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# encoding: utf-8
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"""Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
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"""
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <jhauser@zscout.de> and
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# Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez <fperez@colorado.edu>
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# Copyright (C) 2008-2011 The IPython Development Team
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# Distributed under the terms of the BSD License. The full license is in
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# the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Imports
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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import __builtin__ as builtin_mod
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import __future__
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import bdb
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import inspect
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import imp
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import os
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import sys
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import shutil
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import re
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import time
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from StringIO import StringIO
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from getopt import getopt,GetoptError
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from pprint import pformat
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from xmlrpclib import ServerProxy
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# cProfile was added in Python2.5
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try:
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import cProfile as profile
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import pstats
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except ImportError:
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# profile isn't bundled by default in Debian for license reasons
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try:
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import profile,pstats
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except ImportError:
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profile = pstats = None
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import IPython
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from IPython.core import debugger, oinspect
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from IPython.core.error import TryNext
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from IPython.core.error import UsageError
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from IPython.core.error import StdinNotImplementedError
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from IPython.core.fakemodule import FakeModule
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from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
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from IPython.core.macro import Macro
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from IPython.core import magic_arguments, page
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from IPython.core.prefilter import ESC_MAGIC
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from IPython.core.pylabtools import mpl_runner
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from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
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from IPython.utils import py3compat
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from IPython.utils.io import file_read, nlprint
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from IPython.utils.module_paths import find_mod
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from IPython.utils.path import get_py_filename, unquote_filename
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from IPython.utils.process import arg_split, abbrev_cwd
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from IPython.utils.terminal import set_term_title
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from IPython.utils.text import LSString, SList, format_screen
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from IPython.utils.timing import clock, clock2
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from IPython.utils.warn import warn, error
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from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
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from IPython.config.application import Application
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# Utility functions
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#-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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def on_off(tag):
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"""Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function."""
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return ['OFF','ON'][tag]
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class Bunch: pass
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def compress_dhist(dh):
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head, tail = dh[:-10], dh[-10:]
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newhead = []
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done = set()
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for h in head:
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if h in done:
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continue
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newhead.append(h)
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done.add(h)
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return newhead + tail
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def needs_local_scope(func):
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"""Decorator to mark magic functions which need to local scope to run."""
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func.needs_local_scope = True
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return func
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# Used for exception handling in magic_edit
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class MacroToEdit(ValueError): pass
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# Taken from PEP 263, this is the official encoding regexp.
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_encoding_declaration_re = re.compile(r"^#.*coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)")
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#***************************************************************************
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# Main class implementing Magic functionality
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# XXX - for some odd reason, if Magic is made a new-style class, we get errors
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# on construction of the main InteractiveShell object. Something odd is going
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# on with super() calls, Configurable and the MRO... For now leave it as-is, but
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# eventually this needs to be clarified.
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# BG: This is because InteractiveShell inherits from this, but is itself a
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# Configurable. This messes up the MRO in some way. The fix is that we need to
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# make Magic a configurable that InteractiveShell does not subclass.
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class Magic:
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"""Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
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Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic
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functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own
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needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg `%cd ../`
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vs. `%cd("../")`
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ALL definitions MUST begin with the prefix magic_. The user won't need it
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at the command line, but it is is needed in the definition. """
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# class globals
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auto_status = ['Automagic is OFF, % prefix IS needed for magic functions.',
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'Automagic is ON, % prefix NOT needed for magic functions.']
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configurables = None
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#......................................................................
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# some utility functions
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def __init__(self,shell):
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self.options_table = {}
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if profile is None:
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self.magic_prun = self.profile_missing_notice
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self.shell = shell
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if self.configurables is None:
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self.configurables = []
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# namespace for holding state we may need
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self._magic_state = Bunch()
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def profile_missing_notice(self, *args, **kwargs):
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error("""\
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The profile module could not be found. It has been removed from the standard
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python packages because of its non-free license. To use profiling, install the
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python-profiler package from non-free.""")
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def default_option(self,fn,optstr):
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"""Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr"""
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if fn not in self.lsmagic():
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error("%s is not a magic function" % fn)
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self.options_table[fn] = optstr
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def lsmagic(self):
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"""Return a list of currently available magic functions.
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Gives a list of the bare names after mangling (['ls','cd', ...], not
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['magic_ls','magic_cd',...]"""
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# FIXME. This needs a cleanup, in the way the magics list is built.
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# magics in class definition
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class_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
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callable(Magic.__dict__[fn])
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# in instance namespace (run-time user additions)
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inst_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
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callable(self.__dict__[fn])
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# and bound magics by user (so they can access self):
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inst_bound_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
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callable(self.__class__.__dict__[fn])
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magics = filter(class_magic,Magic.__dict__.keys()) + \
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filter(inst_magic,self.__dict__.keys()) + \
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filter(inst_bound_magic,self.__class__.__dict__.keys())
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out = []
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for fn in set(magics):
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out.append(fn.replace('magic_','',1))
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out.sort()
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return out
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def extract_input_lines(self, range_str, raw=False):
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"""Return as a string a set of input history slices.
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Inputs:
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- range_str: the set of slices is given as a string, like
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"~5/6-~4/2 4:8 9", since this function is for use by magic functions
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which get their arguments as strings. The number before the / is the
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session number: ~n goes n back from the current session.
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Optional inputs:
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- raw(False): by default, the processed input is used. If this is
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true, the raw input history is used instead.
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Note that slices can be called with two notations:
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N:M -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).
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N-M -> include items N..M (closed endpoint)."""
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lines = self.shell.history_manager.\
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get_range_by_str(range_str, raw=raw)
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return "\n".join(x for _, _, x in lines)
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def arg_err(self,func):
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"""Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed"""
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print 'Error in arguments:'
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print oinspect.getdoc(func)
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def format_latex(self,strng):
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"""Format a string for latex inclusion."""
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# Characters that need to be escaped for latex:
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escape_re = re.compile(r'(%|_|\$|#|&)',re.MULTILINE)
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# Magic command names as headers:
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cmd_name_re = re.compile(r'^(%s.*?):' % ESC_MAGIC,
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re.MULTILINE)
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# Magic commands
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cmd_re = re.compile(r'(?P<cmd>%s.+?\b)(?!\}\}:)' % ESC_MAGIC,
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re.MULTILINE)
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# Paragraph continue
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par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
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# The "\n" symbol
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newline_re = re.compile(r'\\n')
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# Now build the string for output:
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#strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\texttt{\\textsl{\\large \1}}:',strng)
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strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\bigskip\n\\texttt{\\textbf{ \1}}:',
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strng)
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strng = cmd_re.sub(r'\\texttt{\g<cmd>}',strng)
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strng = par_re.sub(r'\\\\',strng)
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strng = escape_re.sub(r'\\\1',strng)
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strng = newline_re.sub(r'\\textbackslash{}n',strng)
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return strng
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def parse_options(self,arg_str,opt_str,*long_opts,**kw):
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"""Parse options passed to an argument string.
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The interface is similar to that of getopt(), but it returns back a
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Struct with the options as keys and the stripped argument string still
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as a string.
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arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split.
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This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote
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arguments, etc.
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Options:
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-mode: default 'string'. If given as 'list', the argument string is
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returned as a list (split on whitespace) instead of a string.
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-list_all: put all option values in lists. Normally only options
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appearing more than once are put in a list.
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-posix (True): whether to split the input line in POSIX mode or not,
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as per the conventions outlined in the shlex module from the
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standard library."""
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# inject default options at the beginning of the input line
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caller = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name.replace('magic_','')
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arg_str = '%s %s' % (self.options_table.get(caller,''),arg_str)
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mode = kw.get('mode','string')
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if mode not in ['string','list']:
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raise ValueError,'incorrect mode given: %s' % mode
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# Get options
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list_all = kw.get('list_all',0)
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posix = kw.get('posix', os.name == 'posix')
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strict = kw.get('strict', True)
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# Check if we have more than one argument to warrant extra processing:
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odict = {} # Dictionary with options
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args = arg_str.split()
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if len(args) >= 1:
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# If the list of inputs only has 0 or 1 thing in it, there's no
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# need to look for options
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argv = arg_split(arg_str, posix, strict)
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# Do regular option processing
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try:
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opts,args = getopt(argv,opt_str,*long_opts)
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except GetoptError,e:
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raise UsageError('%s ( allowed: "%s" %s)' % (e.msg,opt_str,
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" ".join(long_opts)))
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for o,a in opts:
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if o.startswith('--'):
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o = o[2:]
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else:
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o = o[1:]
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try:
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odict[o].append(a)
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except AttributeError:
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odict[o] = [odict[o],a]
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except KeyError:
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if list_all:
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odict[o] = [a]
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else:
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odict[o] = a
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# Prepare opts,args for return
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opts = Struct(odict)
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if mode == 'string':
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args = ' '.join(args)
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return opts,args
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#......................................................................
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# And now the actual magic functions
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# Functions for IPython shell work (vars,funcs, config, etc)
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def magic_lsmagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
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"""List currently available magic functions."""
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mesc = ESC_MAGIC
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print 'Available magic functions:\n'+mesc+\
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(' '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic())
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print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[self.shell.automagic]
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return None
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def magic_magic(self, parameter_s = ''):
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"""Print information about the magic function system.
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Supported formats: -latex, -brief, -rest
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"""
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mode = ''
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try:
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if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-latex':
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mode = 'latex'
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if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-brief':
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mode = 'brief'
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if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-rest':
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mode = 'rest'
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rest_docs = []
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except:
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pass
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magic_docs = []
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for fname in self.lsmagic():
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mname = 'magic_' + fname
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for space in (Magic,self,self.__class__):
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try:
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fn = space.__dict__[mname]
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except KeyError:
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pass
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else:
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break
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if mode == 'brief':
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# only first line
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if fn.__doc__:
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fndoc = fn.__doc__.split('\n',1)[0]
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else:
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fndoc = 'No documentation'
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else:
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if fn.__doc__:
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fndoc = fn.__doc__.rstrip()
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else:
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fndoc = 'No documentation'
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if mode == 'rest':
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rest_docs.append('**%s%s**::\n\n\t%s\n\n' %(ESC_MAGIC,
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fname,fndoc))
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else:
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magic_docs.append('%s%s:\n\t%s\n' %(ESC_MAGIC,
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fname,fndoc))
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magic_docs = ''.join(magic_docs)
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if mode == 'rest':
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return "".join(rest_docs)
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|
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if mode == 'latex':
|
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print self.format_latex(magic_docs)
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return
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else:
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magic_docs = format_screen(magic_docs)
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|
if mode == 'brief':
|
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return magic_docs
|
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|
|
|
outmsg = """
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|
IPython's 'magic' functions
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===========================
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|
The magic function system provides a series of functions which allow you to
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control the behavior of IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type
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features. All these functions are prefixed with a % character, but parameters
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are given without parentheses or quotes.
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NOTE: If you have 'automagic' enabled (via the command line option or with the
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%automagic function), you don't need to type in the % explicitly. By default,
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IPython ships with automagic on, so you should only rarely need the % escape.
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Example: typing '%cd mydir' (without the quotes) changes you working directory
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to 'mydir', if it exists.
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|
For a list of the available magic functions, use %lsmagic. For a description
|
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of any of them, type %magic_name?, e.g. '%cd?'.
|
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|
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|
Currently the magic system has the following functions:\n"""
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|
mesc = ESC_MAGIC
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|
outmsg = ("%s\n%s\n\nSummary of magic functions (from %slsmagic):"
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|
"\n\n%s%s\n\n%s" % (outmsg,
|
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|
magic_docs,mesc,mesc,
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|
(' '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic()),
|
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|
Magic.auto_status[self.shell.automagic] ) )
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page.page(outmsg)
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|
def magic_automagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
|
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|
"""Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.
|
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|
Without argumentsl toggles on/off (when off, you must call it as
|
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|
%automagic, of course). With arguments it sets the value, and you can
|
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|
use any of (case insensitive):
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|
- on,1,True: to activate
|
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|
|
- off,0,False: to deactivate.
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|
Note that magic functions have lowest priority, so if there's a
|
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variable whose name collides with that of a magic fn, automagic won't
|
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work for that function (you get the variable instead). However, if you
|
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delete the variable (del var), the previously shadowed magic function
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|
becomes visible to automagic again."""
|
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|
|
arg = parameter_s.lower()
|
|
|
if parameter_s in ('on','1','true'):
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|
|
self.shell.automagic = True
|
|
|
elif parameter_s in ('off','0','false'):
|
|
|
self.shell.automagic = False
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
self.shell.automagic = not self.shell.automagic
|
|
|
print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[self.shell.automagic]
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_autocall(self, parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usage:
|
|
|
|
|
|
%autocall [mode]
|
|
|
|
|
|
The mode can be one of: 0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full. If not given, the
|
|
|
value is toggled on and off (remembering the previous state).
|
|
|
|
|
|
In more detail, these values mean:
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 -> fully disabled
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 -> active, but do not apply if there are no arguments on the line.
|
|
|
|
|
|
In this mode, you get:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: callable
|
|
|
Out[1]: <built-in function callable>
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: callable 'hello'
|
|
|
------> callable('hello')
|
|
|
Out[2]: False
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 -> Active always. Even if no arguments are present, the callable
|
|
|
object is called:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: float
|
|
|
------> float()
|
|
|
Out[2]: 0.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that even with autocall off, you can still use '/' at the start of
|
|
|
a line to treat the first argument on the command line as a function
|
|
|
and add parentheses to it:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [8]: /str 43
|
|
|
------> str(43)
|
|
|
Out[8]: '43'
|
|
|
|
|
|
# all-random (note for auto-testing)
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
if parameter_s:
|
|
|
arg = int(parameter_s)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
arg = 'toggle'
|
|
|
|
|
|
if not arg in (0,1,2,'toggle'):
|
|
|
error('Valid modes: (0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full')
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
if arg in (0,1,2):
|
|
|
self.shell.autocall = arg
|
|
|
else: # toggle
|
|
|
if self.shell.autocall:
|
|
|
self._magic_state.autocall_save = self.shell.autocall
|
|
|
self.shell.autocall = 0
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
self.shell.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save
|
|
|
except AttributeError:
|
|
|
self.shell.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save = 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
print "Automatic calling is:",['OFF','Smart','Full'][self.shell.autocall]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_page(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%page [options] OBJECT
|
|
|
|
|
|
If no object is given, use _ (last output).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
-r: page str(object), don't pretty-print it."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
# After a function contributed by Olivier Aubert, slightly modified.
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Process options/args
|
|
|
opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r')
|
|
|
raw = 'r' in opts
|
|
|
|
|
|
oname = args and args or '_'
|
|
|
info = self._ofind(oname)
|
|
|
if info['found']:
|
|
|
txt = (raw and str or pformat)( info['obj'] )
|
|
|
page.page(txt)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
print 'Object `%s` not found' % oname
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_profile(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Print your currently active IPython profile."""
|
|
|
from IPython.core.application import BaseIPythonApplication
|
|
|
if BaseIPythonApplication.initialized():
|
|
|
print BaseIPythonApplication.instance().profile
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
error("profile is an application-level value, but you don't appear to be in an IPython application")
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_pinfo(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
|
|
|
"""Provide detailed information about an object.
|
|
|
|
|
|
'%pinfo object' is just a synonym for object? or ?object."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
#print 'pinfo par: <%s>' % parameter_s # dbg
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# detail_level: 0 -> obj? , 1 -> obj??
|
|
|
detail_level = 0
|
|
|
# We need to detect if we got called as 'pinfo pinfo foo', which can
|
|
|
# happen if the user types 'pinfo foo?' at the cmd line.
|
|
|
pinfo,qmark1,oname,qmark2 = \
|
|
|
re.match('(pinfo )?(\?*)(.*?)(\??$)',parameter_s).groups()
|
|
|
if pinfo or qmark1 or qmark2:
|
|
|
detail_level = 1
|
|
|
if "*" in oname:
|
|
|
self.magic_psearch(oname)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
self.shell._inspect('pinfo', oname, detail_level=detail_level,
|
|
|
namespaces=namespaces)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_pinfo2(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
|
|
|
"""Provide extra detailed information about an object.
|
|
|
|
|
|
'%pinfo2 object' is just a synonym for object?? or ??object."""
|
|
|
self.shell._inspect('pinfo', parameter_s, detail_level=1,
|
|
|
namespaces=namespaces)
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_pdef(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
|
|
|
"""Print the definition header for any callable object.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the object is a class, print the constructor information.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [3]: %pdef urllib.urlopen
|
|
|
urllib.urlopen(url, data=None, proxies=None)
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
self._inspect('pdef',parameter_s, namespaces)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_pdoc(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
|
|
|
"""Print the docstring for an object.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the given object is a class, it will print both the class and the
|
|
|
constructor docstrings."""
|
|
|
self._inspect('pdoc',parameter_s, namespaces)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_psource(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
|
|
|
"""Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object."""
|
|
|
self._inspect('psource',parameter_s, namespaces)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_pfile(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The file opens at the line where the object definition begins. IPython
|
|
|
will honor the environment variable PAGER if set, and otherwise will
|
|
|
do its best to print the file in a convenient form.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If the given argument is not an object currently defined, IPython will
|
|
|
try to interpret it as a filename (automatically adding a .py extension
|
|
|
if needed). You can thus use %pfile as a syntax highlighting code
|
|
|
viewer."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
# first interpret argument as an object name
|
|
|
out = self._inspect('pfile',parameter_s)
|
|
|
# if not, try the input as a filename
|
|
|
if out == 'not found':
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
|
|
|
except IOError,msg:
|
|
|
print msg
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
page.page(self.shell.inspector.format(file(filename).read()))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_psearch(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%psearch [options] PATTERN [OBJECT TYPE]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: ? can be used as a synonym for %psearch, at the beginning or at
|
|
|
the end: both a*? and ?a* are equivalent to '%psearch a*'. Still, the
|
|
|
rest of the command line must be unchanged (options come first), so
|
|
|
for example the following forms are equivalent
|
|
|
|
|
|
%psearch -i a* function
|
|
|
-i a* function?
|
|
|
?-i a* function
|
|
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
|
|
|
|
PATTERN
|
|
|
|
|
|
where PATTERN is a string containing * as a wildcard similar to its
|
|
|
use in a shell. The pattern is matched in all namespaces on the
|
|
|
search path. By default objects starting with a single _ are not
|
|
|
matched, many IPython generated objects have a single
|
|
|
underscore. The default is case insensitive matching. Matching is
|
|
|
also done on the attributes of objects and not only on the objects
|
|
|
in a module.
|
|
|
|
|
|
[OBJECT TYPE]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Is the name of a python type from the types module. The name is
|
|
|
given in lowercase without the ending type, ex. StringType is
|
|
|
written string. By adding a type here only objects matching the
|
|
|
given type are matched. Using all here makes the pattern match all
|
|
|
types (this is the default).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
-a: makes the pattern match even objects whose names start with a
|
|
|
single underscore. These names are normally omitted from the
|
|
|
search.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-i/-c: make the pattern case insensitive/sensitive. If neither of
|
|
|
these options are given, the default is read from your configuration
|
|
|
file, with the option ``InteractiveShell.wildcards_case_sensitive``.
|
|
|
If this option is not specified in your configuration file, IPython's
|
|
|
internal default is to do a case sensitive search.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-e/-s NAMESPACE: exclude/search a given namespace. The pattern you
|
|
|
specify can be searched in any of the following namespaces:
|
|
|
'builtin', 'user', 'user_global','internal', 'alias', where
|
|
|
'builtin' and 'user' are the search defaults. Note that you should
|
|
|
not use quotes when specifying namespaces.
|
|
|
|
|
|
'Builtin' contains the python module builtin, 'user' contains all
|
|
|
user data, 'alias' only contain the shell aliases and no python
|
|
|
objects, 'internal' contains objects used by IPython. The
|
|
|
'user_global' namespace is only used by embedded IPython instances,
|
|
|
and it contains module-level globals. You can add namespaces to the
|
|
|
search with -s or exclude them with -e (these options can be given
|
|
|
more than once).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples:
|
|
|
|
|
|
%psearch a* -> objects beginning with an a
|
|
|
%psearch -e builtin a* -> objects NOT in the builtin space starting in a
|
|
|
%psearch a* function -> all functions beginning with an a
|
|
|
%psearch re.e* -> objects beginning with an e in module re
|
|
|
%psearch r*.e* -> objects that start with e in modules starting in r
|
|
|
%psearch r*.* string -> all strings in modules beginning with r
|
|
|
|
|
|
Case sensitive search:
|
|
|
|
|
|
%psearch -c a* list all object beginning with lower case a
|
|
|
|
|
|
Show objects beginning with a single _:
|
|
|
|
|
|
%psearch -a _* list objects beginning with a single underscore"""
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
parameter_s.encode('ascii')
|
|
|
except UnicodeEncodeError:
|
|
|
print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.'
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
# default namespaces to be searched
|
|
|
def_search = ['user_local', 'user_global', 'builtin']
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Process options/args
|
|
|
opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'cias:e:',list_all=True)
|
|
|
opt = opts.get
|
|
|
shell = self.shell
|
|
|
psearch = shell.inspector.psearch
|
|
|
|
|
|
# select case options
|
|
|
if opts.has_key('i'):
|
|
|
ignore_case = True
|
|
|
elif opts.has_key('c'):
|
|
|
ignore_case = False
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
ignore_case = not shell.wildcards_case_sensitive
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Build list of namespaces to search from user options
|
|
|
def_search.extend(opt('s',[]))
|
|
|
ns_exclude = ns_exclude=opt('e',[])
|
|
|
ns_search = [nm for nm in def_search if nm not in ns_exclude]
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Call the actual search
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
psearch(args,shell.ns_table,ns_search,
|
|
|
show_all=opt('a'),ignore_case=ignore_case)
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
shell.showtraceback()
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_who_ls(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If arguments are given, only variables of types matching these
|
|
|
arguments are returned.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
|
|
Define two variables and list them with who_ls::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: alpha = 123
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: beta = 'test'
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [3]: %who_ls
|
|
|
Out[3]: ['alpha', 'beta']
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [4]: %who_ls int
|
|
|
Out[4]: ['alpha']
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [5]: %who_ls str
|
|
|
Out[5]: ['beta']
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
|
|
|
user_ns_hidden = self.shell.user_ns_hidden
|
|
|
out = [ i for i in user_ns
|
|
|
if not i.startswith('_') \
|
|
|
and not i in user_ns_hidden ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
typelist = parameter_s.split()
|
|
|
if typelist:
|
|
|
typeset = set(typelist)
|
|
|
out = [i for i in out if type(user_ns[i]).__name__ in typeset]
|
|
|
|
|
|
out.sort()
|
|
|
return out
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_who(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If any arguments are given, only variables whose type matches one of
|
|
|
these are printed. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
%who function str
|
|
|
|
|
|
will only list functions and strings, excluding all other types of
|
|
|
variables. To find the proper type names, simply use type(var) at a
|
|
|
command line to see how python prints type names. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: type('hello')\\
|
|
|
Out[1]: <type 'str'>
|
|
|
|
|
|
indicates that the type name for strings is 'str'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%who always excludes executed names loaded through your configuration
|
|
|
file and things which are internal to IPython.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is deliberate, as typically you may load many modules and the
|
|
|
purpose of %who is to show you only what you've manually defined.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
|
|
Define two variables and list them with who::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: alpha = 123
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: beta = 'test'
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [3]: %who
|
|
|
alpha beta
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [4]: %who int
|
|
|
alpha
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [5]: %who str
|
|
|
beta
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
varlist = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
|
|
|
if not varlist:
|
|
|
if parameter_s:
|
|
|
print 'No variables match your requested type.'
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
# if we have variables, move on...
|
|
|
count = 0
|
|
|
for i in varlist:
|
|
|
print i+'\t',
|
|
|
count += 1
|
|
|
if count > 8:
|
|
|
count = 0
|
|
|
print
|
|
|
print
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_whos(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The same type filtering of %who can be applied here.
|
|
|
|
|
|
For all variables, the type is printed. Additionally it prints:
|
|
|
|
|
|
- For {},[],(): their length.
|
|
|
|
|
|
- For numpy arrays, a summary with shape, number of
|
|
|
elements, typecode and size in memory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Everything else: a string representation, snipping their middle if
|
|
|
too long.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
|
|
Define two variables and list them with whos::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: alpha = 123
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: beta = 'test'
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [3]: %whos
|
|
|
Variable Type Data/Info
|
|
|
--------------------------------
|
|
|
alpha int 123
|
|
|
beta str test
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
varnames = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
|
|
|
if not varnames:
|
|
|
if parameter_s:
|
|
|
print 'No variables match your requested type.'
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
# if we have variables, move on...
|
|
|
|
|
|
# for these types, show len() instead of data:
|
|
|
seq_types = ['dict', 'list', 'tuple']
|
|
|
|
|
|
# for numpy arrays, display summary info
|
|
|
ndarray_type = None
|
|
|
if 'numpy' in sys.modules:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
from numpy import ndarray
|
|
|
except ImportError:
|
|
|
pass
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
ndarray_type = ndarray.__name__
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Find all variable names and types so we can figure out column sizes
|
|
|
def get_vars(i):
|
|
|
return self.shell.user_ns[i]
|
|
|
|
|
|
# some types are well known and can be shorter
|
|
|
abbrevs = {'IPython.core.macro.Macro' : 'Macro'}
|
|
|
def type_name(v):
|
|
|
tn = type(v).__name__
|
|
|
return abbrevs.get(tn,tn)
|
|
|
|
|
|
varlist = map(get_vars,varnames)
|
|
|
|
|
|
typelist = []
|
|
|
for vv in varlist:
|
|
|
tt = type_name(vv)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if tt=='instance':
|
|
|
typelist.append( abbrevs.get(str(vv.__class__),
|
|
|
str(vv.__class__)))
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
typelist.append(tt)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# column labels and # of spaces as separator
|
|
|
varlabel = 'Variable'
|
|
|
typelabel = 'Type'
|
|
|
datalabel = 'Data/Info'
|
|
|
colsep = 3
|
|
|
# variable format strings
|
|
|
vformat = "{0:<{varwidth}}{1:<{typewidth}}"
|
|
|
aformat = "%s: %s elems, type `%s`, %s bytes"
|
|
|
# find the size of the columns to format the output nicely
|
|
|
varwidth = max(max(map(len,varnames)), len(varlabel)) + colsep
|
|
|
typewidth = max(max(map(len,typelist)), len(typelabel)) + colsep
|
|
|
# table header
|
|
|
print varlabel.ljust(varwidth) + typelabel.ljust(typewidth) + \
|
|
|
' '+datalabel+'\n' + '-'*(varwidth+typewidth+len(datalabel)+1)
|
|
|
# and the table itself
|
|
|
kb = 1024
|
|
|
Mb = 1048576 # kb**2
|
|
|
for vname,var,vtype in zip(varnames,varlist,typelist):
|
|
|
print vformat.format(vname, vtype, varwidth=varwidth, typewidth=typewidth),
|
|
|
if vtype in seq_types:
|
|
|
print "n="+str(len(var))
|
|
|
elif vtype == ndarray_type:
|
|
|
vshape = str(var.shape).replace(',','').replace(' ','x')[1:-1]
|
|
|
if vtype==ndarray_type:
|
|
|
# numpy
|
|
|
vsize = var.size
|
|
|
vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize
|
|
|
vdtype = var.dtype
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# Numeric
|
|
|
vsize = Numeric.size(var)
|
|
|
vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize()
|
|
|
vdtype = var.typecode()
|
|
|
|
|
|
if vbytes < 100000:
|
|
|
print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes),
|
|
|
if vbytes < Mb:
|
|
|
print '(%s kb)' % (vbytes/kb,)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
print '(%s Mb)' % (vbytes/Mb,)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
vstr = str(var)
|
|
|
except UnicodeEncodeError:
|
|
|
vstr = unicode(var).encode(sys.getdefaultencoding(),
|
|
|
'backslashreplace')
|
|
|
vstr = vstr.replace('\n','\\n')
|
|
|
if len(vstr) < 50:
|
|
|
print vstr
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
print vstr[:25] + "<...>" + vstr[-25:]
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_reset(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
|
----------
|
|
|
-f : force reset without asking for confirmation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-s : 'Soft' reset: Only clears your namespace, leaving history intact.
|
|
|
References to objects may be kept. By default (without this option),
|
|
|
we do a 'hard' reset, giving you a new session and removing all
|
|
|
references to objects from the current session.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
In [6]: a = 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [7]: a
|
|
|
Out[7]: 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [8]: 'a' in _ip.user_ns
|
|
|
Out[8]: True
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [9]: %reset -f
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: 'a' in _ip.user_ns
|
|
|
Out[1]: False
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes
|
|
|
-----
|
|
|
Calling this magic from clients that do not implement standard input,
|
|
|
such as the ipython notebook interface, will reset the namespace
|
|
|
without confirmation.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
opts, args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'sf')
|
|
|
if 'f' in opts:
|
|
|
ans = True
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(
|
|
|
"Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])? ", default='n')
|
|
|
except StdinNotImplementedError:
|
|
|
ans = True
|
|
|
if not ans:
|
|
|
print 'Nothing done.'
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
if 's' in opts: # Soft reset
|
|
|
user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
|
|
|
for i in self.magic_who_ls():
|
|
|
del(user_ns[i])
|
|
|
|
|
|
else: # Hard reset
|
|
|
self.shell.reset(new_session = False)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_reset_selective(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Resets the namespace by removing names defined by the user.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Input/Output history are left around in case you need them.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%reset_selective [-f] regex
|
|
|
|
|
|
No action is taken if regex is not included
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options
|
|
|
-f : force reset without asking for confirmation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
|
|
We first fully reset the namespace so your output looks identical to
|
|
|
this example for pedagogical reasons; in practice you do not need a
|
|
|
full reset.
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: %reset -f
|
|
|
|
|
|
Now, with a clean namespace we can make a few variables and use
|
|
|
%reset_selective to only delete names that match our regexp:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: a=1; b=2; c=3; b1m=4; b2m=5; b3m=6; b4m=7; b2s=8
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [3]: who_ls
|
|
|
Out[3]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2m', 'b2s', 'b3m', 'b4m', 'c']
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [4]: %reset_selective -f b[2-3]m
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [5]: who_ls
|
|
|
Out[5]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2s', 'b4m', 'c']
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [6]: %reset_selective -f d
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [7]: who_ls
|
|
|
Out[7]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2s', 'b4m', 'c']
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [8]: %reset_selective -f c
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [9]: who_ls
|
|
|
Out[9]: ['a', 'b', 'b1m', 'b2s', 'b4m']
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [10]: %reset_selective -f b
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [11]: who_ls
|
|
|
Out[11]: ['a']
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes
|
|
|
-----
|
|
|
Calling this magic from clients that do not implement standard input,
|
|
|
such as the ipython notebook interface, will reset the namespace
|
|
|
without confirmation.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
opts, regex = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'f')
|
|
|
|
|
|
if opts.has_key('f'):
|
|
|
ans = True
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(
|
|
|
"Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])? ",
|
|
|
default='n')
|
|
|
except StdinNotImplementedError:
|
|
|
ans = True
|
|
|
if not ans:
|
|
|
print 'Nothing done.'
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
|
|
|
if not regex:
|
|
|
print 'No regex pattern specified. Nothing done.'
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
m = re.compile(regex)
|
|
|
except TypeError:
|
|
|
raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern')
|
|
|
for i in self.magic_who_ls():
|
|
|
if m.search(i):
|
|
|
del(user_ns[i])
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_xdel(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Delete a variable, trying to clear it from anywhere that
|
|
|
IPython's machinery has references to it. By default, this uses
|
|
|
the identity of the named object in the user namespace to remove
|
|
|
references held under other names. The object is also removed
|
|
|
from the output history.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options
|
|
|
-n : Delete the specified name from all namespaces, without
|
|
|
checking their identity.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
opts, varname = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'n')
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
self.shell.del_var(varname, ('n' in opts))
|
|
|
except (NameError, ValueError) as e:
|
|
|
print type(e).__name__ +": "+ str(e)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_logstart(self,parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Start logging anywhere in a session.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%logstart [-o|-r|-t] [log_name [log_mode]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
If no name is given, it defaults to a file named 'ipython_log.py' in your
|
|
|
current directory, in 'rotate' mode (see below).
|
|
|
|
|
|
'%logstart name' saves to file 'name' in 'backup' mode. It saves your
|
|
|
history up to that point and then continues logging.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be one
|
|
|
of (note that the modes are given unquoted):\\
|
|
|
append: well, that says it.\\
|
|
|
backup: rename (if exists) to name~ and start name.\\
|
|
|
global: single logfile in your home dir, appended to.\\
|
|
|
over : overwrite existing log.\\
|
|
|
rotate: create rotating logs name.1~, name.2~, etc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
-o: log also IPython's output. In this mode, all commands which
|
|
|
generate an Out[NN] prompt are recorded to the logfile, right after
|
|
|
their corresponding input line. The output lines are always
|
|
|
prepended with a '#[Out]# ' marker, so that the log remains valid
|
|
|
Python code.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Since this marker is always the same, filtering only the output from
|
|
|
a log is very easy, using for example a simple awk call:
|
|
|
|
|
|
awk -F'#\\[Out\\]# ' '{if($2) {print $2}}' ipython_log.py
|
|
|
|
|
|
-r: log 'raw' input. Normally, IPython's logs contain the processed
|
|
|
input, so that user lines are logged in their final form, converted
|
|
|
into valid Python. For example, %Exit is logged as
|
|
|
'_ip.magic("Exit"). If the -r flag is given, all input is logged
|
|
|
exactly as typed, with no transformations applied.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-t: put timestamps before each input line logged (these are put in
|
|
|
comments)."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
opts,par = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'ort')
|
|
|
log_output = 'o' in opts
|
|
|
log_raw_input = 'r' in opts
|
|
|
timestamp = 't' in opts
|
|
|
|
|
|
logger = self.shell.logger
|
|
|
|
|
|
# if no args are given, the defaults set in the logger constructor by
|
|
|
# ipython remain valid
|
|
|
if par:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
logfname,logmode = par.split()
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
logfname = par
|
|
|
logmode = 'backup'
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
logfname = logger.logfname
|
|
|
logmode = logger.logmode
|
|
|
# put logfname into rc struct as if it had been called on the command
|
|
|
# line, so it ends up saved in the log header Save it in case we need
|
|
|
# to restore it...
|
|
|
old_logfile = self.shell.logfile
|
|
|
if logfname:
|
|
|
logfname = os.path.expanduser(logfname)
|
|
|
self.shell.logfile = logfname
|
|
|
|
|
|
loghead = '# IPython log file\n\n'
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
started = logger.logstart(logfname,loghead,logmode,
|
|
|
log_output,timestamp,log_raw_input)
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
self.shell.logfile = old_logfile
|
|
|
warn("Couldn't start log: %s" % sys.exc_info()[1])
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# log input history up to this point, optionally interleaving
|
|
|
# output if requested
|
|
|
|
|
|
if timestamp:
|
|
|
# disable timestamping for the previous history, since we've
|
|
|
# lost those already (no time machine here).
|
|
|
logger.timestamp = False
|
|
|
|
|
|
if log_raw_input:
|
|
|
input_hist = self.shell.history_manager.input_hist_raw
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
input_hist = self.shell.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
|
|
|
|
|
|
if log_output:
|
|
|
log_write = logger.log_write
|
|
|
output_hist = self.shell.history_manager.output_hist
|
|
|
for n in range(1,len(input_hist)-1):
|
|
|
log_write(input_hist[n].rstrip() + '\n')
|
|
|
if n in output_hist:
|
|
|
log_write(repr(output_hist[n]),'output')
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
logger.log_write('\n'.join(input_hist[1:]))
|
|
|
logger.log_write('\n')
|
|
|
if timestamp:
|
|
|
# re-enable timestamping
|
|
|
logger.timestamp = True
|
|
|
|
|
|
print ('Activating auto-logging. '
|
|
|
'Current session state plus future input saved.')
|
|
|
logger.logstate()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_logstop(self,parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Fully stop logging and close log file.
|
|
|
|
|
|
In order to start logging again, a new %logstart call needs to be made,
|
|
|
possibly (though not necessarily) with a new filename, mode and other
|
|
|
options."""
|
|
|
self.logger.logstop()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_logoff(self,parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Temporarily stop logging.
|
|
|
|
|
|
You must have previously started logging."""
|
|
|
self.shell.logger.switch_log(0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_logon(self,parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Restart logging.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This function is for restarting logging which you've temporarily
|
|
|
stopped with %logoff. For starting logging for the first time, you
|
|
|
must use the %logstart function, which allows you to specify an
|
|
|
optional log filename."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
self.shell.logger.switch_log(1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_logstate(self,parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Print the status of the logging system."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
self.shell.logger.logstate()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_pdb(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
|
|
|
argument it works as a toggle.
|
|
|
|
|
|
When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
|
|
|
interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
|
|
|
this feature on and off.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The initial state of this feature is set in your configuration
|
|
|
file (the option is ``InteractiveShell.pdb``).
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired,
|
|
|
without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use
|
|
|
the %debug magic."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
par = parameter_s.strip().lower()
|
|
|
|
|
|
if par:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
new_pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par]
|
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
|
print ('Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0, '
|
|
|
'or nothing for a toggle.')
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# toggle
|
|
|
new_pdb = not self.shell.call_pdb
|
|
|
|
|
|
# set on the shell
|
|
|
self.shell.call_pdb = new_pdb
|
|
|
print 'Automatic pdb calling has been turned',on_off(new_pdb)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_debug(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Activate the interactive debugger in post-mortem mode.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
|
|
|
frames interactively. Note that this will always work only on the last
|
|
|
traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
|
|
|
exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
|
|
|
occurs, it clobbers the previous one.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
|
|
|
the %pdb magic for more details.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
self.shell.debugger(force=True)
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_prun(self, parameter_s ='',user_mode=1,
|
|
|
opts=None,arg_lst=None,prog_ns=None):
|
|
|
|
|
|
"""Run a statement through the python code profiler.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usage:
|
|
|
%prun [options] statement
|
|
|
|
|
|
The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
|
|
|
python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
|
|
|
Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
|
|
|
cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
|
|
|
namespaces which do not hold under IPython.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
-l <limit>: you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
|
|
|
profile gets printed. The limit value can be:
|
|
|
|
|
|
* A string: only information for function names containing this string
|
|
|
is printed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* An integer: only these many lines are printed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
* A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
|
|
|
(for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
|
|
|
example, '-l __init__ -l 5' will print only the topmost 5 lines of
|
|
|
information about class constructors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-r: return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
|
|
|
object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
|
|
|
later use it for further analysis or in other functions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-s <key>: sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
|
|
|
by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
|
|
|
default sorting key is 'time'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
|
|
|
referenced below:
|
|
|
|
|
|
When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
|
|
|
secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
|
|
|
before them.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
|
|
|
abbreviation is unambiguous. The following are the keys currently
|
|
|
defined:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Valid Arg Meaning
|
|
|
"calls" call count
|
|
|
"cumulative" cumulative time
|
|
|
"file" file name
|
|
|
"module" file name
|
|
|
"pcalls" primitive call count
|
|
|
"line" line number
|
|
|
"name" function name
|
|
|
"nfl" name/file/line
|
|
|
"stdname" standard name
|
|
|
"time" internal time
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
|
|
|
most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
|
|
|
searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
|
|
|
distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
|
|
|
sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
|
|
|
numbers get compared in an odd way. For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
|
|
|
would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
|
|
|
"20" "3" and "40". In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
|
|
|
line numbers. In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
|
|
|
sort_stats("name", "file", "line").
|
|
|
|
|
|
-T <filename>: save profile results as shown on screen to a text
|
|
|
file. The profile is still shown on screen.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-D <filename>: save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given
|
|
|
filename. This data is in a format understood by the pstats module, and
|
|
|
is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile
|
|
|
objects. The profile is still shown on screen.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-q: suppress output to the pager. Best used with -T and/or -D above.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use
|
|
|
'%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]' where prof_opts
|
|
|
contains profiler specific options as described here.
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: import profile; profile.help()
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
opts_def = Struct(D=[''],l=[],s=['time'],T=[''])
|
|
|
|
|
|
if user_mode: # regular user call
|
|
|
opts,arg_str = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'D:l:rs:T:q',
|
|
|
list_all=1, posix=False)
|
|
|
namespace = self.shell.user_ns
|
|
|
else: # called to run a program by %run -p
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
filename = get_py_filename(arg_lst[0])
|
|
|
except IOError as e:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
msg = str(e)
|
|
|
except UnicodeError:
|
|
|
msg = e.message
|
|
|
error(msg)
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
arg_str = 'execfile(filename,prog_ns)'
|
|
|
namespace = {
|
|
|
'execfile': self.shell.safe_execfile,
|
|
|
'prog_ns': prog_ns,
|
|
|
'filename': filename
|
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
|
|
opts.merge(opts_def)
|
|
|
|
|
|
prof = profile.Profile()
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
prof = prof.runctx(arg_str,namespace,namespace)
|
|
|
sys_exit = ''
|
|
|
except SystemExit:
|
|
|
sys_exit = """*** SystemExit exception caught in code being profiled."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
stats = pstats.Stats(prof).strip_dirs().sort_stats(*opts.s)
|
|
|
|
|
|
lims = opts.l
|
|
|
if lims:
|
|
|
lims = [] # rebuild lims with ints/floats/strings
|
|
|
for lim in opts.l:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
lims.append(int(lim))
|
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
lims.append(float(lim))
|
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
|
lims.append(lim)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Trap output.
|
|
|
stdout_trap = StringIO()
|
|
|
|
|
|
if hasattr(stats,'stream'):
|
|
|
# In newer versions of python, the stats object has a 'stream'
|
|
|
# attribute to write into.
|
|
|
stats.stream = stdout_trap
|
|
|
stats.print_stats(*lims)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# For older versions, we manually redirect stdout during printing
|
|
|
sys_stdout = sys.stdout
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
sys.stdout = stdout_trap
|
|
|
stats.print_stats(*lims)
|
|
|
finally:
|
|
|
sys.stdout = sys_stdout
|
|
|
|
|
|
output = stdout_trap.getvalue()
|
|
|
output = output.rstrip()
|
|
|
|
|
|
if 'q' not in opts:
|
|
|
page.page(output)
|
|
|
print sys_exit,
|
|
|
|
|
|
dump_file = opts.D[0]
|
|
|
text_file = opts.T[0]
|
|
|
if dump_file:
|
|
|
dump_file = unquote_filename(dump_file)
|
|
|
prof.dump_stats(dump_file)
|
|
|
print '\n*** Profile stats marshalled to file',\
|
|
|
`dump_file`+'.',sys_exit
|
|
|
if text_file:
|
|
|
text_file = unquote_filename(text_file)
|
|
|
pfile = file(text_file,'w')
|
|
|
pfile.write(output)
|
|
|
pfile.close()
|
|
|
print '\n*** Profile printout saved to text file',\
|
|
|
`text_file`+'.',sys_exit
|
|
|
|
|
|
if opts.has_key('r'):
|
|
|
return stats
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
return None
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_run(self, parameter_s ='', runner=None,
|
|
|
file_finder=get_py_filename):
|
|
|
"""Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usage:\\
|
|
|
%run [-n -i -t [-N<N>] -d [-b<N>] -p [profile options]] file [args]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to
|
|
|
the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's
|
|
|
prompt.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is similar to running at a system prompt:\\
|
|
|
$ python file args\\
|
|
|
but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of
|
|
|
loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use
|
|
|
(unless -p is used, see below).
|
|
|
|
|
|
The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of
|
|
|
__name__=='__main__' and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus
|
|
|
sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program
|
|
|
(except for sharing global objects such as previously imported
|
|
|
modules). But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets
|
|
|
updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__
|
|
|
and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for
|
|
|
interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
-n: __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name
|
|
|
without extension (as python does under import). This allows running
|
|
|
scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code
|
|
|
protected by an ' if __name__ == "__main__" ' clause.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-i: run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This
|
|
|
is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor
|
|
|
which depends on variables defined interactively.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-e: ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script
|
|
|
being run. This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to
|
|
|
run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call. In such
|
|
|
cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in
|
|
|
seeing a traceback of the unittest module.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-t: print timing information at the end of the run. IPython will give
|
|
|
you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under
|
|
|
Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of
|
|
|
time.clock(). Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks
|
|
|
is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).
|
|
|
|
|
|
If -t is given, an additional -N<N> option can be given, where <N>
|
|
|
must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to
|
|
|
run. The final timing report will include total and per run results.
|
|
|
|
|
|
For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py):
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: run -t uniq_stable
|
|
|
|
|
|
IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\
|
|
|
User : 0.19597 s.\\
|
|
|
System: 0.0 s.\\
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable
|
|
|
|
|
|
IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\
|
|
|
Total runs performed: 5\\
|
|
|
Times : Total Per run\\
|
|
|
User : 0.910862 s, 0.1821724 s.\\
|
|
|
System: 0.0 s, 0.0 s.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-d: run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger.
|
|
|
This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables,
|
|
|
etc. Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling:
|
|
|
|
|
|
pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")')
|
|
|
|
|
|
with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file. You can change the line
|
|
|
number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option
|
|
|
(where N must be an integer). For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
%run -d -b40 myscript
|
|
|
|
|
|
will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py. Note that
|
|
|
the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does
|
|
|
something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.
|
|
|
|
|
|
When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt. You must
|
|
|
first enter 'c' (without quotes) to start execution up to the first
|
|
|
breakpoint.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger. You
|
|
|
can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()"
|
|
|
at a prompt.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-p: run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which
|
|
|
prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the
|
|
|
profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.
|
|
|
|
|
|
In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the
|
|
|
IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace
|
|
|
where the profiler executes them).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for
|
|
|
details on the options available specifically for profiling.
|
|
|
|
|
|
There is one special usage for which the text above doesn't apply:
|
|
|
if the filename ends with .ipy, the file is run as ipython script,
|
|
|
just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-m: specify module name to load instead of script path. Similar to
|
|
|
the -m option for the python interpreter. Use this option last if you
|
|
|
want to combine with other %run options. Unlike the python interpreter
|
|
|
only source modules are allowed no .pyc or .pyo files.
|
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
%run -m example
|
|
|
|
|
|
will run the example module.
|
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
# get arguments and set sys.argv for program to be run.
|
|
|
opts, arg_lst = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'nidtN:b:pD:l:rs:T:em:',
|
|
|
mode='list', list_all=1)
|
|
|
if "m" in opts:
|
|
|
modulename = opts["m"][0]
|
|
|
modpath = find_mod(modulename)
|
|
|
if modpath is None:
|
|
|
warn('%r is not a valid modulename on sys.path'%modulename)
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
arg_lst = [modpath] + arg_lst
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
filename = file_finder(arg_lst[0])
|
|
|
except IndexError:
|
|
|
warn('you must provide at least a filename.')
|
|
|
print '\n%run:\n', oinspect.getdoc(self.magic_run)
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
except IOError as e:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
msg = str(e)
|
|
|
except UnicodeError:
|
|
|
msg = e.message
|
|
|
error(msg)
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
if filename.lower().endswith('.ipy'):
|
|
|
self.shell.safe_execfile_ipy(filename)
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Control the response to exit() calls made by the script being run
|
|
|
exit_ignore = 'e' in opts
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it
|
|
|
# were run from a system shell.
|
|
|
save_argv = sys.argv # save it for later restoring
|
|
|
|
|
|
# simulate shell expansion on arguments, at least tilde expansion
|
|
|
args = [ os.path.expanduser(a) for a in arg_lst[1:] ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
sys.argv = [filename] + args # put in the proper filename
|
|
|
# protect sys.argv from potential unicode strings on Python 2:
|
|
|
if not py3compat.PY3:
|
|
|
sys.argv = [ py3compat.cast_bytes(a) for a in sys.argv ]
|
|
|
|
|
|
if 'i' in opts:
|
|
|
# Run in user's interactive namespace
|
|
|
prog_ns = self.shell.user_ns
|
|
|
__name__save = self.shell.user_ns['__name__']
|
|
|
prog_ns['__name__'] = '__main__'
|
|
|
main_mod = self.shell.new_main_mod(prog_ns)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# Run in a fresh, empty namespace
|
|
|
if 'n' in opts:
|
|
|
name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0]
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
name = '__main__'
|
|
|
|
|
|
main_mod = self.shell.new_main_mod()
|
|
|
prog_ns = main_mod.__dict__
|
|
|
prog_ns['__name__'] = name
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Since '%run foo' emulates 'python foo.py' at the cmd line, we must
|
|
|
# set the __file__ global in the script's namespace
|
|
|
prog_ns['__file__'] = filename
|
|
|
|
|
|
# pickle fix. See interactiveshell for an explanation. But we need to make sure
|
|
|
# that, if we overwrite __main__, we replace it at the end
|
|
|
main_mod_name = prog_ns['__name__']
|
|
|
|
|
|
if main_mod_name == '__main__':
|
|
|
restore_main = sys.modules['__main__']
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
restore_main = False
|
|
|
|
|
|
# This needs to be undone at the end to prevent holding references to
|
|
|
# every single object ever created.
|
|
|
sys.modules[main_mod_name] = main_mod
|
|
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
stats = None
|
|
|
with self.readline_no_record:
|
|
|
if 'p' in opts:
|
|
|
stats = self.magic_prun('', 0, opts, arg_lst, prog_ns)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
if 'd' in opts:
|
|
|
deb = debugger.Pdb(self.shell.colors)
|
|
|
# reset Breakpoint state, which is moronically kept
|
|
|
# in a class
|
|
|
bdb.Breakpoint.next = 1
|
|
|
bdb.Breakpoint.bplist = {}
|
|
|
bdb.Breakpoint.bpbynumber = [None]
|
|
|
# Set an initial breakpoint to stop execution
|
|
|
maxtries = 10
|
|
|
bp = int(opts.get('b', [1])[0])
|
|
|
checkline = deb.checkline(filename, bp)
|
|
|
if not checkline:
|
|
|
for bp in range(bp + 1, bp + maxtries + 1):
|
|
|
if deb.checkline(filename, bp):
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
msg = ("\nI failed to find a valid line to set "
|
|
|
"a breakpoint\n"
|
|
|
"after trying up to line: %s.\n"
|
|
|
"Please set a valid breakpoint manually "
|
|
|
"with the -b option." % bp)
|
|
|
error(msg)
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
# if we find a good linenumber, set the breakpoint
|
|
|
deb.do_break('%s:%s' % (filename, bp))
|
|
|
# Start file run
|
|
|
print "NOTE: Enter 'c' at the",
|
|
|
print "%s prompt to start your script." % deb.prompt
|
|
|
ns = {'execfile': py3compat.execfile, 'prog_ns': prog_ns}
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
deb.run('execfile("%s", prog_ns)' % filename, ns)
|
|
|
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
|
|
|
# Skip three frames in the traceback: the %run one,
|
|
|
# one inside bdb.py, and the command-line typed by the
|
|
|
# user (run by exec in pdb itself).
|
|
|
self.shell.InteractiveTB(etype, value, tb, tb_offset=3)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
if runner is None:
|
|
|
runner = self.shell.safe_execfile
|
|
|
if 't' in opts:
|
|
|
# timed execution
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
nruns = int(opts['N'][0])
|
|
|
if nruns < 1:
|
|
|
error('Number of runs must be >=1')
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
except (KeyError):
|
|
|
nruns = 1
|
|
|
twall0 = time.time()
|
|
|
if nruns == 1:
|
|
|
t0 = clock2()
|
|
|
runner(filename, prog_ns, prog_ns,
|
|
|
exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
|
|
|
t1 = clock2()
|
|
|
t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
|
|
|
t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
|
|
|
print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):"
|
|
|
print " User : %10.2f s." % t_usr
|
|
|
print " System : %10.2f s." % t_sys
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
runs = range(nruns)
|
|
|
t0 = clock2()
|
|
|
for nr in runs:
|
|
|
runner(filename, prog_ns, prog_ns,
|
|
|
exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
|
|
|
t1 = clock2()
|
|
|
t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
|
|
|
t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
|
|
|
print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):"
|
|
|
print "Total runs performed:", nruns
|
|
|
print " Times : %10.2f %10.2f" % ('Total', 'Per run')
|
|
|
print " User : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_usr, t_usr / nruns)
|
|
|
print " System : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_sys, t_sys / nruns)
|
|
|
twall1 = time.time()
|
|
|
print "Wall time: %10.2f s." % (twall1 - twall0)
|
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# regular execution
|
|
|
runner(filename, prog_ns, prog_ns, exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if 'i' in opts:
|
|
|
self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] = __name__save
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# The shell MUST hold a reference to prog_ns so after %run
|
|
|
# exits, the python deletion mechanism doesn't zero it out
|
|
|
# (leaving dangling references).
|
|
|
self.shell.cache_main_mod(prog_ns, filename)
|
|
|
# update IPython interactive namespace
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Some forms of read errors on the file may mean the
|
|
|
# __name__ key was never set; using pop we don't have to
|
|
|
# worry about a possible KeyError.
|
|
|
prog_ns.pop('__name__', None)
|
|
|
|
|
|
self.shell.user_ns.update(prog_ns)
|
|
|
finally:
|
|
|
# It's a bit of a mystery why, but __builtins__ can change from
|
|
|
# being a module to becoming a dict missing some key data after
|
|
|
# %run. As best I can see, this is NOT something IPython is doing
|
|
|
# at all, and similar problems have been reported before:
|
|
|
# http://coding.derkeiler.com/Archive/Python/comp.lang.python/2004-10/0188.html
|
|
|
# Since this seems to be done by the interpreter itself, the best
|
|
|
# we can do is to at least restore __builtins__ for the user on
|
|
|
# exit.
|
|
|
self.shell.user_ns['__builtins__'] = builtin_mod
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Ensure key global structures are restored
|
|
|
sys.argv = save_argv
|
|
|
if restore_main:
|
|
|
sys.modules['__main__'] = restore_main
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# Remove from sys.modules the reference to main_mod we'd
|
|
|
# added. Otherwise it will trap references to objects
|
|
|
# contained therein.
|
|
|
del sys.modules[main_mod_name]
|
|
|
|
|
|
return stats
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_timeit(self, parameter_s =''):
|
|
|
"""Time execution of a Python statement or expression
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usage:\\
|
|
|
%timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c]] statement
|
|
|
|
|
|
Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit
|
|
|
module.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
-n<N>: execute the given statement <N> times in a loop. If this value
|
|
|
is not given, a fitting value is chosen.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-r<R>: repeat the loop iteration <R> times and take the best result.
|
|
|
Default: 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
-t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix.
|
|
|
This function measures wall time.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on
|
|
|
Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used
|
|
|
instead and returns the CPU user time.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-p<P>: use a precision of <P> digits to display the timing result.
|
|
|
Default: 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: %timeit pass
|
|
|
10000000 loops, best of 3: 53.3 ns per loop
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: u = None
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [3]: %timeit u is None
|
|
|
10000000 loops, best of 3: 184 ns per loop
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None
|
|
|
1000000 loops, best of 4: 242 ns per loop
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [5]: import time
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2)
|
|
|
1 loops, best of 3: 2 s per loop
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those
|
|
|
reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is
|
|
|
due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace
|
|
|
of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup
|
|
|
statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias
|
|
|
does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with
|
|
|
those from %timeit."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
import timeit
|
|
|
import math
|
|
|
|
|
|
# XXX: Unfortunately the unicode 'micro' symbol can cause problems in
|
|
|
# certain terminals. Until we figure out a robust way of
|
|
|
# auto-detecting if the terminal can deal with it, use plain 'us' for
|
|
|
# microseconds. I am really NOT happy about disabling the proper
|
|
|
# 'micro' prefix, but crashing is worse... If anyone knows what the
|
|
|
# right solution for this is, I'm all ears...
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
# Note: using
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
# s = u'\xb5'
|
|
|
# s.encode(sys.getdefaultencoding())
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
# is not sufficient, as I've seen terminals where that fails but
|
|
|
# print s
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
# succeeds
|
|
|
#
|
|
|
# See bug: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/348466
|
|
|
|
|
|
#units = [u"s", u"ms",u'\xb5',"ns"]
|
|
|
units = [u"s", u"ms",u'us',"ns"]
|
|
|
|
|
|
scaling = [1, 1e3, 1e6, 1e9]
|
|
|
|
|
|
opts, stmt = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'n:r:tcp:',
|
|
|
posix=False, strict=False)
|
|
|
if stmt == "":
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
timefunc = timeit.default_timer
|
|
|
number = int(getattr(opts, "n", 0))
|
|
|
repeat = int(getattr(opts, "r", timeit.default_repeat))
|
|
|
precision = int(getattr(opts, "p", 3))
|
|
|
if hasattr(opts, "t"):
|
|
|
timefunc = time.time
|
|
|
if hasattr(opts, "c"):
|
|
|
timefunc = clock
|
|
|
|
|
|
timer = timeit.Timer(timer=timefunc)
|
|
|
# this code has tight coupling to the inner workings of timeit.Timer,
|
|
|
# but is there a better way to achieve that the code stmt has access
|
|
|
# to the shell namespace?
|
|
|
|
|
|
src = timeit.template % {'stmt': timeit.reindent(stmt, 8),
|
|
|
'setup': "pass"}
|
|
|
# Track compilation time so it can be reported if too long
|
|
|
# Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
|
|
|
tc_min = 0.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
t0 = clock()
|
|
|
code = compile(src, "<magic-timeit>", "exec")
|
|
|
tc = clock()-t0
|
|
|
|
|
|
ns = {}
|
|
|
exec code in self.shell.user_ns, ns
|
|
|
timer.inner = ns["inner"]
|
|
|
|
|
|
if number == 0:
|
|
|
# determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
|
|
|
number = 1
|
|
|
for i in range(1, 10):
|
|
|
if timer.timeit(number) >= 0.2:
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
number *= 10
|
|
|
|
|
|
best = min(timer.repeat(repeat, number)) / number
|
|
|
|
|
|
if best > 0.0 and best < 1000.0:
|
|
|
order = min(-int(math.floor(math.log10(best)) // 3), 3)
|
|
|
elif best >= 1000.0:
|
|
|
order = 0
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
order = 3
|
|
|
print u"%d loops, best of %d: %.*g %s per loop" % (number, repeat,
|
|
|
precision,
|
|
|
best * scaling[order],
|
|
|
units[order])
|
|
|
if tc > tc_min:
|
|
|
print "Compiler time: %.2f s" % tc
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
@needs_local_scope
|
|
|
def magic_time(self,parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the
|
|
|
expression (if any) is returned. Note that under Win32, system time
|
|
|
is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This function provides very basic timing functionality. In Python
|
|
|
2.3, the timeit module offers more control and sophistication, so this
|
|
|
could be rewritten to use it (patches welcome).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Some examples:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: time 2**128
|
|
|
CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
|
|
|
Wall time: 0.00
|
|
|
Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: n = 1000000
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [3]: time sum(range(n))
|
|
|
CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s
|
|
|
Wall time: 1.37
|
|
|
Out[3]: 499999500000L
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [4]: time print 'hello world'
|
|
|
hello world
|
|
|
CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
|
|
|
Wall time: 0.00
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that the time needed by Python to compile the given expression
|
|
|
will be reported if it is more than 0.1s. In this example, the
|
|
|
actual exponentiation is done by Python at compilation time, so while
|
|
|
the expression can take a noticeable amount of time to compute, that
|
|
|
time is purely due to the compilation:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [5]: time 3**9999;
|
|
|
CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
|
|
|
Wall time: 0.00 s
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [6]: time 3**999999;
|
|
|
CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
|
|
|
Wall time: 0.00 s
|
|
|
Compiler : 0.78 s
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
# fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled
|
|
|
|
|
|
expr = self.shell.prefilter(parameter_s,False)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
|
|
|
tc_min = 0.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
mode = 'eval'
|
|
|
t0 = clock()
|
|
|
code = compile(expr,'<timed eval>',mode)
|
|
|
tc = clock()-t0
|
|
|
except SyntaxError:
|
|
|
mode = 'exec'
|
|
|
t0 = clock()
|
|
|
code = compile(expr,'<timed exec>',mode)
|
|
|
tc = clock()-t0
|
|
|
# skew measurement as little as possible
|
|
|
glob = self.shell.user_ns
|
|
|
locs = self._magic_locals
|
|
|
clk = clock2
|
|
|
wtime = time.time
|
|
|
# time execution
|
|
|
wall_st = wtime()
|
|
|
if mode=='eval':
|
|
|
st = clk()
|
|
|
out = eval(code, glob, locs)
|
|
|
end = clk()
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
st = clk()
|
|
|
exec code in glob, locs
|
|
|
end = clk()
|
|
|
out = None
|
|
|
wall_end = wtime()
|
|
|
# Compute actual times and report
|
|
|
wall_time = wall_end-wall_st
|
|
|
cpu_user = end[0]-st[0]
|
|
|
cpu_sys = end[1]-st[1]
|
|
|
cpu_tot = cpu_user+cpu_sys
|
|
|
print "CPU times: user %.2f s, sys: %.2f s, total: %.2f s" % \
|
|
|
(cpu_user,cpu_sys,cpu_tot)
|
|
|
print "Wall time: %.2f s" % wall_time
|
|
|
if tc > tc_min:
|
|
|
print "Compiler : %.2f s" % tc
|
|
|
return out
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_macro(self,parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Define a macro for future re-execution. It accepts ranges of history,
|
|
|
filenames or string objects.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usage:\\
|
|
|
%macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
-r: use 'raw' input. By default, the 'processed' history is used,
|
|
|
so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
|
|
|
Python. If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
|
|
|
command line is used instead.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string
|
|
|
made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers
|
|
|
above) from your input history into a single string. This variable
|
|
|
acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if
|
|
|
you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code
|
|
|
executes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The syntax for indicating input ranges is described in %history.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: as a 'hidden' feature, you can also use traditional python slice
|
|
|
notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1.
|
|
|
|
|
|
For example, if your history contains (%hist prints it):
|
|
|
|
|
|
44: x=1
|
|
|
45: y=3
|
|
|
46: z=x+y
|
|
|
47: print x
|
|
|
48: a=5
|
|
|
49: print 'x',x,'y',y
|
|
|
|
|
|
you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49
|
|
|
called my_macro with:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [55]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49
|
|
|
|
|
|
Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code
|
|
|
in one pass.
|
|
|
|
|
|
You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line
|
|
|
number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any
|
|
|
lines from your input history in any order.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute,
|
|
|
but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as
|
|
|
code instead of printing them when you type their name.
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with:
|
|
|
|
|
|
'print macro_name'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r',mode='list')
|
|
|
if not args: # List existing macros
|
|
|
return sorted(k for k,v in self.shell.user_ns.iteritems() if\
|
|
|
isinstance(v, Macro))
|
|
|
if len(args) == 1:
|
|
|
raise UsageError(
|
|
|
"%macro insufficient args; usage '%macro name n1-n2 n3-4...")
|
|
|
name, codefrom = args[0], " ".join(args[1:])
|
|
|
|
|
|
#print 'rng',ranges # dbg
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
lines = self.shell.find_user_code(codefrom, 'r' in opts)
|
|
|
except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
|
|
|
print e.args[0]
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
macro = Macro(lines)
|
|
|
self.shell.define_macro(name, macro)
|
|
|
print 'Macro `%s` created. To execute, type its name (without quotes).' % name
|
|
|
print '=== Macro contents: ==='
|
|
|
print macro,
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_save(self,parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Save a set of lines or a macro to a given filename.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usage:\\
|
|
|
%save [options] filename n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
-r: use 'raw' input. By default, the 'processed' history is used,
|
|
|
so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
|
|
|
Python. If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the
|
|
|
command line is used instead.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This function uses the same syntax as %history for input ranges,
|
|
|
then saves the lines to the filename you specify.
|
|
|
|
|
|
It adds a '.py' extension to the file if you don't do so yourself, and
|
|
|
it asks for confirmation before overwriting existing files."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r',mode='list')
|
|
|
fname, codefrom = unquote_filename(args[0]), " ".join(args[1:])
|
|
|
if not fname.endswith('.py'):
|
|
|
fname += '.py'
|
|
|
if os.path.isfile(fname):
|
|
|
ans = raw_input('File `%s` exists. Overwrite (y/[N])? ' % fname)
|
|
|
if ans.lower() not in ['y','yes']:
|
|
|
print 'Operation cancelled.'
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
cmds = self.shell.find_user_code(codefrom, 'r' in opts)
|
|
|
except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
|
|
|
print e.args[0]
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
with py3compat.open(fname,'w', encoding="utf-8") as f:
|
|
|
f.write(u"# coding: utf-8\n")
|
|
|
f.write(py3compat.cast_unicode(cmds))
|
|
|
print 'The following commands were written to file `%s`:' % fname
|
|
|
print cmds
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_pastebin(self, parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Upload code to the 'Lodge it' paste bin, returning the URL."""
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
code = self.shell.find_user_code(parameter_s)
|
|
|
except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
|
|
|
print e.args[0]
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
pbserver = ServerProxy('http://paste.pocoo.org/xmlrpc/')
|
|
|
id = pbserver.pastes.newPaste("python", code)
|
|
|
return "http://paste.pocoo.org/show/" + id
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_loadpy(self, arg_s):
|
|
|
"""Load a .py python script into the GUI console.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This magic command can either take a local filename or a url::
|
|
|
|
|
|
%loadpy myscript.py
|
|
|
%loadpy http://www.example.com/myscript.py
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
arg_s = unquote_filename(arg_s)
|
|
|
remote_url = arg_s.startswith(('http://', 'https://'))
|
|
|
local_url = not remote_url
|
|
|
if local_url and not arg_s.endswith('.py'):
|
|
|
# Local files must be .py; for remote URLs it's possible that the
|
|
|
# fetch URL doesn't have a .py in it (many servers have an opaque
|
|
|
# URL, such as scipy-central.org).
|
|
|
raise ValueError('%%load only works with .py files: %s' % arg_s)
|
|
|
if remote_url:
|
|
|
import urllib2
|
|
|
fileobj = urllib2.urlopen(arg_s)
|
|
|
# While responses have a .info().getencoding() way of asking for
|
|
|
# their encoding, in *many* cases the return value is bogus. In
|
|
|
# the wild, servers serving utf-8 but declaring latin-1 are
|
|
|
# extremely common, as the old HTTP standards specify latin-1 as
|
|
|
# the default but many modern filesystems use utf-8. So we can NOT
|
|
|
# rely on the headers. Short of building complex encoding-guessing
|
|
|
# logic, going with utf-8 is a simple solution likely to be right
|
|
|
# in most real-world cases.
|
|
|
linesource = fileobj.read().decode('utf-8', 'replace').splitlines()
|
|
|
fileobj.close()
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
with open(arg_s) as fileobj:
|
|
|
linesource = fileobj.read().splitlines()
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Strip out encoding declarations
|
|
|
lines = [l for l in linesource if not _encoding_declaration_re.match(l)]
|
|
|
|
|
|
self.set_next_input(os.linesep.join(lines))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _find_edit_target(self, args, opts, last_call):
|
|
|
"""Utility method used by magic_edit to find what to edit."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
def make_filename(arg):
|
|
|
"Make a filename from the given args"
|
|
|
arg = unquote_filename(arg)
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
filename = get_py_filename(arg)
|
|
|
except IOError:
|
|
|
# If it ends with .py but doesn't already exist, assume we want
|
|
|
# a new file.
|
|
|
if arg.endswith('.py'):
|
|
|
filename = arg
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
filename = None
|
|
|
return filename
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Set a few locals from the options for convenience:
|
|
|
opts_prev = 'p' in opts
|
|
|
opts_raw = 'r' in opts
|
|
|
|
|
|
# custom exceptions
|
|
|
class DataIsObject(Exception): pass
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Default line number value
|
|
|
lineno = opts.get('n',None)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if opts_prev:
|
|
|
args = '_%s' % last_call[0]
|
|
|
if not self.shell.user_ns.has_key(args):
|
|
|
args = last_call[1]
|
|
|
|
|
|
# use last_call to remember the state of the previous call, but don't
|
|
|
# let it be clobbered by successive '-p' calls.
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
last_call[0] = self.shell.displayhook.prompt_count
|
|
|
if not opts_prev:
|
|
|
last_call[1] = parameter_s
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
pass
|
|
|
|
|
|
# by default this is done with temp files, except when the given
|
|
|
# arg is a filename
|
|
|
use_temp = True
|
|
|
|
|
|
data = ''
|
|
|
|
|
|
# First, see if the arguments should be a filename.
|
|
|
filename = make_filename(args)
|
|
|
if filename:
|
|
|
use_temp = False
|
|
|
elif args:
|
|
|
# Mode where user specifies ranges of lines, like in %macro.
|
|
|
data = self.extract_input_lines(args, opts_raw)
|
|
|
if not data:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
# Load the parameter given as a variable. If not a string,
|
|
|
# process it as an object instead (below)
|
|
|
|
|
|
#print '*** args',args,'type',type(args) # dbg
|
|
|
data = eval(args, self.shell.user_ns)
|
|
|
if not isinstance(data, basestring):
|
|
|
raise DataIsObject
|
|
|
|
|
|
except (NameError,SyntaxError):
|
|
|
# given argument is not a variable, try as a filename
|
|
|
filename = make_filename(args)
|
|
|
if filename is None:
|
|
|
warn("Argument given (%s) can't be found as a variable "
|
|
|
"or as a filename." % args)
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
use_temp = False
|
|
|
|
|
|
except DataIsObject:
|
|
|
# macros have a special edit function
|
|
|
if isinstance(data, Macro):
|
|
|
raise MacroToEdit(data)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# For objects, try to edit the file where they are defined
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
filename = inspect.getabsfile(data)
|
|
|
if 'fakemodule' in filename.lower() and inspect.isclass(data):
|
|
|
# class created by %edit? Try to find source
|
|
|
# by looking for method definitions instead, the
|
|
|
# __module__ in those classes is FakeModule.
|
|
|
attrs = [getattr(data, aname) for aname in dir(data)]
|
|
|
for attr in attrs:
|
|
|
if not inspect.ismethod(attr):
|
|
|
continue
|
|
|
filename = inspect.getabsfile(attr)
|
|
|
if filename and 'fakemodule' not in filename.lower():
|
|
|
# change the attribute to be the edit target instead
|
|
|
data = attr
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
|
|
|
datafile = 1
|
|
|
except TypeError:
|
|
|
filename = make_filename(args)
|
|
|
datafile = 1
|
|
|
warn('Could not find file where `%s` is defined.\n'
|
|
|
'Opening a file named `%s`' % (args,filename))
|
|
|
# Now, make sure we can actually read the source (if it was in
|
|
|
# a temp file it's gone by now).
|
|
|
if datafile:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
if lineno is None:
|
|
|
lineno = inspect.getsourcelines(data)[1]
|
|
|
except IOError:
|
|
|
filename = make_filename(args)
|
|
|
if filename is None:
|
|
|
warn('The file `%s` where `%s` was defined cannot '
|
|
|
'be read.' % (filename,data))
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
use_temp = False
|
|
|
|
|
|
if use_temp:
|
|
|
filename = self.shell.mktempfile(data)
|
|
|
print 'IPython will make a temporary file named:',filename
|
|
|
|
|
|
return filename, lineno, use_temp
|
|
|
|
|
|
def _edit_macro(self,mname,macro):
|
|
|
"""open an editor with the macro data in a file"""
|
|
|
filename = self.shell.mktempfile(macro.value)
|
|
|
self.shell.hooks.editor(filename)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# and make a new macro object, to replace the old one
|
|
|
mfile = open(filename)
|
|
|
mvalue = mfile.read()
|
|
|
mfile.close()
|
|
|
self.shell.user_ns[mname] = Macro(mvalue)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_ed(self,parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Alias to %edit."""
|
|
|
return self.magic_edit(parameter_s)
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_edit(self,parameter_s='',last_call=['','']):
|
|
|
"""Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usage:
|
|
|
%edit [options] [args]
|
|
|
|
|
|
%edit runs IPython's editor hook. The default version of this hook is
|
|
|
set to call the editor specified by your $EDITOR environment variable.
|
|
|
If this isn't found, it will default to vi under Linux/Unix and to
|
|
|
notepad under Windows. See the end of this docstring for how to change
|
|
|
the editor hook.
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can also set the value of this editor via the
|
|
|
``TerminalInteractiveShell.editor`` option in your configuration file.
|
|
|
This is useful if you wish to use a different editor from your typical
|
|
|
default with IPython (and for Windows users who typically don't set
|
|
|
environment variables).
|
|
|
|
|
|
This command allows you to conveniently edit multi-line code right in
|
|
|
your IPython session.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If called without arguments, %edit opens up an empty editor with a
|
|
|
temporary file and will execute the contents of this file when you
|
|
|
close it (don't forget to save it!).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
-n <number>: open the editor at a specified line number. By default,
|
|
|
the IPython editor hook uses the unix syntax 'editor +N filename', but
|
|
|
you can configure this by providing your own modified hook if your
|
|
|
favorite editor supports line-number specifications with a different
|
|
|
syntax.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-p: this will call the editor with the same data as the previous time
|
|
|
it was used, regardless of how long ago (in your current session) it
|
|
|
was.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-r: use 'raw' input. This option only applies to input taken from the
|
|
|
user's history. By default, the 'processed' history is used, so that
|
|
|
magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python. If
|
|
|
this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is
|
|
|
used instead. When you exit the editor, it will be executed by
|
|
|
IPython's own processor.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-x: do not execute the edited code immediately upon exit. This is
|
|
|
mainly useful if you are editing programs which need to be called with
|
|
|
command line arguments, which you can then do using %run.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Arguments:
|
|
|
|
|
|
If arguments are given, the following possibilities exist:
|
|
|
|
|
|
- If the argument is a filename, IPython will load that into the
|
|
|
editor. It will execute its contents with execfile() when you exit,
|
|
|
loading any code in the file into your interactive namespace.
|
|
|
|
|
|
- The arguments are ranges of input history, e.g. "7 ~1/4-6".
|
|
|
The syntax is the same as in the %history magic.
|
|
|
|
|
|
- If the argument is a string variable, its contents are loaded
|
|
|
into the editor. You can thus edit any string which contains
|
|
|
python code (including the result of previous edits).
|
|
|
|
|
|
- If the argument is the name of an object (other than a string),
|
|
|
IPython will try to locate the file where it was defined and open the
|
|
|
editor at the point where it is defined. You can use `%edit function`
|
|
|
to load an editor exactly at the point where 'function' is defined,
|
|
|
edit it and have the file be executed automatically.
|
|
|
|
|
|
- If the object is a macro (see %macro for details), this opens up your
|
|
|
specified editor with a temporary file containing the macro's data.
|
|
|
Upon exit, the macro is reloaded with the contents of the file.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: opening at an exact line is only supported under Unix, and some
|
|
|
editors (like kedit and gedit up to Gnome 2.8) do not understand the
|
|
|
'+NUMBER' parameter necessary for this feature. Good editors like
|
|
|
(X)Emacs, vi, jed, pico and joe all do.
|
|
|
|
|
|
After executing your code, %edit will return as output the code you
|
|
|
typed in the editor (except when it was an existing file). This way
|
|
|
you can reload the code in further invocations of %edit as a variable,
|
|
|
via _<NUMBER> or Out[<NUMBER>], where <NUMBER> is the prompt number of
|
|
|
the output.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that %edit is also available through the alias %ed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is an example of creating a simple function inside the editor and
|
|
|
then modifying it. First, start up the editor:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: ed
|
|
|
Editing... done. Executing edited code...
|
|
|
Out[1]: 'def foo():n print "foo() was defined in an editing session"n'
|
|
|
|
|
|
We can then call the function foo():
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: foo()
|
|
|
foo() was defined in an editing session
|
|
|
|
|
|
Now we edit foo. IPython automatically loads the editor with the
|
|
|
(temporary) file where foo() was previously defined:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [3]: ed foo
|
|
|
Editing... done. Executing edited code...
|
|
|
|
|
|
And if we call foo() again we get the modified version:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [4]: foo()
|
|
|
foo() has now been changed!
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here is an example of how to edit a code snippet successive
|
|
|
times. First we call the editor:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [5]: ed
|
|
|
Editing... done. Executing edited code...
|
|
|
hello
|
|
|
Out[5]: "print 'hello'n"
|
|
|
|
|
|
Now we call it again with the previous output (stored in _):
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [6]: ed _
|
|
|
Editing... done. Executing edited code...
|
|
|
hello world
|
|
|
Out[6]: "print 'hello world'n"
|
|
|
|
|
|
Now we call it with the output #8 (stored in _8, also as Out[8]):
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [7]: ed _8
|
|
|
Editing... done. Executing edited code...
|
|
|
hello again
|
|
|
Out[7]: "print 'hello again'n"
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Changing the default editor hook:
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you wish to write your own editor hook, you can put it in a
|
|
|
configuration file which you load at startup time. The default hook
|
|
|
is defined in the IPython.core.hooks module, and you can use that as a
|
|
|
starting example for further modifications. That file also has
|
|
|
general instructions on how to set a new hook for use once you've
|
|
|
defined it."""
|
|
|
opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'prxn:')
|
|
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
filename, lineno, is_temp = self._find_edit_target(args, opts, last_call)
|
|
|
except MacroToEdit as e:
|
|
|
self._edit_macro(args, e.args[0])
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
# do actual editing here
|
|
|
print 'Editing...',
|
|
|
sys.stdout.flush()
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
# Quote filenames that may have spaces in them
|
|
|
if ' ' in filename:
|
|
|
filename = "'%s'" % filename
|
|
|
self.shell.hooks.editor(filename,lineno)
|
|
|
except TryNext:
|
|
|
warn('Could not open editor')
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
# XXX TODO: should this be generalized for all string vars?
|
|
|
# For now, this is special-cased to blocks created by cpaste
|
|
|
if args.strip() == 'pasted_block':
|
|
|
self.shell.user_ns['pasted_block'] = file_read(filename)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if 'x' in opts: # -x prevents actual execution
|
|
|
print
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
print 'done. Executing edited code...'
|
|
|
if 'r' in opts: # Untranslated IPython code
|
|
|
self.shell.run_cell(file_read(filename),
|
|
|
store_history=False)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
self.shell.safe_execfile(filename,self.shell.user_ns,
|
|
|
self.shell.user_ns)
|
|
|
|
|
|
if is_temp:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
return open(filename).read()
|
|
|
except IOError,msg:
|
|
|
if msg.filename == filename:
|
|
|
warn('File not found. Did you forget to save?')
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
self.shell.showtraceback()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_xmode(self,parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Switch modes for the exception handlers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Valid modes: Plain, Context and Verbose.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If called without arguments, acts as a toggle."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
def xmode_switch_err(name):
|
|
|
warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' %
|
|
|
(name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
|
|
|
|
|
|
shell = self.shell
|
|
|
new_mode = parameter_s.strip().capitalize()
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
shell.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
|
|
|
print 'Exception reporting mode:',shell.InteractiveTB.mode
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
xmode_switch_err('user')
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_colors(self,parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Color scheme names are not case-sensitive.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
To get a plain black and white terminal::
|
|
|
|
|
|
%colors nocolor
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
def color_switch_err(name):
|
|
|
warn('Error changing %s color schemes.\n%s' %
|
|
|
(name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
new_scheme = parameter_s.strip()
|
|
|
if not new_scheme:
|
|
|
raise UsageError(
|
|
|
"%colors: you must specify a color scheme. See '%colors?'")
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
# local shortcut
|
|
|
shell = self.shell
|
|
|
|
|
|
import IPython.utils.rlineimpl as readline
|
|
|
|
|
|
if not shell.colors_force and \
|
|
|
not readline.have_readline and sys.platform == "win32":
|
|
|
msg = """\
|
|
|
Proper color support under MS Windows requires the pyreadline library.
|
|
|
You can find it at:
|
|
|
http://ipython.org/pyreadline.html
|
|
|
Gary's readline needs the ctypes module, from:
|
|
|
http://starship.python.net/crew/theller/ctypes
|
|
|
(Note that ctypes is already part of Python versions 2.5 and newer).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Defaulting color scheme to 'NoColor'"""
|
|
|
new_scheme = 'NoColor'
|
|
|
warn(msg)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# readline option is 0
|
|
|
if not shell.colors_force and not shell.has_readline:
|
|
|
new_scheme = 'NoColor'
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Set prompt colors
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
shell.prompt_manager.color_scheme = new_scheme
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
color_switch_err('prompt')
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
shell.colors = \
|
|
|
shell.prompt_manager.color_scheme_table.active_scheme_name
|
|
|
# Set exception colors
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
shell.InteractiveTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
|
|
|
shell.SyntaxTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
color_switch_err('exception')
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Set info (for 'object?') colors
|
|
|
if shell.color_info:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
shell.inspector.set_active_scheme(new_scheme)
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
color_switch_err('object inspector')
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
shell.inspector.set_active_scheme('NoColor')
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_pprint(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Toggle pretty printing on/off."""
|
|
|
ptformatter = self.shell.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
|
|
|
ptformatter.pprint = bool(1 - ptformatter.pprint)
|
|
|
print 'Pretty printing has been turned', \
|
|
|
['OFF','ON'][ptformatter.pprint]
|
|
|
|
|
|
#......................................................................
|
|
|
# Functions to implement unix shell-type things
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_alias(self, parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Define an alias for a system command.
|
|
|
|
|
|
'%alias alias_name cmd' defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd'
|
|
|
|
|
|
Then, typing 'alias_name params' will execute the system command 'cmd
|
|
|
params' (from your underlying operating system).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal
|
|
|
variables, so if 'foo' is both a Python variable and an alias, the
|
|
|
alias can not be executed until 'del foo' removes the Python variable.
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the
|
|
|
whole line when the alias is called. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: alias bracket echo "Input in brackets: <%l>"
|
|
|
In [3]: bracket hello world
|
|
|
Input in brackets: <hello world>
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one
|
|
|
per parameter):
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s
|
|
|
In [2]: %parts A B
|
|
|
first A second B
|
|
|
In [3]: %parts A
|
|
|
Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.
|
|
|
parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s'
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive. You can only use one or
|
|
|
the other in your aliases.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !!
|
|
|
do: all expressions prefixed with '$' get expanded. For details of
|
|
|
the semantic rules, see PEP-215:
|
|
|
http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html. This is the library used by
|
|
|
IPython for variable expansion. If you want to access a true shell
|
|
|
variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by IPython:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [6]: alias show echo
|
|
|
In [7]: PATH='A Python string'
|
|
|
In [8]: show $PATH
|
|
|
A Python string
|
|
|
In [9]: show $$PATH
|
|
|
/usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:...
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can use the alias facility to acess all of $PATH. See the %rehash
|
|
|
and %rehashx functions, which automatically create aliases for the
|
|
|
contents of your $PATH.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
par = parameter_s.strip()
|
|
|
if not par:
|
|
|
stored = self.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
|
|
|
aliases = sorted(self.shell.alias_manager.aliases)
|
|
|
# for k, v in stored:
|
|
|
# atab.append(k, v[0])
|
|
|
|
|
|
print "Total number of aliases:", len(aliases)
|
|
|
sys.stdout.flush()
|
|
|
return aliases
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Now try to define a new one
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
alias,cmd = par.split(None, 1)
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
print oinspect.getdoc(self.magic_alias)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
self.shell.alias_manager.soft_define_alias(alias, cmd)
|
|
|
# end magic_alias
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_unalias(self, parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Remove an alias"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
aname = parameter_s.strip()
|
|
|
self.shell.alias_manager.undefine_alias(aname)
|
|
|
stored = self.db.get('stored_aliases', {} )
|
|
|
if aname in stored:
|
|
|
print "Removing %stored alias",aname
|
|
|
del stored[aname]
|
|
|
self.db['stored_aliases'] = stored
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_rehashx(self, parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This version explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file
|
|
|
with execute access (os.X_OK), so it is much slower than %rehash.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Under Windows, it checks executability as a match against a
|
|
|
'|'-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config
|
|
|
variable win_exec_ext. This defaults to 'exe|com|bat'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This function also resets the root module cache of module completer,
|
|
|
used on slow filesystems.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
from IPython.core.alias import InvalidAliasError
|
|
|
|
|
|
# for the benefit of module completer in ipy_completers.py
|
|
|
del self.shell.db['rootmodules']
|
|
|
|
|
|
path = [os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(p)) for p in
|
|
|
os.environ.get('PATH','').split(os.pathsep)]
|
|
|
path = filter(os.path.isdir,path)
|
|
|
|
|
|
syscmdlist = []
|
|
|
# Now define isexec in a cross platform manner.
|
|
|
if os.name == 'posix':
|
|
|
isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and \
|
|
|
os.access(fname,os.X_OK)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
winext = os.environ['pathext'].replace(';','|').replace('.','')
|
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
|
winext = 'exe|com|bat|py'
|
|
|
if 'py' not in winext:
|
|
|
winext += '|py'
|
|
|
execre = re.compile(r'(.*)\.(%s)$' % winext,re.IGNORECASE)
|
|
|
isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and execre.match(fname)
|
|
|
savedir = os.getcwdu()
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Now walk the paths looking for executables to alias.
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
# write the whole loop for posix/Windows so we don't have an if in
|
|
|
# the innermost part
|
|
|
if os.name == 'posix':
|
|
|
for pdir in path:
|
|
|
os.chdir(pdir)
|
|
|
for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
|
|
|
if isexec(ff):
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
# Removes dots from the name since ipython
|
|
|
# will assume names with dots to be python.
|
|
|
self.shell.alias_manager.define_alias(
|
|
|
ff.replace('.',''), ff)
|
|
|
except InvalidAliasError:
|
|
|
pass
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
syscmdlist.append(ff)
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
no_alias = self.shell.alias_manager.no_alias
|
|
|
for pdir in path:
|
|
|
os.chdir(pdir)
|
|
|
for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
|
|
|
base, ext = os.path.splitext(ff)
|
|
|
if isexec(ff) and base.lower() not in no_alias:
|
|
|
if ext.lower() == '.exe':
|
|
|
ff = base
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
# Removes dots from the name since ipython
|
|
|
# will assume names with dots to be python.
|
|
|
self.shell.alias_manager.define_alias(
|
|
|
base.lower().replace('.',''), ff)
|
|
|
except InvalidAliasError:
|
|
|
pass
|
|
|
syscmdlist.append(ff)
|
|
|
self.shell.db['syscmdlist'] = syscmdlist
|
|
|
finally:
|
|
|
os.chdir(savedir)
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_pwd(self, parameter_s = ''):
|
|
|
"""Return the current working directory path.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [9]: pwd
|
|
|
Out[9]: '/home/tsuser/sprint/ipython'
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
return os.getcwdu()
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_cd(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Change the current working directory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories
|
|
|
you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The
|
|
|
command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted. You can also
|
|
|
do 'cd -<tab>' to see directory history conveniently.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usage:
|
|
|
|
|
|
cd 'dir': changes to directory 'dir'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
cd -: changes to the last visited directory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
cd -<n>: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history.
|
|
|
|
|
|
cd --foo: change to directory that matches 'foo' in history
|
|
|
|
|
|
cd -b <bookmark_name>: jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark
|
|
|
(note: cd <bookmark_name> is enough if there is no
|
|
|
directory <bookmark_name>, but a bookmark with the name exists.)
|
|
|
'cd -b <tab>' allows you to tab-complete bookmark names.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
-q: quiet. Do not print the working directory after the cd command is
|
|
|
executed. By default IPython's cd command does print this directory,
|
|
|
since the default prompts do not display path information.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that !cd doesn't work for this purpose because the shell where
|
|
|
!command runs is immediately discarded after executing 'command'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [10]: cd parent/child
|
|
|
/home/tsuser/parent/child
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
parameter_s = parameter_s.strip()
|
|
|
#bkms = self.shell.persist.get("bookmarks",{})
|
|
|
|
|
|
oldcwd = os.getcwdu()
|
|
|
numcd = re.match(r'(-)(\d+)$',parameter_s)
|
|
|
# jump in directory history by number
|
|
|
if numcd:
|
|
|
nn = int(numcd.group(2))
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][nn]
|
|
|
except IndexError:
|
|
|
print 'The requested directory does not exist in history.'
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
opts = {}
|
|
|
elif parameter_s.startswith('--'):
|
|
|
ps = None
|
|
|
fallback = None
|
|
|
pat = parameter_s[2:]
|
|
|
dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
|
|
|
# first search only by basename (last component)
|
|
|
for ent in reversed(dh):
|
|
|
if pat in os.path.basename(ent) and os.path.isdir(ent):
|
|
|
ps = ent
|
|
|
break
|
|
|
|
|
|
if fallback is None and pat in ent and os.path.isdir(ent):
|
|
|
fallback = ent
|
|
|
|
|
|
# if we have no last part match, pick the first full path match
|
|
|
if ps is None:
|
|
|
ps = fallback
|
|
|
|
|
|
if ps is None:
|
|
|
print "No matching entry in directory history"
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
opts = {}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
#turn all non-space-escaping backslashes to slashes,
|
|
|
# for c:\windows\directory\names\
|
|
|
parameter_s = re.sub(r'\\(?! )','/', parameter_s)
|
|
|
opts,ps = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'qb',mode='string')
|
|
|
# jump to previous
|
|
|
if ps == '-':
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-2]
|
|
|
except IndexError:
|
|
|
raise UsageError('%cd -: No previous directory to change to.')
|
|
|
# jump to bookmark if needed
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
if not os.path.isdir(ps) or opts.has_key('b'):
|
|
|
bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks', {})
|
|
|
|
|
|
if bkms.has_key(ps):
|
|
|
target = bkms[ps]
|
|
|
print '(bookmark:%s) -> %s' % (ps,target)
|
|
|
ps = target
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
if opts.has_key('b'):
|
|
|
raise UsageError("Bookmark '%s' not found. "
|
|
|
"Use '%%bookmark -l' to see your bookmarks." % ps)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# strip extra quotes on Windows, because os.chdir doesn't like them
|
|
|
ps = unquote_filename(ps)
|
|
|
# at this point ps should point to the target dir
|
|
|
if ps:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
os.chdir(os.path.expanduser(ps))
|
|
|
if hasattr(self.shell, 'term_title') and self.shell.term_title:
|
|
|
set_term_title('IPython: ' + abbrev_cwd())
|
|
|
except OSError:
|
|
|
print sys.exc_info()[1]
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
cwd = os.getcwdu()
|
|
|
dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
|
|
|
if oldcwd != cwd:
|
|
|
dhist.append(cwd)
|
|
|
self.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
|
|
|
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
os.chdir(self.shell.home_dir)
|
|
|
if hasattr(self.shell, 'term_title') and self.shell.term_title:
|
|
|
set_term_title('IPython: ' + '~')
|
|
|
cwd = os.getcwdu()
|
|
|
dhist = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
|
|
|
|
|
|
if oldcwd != cwd:
|
|
|
dhist.append(cwd)
|
|
|
self.db['dhist'] = compress_dhist(dhist)[-100:]
|
|
|
if not 'q' in opts and self.shell.user_ns['_dh']:
|
|
|
print self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-1]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_env(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""List environment variables."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
return dict(os.environ)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_pushd(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Usage:\\
|
|
|
%pushd ['dirname']
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
dir_s = self.shell.dir_stack
|
|
|
tgt = os.path.expanduser(unquote_filename(parameter_s))
|
|
|
cwd = os.getcwdu().replace(self.home_dir,'~')
|
|
|
if tgt:
|
|
|
self.magic_cd(parameter_s)
|
|
|
dir_s.insert(0,cwd)
|
|
|
return self.magic_dirs()
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_popd(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
if not self.shell.dir_stack:
|
|
|
raise UsageError("%popd on empty stack")
|
|
|
top = self.shell.dir_stack.pop(0)
|
|
|
self.magic_cd(top)
|
|
|
print "popd ->",top
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_dirs(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Return the current directory stack."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
return self.shell.dir_stack
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_dhist(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Print your history of visited directories.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%dhist -> print full history\\
|
|
|
%dhist n -> print last n entries only\\
|
|
|
%dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n1 not included)\\
|
|
|
|
|
|
This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and
|
|
|
always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd -<n>
|
|
|
to go to directory number <n>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that most of time, you should view directory history by entering
|
|
|
cd -<TAB>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
|
|
|
if parameter_s:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
args = map(int,parameter_s.split())
|
|
|
except:
|
|
|
self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist)
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
if len(args) == 1:
|
|
|
ini,fin = max(len(dh)-(args[0]),0),len(dh)
|
|
|
elif len(args) == 2:
|
|
|
ini,fin = args
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist)
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
ini,fin = 0,len(dh)
|
|
|
nlprint(dh,
|
|
|
header = 'Directory history (kept in _dh)',
|
|
|
start=ini,stop=fin)
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_sc(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Shell capture - execute a shell command and capture its output.
|
|
|
|
|
|
DEPRECATED. Suboptimal, retained for backwards compatibility.
|
|
|
|
|
|
You should use the form 'var = !command' instead. Example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
"%sc -l myfiles = ls ~" should now be written as
|
|
|
|
|
|
"myfiles = !ls ~"
|
|
|
|
|
|
myfiles.s, myfiles.l and myfiles.n still apply as documented
|
|
|
below.
|
|
|
|
|
|
--
|
|
|
%sc [options] varname=command
|
|
|
|
|
|
IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
|
|
|
will then update the user's interactive namespace with a variable
|
|
|
called varname, containing the value of the call. Your command can
|
|
|
contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The '=' sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you
|
|
|
supply must follow Python's standard conventions for valid names.
|
|
|
|
|
|
(A special format without variable name exists for internal use)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Options:
|
|
|
|
|
|
-l: list output. Split the output on newlines into a list before
|
|
|
assigning it to the given variable. By default the output is stored
|
|
|
as a single string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
-v: verbose. Print the contents of the variable.
|
|
|
|
|
|
In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the
|
|
|
returned value is a special type of string which can automatically
|
|
|
provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a
|
|
|
space-separated string. These are convenient, respectively, either
|
|
|
for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command.
|
|
|
|
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
# all-random
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Capture into variable a
|
|
|
In [1]: sc a=ls *py
|
|
|
|
|
|
# a is a string with embedded newlines
|
|
|
In [2]: a
|
|
|
Out[2]: 'setup.py\\nwin32_manual_post_install.py'
|
|
|
|
|
|
# which can be seen as a list:
|
|
|
In [3]: a.l
|
|
|
Out[3]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
|
|
|
|
|
|
# or as a whitespace-separated string:
|
|
|
In [4]: a.s
|
|
|
Out[4]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
|
|
|
|
|
|
# a.s is useful to pass as a single command line:
|
|
|
In [5]: !wc -l $a.s
|
|
|
146 setup.py
|
|
|
130 win32_manual_post_install.py
|
|
|
276 total
|
|
|
|
|
|
# while the list form is useful to loop over:
|
|
|
In [6]: for f in a.l:
|
|
|
...: !wc -l $f
|
|
|
...:
|
|
|
146 setup.py
|
|
|
130 win32_manual_post_install.py
|
|
|
|
|
|
Similarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in
|
|
|
the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to
|
|
|
automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents:
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [7]: sc -l b=ls *py
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [8]: b
|
|
|
Out[8]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [9]: b.s
|
|
|
Out[9]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
|
|
|
|
|
|
In summary, both the lists and strings used for output capture have
|
|
|
the following special attributes:
|
|
|
|
|
|
.l (or .list) : value as list.
|
|
|
.n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
|
|
|
.s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'lv')
|
|
|
# Try to get a variable name and command to run
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
# the variable name must be obtained from the parse_options
|
|
|
# output, which uses shlex.split to strip options out.
|
|
|
var,_ = args.split('=',1)
|
|
|
var = var.strip()
|
|
|
# But the command has to be extracted from the original input
|
|
|
# parameter_s, not on what parse_options returns, to avoid the
|
|
|
# quote stripping which shlex.split performs on it.
|
|
|
_,cmd = parameter_s.split('=',1)
|
|
|
except ValueError:
|
|
|
var,cmd = '',''
|
|
|
# If all looks ok, proceed
|
|
|
split = 'l' in opts
|
|
|
out = self.shell.getoutput(cmd, split=split)
|
|
|
if opts.has_key('v'):
|
|
|
print '%s ==\n%s' % (var,pformat(out))
|
|
|
if var:
|
|
|
self.shell.user_ns.update({var:out})
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
return out
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_sx(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Shell execute - run a shell command and capture its output.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%sx command
|
|
|
|
|
|
IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
|
|
|
return the result formatted as a list (split on '\\n'). Since the
|
|
|
output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython's regular output
|
|
|
cache Out[N] and in the '_N' automatic variables.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
|
|
|
|
1) If an input line begins with '!!', then %sx is automatically
|
|
|
invoked. That is, while:
|
|
|
!ls
|
|
|
causes ipython to simply issue system('ls'), typing
|
|
|
!!ls
|
|
|
is a shorthand equivalent to:
|
|
|
%sx ls
|
|
|
|
|
|
2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
|
|
|
like '%sc -l'. The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
|
|
|
to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
|
|
|
%sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
|
|
|
typing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:
|
|
|
|
|
|
.l (or .list) : value as list.
|
|
|
.n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
|
|
|
.s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
|
|
|
system commands."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
if parameter_s:
|
|
|
return self.shell.getoutput(parameter_s)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_bookmark(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Manage IPython's bookmark system.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%bookmark <name> - set bookmark to current dir
|
|
|
%bookmark <name> <dir> - set bookmark to <dir>
|
|
|
%bookmark -l - list all bookmarks
|
|
|
%bookmark -d <name> - remove bookmark
|
|
|
%bookmark -r - remove all bookmarks
|
|
|
|
|
|
You can later on access a bookmarked folder with:
|
|
|
%cd -b <name>
|
|
|
or simply '%cd <name>' if there is no directory called <name> AND
|
|
|
there is such a bookmark defined.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are
|
|
|
associated with each profile."""
|
|
|
|
|
|
opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'drl',mode='list')
|
|
|
if len(args) > 2:
|
|
|
raise UsageError("%bookmark: too many arguments")
|
|
|
|
|
|
bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks',{})
|
|
|
|
|
|
if opts.has_key('d'):
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
todel = args[0]
|
|
|
except IndexError:
|
|
|
raise UsageError(
|
|
|
"%bookmark -d: must provide a bookmark to delete")
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
del bkms[todel]
|
|
|
except KeyError:
|
|
|
raise UsageError(
|
|
|
"%%bookmark -d: Can't delete bookmark '%s'" % todel)
|
|
|
|
|
|
elif opts.has_key('r'):
|
|
|
bkms = {}
|
|
|
elif opts.has_key('l'):
|
|
|
bks = bkms.keys()
|
|
|
bks.sort()
|
|
|
if bks:
|
|
|
size = max(map(len,bks))
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
size = 0
|
|
|
fmt = '%-'+str(size)+'s -> %s'
|
|
|
print 'Current bookmarks:'
|
|
|
for bk in bks:
|
|
|
print fmt % (bk,bkms[bk])
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
if not args:
|
|
|
raise UsageError("%bookmark: You must specify the bookmark name")
|
|
|
elif len(args)==1:
|
|
|
bkms[args[0]] = os.getcwdu()
|
|
|
elif len(args)==2:
|
|
|
bkms[args[0]] = args[1]
|
|
|
self.db['bookmarks'] = bkms
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_pycat(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file
|
|
|
to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting. """
|
|
|
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
|
|
|
cont = file_read(filename)
|
|
|
except IOError:
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
cont = eval(parameter_s,self.user_ns)
|
|
|
except NameError:
|
|
|
cont = None
|
|
|
if cont is None:
|
|
|
print "Error: no such file or variable"
|
|
|
return
|
|
|
|
|
|
page.page(self.shell.pycolorize(cont))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_quickref(self,arg):
|
|
|
""" Show a quick reference sheet """
|
|
|
import IPython.core.usage
|
|
|
qr = IPython.core.usage.quick_reference + self.magic_magic('-brief')
|
|
|
|
|
|
page.page(qr)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_doctest_mode(self,parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Toggle doctest mode on and off.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This mode is intended to make IPython behave as much as possible like a
|
|
|
plain Python shell, from the perspective of how its prompts, exceptions
|
|
|
and output look. This makes it easy to copy and paste parts of a
|
|
|
session into doctests. It does so by:
|
|
|
|
|
|
- Changing the prompts to the classic ``>>>`` ones.
|
|
|
- Changing the exception reporting mode to 'Plain'.
|
|
|
- Disabling pretty-printing of output.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note that IPython also supports the pasting of code snippets that have
|
|
|
leading '>>>' and '...' prompts in them. This means that you can paste
|
|
|
doctests from files or docstrings (even if they have leading
|
|
|
whitespace), and the code will execute correctly. You can then use
|
|
|
'%history -t' to see the translated history; this will give you the
|
|
|
input after removal of all the leading prompts and whitespace, which
|
|
|
can be pasted back into an editor.
|
|
|
|
|
|
With these features, you can switch into this mode easily whenever you
|
|
|
need to do testing and changes to doctests, without having to leave
|
|
|
your existing IPython session.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Shorthands
|
|
|
shell = self.shell
|
|
|
pm = shell.prompt_manager
|
|
|
meta = shell.meta
|
|
|
disp_formatter = self.shell.display_formatter
|
|
|
ptformatter = disp_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
|
|
|
# dstore is a data store kept in the instance metadata bag to track any
|
|
|
# changes we make, so we can undo them later.
|
|
|
dstore = meta.setdefault('doctest_mode',Struct())
|
|
|
save_dstore = dstore.setdefault
|
|
|
|
|
|
# save a few values we'll need to recover later
|
|
|
mode = save_dstore('mode',False)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_pprint',ptformatter.pprint)
|
|
|
save_dstore('xmode',shell.InteractiveTB.mode)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_separate_out',shell.separate_out)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_separate_out2',shell.separate_out2)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_prompts_pad_left',pm.justify)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_separate_in',shell.separate_in)
|
|
|
save_dstore('rc_plain_text_only',disp_formatter.plain_text_only)
|
|
|
save_dstore('prompt_templates',(pm.in_template, pm.in2_template, pm.out_template))
|
|
|
|
|
|
if mode == False:
|
|
|
# turn on
|
|
|
pm.in_template = '>>> '
|
|
|
pm.in2_template = '... '
|
|
|
pm.out_template = ''
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Prompt separators like plain python
|
|
|
shell.separate_in = ''
|
|
|
shell.separate_out = ''
|
|
|
shell.separate_out2 = ''
|
|
|
|
|
|
pm.justify = False
|
|
|
|
|
|
ptformatter.pprint = False
|
|
|
disp_formatter.plain_text_only = True
|
|
|
|
|
|
shell.magic_xmode('Plain')
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
# turn off
|
|
|
pm.in_template, pm.in2_template, pm.out_template = dstore.prompt_templates
|
|
|
|
|
|
shell.separate_in = dstore.rc_separate_in
|
|
|
|
|
|
shell.separate_out = dstore.rc_separate_out
|
|
|
shell.separate_out2 = dstore.rc_separate_out2
|
|
|
|
|
|
pm.justify = dstore.rc_prompts_pad_left
|
|
|
|
|
|
ptformatter.pprint = dstore.rc_pprint
|
|
|
disp_formatter.plain_text_only = dstore.rc_plain_text_only
|
|
|
|
|
|
shell.magic_xmode(dstore.xmode)
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Store new mode and inform
|
|
|
dstore.mode = bool(1-int(mode))
|
|
|
mode_label = ['OFF','ON'][dstore.mode]
|
|
|
print 'Doctest mode is:', mode_label
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_gui(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
"""Enable or disable IPython GUI event loop integration.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%gui [GUINAME]
|
|
|
|
|
|
This magic replaces IPython's threaded shells that were activated
|
|
|
using the (pylab/wthread/etc.) command line flags. GUI toolkits
|
|
|
can now be enabled at runtime and keyboard
|
|
|
interrupts should work without any problems. The following toolkits
|
|
|
are supported: wxPython, PyQt4, PyGTK, Tk and Cocoa (OSX)::
|
|
|
|
|
|
%gui wx # enable wxPython event loop integration
|
|
|
%gui qt4|qt # enable PyQt4 event loop integration
|
|
|
%gui gtk # enable PyGTK event loop integration
|
|
|
%gui tk # enable Tk event loop integration
|
|
|
%gui OSX # enable Cocoa event loop integration
|
|
|
# (requires %matplotlib 1.1)
|
|
|
%gui # disable all event loop integration
|
|
|
|
|
|
WARNING: after any of these has been called you can simply create
|
|
|
an application object, but DO NOT start the event loop yourself, as
|
|
|
we have already handled that.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
opts, arg = self.parse_options(parameter_s, '')
|
|
|
if arg=='': arg = None
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
return self.enable_gui(arg)
|
|
|
except Exception as e:
|
|
|
# print simple error message, rather than traceback if we can't
|
|
|
# hook up the GUI
|
|
|
error(str(e))
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_load_ext(self, module_str):
|
|
|
"""Load an IPython extension by its module name."""
|
|
|
return self.extension_manager.load_extension(module_str)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_unload_ext(self, module_str):
|
|
|
"""Unload an IPython extension by its module name."""
|
|
|
self.extension_manager.unload_extension(module_str)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_reload_ext(self, module_str):
|
|
|
"""Reload an IPython extension by its module name."""
|
|
|
self.extension_manager.reload_extension(module_str)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_install_profiles(self, s):
|
|
|
"""%install_profiles has been deprecated."""
|
|
|
print '\n'.join([
|
|
|
"%install_profiles has been deprecated.",
|
|
|
"Use `ipython profile list` to view available profiles.",
|
|
|
"Requesting a profile with `ipython profile create <name>`",
|
|
|
"or `ipython --profile=<name>` will start with the bundled",
|
|
|
"profile of that name if it exists."
|
|
|
])
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_install_default_config(self, s):
|
|
|
"""%install_default_config has been deprecated."""
|
|
|
print '\n'.join([
|
|
|
"%install_default_config has been deprecated.",
|
|
|
"Use `ipython profile create <name>` to initialize a profile",
|
|
|
"with the default config files.",
|
|
|
"Add `--reset` to overwrite already existing config files with defaults."
|
|
|
])
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Pylab support: simple wrappers that activate pylab, load gui input
|
|
|
# handling and modify slightly %run
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def _pylab_magic_run(self, parameter_s=''):
|
|
|
Magic.magic_run(self, parameter_s,
|
|
|
runner=mpl_runner(self.shell.safe_execfile))
|
|
|
|
|
|
_pylab_magic_run.__doc__ = magic_run.__doc__
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_pylab(self, s):
|
|
|
"""Load numpy and matplotlib to work interactively.
|
|
|
|
|
|
%pylab [GUINAME]
|
|
|
|
|
|
This function lets you activate pylab (matplotlib, numpy and
|
|
|
interactive support) at any point during an IPython session.
|
|
|
|
|
|
It will import at the top level numpy as np, pyplot as plt, matplotlib,
|
|
|
pylab and mlab, as well as all names from numpy and pylab.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you are using the inline matplotlib backend for embedded figures,
|
|
|
you can adjust its behavior via the %config magic::
|
|
|
|
|
|
# enable SVG figures, necessary for SVG+XHTML export in the qtconsole
|
|
|
In [1]: %config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'svg'
|
|
|
|
|
|
# change the behavior of closing all figures at the end of each
|
|
|
# execution (cell), or allowing reuse of active figures across
|
|
|
# cells:
|
|
|
In [2]: %config InlineBackend.close_figures = False
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parameters
|
|
|
----------
|
|
|
guiname : optional
|
|
|
One of the valid arguments to the %gui magic ('qt', 'wx', 'gtk',
|
|
|
'osx' or 'tk'). If given, the corresponding Matplotlib backend is
|
|
|
used, otherwise matplotlib's default (which you can override in your
|
|
|
matplotlib config file) is used.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
In this case, where the MPL default is TkAgg::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [2]: %pylab
|
|
|
|
|
|
Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment.
|
|
|
Backend in use: TkAgg
|
|
|
For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.
|
|
|
|
|
|
But you can explicitly request a different backend::
|
|
|
|
|
|
In [3]: %pylab qt
|
|
|
|
|
|
Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment.
|
|
|
Backend in use: Qt4Agg
|
|
|
For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.
|
|
|
"""
|
|
|
|
|
|
if Application.initialized():
|
|
|
app = Application.instance()
|
|
|
try:
|
|
|
import_all_status = app.pylab_import_all
|
|
|
except AttributeError:
|
|
|
import_all_status = True
|
|
|
else:
|
|
|
import_all_status = True
|
|
|
|
|
|
self.shell.enable_pylab(s, import_all=import_all_status)
|
|
|
|
|
|
def magic_tb(self, s):
|
|
|
"""Print the last traceback with the currently active exception mode.
|
|
|
|
|
|
See %xmode for changing exception reporting modes."""
|
|
|
self.shell.showtraceback()
|
|
|
|
|
|
@skip_doctest
|
|
|
def magic_precision(self, s=''):
|
|
|
"""Set floating point precision for pretty printing.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Can set either integer precision or a format string.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If numpy has been imported and precision is an int,
|
|
|
numpy display precision will also be set, via ``numpy.set_printoptions``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If no argument is given, defaults will be restored.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Examples
|
|
|
--------
|
|
|
::
|
|
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In [1]: from math import pi
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In [2]: %precision 3
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Out[2]: u'%.3f'
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In [3]: pi
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Out[3]: 3.142
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In [4]: %precision %i
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Out[4]: u'%i'
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In [5]: pi
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Out[5]: 3
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In [6]: %precision %e
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Out[6]: u'%e'
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In [7]: pi**10
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Out[7]: 9.364805e+04
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In [8]: %precision
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Out[8]: u'%r'
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In [9]: pi**10
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Out[9]: 93648.047476082982
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"""
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ptformatter = self.shell.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
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ptformatter.float_precision = s
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return ptformatter.float_format
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@magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
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@magic_arguments.argument(
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'-e', '--export', action='store_true', default=False,
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help='Export IPython history as a notebook. The filename argument '
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'is used to specify the notebook name and format. For example '
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'a filename of notebook.ipynb will result in a notebook name '
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'of "notebook" and a format of "xml". Likewise using a ".json" '
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'or ".py" file extension will write the notebook in the json '
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'or py formats.'
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)
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@magic_arguments.argument(
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'-f', '--format',
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help='Convert an existing IPython notebook to a new format. This option '
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'specifies the new format and can have the values: xml, json, py. '
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'The target filename is chosen automatically based on the new '
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'format. The filename argument gives the name of the source file.'
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)
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@magic_arguments.argument(
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'filename', type=unicode,
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help='Notebook name or filename'
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)
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def magic_notebook(self, s):
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"""Export and convert IPython notebooks.
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This function can export the current IPython history to a notebook file
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or can convert an existing notebook file into a different format. For
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example, to export the history to "foo.ipynb" do "%notebook -e foo.ipynb".
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To export the history to "foo.py" do "%notebook -e foo.py". To convert
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"foo.ipynb" to "foo.json" do "%notebook -f json foo.ipynb". Possible
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formats include (json/ipynb, py).
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"""
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args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.magic_notebook, s)
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from IPython.nbformat import current
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args.filename = unquote_filename(args.filename)
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if args.export:
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fname, name, format = current.parse_filename(args.filename)
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cells = []
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hist = list(self.history_manager.get_range())
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for session, prompt_number, input in hist[:-1]:
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cells.append(current.new_code_cell(prompt_number=prompt_number, input=input))
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worksheet = current.new_worksheet(cells=cells)
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nb = current.new_notebook(name=name,worksheets=[worksheet])
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with open(fname, 'w') as f:
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current.write(nb, f, format);
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elif args.format is not None:
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old_fname, old_name, old_format = current.parse_filename(args.filename)
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new_format = args.format
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if new_format == u'xml':
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raise ValueError('Notebooks cannot be written as xml.')
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elif new_format == u'ipynb' or new_format == u'json':
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new_fname = old_name + u'.ipynb'
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new_format = u'json'
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elif new_format == u'py':
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new_fname = old_name + u'.py'
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else:
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raise ValueError('Invalid notebook format: %s' % new_format)
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with open(old_fname, 'r') as f:
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s = f.read()
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try:
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nb = current.reads(s, old_format)
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except:
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nb = current.reads(s, u'xml')
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with open(new_fname, 'w') as f:
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current.write(nb, f, new_format)
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def magic_config(self, s):
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"""configure IPython
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%config Class[.trait=value]
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This magic exposes most of the IPython config system. Any
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Configurable class should be able to be configured with the simple
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line::
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%config Class.trait=value
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Where `value` will be resolved in the user's namespace, if it is an
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expression or variable name.
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Examples
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--------
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To see what classes are available for config, pass no arguments::
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In [1]: %config
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Available objects for config:
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TerminalInteractiveShell
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HistoryManager
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PrefilterManager
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AliasManager
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IPCompleter
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PromptManager
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DisplayFormatter
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To view what is configurable on a given class, just pass the class name::
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In [2]: %config IPCompleter
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IPCompleter options
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-----------------
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IPCompleter.omit__names=<Enum>
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Current: 2
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Choices: (0, 1, 2)
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Instruct the completer to omit private method names
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Specifically, when completing on ``object.<tab>``.
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When 2 [default]: all names that start with '_' will be excluded.
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When 1: all 'magic' names (``__foo__``) will be excluded.
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When 0: nothing will be excluded.
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IPCompleter.merge_completions=<CBool>
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Current: True
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Whether to merge completion results into a single list
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If False, only the completion results from the first non-empty completer
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will be returned.
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IPCompleter.greedy=<CBool>
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Current: False
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Activate greedy completion
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This will enable completion on elements of lists, results of function calls,
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etc., but can be unsafe because the code is actually evaluated on TAB.
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but the real use is in setting values::
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In [3]: %config IPCompleter.greedy = True
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and these values are read from the user_ns if they are variables::
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In [4]: feeling_greedy=False
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In [5]: %config IPCompleter.greedy = feeling_greedy
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"""
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from IPython.config.loader import Config
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# some IPython objects are Configurable, but do not yet have
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# any configurable traits. Exclude them from the effects of
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# this magic, as their presence is just noise:
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configurables = [ c for c in self.configurables if c.__class__.class_traits(config=True) ]
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classnames = [ c.__class__.__name__ for c in configurables ]
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line = s.strip()
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if not line:
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# print available configurable names
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print "Available objects for config:"
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for name in classnames:
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print " ", name
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return
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elif line in classnames:
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# `%config TerminalInteractiveShell` will print trait info for
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# TerminalInteractiveShell
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c = configurables[classnames.index(line)]
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cls = c.__class__
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help = cls.class_get_help(c)
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# strip leading '--' from cl-args:
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help = re.sub(re.compile(r'^--', re.MULTILINE), '', help)
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print help
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return
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elif '=' not in line:
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raise UsageError("Invalid config statement: %r, should be Class.trait = value" % line)
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# otherwise, assume we are setting configurables.
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# leave quotes on args when splitting, because we want
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# unquoted args to eval in user_ns
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cfg = Config()
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exec "cfg."+line in locals(), self.user_ns
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for configurable in configurables:
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try:
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configurable.update_config(cfg)
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except Exception as e:
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error(e)
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# end Magic
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