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"""Implementation of basic magic functions.
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"""
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Copyright (c) 2012 The IPython Development Team.
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#
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# Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
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#
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# The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Imports
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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from __future__ import print_function
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# Stdlib
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import io
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import json
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import sys
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from pprint import pformat
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# Our own packages
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from IPython.core import magic_arguments, page
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from IPython.core.error import UsageError
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from IPython.core.magic import Magics, magics_class, line_magic, magic_escapes
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from IPython.utils.text import format_screen, dedent, indent
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from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
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from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
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from IPython.utils.path import unquote_filename
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from IPython.utils.py3compat import unicode_type
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from IPython.utils.warn import warn, error
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Magics class implementation
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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class MagicsDisplay(object):
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def __init__(self, magics_manager):
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self.magics_manager = magics_manager
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def _lsmagic(self):
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"""The main implementation of the %lsmagic"""
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mesc = magic_escapes['line']
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cesc = magic_escapes['cell']
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mman = self.magics_manager
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magics = mman.lsmagic()
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out = ['Available line magics:',
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mesc + (' '+mesc).join(sorted(magics['line'])),
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'',
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'Available cell magics:',
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cesc + (' '+cesc).join(sorted(magics['cell'])),
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'',
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mman.auto_status()]
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return '\n'.join(out)
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def _repr_pretty_(self, p, cycle):
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p.text(self._lsmagic())
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def __str__(self):
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return self._lsmagic()
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def _jsonable(self):
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"""turn magics dict into jsonable dict of the same structure
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replaces object instances with their class names as strings
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"""
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magic_dict = {}
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mman = self.magics_manager
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magics = mman.lsmagic()
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for key, subdict in magics.items():
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d = {}
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magic_dict[key] = d
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for name, obj in subdict.items():
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try:
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classname = obj.__self__.__class__.__name__
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except AttributeError:
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classname = 'Other'
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d[name] = classname
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return magic_dict
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def _repr_json_(self):
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return json.dumps(self._jsonable())
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@magics_class
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class BasicMagics(Magics):
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"""Magics that provide central IPython functionality.
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These are various magics that don't fit into specific categories but that
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are all part of the base 'IPython experience'."""
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@magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
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@magic_arguments.argument(
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'-l', '--line', action='store_true',
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help="""Create a line magic alias."""
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)
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@magic_arguments.argument(
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'-c', '--cell', action='store_true',
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help="""Create a cell magic alias."""
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)
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@magic_arguments.argument(
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'name',
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help="""Name of the magic to be created."""
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)
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@magic_arguments.argument(
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'target',
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help="""Name of the existing line or cell magic."""
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)
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@line_magic
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def alias_magic(self, line=''):
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"""Create an alias for an existing line or cell magic.
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Examples
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--------
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::
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In [1]: %alias_magic t timeit
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Created `%t` as an alias for `%timeit`.
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Created `%%t` as an alias for `%%timeit`.
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In [2]: %t -n1 pass
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1 loops, best of 3: 954 ns per loop
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In [3]: %%t -n1
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...: pass
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...:
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1 loops, best of 3: 954 ns per loop
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In [4]: %alias_magic --cell whereami pwd
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UsageError: Cell magic function `%%pwd` not found.
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In [5]: %alias_magic --line whereami pwd
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Created `%whereami` as an alias for `%pwd`.
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In [6]: %whereami
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Out[6]: u'/home/testuser'
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"""
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args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.alias_magic, line)
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shell = self.shell
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mman = self.shell.magics_manager
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escs = ''.join(magic_escapes.values())
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target = args.target.lstrip(escs)
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name = args.name.lstrip(escs)
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# Find the requested magics.
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m_line = shell.find_magic(target, 'line')
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m_cell = shell.find_magic(target, 'cell')
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if args.line and m_line is None:
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raise UsageError('Line magic function `%s%s` not found.' %
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(magic_escapes['line'], target))
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if args.cell and m_cell is None:
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raise UsageError('Cell magic function `%s%s` not found.' %
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(magic_escapes['cell'], target))
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# If --line and --cell are not specified, default to the ones
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# that are available.
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if not args.line and not args.cell:
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if not m_line and not m_cell:
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raise UsageError(
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'No line or cell magic with name `%s` found.' % target
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)
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args.line = bool(m_line)
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args.cell = bool(m_cell)
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if args.line:
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mman.register_alias(name, target, 'line')
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print('Created `%s%s` as an alias for `%s%s`.' % (
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magic_escapes['line'], name,
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magic_escapes['line'], target))
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if args.cell:
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mman.register_alias(name, target, 'cell')
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print('Created `%s%s` as an alias for `%s%s`.' % (
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magic_escapes['cell'], name,
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magic_escapes['cell'], target))
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@line_magic
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def lsmagic(self, parameter_s=''):
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"""List currently available magic functions."""
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return MagicsDisplay(self.shell.magics_manager)
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def _magic_docs(self, brief=False, rest=False):
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"""Return docstrings from magic functions."""
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mman = self.shell.magics_manager
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docs = mman.lsmagic_docs(brief, missing='No documentation')
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if rest:
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format_string = '**%s%s**::\n\n%s\n\n'
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else:
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format_string = '%s%s:\n%s\n'
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return ''.join(
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[format_string % (magic_escapes['line'], fname,
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indent(dedent(fndoc)))
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for fname, fndoc in sorted(docs['line'].items())]
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+
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[format_string % (magic_escapes['cell'], fname,
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indent(dedent(fndoc)))
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for fname, fndoc in sorted(docs['cell'].items())]
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)
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@line_magic
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def magic(self, parameter_s=''):
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"""Print information about the magic function system.
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Supported formats: -latex, -brief, -rest
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"""
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mode = ''
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try:
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mode = parameter_s.split()[0][1:]
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if mode == 'rest':
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rest_docs = []
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except IndexError:
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pass
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brief = (mode == 'brief')
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rest = (mode == 'rest')
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magic_docs = self._magic_docs(brief, rest)
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if mode == 'latex':
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print(self.format_latex(magic_docs))
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return
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else:
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magic_docs = format_screen(magic_docs)
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out = ["""
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IPython's 'magic' functions
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===========================
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The magic function system provides a series of functions which allow you to
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control the behavior of IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type
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features. There are two kinds of magics, line-oriented and cell-oriented.
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Line magics are prefixed with the % character and work much like OS
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command-line calls: they get as an argument the rest of the line, where
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arguments are passed without parentheses or quotes. For example, this will
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time the given statement::
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%timeit range(1000)
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Cell magics are prefixed with a double %%, and they are functions that get as
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an argument not only the rest of the line, but also the lines below it in a
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separate argument. These magics are called with two arguments: the rest of the
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call line and the body of the cell, consisting of the lines below the first.
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For example::
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%%timeit x = numpy.random.randn((100, 100))
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numpy.linalg.svd(x)
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will time the execution of the numpy svd routine, running the assignment of x
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as part of the setup phase, which is not timed.
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In a line-oriented client (the terminal or Qt console IPython), starting a new
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input with %% will automatically enter cell mode, and IPython will continue
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reading input until a blank line is given. In the notebook, simply type the
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whole cell as one entity, but keep in mind that the %% escape can only be at
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the very start of the cell.
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NOTE: If you have 'automagic' enabled (via the command line option or with the
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%automagic function), you don't need to type in the % explicitly for line
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magics; cell magics always require an explicit '%%' escape. By default,
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IPython ships with automagic on, so you should only rarely need the % escape.
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Example: typing '%cd mydir' (without the quotes) changes you working directory
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to 'mydir', if it exists.
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For a list of the available magic functions, use %lsmagic. For a description
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of any of them, type %magic_name?, e.g. '%cd?'.
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Currently the magic system has the following functions:""",
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magic_docs,
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"Summary of magic functions (from %slsmagic):" % magic_escapes['line'],
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str(self.lsmagic()),
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]
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page.page('\n'.join(out))
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@line_magic
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def page(self, parameter_s=''):
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"""Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
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%page [options] OBJECT
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If no object is given, use _ (last output).
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Options:
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-r: page str(object), don't pretty-print it."""
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# After a function contributed by Olivier Aubert, slightly modified.
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# Process options/args
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opts, args = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'r')
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raw = 'r' in opts
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oname = args and args or '_'
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info = self.shell._ofind(oname)
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if info['found']:
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txt = (raw and str or pformat)( info['obj'] )
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page.page(txt)
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else:
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print('Object `%s` not found' % oname)
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@line_magic
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def profile(self, parameter_s=''):
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"""Print your currently active IPython profile.
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See Also
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--------
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prun : run code using the Python profiler
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(:meth:`~IPython.core.magics.execution.ExecutionMagics.prun`)
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"""
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warn("%profile is now deprecated. Please use get_ipython().profile instead.")
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from IPython.core.application import BaseIPythonApplication
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if BaseIPythonApplication.initialized():
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print(BaseIPythonApplication.instance().profile)
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else:
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error("profile is an application-level value, but you don't appear to be in an IPython application")
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@line_magic
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def pprint(self, parameter_s=''):
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"""Toggle pretty printing on/off."""
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ptformatter = self.shell.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
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ptformatter.pprint = bool(1 - ptformatter.pprint)
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print('Pretty printing has been turned',
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['OFF','ON'][ptformatter.pprint])
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@line_magic
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def colors(self, parameter_s=''):
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"""Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
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Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
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Color scheme names are not case-sensitive.
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Examples
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--------
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To get a plain black and white terminal::
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%colors nocolor
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"""
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def color_switch_err(name):
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warn('Error changing %s color schemes.\n%s' %
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(name, sys.exc_info()[1]))
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new_scheme = parameter_s.strip()
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if not new_scheme:
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raise UsageError(
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"%colors: you must specify a color scheme. See '%colors?'")
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# local shortcut
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shell = self.shell
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import IPython.utils.rlineimpl as readline
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if not shell.colors_force and \
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not readline.have_readline and \
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(sys.platform == "win32" or sys.platform == "cli"):
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msg = """\
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Proper color support under MS Windows requires the pyreadline library.
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You can find it at:
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http://ipython.org/pyreadline.html
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Gary's readline needs the ctypes module, from:
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http://starship.python.net/crew/theller/ctypes
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(Note that ctypes is already part of Python versions 2.5 and newer).
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Defaulting color scheme to 'NoColor'"""
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new_scheme = 'NoColor'
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warn(msg)
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# readline option is 0
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if not shell.colors_force and not shell.has_readline:
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new_scheme = 'NoColor'
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# Set prompt colors
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try:
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shell.prompt_manager.color_scheme = new_scheme
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except:
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color_switch_err('prompt')
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else:
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shell.colors = \
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shell.prompt_manager.color_scheme_table.active_scheme_name
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# Set exception colors
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try:
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shell.InteractiveTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
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shell.SyntaxTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
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except:
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color_switch_err('exception')
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# Set info (for 'object?') colors
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if shell.color_info:
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try:
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shell.inspector.set_active_scheme(new_scheme)
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except:
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color_switch_err('object inspector')
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else:
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shell.inspector.set_active_scheme('NoColor')
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@line_magic
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def xmode(self, parameter_s=''):
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"""Switch modes for the exception handlers.
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Valid modes: Plain, Context and Verbose.
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If called without arguments, acts as a toggle."""
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def xmode_switch_err(name):
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warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' %
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(name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
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shell = self.shell
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new_mode = parameter_s.strip().capitalize()
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try:
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shell.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
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print('Exception reporting mode:',shell.InteractiveTB.mode)
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except:
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xmode_switch_err('user')
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@line_magic
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def quickref(self,arg):
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""" Show a quick reference sheet """
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from IPython.core.usage import quick_reference
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qr = quick_reference + self._magic_docs(brief=True)
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page.page(qr)
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@line_magic
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def doctest_mode(self, parameter_s=''):
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"""Toggle doctest mode on and off.
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This mode is intended to make IPython behave as much as possible like a
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plain Python shell, from the perspective of how its prompts, exceptions
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and output look. This makes it easy to copy and paste parts of a
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session into doctests. It does so by:
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- Changing the prompts to the classic ``>>>`` ones.
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- Changing the exception reporting mode to 'Plain'.
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- Disabling pretty-printing of output.
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Note that IPython also supports the pasting of code snippets that have
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leading '>>>' and '...' prompts in them. This means that you can paste
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doctests from files or docstrings (even if they have leading
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whitespace), and the code will execute correctly. You can then use
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'%history -t' to see the translated history; this will give you the
|
|
|
input after removal of all the leading prompts and whitespace, which
|
|
|
can be pasted back into an editor.
|
|
|
|
|
|
With these features, you can switch into this mode easily whenever you
|
|
|
need to do testing and changes to doctests, without having to leave
|
|
|
your existing IPython session.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Shorthands
|
|
|
shell = self.shell
|
|
|
pm = shell.prompt_manager
|
|
|
meta = shell.meta
|
|
|
disp_formatter = self.shell.display_formatter
|
|
|
ptformatter = disp_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
|
|
|
# dstore is a data store kept in the instance metadata bag to track any
|
|
|
# changes we make, so we can undo them later.
|
|
|
dstore = meta.setdefault('doctest_mode',Struct())
|
|
|
save_dstore = dstore.setdefault
|
|
|
|
|
|
# save a few values we'll need to recover later
|
|
|
mode = save_dstore('mode',False)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_pprint',ptformatter.pprint)
|
|
|
save_dstore('xmode',shell.InteractiveTB.mode)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_separate_out',shell.separate_out)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_separate_out2',shell.separate_out2)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_prompts_pad_left',pm.justify)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_separate_in',shell.separate_in)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_active_types',disp_formatter.active_types)
|
|
|
save_dstore('prompt_templates',(pm.in_template, pm.in2_template, pm.out_template))
|
|
|
|
|
|
if mode == False:
|
|
|
# turn on
|
|
|
pm.in_template = '>>> '
|
|
|
pm.in2_template = '... '
|
|
|
pm.out_template = ''
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Prompt separators like plain python
|
|
|
shell.separate_in = ''
|
|
|
shell.separate_out = ''
|
|
|
shell.separate_out2 = ''
|
|
|
|
|
|
pm.justify = False
|
|
|
|
|
|
ptformatter.pprint = False
|
|
|
disp_formatter.active_types = ['text/plain']
|
|
|
|
|
|
shell.magic('xmode Plain')
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# turn off
|
|
|
pm.in_template, pm.in2_template, pm.out_template = dstore.prompt_templates
|
|
|
|
|
|
shell.separate_in = dstore.rc_separate_in
|
|
|
|
|
|
shell.separate_out = dstore.rc_separate_out
|
|
|
shell.separate_out2 = dstore.rc_separate_out2
|
|
|
|
|
|
pm.justify = dstore.rc_prompts_pad_left
|
|
|
|
|
|
ptformatter.pprint = dstore.rc_pprint
|
|
|
disp_formatter.active_types = dstore.rc_active_types
|
|
|
|
|
|
shell.magic('xmode ' + dstore.xmode)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Store new mode and inform
|
|
|
dstore.mode = bool(1-int(mode))
|
|
|
mode_label = ['OFF','ON'][dstore.mode]
|
|
|
print('Doctest mode is:', mode_label)
|
|
|
|
|
|
@line_magic
|
|
|
def gui(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Enable or disable IPython GUI event loop integration.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%gui [GUINAME]
|
|
|
|
|
|
This magic replaces IPython's threaded shells that were activated
|
|
|
using the (pylab/wthread/etc.) command line flags. GUI toolkits
|
|
|
can now be enabled at runtime and keyboard
|
|
|
interrupts should work without any problems. The following toolkits
|
|
|
are supported: wxPython, PyQt4, PyGTK, Tk and Cocoa (OSX)::
|
|
|
|
|
|
%gui wx # enable wxPython event loop integration
|
|
|
%gui qt4|qt # enable PyQt4 event loop integration
|
|
|
%gui gtk # enable PyGTK event loop integration
|
|
|
%gui gtk3 # enable Gtk3 event loop integration
|
|
|
%gui tk # enable Tk event loop integration
|
|
|
%gui osx # enable Cocoa event loop integration
|
|
|
# (requires %matplotlib 1.1)
|
|
|
%gui # disable all event loop integration
|
|
|
|
|
|
WARNING: after any of these has been called you can simply create
|
|
|
an application object, but DO NOT start the event loop yourself, as
|
|
|
we have already handled that.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
opts, arg = self.parse_options(parameter_s, '')
|
|
|
if arg=='': arg = None
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
return self.shell.enable_gui(arg)
|
|
|
except Exception as e:
|
|
|
# print simple error message, rather than traceback if we can't
|
|
|
# hook up the GUI
|
|
|
error(str(e))
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
@line_magic
|
|
|
def precision(self, s=''):
|
|
|
"""Set floating point precision for pretty printing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Can set either integer precision or a format string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If numpy has been imported and precision is an int,
|
|
|
numpy display precision will also be set, via ``numpy.set_printoptions``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If no argument is given, defaults will be restored.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: from math import pi
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: %precision 3
|
|
|
Out[2]: u'%.3f'
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [3]: pi
|
|
|
Out[3]: 3.142
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [4]: %precision %i
|
|
|
Out[4]: u'%i'
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [5]: pi
|
|
|
Out[5]: 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [6]: %precision %e
|
|
|
Out[6]: u'%e'
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [7]: pi**10
|
|
|
Out[7]: 9.364805e+04
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [8]: %precision
|
|
|
Out[8]: u'%r'
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [9]: pi**10
|
|
|
Out[9]: 93648.047476082982
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
ptformatter = self.shell.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
|
|
|
ptformatter.float_precision = s
|
|
|
return ptformatter.float_format
|
|
|
|
|
|
@magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
|
|
|
@magic_arguments.argument(
|
|
|
'-e', '--export', action='store_true', default=False,
|
|
|
help='Export IPython history as a notebook. The filename argument '
|
|
|
'is used to specify the notebook name and format. For example '
|
|
|
'a filename of notebook.ipynb will result in a notebook name '
|
|
|
'of "notebook" and a format of "json". Likewise using a ".py" '
|
|
|
'file extension will write the notebook as a Python script'
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
@magic_arguments.argument(
|
|
|
'-f', '--format',
|
|
|
help='Convert an existing IPython notebook to a new format. This option '
|
|
|
'specifies the new format and can have the values: json, py. '
|
|
|
'The target filename is chosen automatically based on the new '
|
|
|
'format. The filename argument gives the name of the source file.'
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
@magic_arguments.argument(
|
|
|
'filename', type=unicode_type,
|
|
|
help='Notebook name or filename'
|
|
|
)
|
|
|
@line_magic
|
|
|
def notebook(self, s):
|
|
|
"""Export and convert IPython notebooks.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This function can export the current IPython history to a notebook file
|
|
|
or can convert an existing notebook file into a different format. For
|
|
|
example, to export the history to "foo.ipynb" do "%notebook -e foo.ipynb".
|
|
|
To export the history to "foo.py" do "%notebook -e foo.py". To convert
|
|
|
"foo.ipynb" to "foo.json" do "%notebook -f json foo.ipynb". Possible
|
|
|
formats include (json/ipynb, py).
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.notebook, s)
|
|
|
|
|
|
from IPython.nbformat import current
|
|
|
args.filename = unquote_filename(args.filename)
|
|
|
if args.export:
|
|
|
fname, name, format = current.parse_filename(args.filename)
|
|
|
cells = []
|
|
|
hist = list(self.shell.history_manager.get_range())
|
|
|
for session, prompt_number, input in hist[:-1]:
|
|
|
cells.append(current.new_code_cell(prompt_number=prompt_number,
|
|
|
input=input))
|
|
|
worksheet = current.new_worksheet(cells=cells)
|
|
|
nb = current.new_notebook(name=name,worksheets=[worksheet])
|
|
|
with io.open(fname, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
|
|
|
current.write(nb, f, format);
|
|
|
elif args.format is not None:
|
|
|
old_fname, old_name, old_format = current.parse_filename(args.filename)
|
|
|
new_format = args.format
|
|
|
if new_format == u'xml':
|
|
|
raise ValueError('Notebooks cannot be written as xml.')
|
|
|
elif new_format == u'ipynb' or new_format == u'json':
|
|
|
new_fname = old_name + u'.ipynb'
|
|
|
new_format = u'json'
|
|
|
elif new_format == u'py':
|
|
|
new_fname = old_name + u'.py'
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
raise ValueError('Invalid notebook format: %s' % new_format)
|
|
|
with io.open(old_fname, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
|
|
|
nb = current.read(f, old_format)
|
|
|
with io.open(new_fname, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
|
|
|
current.write(nb, f, new_format)
|
|
|
|
