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# encoding: utf-8
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"""Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
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"""
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <jhauser@zscout.de> and
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# Copyright (C) 2001 Fernando Perez <fperez@colorado.edu>
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# Copyright (C) 2008 The IPython Development Team
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# Distributed under the terms of the BSD License. The full license is in
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# the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Imports
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Stdlib
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import os
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import re
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import sys
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import types
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from getopt import getopt, GetoptError
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# Our own
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from IPython.config.configurable import Configurable
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from IPython.core import oinspect
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from IPython.core.error import UsageError
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from IPython.core.inputsplitter import ESC_MAGIC, ESC_MAGIC2
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from IPython.external.decorator import decorator
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from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
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from IPython.utils.process import arg_split
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from IPython.utils.text import dedent
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from IPython.utils.traitlets import Bool, Dict, Instance, MetaHasTraits
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from IPython.utils.warn import error
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Globals
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# A dict we'll use for each class that has magics, used as temporary storage to
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# pass information between the @line/cell_magic method decorators and the
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# @magics_class class decorator, because the method decorators have no
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# access to the class when they run. See for more details:
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# http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2366713/can-a-python-decorator-of-an-instance-method-access-the-class
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magics = dict(line={}, cell={})
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magic_kinds = ('line', 'cell')
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magic_spec = ('line', 'cell', 'line_cell')
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magic_escapes = dict(line=ESC_MAGIC, cell=ESC_MAGIC2)
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Utility classes and functions
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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class Bunch: pass
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def on_off(tag):
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"""Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function."""
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return ['OFF','ON'][tag]
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def compress_dhist(dh):
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"""Compress a directory history into a new one with at most 20 entries.
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Return a new list made from the first and last 10 elements of dhist after
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removal of duplicates.
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"""
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head, tail = dh[:-10], dh[-10:]
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newhead = []
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done = set()
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for h in head:
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if h in done:
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continue
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newhead.append(h)
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done.add(h)
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return newhead + tail
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def needs_local_scope(func):
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"""Decorator to mark magic functions which need to local scope to run."""
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func.needs_local_scope = True
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return func
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Class and method decorators for registering magics
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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def magics_class(cls):
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"""Class decorator for all subclasses of the main Magics class.
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Any class that subclasses Magics *must* also apply this decorator, to
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ensure that all the methods that have been decorated as line/cell magics
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get correctly registered in the class instance. This is necessary because
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when method decorators run, the class does not exist yet, so they
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temporarily store their information into a module global. Application of
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this class decorator copies that global data to the class instance and
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clears the global.
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Obviously, this mechanism is not thread-safe, which means that the
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*creation* of subclasses of Magic should only be done in a single-thread
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context. Instantiation of the classes has no restrictions. Given that
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these classes are typically created at IPython startup time and before user
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application code becomes active, in practice this should not pose any
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problems.
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"""
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cls.registered = True
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cls.magics = dict(line = magics['line'],
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cell = magics['cell'])
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magics['line'] = {}
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magics['cell'] = {}
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return cls
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def record_magic(dct, magic_kind, magic_name, func):
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"""Utility function to store a function as a magic of a specific kind.
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Parameters
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----------
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dct : dict
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A dictionary with 'line' and 'cell' subdicts.
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magic_kind : str
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Kind of magic to be stored.
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magic_name : str
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Key to store the magic as.
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func : function
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Callable object to store.
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"""
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if magic_kind == 'line_cell':
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dct['line'][magic_name] = dct['cell'][magic_name] = func
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else:
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dct[magic_kind][magic_name] = func
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def validate_type(magic_kind):
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"""Ensure that the given magic_kind is valid.
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Check that the given magic_kind is one of the accepted spec types (stored
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in the global `magic_spec`), raise ValueError otherwise.
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"""
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if magic_kind not in magic_spec:
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raise ValueError('magic_kind must be one of %s, %s given' %
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magic_kinds, magic_kind)
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# The docstrings for the decorator below will be fairly similar for the two
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# types (method and function), so we generate them here once and reuse the
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# templates below.
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_docstring_template = \
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"""Decorate the given {0} as {1} magic.
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The decorator can be used with or without arguments, as follows.
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i) without arguments: it will create a {1} magic named as the {0} being
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decorated::
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@deco
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def foo(...)
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will create a {1} magic named `foo`.
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ii) with one string argument: which will be used as the actual name of the
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resulting magic::
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@deco('bar')
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def foo(...)
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will create a {1} magic named `bar`.
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"""
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# These two are decorator factories. While they are conceptually very similar,
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# there are enough differences in the details that it's simpler to have them
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# written as completely standalone functions rather than trying to share code
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# and make a single one with convoluted logic.
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def _method_magic_marker(magic_kind):
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"""Decorator factory for methods in Magics subclasses.
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"""
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validate_type(magic_kind)
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# This is a closure to capture the magic_kind. We could also use a class,
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# but it's overkill for just that one bit of state.
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def magic_deco(arg):
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call = lambda f, *a, **k: f(*a, **k)
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if callable(arg):
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# "Naked" decorator call (just @foo, no args)
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func = arg
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name = func.func_name
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retval = decorator(call, func)
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record_magic(magics, magic_kind, name, name)
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elif isinstance(arg, basestring):
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# Decorator called with arguments (@foo('bar'))
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name = arg
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def mark(func, *a, **kw):
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record_magic(magics, magic_kind, name, func.func_name)
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return decorator(call, func)
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retval = mark
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else:
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raise TypeError("Decorator can only be called with "
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"string or function")
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return retval
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# Ensure the resulting decorator has a usable docstring
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magic_deco.__doc__ = _docstring_template.format('method', magic_kind)
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return magic_deco
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def _function_magic_marker(magic_kind):
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"""Decorator factory for standalone functions.
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"""
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validate_type(magic_kind)
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# This is a closure to capture the magic_kind. We could also use a class,
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# but it's overkill for just that one bit of state.
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def magic_deco(arg):
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call = lambda f, *a, **k: f(*a, **k)
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# Find get_ipython() in the caller's namespace
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caller = sys._getframe(1)
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for ns in ['f_locals', 'f_globals', 'f_builtins']:
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get_ipython = getattr(caller, ns).get('get_ipython')
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if get_ipython is not None:
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break
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else:
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raise NameError('Decorator can only run in context where '
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'`get_ipython` exists')
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ip = get_ipython()
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if callable(arg):
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# "Naked" decorator call (just @foo, no args)
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func = arg
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name = func.func_name
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ip.register_magic_function(func, magic_kind, name)
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retval = decorator(call, func)
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elif isinstance(arg, basestring):
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# Decorator called with arguments (@foo('bar'))
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name = arg
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def mark(func, *a, **kw):
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ip.register_magic_function(func, magic_kind, name)
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return decorator(call, func)
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retval = mark
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else:
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raise TypeError("Decorator can only be called with "
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"string or function")
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return retval
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# Ensure the resulting decorator has a usable docstring
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ds = _docstring_template.format('function', magic_kind)
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ds += dedent("""
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Note: this decorator can only be used in a context where IPython is already
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active, so that the `get_ipython()` call succeeds. You can therefore use
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it in your startup files loaded after IPython initializes, but *not* in the
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IPython configuration file itself, which is executed before IPython is
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fully up and running. Any file located in the `startup` subdirectory of
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your configuration profile will be OK in this sense.
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""")
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magic_deco.__doc__ = ds
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return magic_deco
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# Create the actual decorators for public use
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# These three are used to decorate methods in class definitions
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line_magic = _method_magic_marker('line')
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cell_magic = _method_magic_marker('cell')
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line_cell_magic = _method_magic_marker('line_cell')
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# These three decorate standalone functions and perform the decoration
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# immediately. They can only run where get_ipython() works
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register_line_magic = _function_magic_marker('line')
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register_cell_magic = _function_magic_marker('cell')
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register_line_cell_magic = _function_magic_marker('line_cell')
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Core Magic classes
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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class MagicsManager(Configurable):
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"""Object that handles all magic-related functionality for IPython.
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"""
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# Non-configurable class attributes
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# A two-level dict, first keyed by magic type, then by magic function, and
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# holding the actual callable object as value. This is the dict used for
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# magic function dispatch
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magics = Dict
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# A registry of the original objects that we've been given holding magics.
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registry = Dict
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shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC')
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auto_magic = Bool(True, config=True, help=
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"Automatically call line magics without requiring explicit % prefix")
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def _auto_magic_changed(self, name, value):
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self.shell.automagic = value
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_auto_status = [
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'Automagic is OFF, % prefix IS needed for line magics.',
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'Automagic is ON, % prefix IS NOT needed for line magics.']
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user_magics = Instance('IPython.core.magics.UserMagics')
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def __init__(self, shell=None, config=None, user_magics=None, **traits):
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super(MagicsManager, self).__init__(shell=shell, config=config,
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user_magics=user_magics, **traits)
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self.magics = dict(line={}, cell={})
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# Let's add the user_magics to the registry for uniformity, so *all*
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# registered magic containers can be found there.
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self.registry[user_magics.__class__.__name__] = user_magics
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def auto_status(self):
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"""Return descriptive string with automagic status."""
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return self._auto_status[self.auto_magic]
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def lsmagic(self):
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"""Return a dict of currently available magic functions.
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The return dict has the keys 'line' and 'cell', corresponding to the
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two types of magics we support. Each value is a list of names.
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"""
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return self.magics
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def lsmagic_docs(self, brief=False, missing=''):
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"""Return dict of documentation of magic functions.
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The return dict has the keys 'line' and 'cell', corresponding to the
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two types of magics we support. Each value is a dict keyed by magic
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name whose value is the function docstring. If a docstring is
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unavailable, the value of `missing` is used instead.
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If brief is True, only the first line of each docstring will be returned.
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"""
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docs = {}
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for m_type in self.magics:
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m_docs = {}
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for m_name, m_func in self.magics[m_type].iteritems():
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if m_func.__doc__:
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if brief:
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m_docs[m_name] = m_func.__doc__.split('\n', 1)[0]
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else:
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m_docs[m_name] = m_func.__doc__.rstrip()
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else:
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m_docs[m_name] = missing
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docs[m_type] = m_docs
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return docs
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def register(self, *magic_objects):
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"""Register one or more instances of Magics.
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Take one or more classes or instances of classes that subclass the main
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`core.Magic` class, and register them with IPython to use the magic
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functions they provide. The registration process will then ensure that
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any methods that have decorated to provide line and/or cell magics will
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be recognized with the `%x`/`%%x` syntax as a line/cell magic
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respectively.
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If classes are given, they will be instantiated with the default
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constructor. If your classes need a custom constructor, you should
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instanitate them first and pass the instance.
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The provided arguments can be an arbitrary mix of classes and instances.
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Parameters
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----------
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magic_objects : one or more classes or instances
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"""
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# Start by validating them to ensure they have all had their magic
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# methods registered at the instance level
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for m in magic_objects:
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if not m.registered:
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raise ValueError("Class of magics %r was constructed without "
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"the @register_magics class decorator")
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if type(m) in (type, MetaHasTraits):
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# If we're given an uninstantiated class
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m = m(shell=self.shell)
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# Now that we have an instance, we can register it and update the
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# table of callables
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self.registry[m.__class__.__name__] = m
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for mtype in magic_kinds:
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self.magics[mtype].update(m.magics[mtype])
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def register_function(self, func, magic_kind='line', magic_name=None):
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"""Expose a standalone function as magic function for IPython.
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This will create an IPython magic (line, cell or both) from a
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standalone function. The functions should have the following
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signatures:
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* For line magics: `def f(line)`
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* For cell magics: `def f(line, cell)`
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* For a function that does both: `def f(line, cell=None)`
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In the latter case, the function will be called with `cell==None` when
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invoked as `%f`, and with cell as a string when invoked as `%%f`.
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Parameters
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----------
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func : callable
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Function to be registered as a magic.
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magic_kind : str
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Kind of magic, one of 'line', 'cell' or 'line_cell'
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magic_name : optional str
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If given, the name the magic will have in the IPython namespace. By
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default, the name of the function itself is used.
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"""
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# Create the new method in the user_magics and register it in the
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# global table
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validate_type(magic_kind)
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magic_name = func.func_name if magic_name is None else magic_name
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setattr(self.user_magics, magic_name, func)
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record_magic(self.magics, magic_kind, magic_name, func)
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def define_magic(self, name, func):
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"""[Deprecated] Expose own function as magic function for IPython.
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Example::
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def foo_impl(self, parameter_s=''):
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'My very own magic!. (Use docstrings, IPython reads them).'
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print 'Magic function. Passed parameter is between < >:'
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|
print '<%s>' % parameter_s
|
|
|
print 'The self object is:', self
|
|
|
|
|
|
ip.define_magic('foo',foo_impl)
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
meth = types.MethodType(func, self.user_magics)
|
|
|
setattr(self.user_magics, name, meth)
|
|
|
record_magic(self.magics, 'line', name, meth)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def register_alias(self, alias_name, magic_name, magic_kind='line'):
|
|
|
"""Register an alias to a magic function.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The alias is an instance of :class:`MagicAlias`, which holds the
|
|
|
name and kind of the magic it should call. Binding is done at
|
|
|
call time, so if the underlying magic function is changed the alias
|
|
|
will call the new function.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
|
----------
|
|
|
alias_name : str
|
|
|
The name of the magic to be registered.
|
|
|
|
|
|
magic_name : str
|
|
|
The name of an existing magic.
|
|
|
|
|
|
magic_kind : str
|
|
|
Kind of magic, one of 'line' or 'cell'
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
# `validate_type` is too permissive, as it allows 'line_cell'
|
|
|
# which we do not handle.
|
|
|
if magic_kind not in magic_kinds:
|
|
|
raise ValueError('magic_kind must be one of %s, %s given' %
|
|
|
magic_kinds, magic_kind)
|
|
|
|
|
|
alias = MagicAlias(self.shell, magic_name, magic_kind)
|
|
|
setattr(self.user_magics, alias_name, alias)
|
|
|
record_magic(self.magics, magic_kind, alias_name, alias)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Key base class that provides the central functionality for magics.
|
|
|
|
|
|
class Magics(object):
|
|
|
"""Base class for implementing magic functions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic
|
|
|
functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own
|
|
|
needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg `%cd ../`
|
|
|
vs. `%cd("../")`
|
|
|
|
|
|
Classes providing magic functions need to subclass this class, and they
|
|
|
MUST:
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Use the method decorators `@line_magic` and `@cell_magic` to decorate
|
|
|
individual methods as magic functions, AND
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Use the class decorator `@magics_class` to ensure that the magic
|
|
|
methods are properly registered at the instance level upon instance
|
|
|
initialization.
|
|
|
|
|
|
See :mod:`magic_functions` for examples of actual implementation classes.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
# Dict holding all command-line options for each magic.
|
|
|
options_table = None
|
|
|
# Dict for the mapping of magic names to methods, set by class decorator
|
|
|
magics = None
|
|
|
# Flag to check that the class decorator was properly applied
|
|
|
registered = False
|
|
|
# Instance of IPython shell
|
|
|
shell = None
|
|
|
|
|
|
def __init__(self, shell):
|
|
|
if not(self.__class__.registered):
|
|
|
raise ValueError('Magics subclass without registration - '
|
|
|
'did you forget to apply @magics_class?')
|
|
|
self.shell = shell
|
|
|
self.options_table = {}
|
|
|
# The method decorators are run when the instance doesn't exist yet, so
|
|
|
# they can only record the names of the methods they are supposed to
|
|
|
# grab. Only now, that the instance exists, can we create the proper
|
|
|
# mapping to bound methods. So we read the info off the original names
|
|
|
# table and replace each method name by the actual bound method.
|
|
|
# But we mustn't clobber the *class* mapping, in case of multiple instances.
|
|
|
class_magics = self.magics
|
|
|
self.magics = {}
|
|
|
for mtype in magic_kinds:
|
|
|
tab = self.magics[mtype] = {}
|
|
|
cls_tab = class_magics[mtype]
|
|
|
for magic_name, meth_name in cls_tab.iteritems():
|
|
|
if isinstance(meth_name, basestring):
|
|
|
# it's a method name, grab it
|
|
|
tab[magic_name] = getattr(self, meth_name)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# it's the real thing
|
|
|
tab[magic_name] = meth_name
|
|
|
|
|
|
def arg_err(self,func):
|
|
|
"""Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed"""
|
|
|
print 'Error in arguments:'
|
|
|
print oinspect.getdoc(func)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def format_latex(self, strng):
|
|
|
"""Format a string for latex inclusion."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Characters that need to be escaped for latex:
|
|
|
escape_re = re.compile(r'(%|_|\$|#|&)',re.MULTILINE)
|
|
|
# Magic command names as headers:
|
|
|
cmd_name_re = re.compile(r'^(%s.*?):' % ESC_MAGIC,
|
|
|
re.MULTILINE)
|
|
|
# Magic commands
|
|
|
cmd_re = re.compile(r'(?P<cmd>%s.+?\b)(?!\}\}:)' % ESC_MAGIC,
|
|
|
re.MULTILINE)
|
|
|
# Paragraph continue
|
|
|
par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# The "\n" symbol
|
|
|
newline_re = re.compile(r'\\n')
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Now build the string for output:
|
|
|
#strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\texttt{\\textsl{\\large \1}}:',strng)
|
|
|
strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\bigskip\n\\texttt{\\textbf{ \1}}:',
|
|
|
strng)
|
|
|
strng = cmd_re.sub(r'\\texttt{\g<cmd>}',strng)
|
|
|
strng = par_re.sub(r'\\\\',strng)
|
|
|
strng = escape_re.sub(r'\\\1',strng)
|
|
|
strng = newline_re.sub(r'\\textbackslash{}n',strng)
|
|
|
return strng
|
|
|
|
|
|
def parse_options(self, arg_str, opt_str, *long_opts, **kw):
|
|
|
"""Parse options passed to an argument string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The interface is similar to that of getopt(), but it returns back a
|
|
|
Struct with the options as keys and the stripped argument string still
|
|
|
as a string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split.
|
|
|
This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote
|
|
|
arguments, etc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
-mode: default 'string'. If given as 'list', the argument string is
|
|
|
returned as a list (split on whitespace) instead of a string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-list_all: put all option values in lists. Normally only options
|
|
|
appearing more than once are put in a list.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-posix (True): whether to split the input line in POSIX mode or not,
|
|
|
as per the conventions outlined in the shlex module from the
|
|
|
standard library."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
# inject default options at the beginning of the input line
|
|
|
caller = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name
|
|
|
arg_str = '%s %s' % (self.options_table.get(caller,''),arg_str)
|
|
|
|
|
|
mode = kw.get('mode','string')
|
|
|
if mode not in ['string','list']:
|
|
|
raise ValueError('incorrect mode given: %s' % mode)
|
|
|
# Get options
|
|
|
list_all = kw.get('list_all',0)
|
|
|
posix = kw.get('posix', os.name == 'posix')
|
|
|
strict = kw.get('strict', True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Check if we have more than one argument to warrant extra processing:
|
|
|
odict = {} # Dictionary with options
|
|
|
args = arg_str.split()
|
|
|
if len(args) >= 1:
|
|
|
# If the list of inputs only has 0 or 1 thing in it, there's no
|
|
|
# need to look for options
|
|
|
argv = arg_split(arg_str, posix, strict)
|
|
|
# Do regular option processing
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
opts,args = getopt(argv, opt_str, long_opts)
|
|
|
except GetoptError as e:
|
|
|
raise UsageError('%s ( allowed: "%s" %s)' % (e.msg,opt_str,
|
|
|
" ".join(long_opts)))
|
|
|
for o,a in opts:
|
|
|
if o.startswith('--'):
|
|
|
o = o[2:]
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
o = o[1:]
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
odict[o].append(a)
|
|
|
except AttributeError:
|
|
|
odict[o] = [odict[o],a]
|
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
|
if list_all:
|
|
|
odict[o] = [a]
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
odict[o] = a
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Prepare opts,args for return
|
|
|
opts = Struct(odict)
|
|
|
if mode == 'string':
|
|
|
args = ' '.join(args)
|
|
|
|
|
|
return opts,args
|
|
|
|
|
|
def default_option(self, fn, optstr):
|
|
|
"""Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
if fn not in self.lsmagic():
|
|
|
error("%s is not a magic function" % fn)
|
|
|
self.options_table[fn] = optstr
|
|
|
|
|
|
class MagicAlias(object):
|
|
|
"""An alias to another magic function.
|
|
|
|
|
|
An alias is determined by its magic name and magic kind. Lookup
|
|
|
is done at call time, so if the underlying magic changes the alias
|
|
|
will call the new function.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Use the :meth:`MagicsManager.register_alias` method or the
|
|
|
`%alias_magic` magic function to create and register a new alias.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
def __init__(self, shell, magic_name, magic_kind):
|
|
|
self.shell = shell
|
|
|
self.magic_name = magic_name
|
|
|
self.magic_kind = magic_kind
|
|
|
|
|
|
self.pretty_target = '%s%s' % (magic_escapes[self.magic_kind], self.magic_name)
|
|
|
self.__doc__ = "Alias for `%s`." % self.pretty_target
|
|
|
|
|
|
self._in_call = False
|
|
|
|
|
|
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
|
|
|
"""Call the magic alias."""
|
|
|
fn = self.shell.find_magic(self.magic_name, self.magic_kind)
|
|
|
if fn is None:
|
|
|
raise UsageError("Magic `%s` not found." % self.pretty_target)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Protect against infinite recursion.
|
|
|
if self._in_call:
|
|
|
raise UsageError("Infinite recursion detected; "
|
|
|
"magic aliases cannot call themselves.")
|
|
|
self._in_call = True
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
return fn(*args, **kwargs)
|
|
|
finally:
|
|
|
self._in_call = False
|
|
|
|
