# encoding: utf-8 """Magic functions for InteractiveShell. """ from __future__ import print_function #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser and # Copyright (C) 2001 Fernando Perez # Copyright (C) 2008 The IPython Development Team # Distributed under the terms of the BSD License. The full license is in # the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software. #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- import os import re import sys import types from getopt import getopt, GetoptError from traitlets.config.configurable import Configurable from IPython.core import oinspect from IPython.core.error import UsageError from IPython.core.inputsplitter import ESC_MAGIC, ESC_MAGIC2 from decorator import decorator from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct from IPython.utils.process import arg_split from IPython.utils.py3compat import string_types, iteritems from IPython.utils.text import dedent from traitlets import Bool, Dict, Instance, observe from logging import error #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Globals #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # A dict we'll use for each class that has magics, used as temporary storage to # pass information between the @line/cell_magic method decorators and the # @magics_class class decorator, because the method decorators have no # access to the class when they run. See for more details: # http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2366713/can-a-python-decorator-of-an-instance-method-access-the-class magics = dict(line={}, cell={}) magic_kinds = ('line', 'cell') magic_spec = ('line', 'cell', 'line_cell') magic_escapes = dict(line=ESC_MAGIC, cell=ESC_MAGIC2) #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Utility classes and functions #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- class Bunch: pass def on_off(tag): """Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function.""" return ['OFF','ON'][tag] def compress_dhist(dh): """Compress a directory history into a new one with at most 20 entries. Return a new list made from the first and last 10 elements of dhist after removal of duplicates. """ head, tail = dh[:-10], dh[-10:] newhead = [] done = set() for h in head: if h in done: continue newhead.append(h) done.add(h) return newhead + tail def needs_local_scope(func): """Decorator to mark magic functions which need to local scope to run.""" func.needs_local_scope = True return func #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Class and method decorators for registering magics #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- def magics_class(cls): """Class decorator for all subclasses of the main Magics class. Any class that subclasses Magics *must* also apply this decorator, to ensure that all the methods that have been decorated as line/cell magics get correctly registered in the class instance. This is necessary because when method decorators run, the class does not exist yet, so they temporarily store their information into a module global. Application of this class decorator copies that global data to the class instance and clears the global. Obviously, this mechanism is not thread-safe, which means that the *creation* of subclasses of Magic should only be done in a single-thread context. Instantiation of the classes has no restrictions. Given that these classes are typically created at IPython startup time and before user application code becomes active, in practice this should not pose any problems. """ cls.registered = True cls.magics = dict(line = magics['line'], cell = magics['cell']) magics['line'] = {} magics['cell'] = {} return cls def record_magic(dct, magic_kind, magic_name, func): """Utility function to store a function as a magic of a specific kind. Parameters ---------- dct : dict A dictionary with 'line' and 'cell' subdicts. magic_kind : str Kind of magic to be stored. magic_name : str Key to store the magic as. func : function Callable object to store. """ if magic_kind == 'line_cell': dct['line'][magic_name] = dct['cell'][magic_name] = func else: dct[magic_kind][magic_name] = func def validate_type(magic_kind): """Ensure that the given magic_kind is valid. Check that the given magic_kind is one of the accepted spec types (stored in the global `magic_spec`), raise ValueError otherwise. """ if magic_kind not in magic_spec: raise ValueError('magic_kind must be one of %s, %s given' % magic_kinds, magic_kind) # The docstrings for the decorator below will be fairly similar for the two # types (method and function), so we generate them here once and reuse the # templates below. _docstring_template = \ """Decorate the given {0} as {1} magic. The decorator can be used with or without arguments, as follows. i) without arguments: it will create a {1} magic named as the {0} being decorated:: @deco def foo(...) will create a {1} magic named `foo`. ii) with one string argument: which will be used as the actual name of the resulting magic:: @deco('bar') def foo(...) will create a {1} magic named `bar`. """ # These two are decorator factories. While they are conceptually very similar, # there are enough differences in the details that it's simpler to have them # written as completely standalone functions rather than trying to share code # and make a single one with convoluted logic. def _method_magic_marker(magic_kind): """Decorator factory for methods in Magics subclasses. """ validate_type(magic_kind) # This is a closure to capture the magic_kind. We could also use a class, # but it's overkill for just that one bit of state. def magic_deco(arg): call = lambda f, *a, **k: f(*a, **k) if callable(arg): # "Naked" decorator call (just @foo, no args) func = arg name = func.__name__ retval = decorator(call, func) record_magic(magics, magic_kind, name, name) elif isinstance(arg, string_types): # Decorator called with arguments (@foo('bar')) name = arg def mark(func, *a, **kw): record_magic(magics, magic_kind, name, func.__name__) return decorator(call, func) retval = mark else: raise TypeError("Decorator can only be called with " "string or function") return retval # Ensure the resulting decorator has a usable docstring magic_deco.__doc__ = _docstring_template.format('method', magic_kind) return magic_deco def _function_magic_marker(magic_kind): """Decorator factory for standalone functions. """ validate_type(magic_kind) # This is a closure to capture the magic_kind. We could also use a class, # but it's overkill for just that one bit of state. def magic_deco(arg): call = lambda f, *a, **k: f(*a, **k) # Find get_ipython() in the caller's namespace caller = sys._getframe(1) for ns in ['f_locals', 'f_globals', 'f_builtins']: get_ipython = getattr(caller, ns).get('get_ipython') if get_ipython is not None: break else: raise NameError('Decorator can only run in context where ' '`get_ipython` exists') ip = get_ipython() if callable(arg): # "Naked" decorator call (just @foo, no args) func = arg name = func.__name__ ip.register_magic_function(func, magic_kind, name) retval = decorator(call, func) elif isinstance(arg, string_types): # Decorator called with arguments (@foo('bar')) name = arg def mark(func, *a, **kw): ip.register_magic_function(func, magic_kind, name) return decorator(call, func) retval = mark else: raise TypeError("Decorator can only be called with " "string or function") return retval # Ensure the resulting decorator has a usable docstring ds = _docstring_template.format('function', magic_kind) ds += dedent(""" Note: this decorator can only be used in a context where IPython is already active, so that the `get_ipython()` call succeeds. You can therefore use it in your startup files loaded after IPython initializes, but *not* in the IPython configuration file itself, which is executed before IPython is fully up and running. Any file located in the `startup` subdirectory of your configuration profile will be OK in this sense. """) magic_deco.__doc__ = ds return magic_deco # Create the actual decorators for public use # These three are used to decorate methods in class definitions line_magic = _method_magic_marker('line') cell_magic = _method_magic_marker('cell') line_cell_magic = _method_magic_marker('line_cell') # These three decorate standalone functions and perform the decoration # immediately. They can only run where get_ipython() works register_line_magic = _function_magic_marker('line') register_cell_magic = _function_magic_marker('cell') register_line_cell_magic = _function_magic_marker('line_cell') #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Core Magic classes #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- class MagicsManager(Configurable): """Object that handles all magic-related functionality for IPython. """ # Non-configurable class attributes # A two-level dict, first keyed by magic type, then by magic function, and # holding the actual callable object as value. This is the dict used for # magic function dispatch magics = Dict() # A registry of the original objects that we've been given holding magics. registry = Dict() shell = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.InteractiveShellABC', allow_none=True) auto_magic = Bool(True, help= "Automatically call line magics without requiring explicit % prefix" ).tag(config=True) @observe('auto_magic') def _auto_magic_changed(self, change): self.shell.automagic = change['new'] _auto_status = [ 'Automagic is OFF, % prefix IS needed for line magics.', 'Automagic is ON, % prefix IS NOT needed for line magics.'] user_magics = Instance('IPython.core.magics.UserMagics', allow_none=True) def __init__(self, shell=None, config=None, user_magics=None, **traits): super(MagicsManager, self).__init__(shell=shell, config=config, user_magics=user_magics, **traits) self.magics = dict(line={}, cell={}) # Let's add the user_magics to the registry for uniformity, so *all* # registered magic containers can be found there. self.registry[user_magics.__class__.__name__] = user_magics def auto_status(self): """Return descriptive string with automagic status.""" return self._auto_status[self.auto_magic] def lsmagic(self): """Return a dict of currently available magic functions. The return dict has the keys 'line' and 'cell', corresponding to the two types of magics we support. Each value is a list of names. """ return self.magics def lsmagic_docs(self, brief=False, missing=''): """Return dict of documentation of magic functions. The return dict has the keys 'line' and 'cell', corresponding to the two types of magics we support. Each value is a dict keyed by magic name whose value is the function docstring. If a docstring is unavailable, the value of `missing` is used instead. If brief is True, only the first line of each docstring will be returned. """ docs = {} for m_type in self.magics: m_docs = {} for m_name, m_func in iteritems(self.magics[m_type]): if m_func.__doc__: if brief: m_docs[m_name] = m_func.__doc__.split('\n', 1)[0] else: m_docs[m_name] = m_func.__doc__.rstrip() else: m_docs[m_name] = missing docs[m_type] = m_docs return docs def register(self, *magic_objects): """Register one or more instances of Magics. Take one or more classes or instances of classes that subclass the main `core.Magic` class, and register them with IPython to use the magic functions they provide. The registration process will then ensure that any methods that have decorated to provide line and/or cell magics will be recognized with the `%x`/`%%x` syntax as a line/cell magic respectively. If classes are given, they will be instantiated with the default constructor. If your classes need a custom constructor, you should instanitate them first and pass the instance. The provided arguments can be an arbitrary mix of classes and instances. Parameters ---------- magic_objects : one or more classes or instances """ # Start by validating them to ensure they have all had their magic # methods registered at the instance level for m in magic_objects: if not m.registered: raise ValueError("Class of magics %r was constructed without " "the @register_magics class decorator") if isinstance(m, type): # If we're given an uninstantiated class m = m(shell=self.shell) # Now that we have an instance, we can register it and update the # table of callables self.registry[m.__class__.__name__] = m for mtype in magic_kinds: self.magics[mtype].update(m.magics[mtype]) def register_function(self, func, magic_kind='line', magic_name=None): """Expose a standalone function as magic function for IPython. This will create an IPython magic (line, cell or both) from a standalone function. The functions should have the following signatures: * For line magics: `def f(line)` * For cell magics: `def f(line, cell)` * For a function that does both: `def f(line, cell=None)` In the latter case, the function will be called with `cell==None` when invoked as `%f`, and with cell as a string when invoked as `%%f`. Parameters ---------- func : callable Function to be registered as a magic. magic_kind : str Kind of magic, one of 'line', 'cell' or 'line_cell' magic_name : optional str If given, the name the magic will have in the IPython namespace. By default, the name of the function itself is used. """ # Create the new method in the user_magics and register it in the # global table validate_type(magic_kind) magic_name = func.__name__ if magic_name is None else magic_name setattr(self.user_magics, magic_name, func) record_magic(self.magics, magic_kind, magic_name, func) def register_alias(self, alias_name, magic_name, magic_kind='line'): """Register an alias to a magic function. The alias is an instance of :class:`MagicAlias`, which holds the name and kind of the magic it should call. Binding is done at call time, so if the underlying magic function is changed the alias will call the new function. Parameters ---------- alias_name : str The name of the magic to be registered. magic_name : str The name of an existing magic. magic_kind : str Kind of magic, one of 'line' or 'cell' """ # `validate_type` is too permissive, as it allows 'line_cell' # which we do not handle. if magic_kind not in magic_kinds: raise ValueError('magic_kind must be one of %s, %s given' % magic_kinds, magic_kind) alias = MagicAlias(self.shell, magic_name, magic_kind) setattr(self.user_magics, alias_name, alias) record_magic(self.magics, magic_kind, alias_name, alias) # Key base class that provides the central functionality for magics. class Magics(Configurable): """Base class for implementing magic functions. Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg `%cd ../` vs. `%cd("../")` Classes providing magic functions need to subclass this class, and they MUST: - Use the method decorators `@line_magic` and `@cell_magic` to decorate individual methods as magic functions, AND - Use the class decorator `@magics_class` to ensure that the magic methods are properly registered at the instance level upon instance initialization. See :mod:`magic_functions` for examples of actual implementation classes. """ # Dict holding all command-line options for each magic. options_table = None # Dict for the mapping of magic names to methods, set by class decorator magics = None # Flag to check that the class decorator was properly applied registered = False # Instance of IPython shell shell = None def __init__(self, shell=None, **kwargs): if not(self.__class__.registered): raise ValueError('Magics subclass without registration - ' 'did you forget to apply @magics_class?') if shell is not None: if hasattr(shell, 'configurables'): shell.configurables.append(self) if hasattr(shell, 'config'): kwargs.setdefault('parent', shell) self.shell = shell self.options_table = {} # The method decorators are run when the instance doesn't exist yet, so # they can only record the names of the methods they are supposed to # grab. Only now, that the instance exists, can we create the proper # mapping to bound methods. So we read the info off the original names # table and replace each method name by the actual bound method. # But we mustn't clobber the *class* mapping, in case of multiple instances. class_magics = self.magics self.magics = {} for mtype in magic_kinds: tab = self.magics[mtype] = {} cls_tab = class_magics[mtype] for magic_name, meth_name in iteritems(cls_tab): if isinstance(meth_name, string_types): # it's a method name, grab it tab[magic_name] = getattr(self, meth_name) else: # it's the real thing tab[magic_name] = meth_name # Configurable **needs** to be initiated at the end or the config # magics get screwed up. super(Magics, self).__init__(**kwargs) def arg_err(self,func): """Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed""" print('Error in arguments:') print(oinspect.getdoc(func)) def format_latex(self, strng): """Format a string for latex inclusion.""" # Characters that need to be escaped for latex: escape_re = re.compile(r'(%|_|\$|#|&)',re.MULTILINE) # Magic command names as headers: cmd_name_re = re.compile(r'^(%s.*?):' % ESC_MAGIC, re.MULTILINE) # Magic commands cmd_re = re.compile(r'(?P%s.+?\b)(?!\}\}:)' % ESC_MAGIC, re.MULTILINE) # Paragraph continue par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE) # The "\n" symbol newline_re = re.compile(r'\\n') # Now build the string for output: #strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\texttt{\\textsl{\\large \1}}:',strng) strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\bigskip\n\\texttt{\\textbf{ \1}}:', strng) strng = cmd_re.sub(r'\\texttt{\g}',strng) strng = par_re.sub(r'\\\\',strng) strng = escape_re.sub(r'\\\1',strng) strng = newline_re.sub(r'\\textbackslash{}n',strng) return strng def parse_options(self, arg_str, opt_str, *long_opts, **kw): """Parse options passed to an argument string. The interface is similar to that of :func:`getopt.getopt`, but it returns a :class:`~IPython.utils.struct.Struct` with the options as keys and the stripped argument string still as a string. arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split. This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote arguments, etc. Parameters ---------- arg_str : str The arguments to parse. opt_str : str The options specification. mode : str, default 'string' If given as 'list', the argument string is returned as a list (split on whitespace) instead of a string. list_all : bool, default False Put all option values in lists. Normally only options appearing more than once are put in a list. posix : bool, default True Whether to split the input line in POSIX mode or not, as per the conventions outlined in the :mod:`shlex` module from the standard library. """ # inject default options at the beginning of the input line caller = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name arg_str = '%s %s' % (self.options_table.get(caller,''),arg_str) mode = kw.get('mode','string') if mode not in ['string','list']: raise ValueError('incorrect mode given: %s' % mode) # Get options list_all = kw.get('list_all',0) posix = kw.get('posix', os.name == 'posix') strict = kw.get('strict', True) # Check if we have more than one argument to warrant extra processing: odict = {} # Dictionary with options args = arg_str.split() if len(args) >= 1: # If the list of inputs only has 0 or 1 thing in it, there's no # need to look for options argv = arg_split(arg_str, posix, strict) # Do regular option processing try: opts,args = getopt(argv, opt_str, long_opts) except GetoptError as e: raise UsageError('%s ( allowed: "%s" %s)' % (e.msg,opt_str, " ".join(long_opts))) for o,a in opts: if o.startswith('--'): o = o[2:] else: o = o[1:] try: odict[o].append(a) except AttributeError: odict[o] = [odict[o],a] except KeyError: if list_all: odict[o] = [a] else: odict[o] = a # Prepare opts,args for return opts = Struct(odict) if mode == 'string': args = ' '.join(args) return opts,args def default_option(self, fn, optstr): """Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr""" if fn not in self.lsmagic(): error("%s is not a magic function" % fn) self.options_table[fn] = optstr class MagicAlias(object): """An alias to another magic function. An alias is determined by its magic name and magic kind. Lookup is done at call time, so if the underlying magic changes the alias will call the new function. Use the :meth:`MagicsManager.register_alias` method or the `%alias_magic` magic function to create and register a new alias. """ def __init__(self, shell, magic_name, magic_kind): self.shell = shell self.magic_name = magic_name self.magic_kind = magic_kind self.pretty_target = '%s%s' % (magic_escapes[self.magic_kind], self.magic_name) self.__doc__ = "Alias for `%s`." % self.pretty_target self._in_call = False def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): """Call the magic alias.""" fn = self.shell.find_magic(self.magic_name, self.magic_kind) if fn is None: raise UsageError("Magic `%s` not found." % self.pretty_target) # Protect against infinite recursion. if self._in_call: raise UsageError("Infinite recursion detected; " "magic aliases cannot call themselves.") self._in_call = True try: return fn(*args, **kwargs) finally: self._in_call = False