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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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"""Top-level display functions for displaying object in different formats.
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Authors:
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* Brian Granger
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"""
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Copyright (C) 2013 The IPython Development Team
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#
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# Distributed under the terms of the BSD License. The full license is in
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# the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Imports
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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from __future__ import print_function
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import os
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import struct
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from IPython.utils.py3compat import (string_types, cast_bytes_py2, cast_unicode,
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unicode_type)
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from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
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from .displaypub import publish_display_data
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# utility functions
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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def _safe_exists(path):
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"""Check path, but don't let exceptions raise"""
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try:
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return os.path.exists(path)
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except Exception:
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return False
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def _merge(d1, d2):
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"""Like update, but merges sub-dicts instead of clobbering at the top level.
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Updates d1 in-place
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"""
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if not isinstance(d2, dict) or not isinstance(d1, dict):
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return d2
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for key, value in d2.items():
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d1[key] = _merge(d1.get(key), value)
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return d1
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def _display_mimetype(mimetype, objs, raw=False, metadata=None):
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"""internal implementation of all display_foo methods
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Parameters
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----------
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mimetype : str
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The mimetype to be published (e.g. 'image/png')
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw text data to
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display.
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raw : bool
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Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
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formatted before display? [default: False]
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metadata : dict (optional)
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Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
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"""
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if metadata:
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metadata = {mimetype: metadata}
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if raw:
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# turn list of pngdata into list of { 'image/png': pngdata }
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objs = [ {mimetype: obj} for obj in objs ]
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display(*objs, raw=raw, metadata=metadata, include=[mimetype])
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Main functions
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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def display(*objs, **kwargs):
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"""Display a Python object in all frontends.
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By default all representations will be computed and sent to the frontends.
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Frontends can decide which representation is used and how.
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Parameters
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----------
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display.
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raw : bool, optional
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Are the objects to be displayed already mimetype-keyed dicts of raw display data,
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or Python objects that need to be formatted before display? [default: False]
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include : list or tuple, optional
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A list of format type strings (MIME types) to include in the
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format data dict. If this is set *only* the format types included
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in this list will be computed.
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exclude : list or tuple, optional
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A list of format type strings (MIME types) to exclude in the format
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data dict. If this is set all format types will be computed,
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except for those included in this argument.
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metadata : dict, optional
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A dictionary of metadata to associate with the output.
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mime-type keys in this dictionary will be associated with the individual
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representation formats, if they exist.
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"""
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raw = kwargs.get('raw', False)
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include = kwargs.get('include')
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exclude = kwargs.get('exclude')
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metadata = kwargs.get('metadata')
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from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
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if not raw:
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format = InteractiveShell.instance().display_formatter.format
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for obj in objs:
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# If _ipython_display_ is defined, use that to display this object.
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display_method = getattr(obj, '_ipython_display_', None)
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if display_method is not None:
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try:
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display_method(**kwargs)
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except NotImplementedError:
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pass
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else:
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continue
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if raw:
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publish_display_data('display', obj, metadata)
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else:
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format_dict, md_dict = format(obj, include=include, exclude=exclude)
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if metadata:
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# kwarg-specified metadata gets precedence
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_merge(md_dict, metadata)
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publish_display_data('display', format_dict, md_dict)
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def display_pretty(*objs, **kwargs):
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"""Display the pretty (default) representation of an object.
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Parameters
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----------
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw text data to
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display.
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raw : bool
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Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
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formatted before display? [default: False]
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metadata : dict (optional)
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Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
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"""
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_display_mimetype('text/plain', objs, **kwargs)
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def display_html(*objs, **kwargs):
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"""Display the HTML representation of an object.
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Parameters
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----------
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw HTML data to
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display.
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raw : bool
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Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
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formatted before display? [default: False]
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metadata : dict (optional)
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Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
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"""
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_display_mimetype('text/html', objs, **kwargs)
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def display_svg(*objs, **kwargs):
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"""Display the SVG representation of an object.
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Parameters
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----------
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw svg data to
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display.
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raw : bool
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Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
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formatted before display? [default: False]
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metadata : dict (optional)
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Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
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"""
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_display_mimetype('image/svg+xml', objs, **kwargs)
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def display_png(*objs, **kwargs):
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"""Display the PNG representation of an object.
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Parameters
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----------
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw png data to
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display.
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raw : bool
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Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
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formatted before display? [default: False]
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metadata : dict (optional)
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Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
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"""
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_display_mimetype('image/png', objs, **kwargs)
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def display_jpeg(*objs, **kwargs):
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"""Display the JPEG representation of an object.
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Parameters
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----------
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw JPEG data to
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display.
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raw : bool
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Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
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formatted before display? [default: False]
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metadata : dict (optional)
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Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
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"""
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_display_mimetype('image/jpeg', objs, **kwargs)
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def display_latex(*objs, **kwargs):
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"""Display the LaTeX representation of an object.
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Parameters
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----------
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw latex data to
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display.
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raw : bool
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Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
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formatted before display? [default: False]
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metadata : dict (optional)
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Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
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"""
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_display_mimetype('text/latex', objs, **kwargs)
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def display_json(*objs, **kwargs):
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"""Display the JSON representation of an object.
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Note that not many frontends support displaying JSON.
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Parameters
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----------
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw json data to
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display.
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raw : bool
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Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
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formatted before display? [default: False]
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metadata : dict (optional)
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Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
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"""
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_display_mimetype('application/json', objs, **kwargs)
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def display_javascript(*objs, **kwargs):
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"""Display the Javascript representation of an object.
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Parameters
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----------
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw javascript data to
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display.
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raw : bool
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Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
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formatted before display? [default: False]
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metadata : dict (optional)
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Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
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"""
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_display_mimetype('application/javascript', objs, **kwargs)
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def display_pdf(*objs, **kwargs):
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"""Display the PDF representation of an object.
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Parameters
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----------
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objs : tuple of objects
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The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw javascript data to
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display.
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raw : bool
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Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
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formatted before display? [default: False]
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metadata : dict (optional)
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Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
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"""
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_display_mimetype('application/pdf', objs, **kwargs)
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Smart classes
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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class DisplayObject(object):
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"""An object that wraps data to be displayed."""
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_read_flags = 'r'
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def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None):
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"""Create a display object given raw data.
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When this object is returned by an expression or passed to the
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display function, it will result in the data being displayed
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in the frontend. The MIME type of the data should match the
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subclasses used, so the Png subclass should be used for 'image/png'
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data. If the data is a URL, the data will first be downloaded
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and then displayed. If
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Parameters
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----------
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data : unicode, str or bytes
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The raw data or a URL or file to load the data from
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url : unicode
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A URL to download the data from.
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filename : unicode
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Path to a local file to load the data from.
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"""
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if data is not None and isinstance(data, string_types):
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if data.startswith('http') and url is None:
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url = data
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filename = None
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data = None
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elif _safe_exists(data) and filename is None:
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url = None
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filename = data
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data = None
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self.data = data
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self.url = url
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self.filename = None if filename is None else unicode_type(filename)
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self.reload()
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self._check_data()
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def _check_data(self):
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"""Override in subclasses if there's something to check."""
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pass
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def reload(self):
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"""Reload the raw data from file or URL."""
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if self.filename is not None:
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with open(self.filename, self._read_flags) as f:
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self.data = f.read()
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elif self.url is not None:
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try:
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try:
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from urllib.request import urlopen # Py3
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except ImportError:
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from urllib2 import urlopen
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response = urlopen(self.url)
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self.data = response.read()
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# extract encoding from header, if there is one:
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encoding = None
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for sub in response.headers['content-type'].split(';'):
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sub = sub.strip()
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if sub.startswith('charset'):
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encoding = sub.split('=')[-1].strip()
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break
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# decode data, if an encoding was specified
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if encoding:
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self.data = self.data.decode(encoding, 'replace')
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except:
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self.data = None
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class TextDisplayObject(DisplayObject):
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"""Validate that display data is text"""
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def _check_data(self):
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if self.data is not None and not isinstance(self.data, string_types):
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raise TypeError("%s expects text, not %r" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.data))
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class Pretty(TextDisplayObject):
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def _repr_pretty_(self):
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return self.data
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class HTML(TextDisplayObject):
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def _repr_html_(self):
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return self.data
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def __html__(self):
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"""
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This method exists to inform other HTML-using modules (e.g. Markupsafe,
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htmltag, etc) that this object is HTML and does not need things like
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special characters (<>&) escaped.
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"""
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return self._repr_html_()
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class Math(TextDisplayObject):
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def _repr_latex_(self):
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s = self.data.strip('$')
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return "$$%s$$" % s
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class Latex(TextDisplayObject):
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def _repr_latex_(self):
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return self.data
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class SVG(DisplayObject):
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# wrap data in a property, which extracts the <svg> tag, discarding
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# document headers
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_data = None
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@property
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def data(self):
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return self._data
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@data.setter
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def data(self, svg):
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if svg is None:
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self._data = None
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return
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# parse into dom object
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from xml.dom import minidom
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svg = cast_bytes_py2(svg)
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x = minidom.parseString(svg)
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# get svg tag (should be 1)
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found_svg = x.getElementsByTagName('svg')
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if found_svg:
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svg = found_svg[0].toxml()
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else:
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# fallback on the input, trust the user
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# but this is probably an error.
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pass
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svg = cast_unicode(svg)
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self._data = svg
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def _repr_svg_(self):
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return self.data
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class JSON(TextDisplayObject):
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def _repr_json_(self):
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return self.data
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css_t = """$("head").append($("<link/>").attr({
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rel: "stylesheet",
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type: "text/css",
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href: "%s"
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}));
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"""
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lib_t1 = """$.getScript("%s", function () {
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"""
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lib_t2 = """});
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"""
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class Javascript(TextDisplayObject):
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def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, lib=None, css=None):
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"""Create a Javascript display object given raw data.
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When this object is returned by an expression or passed to the
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display function, it will result in the data being displayed
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in the frontend. If the data is a URL, the data will first be
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downloaded and then displayed.
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In the Notebook, the containing element will be available as `element`,
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and jQuery will be available. The output area starts hidden, so if
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the js appends content to `element` that should be visible, then
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it must call `container.show()` to unhide the area.
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Parameters
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----------
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data : unicode, str or bytes
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The Javascript source code or a URL to download it from.
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url : unicode
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A URL to download the data from.
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filename : unicode
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Path to a local file to load the data from.
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|
|
lib : list or str
|
|
|
A sequence of Javascript library URLs to load asynchronously before
|
|
|
running the source code. The full URLs of the libraries should
|
|
|
be given. A single Javascript library URL can also be given as a
|
|
|
string.
|
|
|
css: : list or str
|
|
|
A sequence of css files to load before running the source code.
|
|
|
The full URLs of the css files should be given. A single css URL
|
|
|
can also be given as a string.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
if isinstance(lib, string_types):
|
|
|
lib = [lib]
|
|
|
elif lib is None:
|
|
|
lib = []
|
|
|
if isinstance(css, string_types):
|
|
|
css = [css]
|
|
|
elif css is None:
|
|
|
css = []
|
|
|
if not isinstance(lib, (list,tuple)):
|
|
|
raise TypeError('expected sequence, got: %r' % lib)
|
|
|
if not isinstance(css, (list,tuple)):
|
|
|
raise TypeError('expected sequence, got: %r' % css)
|
|
|
self.lib = lib
|
|
|
self.css = css
|
|
|
super(Javascript, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _repr_javascript_(self):
|
|
|
r = ''
|
|
|
for c in self.css:
|
|
|
r += css_t % c
|
|
|
for l in self.lib:
|
|
|
r += lib_t1 % l
|
|
|
r += self.data
|
|
|
r += lib_t2*len(self.lib)
|
|
|
return r
|
|
|
|
|
|
# constants for identifying png/jpeg data
|
|
|
_PNG = b'\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n'
|
|
|
_JPEG = b'\xff\xd8'
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _pngxy(data):
|
|
|
"""read the (width, height) from a PNG header"""
|
|
|
ihdr = data.index(b'IHDR')
|
|
|
# next 8 bytes are width/height
|
|
|
w4h4 = data[ihdr+4:ihdr+12]
|
|
|
return struct.unpack('>ii', w4h4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _jpegxy(data):
|
|
|
"""read the (width, height) from a JPEG header"""
|
|
|
# adapted from http://www.64lines.com/jpeg-width-height
|
|
|
|
|
|
idx = 4
|
|
|
while True:
|
|
|
block_size = struct.unpack('>H', data[idx:idx+2])[0]
|
|
|
idx = idx + block_size
|
|
|
if data[idx:idx+2] == b'\xFF\xC0':
|
|
|
# found Start of Frame
|
|
|
iSOF = idx
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# read another block
|
|
|
idx += 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
h, w = struct.unpack('>HH', data[iSOF+5:iSOF+9])
|
|
|
return w, h
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Image(DisplayObject):
|
|
|
|
|
|
_read_flags = 'rb'
|
|
|
_FMT_JPEG = u'jpeg'
|
|
|
_FMT_PNG = u'png'
|
|
|
_ACCEPTABLE_EMBEDDINGS = [_FMT_JPEG, _FMT_PNG]
|
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, format=u'png', embed=None, width=None, height=None, retina=False):
|
|
|
"""Create a PNG/JPEG image object given raw data.
|
|
|
|
|
|
When this object is returned by an input cell or passed to the
|
|
|
display function, it will result in the image being displayed
|
|
|
in the frontend.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
|
----------
|
|
|
data : unicode, str or bytes
|
|
|
The raw image data or a URL or filename to load the data from.
|
|
|
This always results in embedded image data.
|
|
|
url : unicode
|
|
|
A URL to download the data from. If you specify `url=`,
|
|
|
the image data will not be embedded unless you also specify `embed=True`.
|
|
|
filename : unicode
|
|
|
Path to a local file to load the data from.
|
|
|
Images from a file are always embedded.
|
|
|
format : unicode
|
|
|
The format of the image data (png/jpeg/jpg). If a filename or URL is given
|
|
|
for format will be inferred from the filename extension.
|
|
|
embed : bool
|
|
|
Should the image data be embedded using a data URI (True) or be
|
|
|
loaded using an <img> tag. Set this to True if you want the image
|
|
|
to be viewable later with no internet connection in the notebook.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Default is `True`, unless the keyword argument `url` is set, then
|
|
|
default value is `False`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that QtConsole is not able to display images if `embed` is set to `False`
|
|
|
width : int
|
|
|
Width to which to constrain the image in html
|
|
|
height : int
|
|
|
Height to which to constrain the image in html
|
|
|
retina : bool
|
|
|
Automatically set the width and height to half of the measured
|
|
|
width and height.
|
|
|
This only works for embedded images because it reads the width/height
|
|
|
from image data.
|
|
|
For non-embedded images, you can just set the desired display width
|
|
|
and height directly.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
# embedded image data, works in qtconsole and notebook
|
|
|
# when passed positionally, the first arg can be any of raw image data,
|
|
|
# a URL, or a filename from which to load image data.
|
|
|
# The result is always embedding image data for inline images.
|
|
|
Image('http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png')
|
|
|
Image('/path/to/image.jpg')
|
|
|
Image(b'RAW_PNG_DATA...')
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Specifying Image(url=...) does not embed the image data,
|
|
|
# it only generates `<img>` tag with a link to the source.
|
|
|
# This will not work in the qtconsole or offline.
|
|
|
Image(url='http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png')
|
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
if filename is not None:
|
|
|
ext = self._find_ext(filename)
|
|
|
elif url is not None:
|
|
|
ext = self._find_ext(url)
|
|
|
elif data is None:
|
|
|
raise ValueError("No image data found. Expecting filename, url, or data.")
|
|
|
elif isinstance(data, string_types) and (
|
|
|
data.startswith('http') or _safe_exists(data)
|
|
|
):
|
|
|
ext = self._find_ext(data)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
ext = None
|
|
|
|
|
|
if ext is not None:
|
|
|
format = ext.lower()
|
|
|
if ext == u'jpg' or ext == u'jpeg':
|
|
|
format = self._FMT_JPEG
|
|
|
if ext == u'png':
|
|
|
format = self._FMT_PNG
|
|
|
elif isinstance(data, bytes) and format == 'png':
|
|
|
# infer image type from image data header,
|
|
|
# only if format might not have been specified.
|
|
|
if data[:2] == _JPEG:
|
|
|
format = 'jpeg'
|
|
|
|
|
|
self.format = unicode_type(format).lower()
|
|
|
self.embed = embed if embed is not None else (url is None)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if self.embed and self.format not in self._ACCEPTABLE_EMBEDDINGS:
|
|
|
raise ValueError("Cannot embed the '%s' image format" % (self.format))
|
|
|
self.width = width
|
|
|
self.height = height
|
|
|
self.retina = retina
|
|
|
super(Image, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if retina:
|
|
|
self._retina_shape()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _retina_shape(self):
|
|
|
"""load pixel-doubled width and height from image data"""
|
|
|
if not self.embed:
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
if self.format == 'png':
|
|
|
w, h = _pngxy(self.data)
|
|
|
elif self.format == 'jpeg':
|
|
|
w, h = _jpegxy(self.data)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# retina only supports png
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
self.width = w // 2
|
|
|
self.height = h // 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
def reload(self):
|
|
|
"""Reload the raw data from file or URL."""
|
|
|
if self.embed:
|
|
|
super(Image,self).reload()
|
|
|
if self.retina:
|
|
|
self._retina_shape()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _repr_html_(self):
|
|
|
if not self.embed:
|
|
|
width = height = ''
|
|
|
if self.width:
|
|
|
width = ' width="%d"' % self.width
|
|
|
if self.height:
|
|
|
height = ' height="%d"' % self.height
|
|
|
return u'<img src="%s"%s%s/>' % (self.url, width, height)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _data_and_metadata(self):
|
|
|
"""shortcut for returning metadata with shape information, if defined"""
|
|
|
md = {}
|
|
|
if self.width:
|
|
|
md['width'] = self.width
|
|
|
if self.height:
|
|
|
md['height'] = self.height
|
|
|
if md:
|
|
|
return self.data, md
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
return self.data
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _repr_png_(self):
|
|
|
if self.embed and self.format == u'png':
|
|
|
return self._data_and_metadata()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _repr_jpeg_(self):
|
|
|
if self.embed and (self.format == u'jpeg' or self.format == u'jpg'):
|
|
|
return self._data_and_metadata()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _find_ext(self, s):
|
|
|
return unicode_type(s.split('.')[-1].lower())
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def clear_output(wait=False):
|
|
|
"""Clear the output of the current cell receiving output.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
|
----------
|
|
|
wait : bool [default: false]
|
|
|
Wait to clear the output until new output is available to replace it."""
|
|
|
from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
|
|
|
if InteractiveShell.initialized():
|
|
|
InteractiveShell.instance().display_pub.clear_output(wait)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
from IPython.utils import io
|
|
|
print('\033[2K\r', file=io.stdout, end='')
|
|
|
io.stdout.flush()
|
|
|
print('\033[2K\r', file=io.stderr, end='')
|
|
|
io.stderr.flush()
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def set_matplotlib_formats(*formats, **kwargs):
|
|
|
"""Select figure formats for the inline backend. Optionally pass quality for JPEG.
|
|
|
|
|
|
For example, this enables PNG and JPEG output with a JPEG quality of 90%::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: set_matplotlib_formats('png', 'jpeg', quality=90)
|
|
|
|
|
|
To set this in your config files use the following::
|
|
|
|
|
|
c.InlineBackend.figure_formats = {'png', 'jpeg'}
|
|
|
c.InlineBackend.print_figure_kwargs.update({'quality' : 90})
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
|
----------
|
|
|
*formats : strs
|
|
|
One or more figure formats to enable: 'png', 'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'.
|
|
|
**kwargs :
|
|
|
Keyword args will be relayed to ``figure.canvas.print_figure``.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
|
|
|
from IPython.core.pylabtools import select_figure_formats
|
|
|
from IPython.kernel.zmq.pylab.config import InlineBackend
|
|
|
# build kwargs, starting with InlineBackend config
|
|
|
kw = {}
|
|
|
cfg = InlineBackend.instance()
|
|
|
kw.update(cfg.print_figure_kwargs)
|
|
|
kw.update(**kwargs)
|
|
|
shell = InteractiveShell.instance()
|
|
|
select_figure_formats(shell, formats, **kw)
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def set_matplotlib_close(close=True):
|
|
|
"""Set whether the inline backend closes all figures automatically or not.
|
|
|
|
|
|
By default, the inline backend used in the IPython Notebook will close all
|
|
|
matplotlib figures automatically after each cell is run. This means that
|
|
|
plots in different cells won't interfere. Sometimes, you may want to make
|
|
|
a plot in one cell and then refine it in later cells. This can be accomplished
|
|
|
by::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: set_matplotlib_close(False)
|
|
|
|
|
|
To set this in your config files use the following::
|
|
|
|
|
|
c.InlineBackend.close_figures = False
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
|
----------
|
|
|
close : bool
|
|
|
Should all matplotlib figures be automatically closed after each cell is
|
|
|
run?
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
from IPython.kernel.zmq.pylab.config import InlineBackend
|
|
|
cfg = InlineBackend.instance()
|
|
|
cfg.close_figures = close
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
