A brief tour of the IPython notebook
====================================

This document will give you a brief tour of the capabilities of the
IPython notebook.
You can view its contents by scrolling around, or execute each cell by
typing ``Shift-Enter``. After you conclude this brief high-level tour,
you should read the accompanying notebook titled
``01_notebook_introduction``, which takes a more step-by-step approach
to the features of the system.

The rest of the notebooks in this directory illustrate various other
aspects and capabilities of the IPython notebook; some of them may
require additional libraries to be executed.

**NOTE:** This notebook *must* be run from its own directory, so you
must ``cd`` to this directory and then start the notebook, but do *not*
use the ``--notebook-dir`` option to run it from another location.

The first thing you need to know is that you are still controlling the
same old IPython you're used to, so things like shell aliases and magic
commands still work:

In[1]:

.. code:: python

    pwd

Out[1]:
.. parsed-literal::

    u'/Users/minrk/dev/ip/mine/docs/examples/notebooks'


In[2]:

.. code:: python

    ls


.. parsed-literal::

    00_notebook_tour.ipynb          callbacks.ipynb                 python-logo.svg
    01_notebook_introduction.ipynb  cython_extension.ipynb          rmagic_extension.ipynb
    Animations_and_Progress.ipynb   display_protocol.ipynb          sympy.ipynb
    Capturing Output.ipynb          formatting.ipynb                sympy_quantum_computing.ipynb
    Script Magics.ipynb             octavemagic_extension.ipynb     trapezoid_rule.ipynb
    animation.m4v                   progbar.ipynb

In[3]:

.. code:: python

    message = 'The IPython notebook is great!'
    # note: the echo command does not run on Windows, it's a unix command.
    !echo $message


.. parsed-literal::

    The IPython notebook is great!

Plots with matplotlib
---------------------


IPython adds an 'inline' matplotlib backend, which embeds any matplotlib
figures into the notebook.

In[4]:

.. code:: python

    %pylab inline


.. parsed-literal::

    
    Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment [backend: module://IPython.zmq.pylab.backend_inline].
    For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.

In[5]:

.. code:: python

    x = linspace(0, 3*pi, 500)
    plot(x, sin(x**2))
    title('A simple chirp');

.. image:: _fig_07.png

You can paste blocks of input with prompt markers, such as those from
`the official Python
tutorial <http://docs.python.org/tutorial/interpreter.html#interactive-mode>`_

In[6]:

.. code:: python

    >>> the_world_is_flat = 1
    >>> if the_world_is_flat:
    ...     print "Be careful not to fall off!"


.. parsed-literal::

    Be careful not to fall off!

Errors are shown in informative ways:

In[7]:

.. code:: python

    %run non_existent_file


.. parsed-literal::

    ERROR: File `u'non_existent_file.py'` not found.
In[8]:

.. code:: python

    x = 1
    y = 4
    z = y/(1-x)

::

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ZeroDivisionError                         Traceback (most recent call last)
    <ipython-input-8-dc39888fd1d2> in <module>()
          1 x = 1
          2 y = 4
    ----> 3 z = y/(1-x)
    
    ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero
When IPython needs to display additional information (such as providing
details on an object via ``x?`` it will automatically invoke a pager at
the bottom of the screen:

In[18]:

.. code:: python

    magic

Non-blocking output of kernel
-----------------------------

If you execute the next cell, you will see the output arriving as it is
generated, not all at the end.

In[19]:

.. code:: python

    import time, sys
    for i in range(8):
        print i,
        time.sleep(0.5)


.. parsed-literal::

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Clean crash and restart
-----------------------

We call the low-level system libc.time routine with the wrong argument
via ctypes to segfault the Python interpreter:

In[*]:

.. code:: python

    import sys
    from ctypes import CDLL
    # This will crash a Linux or Mac system; equivalent calls can be made on Windows
    dll = 'dylib' if sys.platform == 'darwin' else '.so.6'
    libc = CDLL("libc.%s" % dll) 
    libc.time(-1)  # BOOM!!

Markdown cells can contain formatted text and code
--------------------------------------------------

You can *italicize*, **boldface**

-  build
-  lists

and embed code meant for illustration instead of execution in Python:

::

    def f(x):
        """a docstring"""
        return x**2

or other languages:

::

    if (i=0; i<n; i++) {
      printf("hello %d\n", i);
      x += 4;
    }


Courtesy of MathJax, you can include mathematical expressions both
inline: :math:`e^{i\pi} + 1 = 0` and displayed:

.. math:: e^x=\sum_{i=0}^\infty \frac{1}{i!}x^i



Rich displays: include anyting a browser can show
-------------------------------------------------

Note that we have an actual protocol for this, see the
``display_protocol`` notebook for further details.

Images
~~~~~~


In[1]:

.. code:: python

    from IPython.display import Image
    Image(filename='../../source/_static/logo.png')

Out[1]:
.. image:: _fig_22.png


An image can also be displayed from raw data or a url

In[2]:

.. code:: python

    Image(url='http://python.org/images/python-logo.gif')

Out[2]:

SVG images are also supported out of the box (since modern browsers do a
good job of rendering them):

In[3]:

.. code:: python

    from IPython.display import SVG
    SVG(filename='python-logo.svg')

Out[3]:
.. image:: _fig_26.svg


Embedded vs Non-embedded Images
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^


As of IPython 0.13, images are embedded by default for compatibility
with QtConsole, and the ability to still be displayed offline.

Let's look at the differences:

In[4]:

.. code:: python

    # by default Image data are embedded
    Embed      = Image(    'http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/view/images/newview.jpg')
    
    # if kwarg `url` is given, the embedding is assumed to be false
    SoftLinked = Image(url='http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/view/images/newview.jpg')
    
    # In each case, embed can be specified explicitly with the `embed` kwarg
    # ForceEmbed = Image(url='http://scienceview.berkeley.edu/view/images/newview.jpg', embed=True)

Today's image from a webcam at Berkeley, (at the time I created this
notebook). This should also work in the Qtconsole. Drawback is that the
saved notebook will be larger, but the image will still be present
offline.

In[5]:

.. code:: python

    Embed

Out[5]:
..jpg image:: 


Today's image from same webcam at Berkeley, (refreshed every minutes, if
you reload the notebook), visible only with an active internet
connexion, that should be different from the previous one. This will not
work on Qtconsole. Notebook saved with this kind of image will be
lighter and always reflect the current version of the source, but the
image won't display offline.

In[6]:

.. code:: python

    SoftLinked

Out[6]:

Of course, if you re-run the all notebook, the two images will be the
same again.

Video
~~~~~


And more exotic objects can also be displayed, as long as their
representation supports the IPython display protocol.

For example, videos hosted externally on YouTube are easy to load (and
writing a similar wrapper for other hosted content is trivial):

In[7]:

.. code:: python

    from IPython.display import YouTubeVideo
    # a talk about IPython at Sage Days at U. Washington, Seattle.
    # Video credit: William Stein.
    YouTubeVideo('1j_HxD4iLn8')

Out[7]:

Using the nascent video capabilities of modern browsers, you may also be
able to display local videos. At the moment this doesn't work very well
in all browsers, so it may or may not work for you; we will continue
testing this and looking for ways to make it more robust.

The following cell loads a local file called ``animation.m4v``, encodes
the raw video as base64 for http transport, and uses the HTML5 video tag
to load it. On Chrome 15 it works correctly, displaying a control bar at
the bottom with a play/pause button and a location slider.

In[8]:

.. code:: python

    from IPython.display import HTML
    video = open("animation.m4v", "rb").read()
    video_encoded = video.encode("base64")
    video_tag = '<video controls alt="test" src="data:video/x-m4v;base64,{0}">'.format(video_encoded)
    HTML(data=video_tag)

Out[8]:

Local Files
-----------

The above examples embed images and video from the notebook filesystem
in the output areas of code cells. It is also possible to request these
files directly in markdown cells if they reside in the notebook
directory via relative urls prefixed with ``files/``:

::

    files/[subdirectory/]<filename>

For example, in the example notebook folder, we have the Python logo,
addressed as:

::

    <img src="files/python-logo.svg" />

and a video with the HTML5 video tag:

::

    <video controls src="files/animation.m4v" />

These do not embed the data into the notebook file, and require that the
files exist when you are viewing the notebook.

Security of local files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Note that this means that the IPython notebook server also acts as a
generic file server for files inside the same tree as your notebooks.
Access is not granted outside the notebook folder so you have strict
control over what files are visible, but for this reason it is highly
recommended that you do not run the notebook server with a notebook
directory at a high level in your filesystem (e.g. your home directory).

When you run the notebook in a password-protected manner, local file
access is restricted to authenticated users unless read-only views are
active.

Linking to files and directories for viewing in the browser
-----------------------------------------------------------

It is also possible to link directly to files or directories so they can
be opened in the browser. This is especially convenient if you're
interacting with a tool within IPython that generates HTML pages, and
you'd like to easily be able to open those in a new browser window.
Alternatively, if your IPython notebook server is on a remote system,
creating links provides an easy way to download any files that get
generated.

As we saw above, there are a bunch of ``.ipynb`` files in our current
directory.

In[1]:

.. code:: python

    ls


.. parsed-literal::

    00_notebook_tour.ipynb          formatting.ipynb
    01_notebook_introduction.ipynb  octavemagic_extension.ipynb
    Animations_and_Progress.ipynb   publish_data.ipynb
    Capturing Output.ipynb          python-logo.svg
    Script Magics.ipynb             rmagic_extension.ipynb
    animation.m4v                   sympy.ipynb
    cython_extension.ipynb          sympy_quantum_computing.ipynb
    display_protocol.ipynb          trapezoid_rule.ipynb

If we want to create a link to one of them, we can call use the
``FileLink`` object.

In[2]:

.. code:: python

    from IPython.display import FileLink
    FileLink('00_notebook_tour.ipynb')

Out[2]:

Alternatively, if we want to link to all of them, we can use the
``FileLinks`` object, passing ``'.'`` to indicate that we want links
generated for the current working directory. Note that if there were
other directories under the current directory, ``FileLinks`` would work
in a recursive manner creating links to files in all sub-directories as
well.

In[7]:

.. code:: python

    from IPython.display import FileLinks
    FileLinks('.')

Out[7]:

External sites
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You can even embed an entire page from another site in an iframe; for
example this is today's Wikipedia page for mobile users:

In[9]:

.. code:: python

    HTML('<iframe src=http://en.mobile.wikipedia.org/?useformat=mobile width=700 height=350></iframe>')

Out[9]:

Mathematics
~~~~~~~~~~~

And we also support the display of mathematical expressions typeset in
LaTeX, which is rendered in the browser thanks to the `MathJax
library <http://mathjax.org>`_.

Note that this is *different* from the above examples. Above we were
typing mathematical expressions in Markdown cells (along with normal
text) and letting the browser render them; now we are displaying the
output of a Python computation as a LaTeX expression wrapped by the
``Math()`` object so the browser renders it. The ``Math`` object will
add the needed LaTeX delimiters (``$$``) if they are not provided:

In[10]:

.. code:: python

    from IPython.display import Math
    Math(r'F(k) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) e^{2\pi i k} dx')

Out[10]:
.. math::

    $$F(k) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} f(x) e^{2\pi i k} dx$$


With the ``Latex`` class, you have to include the delimiters yourself.
This allows you to use other LaTeX modes such as ``eqnarray``:

In[11]:

.. code:: python

    from IPython.display import Latex
    Latex(r"""\begin{eqnarray}
    \nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{B}} -\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{E}}}{\partial t} & = \frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{\mathbf{j}} \\
    \nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \pi \rho \\
    \nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{E}}\, +\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{B}}}{\partial t} & = \vec{\mathbf{0}} \\
    \nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{B}} & = 0 
    \end{eqnarray}""")

Out[11]:
.. math::

    \begin{eqnarray}
    \nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{B}} -\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{E}}}{\partial t} & = \frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{\mathbf{j}} \\
    \nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \pi \rho \\
    \nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{E}}\, +\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{B}}}{\partial t} & = \vec{\mathbf{0}} \\
    \nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{B}} & = 0 
    \end{eqnarray}


Or you can enter latex directly with the ``%%latex`` cell magic:

In[12]:

.. code:: python

    %%latex
    \begin{aligned}
    \nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{B}} -\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{E}}}{\partial t} & = \frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{\mathbf{j}} \\
    \nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \pi \rho \\
    \nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{E}}\, +\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{B}}}{\partial t} & = \vec{\mathbf{0}} \\
    \nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{B}} & = 0
    \end{aligned}

.. math::

    \begin{aligned}
    \nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{B}} -\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{E}}}{\partial t} & = \frac{4\pi}{c}\vec{\mathbf{j}} \\
    \nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{E}} & = 4 \pi \rho \\
    \nabla \times \vec{\mathbf{E}}\, +\, \frac1c\, \frac{\partial\vec{\mathbf{B}}}{\partial t} & = \vec{\mathbf{0}} \\
    \nabla \cdot \vec{\mathbf{B}} & = 0
    \end{aligned}

There is also a ``%%javascript`` cell magic for running javascript
directly, and ``%%svg`` for manually entering SVG content.

Loading external codes
======================

-  Drag and drop a ``.py`` in the dashboard
-  Use ``%load`` with any local or remote url: `the Matplotlib
   Gallery! <http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/gallery.html>`_

In this notebook we've kept the output saved so you can see the result,
but you should run the next cell yourself (with an active internet
connection).

Let's make sure we have pylab again, in case we have restarted the
kernel due to the crash demo above

In[12]:

.. code:: python

    %pylab inline


.. parsed-literal::

    
    Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment [backend: module://IPython.zmq.pylab.backend_inline].
    For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.

In[15]:

.. code:: python

    %load http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/mpl_examples/pylab_examples/integral_demo.py

In[16]:

.. code:: python

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    
    # implement the example graphs/integral from pyx
    from pylab import *
    from matplotlib.patches import Polygon
    
    def func(x):
        return (x-3)*(x-5)*(x-7)+85
    
    ax = subplot(111)
    
    a, b = 2, 9 # integral area
    x = arange(0, 10, 0.01)
    y = func(x)
    plot(x, y, linewidth=1)
    
    # make the shaded region
    ix = arange(a, b, 0.01)
    iy = func(ix)
    verts = [(a,0)] + zip(ix,iy) + [(b,0)]
    poly = Polygon(verts, facecolor='0.8', edgecolor='k')
    ax.add_patch(poly)
    
    text(0.5 * (a + b), 30,
         r"$\int_a^b f(x)\mathrm{d}x$", horizontalalignment='center',
         fontsize=20)
    
    axis([0,10, 0, 180])
    figtext(0.9, 0.05, 'x')
    figtext(0.1, 0.9, 'y')
    ax.set_xticks((a,b))
    ax.set_xticklabels(('a','b'))
    ax.set_yticks([])
    show()


.. image:: _fig_60.png