{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Running Code"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "First and foremost, the IPython Notebook is an interactive environment for writing and running code. IPython is capable of running code in a wide range of languages. However, this notebook, and the default kernel in IPython 2.0, runs Python code."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Code cells allow you to enter and run Python code"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Run a code cell using `Shift-Enter` or pressing the <button class='btn btn-default btn-xs'><i class=\"icon-play fa fa-play\"></i></button> button in the toolbar above:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "a = 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "10\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "There are two other keyboard shortcuts for running code:\n",
    "\n",
    "* `Alt-Enter` runs the current cell and inserts a new one below.\n",
    "* `Ctrl-Enter` run the current cell and enters command mode."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Managing the IPython Kernel"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Code is run in a separate process called the IPython Kernel.  The Kernel can be interrupted or restarted.  Try running the following cell and then hit the <button class='btn btn-default btn-xs'><i class='icon-stop fa fa-stop'></i></button> button in the toolbar above."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import time\n",
    "time.sleep(10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "If the Kernel dies you will be prompted to restart it. Here we call the low-level system libc.time routine with the wrong argument via\n",
    "ctypes to segfault the Python interpreter:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import sys\n",
    "from ctypes import CDLL\n",
    "# This will crash a Linux or Mac system\n",
    "# equivalent calls can be made on Windows\n",
    "dll = 'dylib' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else 'so.6'\n",
    "libc = CDLL(\"libc.%s\" % dll) \n",
    "libc.time(-1)  # BOOM!!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Cell menu"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The \"Cell\" menu has a number of menu items for running code in different ways. These includes:\n",
    "\n",
    "* Run and Select Below\n",
    "* Run and Insert Below\n",
    "* Run All\n",
    "* Run All Above\n",
    "* Run All Below"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Restarting the kernels"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The kernel maintains the state of a notebook's computations. You can reset this state by restarting the kernel. This is done by clicking on the <button class='btn btn-default btn-xs'><i class='fa fa-repeat icon-repeat'></i></button> in the toolbar above."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## sys.stdout and sys.stderr"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The stdout and stderr streams are displayed as text in the output area."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hi, stdout\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"hi, stdout\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hi, stderr\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from __future__ import print_function\n",
    "print('hi, stderr', file=sys.stderr)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Output is asynchronous"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "All output is displayed asynchronously as it is generated in the Kernel. If you execute the next cell, you will see the output one piece at a time, not all at the end."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import time, sys\n",
    "for i in range(8):\n",
    "    print(i)\n",
    "    time.sleep(0.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Large outputs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "To better handle large outputs, the output area can be collapsed. Run the following cell and then single- or double- click on the active area to the left of the output:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
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      "46\n",
      "47\n",
      "48\n",
      "49\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(50):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Beyond a certain point, output will scroll automatically:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
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      "204586912993508866875824356051724947013540127877691549342705710506008362275292159680204380770369009821930417757972504438076078534117837065833032974335\n",
      "409173825987017733751648712103449894027080255755383098685411421012016724550584319360408761540738019643860835515945008876152157068235674131666065948671\n",
      "818347651974035467503297424206899788054160511510766197370822842024033449101168638720817523081476039287721671031890017752304314136471348263332131897343\n",
      "1636695303948070935006594848413799576108321023021532394741645684048066898202337277441635046162952078575443342063780035504608628272942696526664263794687\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(500):\n",
    "    print(2**i - 1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "display_name": "IPython (Python 3)",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "signature": "sha256:55c4f2c75812ec42ca18dcd7e895a056a3faa0e6d567893faf8c85345016be06"
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 0
}