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<!doctype html>
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>CodeMirror 2: reStructuredText mode</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../lib/codemirror.css">
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<script src="../../lib/codemirror.js"></script>
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<script src="rst.js"></script>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="rst.css">
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<style type="text/css">.CodeMirror {border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black;}</style>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../css/docs.css">
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>CodeMirror 2: reStructuredText mode</h1>
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<form><textarea id="code" name="code">
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.. This is an excerpt from Sphinx documentation: http://sphinx.pocoo.org/_sources/rest.txt
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.. highlightlang:: rest
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.. _rst-primer:
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reStructuredText Primer
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=======================
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This section is a brief introduction to reStructuredText (reST) concepts and
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syntax, intended to provide authors with enough information to author documents
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productively. Since reST was designed to be a simple, unobtrusive markup
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language, this will not take too long.
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.. seealso::
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The authoritative `reStructuredText User Documentation
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<http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html>`_. The "ref" links in this
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document link to the description of the individual constructs in the reST
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reference.
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Paragraphs
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----------
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The paragraph (:duref:`ref <paragraphs>`) is the most basic block in a reST
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document. Paragraphs are simply chunks of text separated by one or more blank
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lines. As in Python, indentation is significant in reST, so all lines of the
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same paragraph must be left-aligned to the same level of indentation.
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.. _inlinemarkup:
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Inline markup
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-------------
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The standard reST inline markup is quite simple: use
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* one asterisk: ``*text*`` for emphasis (italics),
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* two asterisks: ``**text**`` for strong emphasis (boldface), and
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* backquotes: ````text```` for code samples.
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If asterisks or backquotes appear in running text and could be confused with
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inline markup delimiters, they have to be escaped with a backslash.
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Be aware of some restrictions of this markup:
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* it may not be nested,
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* content may not start or end with whitespace: ``* text*`` is wrong,
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* it must be separated from surrounding text by non-word characters. Use a
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backslash escaped space to work around that: ``thisis\ *one*\ word``.
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These restrictions may be lifted in future versions of the docutils.
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reST also allows for custom "interpreted text roles"', which signify that the
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enclosed text should be interpreted in a specific way. Sphinx uses this to
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provide semantic markup and cross-referencing of identifiers, as described in
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the appropriate section. The general syntax is ``:rolename:`content```.
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Standard reST provides the following roles:
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* :durole:`emphasis` -- alternate spelling for ``*emphasis*``
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* :durole:`strong` -- alternate spelling for ``**strong**``
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* :durole:`literal` -- alternate spelling for ````literal````
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* :durole:`subscript` -- subscript text
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* :durole:`superscript` -- superscript text
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* :durole:`title-reference` -- for titles of books, periodicals, and other
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materials
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See :ref:`inline-markup` for roles added by Sphinx.
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Lists and Quote-like blocks
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---------------------------
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List markup (:duref:`ref <bullet-lists>`) is natural: just place an asterisk at
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the start of a paragraph and indent properly. The same goes for numbered lists;
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they can also be autonumbered using a ``#`` sign::
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* This is a bulleted list.
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* It has two items, the second
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item uses two lines.
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1. This is a numbered list.
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2. It has two items too.
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#. This is a numbered list.
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#. It has two items too.
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Nested lists are possible, but be aware that they must be separated from the
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parent list items by blank lines::
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* this is
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* a list
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* with a nested list
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* and some subitems
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* and here the parent list continues
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Definition lists (:duref:`ref <definition-lists>`) are created as follows::
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term (up to a line of text)
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Definition of the term, which must be indented
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and can even consist of multiple paragraphs
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next term
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Description.
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Note that the term cannot have more than one line of text.
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Quoted paragraphs (:duref:`ref <block-quotes>`) are created by just indenting
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them more than the surrounding paragraphs.
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Line blocks (:duref:`ref <line-blocks>`) are a way of preserving line breaks::
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| These lines are
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| broken exactly like in
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| the source file.
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There are also several more special blocks available:
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* field lists (:duref:`ref <field-lists>`)
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* option lists (:duref:`ref <option-lists>`)
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* quoted literal blocks (:duref:`ref <quoted-literal-blocks>`)
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* doctest blocks (:duref:`ref <doctest-blocks>`)
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Source Code
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-----------
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Literal code blocks (:duref:`ref <literal-blocks>`) are introduced by ending a
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paragraph with the special marker ``::``. The literal block must be indented
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(and, like all paragraphs, separated from the surrounding ones by blank lines)::
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This is a normal text paragraph. The next paragraph is a code sample::
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It is not processed in any way, except
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that the indentation is removed.
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It can span multiple lines.
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This is a normal text paragraph again.
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The handling of the ``::`` marker is smart:
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* If it occurs as a paragraph of its own, that paragraph is completely left
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out of the document.
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* If it is preceded by whitespace, the marker is removed.
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* If it is preceded by non-whitespace, the marker is replaced by a single
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colon.
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That way, the second sentence in the above example's first paragraph would be
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rendered as "The next paragraph is a code sample:".
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.. _rst-tables:
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Tables
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------
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Two forms of tables are supported. For *grid tables* (:duref:`ref
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<grid-tables>`), you have to "paint" the cell grid yourself. They look like
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this::
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+------------------------+------------+----------+----------+
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| Header row, column 1 | Header 2 | Header 3 | Header 4 |
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| (header rows optional) | | | |
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+========================+============+==========+==========+
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| body row 1, column 1 | column 2 | column 3 | column 4 |
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+------------------------+------------+----------+----------+
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| body row 2 | ... | ... | |
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+------------------------+------------+----------+----------+
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*Simple tables* (:duref:`ref <simple-tables>`) are easier to write, but
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limited: they must contain more than one row, and the first column cannot
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contain multiple lines. They look like this::
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===== ===== =======
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A B A and B
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===== ===== =======
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False False False
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True False False
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False True False
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True True True
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===== ===== =======
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Hyperlinks
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----------
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External links
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Use ```Link text <http://example.com/>`_`` for inline web links. If the link
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text should be the web address, you don't need special markup at all, the parser
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finds links and mail addresses in ordinary text.
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You can also separate the link and the target definition (:duref:`ref
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<hyperlink-targets>`), like this::
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This is a paragraph that contains `a link`_.
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.. _a link: http://example.com/
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Internal links
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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Internal linking is done via a special reST role provided by Sphinx, see the
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section on specific markup, :ref:`ref-role`.
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Sections
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--------
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Section headers (:duref:`ref <sections>`) are created by underlining (and
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optionally overlining) the section title with a punctuation character, at least
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as long as the text::
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=================
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This is a heading
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=================
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Normally, there are no heading levels assigned to certain characters as the
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structure is determined from the succession of headings. However, for the
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Python documentation, this convention is used which you may follow:
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* ``#`` with overline, for parts
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* ``*`` with overline, for chapters
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* ``=``, for sections
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* ``-``, for subsections
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* ``^``, for subsubsections
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* ``"``, for paragraphs
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Of course, you are free to use your own marker characters (see the reST
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documentation), and use a deeper nesting level, but keep in mind that most
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target formats (HTML, LaTeX) have a limited supported nesting depth.
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Explicit Markup
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---------------
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"Explicit markup" (:duref:`ref <explicit-markup-blocks>`) is used in reST for
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most constructs that need special handling, such as footnotes,
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specially-highlighted paragraphs, comments, and generic directives.
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An explicit markup block begins with a line starting with ``..`` followed by
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whitespace and is terminated by the next paragraph at the same level of
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indentation. (There needs to be a blank line between explicit markup and normal
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paragraphs. This may all sound a bit complicated, but it is intuitive enough
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when you write it.)
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.. _directives:
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Directives
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----------
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A directive (:duref:`ref <directives>`) is a generic block of explicit markup.
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Besides roles, it is one of the extension mechanisms of reST, and Sphinx makes
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heavy use of it.
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Docutils supports the following directives:
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* Admonitions: :dudir:`attention`, :dudir:`caution`, :dudir:`danger`,
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:dudir:`error`, :dudir:`hint`, :dudir:`important`, :dudir:`note`,
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:dudir:`tip`, :dudir:`warning` and the generic :dudir:`admonition`.
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(Most themes style only "note" and "warning" specially.)
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* Images:
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- :dudir:`image` (see also Images_ below)
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- :dudir:`figure` (an image with caption and optional legend)
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* Additional body elements:
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- :dudir:`contents` (a local, i.e. for the current file only, table of
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contents)
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- :dudir:`container` (a container with a custom class, useful to generate an
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outer ``<div>`` in HTML)
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- :dudir:`rubric` (a heading without relation to the document sectioning)
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- :dudir:`topic`, :dudir:`sidebar` (special highlighted body elements)
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- :dudir:`parsed-literal` (literal block that supports inline markup)
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- :dudir:`epigraph` (a block quote with optional attribution line)
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- :dudir:`highlights`, :dudir:`pull-quote` (block quotes with their own
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class attribute)
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- :dudir:`compound` (a compound paragraph)
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* Special tables:
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- :dudir:`table` (a table with title)
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- :dudir:`csv-table` (a table generated from comma-separated values)
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- :dudir:`list-table` (a table generated from a list of lists)
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* Special directives:
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- :dudir:`raw` (include raw target-format markup)
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- :dudir:`include` (include reStructuredText from another file)
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-- in Sphinx, when given an absolute include file path, this directive takes
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it as relative to the source directory
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- :dudir:`class` (assign a class attribute to the next element) [1]_
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* HTML specifics:
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- :dudir:`meta` (generation of HTML ``<meta>`` tags)
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- :dudir:`title` (override document title)
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* Influencing markup:
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- :dudir:`default-role` (set a new default role)
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- :dudir:`role` (create a new role)
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Since these are only per-file, better use Sphinx' facilities for setting the
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:confval:`default_role`.
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Do *not* use the directives :dudir:`sectnum`, :dudir:`header` and
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:dudir:`footer`.
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Directives added by Sphinx are described in :ref:`sphinxmarkup`.
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Basically, a directive consists of a name, arguments, options and content. (Keep
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this terminology in mind, it is used in the next chapter describing custom
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directives.) Looking at this example, ::
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.. function:: foo(x)
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foo(y, z)
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:module: some.module.name
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Return a line of text input from the user.
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``function`` is the directive name. It is given two arguments here, the
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remainder of the first line and the second line, as well as one option
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``module`` (as you can see, options are given in the lines immediately following
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the arguments and indicated by the colons). Options must be indented to the
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same level as the directive content.
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The directive content follows after a blank line and is indented relative to the
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directive start.
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Images
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------
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reST supports an image directive (:dudir:`ref <image>`), used like so::
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.. image:: gnu.png
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(options)
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When used within Sphinx, the file name given (here ``gnu.png``) must either be
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relative to the source file, or absolute which means that they are relative to
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the top source directory. For example, the file ``sketch/spam.rst`` could refer
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to the image ``images/spam.png`` as ``../images/spam.png`` or
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``/images/spam.png``.
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Sphinx will automatically copy image files over to a subdirectory of the output
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directory on building (e.g. the ``_static`` directory for HTML output.)
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Interpretation of image size options (``width`` and ``height``) is as follows:
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if the size has no unit or the unit is pixels, the given size will only be
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respected for output channels that support pixels (i.e. not in LaTeX output).
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Other units (like ``pt`` for points) will be used for HTML and LaTeX output.
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Sphinx extends the standard docutils behavior by allowing an asterisk for the
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extension::
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.. image:: gnu.*
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Sphinx then searches for all images matching the provided pattern and determines
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their type. Each builder then chooses the best image out of these candidates.
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For instance, if the file name ``gnu.*`` was given and two files :file:`gnu.pdf`
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and :file:`gnu.png` existed in the source tree, the LaTeX builder would choose
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the former, while the HTML builder would prefer the latter.
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.. versionchanged:: 0.4
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Added the support for file names ending in an asterisk.
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.. versionchanged:: 0.6
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Image paths can now be absolute.
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Footnotes
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---------
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For footnotes (:duref:`ref <footnotes>`), use ``[#name]_`` to mark the footnote
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location, and add the footnote body at the bottom of the document after a
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"Footnotes" rubric heading, like so::
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Lorem ipsum [#f1]_ dolor sit amet ... [#f2]_
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.. rubric:: Footnotes
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.. [#f1] Text of the first footnote.
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.. [#f2] Text of the second footnote.
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You can also explicitly number the footnotes (``[1]_``) or use auto-numbered
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footnotes without names (``[#]_``).
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Citations
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---------
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Standard reST citations (:duref:`ref <citations>`) are supported, with the
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additional feature that they are "global", i.e. all citations can be referenced
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from all files. Use them like so::
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Lorem ipsum [Ref]_ dolor sit amet.
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.. [Ref] Book or article reference, URL or whatever.
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Citation usage is similar to footnote usage, but with a label that is not
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numeric or begins with ``#``.
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Substitutions
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-------------
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reST supports "substitutions" (:duref:`ref <substitution-definitions>`), which
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are pieces of text and/or markup referred to in the text by ``|name|``. They
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are defined like footnotes with explicit markup blocks, like this::
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.. |name| replace:: replacement *text*
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or this::
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.. |caution| image:: warning.png
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:alt: Warning!
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See the :duref:`reST reference for substitutions <substitution-definitions>`
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for details.
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If you want to use some substitutions for all documents, put them into
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:confval:`rst_prolog` or put them into a separate file and include it into all
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documents you want to use them in, using the :rst:dir:`include` directive. (Be
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sure to give the include file a file name extension differing from that of other
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source files, to avoid Sphinx finding it as a standalone document.)
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Sphinx defines some default substitutions, see :ref:`default-substitutions`.
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Comments
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--------
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Every explicit markup block which isn't a valid markup construct (like the
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footnotes above) is regarded as a comment (:duref:`ref <comments>`). For
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example::
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.. This is a comment.
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You can indent text after a comment start to form multiline comments::
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..
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This whole indented block
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is a comment.
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Still in the comment.
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Source encoding
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---------------
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Since the easiest way to include special characters like em dashes or copyright
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signs in reST is to directly write them as Unicode characters, one has to
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specify an encoding. Sphinx assumes source files to be encoded in UTF-8 by
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default; you can change this with the :confval:`source_encoding` config value.
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Gotchas
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-------
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There are some problems one commonly runs into while authoring reST documents:
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* **Separation of inline markup:** As said above, inline markup spans must be
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separated from the surrounding text by non-word characters, you have to use a
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backslash-escaped space to get around that. See `the reference
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<http://docutils.sf.net/docs/ref/rst/restructuredtext.html#inline-markup>`_
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for the details.
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* **No nested inline markup:** Something like ``*see :func:`foo`*`` is not
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possible.
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.. rubric:: Footnotes
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.. [1] When the default domain contains a :rst:dir:`class` directive, this directive
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will be shadowed. Therefore, Sphinx re-exports it as :rst:dir:`rst-class`.
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</textarea></form>
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<script>
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var editor = CodeMirror.fromTextArea(document.getElementById("code"), {
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lineNumbers: true,
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});
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</script>
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<p>The reStructuredText mode supports one configuration parameter:</p>
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<dl>
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<dt><code>verbatim (string)</code></dt>
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<dd>A name or MIME type of a mode that will be used for highlighting
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verbatim blocks. By default, reStructuredText mode uses uniform color
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for whole block of verbatim text if no mode is given.</dd>
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</dl>
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<p>If <code>python</code> mode is available (not a part of CodeMirror 2 yet),
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it will be used for highlighting blocks containing Python/IPython terminal
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sessions (blocks starting with <code>>>></code> (for Python) or
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<code>In [num]:</code> (for IPython).
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<p><strong>MIME types defined:</strong> <code>text/x-rst</code>.</p>
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</body>
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</html>
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