osutil: use getdirentriesattr on OS X if possible

This is a significant win for large repositories on OS X, especially with a
cold cache. Unfortunately we need to keep the lstat-based implementation around
for two reasons:

- Not all filesystems support this call.
- There's an edge case in which it's best to fall back to avoid a retry loop.
  More about this in the comments.

The below tests are all performed on a Mac with an SSD running OS X 10.9, on a
repository with over 200k files. The results are best of 5 with simulated
best-effort conditions.

The gains with a hot cache are pretty impressive: 'hg status' goes from 5.18
seconds to 3.79 seconds.

However, a repository that large will probably already be using something like
hgwatchman [1], which helps much more (for this repo, 'hg status' with
hgwatchman is approximately 1 second). Where this really helps is when the
cache is cold [2]: hg status goes from 31.0 seconds to 9.66.

See http://lists.apple.com/archives/filesystem-dev/2014/Dec/msg00002.html for
some more discussion about this function.

This is based on a patch by Sean Farley <[e-mail]>.

[1] https://bitbucket.org/facebook/hgwatchman

[2] There appears to be no easy way to clear the file cache (aka "vnodes") on
OS X short of rebooting. purge(8) purportedly does that but in my testing had
little effect. The workaround I came up with was to assume that vnode eviction
was LRU, make sure the kern.maxvnodes sysctl is smaller than the size of the
repository, then make sure we'd always miss the cache by running 'hg status' in
another clone of the repository before running it in the test repository.

mercurial/osutil.c

@@ -1,656 +1,848
 /*
  osutil.c - native operating system services
 
  Copyright 2007 Matt Mackall and others
 
  This software may be used and distributed according to the terms of
  the GNU General Public License, incorporated herein by reference.
 */
 
 #define _ATFILE_SOURCE
 #include <Python.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #include <windows.h>
 #include <io.h>
 #else
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+#include <sys/attr.h>
+#include <sys/vnode.h>
+#endif
+
 #include "util.h"
 
 /* some platforms lack the PATH_MAX definition (eg. GNU/Hurd) */
 #ifndef PATH_MAX
 #define PATH_MAX 4096
 #endif
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 /*
 stat struct compatible with hg expectations
 Mercurial only uses st_mode, st_size and st_mtime
 the rest is kept to minimize changes between implementations
 */
 struct hg_stat {
 	int st_dev;
 	int st_mode;
 	int st_nlink;
 	__int64 st_size;
 	int st_mtime;
 	int st_ctime;
 };
 struct listdir_stat {
 	PyObject_HEAD
 	struct hg_stat st;
 };
 #else
 struct listdir_stat {
 	PyObject_HEAD
 	struct stat st;
 };
 #endif
 
 #define listdir_slot(name) \
 	static PyObject *listdir_stat_##name(PyObject *self, void *x) \
 	{ \
 		return PyInt_FromLong(((struct listdir_stat *)self)->st.name); \
 	}
 
 listdir_slot(st_dev)
 listdir_slot(st_mode)
 listdir_slot(st_nlink)
 #ifdef _WIN32
 static PyObject *listdir_stat_st_size(PyObject *self, void *x)
 {
 	return PyLong_FromLongLong(
 		(PY_LONG_LONG)((struct listdir_stat *)self)->st.st_size);
 }
 #else
 listdir_slot(st_size)
 #endif
 listdir_slot(st_mtime)
 listdir_slot(st_ctime)
 
 static struct PyGetSetDef listdir_stat_getsets[] = {
 	{"st_dev", listdir_stat_st_dev, 0, 0, 0},
 	{"st_mode", listdir_stat_st_mode, 0, 0, 0},
 	{"st_nlink", listdir_stat_st_nlink, 0, 0, 0},
 	{"st_size", listdir_stat_st_size, 0, 0, 0},
 	{"st_mtime", listdir_stat_st_mtime, 0, 0, 0},
 	{"st_ctime", listdir_stat_st_ctime, 0, 0, 0},
 	{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
 static PyObject *listdir_stat_new(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k)
 {
 	return t->tp_alloc(t, 0);
 }
 
 static void listdir_stat_dealloc(PyObject *o)
 {
 	o->ob_type->tp_free(o);
 }
 
 static PyTypeObject listdir_stat_type = {
 	PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
 	"osutil.stat",             /*tp_name*/
 	sizeof(struct listdir_stat), /*tp_basicsize*/
 	0,                         /*tp_itemsize*/
 	(destructor)listdir_stat_dealloc, /*tp_dealloc*/
 	0,                         /*tp_print*/
 	0,                         /*tp_getattr*/
 	0,                         /*tp_setattr*/
 	0,                         /*tp_compare*/
 	0,                         /*tp_repr*/
 	0,                         /*tp_as_number*/
 	0,                         /*tp_as_sequence*/
 	0,                         /*tp_as_mapping*/
 	0,                         /*tp_hash */
 	0,                         /*tp_call*/
 	0,                         /*tp_str*/
 	0,                         /*tp_getattro*/
 	0,                         /*tp_setattro*/
 	0,                         /*tp_as_buffer*/
 	Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /*tp_flags*/
 	"stat objects",            /* tp_doc */
 	0,                         /* tp_traverse */
 	0,                         /* tp_clear */
 	0,                         /* tp_richcompare */
 	0,                         /* tp_weaklistoffset */
 	0,                         /* tp_iter */
 	0,                         /* tp_iternext */
 	0,                         /* tp_methods */
 	0,                         /* tp_members */
 	listdir_stat_getsets,      /* tp_getset */
 	0,                         /* tp_base */
 	0,                         /* tp_dict */
 	0,                         /* tp_descr_get */
 	0,                         /* tp_descr_set */
 	0,                         /* tp_dictoffset */
 	0,                         /* tp_init */
 	0,                         /* tp_alloc */
 	listdir_stat_new,          /* tp_new */
 };
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 
 static int to_python_time(const FILETIME *tm)
 {
 	/* number of seconds between epoch and January 1 1601 */
 	const __int64 a0 = (__int64)134774L * (__int64)24L * (__int64)3600L;
 	/* conversion factor from 100ns to 1s */
 	const __int64 a1 = 10000000;
 	/* explicit (int) cast to suspend compiler warnings */
 	return (int)((((__int64)tm->dwHighDateTime << 32)
 			+ tm->dwLowDateTime) / a1 - a0);
 }
 
 static PyObject *make_item(const WIN32_FIND_DATAA *fd, int wantstat)
 {
 	PyObject *py_st;
 	struct hg_stat *stp;
 
 	int kind = (fd->dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)
 		? _S_IFDIR : _S_IFREG;
 
 	if (!wantstat)
 		return Py_BuildValue("si", fd->cFileName, kind);
 
 	py_st = PyObject_CallObject((PyObject *)&listdir_stat_type, NULL);
 	if (!py_st)
 		return NULL;
 
 	stp = &((struct listdir_stat *)py_st)->st;
 	/*
 	use kind as st_mode
 	rwx bits on Win32 are meaningless
 	and Hg does not use them anyway
 	*/
 	stp->st_mode  = kind;
 	stp->st_mtime = to_python_time(&fd->ftLastWriteTime);
 	stp->st_ctime = to_python_time(&fd->ftCreationTime);
 	if (kind == _S_IFREG)
 		stp->st_size = ((__int64)fd->nFileSizeHigh << 32)
 				+ fd->nFileSizeLow;
 	return Py_BuildValue("siN", fd->cFileName,
 		kind, py_st);
 }
 
 static PyObject *_listdir(char *path, int plen, int wantstat, char *skip)
 {
 	PyObject *rval = NULL; /* initialize - return value */
 	PyObject *list;
 	HANDLE fh;
 	WIN32_FIND_DATAA fd;
 	char *pattern;
 
 	/* build the path + \* pattern string */
 	pattern = malloc(plen + 3); /* path + \* + \0 */
 	if (!pattern) {
 		PyErr_NoMemory();
 		goto error_nomem;
 	}
 	strcpy(pattern, path);
 
 	if (plen > 0) {
 		char c = path[plen-1];
 		if (c != ':' && c != '/' && c != '\\')
 			pattern[plen++] = '\\';
 	}
 	strcpy(pattern + plen, "*");
 
 	fh = FindFirstFileA(pattern, &fd);
 	if (fh == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
 		PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(GetLastError(), path);
 		goto error_file;
 	}
 
 	list = PyList_New(0);
 	if (!list)
 		goto error_list;
 
 	do {
 		PyObject *item;
 
 		if (fd.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY) {
 			if (!strcmp(fd.cFileName, ".")
 			|| !strcmp(fd.cFileName, ".."))
 				continue;
 
 			if (skip && !strcmp(fd.cFileName, skip)) {
 				rval = PyList_New(0);
 				goto error;
 			}
 		}
 
 		item = make_item(&fd, wantstat);
 		if (!item)
 			goto error;
 
 		if (PyList_Append(list, item)) {
 			Py_XDECREF(item);
 			goto error;
 		}
 
 		Py_XDECREF(item);
 	} while (FindNextFileA(fh, &fd));
 
 	if (GetLastError() != ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES) {
 		PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(GetLastError(), path);
 		goto error;
 	}
 
 	rval = list;
 	Py_XINCREF(rval);
 error:
 	Py_XDECREF(list);
 error_list:
 	FindClose(fh);
 error_file:
 	free(pattern);
 error_nomem:
 	return rval;
 }
 
 #else
 
 int entkind(struct dirent *ent)
 {
 #ifdef DT_REG
 	switch (ent->d_type) {
 	case DT_REG: return S_IFREG;
 	case DT_DIR: return S_IFDIR;
 	case DT_LNK: return S_IFLNK;
 	case DT_BLK: return S_IFBLK;
 	case DT_CHR: return S_IFCHR;
 	case DT_FIFO: return S_IFIFO;
 	case DT_SOCK: return S_IFSOCK;
 	}
 #endif
 	return -1;
 }
 
 static PyObject *makestat(const struct stat *st)
 {
 	PyObject *stat;
 
 	stat = PyObject_CallObject((PyObject *)&listdir_stat_type, NULL);
 	if (stat)
 		memcpy(&((struct listdir_stat *)stat)->st, st, sizeof(*st));
 	return stat;
 }
 
 static PyObject *_listdir_stat(char *path, int pathlen, int keepstat,
 			       char *skip)
 {
 	PyObject *list, *elem, *stat = NULL, *ret = NULL;
 	char fullpath[PATH_MAX + 10];
 	int kind, err;
 	struct stat st;
 	struct dirent *ent;
 	DIR *dir;
 #ifdef AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
 	int dfd = -1;
 #endif
 
 	if (pathlen >= PATH_MAX) {
 		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
 		PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, path);
 		goto error_value;
 	}
 	strncpy(fullpath, path, PATH_MAX);
 	fullpath[pathlen] = '/';
 
 #ifdef AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
 	dfd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
 	if (dfd == -1) {
 		PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, path);
 		goto error_value;
 	}
 	dir = fdopendir(dfd);
 #else
 	dir = opendir(path);
 #endif
 	if (!dir) {
 		PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, path);
 		goto error_dir;
 	}
 
 	list = PyList_New(0);
 	if (!list)
 		goto error_list;
 
 	while ((ent = readdir(dir))) {
 		if (!strcmp(ent->d_name, ".") || !strcmp(ent->d_name, ".."))
 			continue;
 
 		kind = entkind(ent);
 		if (kind == -1 || keepstat) {
 #ifdef AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
 			err = fstatat(dfd, ent->d_name, &st,
 				      AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
 #else
 			strncpy(fullpath + pathlen + 1, ent->d_name,
 				PATH_MAX - pathlen);
 			fullpath[PATH_MAX] = 0;
 			err = lstat(fullpath, &st);
 #endif
 			if (err == -1) {
 				/* race with file deletion? */
 				if (errno == ENOENT)
 					continue;
 				strncpy(fullpath + pathlen + 1, ent->d_name,
 					PATH_MAX - pathlen);
 				fullpath[PATH_MAX] = 0;
 				PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError,
 							       fullpath);
 				goto error;
 			}
 			kind = st.st_mode & S_IFMT;
 		}
 
 		/* quit early? */
 		if (skip && kind == S_IFDIR && !strcmp(ent->d_name, skip)) {
 			ret = PyList_New(0);
 			goto error;
 		}
 
 		if (keepstat) {
 			stat = makestat(&st);
 			if (!stat)
 				goto error;
 			elem = Py_BuildValue("siN", ent->d_name, kind, stat);
 		} else
 			elem = Py_BuildValue("si", ent->d_name, kind);
 		if (!elem)
 			goto error;
 		stat = NULL;
 
 		PyList_Append(list, elem);
 		Py_DECREF(elem);
 	}
 
 	ret = list;
 	Py_INCREF(ret);
 
 error:
 	Py_DECREF(list);
 	Py_XDECREF(stat);
 error_list:
 	closedir(dir);
 error_dir:
 #ifdef AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
 	close(dfd);
 #endif
 error_value:
 	return ret;
 }
 
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+
+typedef struct {
+	u_int32_t length;
+	attrreference_t name;
+	fsobj_type_t obj_type;
+	struct timespec mtime;
+#if __LITTLE_ENDIAN__
+	mode_t access_mask;
+	uint16_t padding;
+#else
+	uint16_t padding;
+	mode_t access_mask;
+#endif
+	off_t size;
+} __attribute__((packed)) attrbuf_entry;
+
+int attrkind(attrbuf_entry *entry)
+{
+	switch (entry->obj_type) {
+	case VREG: return S_IFREG;
+	case VDIR: return S_IFDIR;
+	case VLNK: return S_IFLNK;
+	case VBLK: return S_IFBLK;
+	case VCHR: return S_IFCHR;
+	case VFIFO: return S_IFIFO;
+	case VSOCK: return S_IFSOCK;
+	}
+	return -1;
+}
+
+/* get these many entries at a time */
+#define LISTDIR_BATCH_SIZE 50
+
+static PyObject *_listdir_batch(char *path, int pathlen, int keepstat,
+				char *skip, bool *fallback)
+{
+	PyObject *list, *elem, *stat = NULL, *ret = NULL;
+	int kind, err;
+	unsigned long index;
+	unsigned int count, old_state, new_state;
+	bool state_seen = false;
+	attrbuf_entry *entry;
+	/* from the getattrlist(2) man page: a path can be no longer than
+	   (NAME_MAX * 3 + 1) bytes. Also, "The getattrlist() function will
+	   silently truncate attribute data if attrBufSize is too small." So
+	   pass in a buffer big enough for the worst case. */
+	char attrbuf[LISTDIR_BATCH_SIZE * (sizeof(attrbuf_entry) + NAME_MAX * 3 + 1)];
+	unsigned int basep_unused;
+
+	struct stat st;
+	int dfd = -1;
+
+	/* these must match the attrbuf_entry struct, otherwise you'll end up
+	   with garbage */
+	struct attrlist requested_attr = {0};
+	requested_attr.bitmapcount = ATTR_BIT_MAP_COUNT;
+	requested_attr.commonattr = (ATTR_CMN_NAME | ATTR_CMN_OBJTYPE |
+				     ATTR_CMN_MODTIME | ATTR_CMN_ACCESSMASK);
+	requested_attr.fileattr = ATTR_FILE_TOTALSIZE;
+
+	*fallback = false;
+
+	if (pathlen >= PATH_MAX) {
+		errno = ENAMETOOLONG;
+		PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, path);
+		goto error_value;
+	}
+
+	dfd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
+	if (dfd == -1) {
+		PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, path);
+		goto error_value;
+	}
+
+	list = PyList_New(0);
+	if (!list)
+		goto error_dir;
+
+	do {
+		count = LISTDIR_BATCH_SIZE;
+		err = getdirentriesattr(dfd, &requested_attr, &attrbuf,
+					sizeof(attrbuf), &count, &basep_unused,
+					&new_state, 0);
+		if (err < 0) {
+			if (errno == ENOTSUP) {
+				/* We're on a filesystem that doesn't support
+				   getdirentriesattr. Fall back to the
+				   stat-based implementation. */
+				*fallback = true;
+			} else
+				PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, path);
+			goto error;
+		}
+
+		if (!state_seen) {
+			old_state = new_state;
+			state_seen = true;
+		} else if (old_state != new_state) {
+			/* There's an edge case with getdirentriesattr. Consider
+			   the following initial list of files:
+
+			   a
+			   b
+			   <--
+			   c
+			   d
+
+			   If the iteration is paused at the arrow, and b is
+			   deleted before it is resumed, getdirentriesattr will
+			   not return d at all!  Ordinarily we're expected to
+			   restart the iteration from the beginning. To avoid
+			   getting stuck in a retry loop here, fall back to
+			   stat. */
+			*fallback = true;
+			goto error;
+		}
+
+		entry = (attrbuf_entry *)attrbuf;
+
+		for (index = 0; index < count; index++) {
+			char *filename = ((char *)&entry->name) +
+				entry->name.attr_dataoffset;
+
+			if (!strcmp(filename, ".") || !strcmp(filename, ".."))
+				continue;
+
+			kind = attrkind(entry);
+			if (kind == -1) {
+				PyErr_Format(PyExc_OSError,
+					     "unknown object type %u for file "
+					     "%s%s!",
+					     entry->obj_type, path, filename);
+				goto error;
+			}
+
+			/* quit early? */
+			if (skip && kind == S_IFDIR && !strcmp(filename, skip)) {
+				ret = PyList_New(0);
+				goto error;
+			}
+
+			if (keepstat) {
+				/* from the getattrlist(2) man page: "Only the
+				   permission bits ... are valid". */
+				st.st_mode = (entry->access_mask & ~S_IFMT) | kind;
+				st.st_mtime = entry->mtime.tv_sec;
+				st.st_size = entry->size;
+				stat = makestat(&st);
+				if (!stat)
+					goto error;
+				elem = Py_BuildValue("siN", filename, kind, stat);
+			} else
+				elem = Py_BuildValue("si", filename, kind);
+			if (!elem)
+				goto error;
+			stat = NULL;
+
+			PyList_Append(list, elem);
+			Py_DECREF(elem);
+
+			entry = (attrbuf_entry *)((char *)entry + entry->length);
+		}
+	} while (err == 0);
+
+	ret = list;
+	Py_INCREF(ret);
+
+error:
+	Py_DECREF(list);
+	Py_XDECREF(stat);
+error_dir:
+	close(dfd);
+error_value:
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#endif /* __APPLE__ */
+
 static PyObject *_listdir(char *path, int pathlen, int keepstat, char *skip)
 {
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+	PyObject *ret;
+	bool fallback = false;
+
+	ret = _listdir_batch(path, pathlen, keepstat, skip, &fallback);
+	if (ret != NULL || !fallback)
+		return ret;
+#endif
 	return _listdir_stat(path, pathlen, keepstat, skip);
 }
 
 static PyObject *statfiles(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 {
 	PyObject *names, *stats;
 	Py_ssize_t i, count;
 
 	if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:statfiles", &names))
 		return NULL;
 
 	count = PySequence_Length(names);
 	if (count == -1) {
 		PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "not a sequence");
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
 	stats = PyList_New(count);
 	if (stats == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
 		PyObject *stat, *pypath;
 		struct stat st;
 		int ret, kind;
 		char *path;
 
 		pypath = PySequence_GetItem(names, i);
 		if (!pypath)
 			return NULL;
 		path = PyString_AsString(pypath);
 		if (path == NULL) {
 			Py_DECREF(pypath);
 			PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "not a string");
 			goto bail;
 		}
 		ret = lstat(path, &st);
 		Py_DECREF(pypath);
 		kind = st.st_mode & S_IFMT;
 		if (ret != -1 && (kind == S_IFREG || kind == S_IFLNK)) {
 			stat = makestat(&st);
 			if (stat == NULL)
 				goto bail;
 			PyList_SET_ITEM(stats, i, stat);
 		} else {
 			Py_INCREF(Py_None);
 			PyList_SET_ITEM(stats, i, Py_None);
 		}
 	}
 
 	return stats;
 
 bail:
 	Py_DECREF(stats);
 	return NULL;
 }
 
 #endif /* ndef _WIN32 */
 
 static PyObject *listdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
 {
 	PyObject *statobj = NULL; /* initialize - optional arg */
 	PyObject *skipobj = NULL; /* initialize - optional arg */
 	char *path, *skip = NULL;
 	int wantstat, plen;
 
 	static char *kwlist[] = {"path", "stat", "skip", NULL};
 
 	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "s#|OO:listdir",
 			kwlist, &path, &plen, &statobj, &skipobj))
 		return NULL;
 
 	wantstat = statobj && PyObject_IsTrue(statobj);
 
 	if (skipobj && skipobj != Py_None) {
 		skip = PyBytes_AsString(skipobj);
 		if (!skip)
 			return NULL;
 	}
 
 	return _listdir(path, plen, wantstat, skip);
 }
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
 static PyObject *posixfile(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
 {
 	static char *kwlist[] = {"name", "mode", "buffering", NULL};
 	PyObject *file_obj = NULL;
 	char *name = NULL;
 	char *mode = "rb";
 	DWORD access = 0;
 	DWORD creation;
 	HANDLE handle;
 	int fd, flags = 0;
 	int bufsize = -1;
 	char m0, m1, m2;
 	char fpmode[4];
 	int fppos = 0;
 	int plus;
 	FILE *fp;
 
 	if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwds, "et|si:posixfile", kwlist,
 					 Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding,
 					 &name, &mode, &bufsize))
 		return NULL;
 
 	m0 = mode[0];
 	m1 = m0 ? mode[1] : '\0';
 	m2 = m1 ? mode[2] : '\0';
 	plus = m1 == '+' || m2 == '+';
 
 	fpmode[fppos++] = m0;
 	if (m1 == 'b' || m2 == 'b') {
 		flags = _O_BINARY;
 		fpmode[fppos++] = 'b';
 	}
 	else
 		flags = _O_TEXT;
 	if (m0 == 'r' && !plus) {
 		flags |= _O_RDONLY;
 		access = GENERIC_READ;
 	} else {
 		/*
 		work around http://support.microsoft.com/kb/899149 and
 		set _O_RDWR for 'w' and 'a', even if mode has no '+'
 		*/
 		flags |= _O_RDWR;
 		access = GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE;
 		fpmode[fppos++] = '+';
 	}
 	fpmode[fppos++] = '\0';
 
 	switch (m0) {
 	case 'r':
 		creation = OPEN_EXISTING;
 		break;
 	case 'w':
 		creation = CREATE_ALWAYS;
 		break;
 	case 'a':
 		creation = OPEN_ALWAYS;
 		flags |= _O_APPEND;
 		break;
 	default:
 		PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
 			     "mode string must begin with one of 'r', 'w', "
 			     "or 'a', not '%c'", m0);
 		goto bail;
 	}
 
 	handle = CreateFile(name, access,
 			    FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE |
 			    FILE_SHARE_DELETE,
 			    NULL,
 			    creation,
 			    FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
 			    0);
 
 	if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
 		PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(GetLastError(), name);
 		goto bail;
 	}
 
 	fd = _open_osfhandle((intptr_t)handle, flags);
 
 	if (fd == -1) {
 		CloseHandle(handle);
 		PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_IOError, name);
 		goto bail;
 	}
 #ifndef IS_PY3K
 	fp = _fdopen(fd, fpmode);
 	if (fp == NULL) {
 		_close(fd);
 		PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_IOError, name);
 		goto bail;
 	}
 
 	file_obj = PyFile_FromFile(fp, name, mode, fclose);
 	if (file_obj == NULL) {
 		fclose(fp);
 		goto bail;
 	}
 
 	PyFile_SetBufSize(file_obj, bufsize);
 #else
 	file_obj = PyFile_FromFd(fd, name, mode, bufsize, NULL, NULL, NULL, 1);
 	if (file_obj == NULL)
 		goto bail;
 #endif
 bail:
 	PyMem_Free(name);
 	return file_obj;
 }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 #include <ApplicationServices/ApplicationServices.h>
 
 static PyObject *isgui(PyObject *self)
 {
 	CFDictionaryRef dict = CGSessionCopyCurrentDictionary();
 
 	if (dict != NULL) {
 		CFRelease(dict);
 		Py_RETURN_TRUE;
 	} else {
 		Py_RETURN_FALSE;
 	}
 }
 #endif
 
 static char osutil_doc[] = "Native operating system services.";
 
 static PyMethodDef methods[] = {
 	{"listdir", (PyCFunction)listdir, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
 	 "list a directory\n"},
 #ifdef _WIN32
 	{"posixfile", (PyCFunction)posixfile, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
 	 "Open a file with POSIX-like semantics.\n"
 "On error, this function may raise either a WindowsError or an IOError."},
 #else
 	{"statfiles", (PyCFunction)statfiles, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
 	 "stat a series of files or symlinks\n"
 "Returns None for non-existent entries and entries of other types.\n"},
 #endif
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 	{
 		"isgui", (PyCFunction)isgui, METH_NOARGS,
 		"Is a CoreGraphics session available?"
 	},
 #endif
 	{NULL, NULL}
 };
 
 #ifdef IS_PY3K
 static struct PyModuleDef osutil_module = {
 	PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
 	"osutil",
 	osutil_doc,
 	-1,
 	methods
 };
 
 PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit_osutil(void)
 {
 	if (PyType_Ready(&listdir_stat_type) < 0)
 		return NULL;
 
 	return PyModule_Create(&osutil_module);
 }
 #else
 PyMODINIT_FUNC initosutil(void)
 {
 	if (PyType_Ready(&listdir_stat_type) == -1)
 		return;
 
 	Py_InitModule3("osutil", methods, osutil_doc);
 }
 #endif