exists) directly, but it does support passing to readline valid
 options via a simple interface. In brief, you can customize readline by
 setting the following options in your ipythonrc configuration file (note
 that these options can not be specified at the command line):
 
     * **readline_parse_and_bind**: this option can appear as many times as
       you want, each time defining a string to be executed via a
       readline.parse_and_bind() command. The syntax for valid commands
       of this kind can be found by reading the documentation for the GNU
       readline library, as these commands are of the kind which readline
       accepts in its configuration file.
     * **readline_remove_delims**: a string of characters to be removed
       from the default word-delimiters list used by readline, so that
       completions may be performed on strings which contain them. Do not
       change the default value unless you know what you're doing.
     * **readline_omit__names**: when tab-completion is enabled, hitting
       <tab> after a '.' in a name will complete all attributes of an
       object, including all the special methods whose names include
       double underscores (like __getitem__ or __class__). If you'd
       rather not see these names by default, you can set this option to
       1. Note that even when this option is set, you can still see those
       names by explicitly typing a _ after the period and hitting <tab>:
       'name._<tab>' will always complete attribute names starting with '_'.
       
       This option is off by default so that new users see all
       attributes of any objects they are dealing with.
 
 You will find the default values along with a corresponding detailed
 explanation in your ipythonrc file.
 
 
 Session logging and restoring
 -----------------------------
 
 You can log all input from a session either by starting IPython with the
 command line switches -log or -logfile (see :ref:`here <command_line_options>`)
 or by activating the logging at any moment with the magic function %logstart.
 
 Log files can later be reloaded with the -logplay option and IPython
 will attempt to 'replay' the log by executing all the lines in it, thus
 restoring the state of a previous session. This feature is not quite
 perfect, but can still be useful in many cases.
 
 The log files can also be used as a way to have a permanent record of
 any code you wrote while experimenting. Log files are regular text files
 which you can later open in your favorite text editor to extract code or
 to 'clean them up' before using them to replay a session.
 
 The %logstart function for activating logging in mid-session is used as
 follows:
 
 %logstart [log_name [log_mode]]
 
 If no name is given, it defaults to a file named 'log' in your
 IPYTHONDIR directory, in 'rotate' mode (see below).
 
 '%logstart name' saves to file 'name' in 'backup' mode. It saves your
 history up to that point and then continues logging.
 
 %logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be
 one of (note that the modes are given unquoted):
 
     * [over:] overwrite existing log_name.
     * [backup:] rename (if exists) to log_name~ and start log_name.
     * [append:] well, that says it.
     * [rotate:] create rotating logs log_name.1~, log_name.2~, etc.
 
 The %logoff and %logon functions allow you to temporarily stop and
 resume logging to a file which had previously been started with
 %logstart. They will fail (with an explanation) if you try to use them
 before logging has been started.
 
 .. _system_shell_access:
 
 System shell access
 -------------------
 
 Any input line beginning with a ! character is passed verbatim (minus
 the !, of course) to the underlying operating system. For example,
 typing !ls will run 'ls' in the current directory.
 
 Manual capture of command output
 --------------------------------
 
 If the input line begins with two exclamation marks, !!, the command is
 executed but its output is captured and returned as a python list, split
 on newlines. Any output sent by the subprocess to standard error is
 printed separately, so that the resulting list only captures standard
 output. The !! syntax is a shorthand for the %sx magic command.
 
 Finally, the %sc magic (short for 'shell capture') is similar to %sx,
 but allowing more fine-grained control of the capture details, and
 storing the result directly into a named variable. The direct use of 
 %sc is now deprecated, and you should ise the ``var = !cmd`` syntax
 instead.
 
 IPython also allows you to expand the value of python variables when
 making system calls. Any python variable or expression which you prepend
 with $ will get expanded before the system call is made::
 
     In [1]: pyvar='Hello world' 
     In [2]: !echo "A python variable: $pyvar"  
     A python variable: Hello world
 
 If you want the shell to actually see a literal $, you need to type it
 twice::
 
     In [3]: !echo "A system variable: $$HOME"  
     A system variable: /home/fperez
 
 You can pass arbitrary expressions, though you'll need to delimit them
 with {} if there is ambiguity as to the extent of the expression::
 
     In [5]: x=10 
     In [6]: y=20 
     In [13]: !echo $x+y  
     10+y  
     In [7]: !echo ${x+y}  
     30
 
 Even object attributes can be expanded::
 
     In [12]: !echo $sys.argv  
     [/home/fperez/usr/bin/ipython]
 
 
 System command aliases
 ----------------------
 
 The %alias magic function and the alias option in the ipythonrc
 configuration file allow you to define magic functions which are in fact
 system shell commands. These aliases can have parameters.
 
 '%alias alias_name cmd' defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd'
 
 Then, typing '%alias_name params' will execute the system command 'cmd
 params' (from your underlying operating system).
 
 You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one per
 parameter). The following example defines the %parts function as an
 alias to the command 'echo first %s second %s' where each %s will be
 replaced by a positional parameter to the call to %parts::
 
     In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s 
     In [2]: %parts A B 
     first A second B  
     In [3]: %parts A  
     Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.  
     parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s'
 
 If called with no parameters, %alias prints the table of currently
 defined aliases.
 
 The %rehash/rehashx magics allow you to load your entire $PATH as
 ipython aliases. See their respective docstrings (or sec. 6.2
 <#sec:magic> for further details).
 
 
 .. _dreload:
 
 Recursive reload
 ----------------
 
 The dreload function does a recursive reload of a module: changes made
 to the module since you imported will actually be available without
 having to exit.
 
 
 Verbose and colored exception traceback printouts
 -------------------------------------------------
 
 IPython provides the option to see very detailed exception tracebacks,
 which can be especially useful when debugging large programs. You can
 run any Python file with the %run function to benefit from these
 detailed tracebacks. Furthermore, both normal and verbose tracebacks can
 be colored (if your terminal supports it) which makes them much easier
 to parse visually.
 
 See the magic xmode and colors functions for details (just type %magic).
 
 These features are basically a terminal version of Ka-Ping Yee's cgitb
 module, now part of the standard Python library.
 
 
 .. _input_caching:
 
 Input caching system
 --------------------
 
-IPython offers numbered prompts (In/Out) with input and output caching.
-All input is saved and can be retrieved as variables (besides the usual
-arrow key recall).
+IPython offers numbered prompts (In/Out) with input and output caching
+(also referred to as 'input history'). All input is saved and can be 
+retrieved as variables (besides the usual arrow key recall), in 
+addition to the %rep magic command that brings a history entry
+up for editing on the next  command line.
 
 The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so don't overwrite them!):
 _i: stores previous input. _ii: next previous. _iii: next-next previous.
 _ih : a list of all input _ih[n] is the input from line n and this list
 is aliased to the global variable In. If you overwrite In with a
 variable of your own, you can remake the assignment to the internal list
 with a simple 'In=_ih'.
 
 Additionally, global variables named _i<n> are dynamically created (<n>
 being the prompt counter), such that
 _i<n> == _ih[<n>] == In[<n>].
 
 For example, what you typed at prompt 14 is available as _i14, _ih[14]
 and In[14].
 
 This allows you to easily cut and paste multi line interactive prompts
 by printing them out: they print like a clean string, without prompt
 characters. You can also manipulate them like regular variables (they
 are strings), modify or exec them (typing 'exec _i9' will re-execute the
 contents of input prompt 9, 'exec In[9:14]+In[18]' will re-execute lines
 9 through 13 and line 18).
 
 You can also re-execute multiple lines of input easily by using the
 magic %macro function (which automates the process and allows
 re-execution without having to type 'exec' every time). The macro system
 also allows you to re-execute previous lines which include magic
 function calls (which require special processing). Type %macro? or see
 sec. 6.2 <#sec:magic> for more details on the macro system.
 
 A history function %hist allows you to see any part of your input
 history by printing a range of the _i variables.
 
+You can also search ('grep') through your history by typing 
+'%hist -g somestring'. This also searches through the so called *shadow history*,
+which remembers all the commands (apart from multiline code blocks)
+you have ever entered. Handy for searching for svn/bzr URL's, IP adrresses
+etc. You can bring shadow history entries listed by '%hist -g' up for editing 
+(or re-execution by just pressing ENTER) with %rep command. Shadow history 
+entries are not available as _iNUMBER variables, and they are identified by 
+the '0' prefix in %hist -g output. That is, history entry 12 is a normal 
+history entry, but 0231 is a shadow history entry.
+
+Shadow history was added because the readline history is inherently very
+unsafe - if you have multiple IPython sessions open, the last session 
+to close will overwrite the history of previountly closed session. Likewise,
+if a crash occurs, history is never saved, whereas shadow history entries
+are added after entering every command (so a command executed 
+in another IPython session is immediately available in other IPython 
+sessions that are open).
+
+To conserve space, a command can exist in shadow history only once - it doesn't 
+make sense to store a common line like "cd .." a thousand times. The idea is 
+mainly to provide a reliable place where valuable, hard-to-remember commands can 
+always be retrieved, as opposed to providing an exact sequence of commands
+you have entered in actual order.
+
+Because shadow history has all the commands you have ever executed,
+time taken by %hist -g will increase oven time. If it ever starts to take
+too long (or it ends up containing sensitive information like passwords), 
+clear the shadow history by `%clear shadow_nuke`.
+
+Time taken to add entries to shadow history should be negligible, but 
+in any case, if you start noticing performance degradation after using 
+IPython for a long time (or running a script that floods the shadow history!), 
+you can 'compress' the shadow history by executing 
+`%clear shadow_compress`. In practice, this should never be necessary
+in normal use.
+
 .. _output_caching:
 
 Output caching system
 ---------------------
 
 For output that is returned from actions, a system similar to the input
 cache exists but using _ instead of _i. Only actions that produce a
 result (NOT assignments, for example) are cached. If you are familiar
 with Mathematica, IPython's _ variables behave exactly like
 Mathematica's % variables.
 
 The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so don't overwrite them!):
 
     * [_] (a single underscore) : stores previous output, like Python's
       default interpreter.
     * [__] (two underscores): next previous.
     * [___] (three underscores): next-next previous.
 
 Additionally, global variables named _<n> are dynamically created (<n>
 being the prompt counter), such that the result of output <n> is always
 available as _<n> (don't use the angle brackets, just the number, e.g.
 _21).
 
 These global variables are all stored in a global dictionary (not a
 list, since it only has entries for lines which returned a result)
 available under the names _oh and Out (similar to _ih and In). So the
 output from line 12 can be obtained as _12, Out[12] or _oh[12]. If you
 accidentally overwrite the Out variable you can recover it by typing
 'Out=_oh' at the prompt.
 
 This system obviously can potentially put heavy memory demands on your
 system, since it prevents Python's garbage collector from removing any
 previously computed results. You can control how many results are kept
 in memory with the option (at the command line or in your ipythonrc
 file) cache_size. If you set it to 0, the whole system is completely
 disabled and the prompts revert to the classic '>>>' of normal Python.
 
 
 Directory history
 -----------------
 
 Your history of visited directories is kept in the global list _dh, and
 the magic %cd command can be used to go to any entry in that list. The
-%dhist command allows you to view this history. do ``cd -<TAB`` to
+%dhist command allows you to view this history. Do ``cd -<TAB`` to
 conventiently view the directory history.
 
 
 Automatic parentheses and quotes
 --------------------------------
 
 These features were adapted from Nathan Gray's LazyPython. They are
 meant to allow less typing for common situations.
 
 
 Automatic parentheses
 ---------------------
 
 Callable objects (i.e. functions, methods, etc) can be invoked like this
 (notice the commas between the arguments)::
 
     >>> callable_ob arg1, arg2, arg3
 
 and the input will be translated to this::
 
     -> callable_ob(arg1, arg2, arg3)
 
 You can force automatic parentheses by using '/' as the first character
 of a line. For example::
 
     >>> /globals # becomes 'globals()'
 
 Note that the '/' MUST be the first character on the line! This won't work::
 
     >>> print /globals # syntax error
 
 In most cases the automatic algorithm should work, so you should rarely
 need to explicitly invoke /. One notable exception is if you are trying
 to call a function with a list of tuples as arguments (the parenthesis
 will confuse IPython)::
 
     In [1]: zip (1,2,3),(4,5,6) # won't work
 
 but this will work::
 
     In [2]: /zip (1,2,3),(4,5,6) 
     ---> zip ((1,2,3),(4,5,6))  
     Out[2]= [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
 
 IPython tells you that it has altered your command line by displaying
 the new command line preceded by ->. e.g.::
 
     In [18]: callable list 
     ----> callable (list)
 
 
 Automatic quoting
 -----------------
 
 You can force automatic quoting of a function's arguments by using ','
 or ';' as the first character of a line. For example::
 
     >>> ,my_function /home/me # becomes my_function("/home/me")
 
 If you use ';' instead, the whole argument is quoted as a single string
 (while ',' splits on whitespace)::
 
     >>> ,my_function a b c # becomes my_function("a","b","c")
 
     >>> ;my_function a b c # becomes my_function("a b c")
 
 Note that the ',' or ';' MUST be the first character on the line! This
 won't work::
 
     >>> x = ,my_function /home/me # syntax error
 
 IPython as your default Python environment
 ==========================================
 
 Python honors the environment variable PYTHONSTARTUP and will execute at
 startup the file referenced by this variable. If you put at the end of
 this file the following two lines of code::
 
     import IPython 
     IPython.Shell.IPShell().mainloop(sys_exit=1)
 
 then IPython will be your working environment anytime you start Python.
 The sys_exit=1 is needed to have IPython issue a call to sys.exit() when
 it finishes, otherwise you'll be back at the normal Python '>>>'
 prompt.
 
 This is probably useful to developers who manage multiple Python
 versions and don't want to have correspondingly multiple IPython
 versions. Note that in this mode, there is no way to pass IPython any
 command-line options, as those are trapped first by Python itself.
 
 .. _Embedding:
 
 Embedding IPython
 =================
 
 It is possible to start an IPython instance inside your own Python
 programs. This allows you to evaluate dynamically the state of your
 code, operate with your variables, analyze them, etc. Note however that
 any changes you make to values while in the shell do not propagate back
 to the running code, so it is safe to modify your values because you
 won't break your code in bizarre ways by doing so.
 
 This feature allows you to easily have a fully functional python
 environment for doing object introspection anywhere in your code with a
 simple function call. In some cases a simple print statement is enough,
 but if you need to do more detailed analysis of a code fragment this
 feature can be very valuable.
 
 It can also be useful in scientific computing situations where it is
 common to need to do some automatic, computationally intensive part and
 then stop to look at data, plots, etc.
 Opening an IPython instance will give you full access to your data and
 functions, and you can resume program execution once you are done with
 the interactive part (perhaps to stop again later, as many times as
 needed).
 
 The following code snippet is the bare minimum you need to include in
 your Python programs for this to work (detailed examples follow later)::
 
     from IPython.Shell import IPShellEmbed
 
     ipshell = IPShellEmbed()
 
     ipshell() # this call anywhere in your program will start IPython
 
 You can run embedded instances even in code which is itself being run at
 the IPython interactive prompt with '%run <filename>'. Since it's easy
 to get lost as to where you are (in your top-level IPython or in your
 embedded one), it's a good idea in such cases to set the in/out prompts
 to something different for the embedded instances. The code examples
 below illustrate this.
 
 You can also have multiple IPython instances in your program and open
 them separately, for example with different options for data
 presentation. If you close and open the same instance multiple times,
 its prompt counters simply continue from each execution to the next.
 
 Please look at the docstrings in the Shell.py module for more details on
 the use of this system.
 
 The following sample file illustrating how to use the embedding
 functionality is provided in the examples directory as example-embed.py.
 It should be fairly self-explanatory::
 
 
     #!/usr/bin/env python
 
     """An example of how to embed an IPython shell into a running program.
 
     Please see the documentation in the IPython.Shell module for more details.
 
     The accompanying file example-embed-short.py has quick code fragments for
     embedding which you can cut and paste in your code once you understand how
     things work.
 
     The code in this file is deliberately extra-verbose, meant for learning."""
 
     # The basics to get you going:
 
     # IPython sets the __IPYTHON__ variable so you can know if you have nested
     # copies running.
 
     # Try running this code both at the command line and from inside IPython (with
     # %run example-embed.py)
     try:
         __IPYTHON__
     except NameError:
         nested = 0
         args = ['']
     else:
         print "Running nested copies of IPython."
         print "The prompts for the nested copy have been modified"
         nested = 1
         # what the embedded instance will see as sys.argv:
         args = ['-pi1','In <\\#>: ','-pi2','   .\\D.: ',
                 '-po','Out<\\#>: ','-nosep']
 
     # First import the embeddable shell class
     from IPython.Shell import IPShellEmbed
 
     # Now create an instance of the embeddable shell. The first argument is a
     # string with options exactly as you would type them if you were starting
     # IPython at the system command line. Any parameters you want to define for
     # configuration can thus be specified here.
     ipshell = IPShellEmbed(args,
                            banner = 'Dropping into IPython',
                            exit_msg = 'Leaving Interpreter, back to program.')
 
     # Make a second instance, you can have as many as you want.
     if nested:
         args[1] = 'In2<\\#>'
     else:
         args = ['-pi1','In2<\\#>: ','-pi2','   .\\D.: ',
                 '-po','Out<\\#>: ','-nosep']
     ipshell2 = IPShellEmbed(args,banner = 'Second IPython instance.')
 
     print '\nHello. This is printed from the main controller program.\n'
 
     # You can then call ipshell() anywhere you need it (with an optional
     # message):
     ipshell('***Called from top level. '
             'Hit Ctrl-D to exit interpreter and continue program.\n'
             'Note that if you use %kill_embedded, you can fully deactivate\n'
             'This embedded instance so it will never turn on again')
 
     print '\nBack in caller program, moving along...\n'
 
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # More details:
 
     # IPShellEmbed instances don't print the standard system banner and
     # messages. The IPython banner (which actually may contain initialization
     # messages) is available as <instance>.IP.BANNER in case you want it.
 
     # IPShellEmbed instances print the following information everytime they
     # start:
 
     # - A global startup banner.
 
     # - A call-specific header string, which you can use to indicate where in the
     # execution flow the shell is starting.
 
     # They also print an exit message every time they exit.
 
     # Both the startup banner and the exit message default to None, and can be set
     # either at the instance constructor or at any other time with the
     # set_banner() and set_exit_msg() methods.
 
     # The shell instance can be also put in 'dummy' mode globally or on a per-call
     # basis. This gives you fine control for debugging without having to change
     # code all over the place.
 
     # The code below illustrates all this.
 
 
     # This is how the global banner and exit_msg can be reset at any point
     ipshell.set_banner('Entering interpreter - New Banner')
     ipshell.set_exit_msg('Leaving interpreter - New exit_msg')
 
     def foo(m):
         s = 'spam'
         ipshell('***In foo(). Try @whos, or print s or m:')
         print 'foo says m = ',m
 
     def bar(n):
         s = 'eggs'
         ipshell('***In bar(). Try @whos, or print s or n:')
         print 'bar says n = ',n
 
     # Some calls to the above functions which will trigger IPython:
     print 'Main program calling foo("eggs")\n'
     foo('eggs')
 
     # The shell can be put in 'dummy' mode where calls to it silently return. This
     # allows you, for example, to globally turn off debugging for a program with a
     # single call.
     ipshell.set_dummy_mode(1)
     print '\nTrying to call IPython which is now "dummy":'
     ipshell()
     print 'Nothing happened...'
     # The global 'dummy' mode can still be overridden for a single call
     print '\nOverriding dummy mode manually:'
     ipshell(dummy=0)
 
     # Reactivate the IPython shell
     ipshell.set_dummy_mode(0)
 
     print 'You can even have multiple embedded instances:'
     ipshell2()
 
     print '\nMain program calling bar("spam")\n'
     bar('spam')
 
     print 'Main program finished. Bye!'
 
     #********************** End of file <example-embed.py> ***********************
 
 Once you understand how the system functions, you can use the following
 code fragments in your programs which are ready for cut and paste::
 
 
     """Quick code snippets for embedding IPython into other programs.
 
     See example-embed.py for full details, this file has the bare minimum code for
     cut and paste use once you understand how to use the system."""
 
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # This code loads IPython but modifies a few things if it detects it's running
     # embedded in another IPython session (helps avoid confusion)
 
     try:
         __IPYTHON__
     except NameError:
         argv = ['']
         banner = exit_msg = ''
     else:
         # Command-line options for IPython (a list like sys.argv)
         argv = ['-pi1','In <\\#>:','-pi2','   .\\D.:','-po','Out<\\#>:']
         banner = '*** Nested interpreter ***'
         exit_msg = '*** Back in main IPython ***'
 
     # First import the embeddable shell class
     from IPython.Shell import IPShellEmbed
     # Now create the IPython shell instance. Put ipshell() anywhere in your code
     # where you want it to open.
     ipshell = IPShellEmbed(argv,banner=banner,exit_msg=exit_msg)
 
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # This code will load an embeddable IPython shell always with no changes for
     # nested embededings.
 
     from IPython.Shell import IPShellEmbed
     ipshell = IPShellEmbed()
     # Now ipshell() will open IPython anywhere in the code.
 
     #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # This code loads an embeddable shell only if NOT running inside
     # IPython. Inside IPython, the embeddable shell variable ipshell is just a
     # dummy function.
 
     try:
         __IPYTHON__
     except NameError:
         from IPython.Shell import IPShellEmbed
         ipshell = IPShellEmbed()
         # Now ipshell() will open IPython anywhere in the code
     else:
         # Define a dummy ipshell() so the same code doesn't crash inside an
         # interactive IPython
         def ipshell(): pass
 
     #******************* End of file <example-embed-short.py> ********************
 
 Using the Python debugger (pdb)
 ===============================
 
 Running entire programs via pdb
 -------------------------------
 
 pdb, the Python debugger, is a powerful interactive debugger which
 allows you to step through code, set breakpoints, watch variables,
 etc.  IPython makes it very easy to start any script under the control
 of pdb, regardless of whether you have wrapped it into a 'main()'
 function or not. For this, simply type '%run -d myscript' at an
 IPython prompt. See the %run command's documentation (via '%run?' or
 in Sec. magic_ for more details, including how to control where pdb
 will stop execution first.
 
 For more information on the use of the pdb debugger, read the included
 pdb.doc file (part of the standard Python distribution). On a stock
 Linux system it is located at /usr/lib/python2.3/pdb.doc, but the
 easiest way to read it is by using the help() function of the pdb module
 as follows (in an IPython prompt):
 
 In [1]: import pdb 
 In [2]: pdb.help()
 
 This will load the pdb.doc document in a file viewer for you automatically.
 
 
 Automatic invocation of pdb on exceptions
 -----------------------------------------
 
 IPython, if started with the -pdb option (or if the option is set in
 your rc file) can call the Python pdb debugger every time your code
 triggers an uncaught exception. This feature
 can also be toggled at any time with the %pdb magic command. This can be
 extremely useful in order to find the origin of subtle bugs, because pdb
 opens up at the point in your code which triggered the exception, and
 while your program is at this point 'dead', all the data is still
 available and you can walk up and down the stack frame and understand
 the origin of the problem.
 
 Furthermore, you can use these debugging facilities both with the
 embedded IPython mode and without IPython at all. For an embedded shell
 (see sec. Embedding_), simply call the constructor with
 '-pdb' in the argument string and automatically pdb will be called if an
 uncaught exception is triggered by your code.
 
 For stand-alone use of the feature in your programs which do not use
 IPython at all, put the following lines toward the top of your 'main'
 routine::
 
     import sys,IPython.ultraTB  
     sys.excepthook = IPython.ultraTB.FormattedTB(mode='Verbose',
     color_scheme='Linux', call_pdb=1)
 
 The mode keyword can be either 'Verbose' or 'Plain', giving either very
 detailed or normal tracebacks respectively. The color_scheme keyword can
 be one of 'NoColor', 'Linux' (default) or 'LightBG'. These are the same
 options which can be set in IPython with -colors and -xmode.
 
 This will give any of your programs detailed, colored tracebacks with
 automatic invocation of pdb.
 
 
 Extensions for syntax processing
 ================================
 
 This isn't for the faint of heart, because the potential for breaking
 things is quite high. But it can be a very powerful and useful feature.
 In a nutshell, you can redefine the way IPython processes the user input
 line to accept new, special extensions to the syntax without needing to
 change any of IPython's own code.
 
 In the IPython/Extensions directory you will find some examples
 supplied, which we will briefly describe now. These can be used 'as is'
 (and both provide very useful functionality), or you can use them as a
 starting point for writing your own extensions.
 
 
 Pasting of code starting with '>>> ' or '... '
 ----------------------------------------------
 
 In the python tutorial it is common to find code examples which have
 been taken from real python sessions. The problem with those is that all
 the lines begin with either '>>> ' or '... ', which makes it impossible
 to paste them all at once. One must instead do a line by line manual
 copying, carefully removing the leading extraneous characters.
 
 This extension identifies those starting characters and removes them
 from the input automatically, so that one can paste multi-line examples
 directly into IPython, saving a lot of time. Please look at the file
 InterpreterPasteInput.py in the IPython/Extensions directory for details
 on how this is done.
 
 IPython comes with a special profile enabling this feature, called
 tutorial. Simply start IPython via 'ipython -p tutorial' and the feature
 will be available. In a normal IPython session you can activate the
 feature by importing the corresponding module with:
 In [1]: import IPython.Extensions.InterpreterPasteInput
 
 The following is a 'screenshot' of how things work when this extension
 is on, copying an example from the standard tutorial::
 
     IPython profile: tutorial 
 
     *** Pasting of code with ">>>" or "..." has been enabled. 
 
     In [1]: >>> def fib2(n): # return Fibonacci series up to n 
        ...: ...     """Return a list containing the Fibonacci series up to
     n.""" 
        ...: ...     result = [] 
        ...: ...     a, b = 0, 1 
        ...: ...     while b < n: 
        ...: ...         result.append(b)    # see below 
        ...: ...         a, b = b, a+b 
        ...: ...     return result 
        ...: 
 
     In [2]: fib2(10) 
     Out[2]: [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
 
 Note that as currently written, this extension does not recognize
 IPython's prompts for pasting. Those are more complicated, since the
 user can change them very easily, they involve numbers and can vary in
 length. One could however extract all the relevant information from the
 IPython instance and build an appropriate regular expression. This is
 left as an exercise for the reader.
 
 
 Input of physical quantities with units
 ---------------------------------------
 
 The module PhysicalQInput allows a simplified form of input for physical
 quantities with units. This file is meant to be used in conjunction with
 the PhysicalQInteractive module (in the same directory) and
 Physics.PhysicalQuantities from Konrad Hinsen's ScientificPython
 (http://dirac.cnrs-orleans.fr/ScientificPython/).
 
 The Physics.PhysicalQuantities module defines PhysicalQuantity objects,
 but these must be declared as instances of a class. For example, to
 define v as a velocity of 3 m/s, normally you would write::
 
     In [1]: v = PhysicalQuantity(3,'m/s')
 
 Using the PhysicalQ_Input extension this can be input instead as: 
 In [1]: v = 3 m/s
 which is much more convenient for interactive use (even though it is
 blatantly invalid Python syntax).
 
 The physics profile supplied with IPython (enabled via 'ipython -p
 physics') uses these extensions, which you can also activate with:
 
 from math import * # math MUST be imported BEFORE PhysicalQInteractive 
 from IPython.Extensions.PhysicalQInteractive import * 
 import IPython.Extensions.PhysicalQInput
 
 
 Threading support
 =================
 
 WARNING: The threading support is still somewhat experimental, and it
 has only seen reasonable testing under Linux. Threaded code is
 particularly tricky to debug, and it tends to show extremely
 platform-dependent behavior. Since I only have access to Linux machines,
 I will have to rely on user's experiences and assistance for this area
 of IPython to improve under other platforms.
 
 IPython, via the -gthread , -qthread, -q4thread and -wthread options
 (described in Sec. `Threading options`_), can run in
 multithreaded mode to support pyGTK, Qt3, Qt4 and WXPython applications
 respectively. These GUI toolkits need to control the python main loop of
 execution, so under a normal Python interpreter, starting a pyGTK, Qt3,
 Qt4 or WXPython application will immediately freeze the shell.
 
 IPython, with one of these options (you can only use one at a time),
 separates the graphical loop and IPython's code execution run into
 different threads. This allows you to test interactively (with %run, for
 example) your GUI code without blocking.
 
 A nice mini-tutorial on using IPython along with the Qt Designer
 application is available at the SciPy wiki:
 http://www.scipy.org/Cookbook/Matplotlib/Qt_with_IPython_and_Designer.
 
 
 Tk issues
 ---------
 
 As indicated in Sec. `Threading options`_, a special -tk option is
 provided to try and allow Tk graphical applications to coexist
 interactively with WX, Qt or GTK ones. Whether this works at all,
 however, is very platform and configuration dependent. Please
 experiment with simple test cases before committing to using this
 combination of Tk and GTK/Qt/WX threading in a production environment.
 
 
 I/O pitfalls
 ------------
 
 Be mindful that the Python interpreter switches between threads every
 $N$ bytecodes, where the default value as of Python 2.3 is $N=100.$ This
 value can be read by using the sys.getcheckinterval() function, and it
 can be reset via sys.setcheckinterval(N). This switching of threads can
 cause subtly confusing effects if one of your threads is doing file I/O.
 In text mode, most systems only flush file buffers when they encounter a
 '\n'. An instruction as simple as:: 
 
   print >> filehandle, ''hello world''
 
 actually consists of several bytecodes, so it is possible that the
 newline does not reach your file before the next thread switch.
 Similarly, if you are writing to a file in binary mode, the file won't
 be flushed until the buffer fills, and your other thread may see
 apparently truncated files.
 
 For this reason, if you are using IPython's thread support and have (for
 example) a GUI application which will read data generated by files
 written to from the IPython thread, the safest approach is to open all
 of your files in unbuffered mode (the third argument to the file/open
 function is the buffering value)::
 
   filehandle = open(filename,mode,0)
 
 This is obviously a brute force way of avoiding race conditions with the
 file buffering. If you want to do it cleanly, and you have a resource
 which is being shared by the interactive IPython loop and your GUI
 thread, you should really handle it with thread locking and
 syncrhonization properties. The Python documentation discusses these.
 
 .. _interactive_demos:
 
 Interactive demos with IPython
 ==============================
 
 IPython ships with a basic system for running scripts interactively in
 sections, useful when presenting code to audiences. A few tags embedded
 in comments (so that the script remains valid Python code) divide a file
 into separate blocks, and the demo can be run one block at a time, with
 IPython printing (with syntax highlighting) the block before executing
 it, and returning to the interactive prompt after each block. The
 interactive namespace is updated after each block is run with the
 contents of the demo's namespace.
 
 This allows you to show a piece of code, run it and then execute
 interactively commands based on the variables just created. Once you
 want to continue, you simply execute the next block of the demo. The
 following listing shows the markup necessary for dividing a script into
 sections for execution as a demo::
 
 
     """A simple interactive demo to illustrate the use of IPython's Demo class.
 
     Any python script can be run as a demo, but that does little more than showing
     it on-screen, syntax-highlighted in one shot.  If you add a little simple
     markup, you can stop at specified intervals and return to the ipython prompt,
     resuming execution later.
     """
 
     print 'Hello, welcome to an interactive IPython demo.'
     print 'Executing this block should require confirmation before proceeding,'
     print 'unless auto_all has been set to true in the demo object'
 
     # The mark below defines a block boundary, which is a point where IPython will
     # stop execution and return to the interactive prompt.
     # Note that in actual interactive execution, 
     # <demo> --- stop ---
 
     x = 1
     y = 2
 
     # <demo> --- stop ---
 
     # the mark below makes this block as silent
     # <demo> silent
 
     print 'This is a silent block, which gets executed but not printed.'
 
     # <demo> --- stop ---
     # <demo> auto
     print 'This is an automatic block.'
     print 'It is executed without asking for confirmation, but printed.'
     z = x+y
 
     print 'z=',x
 
     # <demo> --- stop ---
     # This is just another normal block.
     print 'z is now:', z
 
     print 'bye!'
 
 In order to run a file as a demo, you must first make a Demo object out
 of it. If the file is named myscript.py, the following code will make a
 demo::
 
     from IPython.demo import Demo
 
     mydemo = Demo('myscript.py')
 
 This creates the mydemo object, whose blocks you run one at a time by
 simply calling the object with no arguments. If you have autocall active
 in IPython (the default), all you need to do is type::
 
     mydemo 
 
 and IPython will call it, executing each block. Demo objects can be
 restarted, you can move forward or back skipping blocks, re-execute the
 last block, etc. Simply use the Tab key on a demo object to see its
 methods, and call '?' on them to see their docstrings for more usage
 details. In addition, the demo module itself contains a comprehensive
 docstring, which you can access via::
 
     from IPython import demo
 
     demo?
 
 Limitations: It is important to note that these demos are limited to
 fairly simple uses. In particular, you can not put division marks in
 indented code (loops, if statements, function definitions, etc.)
 Supporting something like this would basically require tracking the
 internal execution state of the Python interpreter, so only top-level
 divisions are allowed. If you want to be able to open an IPython
 instance at an arbitrary point in a program, you can use IPython's
 embedding facilities, described in detail in Sec. 9
 
 
 .. _Matplotlib support:
 
 Plotting with matplotlib
 ========================
 
 The matplotlib library (http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net
 http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net) provides high quality 2D plotting for
 Python. Matplotlib can produce plots on screen using a variety of GUI
 toolkits, including Tk, GTK and WXPython. It also provides a number of
 commands useful for scientific computing, all with a syntax compatible
 with that of the popular Matlab program.
 
 IPython accepts the special option -pylab (see :ref:`here
 <command_line_options>`). This configures it to support matplotlib, honoring
 the settings in the .matplotlibrc file. IPython will detect the user's choice
 of matplotlib GUI backend, and automatically select the proper threading model
 to prevent blocking. It also sets matplotlib in interactive mode and modifies
 %run slightly, so that any matplotlib-based script can be executed using %run
 and the final show() command does not block the interactive shell.
 
 The -pylab option must be given first in order for IPython to configure its
 threading mode. However, you can still issue other options afterwards. This
 allows you to have a matplotlib-based environment customized with additional
 modules using the standard IPython profile mechanism (see :ref:`here
 <profiles>`): ``ipython -pylab -p myprofile`` will load the profile defined in
 ipythonrc-myprofile after configuring matplotlib.