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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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"""Top-level display functions for displaying object in different formats."""
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# Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
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# Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
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from binascii import b2a_hex
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import os
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import sys
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__all__ = ['display', 'clear_output', 'publish_display_data', 'update_display', 'DisplayHandle']
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# utility functions
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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def _merge(d1, d2):
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"""Like update, but merges sub-dicts instead of clobbering at the top level.
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Updates d1 in-place
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"""
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if not isinstance(d2, dict) or not isinstance(d1, dict):
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return d2
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for key, value in d2.items():
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d1[key] = _merge(d1.get(key), value)
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return d1
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Main functions
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# use * to indicate transient is keyword-only
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def publish_display_data(data, metadata=None, source=None, *, transient=None, **kwargs):
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"""Publish data and metadata to all frontends.
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See the ``display_data`` message in the messaging documentation for
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more details about this message type.
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Keys of data and metadata can be any mime-type.
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Parameters
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----------
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data : dict
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A dictionary having keys that are valid MIME types (like
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'text/plain' or 'image/svg+xml') and values that are the data for
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that MIME type. The data itself must be a JSON'able data
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structure. Minimally all data should have the 'text/plain' data,
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which can be displayed by all frontends. If more than the plain
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text is given, it is up to the frontend to decide which
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representation to use.
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metadata : dict
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A dictionary for metadata related to the data. This can contain
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arbitrary key, value pairs that frontends can use to interpret
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the data. mime-type keys matching those in data can be used
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to specify metadata about particular representations.
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source : str, deprecated
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Unused.
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transient : dict, keyword-only
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A dictionary of transient data, such as display_id.
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"""
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from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
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display_pub = InteractiveShell.instance().display_pub
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# only pass transient if supplied,
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# to avoid errors with older ipykernel.
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# TODO: We could check for ipykernel version and provide a detailed upgrade message.
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if transient:
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kwargs['transient'] = transient
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display_pub.publish(
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data=data,
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metadata=metadata,
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**kwargs
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)
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def _new_id():
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"""Generate a new random text id with urandom"""
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return b2a_hex(os.urandom(16)).decode('ascii')
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def display(*objs, include=None, exclude=None, metadata=None, transient=None, display_id=None, **kwargs):
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"""Display a Python object in all frontends.
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By default all representations will be computed and sent to the frontends.
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Frontends can decide which representation is used and how.
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In terminal IPython this will be similar to using :func:`print`, for use in richer
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frontends see Jupyter notebook examples with rich display logic.
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Parameters
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----------
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*objs : object
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The Python objects to display.
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raw : bool, optional
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Are the objects to be displayed already mimetype-keyed dicts of raw display data,
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or Python objects that need to be formatted before display? [default: False]
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include : list, tuple or set, optional
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A list of format type strings (MIME types) to include in the
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format data dict. If this is set *only* the format types included
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in this list will be computed.
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exclude : list, tuple or set, optional
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A list of format type strings (MIME types) to exclude in the format
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data dict. If this is set all format types will be computed,
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except for those included in this argument.
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metadata : dict, optional
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A dictionary of metadata to associate with the output.
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mime-type keys in this dictionary will be associated with the individual
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representation formats, if they exist.
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transient : dict, optional
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A dictionary of transient data to associate with the output.
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Data in this dict should not be persisted to files (e.g. notebooks).
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display_id : str, bool optional
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Set an id for the display.
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This id can be used for updating this display area later via update_display.
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If given as `True`, generate a new `display_id`
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kwargs: additional keyword-args, optional
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Additional keyword-arguments are passed through to the display publisher.
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Returns
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-------
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handle: DisplayHandle
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Returns a handle on updatable displays for use with :func:`update_display`,
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if `display_id` is given. Returns :any:`None` if no `display_id` is given
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(default).
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Examples
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--------
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>>> class Json(object):
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... def __init__(self, json):
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... self.json = json
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... def _repr_pretty_(self, pp, cycle):
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... import json
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... pp.text(json.dumps(self.json, indent=2))
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... def __repr__(self):
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... return str(self.json)
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...
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>>> d = Json({1:2, 3: {4:5}})
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>>> print(d)
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{1: 2, 3: {4: 5}}
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>>> display(d)
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{
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"1": 2,
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"3": {
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"4": 5
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}
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}
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>>> def int_formatter(integer, pp, cycle):
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... pp.text('I'*integer)
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>>> plain = get_ipython().display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
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>>> plain.for_type(int, int_formatter)
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<function _repr_pprint at 0x...>
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>>> display(7-5)
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II
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>>> del plain.type_printers[int]
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>>> display(7-5)
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2
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See Also
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--------
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:func:`update_display`
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Notes
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-----
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In Python, objects can declare their textual representation using the
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`__repr__` method. IPython expands on this idea and allows objects to declare
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other, rich representations including:
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- HTML
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- JSON
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- PNG
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- JPEG
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- SVG
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- LaTeX
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A single object can declare some or all of these representations; all are
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handled by IPython's display system.
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The main idea of the first approach is that you have to implement special
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display methods when you define your class, one for each representation you
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want to use. Here is a list of the names of the special methods and the
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values they must return:
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- `_repr_html_`: return raw HTML as a string, or a tuple (see below).
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- `_repr_json_`: return a JSONable dict, or a tuple (see below).
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- `_repr_jpeg_`: return raw JPEG data, or a tuple (see below).
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- `_repr_png_`: return raw PNG data, or a tuple (see below).
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- `_repr_svg_`: return raw SVG data as a string, or a tuple (see below).
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- `_repr_latex_`: return LaTeX commands in a string surrounded by "$",
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or a tuple (see below).
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- `_repr_mimebundle_`: return a full mimebundle containing the mapping
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from all mimetypes to data.
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Use this for any mime-type not listed above.
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The above functions may also return the object's metadata alonside the
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data. If the metadata is available, the functions will return a tuple
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containing the data and metadata, in that order. If there is no metadata
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available, then the functions will return the data only.
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When you are directly writing your own classes, you can adapt them for
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display in IPython by following the above approach. But in practice, you
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often need to work with existing classes that you can't easily modify.
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You can refer to the documentation on integrating with the display system in
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order to register custom formatters for already existing types
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(:ref:`integrating_rich_display`).
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.. versionadded:: 5.4 display available without import
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.. versionadded:: 6.1 display available without import
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Since IPython 5.4 and 6.1 :func:`display` is automatically made available to
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the user without import. If you are using display in a document that might
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be used in a pure python context or with older version of IPython, use the
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following import at the top of your file::
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from IPython.display import display
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"""
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from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
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if not InteractiveShell.initialized():
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# Directly print objects.
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print(*objs)
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return
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raw = kwargs.pop('raw', False)
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if transient is None:
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transient = {}
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if metadata is None:
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metadata={}
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if display_id:
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if display_id is True:
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display_id = _new_id()
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transient['display_id'] = display_id
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if kwargs.get('update') and 'display_id' not in transient:
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raise TypeError('display_id required for update_display')
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if transient:
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kwargs['transient'] = transient
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if not objs and display_id:
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# if given no objects, but still a request for a display_id,
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# we assume the user wants to insert an empty output that
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# can be updated later
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objs = [{}]
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raw = True
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if not raw:
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format = InteractiveShell.instance().display_formatter.format
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for obj in objs:
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if raw:
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publish_display_data(data=obj, metadata=metadata, **kwargs)
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else:
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format_dict, md_dict = format(obj, include=include, exclude=exclude)
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if not format_dict:
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# nothing to display (e.g. _ipython_display_ took over)
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continue
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if metadata:
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# kwarg-specified metadata gets precedence
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_merge(md_dict, metadata)
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publish_display_data(data=format_dict, metadata=md_dict, **kwargs)
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if display_id:
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return DisplayHandle(display_id)
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# use * for keyword-only display_id arg
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def update_display(obj, *, display_id, **kwargs):
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"""Update an existing display by id
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Parameters
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----------
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obj:
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The object with which to update the display
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display_id: keyword-only
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The id of the display to update
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See Also
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--------
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:func:`display`
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"""
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kwargs['update'] = True
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display(obj, display_id=display_id, **kwargs)
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class DisplayHandle(object):
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"""A handle on an updatable display
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Call `.update(obj)` to display a new object.
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Call `.display(obj`) to add a new instance of this display,
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and update existing instances.
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See Also
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--------
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:func:`display`, :func:`update_display`
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"""
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def __init__(self, display_id=None):
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if display_id is None:
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display_id = _new_id()
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self.display_id = display_id
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def __repr__(self):
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return "<%s display_id=%s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.display_id)
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def display(self, obj, **kwargs):
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"""Make a new display with my id, updating existing instances.
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Parameters
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----------
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obj:
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object to display
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**kwargs:
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additional keyword arguments passed to display
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"""
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display(obj, display_id=self.display_id, **kwargs)
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def update(self, obj, **kwargs):
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"""Update existing displays with my id
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Parameters
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----------
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obj:
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object to display
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**kwargs:
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additional keyword arguments passed to update_display
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"""
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update_display(obj, display_id=self.display_id, **kwargs)
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def clear_output(wait=False):
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"""Clear the output of the current cell receiving output.
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Parameters
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----------
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wait : bool [default: false]
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Wait to clear the output until new output is available to replace it."""
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from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
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if InteractiveShell.initialized():
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InteractiveShell.instance().display_pub.clear_output(wait)
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else:
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print('\033[2K\r', end='')
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sys.stdout.flush()
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print('\033[2K\r', end='')
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sys.stderr.flush()
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