.. _autoawait:

Asynchronous in REPL: Autoawait
===============================

.. note::

   This feature is experimental and behavior can change between python and
   IPython version without prior deprecation.

Starting with IPython 7.0, and when user Python 3.6 and above, IPython offer the
ability to run asynchronous code from the REPL. Constructs which are
:exc:`SyntaxError` s in the Python REPL can be used seamlessly in IPython.

The example given here are for terminal IPython, running async code in a
notebook interface or any other frontend using the Jupyter protocol will need to
use a newer version of IPykernel. The details of how async code runs in
IPykernel will differ between IPython, IPykernel and their versions.

When a supported library is used, IPython will automatically allow Futures and
Coroutines in the REPL to be ``await`` ed. This will happen if an :ref:`await
<await>` (or any other async constructs like async-with, async-for) is use at
top level scope, or if any structure valid only in `async def
<https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#async-def>`_ function
context are present. For example, the following being a syntax error in the
Python REPL::

    Python 3.6.0 
    [GCC 4.2.1]
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    >>> import aiohttp
    >>> result = aiohttp.get('https://api.github.com')
    >>> response = await result
      File "<stdin>", line 1
        response = await result
                              ^
    SyntaxError: invalid syntax

Should behave as expected in the IPython REPL::

    Python 3.6.0
    Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
    IPython 7.0.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.

    In [1]: import aiohttp
       ...: result = aiohttp.get('https://api.github.com')

    In [2]: response = await result
    <pause for a few 100s ms>

    In [3]: await response.json()
    Out[3]:
    {'authorizations_url': 'https://api.github.com/authorizations',
     'code_search_url': 'https://api.github.com/search/code?q={query}...',
    ...
    }


You can use the ``c.InteractiveShell.autoawait`` configuration option and set it
to :any:`False` to deactivate automatic wrapping of asynchronous code. You can also
use the :magic:`%autoawait` magic to toggle the behavior at runtime::

    In [1]: %autoawait False

    In [2]: %autoawait
    IPython autoawait is `Off`, and set to use `asyncio`



By default IPython will assume integration with Python's provided
:mod:`asyncio`, but integration with other libraries is provided. In particular
we provide experimental integration with the ``curio`` and ``trio`` library.

You can switch current integration by using the
``c.InteractiveShell.loop_runner`` option or the ``autoawait <name
integration>`` magic.

For example::

    In [1]: %autoawait trio

    In [2]: import trio

    In [3]: async def child(i):
       ...:     print("   child %s goes to sleep"%i)
       ...:     await trio.sleep(2)
       ...:     print("   child %s wakes up"%i)

    In [4]: print('parent start')
       ...: async with trio.open_nursery() as n:
       ...:     for i in range(5):
       ...:         n.spawn(child, i)
       ...: print('parent end')
    parent start
       child 2 goes to sleep
       child 0 goes to sleep
       child 3 goes to sleep
       child 1 goes to sleep
       child 4 goes to sleep
       <about 2 seconds pause>
       child 2 wakes up
       child 1 wakes up
       child 0 wakes up
       child 3 wakes up
       child 4 wakes up
    parent end


In the above example, ``async with`` at top level scope is a syntax error in
Python.

Using this mode can have unexpected consequences if used in interaction with
other features of IPython and various registered extensions. In particular if you
are a direct or indirect user of the AST transformers, these may not apply to
your code.

When using command line IPython, the default loop (or runner) does not process
in the background, so top level asynchronous code must finish for the REPL to
allow you to enter more code. As with usual Python semantic, the awaitables are
started only when awaited for the first time. That is to say, in first example,
no network request is done between ``In[1]`` and ``In[2]``.


Effects on IPython.embed()
==========================

IPython core being asynchronous, the use of ``IPython.embed()`` will now require
a loop to run. By default IPython will use a fake coroutine runner which should
allow ``IPython.embed()`` to be nested. Though this will prevent usage of the
``autoawait`` feature when using IPython embed. 

You can set explicitly a coroutine runner for ``embed()`` if you desire to run
asynchronous code, the exact behavior is though undefined.

Effects on Magics
=================

A couple of magics (``%%timeit``, ``%timeit``, ``%%time``, ``%%prun``) have not
yet been updated to work with asynchronous code and will raise syntax errors
when trying to use top-level ``await``. We welcome any contribution to help fix
those, and extra cases we haven't caught yet. We hope for better support in Cor
Python for top-level Async code.

Internals
=========

As running asynchronous code is not supported in interactive REPL (as of Python
3.7) we have to rely to a number of complex workaround and heuristic to allow
this to happen. It is interesting to understand how this works in order to
comprehend potential bugs, or provide a custom runner.

Among the many approaches that are at our disposition, we find only one that
suited out need. Under the hood we use the code object from a async-def function
and run it in global namespace after modifying it to not create a new
``locals()`` scope::

    async def inner_async():
        locals().update(**global_namespace)
        #
        # here is user code
        #
        return last_user_statement
    codeobj = modify(inner_async.__code__)
    coroutine = eval(codeobj, user_ns)
    display(loop_runner(coroutine))



The first thing you'll notice is that unlike classical ``exec``, there is only
one namespace. Second, user code runs in a function scope, and not a module
scope.

On top of the above there are significant modification to the AST of
``function``, and ``loop_runner`` can be arbitrary complex. So there is a
significant overhead to this kind of code.

By default the generated coroutine function will be consumed by Asyncio's
``loop_runner = asyncio.get_evenloop().run_until_complete()`` method if
``async`` mode is deemed necessary, otherwise the coroutine will just be
exhausted in a simple runner. It is though possible to change the default
runner.

A loop runner is a *synchronous*  function responsible from running a coroutine
object.

The runner is responsible from ensuring that ``coroutine`` run to completion,
and should return the result of executing the coroutine. Let's write a
runner for ``trio`` that print a message when used as an exercise, ``trio`` is
special as it usually prefer to run a function object and make a coroutine by
itself, we can get around this limitation by wrapping it in an async-def without
parameters and passing this value to ``trio``::


    In [1]: import trio
       ...: from types import CoroutineType
       ...:
       ...: def trio_runner(coro:CoroutineType):
       ...:     print('running asynchronous code')
       ...:     async def corowrap(coro):
       ...:         return await coro
       ...:     return trio.run(corowrap, coro)

We can set it up by passing it to ``%autoawait``::

    In [2]: %autoawait trio_runner

    In [3]: async def async_hello(name):
       ...:     await trio.sleep(1)
       ...:     print(f'Hello {name} world !')
       ...:     await trio.sleep(1)

    In [4]: await async_hello('async')
    running asynchronous code
    Hello async world !


Asynchronous programming in python (and in particular in the REPL) is still a
relatively young subject. We expect some code to not behave as you expect, so
feel free to contribute improvements to this codebase and give us feedback.

We invite you to thoroughly test this feature and report any unexpected behavior
as well as propose any improvement.