Main features of the interactive shell

• Dynamic object introspection. One can access docstrings, function definition prototypes, source code, source files and other details of any object accessible to the interpreter with a single keystroke (:samp:`?`, and using :samp:`??` provides additional detail).
• Searching through modules and namespaces with :samp:`*` wildcards, both when using the :samp:`?` system and via the :samp:`%psearch` command.
• Completion in the local namespace, by typing :kbd:`TAB` at the prompt. This works for keywords, modules, methods, variables and files in the current directory. This is supported via the prompt_toolkit library. Custom completers can be implemented easily for different purposes (system commands, magic arguments etc.)
• Numbered input/output prompts with command history (persistent across sessions and tied to each profile), full searching in this history and caching of all input and output.
• User-extensible 'magic' commands. A set of commands prefixed with :samp:`%` or :samp:`%%` is available for controlling IPython itself and provides directory control, namespace information and many aliases to common system shell commands.
• Alias facility for defining your own system aliases.
• Complete system shell access. Lines starting with :samp:`!` are passed directly to the system shell, and using :samp:`!!` or :samp:`var = !cmd` captures shell output into python variables for further use.
• The ability to expand python variables when calling the system shell. In a shell command, any python variable prefixed with :samp:`$` is expanded. A double :samp:`$$` allows passing a literal :samp:`$` to the shell (for access to shell and environment variables like :envvar:`PATH`).
• Filesystem navigation, via a magic :samp:`%cd` command, along with a persistent bookmark system (using :samp:`%bookmark`) for fast access to frequently visited directories.
• A lightweight persistence framework via the :samp:`%store` command, which allows you to save arbitrary Python variables. These get restored when you run the :samp:`%store -r` command.
• Automatic indentation and highlighting of code as you type (through the prompt_toolkit library).
• Macro system for quickly re-executing multiple lines of previous input with a single name via the :samp:`%macro` command. Macros can be stored persistently via :samp:`%store` and edited via :samp:`%edit`.
• Session logging (you can then later use these logs as code in your programs). Logs can optionally timestamp all input, and also store session output (marked as comments, so the log remains valid Python source code).
• Session restoring: logs can be replayed to restore a previous session to the state where you left it.
• Verbose and colored exception traceback printouts. Easier to parse visually, and in verbose mode they produce a lot of useful debugging information (basically a terminal version of the cgitb module).
• Auto-parentheses via the :samp:`%autocall` command: callable objects can be executed without parentheses: :samp:`sin 3` is automatically converted to :samp:`sin(3)`
• Auto-quoting: using :samp:`,`, or :samp:`;` as the first character forces auto-quoting of the rest of the line: :samp:`,my_function a b` becomes automatically :samp:`my_function("a","b")`, while :samp:`;my_function a b` becomes :samp:`my_function("a b")`.
• Extensible input syntax. You can define filters that pre-process user input to simplify input in special situations. This allows for example pasting multi-line code fragments which start with :samp:`>>>` or :samp:`...` such as those from other python sessions or the standard Python documentation.
• Flexible :ref:`configuration system <config_overview>`. It uses a configuration file which allows permanent setting of all command-line options, module loading, code and file execution. The system allows recursive file inclusion, so you can have a base file with defaults and layers which load other customizations for particular projects.
• Embeddable. You can call IPython as a python shell inside your own python programs. This can be used both for debugging code or for providing interactive abilities to your programs with knowledge about the local namespaces (very useful in debugging and data analysis situations).
• Easy debugger access. You can set IPython to call up an enhanced version of the Python debugger (pdb) every time there is an uncaught exception. This drops you inside the code which triggered the exception with all the data live and it is possible to navigate the stack to rapidly isolate the source of a bug. The :samp:`%run` magic command (with the :samp:`-d` option) can run any script under pdb's control, automatically setting initial breakpoints for you. This version of pdb has IPython-specific improvements, including tab-completion and traceback coloring support. For even easier debugger access, try :samp:`%debug` after seeing an exception.
• Profiler support. You can run single statements (similar to :samp:`profile.run()`) or complete programs under the profiler's control. While this is possible with standard cProfile or profile modules, IPython wraps this functionality with magic commands (see :samp:`%prun` and :samp:`%run -p`) convenient for rapid interactive work.
• Simple timing information. You can use the :samp:`%timeit` command to get the execution time of a Python statement or expression. This machinery is intelligent enough to do more repetitions for commands that finish very quickly in order to get a better estimate of their running time.

In [1]: %timeit 1+1
7.88 ns ± 0.0494 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000000 loops each)

In [2]: %timeit [math.sin(x) for x in range(5000)]
608 µs ± 5.57 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)

To get the timing information for more than one expression, use the :samp:`%%timeit` cell magic command.

• Doctest support. The special :samp:`%doctest_mode` command toggles a mode to use doctest-compatible prompts, so you can use IPython sessions as doctest code. By default, IPython also allows you to paste existing doctests, and strips out the leading :samp:`>>>` and :samp:`...` prompts in them.

Portability and Python requirements

Version 7.0+ supports Python 3.4 and higher. Versions 6.x support Python 3.3 and higher. Versions 2.0 to 5.x work with Python 2.7.x releases and Python 3.3 and higher. Version 1.0 additionally worked with Python 2.6 and 3.2. Version 0.12 was the first version to fully support Python 3.

IPython is known to work on the following operating systems:

• Linux
• Most other Unix-like OSs (AIX, Solaris, BSD, etc.)
• Mac OS X
• Windows (CygWin, XP, Vista, etc.)

See :ref:`here <install_index>` for instructions on how to install IPython.