# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """Magic functions for InteractiveShell. $Id: Magic.py 2225 2007-04-08 02:48:16Z jdh2358 $""" #***************************************************************************** # Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser and # Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Fernando Perez # # Distributed under the terms of the BSD License. The full license is in # the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software. #***************************************************************************** #**************************************************************************** # Modules and globals from IPython import Release __author__ = '%s <%s>\n%s <%s>' % \ ( Release.authors['Janko'] + Release.authors['Fernando'] ) __license__ = Release.license # Python standard modules import __builtin__ import bdb import inspect import os import pdb import pydoc import sys import re import tempfile import time import cPickle as pickle import textwrap from cStringIO import StringIO from getopt import getopt,GetoptError from pprint import pprint, pformat # cProfile was added in Python2.5 try: import cProfile as profile import pstats except ImportError: # profile isn't bundled by default in Debian for license reasons try: import profile,pstats except ImportError: profile = pstats = None # Homebrewed import IPython from IPython import Debugger, OInspect, wildcard from IPython.FakeModule import FakeModule from IPython.Itpl import Itpl, itpl, printpl,itplns from IPython.PyColorize import Parser from IPython.ipstruct import Struct from IPython.macro import Macro from IPython.genutils import * from IPython import platutils #*************************************************************************** # Utility functions def on_off(tag): """Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function.""" return ['OFF','ON'][tag] class Bunch: pass #*************************************************************************** # Main class implementing Magic functionality class Magic: """Magic functions for InteractiveShell. Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg `%cd ../` vs. `%cd("../")` ALL definitions MUST begin with the prefix magic_. The user won't need it at the command line, but it is is needed in the definition. """ # class globals auto_status = ['Automagic is OFF, % prefix IS needed for magic functions.', 'Automagic is ON, % prefix NOT needed for magic functions.'] #...................................................................... # some utility functions def __init__(self,shell): self.options_table = {} if profile is None: self.magic_prun = self.profile_missing_notice self.shell = shell # namespace for holding state we may need self._magic_state = Bunch() def profile_missing_notice(self, *args, **kwargs): error("""\ The profile module could not be found. If you are a Debian user, it has been removed from the standard Debian package because of its non-free license. To use profiling, please install"python2.3-profiler" from non-free.""") def default_option(self,fn,optstr): """Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr""" if fn not in self.lsmagic(): error("%s is not a magic function" % fn) self.options_table[fn] = optstr def lsmagic(self): """Return a list of currently available magic functions. Gives a list of the bare names after mangling (['ls','cd', ...], not ['magic_ls','magic_cd',...]""" # FIXME. This needs a cleanup, in the way the magics list is built. # magics in class definition class_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \ callable(Magic.__dict__[fn]) # in instance namespace (run-time user additions) inst_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \ callable(self.__dict__[fn]) # and bound magics by user (so they can access self): inst_bound_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \ callable(self.__class__.__dict__[fn]) magics = filter(class_magic,Magic.__dict__.keys()) + \ filter(inst_magic,self.__dict__.keys()) + \ filter(inst_bound_magic,self.__class__.__dict__.keys()) out = [] for fn in magics: out.append(fn.replace('magic_','',1)) out.sort() return out def extract_input_slices(self,slices,raw=False): """Return as a string a set of input history slices. Inputs: - slices: the set of slices is given as a list of strings (like ['1','4:8','9'], since this function is for use by magic functions which get their arguments as strings. Optional inputs: - raw(False): by default, the processed input is used. If this is true, the raw input history is used instead. Note that slices can be called with two notations: N:M -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1). N-M -> include items N..M (closed endpoint).""" if raw: hist = self.shell.input_hist_raw else: hist = self.shell.input_hist cmds = [] for chunk in slices: if ':' in chunk: ini,fin = map(int,chunk.split(':')) elif '-' in chunk: ini,fin = map(int,chunk.split('-')) fin += 1 else: ini = int(chunk) fin = ini+1 cmds.append(hist[ini:fin]) return cmds def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None): """Find an object in the available namespaces. self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic Has special code to detect magic functions. """ oname = oname.strip() alias_ns = None if namespaces is None: # Namespaces to search in: # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we # find things in the same order that Python finds them. namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.shell.user_ns), ('IPython internal', self.shell.internal_ns), ('Python builtin', __builtin__.__dict__), ('Alias', self.shell.alias_table), ] alias_ns = self.shell.alias_table # initialize results to 'null' found = 0; obj = None; ospace = None; ds = None; ismagic = 0; isalias = 0; parent = None # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts. If the head is # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only # declare success if we can find them all. oname_parts = oname.split('.') oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:] for nsname,ns in namespaces: try: obj = ns[oname_head] except KeyError: continue else: #print 'oname_rest:', oname_rest # dbg for part in oname_rest: try: parent = obj obj = getattr(obj,part) except: # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython. break else: # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members found = 1 ospace = nsname if ns == alias_ns: isalias = 1 break # namespace loop # Try to see if it's magic if not found: if oname.startswith(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC): oname = oname[1:] obj = getattr(self,'magic_'+oname,None) if obj is not None: found = 1 ospace = 'IPython internal' ismagic = 1 # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc: if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']: obj = eval(oname_head) found = 1 ospace = 'Interactive' return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace, 'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias, 'parent':parent} def arg_err(self,func): """Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed""" print 'Error in arguments:' print OInspect.getdoc(func) def format_latex(self,strng): """Format a string for latex inclusion.""" # Characters that need to be escaped for latex: escape_re = re.compile(r'(%|_|\$|#|&)',re.MULTILINE) # Magic command names as headers: cmd_name_re = re.compile(r'^(%s.*?):' % self.shell.ESC_MAGIC, re.MULTILINE) # Magic commands cmd_re = re.compile(r'(?P%s.+?\b)(?!\}\}:)' % self.shell.ESC_MAGIC, re.MULTILINE) # Paragraph continue par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE) # The "\n" symbol newline_re = re.compile(r'\\n') # Now build the string for output: #strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\texttt{\\textsl{\\large \1}}:',strng) strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\bigskip\n\\texttt{\\textbf{ \1}}:', strng) strng = cmd_re.sub(r'\\texttt{\g}',strng) strng = par_re.sub(r'\\\\',strng) strng = escape_re.sub(r'\\\1',strng) strng = newline_re.sub(r'\\textbackslash{}n',strng) return strng def format_screen(self,strng): """Format a string for screen printing. This removes some latex-type format codes.""" # Paragraph continue par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE) strng = par_re.sub('',strng) return strng def parse_options(self,arg_str,opt_str,*long_opts,**kw): """Parse options passed to an argument string. The interface is similar to that of getopt(), but it returns back a Struct with the options as keys and the stripped argument string still as a string. arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split. This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote arguments, etc. Options: -mode: default 'string'. If given as 'list', the argument string is returned as a list (split on whitespace) instead of a string. -list_all: put all option values in lists. Normally only options appearing more than once are put in a list. -posix (True): whether to split the input line in POSIX mode or not, as per the conventions outlined in the shlex module from the standard library.""" # inject default options at the beginning of the input line caller = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name.replace('magic_','') arg_str = '%s %s' % (self.options_table.get(caller,''),arg_str) mode = kw.get('mode','string') if mode not in ['string','list']: raise ValueError,'incorrect mode given: %s' % mode # Get options list_all = kw.get('list_all',0) posix = kw.get('posix',True) # Check if we have more than one argument to warrant extra processing: odict = {} # Dictionary with options args = arg_str.split() if len(args) >= 1: # If the list of inputs only has 0 or 1 thing in it, there's no # need to look for options argv = arg_split(arg_str,posix) # Do regular option processing try: opts,args = getopt(argv,opt_str,*long_opts) except GetoptError,e: raise GetoptError('%s ( allowed: "%s" %s)' % (e.msg,opt_str, " ".join(long_opts))) for o,a in opts: if o.startswith('--'): o = o[2:] else: o = o[1:] try: odict[o].append(a) except AttributeError: odict[o] = [odict[o],a] except KeyError: if list_all: odict[o] = [a] else: odict[o] = a # Prepare opts,args for return opts = Struct(odict) if mode == 'string': args = ' '.join(args) return opts,args #...................................................................... # And now the actual magic functions # Functions for IPython shell work (vars,funcs, config, etc) def magic_lsmagic(self, parameter_s = ''): """List currently available magic functions.""" mesc = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC print 'Available magic functions:\n'+mesc+\ (' '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic()) print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[self.shell.rc.automagic] return None def magic_magic(self, parameter_s = ''): """Print information about the magic function system.""" mode = '' try: if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-latex': mode = 'latex' if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-brief': mode = 'brief' except: pass magic_docs = [] for fname in self.lsmagic(): mname = 'magic_' + fname for space in (Magic,self,self.__class__): try: fn = space.__dict__[mname] except KeyError: pass else: break if mode == 'brief': # only first line fndoc = fn.__doc__.split('\n',1)[0] else: fndoc = fn.__doc__ magic_docs.append('%s%s:\n\t%s\n' %(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC, fname,fndoc)) magic_docs = ''.join(magic_docs) if mode == 'latex': print self.format_latex(magic_docs) return else: magic_docs = self.format_screen(magic_docs) if mode == 'brief': return magic_docs outmsg = """ IPython's 'magic' functions =========================== The magic function system provides a series of functions which allow you to control the behavior of IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type features. All these functions are prefixed with a % character, but parameters are given without parentheses or quotes. NOTE: If you have 'automagic' enabled (via the command line option or with the %automagic function), you don't need to type in the % explicitly. By default, IPython ships with automagic on, so you should only rarely need the % escape. Example: typing '%cd mydir' (without the quotes) changes you working directory to 'mydir', if it exists. You can define your own magic functions to extend the system. See the supplied ipythonrc and example-magic.py files for details (in your ipython configuration directory, typically $HOME/.ipython/). You can also define your own aliased names for magic functions. In your ipythonrc file, placing a line like: execute __IPYTHON__.magic_pf = __IPYTHON__.magic_profile will define %pf as a new name for %profile. You can also call magics in code using the ipmagic() function, which IPython automatically adds to the builtin namespace. Type 'ipmagic?' for details. For a list of the available magic functions, use %lsmagic. For a description of any of them, type %magic_name?, e.g. '%cd?'. Currently the magic system has the following functions:\n""" mesc = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC outmsg = ("%s\n%s\n\nSummary of magic functions (from %slsmagic):" "\n\n%s%s\n\n%s" % (outmsg, magic_docs,mesc,mesc, (' '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic()), Magic.auto_status[self.shell.rc.automagic] ) ) page(outmsg,screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length) def magic_automagic(self, parameter_s = ''): """Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %. Without argumentsl toggles on/off (when off, you must call it as %automagic, of course). With arguments it sets the value, and you can use any of (case insensitive): - on,1,True: to activate - off,0,False: to deactivate. Note that magic functions have lowest priority, so if there's a variable whose name collides with that of a magic fn, automagic won't work for that function (you get the variable instead). However, if you delete the variable (del var), the previously shadowed magic function becomes visible to automagic again.""" rc = self.shell.rc arg = parameter_s.lower() if parameter_s in ('on','1','true'): rc.automagic = True elif parameter_s in ('off','0','false'): rc.automagic = False else: rc.automagic = not rc.automagic print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[rc.automagic] def magic_autocall(self, parameter_s = ''): """Make functions callable without having to type parentheses. Usage: %autocall [mode] The mode can be one of: 0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full. If not given, the value is toggled on and off (remembering the previous state).""" rc = self.shell.rc if parameter_s: arg = int(parameter_s) else: arg = 'toggle' if not arg in (0,1,2,'toggle'): error('Valid modes: (0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full') return if arg in (0,1,2): rc.autocall = arg else: # toggle if rc.autocall: self._magic_state.autocall_save = rc.autocall rc.autocall = 0 else: try: rc.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save except AttributeError: rc.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save = 1 print "Automatic calling is:",['OFF','Smart','Full'][rc.autocall] def magic_autoindent(self, parameter_s = ''): """Toggle autoindent on/off (if available).""" self.shell.set_autoindent() print "Automatic indentation is:",['OFF','ON'][self.shell.autoindent] def magic_system_verbose(self, parameter_s = ''): """Set verbose printing of system calls. If called without an argument, act as a toggle""" if parameter_s: val = bool(eval(parameter_s)) else: val = None self.shell.rc_set_toggle('system_verbose',val) print "System verbose printing is:",\ ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.system_verbose] def magic_history(self, parameter_s = ''): """Print input history (_i variables), with most recent last. %history -> print at most 40 inputs (some may be multi-line)\\ %history n -> print at most n inputs\\ %history n1 n2 -> print inputs between n1 and n2 (n2 not included)\\ Each input's number is shown, and is accessible as the automatically generated variable _i. Multi-line statements are printed starting at a new line for easy copy/paste. Options: -n: do NOT print line numbers. This is useful if you want to get a printout of many lines which can be directly pasted into a text editor. This feature is only available if numbered prompts are in use. -r: print the 'raw' history. IPython filters your input and converts it all into valid Python source before executing it (things like magics or aliases are turned into function calls, for example). With this option, you'll see the unfiltered history instead of the filtered version: '%cd /' will be seen as '%cd /' instead of '_ip.magic("%cd /")'. """ shell = self.shell if not shell.outputcache.do_full_cache: print 'This feature is only available if numbered prompts are in use.' return opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'nr',mode='list') if opts.has_key('r'): input_hist = shell.input_hist_raw else: input_hist = shell.input_hist default_length = 40 if len(args) == 0: final = len(input_hist) init = max(1,final-default_length) elif len(args) == 1: final = len(input_hist) init = max(1,final-int(args[0])) elif len(args) == 2: init,final = map(int,args) else: warn('%hist takes 0, 1 or 2 arguments separated by spaces.') print self.magic_hist.__doc__ return width = len(str(final)) line_sep = ['','\n'] print_nums = not opts.has_key('n') for in_num in range(init,final): inline = input_hist[in_num] multiline = int(inline.count('\n') > 1) if print_nums: print '%s:%s' % (str(in_num).ljust(width),line_sep[multiline]), print inline, def magic_hist(self, parameter_s=''): """Alternate name for %history.""" return self.magic_history(parameter_s) def magic_p(self, parameter_s=''): """Just a short alias for Python's 'print'.""" exec 'print ' + parameter_s in self.shell.user_ns def magic_r(self, parameter_s=''): """Repeat previous input. If given an argument, repeats the previous command which starts with the same string, otherwise it just repeats the previous input. Shell escaped commands (with ! as first character) are not recognized by this system, only pure python code and magic commands. """ start = parameter_s.strip() esc_magic = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC # Identify magic commands even if automagic is on (which means # the in-memory version is different from that typed by the user). if self.shell.rc.automagic: start_magic = esc_magic+start else: start_magic = start # Look through the input history in reverse for n in range(len(self.shell.input_hist)-2,0,-1): input = self.shell.input_hist[n] # skip plain 'r' lines so we don't recurse to infinity if input != '_ip.magic("r")\n' and \ (input.startswith(start) or input.startswith(start_magic)): #print 'match',`input` # dbg print 'Executing:',input, self.shell.runlines(input) return print 'No previous input matching `%s` found.' % start def magic_page(self, parameter_s=''): """Pretty print the object and display it through a pager. %page [options] OBJECT If no object is given, use _ (last output). Options: -r: page str(object), don't pretty-print it.""" # After a function contributed by Olivier Aubert, slightly modified. # Process options/args opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r') raw = 'r' in opts oname = args and args or '_' info = self._ofind(oname) if info['found']: txt = (raw and str or pformat)( info['obj'] ) page(txt) else: print 'Object `%s` not found' % oname def magic_profile(self, parameter_s=''): """Print your currently active IPyhton profile.""" if self.shell.rc.profile: printpl('Current IPython profile: $self.shell.rc.profile.') else: print 'No profile active.' def _inspect(self,meth,oname,namespaces=None,**kw): """Generic interface to the inspector system. This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends.""" #oname = oname.strip() #print '1- oname: <%r>' % oname # dbg try: oname = oname.strip().encode('ascii') #print '2- oname: <%r>' % oname # dbg except UnicodeEncodeError: print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.' return 'not found' info = Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces)) if info.found: # Get the docstring of the class property if it exists. path = oname.split('.') root = '.'.join(path[:-1]) if info.parent is not None: try: target = getattr(info.parent, '__class__') # The object belongs to a class instance. try: target = getattr(target, path[-1]) # The class defines the object. if isinstance(target, property): oname = root + '.__class__.' + path[-1] info = Struct(self._ofind(oname)) except AttributeError: pass except AttributeError: pass pmethod = getattr(self.shell.inspector,meth) formatter = info.ismagic and self.format_screen or None if meth == 'pdoc': pmethod(info.obj,oname,formatter) elif meth == 'pinfo': pmethod(info.obj,oname,formatter,info,**kw) else: pmethod(info.obj,oname) else: print 'Object `%s` not found.' % oname return 'not found' # so callers can take other action def magic_pdef(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None): """Print the definition header for any callable object. If the object is a class, print the constructor information.""" self._inspect('pdef',parameter_s, namespaces) def magic_pdoc(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None): """Print the docstring for an object. If the given object is a class, it will print both the class and the constructor docstrings.""" self._inspect('pdoc',parameter_s, namespaces) def magic_psource(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None): """Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object.""" self._inspect('psource',parameter_s, namespaces) def magic_pfile(self, parameter_s=''): """Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined. The file opens at the line where the object definition begins. IPython will honor the environment variable PAGER if set, and otherwise will do its best to print the file in a convenient form. If the given argument is not an object currently defined, IPython will try to interpret it as a filename (automatically adding a .py extension if needed). You can thus use %pfile as a syntax highlighting code viewer.""" # first interpret argument as an object name out = self._inspect('pfile',parameter_s) # if not, try the input as a filename if out == 'not found': try: filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s) except IOError,msg: print msg return page(self.shell.inspector.format(file(filename).read())) def magic_pinfo(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None): """Provide detailed information about an object. '%pinfo object' is just a synonym for object? or ?object.""" #print 'pinfo par: <%s>' % parameter_s # dbg # detail_level: 0 -> obj? , 1 -> obj?? detail_level = 0 # We need to detect if we got called as 'pinfo pinfo foo', which can # happen if the user types 'pinfo foo?' at the cmd line. pinfo,qmark1,oname,qmark2 = \ re.match('(pinfo )?(\?*)(.*?)(\??$)',parameter_s).groups() if pinfo or qmark1 or qmark2: detail_level = 1 if "*" in oname: self.magic_psearch(oname) else: self._inspect('pinfo', oname, detail_level=detail_level, namespaces=namespaces) def magic_psearch(self, parameter_s=''): """Search for object in namespaces by wildcard. %psearch [options] PATTERN [OBJECT TYPE] Note: ? can be used as a synonym for %psearch, at the beginning or at the end: both a*? and ?a* are equivalent to '%psearch a*'. Still, the rest of the command line must be unchanged (options come first), so for example the following forms are equivalent %psearch -i a* function -i a* function? ?-i a* function Arguments: PATTERN where PATTERN is a string containing * as a wildcard similar to its use in a shell. The pattern is matched in all namespaces on the search path. By default objects starting with a single _ are not matched, many IPython generated objects have a single underscore. The default is case insensitive matching. Matching is also done on the attributes of objects and not only on the objects in a module. [OBJECT TYPE] Is the name of a python type from the types module. The name is given in lowercase without the ending type, ex. StringType is written string. By adding a type here only objects matching the given type are matched. Using all here makes the pattern match all types (this is the default). Options: -a: makes the pattern match even objects whose names start with a single underscore. These names are normally ommitted from the search. -i/-c: make the pattern case insensitive/sensitive. If neither of these options is given, the default is read from your ipythonrc file. The option name which sets this value is 'wildcards_case_sensitive'. If this option is not specified in your ipythonrc file, IPython's internal default is to do a case sensitive search. -e/-s NAMESPACE: exclude/search a given namespace. The pattern you specifiy can be searched in any of the following namespaces: 'builtin', 'user', 'user_global','internal', 'alias', where 'builtin' and 'user' are the search defaults. Note that you should not use quotes when specifying namespaces. 'Builtin' contains the python module builtin, 'user' contains all user data, 'alias' only contain the shell aliases and no python objects, 'internal' contains objects used by IPython. The 'user_global' namespace is only used by embedded IPython instances, and it contains module-level globals. You can add namespaces to the search with -s or exclude them with -e (these options can be given more than once). Examples: %psearch a* -> objects beginning with an a %psearch -e builtin a* -> objects NOT in the builtin space starting in a %psearch a* function -> all functions beginning with an a %psearch re.e* -> objects beginning with an e in module re %psearch r*.e* -> objects that start with e in modules starting in r %psearch r*.* string -> all strings in modules beginning with r Case sensitve search: %psearch -c a* list all object beginning with lower case a Show objects beginning with a single _: %psearch -a _* list objects beginning with a single underscore""" try: parameter_s = parameter_s.encode('ascii') except UnicodeEncodeError: print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.' return # default namespaces to be searched def_search = ['user','builtin'] # Process options/args opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'cias:e:',list_all=True) opt = opts.get shell = self.shell psearch = shell.inspector.psearch # select case options if opts.has_key('i'): ignore_case = True elif opts.has_key('c'): ignore_case = False else: ignore_case = not shell.rc.wildcards_case_sensitive # Build list of namespaces to search from user options def_search.extend(opt('s',[])) ns_exclude = ns_exclude=opt('e',[]) ns_search = [nm for nm in def_search if nm not in ns_exclude] # Call the actual search try: psearch(args,shell.ns_table,ns_search, show_all=opt('a'),ignore_case=ignore_case) except: shell.showtraceback() def magic_who_ls(self, parameter_s=''): """Return a sorted list of all interactive variables. If arguments are given, only variables of types matching these arguments are returned.""" user_ns = self.shell.user_ns internal_ns = self.shell.internal_ns user_config_ns = self.shell.user_config_ns out = [] typelist = parameter_s.split() for i in user_ns: if not (i.startswith('_') or i.startswith('_i')) \ and not (i in internal_ns or i in user_config_ns): if typelist: if type(user_ns[i]).__name__ in typelist: out.append(i) else: out.append(i) out.sort() return out def magic_who(self, parameter_s=''): """Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting. If any arguments are given, only variables whose type matches one of these are printed. For example: %who function str will only list functions and strings, excluding all other types of variables. To find the proper type names, simply use type(var) at a command line to see how python prints type names. For example: In [1]: type('hello')\\ Out[1]: indicates that the type name for strings is 'str'. %who always excludes executed names loaded through your configuration file and things which are internal to IPython. This is deliberate, as typically you may load many modules and the purpose of %who is to show you only what you've manually defined.""" varlist = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s) if not varlist: if parameter_s: print 'No variables match your requested type.' else: print 'Interactive namespace is empty.' return # if we have variables, move on... count = 0 for i in varlist: print i+'\t', count += 1 if count > 8: count = 0 print print def magic_whos(self, parameter_s=''): """Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable. The same type filtering of %who can be applied here. For all variables, the type is printed. Additionally it prints: - For {},[],(): their length. - For numpy and Numeric arrays, a summary with shape, number of elements, typecode and size in memory. - Everything else: a string representation, snipping their middle if too long.""" varnames = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s) if not varnames: if parameter_s: print 'No variables match your requested type.' else: print 'Interactive namespace is empty.' return # if we have variables, move on... # for these types, show len() instead of data: seq_types = [types.DictType,types.ListType,types.TupleType] # for numpy/Numeric arrays, display summary info try: import numpy except ImportError: ndarray_type = None else: ndarray_type = numpy.ndarray.__name__ try: import Numeric except ImportError: array_type = None else: array_type = Numeric.ArrayType.__name__ # Find all variable names and types so we can figure out column sizes def get_vars(i): return self.shell.user_ns[i] # some types are well known and can be shorter abbrevs = {'IPython.macro.Macro' : 'Macro'} def type_name(v): tn = type(v).__name__ return abbrevs.get(tn,tn) varlist = map(get_vars,varnames) typelist = [] for vv in varlist: tt = type_name(vv) if tt=='instance': typelist.append( abbrevs.get(str(vv.__class__), str(vv.__class__))) else: typelist.append(tt) # column labels and # of spaces as separator varlabel = 'Variable' typelabel = 'Type' datalabel = 'Data/Info' colsep = 3 # variable format strings vformat = "$vname.ljust(varwidth)$vtype.ljust(typewidth)" vfmt_short = '$vstr[:25]<...>$vstr[-25:]' aformat = "%s: %s elems, type `%s`, %s bytes" # find the size of the columns to format the output nicely varwidth = max(max(map(len,varnames)), len(varlabel)) + colsep typewidth = max(max(map(len,typelist)), len(typelabel)) + colsep # table header print varlabel.ljust(varwidth) + typelabel.ljust(typewidth) + \ ' '+datalabel+'\n' + '-'*(varwidth+typewidth+len(datalabel)+1) # and the table itself kb = 1024 Mb = 1048576 # kb**2 for vname,var,vtype in zip(varnames,varlist,typelist): print itpl(vformat), if vtype in seq_types: print len(var) elif vtype in [array_type,ndarray_type]: vshape = str(var.shape).replace(',','').replace(' ','x')[1:-1] if vtype==ndarray_type: # numpy vsize = var.size vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize vdtype = var.dtype else: # Numeric vsize = Numeric.size(var) vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize() vdtype = var.typecode() if vbytes < 100000: print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes) else: print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes), if vbytes < Mb: print '(%s kb)' % (vbytes/kb,) else: print '(%s Mb)' % (vbytes/Mb,) else: vstr = str(var).replace('\n','\\n') if len(vstr) < 50: print vstr else: printpl(vfmt_short) def magic_reset(self, parameter_s=''): """Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user. Input/Output history are left around in case you need them.""" ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no( "Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])? ") if not ans: print 'Nothing done.' return user_ns = self.shell.user_ns for i in self.magic_who_ls(): del(user_ns[i]) def magic_logstart(self,parameter_s=''): """Start logging anywhere in a session. %logstart [-o|-r|-t] [log_name [log_mode]] If no name is given, it defaults to a file named 'ipython_log.py' in your current directory, in 'rotate' mode (see below). '%logstart name' saves to file 'name' in 'backup' mode. It saves your history up to that point and then continues logging. %logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be one of (note that the modes are given unquoted):\\ append: well, that says it.\\ backup: rename (if exists) to name~ and start name.\\ global: single logfile in your home dir, appended to.\\ over : overwrite existing log.\\ rotate: create rotating logs name.1~, name.2~, etc. Options: -o: log also IPython's output. In this mode, all commands which generate an Out[NN] prompt are recorded to the logfile, right after their corresponding input line. The output lines are always prepended with a '#[Out]# ' marker, so that the log remains valid Python code. Since this marker is always the same, filtering only the output from a log is very easy, using for example a simple awk call: awk -F'#\\[Out\\]# ' '{if($2) {print $2}}' ipython_log.py -r: log 'raw' input. Normally, IPython's logs contain the processed input, so that user lines are logged in their final form, converted into valid Python. For example, %Exit is logged as '_ip.magic("Exit"). If the -r flag is given, all input is logged exactly as typed, with no transformations applied. -t: put timestamps before each input line logged (these are put in comments).""" opts,par = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'ort') log_output = 'o' in opts log_raw_input = 'r' in opts timestamp = 't' in opts rc = self.shell.rc logger = self.shell.logger # if no args are given, the defaults set in the logger constructor by # ipytohn remain valid if par: try: logfname,logmode = par.split() except: logfname = par logmode = 'backup' else: logfname = logger.logfname logmode = logger.logmode # put logfname into rc struct as if it had been called on the command # line, so it ends up saved in the log header Save it in case we need # to restore it... old_logfile = rc.opts.get('logfile','') if logfname: logfname = os.path.expanduser(logfname) rc.opts.logfile = logfname loghead = self.shell.loghead_tpl % (rc.opts,rc.args) try: started = logger.logstart(logfname,loghead,logmode, log_output,timestamp,log_raw_input) except: rc.opts.logfile = old_logfile warn("Couldn't start log: %s" % sys.exc_info()[1]) else: # log input history up to this point, optionally interleaving # output if requested if timestamp: # disable timestamping for the previous history, since we've # lost those already (no time machine here). logger.timestamp = False if log_raw_input: input_hist = self.shell.input_hist_raw else: input_hist = self.shell.input_hist if log_output: log_write = logger.log_write output_hist = self.shell.output_hist for n in range(1,len(input_hist)-1): log_write(input_hist[n].rstrip()) if n in output_hist: log_write(repr(output_hist[n]),'output') else: logger.log_write(input_hist[1:]) if timestamp: # re-enable timestamping logger.timestamp = True print ('Activating auto-logging. ' 'Current session state plus future input saved.') logger.logstate() def magic_logoff(self,parameter_s=''): """Temporarily stop logging. You must have previously started logging.""" self.shell.logger.switch_log(0) def magic_logon(self,parameter_s=''): """Restart logging. This function is for restarting logging which you've temporarily stopped with %logoff. For starting logging for the first time, you must use the %logstart function, which allows you to specify an optional log filename.""" self.shell.logger.switch_log(1) def magic_logstate(self,parameter_s=''): """Print the status of the logging system.""" self.shell.logger.logstate() def magic_pdb(self, parameter_s=''): """Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger. Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without argument it works as a toggle. When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles this feature on and off. The initial state of this feature is set in your ipythonrc configuration file (the variable is called 'pdb'). If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired, without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use the %debug magic.""" par = parameter_s.strip().lower() if par: try: new_pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par] except KeyError: print ('Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0, ' 'or nothing for a toggle.') return else: # toggle new_pdb = not self.shell.call_pdb # set on the shell self.shell.call_pdb = new_pdb print 'Automatic pdb calling has been turned',on_off(new_pdb) def magic_debug(self, parameter_s=''): """Activate the interactive debugger in post-mortem mode. If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack frames interactively. Note that this will always work only on the last traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one occurs, it clobbers the previous one. If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see the %pdb magic for more details. """ self.shell.debugger(force=True) def magic_prun(self, parameter_s ='',user_mode=1, opts=None,arg_lst=None,prog_ns=None): """Run a statement through the python code profiler. Usage:\\ %prun [options] statement The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function. Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about namespaces which do not hold under IPython. Options: -l : you can place restrictions on what or how much of the profile gets printed. The limit value can be: * A string: only information for function names containing this string is printed. * An integer: only these many lines are printed. * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only). You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For example, '-l __init__ -l 5' will print only the topmost 5 lines of information about class constructors. -r: return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can later use it for further analysis or in other functions. -s : sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The default sorting key is 'time'. The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation referenced below: When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected before them. Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the abbreviation is unambiguous. The following are the keys currently defined: Valid Arg Meaning\\ "calls" call count\\ "cumulative" cumulative time\\ "file" file name\\ "module" file name\\ "pcalls" primitive call count\\ "line" line number\\ "name" function name\\ "nfl" name/file/line\\ "stdname" standard name\\ "time" internal time Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line numbers get compared in an odd way. For example, lines 3, 20, and 40 would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order "20" "3" and "40". In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the line numbers. In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as sort_stats("name", "file", "line"). -T : save profile results as shown on screen to a text file. The profile is still shown on screen. -D : save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given filename. This data is in a format understod by the pstats module, and is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile objects. The profile is still shown on screen. If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use '%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]' where prof_opts contains profiler specific options as described here. You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with:\\ In [1]: import profile; profile.help() """ opts_def = Struct(D=[''],l=[],s=['time'],T=['']) # protect user quote marks parameter_s = parameter_s.replace('"',r'\"').replace("'",r"\'") if user_mode: # regular user call opts,arg_str = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'D:l:rs:T:', list_all=1) namespace = self.shell.user_ns else: # called to run a program by %run -p try: filename = get_py_filename(arg_lst[0]) except IOError,msg: error(msg) return arg_str = 'execfile(filename,prog_ns)' namespace = locals() opts.merge(opts_def) prof = profile.Profile() try: prof = prof.runctx(arg_str,namespace,namespace) sys_exit = '' except SystemExit: sys_exit = """*** SystemExit exception caught in code being profiled.""" stats = pstats.Stats(prof).strip_dirs().sort_stats(*opts.s) lims = opts.l if lims: lims = [] # rebuild lims with ints/floats/strings for lim in opts.l: try: lims.append(int(lim)) except ValueError: try: lims.append(float(lim)) except ValueError: lims.append(lim) # Trap output. stdout_trap = StringIO() if hasattr(stats,'stream'): # In newer versions of python, the stats object has a 'stream' # attribute to write into. stats.stream = stdout_trap stats.print_stats(*lims) else: # For older versions, we manually redirect stdout during printing sys_stdout = sys.stdout try: sys.stdout = stdout_trap stats.print_stats(*lims) finally: sys.stdout = sys_stdout output = stdout_trap.getvalue() output = output.rstrip() page(output,screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length) print sys_exit, dump_file = opts.D[0] text_file = opts.T[0] if dump_file: prof.dump_stats(dump_file) print '\n*** Profile stats marshalled to file',\ `dump_file`+'.',sys_exit if text_file: pfile = file(text_file,'w') pfile.write(output) pfile.close() print '\n*** Profile printout saved to text file',\ `text_file`+'.',sys_exit if opts.has_key('r'): return stats else: return None def magic_run(self, parameter_s ='',runner=None): """Run the named file inside IPython as a program. Usage:\\ %run [-n -i -t [-N] -d [-b] -p [profile options]] file [args] Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's prompt. This is similar to running at a system prompt:\\ $ python file args\\ but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use (unless -p is used, see below). The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of __name__=='__main__' and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program. But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__ and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in. Options: -n: __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name without extension (as python does under import). This allows running scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code protected by an ' if __name__ == "__main__" ' clause. -i: run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor which depends on variables defined interactively. -e: ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script being run. This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call. In such cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in seeing a traceback of the unittest module. -t: print timing information at the end of the run. IPython will give you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of time.clock(). Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0). If -t is given, an additional -N option can be given, where must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to run. The final timing report will include total and per run results. For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py): In [1]: run -t uniq_stable IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\ User : 0.19597 s.\\ System: 0.0 s.\\ In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\ Total runs performed: 5\\ Times : Total Per run\\ User : 0.910862 s, 0.1821724 s.\\ System: 0.0 s, 0.0 s. -d: run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger. This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables, etc. Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling: pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")') with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file. You can change the line number for this automatic breakpoint to be by using the -bN option (where N must be an integer). For example: %run -d -b40 myscript will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py. Note that the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution. When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt. You must first enter 'c' (without qoutes) to start execution up to the first breakpoint. Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger. You can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()" at a prompt. -p: run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc). You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details. In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace where the profiler executes them). Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for details on the options available specifically for profiling. There is one special usage for which the text above doesn't apply: if the filename ends with .ipy, the file is run as ipython script, just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt. """ # get arguments and set sys.argv for program to be run. opts,arg_lst = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'nidtN:b:pD:l:rs:T:e', mode='list',list_all=1) try: filename = get_py_filename(arg_lst[0]) except IndexError: warn('you must provide at least a filename.') print '\n%run:\n',OInspect.getdoc(self.magic_run) return except IOError,msg: error(msg) return if filename.lower().endswith('.ipy'): self.api.runlines(open(filename).read()) return # Control the response to exit() calls made by the script being run exit_ignore = opts.has_key('e') # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it # were run from a system shell. save_argv = sys.argv # save it for later restoring sys.argv = [filename]+ arg_lst[1:] # put in the proper filename if opts.has_key('i'): prog_ns = self.shell.user_ns __name__save = self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] prog_ns['__name__'] = '__main__' else: if opts.has_key('n'): name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0] else: name = '__main__' prog_ns = {'__name__':name} # Since '%run foo' emulates 'python foo.py' at the cmd line, we must # set the __file__ global in the script's namespace prog_ns['__file__'] = filename # pickle fix. See iplib for an explanation. But we need to make sure # that, if we overwrite __main__, we replace it at the end if prog_ns['__name__'] == '__main__': restore_main = sys.modules['__main__'] else: restore_main = False sys.modules[prog_ns['__name__']] = FakeModule(prog_ns) stats = None try: if self.shell.has_readline: self.shell.savehist() if opts.has_key('p'): stats = self.magic_prun('',0,opts,arg_lst,prog_ns) else: if opts.has_key('d'): deb = Debugger.Pdb(self.shell.rc.colors) # reset Breakpoint state, which is moronically kept # in a class bdb.Breakpoint.next = 1 bdb.Breakpoint.bplist = {} bdb.Breakpoint.bpbynumber = [None] # Set an initial breakpoint to stop execution maxtries = 10 bp = int(opts.get('b',[1])[0]) checkline = deb.checkline(filename,bp) if not checkline: for bp in range(bp+1,bp+maxtries+1): if deb.checkline(filename,bp): break else: msg = ("\nI failed to find a valid line to set " "a breakpoint\n" "after trying up to line: %s.\n" "Please set a valid breakpoint manually " "with the -b option." % bp) error(msg) return # if we find a good linenumber, set the breakpoint deb.do_break('%s:%s' % (filename,bp)) # Start file run print "NOTE: Enter 'c' at the", print "%s prompt to start your script." % deb.prompt try: deb.run('execfile("%s")' % filename,prog_ns) except: etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info() # Skip three frames in the traceback: the %run one, # one inside bdb.py, and the command-line typed by the # user (run by exec in pdb itself). self.shell.InteractiveTB(etype,value,tb,tb_offset=3) else: if runner is None: runner = self.shell.safe_execfile if opts.has_key('t'): try: nruns = int(opts['N'][0]) if nruns < 1: error('Number of runs must be >=1') return except (KeyError): nruns = 1 if nruns == 1: t0 = clock2() runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns, exit_ignore=exit_ignore) t1 = clock2() t_usr = t1[0]-t0[0] t_sys = t1[1]-t1[1] print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):" print " User : %10s s." % t_usr print " System: %10s s." % t_sys else: runs = range(nruns) t0 = clock2() for nr in runs: runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns, exit_ignore=exit_ignore) t1 = clock2() t_usr = t1[0]-t0[0] t_sys = t1[1]-t1[1] print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):" print "Total runs performed:",nruns print " Times : %10s %10s" % ('Total','Per run') print " User : %10s s, %10s s." % (t_usr,t_usr/nruns) print " System: %10s s, %10s s." % (t_sys,t_sys/nruns) else: runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns,exit_ignore=exit_ignore) if opts.has_key('i'): self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] = __name__save else: # update IPython interactive namespace del prog_ns['__name__'] self.shell.user_ns.update(prog_ns) finally: sys.argv = save_argv if restore_main: sys.modules['__main__'] = restore_main self.shell.reloadhist() return stats def magic_runlog(self, parameter_s =''): """Run files as logs. Usage:\\ %runlog file1 file2 ... Run the named files (treating them as log files) in sequence inside the interpreter, and return to the prompt. This is much slower than %run because each line is executed in a try/except block, but it allows running files with syntax errors in them. Normally IPython will guess when a file is one of its own logfiles, so you can typically use %run even for logs. This shorthand allows you to force any file to be treated as a log file.""" for f in parameter_s.split(): self.shell.safe_execfile(f,self.shell.user_ns, self.shell.user_ns,islog=1) def magic_timeit(self, parameter_s =''): """Time execution of a Python statement or expression Usage:\\ %timeit [-n -r [-t|-c]] statement Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit module. Options: -n: execute the given statement times in a loop. If this value is not given, a fitting value is chosen. -r: repeat the loop iteration times and take the best result. Default: 3 -t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix. This function measures wall time. -c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used instead and returns the CPU user time. -p

: use a precision of

digits to display the timing result. Default: 3 Examples:\\ In [1]: %timeit pass 10000000 loops, best of 3: 53.3 ns per loop In [2]: u = None In [3]: %timeit u is None 10000000 loops, best of 3: 184 ns per loop In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None 1000000 loops, best of 4: 242 ns per loop In [5]: import time In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2) 1 loops, best of 3: 2 s per loop The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with those from %timeit.""" import timeit import math units = ["s", "ms", "\xc2\xb5s", "ns"] scaling = [1, 1e3, 1e6, 1e9] opts, stmt = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'n:r:tcp:', posix=False) if stmt == "": return timefunc = timeit.default_timer number = int(getattr(opts, "n", 0)) repeat = int(getattr(opts, "r", timeit.default_repeat)) precision = int(getattr(opts, "p", 3)) if hasattr(opts, "t"): timefunc = time.time if hasattr(opts, "c"): timefunc = clock timer = timeit.Timer(timer=timefunc) # this code has tight coupling to the inner workings of timeit.Timer, # but is there a better way to achieve that the code stmt has access # to the shell namespace? src = timeit.template % {'stmt': timeit.reindent(stmt, 8), 'setup': "pass"} code = compile(src, "", "exec") ns = {} exec code in self.shell.user_ns, ns timer.inner = ns["inner"] if number == 0: # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0 number = 1 for i in range(1, 10): number *= 10 if timer.timeit(number) >= 0.2: break best = min(timer.repeat(repeat, number)) / number if best > 0.0: order = min(-int(math.floor(math.log10(best)) // 3), 3) else: order = 3 print "%d loops, best of %d: %.*g %s per loop" % (number, repeat, precision, best * scaling[order], units[order]) def magic_time(self,parameter_s = ''): """Time execution of a Python statement or expression. The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the expression (if any) is returned. Note that under Win32, system time is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured. This function provides very basic timing functionality. In Python 2.3, the timeit module offers more control and sophistication, so this could be rewritten to use it (patches welcome). Some examples: In [1]: time 2**128 CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s Wall time: 0.00 Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L In [2]: n = 1000000 In [3]: time sum(range(n)) CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s Wall time: 1.37 Out[3]: 499999500000L In [4]: time print 'hello world' hello world CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s Wall time: 0.00 """ # fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled try: mode = 'eval' code = compile(parameter_s,'',mode) except SyntaxError: mode = 'exec' code = compile(parameter_s,'',mode) # skew measurement as little as possible glob = self.shell.user_ns clk = clock2 wtime = time.time # time execution wall_st = wtime() if mode=='eval': st = clk() out = eval(code,glob) end = clk() else: st = clk() exec code in glob end = clk() out = None wall_end = wtime() # Compute actual times and report wall_time = wall_end-wall_st cpu_user = end[0]-st[0] cpu_sys = end[1]-st[1] cpu_tot = cpu_user+cpu_sys print "CPU times: user %.2f s, sys: %.2f s, total: %.2f s" % \ (cpu_user,cpu_sys,cpu_tot) print "Wall time: %.2f" % wall_time return out def magic_macro(self,parameter_s = ''): """Define a set of input lines as a macro for future re-execution. Usage:\\ %macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ... Options: -r: use 'raw' input. By default, the 'processed' history is used, so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python. If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is used instead. This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers above) from your input history into a single string. This variable acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code executes. The notation for indicating number ranges is: n1-n2 means 'use line numbers n1,...n2' (the endpoint is included). That is, '5-7' means using the lines numbered 5,6 and 7. Note: as a 'hidden' feature, you can also use traditional python slice notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1. For example, if your history contains (%hist prints it): 44: x=1\\ 45: y=3\\ 46: z=x+y\\ 47: print x\\ 48: a=5\\ 49: print 'x',x,'y',y\\ you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49 called my_macro with: In [51]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49 Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code in one pass. You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any lines from your input history in any order. The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute, but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as code instead of printing them when you type their name. You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with: 'print macro_name'. For one-off cases which DON'T contain magic function calls in them you can obtain similar results by explicitly executing slices from your input history with: In [60]: exec In[44:48]+In[49]""" opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r',mode='list') name,ranges = args[0], args[1:] #print 'rng',ranges # dbg lines = self.extract_input_slices(ranges,opts.has_key('r')) macro = Macro(lines) self.shell.user_ns.update({name:macro}) print 'Macro `%s` created. To execute, type its name (without quotes).' % name print 'Macro contents:' print macro, def magic_save(self,parameter_s = ''): """Save a set of lines to a given filename. Usage:\\ %save [options] filename n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ... Options: -r: use 'raw' input. By default, the 'processed' history is used, so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python. If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is used instead. This function uses the same syntax as %macro for line extraction, but instead of creating a macro it saves the resulting string to the filename you specify. It adds a '.py' extension to the file if you don't do so yourself, and it asks for confirmation before overwriting existing files.""" opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r',mode='list') fname,ranges = args[0], args[1:] if not fname.endswith('.py'): fname += '.py' if os.path.isfile(fname): ans = raw_input('File `%s` exists. Overwrite (y/[N])? ' % fname) if ans.lower() not in ['y','yes']: print 'Operation cancelled.' return cmds = ''.join(self.extract_input_slices(ranges,opts.has_key('r'))) f = file(fname,'w') f.write(cmds) f.close() print 'The following commands were written to file `%s`:' % fname print cmds def _edit_macro(self,mname,macro): """open an editor with the macro data in a file""" filename = self.shell.mktempfile(macro.value) self.shell.hooks.editor(filename) # and make a new macro object, to replace the old one mfile = open(filename) mvalue = mfile.read() mfile.close() self.shell.user_ns[mname] = Macro(mvalue) def magic_ed(self,parameter_s=''): """Alias to %edit.""" return self.magic_edit(parameter_s) def magic_edit(self,parameter_s='',last_call=['','']): """Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code. Usage: %edit [options] [args] %edit runs IPython's editor hook. The default version of this hook is set to call the __IPYTHON__.rc.editor command. This is read from your environment variable $EDITOR. If this isn't found, it will default to vi under Linux/Unix and to notepad under Windows. See the end of this docstring for how to change the editor hook. You can also set the value of this editor via the command line option '-editor' or in your ipythonrc file. This is useful if you wish to use specifically for IPython an editor different from your typical default (and for Windows users who typically don't set environment variables). This command allows you to conveniently edit multi-line code right in your IPython session. If called without arguments, %edit opens up an empty editor with a temporary file and will execute the contents of this file when you close it (don't forget to save it!). Options: -n : open the editor at a specified line number. By default, the IPython editor hook uses the unix syntax 'editor +N filename', but you can configure this by providing your own modified hook if your favorite editor supports line-number specifications with a different syntax. -p: this will call the editor with the same data as the previous time it was used, regardless of how long ago (in your current session) it was. -r: use 'raw' input. This option only applies to input taken from the user's history. By default, the 'processed' history is used, so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid Python. If this option is given, the raw input as typed as the command line is used instead. When you exit the editor, it will be executed by IPython's own processor. -x: do not execute the edited code immediately upon exit. This is mainly useful if you are editing programs which need to be called with command line arguments, which you can then do using %run. Arguments: If arguments are given, the following possibilites exist: - The arguments are numbers or pairs of colon-separated numbers (like 1 4:8 9). These are interpreted as lines of previous input to be loaded into the editor. The syntax is the same of the %macro command. - If the argument doesn't start with a number, it is evaluated as a variable and its contents loaded into the editor. You can thus edit any string which contains python code (including the result of previous edits). - If the argument is the name of an object (other than a string), IPython will try to locate the file where it was defined and open the editor at the point where it is defined. You can use `%edit function` to load an editor exactly at the point where 'function' is defined, edit it and have the file be executed automatically. If the object is a macro (see %macro for details), this opens up your specified editor with a temporary file containing the macro's data. Upon exit, the macro is reloaded with the contents of the file. Note: opening at an exact line is only supported under Unix, and some editors (like kedit and gedit up to Gnome 2.8) do not understand the '+NUMBER' parameter necessary for this feature. Good editors like (X)Emacs, vi, jed, pico and joe all do. - If the argument is not found as a variable, IPython will look for a file with that name (adding .py if necessary) and load it into the editor. It will execute its contents with execfile() when you exit, loading any code in the file into your interactive namespace. After executing your code, %edit will return as output the code you typed in the editor (except when it was an existing file). This way you can reload the code in further invocations of %edit as a variable, via _ or Out[], where is the prompt number of the output. Note that %edit is also available through the alias %ed. This is an example of creating a simple function inside the editor and then modifying it. First, start up the editor: In [1]: ed\\ Editing... done. Executing edited code...\\ Out[1]: 'def foo():\\n print "foo() was defined in an editing session"\\n' We can then call the function foo(): In [2]: foo()\\ foo() was defined in an editing session Now we edit foo. IPython automatically loads the editor with the (temporary) file where foo() was previously defined: In [3]: ed foo\\ Editing... done. Executing edited code... And if we call foo() again we get the modified version: In [4]: foo()\\ foo() has now been changed! Here is an example of how to edit a code snippet successive times. First we call the editor: In [8]: ed\\ Editing... done. Executing edited code...\\ hello\\ Out[8]: "print 'hello'\\n" Now we call it again with the previous output (stored in _): In [9]: ed _\\ Editing... done. Executing edited code...\\ hello world\\ Out[9]: "print 'hello world'\\n" Now we call it with the output #8 (stored in _8, also as Out[8]): In [10]: ed _8\\ Editing... done. Executing edited code...\\ hello again\\ Out[10]: "print 'hello again'\\n" Changing the default editor hook: If you wish to write your own editor hook, you can put it in a configuration file which you load at startup time. The default hook is defined in the IPython.hooks module, and you can use that as a starting example for further modifications. That file also has general instructions on how to set a new hook for use once you've defined it.""" # FIXME: This function has become a convoluted mess. It needs a # ground-up rewrite with clean, simple logic. def make_filename(arg): "Make a filename from the given args" try: filename = get_py_filename(arg) except IOError: if args.endswith('.py'): filename = arg else: filename = None return filename # custom exceptions class DataIsObject(Exception): pass opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'prxn:') # Set a few locals from the options for convenience: opts_p = opts.has_key('p') opts_r = opts.has_key('r') # Default line number value lineno = opts.get('n',None) if opts_p: args = '_%s' % last_call[0] if not self.shell.user_ns.has_key(args): args = last_call[1] # use last_call to remember the state of the previous call, but don't # let it be clobbered by successive '-p' calls. try: last_call[0] = self.shell.outputcache.prompt_count if not opts_p: last_call[1] = parameter_s except: pass # by default this is done with temp files, except when the given # arg is a filename use_temp = 1 if re.match(r'\d',args): # Mode where user specifies ranges of lines, like in %macro. # This means that you can't edit files whose names begin with # numbers this way. Tough. ranges = args.split() data = ''.join(self.extract_input_slices(ranges,opts_r)) elif args.endswith('.py'): filename = make_filename(args) data = '' use_temp = 0 elif args: try: # Load the parameter given as a variable. If not a string, # process it as an object instead (below) #print '*** args',args,'type',type(args) # dbg data = eval(args,self.shell.user_ns) if not type(data) in StringTypes: raise DataIsObject except (NameError,SyntaxError): # given argument is not a variable, try as a filename filename = make_filename(args) if filename is None: warn("Argument given (%s) can't be found as a variable " "or as a filename." % args) return data = '' use_temp = 0 except DataIsObject: # macros have a special edit function if isinstance(data,Macro): self._edit_macro(args,data) return # For objects, try to edit the file where they are defined try: filename = inspect.getabsfile(data) datafile = 1 except TypeError: filename = make_filename(args) datafile = 1 warn('Could not find file where `%s` is defined.\n' 'Opening a file named `%s`' % (args,filename)) # Now, make sure we can actually read the source (if it was in # a temp file it's gone by now). if datafile: try: if lineno is None: lineno = inspect.getsourcelines(data)[1] except IOError: filename = make_filename(args) if filename is None: warn('The file `%s` where `%s` was defined cannot ' 'be read.' % (filename,data)) return use_temp = 0 else: data = '' if use_temp: filename = self.shell.mktempfile(data) print 'IPython will make a temporary file named:',filename # do actual editing here print 'Editing...', sys.stdout.flush() self.shell.hooks.editor(filename,lineno) if opts.has_key('x'): # -x prevents actual execution print else: print 'done. Executing edited code...' if opts_r: self.shell.runlines(file_read(filename)) else: self.shell.safe_execfile(filename,self.shell.user_ns) if use_temp: try: return open(filename).read() except IOError,msg: if msg.filename == filename: warn('File not found. Did you forget to save?') return else: self.shell.showtraceback() def magic_xmode(self,parameter_s = ''): """Switch modes for the exception handlers. Valid modes: Plain, Context and Verbose. If called without arguments, acts as a toggle.""" def xmode_switch_err(name): warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' % (name,sys.exc_info()[1])) shell = self.shell new_mode = parameter_s.strip().capitalize() try: shell.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=new_mode) print 'Exception reporting mode:',shell.InteractiveTB.mode except: xmode_switch_err('user') # threaded shells use a special handler in sys.excepthook if shell.isthreaded: try: shell.sys_excepthook.set_mode(mode=new_mode) except: xmode_switch_err('threaded') def magic_colors(self,parameter_s = ''): """Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers. Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG. Color scheme names are not case-sensitive.""" def color_switch_err(name): warn('Error changing %s color schemes.\n%s' % (name,sys.exc_info()[1])) new_scheme = parameter_s.strip() if not new_scheme: print 'You must specify a color scheme.' return import IPython.rlineimpl as readline if not readline.have_readline: msg = """\ Proper color support under MS Windows requires the pyreadline library. You can find it at: http://ipython.scipy.org/moin/PyReadline/Intro Gary's readline needs the ctypes module, from: http://starship.python.net/crew/theller/ctypes (Note that ctypes is already part of Python versions 2.5 and newer). Defaulting color scheme to 'NoColor'""" new_scheme = 'NoColor' warn(msg) # local shortcut shell = self.shell # Set prompt colors try: shell.outputcache.set_colors(new_scheme) except: color_switch_err('prompt') else: shell.rc.colors = \ shell.outputcache.color_table.active_scheme_name # Set exception colors try: shell.InteractiveTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme) shell.SyntaxTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme) except: color_switch_err('exception') # threaded shells use a verbose traceback in sys.excepthook if shell.isthreaded: try: shell.sys_excepthook.set_colors(scheme=new_scheme) except: color_switch_err('system exception handler') # Set info (for 'object?') colors if shell.rc.color_info: try: shell.inspector.set_active_scheme(new_scheme) except: color_switch_err('object inspector') else: shell.inspector.set_active_scheme('NoColor') def magic_color_info(self,parameter_s = ''): """Toggle color_info. The color_info configuration parameter controls whether colors are used for displaying object details (by things like %psource, %pfile or the '?' system). This function toggles this value with each call. Note that unless you have a fairly recent pager (less works better than more) in your system, using colored object information displays will not work properly. Test it and see.""" self.shell.rc.color_info = 1 - self.shell.rc.color_info self.magic_colors(self.shell.rc.colors) print 'Object introspection functions have now coloring:', print ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.color_info] def magic_Pprint(self, parameter_s=''): """Toggle pretty printing on/off.""" self.shell.rc.pprint = 1 - self.shell.rc.pprint print 'Pretty printing has been turned', \ ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.pprint] def magic_exit(self, parameter_s=''): """Exit IPython, confirming if configured to do so. You can configure whether IPython asks for confirmation upon exit by setting the confirm_exit flag in the ipythonrc file.""" self.shell.exit() def magic_quit(self, parameter_s=''): """Exit IPython, confirming if configured to do so (like %exit)""" self.shell.exit() def magic_Exit(self, parameter_s=''): """Exit IPython without confirmation.""" self.shell.exit_now = True def magic_Quit(self, parameter_s=''): """Exit IPython without confirmation (like %Exit).""" self.shell.exit_now = True #...................................................................... # Functions to implement unix shell-type things def magic_alias(self, parameter_s = ''): """Define an alias for a system command. '%alias alias_name cmd' defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd' Then, typing 'alias_name params' will execute the system command 'cmd params' (from your underlying operating system). Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal variables, so if 'foo' is both a Python variable and an alias, the alias can not be executed until 'del foo' removes the Python variable. You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the whole line when the alias is called. For example: In [2]: alias all echo "Input in brackets: <%l>"\\ In [3]: all hello world\\ Input in brackets: You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one per parameter): In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s\\ In [2]: %parts A B\\ first A second B\\ In [3]: %parts A\\ Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.\\ parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s' Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive. You can only use one or the other in your aliases. Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !! do: all expressions prefixed with '$' get expanded. For details of the semantic rules, see PEP-215: http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html. This is the library used by IPython for variable expansion. If you want to access a true shell variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by IPython: In [6]: alias show echo\\ In [7]: PATH='A Python string'\\ In [8]: show $PATH\\ A Python string\\ In [9]: show $$PATH\\ /usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:... You can use the alias facility to acess all of $PATH. See the %rehash and %rehashx functions, which automatically create aliases for the contents of your $PATH. If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table.""" par = parameter_s.strip() if not par: stored = self.db.get('stored_aliases', {} ) atab = self.shell.alias_table aliases = atab.keys() aliases.sort() res = [] showlast = [] for alias in aliases: tgt = atab[alias][1] # 'interesting' aliases if (alias in stored or alias != os.path.splitext(tgt)[0] or ' ' in tgt): showlast.append((alias, tgt)) else: res.append((alias, tgt )) # show most interesting aliases last res.extend(showlast) print "Total number of aliases:",len(aliases) return res try: alias,cmd = par.split(None,1) except: print OInspect.getdoc(self.magic_alias) else: nargs = cmd.count('%s') if nargs>0 and cmd.find('%l')>=0: error('The %s and %l specifiers are mutually exclusive ' 'in alias definitions.') else: # all looks OK self.shell.alias_table[alias] = (nargs,cmd) self.shell.alias_table_validate(verbose=0) # end magic_alias def magic_unalias(self, parameter_s = ''): """Remove an alias""" aname = parameter_s.strip() if aname in self.shell.alias_table: del self.shell.alias_table[aname] stored = self.db.get('stored_aliases', {} ) if aname in stored: print "Removing %stored alias",aname del stored[aname] self.db['stored_aliases'] = stored def magic_rehash(self, parameter_s = ''): """Update the alias table with all entries in $PATH. This version does no checks on execute permissions or whether the contents of $PATH are truly files (instead of directories or something else). For such a safer (but slower) version, use %rehashx.""" # This function (and rehashx) manipulate the alias_table directly # rather than calling magic_alias, for speed reasons. A rehash on a # typical Linux box involves several thousand entries, so efficiency # here is a top concern. path = filter(os.path.isdir,os.environ['PATH'].split(os.pathsep)) alias_table = self.shell.alias_table for pdir in path: for ff in os.listdir(pdir): # each entry in the alias table must be (N,name), where # N is the number of positional arguments of the alias. alias_table[ff] = (0,ff) # Make sure the alias table doesn't contain keywords or builtins self.shell.alias_table_validate() # Call again init_auto_alias() so we get 'rm -i' and other modified # aliases since %rehash will probably clobber them self.shell.init_auto_alias() def magic_rehashx(self, parameter_s = ''): """Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH. This version explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file with execute access (os.X_OK), so it is much slower than %rehash. Under Windows, it checks executability as a match agains a '|'-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config variable win_exec_ext. This defaults to 'exe|com|bat'. """ path = [os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(p)) for p in os.environ['PATH'].split(os.pathsep)] path = filter(os.path.isdir,path) alias_table = self.shell.alias_table syscmdlist = [] if os.name == 'posix': isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and \ os.access(fname,os.X_OK) else: try: winext = os.environ['pathext'].replace(';','|').replace('.','') except KeyError: winext = 'exe|com|bat|py' if 'py' not in winext: winext += '|py' execre = re.compile(r'(.*)\.(%s)$' % winext,re.IGNORECASE) isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and execre.match(fname) savedir = os.getcwd() try: # write the whole loop for posix/Windows so we don't have an if in # the innermost part if os.name == 'posix': for pdir in path: os.chdir(pdir) for ff in os.listdir(pdir): if isexec(ff) and ff not in self.shell.no_alias: # each entry in the alias table must be (N,name), # where N is the number of positional arguments of the # alias. alias_table[ff] = (0,ff) syscmdlist.append(ff) else: for pdir in path: os.chdir(pdir) for ff in os.listdir(pdir): base, ext = os.path.splitext(ff) if isexec(ff) and base not in self.shell.no_alias: if ext.lower() == '.exe': ff = base alias_table[base] = (0,ff) syscmdlist.append(ff) # Make sure the alias table doesn't contain keywords or builtins self.shell.alias_table_validate() # Call again init_auto_alias() so we get 'rm -i' and other # modified aliases since %rehashx will probably clobber them self.shell.init_auto_alias() db = self.getapi().db db['syscmdlist'] = syscmdlist finally: os.chdir(savedir) def magic_pwd(self, parameter_s = ''): """Return the current working directory path.""" return os.getcwd() def magic_cd(self, parameter_s=''): """Change the current working directory. This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted. You can also do 'cd -' to see directory history conveniently. Usage: cd 'dir': changes to directory 'dir'. cd -: changes to the last visited directory. cd -: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history. cd -b : jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark (note: cd is enough if there is no directory , but a bookmark with the name exists.) 'cd -b ' allows you to tab-complete bookmark names. Options: -q: quiet. Do not print the working directory after the cd command is executed. By default IPython's cd command does print this directory, since the default prompts do not display path information. Note that !cd doesn't work for this purpose because the shell where !command runs is immediately discarded after executing 'command'.""" parameter_s = parameter_s.strip() #bkms = self.shell.persist.get("bookmarks",{}) numcd = re.match(r'(-)(\d+)$',parameter_s) # jump in directory history by number if numcd: nn = int(numcd.group(2)) try: ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][nn] except IndexError: print 'The requested directory does not exist in history.' return else: opts = {} else: #turn all non-space-escaping backslashes to slashes, # for c:\windows\directory\names\ parameter_s = re.sub(r'\\(?! )','/', parameter_s) opts,ps = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'qb',mode='string') # jump to previous if ps == '-': try: ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-2] except IndexError: print 'No previous directory to change to.' return # jump to bookmark if needed else: if not os.path.isdir(ps) or opts.has_key('b'): bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks', {}) if bkms.has_key(ps): target = bkms[ps] print '(bookmark:%s) -> %s' % (ps,target) ps = target else: if opts.has_key('b'): error("Bookmark '%s' not found. " "Use '%%bookmark -l' to see your bookmarks." % ps) return # at this point ps should point to the target dir if ps: try: os.chdir(os.path.expanduser(ps)) if self.shell.rc.term_title: #print 'set term title:',self.shell.rc.term_title # dbg ttitle = ("IPy:" + ( os.getcwd() == '/' and '/' or \ os.path.basename(os.getcwd()))) platutils.set_term_title(ttitle) except OSError: print sys.exc_info()[1] else: self.shell.user_ns['_dh'].append(os.getcwd()) else: os.chdir(self.shell.home_dir) if self.shell.rc.term_title: platutils.set_term_title("IPy:~") self.shell.user_ns['_dh'].append(os.getcwd()) if not 'q' in opts: print self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-1] def magic_dhist(self, parameter_s=''): """Print your history of visited directories. %dhist -> print full history\\ %dhist n -> print last n entries only\\ %dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n1 not included)\\ This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd - to go to directory number .""" dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'] if parameter_s: try: args = map(int,parameter_s.split()) except: self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist) return if len(args) == 1: ini,fin = max(len(dh)-(args[0]),0),len(dh) elif len(args) == 2: ini,fin = args else: self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist) return else: ini,fin = 0,len(dh) nlprint(dh, header = 'Directory history (kept in _dh)', start=ini,stop=fin) def magic_env(self, parameter_s=''): """List environment variables.""" return os.environ.data def magic_pushd(self, parameter_s=''): """Place the current dir on stack and change directory. Usage:\\ %pushd ['dirname'] %pushd with no arguments does a %pushd to your home directory. """ if parameter_s == '': parameter_s = '~' dir_s = self.shell.dir_stack if len(dir_s)>0 and os.path.expanduser(parameter_s) != \ os.path.expanduser(self.shell.dir_stack[0]): try: self.magic_cd(parameter_s) dir_s.insert(0,os.getcwd().replace(self.home_dir,'~')) self.magic_dirs() except: print 'Invalid directory' else: print 'You are already there!' def magic_popd(self, parameter_s=''): """Change to directory popped off the top of the stack. """ if len (self.shell.dir_stack) > 1: self.shell.dir_stack.pop(0) self.magic_cd(self.shell.dir_stack[0]) print self.shell.dir_stack[0] else: print "You can't remove the starting directory from the stack:",\ self.shell.dir_stack def magic_dirs(self, parameter_s=''): """Return the current directory stack.""" return self.shell.dir_stack[:] def magic_sc(self, parameter_s=''): """Shell capture - execute a shell command and capture its output. DEPRECATED. Suboptimal, retained for backwards compatibility. You should use the form 'var = !command' instead. Example: "%sc -l myfiles = ls ~" should now be written as "myfiles = !ls ~" myfiles.s, myfiles.l and myfiles.n still apply as documented below. -- %sc [options] varname=command IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and will then update the user's interactive namespace with a variable called varname, containing the value of the call. Your command can contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc. The '=' sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you supply must follow Python's standard conventions for valid names. (A special format without variable name exists for internal use) Options: -l: list output. Split the output on newlines into a list before assigning it to the given variable. By default the output is stored as a single string. -v: verbose. Print the contents of the variable. In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the returned value is a special type of string which can automatically provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a space-separated string. These are convenient, respectively, either for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command. For example: # Capture into variable a In [9]: sc a=ls *py # a is a string with embedded newlines In [10]: a Out[10]: 'setup.py\nwin32_manual_post_install.py' # which can be seen as a list: In [11]: a.l Out[11]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py'] # or as a whitespace-separated string: In [12]: a.s Out[12]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py' # a.s is useful to pass as a single command line: In [13]: !wc -l $a.s 146 setup.py 130 win32_manual_post_install.py 276 total # while the list form is useful to loop over: In [14]: for f in a.l: ....: !wc -l $f ....: 146 setup.py 130 win32_manual_post_install.py Similiarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents: In [1]: sc -l b=ls *py In [2]: b Out[2]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py'] In [3]: b.s Out[3]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py' In summary, both the lists and strings used for ouptut capture have the following special attributes: .l (or .list) : value as list. .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string. .s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string. """ opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'lv') # Try to get a variable name and command to run try: # the variable name must be obtained from the parse_options # output, which uses shlex.split to strip options out. var,_ = args.split('=',1) var = var.strip() # But the the command has to be extracted from the original input # parameter_s, not on what parse_options returns, to avoid the # quote stripping which shlex.split performs on it. _,cmd = parameter_s.split('=',1) except ValueError: var,cmd = '','' # If all looks ok, proceed out,err = self.shell.getoutputerror(cmd) if err: print >> Term.cerr,err if opts.has_key('l'): out = SList(out.split('\n')) else: out = LSString(out) if opts.has_key('v'): print '%s ==\n%s' % (var,pformat(out)) if var: self.shell.user_ns.update({var:out}) else: return out def magic_sx(self, parameter_s=''): """Shell execute - run a shell command and capture its output. %sx command IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and return the result formatted as a list (split on '\\n'). Since the output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython's regular output cache Out[N] and in the '_N' automatic variables. Notes: 1) If an input line begins with '!!', then %sx is automatically invoked. That is, while: !ls causes ipython to simply issue system('ls'), typing !!ls is a shorthand equivalent to: %sx ls 2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list, like '%sc -l'. The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands. %sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more typing. 3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes: .l (or .list) : value as list. .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string. .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string. This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to system commands.""" if parameter_s: out,err = self.shell.getoutputerror(parameter_s) if err: print >> Term.cerr,err return SList(out.split('\n')) def magic_bg(self, parameter_s=''): """Run a job in the background, in a separate thread. For example, %bg myfunc(x,y,z=1) will execute 'myfunc(x,y,z=1)' in a background thread. As soon as the execution starts, a message will be printed indicating the job number. If your job number is 5, you can use myvar = jobs.result(5) or myvar = jobs[5].result to assign this result to variable 'myvar'. IPython has a job manager, accessible via the 'jobs' object. You can type jobs? to get more information about it, and use jobs. to see its attributes. All attributes not starting with an underscore are meant for public use. In particular, look at the jobs.new() method, which is used to create new jobs. This magic %bg function is just a convenience wrapper around jobs.new(), for expression-based jobs. If you want to create a new job with an explicit function object and arguments, you must call jobs.new() directly. The jobs.new docstring also describes in detail several important caveats associated with a thread-based model for background job execution. Type jobs.new? for details. You can check the status of all jobs with jobs.status(). The jobs variable is set by IPython into the Python builtin namespace. If you ever declare a variable named 'jobs', you will shadow this name. You can either delete your global jobs variable to regain access to the job manager, or make a new name and assign it manually to the manager (stored in IPython's namespace). For example, to assign the job manager to the Jobs name, use: Jobs = __builtins__.jobs""" self.shell.jobs.new(parameter_s,self.shell.user_ns) def magic_bookmark(self, parameter_s=''): """Manage IPython's bookmark system. %bookmark - set bookmark to current dir %bookmark

- set bookmark to %bookmark -l - list all bookmarks %bookmark -d - remove bookmark %bookmark -r - remove all bookmarks You can later on access a bookmarked folder with: %cd -b or simply '%cd ' if there is no directory called AND there is such a bookmark defined. Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are associated with each profile.""" opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'drl',mode='list') if len(args) > 2: error('You can only give at most two arguments') return bkms = self.db.get('bookmarks',{}) if opts.has_key('d'): try: todel = args[0] except IndexError: error('You must provide a bookmark to delete') else: try: del bkms[todel] except: error("Can't delete bookmark '%s'" % todel) elif opts.has_key('r'): bkms = {} elif opts.has_key('l'): bks = bkms.keys() bks.sort() if bks: size = max(map(len,bks)) else: size = 0 fmt = '%-'+str(size)+'s -> %s' print 'Current bookmarks:' for bk in bks: print fmt % (bk,bkms[bk]) else: if not args: error("You must specify the bookmark name") elif len(args)==1: bkms[args[0]] = os.getcwd() elif len(args)==2: bkms[args[0]] = args[1] self.db['bookmarks'] = bkms def magic_pycat(self, parameter_s=''): """Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager. This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting. """ try: filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s) cont = file_read(filename) except IOError: try: cont = eval(parameter_s,self.user_ns) except NameError: cont = None if cont is None: print "Error: no such file or variable" return page(self.shell.pycolorize(cont), screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length) def magic_cpaste(self, parameter_s=''): """Allows you to paste & execute a pre-formatted code block from clipboard You must terminate the block with '--' (two minus-signs) alone on the line. You can also provide your own sentinel with '%paste -s %%' ('%%' is the new sentinel for this operation) The block is dedented prior to execution to enable execution of method definitions. '>' characters at the beginning of a line is ignored, to allow pasting directly from e-mails. The executed block is also assigned to variable named 'pasted_block' for later editing with '%edit pasted_block'. You can also pass a variable name as an argument, e.g. '%cpaste foo'. This assigns the pasted block to variable 'foo' as string, without dedenting or executing it. Do not be alarmed by garbled output on Windows (it's a readline bug). Just press enter and type -- (and press enter again) and the block will be what was just pasted. IPython statements (magics, shell escapes) are not supported (yet). """ opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'s:',mode='string') par = args.strip() sentinel = opts.get('s','--') from IPython import iplib lines = [] print "Pasting code; enter '%s' alone on the line to stop." % sentinel while 1: l = iplib.raw_input_original(':') if l ==sentinel: break lines.append(l.lstrip('>')) block = "\n".join(lines) + '\n' #print "block:\n",block if not par: b = textwrap.dedent(block) exec b in self.user_ns self.user_ns['pasted_block'] = b else: self.user_ns[par] = block print "Block assigned to '%s'" % par def magic_quickref(self,arg): """ Show a quick reference sheet """ import IPython.usage qr = IPython.usage.quick_reference + self.magic_magic('-brief') page(qr) def magic_upgrade(self,arg): """ Upgrade your IPython installation This will copy the config files that don't yet exist in your ipython dir from the system config dir. Use this after upgrading IPython if you don't wish to delete your .ipython dir. Call with -nolegacy to get rid of ipythonrc* files (recommended for new users) """ ip = self.getapi() ipinstallation = path(IPython.__file__).dirname() upgrade_script = '%s "%s"' % (sys.executable,ipinstallation / 'upgrade_dir.py') src_config = ipinstallation / 'UserConfig' userdir = path(ip.options.ipythondir) cmd = '%s "%s" "%s"' % (upgrade_script, src_config, userdir) print ">",cmd shell(cmd) if arg == '-nolegacy': legacy = userdir.files('ipythonrc*') print "Nuking legacy files:",legacy [p.remove() for p in legacy] suffix = (sys.platform == 'win32' and '.ini' or '') (userdir / ('ipythonrc' + suffix)).write_text('# Empty, see ipy_user_conf.py\n') # end Magic