Take advantage of fstat calls clustering per directory if OS support it.

util module implements two versions of statfiles function

_statfiles calls lstat per file

_statfiles_clustered takes advantage of optimizations in osutil.c, stats all
files in directory at once when new directory is hit and caches the results

util.statfiles dispatches to appropriate version during module loading

The speedup on directory tree with 2k directories and 63k files is about
factor of 1.8 (1.3s -> 0.8s for hg diff - hg startup overhead about .2s)

At this point only Win32 now benefit from this patch.
Rest of OSes use the non clustered implementation.

mercurial/dirstate.py

@@ -1,590 +1,584 b''
 """
 dirstate.py - working directory tracking for mercurial
 
 Copyright 2005-2007 Matt Mackall <[e-mail]>
 
 This software may be used and distributed according to the terms
 of the GNU General Public License, incorporated herein by reference.
 """
 
 from node import nullid
 from i18n import _
 import struct, os, stat, util, errno, ignore
 import cStringIO, osutil, sys, parsers
 
 _unknown = ('?', 0, 0, 0)
 _format = ">cllll"
 
 def _finddirs(path):
     pos = path.rfind('/')
     while pos != -1:
         yield path[:pos]
         pos = path.rfind('/', 0, pos)
 
 def _incdirs(dirs, path):
     for base in _finddirs(path):
         if base in dirs:
             dirs[base] += 1
             return
         dirs[base] = 1
 
 def _decdirs(dirs, path):
     for base in _finddirs(path):
         if dirs[base] > 1:
             dirs[base] -= 1
             return
         del dirs[base]
 
 class dirstate(object):
 
     def __init__(self, opener, ui, root):
         self._opener = opener
         self._root = root
         self._rootdir = os.path.join(root, '')
         self._dirty = False
         self._dirtypl = False
         self._ui = ui
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
         if name == '_map':
             self._read()
             return self._map
         elif name == '_copymap':
             self._read()
             return self._copymap
         elif name == '_foldmap':
             _foldmap = {}
             for name in self._map:
                 norm = os.path.normcase(name)
                 _foldmap[norm] = name
             self._foldmap = _foldmap
             return self._foldmap
         elif name == '_branch':
             try:
                 self._branch = (self._opener("branch").read().strip()
                                 or "default")
             except IOError:
                 self._branch = "default"
             return self._branch
         elif name == '_pl':
             self._pl = [nullid, nullid]
             try:
                 st = self._opener("dirstate").read(40)
                 if len(st) == 40:
                     self._pl = st[:20], st[20:40]
             except IOError, err:
                 if err.errno != errno.ENOENT: raise
             return self._pl
         elif name == '_dirs':
             dirs = {}
             for f,s in self._map.iteritems():
                 if s[0] != 'r':
                     _incdirs(dirs, f)
             self._dirs = dirs
             return self._dirs
         elif name == '_ignore':
             files = [self._join('.hgignore')]
             for name, path in self._ui.configitems("ui"):
                 if name == 'ignore' or name.startswith('ignore.'):
                     files.append(os.path.expanduser(path))
             self._ignore = ignore.ignore(self._root, files, self._ui.warn)
             return self._ignore
         elif name == '_slash':
             self._slash = self._ui.configbool('ui', 'slash') and os.sep != '/'
             return self._slash
         elif name == '_checklink':
             self._checklink = util.checklink(self._root)
             return self._checklink
         elif name == '_checkexec':
             self._checkexec = util.checkexec(self._root)
             return self._checkexec
         elif name == '_checkcase':
             self._checkcase = not util.checkcase(self._join('.hg'))
             return self._checkcase
         elif name == 'normalize':
             if self._checkcase:
                 self.normalize = self._normalize
             else:
                 self.normalize = lambda x, y=False: x
             return self.normalize
         else:
             raise AttributeError(name)
 
     def _join(self, f):
         # much faster than os.path.join()
         # it's safe because f is always a relative path
         return self._rootdir + f
 
     def flagfunc(self, fallback):
         if self._checklink:
             if self._checkexec:
                 def f(x):
                     p = self._join(x)
                     if os.path.islink(p):
                         return 'l'
                     if util.is_exec(p):
                         return 'x'
                     return ''
                 return f
             def f(x):
                 if os.path.islink(self._join(x)):
                     return 'l'
                 if 'x' in fallback(x):
                     return 'x'
                 return ''
             return f
         if self._checkexec:
             def f(x):
                 if 'l' in fallback(x):
                     return 'l'
                 if util.is_exec(self._join(x)):
                     return 'x'
                 return ''
             return f
         return fallback
 
     def getcwd(self):
         cwd = os.getcwd()
         if cwd == self._root: return ''
         # self._root ends with a path separator if self._root is '/' or 'C:\'
         rootsep = self._root
         if not util.endswithsep(rootsep):
             rootsep += os.sep
         if cwd.startswith(rootsep):
             return cwd[len(rootsep):]
         else:
             # we're outside the repo. return an absolute path.
             return cwd
 
     def pathto(self, f, cwd=None):
         if cwd is None:
             cwd = self.getcwd()
         path = util.pathto(self._root, cwd, f)
         if self._slash:
             return util.normpath(path)
         return path
 
     def __getitem__(self, key):
         ''' current states:
         n  normal
         m  needs merging
         r  marked for removal
         a  marked for addition
         ?  not tracked'''
         return self._map.get(key, ("?",))[0]
 
     def __contains__(self, key):
         return key in self._map
 
     def __iter__(self):
         for x in util.sort(self._map):
             yield x
 
     def parents(self):
         return self._pl
 
     def branch(self):
         return self._branch
 
     def setparents(self, p1, p2=nullid):
         self._dirty = self._dirtypl = True
         self._pl = p1, p2
 
     def setbranch(self, branch):
         self._branch = branch
         self._opener("branch", "w").write(branch + '\n')
 
     def _read(self):
         self._map = {}
         self._copymap = {}
         try:
             st = self._opener("dirstate").read()
         except IOError, err:
             if err.errno != errno.ENOENT: raise
             return
         if not st:
             return
 
         p = parsers.parse_dirstate(self._map, self._copymap, st);
         if not self._dirtypl:
             self._pl = p
 
     def invalidate(self):
         for a in "_map _copymap _foldmap _branch _pl _dirs _ignore".split():
             if a in self.__dict__:
                 delattr(self, a)
         self._dirty = False
 
     def copy(self, source, dest):
         if source == dest:
             return
         self._dirty = True
         self._copymap[dest] = source
 
     def copied(self, file):
         return self._copymap.get(file, None)
 
     def copies(self):
         return self._copymap
 
     def _droppath(self, f):
         if self[f] not in "?r" and "_dirs" in self.__dict__:
             _decdirs(self._dirs, f)
 
     def _addpath(self, f, check=False):
         oldstate = self[f]
         if check or oldstate == "r":
             if '\r' in f or '\n' in f:
                 raise util.Abort(
                     _("'\\n' and '\\r' disallowed in filenames: %r") % f)
             if f in self._dirs:
                 raise util.Abort(_('directory %r already in dirstate') % f)
             # shadows
             for d in _finddirs(f):
                 if d in self._dirs:
                     break
                 if d in self._map and self[d] != 'r':
                     raise util.Abort(
                         _('file %r in dirstate clashes with %r') % (d, f))
         if oldstate in "?r" and "_dirs" in self.__dict__:
             _incdirs(self._dirs, f)
 
     def normal(self, f):
         'mark a file normal and clean'
         self._dirty = True
         self._addpath(f)
         s = os.lstat(self._join(f))
         self._map[f] = ('n', s.st_mode, s.st_size, s.st_mtime)
         if f in self._copymap:
             del self._copymap[f]
 
     def normallookup(self, f):
         'mark a file normal, but possibly dirty'
         if self._pl[1] != nullid and f in self._map:
             # if there is a merge going on and the file was either
             # in state 'm' or dirty before being removed, restore that state.
             entry = self._map[f]
             if entry[0] == 'r' and entry[2] in (-1, -2):
                 source = self._copymap.get(f)
                 if entry[2] == -1:
                     self.merge(f)
                 elif entry[2] == -2:
                     self.normaldirty(f)
                 if source:
                     self.copy(source, f)
                 return
             if entry[0] == 'm' or entry[0] == 'n' and entry[2] == -2:
                 return
         self._dirty = True
         self._addpath(f)
         self._map[f] = ('n', 0, -1, -1)
         if f in self._copymap:
             del self._copymap[f]
 
     def normaldirty(self, f):
         'mark a file normal, but dirty'
         self._dirty = True
         self._addpath(f)
         self._map[f] = ('n', 0, -2, -1)
         if f in self._copymap:
             del self._copymap[f]
 
     def add(self, f):
         'mark a file added'
         self._dirty = True
         self._addpath(f, True)
         self._map[f] = ('a', 0, -1, -1)
         if f in self._copymap:
             del self._copymap[f]
 
     def remove(self, f):
         'mark a file removed'
         self._dirty = True
         self._droppath(f)
         size = 0
         if self._pl[1] != nullid and f in self._map:
             entry = self._map[f]
             if entry[0] == 'm':
                 size = -1
             elif entry[0] == 'n' and entry[2] == -2:
                 size = -2
         self._map[f] = ('r', 0, size, 0)
         if size == 0 and f in self._copymap:
             del self._copymap[f]
 
     def merge(self, f):
         'mark a file merged'
         self._dirty = True
         s = os.lstat(self._join(f))
         self._addpath(f)
         self._map[f] = ('m', s.st_mode, s.st_size, s.st_mtime)
         if f in self._copymap:
             del self._copymap[f]
 
     def forget(self, f):
         'forget a file'
         self._dirty = True
         try:
             self._droppath(f)
             del self._map[f]
         except KeyError:
             self._ui.warn(_("not in dirstate: %s\n") % f)
 
     def _normalize(self, path, knownpath=False):
         norm_path = os.path.normcase(path)
         fold_path = self._foldmap.get(norm_path, None)
         if fold_path is None:
             if knownpath or not os.path.exists(os.path.join(self._root, path)):
                 fold_path = path
             else:
                 fold_path = self._foldmap.setdefault(norm_path,
                                 util.fspath(path, self._root))
         return fold_path
 
     def clear(self):
         self._map = {}
         if "_dirs" in self.__dict__:
             delattr(self, "_dirs");
         self._copymap = {}
         self._pl = [nullid, nullid]
         self._dirty = True
 
     def rebuild(self, parent, files):
         self.clear()
         for f in files:
             if 'x' in files.flags(f):
                 self._map[f] = ('n', 0777, -1, 0)
             else:
                 self._map[f] = ('n', 0666, -1, 0)
         self._pl = (parent, nullid)
         self._dirty = True
 
     def write(self):
         if not self._dirty:
             return
         st = self._opener("dirstate", "w", atomictemp=True)
 
         try:
             gran = int(self._ui.config('dirstate', 'granularity', 1))
         except ValueError:
             gran = 1
         limit = sys.maxint
         if gran > 0:
             limit = util.fstat(st).st_mtime - gran
 
         cs = cStringIO.StringIO()
         copymap = self._copymap
         pack = struct.pack
         write = cs.write
         write("".join(self._pl))
         for f, e in self._map.iteritems():
             if f in copymap:
                 f = "%s\0%s" % (f, copymap[f])
             if e[3] > limit and e[0] == 'n':
                 e = (e[0], 0, -1, -1)
             e = pack(_format, e[0], e[1], e[2], e[3], len(f))
             write(e)
             write(f)
         st.write(cs.getvalue())
         st.rename()
         self._dirty = self._dirtypl = False
 
     def _dirignore(self, f):
         if f == '.':
             return False
         if self._ignore(f):
             return True
         for p in _finddirs(f):
             if self._ignore(p):
                 return True
         return False
 
     def walk(self, match, unknown, ignored):
         '''
         walk recursively through the directory tree, finding all files
         matched by the match function
 
         results are yielded in a tuple (filename, stat), where stat
         and st is the stat result if the file was found in the directory.
         '''
 
         def fwarn(f, msg):
             self._ui.warn('%s: %s\n' % (self.pathto(f), msg))
             return False
         badfn = fwarn
         if hasattr(match, 'bad'):
             badfn = match.bad
 
         def badtype(f, mode):
             kind = 'unknown'
             if stat.S_ISCHR(mode): kind = _('character device')
             elif stat.S_ISBLK(mode): kind = _('block device')
             elif stat.S_ISFIFO(mode): kind = _('fifo')
             elif stat.S_ISSOCK(mode): kind = _('socket')
             elif stat.S_ISDIR(mode): kind = _('directory')
             self._ui.warn(_('%s: unsupported file type (type is %s)\n')
                           % (self.pathto(f), kind))
 
         ignore = self._ignore
         dirignore = self._dirignore
         if ignored:
             ignore = util.never
             dirignore = util.never
         elif not unknown:
             # if unknown and ignored are False, skip step 2
             ignore = util.always
             dirignore = util.always
 
         matchfn = match.matchfn
         dmap = self._map
         normpath = util.normpath
         normalize = self.normalize
         listdir = osutil.listdir
         lstat = os.lstat
         pconvert = util.pconvert
         getkind = stat.S_IFMT
         dirkind = stat.S_IFDIR
         regkind = stat.S_IFREG
         lnkkind = stat.S_IFLNK
         join = self._join
         work = []
         wadd = work.append
 
         files = util.unique(match.files())
         if not files or '.' in files:
             files = ['']
         results = {'.hg': None}
 
         # step 1: find all explicit files
         for ff in util.sort(files):
             nf = normalize(normpath(ff))
             if nf in results:
                 continue
 
             try:
                 st = lstat(join(nf))
                 kind = getkind(st.st_mode)
                 if kind == dirkind:
                     if not dirignore(nf):
                         wadd(nf)
                 elif kind == regkind or kind == lnkkind:
                     results[nf] = st
                 else:
                     badtype(ff, kind)
                     if nf in dmap:
                         results[nf] = None
             except OSError, inst:
                 keep = False
                 prefix = nf + "/"
                 for fn in dmap:
                     if nf == fn or fn.startswith(prefix):
                         keep = True
                         break
                 if not keep:
                     if inst.errno != errno.ENOENT:
                         fwarn(ff, inst.strerror)
                     elif badfn(ff, inst.strerror):
                         if (nf in dmap or not ignore(nf)) and matchfn(nf):
                             results[nf] = None
 
         # step 2: visit subdirectories
         while work:
             nd = work.pop()
             if hasattr(match, 'dir'):
                 match.dir(nd)
             skip = None
             if nd == '.':
                 nd = ''
             else:
                 skip = '.hg'
             try:
                 entries = listdir(join(nd), stat=True, skip=skip)
             except OSError, inst:
                 if inst.errno == errno.EACCES:
                     fwarn(nd, inst.strerror)
                     continue
                 raise
             for f, kind, st in entries:
                 nf = normalize(nd and (nd + "/" + f) or f, True)
                 if nf not in results:
                     if kind == dirkind:
                         if not ignore(nf):
                             wadd(nf)
                         if nf in dmap and matchfn(nf):
                             results[nf] = None
                     elif kind == regkind or kind == lnkkind:
                         if nf in dmap:
                             if matchfn(nf):
                                 results[nf] = st
                         elif matchfn(nf) and not ignore(nf):
                             results[nf] = st
                     elif nf in dmap and matchfn(nf):
                         results[nf] = None
 
         # step 3: report unseen items in the dmap hash
-        visit = [f for f in dmap if f not in results and match(f)]
-        for nf in util.sort(visit):
-            results[nf] = None
-            try:
-                st = lstat(join(nf))
-                kind = getkind(st.st_mode)
-                if kind == regkind or kind == lnkkind:
+        visit = util.sort([f for f in dmap if f not in results and match(f)])
+        for nf, st in zip(visit, util.statfiles([join(i) for i in visit])):
+            if not st is None and not getkind(st.st_mode) in (regkind, lnkkind):
+                st = None
                     results[nf] = st
-            except OSError, inst:
-                if inst.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR):
-                    raise
 
         del results['.hg']
         return results
 
     def status(self, match, ignored, clean, unknown):
         listignored, listclean, listunknown = ignored, clean, unknown
         lookup, modified, added, unknown, ignored = [], [], [], [], []
         removed, deleted, clean = [], [], []
 
         _join = self._join
         lstat = os.lstat
         cmap = self._copymap
         dmap = self._map
         ladd = lookup.append
         madd = modified.append
         aadd = added.append
         uadd = unknown.append
         iadd = ignored.append
         radd = removed.append
         dadd = deleted.append
         cadd = clean.append
 
         for fn, st in self.walk(match, listunknown, listignored).iteritems():
             if fn not in dmap:
                 if (listignored or match.exact(fn)) and self._dirignore(fn):
                     if listignored:
                         iadd(fn)
                 elif listunknown:
                     uadd(fn)
                 continue
 
             state, mode, size, time = dmap[fn]
 
             if not st and state in "nma":
                 dadd(fn)
             elif state == 'n':
                 if (size >= 0 and
                     (size != st.st_size
                      or ((mode ^ st.st_mode) & 0100 and self._checkexec))
                     or size == -2
                     or fn in self._copymap):
                     madd(fn)
                 elif time != int(st.st_mtime):
                     ladd(fn)
                 elif listclean:
                     cadd(fn)
             elif state == 'm':
                 madd(fn)
             elif state == 'a':
                 aadd(fn)
             elif state == 'r':
                 radd(fn)
 
         return (lookup, modified, added, removed, deleted, unknown, ignored,
                 clean)

mercurial/util.py

@@ -1,1893 +1,1939 b''
 """
 util.py - Mercurial utility functions and platform specfic implementations
 
  Copyright 2005 K. Thananchayan <[e-mail]>
  Copyright 2005-2007 Matt Mackall <[e-mail]>
  Copyright 2006 Vadim Gelfer <[e-mail]>
 
 This software may be used and distributed according to the terms
 of the GNU General Public License, incorporated herein by reference.
 
 This contains helper routines that are independent of the SCM core and hide
 platform-specific details from the core.
 """
 
 from i18n import _
 import cStringIO, errno, getpass, re, shutil, sys, tempfile
 import os, stat, threading, time, calendar, ConfigParser, locale, glob, osutil
 import imp, urlparse
 
 # Python compatibility
 
 try:
     set = set
     frozenset = frozenset
 except NameError:
     from sets import Set as set, ImmutableSet as frozenset
 
 _md5 = None
 def md5(s):
     global _md5
     if _md5 is None:
         try:
             import hashlib
             _md5 = hashlib.md5
         except ImportError:
             import md5
             _md5 = md5.md5
     return _md5(s)
 
 _sha1 = None
 def sha1(s):
     global _sha1
     if _sha1 is None:
         try:
             import hashlib
             _sha1 = hashlib.sha1
         except ImportError:
             import sha
             _sha1 = sha.sha
     return _sha1(s)
 
 try:
     import subprocess
     def popen2(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1):
         p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, close_fds=True,
                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
         return p.stdin, p.stdout
     def popen3(cmd, mode='t', bufsize=-1):
         p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, close_fds=True,
                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                              stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
         return p.stdin, p.stdout, p.stderr
     def Popen3(cmd, capturestderr=False, bufsize=-1):
         stderr = capturestderr and subprocess.PIPE or None
         p = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, bufsize=bufsize, close_fds=True,
                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                              stderr=stderr)
         p.fromchild = p.stdout
         p.tochild = p.stdin
         p.childerr = p.stderr
         return p
 except ImportError:
     subprocess = None
     import popen2 as _popen2
     popen2 = _popen2.popen2
     Popen3 = _popen2.Popen3
 
 
 try:
     _encoding = os.environ.get("HGENCODING")
     if sys.platform == 'darwin' and not _encoding:
         # On darwin, getpreferredencoding ignores the locale environment and
         # always returns mac-roman. We override this if the environment is
         # not C (has been customized by the user).
         locale.setlocale(locale.LC_CTYPE, '')
         _encoding = locale.getlocale()[1]
     if not _encoding:
         _encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding() or 'ascii'
 except locale.Error:
     _encoding = 'ascii'
 _encodingmode = os.environ.get("HGENCODINGMODE", "strict")
 _fallbackencoding = 'ISO-8859-1'
 
 def tolocal(s):
     """
     Convert a string from internal UTF-8 to local encoding
 
     All internal strings should be UTF-8 but some repos before the
     implementation of locale support may contain latin1 or possibly
     other character sets. We attempt to decode everything strictly
     using UTF-8, then Latin-1, and failing that, we use UTF-8 and
     replace unknown characters.
     """
     for e in ('UTF-8', _fallbackencoding):
         try:
             u = s.decode(e) # attempt strict decoding
             return u.encode(_encoding, "replace")
         except LookupError, k:
             raise Abort(_("%s, please check your locale settings") % k)
         except UnicodeDecodeError:
             pass
     u = s.decode("utf-8", "replace") # last ditch
     return u.encode(_encoding, "replace")
 
 def fromlocal(s):
     """
     Convert a string from the local character encoding to UTF-8
 
     We attempt to decode strings using the encoding mode set by
     HGENCODINGMODE, which defaults to 'strict'. In this mode, unknown
     characters will cause an error message. Other modes include
     'replace', which replaces unknown characters with a special
     Unicode character, and 'ignore', which drops the character.
     """
     try:
         return s.decode(_encoding, _encodingmode).encode("utf-8")
     except UnicodeDecodeError, inst:
         sub = s[max(0, inst.start-10):inst.start+10]
         raise Abort("decoding near '%s': %s!" % (sub, inst))
     except LookupError, k:
         raise Abort(_("%s, please check your locale settings") % k)
 
 def locallen(s):
     """Find the length in characters of a local string"""
     return len(s.decode(_encoding, "replace"))
 
 # used by parsedate
 defaultdateformats = (
     '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',
     '%Y-%m-%d %I:%M:%S%p',
     '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',
     '%Y-%m-%d %I:%M%p',
     '%Y-%m-%d',
     '%m-%d',
     '%m/%d',
     '%m/%d/%y',
     '%m/%d/%Y',
     '%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y',
     '%a %b %d %I:%M:%S%p %Y',
     '%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S',        #  GNU coreutils "/bin/date --rfc-2822"
     '%b %d %H:%M:%S %Y',
     '%b %d %I:%M:%S%p %Y',
     '%b %d %H:%M:%S',
     '%b %d %I:%M:%S%p',
     '%b %d %H:%M',
     '%b %d %I:%M%p',
     '%b %d %Y',
     '%b %d',
     '%H:%M:%S',
     '%I:%M:%SP',
     '%H:%M',
     '%I:%M%p',
 )
 
 extendeddateformats = defaultdateformats + (
     "%Y",
     "%Y-%m",
     "%b",
     "%b %Y",
     )
 
 class SignalInterrupt(Exception):
     """Exception raised on SIGTERM and SIGHUP."""
 
 # differences from SafeConfigParser:
 # - case-sensitive keys
 # - allows values that are not strings (this means that you may not
 #   be able to save the configuration to a file)
 class configparser(ConfigParser.SafeConfigParser):
     def optionxform(self, optionstr):
         return optionstr
 
     def set(self, section, option, value):
         return ConfigParser.ConfigParser.set(self, section, option, value)
 
     def _interpolate(self, section, option, rawval, vars):
         if not isinstance(rawval, basestring):
             return rawval
         return ConfigParser.SafeConfigParser._interpolate(self, section,
                                                           option, rawval, vars)
 
 def cachefunc(func):
     '''cache the result of function calls'''
     # XXX doesn't handle keywords args
     cache = {}
     if func.func_code.co_argcount == 1:
         # we gain a small amount of time because
         # we don't need to pack/unpack the list
         def f(arg):
             if arg not in cache:
                 cache[arg] = func(arg)
             return cache[arg]
     else:
         def f(*args):
             if args not in cache:
                 cache[args] = func(*args)
             return cache[args]
 
     return f
 
 def pipefilter(s, cmd):
     '''filter string S through command CMD, returning its output'''
     (pin, pout) = popen2(cmd, 'b')
     def writer():
         try:
             pin.write(s)
             pin.close()
         except IOError, inst:
             if inst.errno != errno.EPIPE:
                 raise
 
     # we should use select instead on UNIX, but this will work on most
     # systems, including Windows
     w = threading.Thread(target=writer)
     w.start()
     f = pout.read()
     pout.close()
     w.join()
     return f
 
 def tempfilter(s, cmd):
     '''filter string S through a pair of temporary files with CMD.
     CMD is used as a template to create the real command to be run,
     with the strings INFILE and OUTFILE replaced by the real names of
     the temporary files generated.'''
     inname, outname = None, None
     try:
         infd, inname = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='hg-filter-in-')
         fp = os.fdopen(infd, 'wb')
         fp.write(s)
         fp.close()
         outfd, outname = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='hg-filter-out-')
         os.close(outfd)
         cmd = cmd.replace('INFILE', inname)
         cmd = cmd.replace('OUTFILE', outname)
         code = os.system(cmd)
         if sys.platform == 'OpenVMS' and code & 1:
             code = 0
         if code: raise Abort(_("command '%s' failed: %s") %
                              (cmd, explain_exit(code)))
         return open(outname, 'rb').read()
     finally:
         try:
             if inname: os.unlink(inname)
         except: pass
         try:
             if outname: os.unlink(outname)
         except: pass
 
 filtertable = {
     'tempfile:': tempfilter,
     'pipe:': pipefilter,
     }
 
 def filter(s, cmd):
     "filter a string through a command that transforms its input to its output"
     for name, fn in filtertable.iteritems():
         if cmd.startswith(name):
             return fn(s, cmd[len(name):].lstrip())
     return pipefilter(s, cmd)
 
 def binary(s):
     """return true if a string is binary data"""
     if s and '\0' in s:
         return True
     return False
 
 def unique(g):
     """return the uniq elements of iterable g"""
     return dict.fromkeys(g).keys()
 
 def sort(l):
     if not isinstance(l, list):
         l = list(l)
     l.sort()
     return l
 
 class Abort(Exception):
     """Raised if a command needs to print an error and exit."""
 
 class UnexpectedOutput(Abort):
     """Raised to print an error with part of output and exit."""
 
 def always(fn): return True
 def never(fn): return False
 
 def expand_glob(pats):
     '''On Windows, expand the implicit globs in a list of patterns'''
     if os.name != 'nt':
         return list(pats)
     ret = []
     for p in pats:
         kind, name = patkind(p, None)
         if kind is None:
             globbed = glob.glob(name)
             if globbed:
                 ret.extend(globbed)
                 continue
             # if we couldn't expand the glob, just keep it around
         ret.append(p)
     return ret
 
 def patkind(name, default):
     """Split a string into an optional pattern kind prefix and the
     actual pattern."""
     for prefix in 're', 'glob', 'path', 'relglob', 'relpath', 'relre':
         if name.startswith(prefix + ':'): return name.split(':', 1)
     return default, name
 
 def globre(pat, head='^', tail='$'):
     "convert a glob pattern into a regexp"
     i, n = 0, len(pat)
     res = ''
     group = 0
     def peek(): return i < n and pat[i]
     while i < n:
         c = pat[i]
         i = i+1
         if c == '*':
             if peek() == '*':
                 i += 1
                 res += '.*'
             else:
                 res += '[^/]*'
         elif c == '?':
             res += '.'
         elif c == '[':
             j = i
             if j < n and pat[j] in '!]':
                 j += 1
             while j < n and pat[j] != ']':
                 j += 1
             if j >= n:
                 res += '\\['
             else:
                 stuff = pat[i:j].replace('\\','\\\\')
                 i = j + 1
                 if stuff[0] == '!':
                     stuff = '^' + stuff[1:]
                 elif stuff[0] == '^':
                     stuff = '\\' + stuff
                 res = '%s[%s]' % (res, stuff)
         elif c == '{':
             group += 1
             res += '(?:'
         elif c == '}' and group:
             res += ')'
             group -= 1
         elif c == ',' and group:
             res += '|'
         elif c == '\\':
             p = peek()
             if p:
                 i += 1
                 res += re.escape(p)
             else:
                 res += re.escape(c)
         else:
             res += re.escape(c)
     return head + res + tail
 
 _globchars = {'[': 1, '{': 1, '*': 1, '?': 1}
 
 def pathto(root, n1, n2):
     '''return the relative path from one place to another.
     root should use os.sep to separate directories
     n1 should use os.sep to separate directories
     n2 should use "/" to separate directories
     returns an os.sep-separated path.
 
     If n1 is a relative path, it's assumed it's
     relative to root.
     n2 should always be relative to root.
     '''
     if not n1: return localpath(n2)
     if os.path.isabs(n1):
         if os.path.splitdrive(root)[0] != os.path.splitdrive(n1)[0]:
             return os.path.join(root, localpath(n2))
         n2 = '/'.join((pconvert(root), n2))
     a, b = splitpath(n1), n2.split('/')
     a.reverse()
     b.reverse()
     while a and b and a[-1] == b[-1]:
         a.pop()
         b.pop()
     b.reverse()
     return os.sep.join((['..'] * len(a)) + b) or '.'
 
 def canonpath(root, cwd, myname):
     """return the canonical path of myname, given cwd and root"""
     if root == os.sep:
         rootsep = os.sep
     elif endswithsep(root):
         rootsep = root
     else:
         rootsep = root + os.sep
     name = myname
     if not os.path.isabs(name):
         name = os.path.join(root, cwd, name)
     name = os.path.normpath(name)
     audit_path = path_auditor(root)
     if name != rootsep and name.startswith(rootsep):
         name = name[len(rootsep):]
         audit_path(name)
         return pconvert(name)
     elif name == root:
         return ''
     else:
         # Determine whether `name' is in the hierarchy at or beneath `root',
         # by iterating name=dirname(name) until that causes no change (can't
         # check name == '/', because that doesn't work on windows).  For each
         # `name', compare dev/inode numbers.  If they match, the list `rel'
         # holds the reversed list of components making up the relative file
         # name we want.
         root_st = os.stat(root)
         rel = []
         while True:
             try:
                 name_st = os.stat(name)
             except OSError:
                 break
             if samestat(name_st, root_st):
                 if not rel:
                     # name was actually the same as root (maybe a symlink)
                     return ''
                 rel.reverse()
                 name = os.path.join(*rel)
                 audit_path(name)
                 return pconvert(name)
             dirname, basename = os.path.split(name)
             rel.append(basename)
             if dirname == name:
                 break
             name = dirname
 
         raise Abort('%s not under root' % myname)
 
 def matcher(canonroot, cwd='', names=[], inc=[], exc=[], src=None, dflt_pat='glob'):
     """build a function to match a set of file patterns
 
     arguments:
     canonroot - the canonical root of the tree you're matching against
     cwd - the current working directory, if relevant
     names - patterns to find
     inc - patterns to include
     exc - patterns to exclude
     dflt_pat - if a pattern in names has no explicit type, assume this one
     src - where these patterns came from (e.g. .hgignore)
 
     a pattern is one of:
     'glob:<glob>' - a glob relative to cwd
     're:<regexp>' - a regular expression
     'path:<path>' - a path relative to canonroot
     'relglob:<glob>' - an unrooted glob (*.c matches C files in all dirs)
     'relpath:<path>' - a path relative to cwd
     'relre:<regexp>' - a regexp that doesn't have to match the start of a name
     '<something>' - one of the cases above, selected by the dflt_pat argument
 
     returns:
     a 3-tuple containing
     - list of roots (places where one should start a recursive walk of the fs);
       this often matches the explicit non-pattern names passed in, but also
       includes the initial part of glob: patterns that has no glob characters
     - a bool match(filename) function
     - a bool indicating if any patterns were passed in
     """
 
     # a common case: no patterns at all
     if not names and not inc and not exc:
         return [], always, False
 
     def contains_glob(name):
         for c in name:
             if c in _globchars: return True
         return False
 
     def regex(kind, name, tail):
         '''convert a pattern into a regular expression'''
         if not name:
             return ''
         if kind == 're':
             return name
         elif kind == 'path':
             return '^' + re.escape(name) + '(?:/|$)'
         elif kind == 'relglob':
             return globre(name, '(?:|.*/)', tail)
         elif kind == 'relpath':
             return re.escape(name) + '(?:/|$)'
         elif kind == 'relre':
             if name.startswith('^'):
                 return name
             return '.*' + name
         return globre(name, '', tail)
 
     def matchfn(pats, tail):
         """build a matching function from a set of patterns"""
         if not pats:
             return
         try:
             pat = '(?:%s)' % '|'.join([regex(k, p, tail) for (k, p) in pats])
             if len(pat) > 20000:
                 raise OverflowError()
             return re.compile(pat).match
         except OverflowError:
             # We're using a Python with a tiny regex engine and we
             # made it explode, so we'll divide the pattern list in two
             # until it works
             l = len(pats)
             if l < 2:
                 raise
             a, b = matchfn(pats[:l//2], tail), matchfn(pats[l//2:], tail)
             return lambda s: a(s) or b(s)
         except re.error:
             for k, p in pats:
                 try:
                     re.compile('(?:%s)' % regex(k, p, tail))
                 except re.error:
                     if src:
                         raise Abort("%s: invalid pattern (%s): %s" %
                                     (src, k, p))
                     else:
                         raise Abort("invalid pattern (%s): %s" % (k, p))
             raise Abort("invalid pattern")
 
     def globprefix(pat):
         '''return the non-glob prefix of a path, e.g. foo/* -> foo'''
         root = []
         for p in pat.split('/'):
             if contains_glob(p): break
             root.append(p)
         return '/'.join(root) or '.'
 
     def normalizepats(names, default):
         pats = []
         roots = []
         anypats = False
         for kind, name in [patkind(p, default) for p in names]:
             if kind in ('glob', 'relpath'):
                 name = canonpath(canonroot, cwd, name)
             elif kind in ('relglob', 'path'):
                 name = normpath(name)
 
             pats.append((kind, name))
 
             if kind in ('glob', 're', 'relglob', 'relre'):
                 anypats = True
 
             if kind == 'glob':
                 root = globprefix(name)
                 roots.append(root)
             elif kind in ('relpath', 'path'):
                 roots.append(name or '.')
             elif kind == 'relglob':
                 roots.append('.')
         return roots, pats, anypats
 
     roots, pats, anypats = normalizepats(names, dflt_pat)
 
     patmatch = matchfn(pats, '$') or always
     incmatch = always
     if inc:
         dummy, inckinds, dummy = normalizepats(inc, 'glob')
         incmatch = matchfn(inckinds, '(?:/|$)')
     excmatch = lambda fn: False
     if exc:
         dummy, exckinds, dummy = normalizepats(exc, 'glob')
         excmatch = matchfn(exckinds, '(?:/|$)')
 
     if not names and inc and not exc:
         # common case: hgignore patterns
         match = incmatch
     else:
         match = lambda fn: incmatch(fn) and not excmatch(fn) and patmatch(fn)
 
     return (roots, match, (inc or exc or anypats) and True)
 
 _hgexecutable = None
 
 def main_is_frozen():
     """return True if we are a frozen executable.
 
     The code supports py2exe (most common, Windows only) and tools/freeze
     (portable, not much used).
     """
     return (hasattr(sys, "frozen") or # new py2exe
             hasattr(sys, "importers") or # old py2exe
             imp.is_frozen("__main__")) # tools/freeze
 
 def hgexecutable():
     """return location of the 'hg' executable.
 
     Defaults to $HG or 'hg' in the search path.
     """
     if _hgexecutable is None:
         hg = os.environ.get('HG')
         if hg:
             set_hgexecutable(hg)
         elif main_is_frozen():
             set_hgexecutable(sys.executable)
         else:
             set_hgexecutable(find_exe('hg', 'hg'))
     return _hgexecutable
 
 def set_hgexecutable(path):
     """set location of the 'hg' executable"""
     global _hgexecutable
     _hgexecutable = path
 
 def system(cmd, environ={}, cwd=None, onerr=None, errprefix=None):
     '''enhanced shell command execution.
     run with environment maybe modified, maybe in different dir.
 
     if command fails and onerr is None, return status.  if ui object,
     print error message and return status, else raise onerr object as
     exception.'''
     def py2shell(val):
         'convert python object into string that is useful to shell'
         if val in (None, False):
             return '0'
         if val == True:
             return '1'
         return str(val)
     oldenv = {}
     for k in environ:
         oldenv[k] = os.environ.get(k)
     if cwd is not None:
         oldcwd = os.getcwd()
     origcmd = cmd
     if os.name == 'nt':
         cmd = '"%s"' % cmd
     try:
         for k, v in environ.iteritems():
             os.environ[k] = py2shell(v)
         os.environ['HG'] = hgexecutable()
         if cwd is not None and oldcwd != cwd:
             os.chdir(cwd)
         rc = os.system(cmd)
         if sys.platform == 'OpenVMS' and rc & 1:
             rc = 0
         if rc and onerr:
             errmsg = '%s %s' % (os.path.basename(origcmd.split(None, 1)[0]),
                                 explain_exit(rc)[0])
             if errprefix:
                 errmsg = '%s: %s' % (errprefix, errmsg)
             try:
                 onerr.warn(errmsg + '\n')
             except AttributeError:
                 raise onerr(errmsg)
         return rc
     finally:
         for k, v in oldenv.iteritems():
             if v is None:
                 del os.environ[k]
             else:
                 os.environ[k] = v
         if cwd is not None and oldcwd != cwd:
             os.chdir(oldcwd)
 
 # os.path.lexists is not available on python2.3
 def lexists(filename):
     "test whether a file with this name exists. does not follow symlinks"
     try:
         os.lstat(filename)
     except:
         return False
     return True
 
 def rename(src, dst):
     """forcibly rename a file"""
     try:
         os.rename(src, dst)
     except OSError, err: # FIXME: check err (EEXIST ?)
         # on windows, rename to existing file is not allowed, so we
         # must delete destination first. but if file is open, unlink
         # schedules it for delete but does not delete it. rename
         # happens immediately even for open files, so we create
         # temporary file, delete it, rename destination to that name,
         # then delete that. then rename is safe to do.
         fd, temp = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=os.path.dirname(dst) or '.')
         os.close(fd)
         os.unlink(temp)
         os.rename(dst, temp)
         os.unlink(temp)
         os.rename(src, dst)
 
 def unlink(f):
     """unlink and remove the directory if it is empty"""
     os.unlink(f)
     # try removing directories that might now be empty
     try:
         os.removedirs(os.path.dirname(f))
     except OSError:
         pass
 
 def copyfile(src, dest):
     "copy a file, preserving mode"
     if os.path.islink(src):
         try:
             os.unlink(dest)
         except:
             pass
         os.symlink(os.readlink(src), dest)
     else:
         try:
             shutil.copyfile(src, dest)
             shutil.copymode(src, dest)
         except shutil.Error, inst:
             raise Abort(str(inst))
 
 def copyfiles(src, dst, hardlink=None):
     """Copy a directory tree using hardlinks if possible"""
 
     if hardlink is None:
         hardlink = (os.stat(src).st_dev ==
                     os.stat(os.path.dirname(dst)).st_dev)
 
     if os.path.isdir(src):
         os.mkdir(dst)
         for name, kind in osutil.listdir(src):
             srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
             dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
             copyfiles(srcname, dstname, hardlink)
     else:
         if hardlink:
             try:
                 os_link(src, dst)
             except (IOError, OSError):
                 hardlink = False
                 shutil.copy(src, dst)
         else:
             shutil.copy(src, dst)
 
 class path_auditor(object):
     '''ensure that a filesystem path contains no banned components.
     the following properties of a path are checked:
 
     - under top-level .hg
     - starts at the root of a windows drive
     - contains ".."
     - traverses a symlink (e.g. a/symlink_here/b)
     - inside a nested repository'''
 
     def __init__(self, root):
         self.audited = set()
         self.auditeddir = set()
         self.root = root
 
     def __call__(self, path):
         if path in self.audited:
             return
         normpath = os.path.normcase(path)
         parts = splitpath(normpath)
         if (os.path.splitdrive(path)[0] or parts[0] in ('.hg', '')
             or os.pardir in parts):
             raise Abort(_("path contains illegal component: %s") % path)
         def check(prefix):
             curpath = os.path.join(self.root, prefix)
             try:
                 st = os.lstat(curpath)
             except OSError, err:
                 # EINVAL can be raised as invalid path syntax under win32.
                 # They must be ignored for patterns can be checked too.
                 if err.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR, errno.EINVAL):
                     raise
             else:
                 if stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode):
                     raise Abort(_('path %r traverses symbolic link %r') %
                                 (path, prefix))
                 elif (stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) and
                       os.path.isdir(os.path.join(curpath, '.hg'))):
                     raise Abort(_('path %r is inside repo %r') %
                                 (path, prefix))
         parts.pop()
         prefixes = []
         for n in range(len(parts)):
             prefix = os.sep.join(parts)
             if prefix in self.auditeddir:
                 break
             check(prefix)
             prefixes.append(prefix)
             parts.pop()
 
         self.audited.add(path)
         # only add prefixes to the cache after checking everything: we don't
         # want to add "foo/bar/baz" before checking if there's a "foo/.hg"
         self.auditeddir.update(prefixes)
 
 def _makelock_file(info, pathname):
     ld = os.open(pathname, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_EXCL)
     os.write(ld, info)
     os.close(ld)
 
 def _readlock_file(pathname):
     return posixfile(pathname).read()
 
 def nlinks(pathname):
     """Return number of hardlinks for the given file."""
     return os.lstat(pathname).st_nlink
 
 if hasattr(os, 'link'):
     os_link = os.link
 else:
     def os_link(src, dst):
         raise OSError(0, _("Hardlinks not supported"))
 
 def fstat(fp):
     '''stat file object that may not have fileno method.'''
     try:
         return os.fstat(fp.fileno())
     except AttributeError:
         return os.stat(fp.name)
 
 posixfile = file
 
 def openhardlinks():
     '''return true if it is safe to hold open file handles to hardlinks'''
     return True
 
+def _statfiles(files):
+    'Stat each file in files and yield stat or None if file does not exist.'
+    lstat = os.lstat
+    for nf in files:
+        try:
+            st = lstat(nf)
+        except OSError, err:
+            if err.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR):
+                raise
+            st = None
+        yield st
+
+def _statfiles_clustered(files):
+    '''Stat each file in files and yield stat or None if file does not exist.
+    Cluster and cache stat per directory to minimize number of OS stat calls.'''
+    lstat = os.lstat
+    ncase = os.path.normcase
+    sep   = os.sep
+    dircache = {} # dirname -> filename -> status | None if file does not exist
+    for nf in files:
+        nf  = ncase(nf)
+        pos = nf.rfind(sep)
+        if pos == -1:
+            dir, base = '.', nf
+        else:
+            dir, base = nf[:pos], nf[pos+1:]
+        cache = dircache.get(dir, None)
+        if cache is None:
+            try:
+                dmap = dict([(ncase(n), s)
+                    for n, k, s in osutil.listdir(dir, True)])
+            except OSError, err:
+                # handle directory not found in Python version prior to 2.5
+                # Python <= 2.4 returns native Windows code 3 in errno
+                # Python >= 2.5 returns ENOENT and adds winerror field
+                if err.errno not in (3, errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR):
+                    raise
+                dmap = {}
+            cache = dircache.setdefault(dir, dmap)
+        yield cache.get(base, None)
+
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    statfiles = _statfiles_clustered
+else:
+    statfiles = _statfiles
+
 getuser_fallback = None
 
 def getuser():
     '''return name of current user'''
     try:
         return getpass.getuser()
     except ImportError:
         # import of pwd will fail on windows - try fallback
         if getuser_fallback:
             return getuser_fallback()
     # raised if win32api not available
     raise Abort(_('user name not available - set USERNAME '
                   'environment variable'))
 
 def username(uid=None):
     """Return the name of the user with the given uid.
 
     If uid is None, return the name of the current user."""
     try:
         import pwd
         if uid is None:
             uid = os.getuid()
         try:
             return pwd.getpwuid(uid)[0]
         except KeyError:
             return str(uid)
     except ImportError:
         return None
 
 def groupname(gid=None):
     """Return the name of the group with the given gid.
 
     If gid is None, return the name of the current group."""
     try:
         import grp
         if gid is None:
             gid = os.getgid()
         try:
             return grp.getgrgid(gid)[0]
         except KeyError:
             return str(gid)
     except ImportError:
         return None
 
 # File system features
 
 def checkcase(path):
     """
     Check whether the given path is on a case-sensitive filesystem
 
     Requires a path (like /foo/.hg) ending with a foldable final
     directory component.
     """
     s1 = os.stat(path)
     d, b = os.path.split(path)
     p2 = os.path.join(d, b.upper())
     if path == p2:
         p2 = os.path.join(d, b.lower())
     try:
         s2 = os.stat(p2)
         if s2 == s1:
             return False
         return True
     except:
         return True
 
 _fspathcache = {}
 def fspath(name, root):
     '''Get name in the case stored in the filesystem
 
     The name is either relative to root, or it is an absolute path starting
     with root. Note that this function is unnecessary, and should not be
     called, for case-sensitive filesystems (simply because it's expensive).
     '''
     # If name is absolute, make it relative
     if name.lower().startswith(root.lower()):
         l = len(root)
         if name[l] == os.sep or name[l] == os.altsep:
             l = l + 1
         name = name[l:]
 
     if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(root, name)):
         return None
 
     seps = os.sep
     if os.altsep:
         seps = seps + os.altsep
     # Protect backslashes. This gets silly very quickly.
     seps.replace('\\','\\\\')
     pattern = re.compile(r'([^%s]+)|([%s]+)' % (seps, seps))
     dir = os.path.normcase(os.path.normpath(root))
     result = []
     for part, sep in pattern.findall(name):
         if sep:
             result.append(sep)
             continue
 
         if dir not in _fspathcache:
             _fspathcache[dir] = os.listdir(dir)
         contents = _fspathcache[dir]
 
         lpart = part.lower()
         for n in contents:
             if n.lower() == lpart:
                 result.append(n)
                 break
         else:
             # Cannot happen, as the file exists!
             result.append(part)
         dir = os.path.join(dir, lpart)
 
     return ''.join(result)
 
 def checkexec(path):
     """
     Check whether the given path is on a filesystem with UNIX-like exec flags
 
     Requires a directory (like /foo/.hg)
     """
 
     # VFAT on some Linux versions can flip mode but it doesn't persist
     # a FS remount. Frequently we can detect it if files are created
     # with exec bit on.
 
     try:
         EXECFLAGS = stat.S_IXUSR | stat.S_IXGRP | stat.S_IXOTH
         fh, fn = tempfile.mkstemp("", "", path)
         try:
             os.close(fh)
             m = os.stat(fn).st_mode & 0777
             new_file_has_exec = m & EXECFLAGS
             os.chmod(fn, m ^ EXECFLAGS)
             exec_flags_cannot_flip = ((os.stat(fn).st_mode & 0777) == m)
         finally:
             os.unlink(fn)
     except (IOError, OSError):
         # we don't care, the user probably won't be able to commit anyway
         return False
     return not (new_file_has_exec or exec_flags_cannot_flip)
 
 def checklink(path):
     """check whether the given path is on a symlink-capable filesystem"""
     # mktemp is not racy because symlink creation will fail if the
     # file already exists
     name = tempfile.mktemp(dir=path)
     try:
         os.symlink(".", name)
         os.unlink(name)
         return True
     except (OSError, AttributeError):
         return False
 
 _umask = os.umask(0)
 os.umask(_umask)
 
 def needbinarypatch():
     """return True if patches should be applied in binary mode by default."""
     return os.name == 'nt'
 
 def endswithsep(path):
     '''Check path ends with os.sep or os.altsep.'''
     return path.endswith(os.sep) or os.altsep and path.endswith(os.altsep)
 
 def splitpath(path):
     '''Split path by os.sep.
     Note that this function does not use os.altsep because this is
     an alternative of simple "xxx.split(os.sep)".
     It is recommended to use os.path.normpath() before using this
     function if need.'''
     return path.split(os.sep)
 
 def gui():
     '''Are we running in a GUI?'''
     return os.name == "nt" or os.name == "mac" or os.environ.get("DISPLAY")
 
 def lookup_reg(key, name=None, scope=None):
     return None
 
 # Platform specific variants
 if os.name == 'nt':
     import msvcrt
     nulldev = 'NUL:'
 
     class winstdout:
         '''stdout on windows misbehaves if sent through a pipe'''
 
         def __init__(self, fp):
             self.fp = fp
 
         def __getattr__(self, key):
             return getattr(self.fp, key)
 
         def close(self):
             try:
                 self.fp.close()
             except: pass
 
         def write(self, s):
             try:
                 # This is workaround for "Not enough space" error on
                 # writing large size of data to console.
                 limit = 16000
                 l = len(s)
                 start = 0
                 while start < l:
                     end = start + limit
                     self.fp.write(s[start:end])
                     start = end
             except IOError, inst:
                 if inst.errno != 0: raise
                 self.close()
                 raise IOError(errno.EPIPE, 'Broken pipe')
 
         def flush(self):
             try:
                 return self.fp.flush()
             except IOError, inst:
                 if inst.errno != errno.EINVAL: raise
                 self.close()
                 raise IOError(errno.EPIPE, 'Broken pipe')
 
     sys.stdout = winstdout(sys.stdout)
 
     def _is_win_9x():
         '''return true if run on windows 95, 98 or me.'''
         try:
             return sys.getwindowsversion()[3] == 1
         except AttributeError:
             return 'command' in os.environ.get('comspec', '')
 
     def openhardlinks():
         return not _is_win_9x and "win32api" in locals()
 
     def system_rcpath():
         try:
             return system_rcpath_win32()
         except:
             return [r'c:\mercurial\mercurial.ini']
 
     def user_rcpath():
         '''return os-specific hgrc search path to the user dir'''
         try:
             path = user_rcpath_win32()
         except:
             home = os.path.expanduser('~')
             path = [os.path.join(home, 'mercurial.ini'),
                     os.path.join(home, '.hgrc')]
         userprofile = os.environ.get('USERPROFILE')
         if userprofile:
             path.append(os.path.join(userprofile, 'mercurial.ini'))
             path.append(os.path.join(userprofile, '.hgrc'))
         return path
 
     def parse_patch_output(output_line):
         """parses the output produced by patch and returns the file name"""
         pf = output_line[14:]
         if pf[0] == '`':
             pf = pf[1:-1] # Remove the quotes
         return pf
 
     def sshargs(sshcmd, host, user, port):
         '''Build argument list for ssh or Plink'''
         pflag = 'plink' in sshcmd.lower() and '-P' or '-p'
         args = user and ("%s@%s" % (user, host)) or host
         return port and ("%s %s %s" % (args, pflag, port)) or args
 
     def testpid(pid):
         '''return False if pid dead, True if running or not known'''
         return True
 
     def set_flags(f, l, x):
         pass
 
     def set_binary(fd):
         # When run without console, pipes may expose invalid
         # fileno(), usually set to -1.
         if hasattr(fd, 'fileno') and fd.fileno() >= 0:
             msvcrt.setmode(fd.fileno(), os.O_BINARY)
 
     def pconvert(path):
         return '/'.join(splitpath(path))
 
     def localpath(path):
         return path.replace('/', '\\')
 
     def normpath(path):
         return pconvert(os.path.normpath(path))
 
     makelock = _makelock_file
     readlock = _readlock_file
 
     def samestat(s1, s2):
         return False
 
     # A sequence of backslashes is special iff it precedes a double quote:
     # - if there's an even number of backslashes, the double quote is not
     #   quoted (i.e. it ends the quoted region)
     # - if there's an odd number of backslashes, the double quote is quoted
     # - in both cases, every pair of backslashes is unquoted into a single
     #   backslash
     # (See http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/a1y7w461.aspx )
     # So, to quote a string, we must surround it in double quotes, double
     # the number of backslashes that preceed double quotes and add another
     # backslash before every double quote (being careful with the double
     # quote we've appended to the end)
     _quotere = None
     def shellquote(s):
         global _quotere
         if _quotere is None:
             _quotere = re.compile(r'(\\*)("|\\$)')
         return '"%s"' % _quotere.sub(r'\1\1\\\2', s)
 
     def quotecommand(cmd):
         """Build a command string suitable for os.popen* calls."""
         # The extra quotes are needed because popen* runs the command
         # through the current COMSPEC. cmd.exe suppress enclosing quotes.
         return '"' + cmd + '"'
 
     def popen(command, mode='r'):
         # Work around "popen spawned process may not write to stdout
         # under windows"
         # http://bugs.python.org/issue1366
         command += " 2> %s" % nulldev
         return os.popen(quotecommand(command), mode)
 
     def explain_exit(code):
         return _("exited with status %d") % code, code
 
     # if you change this stub into a real check, please try to implement the
     # username and groupname functions above, too.
     def isowner(fp, st=None):
         return True
 
     def find_in_path(name, path, default=None):
         '''find name in search path. path can be string (will be split
         with os.pathsep), or iterable thing that returns strings.  if name
         found, return path to name. else return default. name is looked up
         using cmd.exe rules, using PATHEXT.'''
         if isinstance(path, str):
             path = path.split(os.pathsep)
 
         pathext = os.environ.get('PATHEXT', '.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD')
         pathext = pathext.lower().split(os.pathsep)
         isexec = os.path.splitext(name)[1].lower() in pathext
 
         for p in path:
             p_name = os.path.join(p, name)
 
             if isexec and os.path.exists(p_name):
                 return p_name
 
             for ext in pathext:
                 p_name_ext = p_name + ext
                 if os.path.exists(p_name_ext):
                     return p_name_ext
         return default
 
     def set_signal_handler():
         try:
             set_signal_handler_win32()
         except NameError:
             pass
 
     try:
         # override functions with win32 versions if possible
         from util_win32 import *
         if not _is_win_9x():
             posixfile = posixfile_nt
     except ImportError:
         pass
 
 else:
     nulldev = '/dev/null'
 
     def rcfiles(path):
         rcs = [os.path.join(path, 'hgrc')]
         rcdir = os.path.join(path, 'hgrc.d')
         try:
             rcs.extend([os.path.join(rcdir, f)
                         for f, kind in osutil.listdir(rcdir)
                         if f.endswith(".rc")])
         except OSError:
             pass
         return rcs
 
     def system_rcpath():
         path = []
         # old mod_python does not set sys.argv
         if len(getattr(sys, 'argv', [])) > 0:
             path.extend(rcfiles(os.path.dirname(sys.argv[0]) +
                                   '/../etc/mercurial'))
         path.extend(rcfiles('/etc/mercurial'))
         return path
 
     def user_rcpath():
         return [os.path.expanduser('~/.hgrc')]
 
     def parse_patch_output(output_line):
         """parses the output produced by patch and returns the file name"""
         pf = output_line[14:]
         if os.sys.platform == 'OpenVMS':
             if pf[0] == '`':
                 pf = pf[1:-1] # Remove the quotes
         else:
            if pf.startswith("'") and pf.endswith("'") and " " in pf:
                 pf = pf[1:-1] # Remove the quotes
         return pf
 
     def sshargs(sshcmd, host, user, port):
         '''Build argument list for ssh'''
         args = user and ("%s@%s" % (user, host)) or host
         return port and ("%s -p %s" % (args, port)) or args
 
     def is_exec(f):
         """check whether a file is executable"""
         return (os.lstat(f).st_mode & 0100 != 0)
 
     def set_flags(f, l, x):
         s = os.lstat(f).st_mode
         if l:
             if not stat.S_ISLNK(s):
                 # switch file to link
                 data = file(f).read()
                 os.unlink(f)
                 try:
                     os.symlink(data, f)
                 except:
                     # failed to make a link, rewrite file
                     file(f, "w").write(data)
             # no chmod needed at this point
             return
         if stat.S_ISLNK(s):
             # switch link to file
             data = os.readlink(f)
             os.unlink(f)
             file(f, "w").write(data)
             s = 0666 & ~_umask # avoid restatting for chmod
 
         sx = s & 0100
         if x and not sx:
             # Turn on +x for every +r bit when making a file executable
             # and obey umask.
             os.chmod(f, s | (s & 0444) >> 2 & ~_umask)
         elif not x and sx:
             # Turn off all +x bits
             os.chmod(f, s & 0666)
 
     def set_binary(fd):
         pass
 
     def pconvert(path):
         return path
 
     def localpath(path):
         return path
 
     normpath = os.path.normpath
     samestat = os.path.samestat
 
     def makelock(info, pathname):
         try:
             os.symlink(info, pathname)
         except OSError, why:
             if why.errno == errno.EEXIST:
                 raise
             else:
                 _makelock_file(info, pathname)
 
     def readlock(pathname):
         try:
             return os.readlink(pathname)
         except OSError, why:
             if why.errno in (errno.EINVAL, errno.ENOSYS):
                 return _readlock_file(pathname)
             else:
                 raise
 
     def shellquote(s):
         if os.sys.platform == 'OpenVMS':
             return '"%s"' % s
         else:
             return "'%s'" % s.replace("'", "'\\''")
 
     def quotecommand(cmd):
         return cmd
 
     def popen(command, mode='r'):
         return os.popen(command, mode)
 
     def testpid(pid):
         '''return False if pid dead, True if running or not sure'''
         if os.sys.platform == 'OpenVMS':
             return True
         try:
             os.kill(pid, 0)
             return True
         except OSError, inst:
             return inst.errno != errno.ESRCH
 
     def explain_exit(code):
         """return a 2-tuple (desc, code) describing a process's status"""
         if os.WIFEXITED(code):
             val = os.WEXITSTATUS(code)
             return _("exited with status %d") % val, val
         elif os.WIFSIGNALED(code):
             val = os.WTERMSIG(code)
             return _("killed by signal %d") % val, val
         elif os.WIFSTOPPED(code):
             val = os.WSTOPSIG(code)
             return _("stopped by signal %d") % val, val
         raise ValueError(_("invalid exit code"))
 
     def isowner(fp, st=None):
         """Return True if the file object f belongs to the current user.
 
         The return value of a util.fstat(f) may be passed as the st argument.
         """
         if st is None:
             st = fstat(fp)
         return st.st_uid == os.getuid()
 
     def find_in_path(name, path, default=None):
         '''find name in search path. path can be string (will be split
         with os.pathsep), or iterable thing that returns strings.  if name
         found, return path to name. else return default.'''
         if isinstance(path, str):
             path = path.split(os.pathsep)
         for p in path:
             p_name = os.path.join(p, name)
             if os.path.exists(p_name):
                 return p_name
         return default
 
     def set_signal_handler():
         pass
 
 def find_exe(name, default=None):
     '''find path of an executable.
     if name contains a path component, return it as is.  otherwise,
     use normal executable search path.'''
 
     if os.sep in name or sys.platform == 'OpenVMS':
         # don't check the executable bit.  if the file isn't
         # executable, whoever tries to actually run it will give a
         # much more useful error message.
         return name
     return find_in_path(name, os.environ.get('PATH', ''), default=default)
 
 def mktempcopy(name, emptyok=False, createmode=None):
     """Create a temporary file with the same contents from name
 
     The permission bits are copied from the original file.
 
     If the temporary file is going to be truncated immediately, you
     can use emptyok=True as an optimization.
 
     Returns the name of the temporary file.
     """
     d, fn = os.path.split(name)
     fd, temp = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='.%s-' % fn, dir=d)
     os.close(fd)
     # Temporary files are created with mode 0600, which is usually not
     # what we want.  If the original file already exists, just copy
     # its mode.  Otherwise, manually obey umask.
     try:
         st_mode = os.lstat(name).st_mode & 0777
     except OSError, inst:
         if inst.errno != errno.ENOENT:
             raise
         st_mode = createmode
         if st_mode is None:
             st_mode = ~_umask
         st_mode &= 0666
     os.chmod(temp, st_mode)
     if emptyok:
         return temp
     try:
         try:
             ifp = posixfile(name, "rb")
         except IOError, inst:
             if inst.errno == errno.ENOENT:
                 return temp
             if not getattr(inst, 'filename', None):
                 inst.filename = name
             raise
         ofp = posixfile(temp, "wb")
         for chunk in filechunkiter(ifp):
             ofp.write(chunk)
         ifp.close()
         ofp.close()
     except:
         try: os.unlink(temp)
         except: pass
         raise
     return temp
 
 class atomictempfile(posixfile):
     """file-like object that atomically updates a file
 
     All writes will be redirected to a temporary copy of the original
     file.  When rename is called, the copy is renamed to the original
     name, making the changes visible.
     """
     def __init__(self, name, mode, createmode):
         self.__name = name
         self.temp = mktempcopy(name, emptyok=('w' in mode),
                                createmode=createmode)
         posixfile.__init__(self, self.temp, mode)
 
     def rename(self):
         if not self.closed:
             posixfile.close(self)
             rename(self.temp, localpath(self.__name))
 
     def __del__(self):
         if not self.closed:
             try:
                 os.unlink(self.temp)
             except: pass
             posixfile.close(self)
 
 def makedirs(name, mode=None):
     """recursive directory creation with parent mode inheritance"""
     try:
         os.mkdir(name)
         if mode is not None:
             os.chmod(name, mode)
         return
     except OSError, err:
         if err.errno == errno.EEXIST:
             return
         if err.errno != errno.ENOENT:
             raise
     parent = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(name))
     makedirs(parent, mode)
     makedirs(name, mode)
 
 class opener(object):
     """Open files relative to a base directory
 
     This class is used to hide the details of COW semantics and
     remote file access from higher level code.
     """
     def __init__(self, base, audit=True):
         self.base = base
         if audit:
             self.audit_path = path_auditor(base)
         else:
             self.audit_path = always
         self.createmode = None
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
         if name == '_can_symlink':
             self._can_symlink = checklink(self.base)
             return self._can_symlink
         raise AttributeError(name)
 
     def _fixfilemode(self, name):
         if self.createmode is None:
             return
         os.chmod(name, self.createmode & 0666)
 
     def __call__(self, path, mode="r", text=False, atomictemp=False):
         self.audit_path(path)
         f = os.path.join(self.base, path)
 
         if not text and "b" not in mode:
             mode += "b" # for that other OS
 
         nlink = -1
         if mode not in ("r", "rb"):
             try:
                 nlink = nlinks(f)
             except OSError:
                 nlink = 0
                 d = os.path.dirname(f)
                 if not os.path.isdir(d):
                     makedirs(d, self.createmode)
             if atomictemp:
                 return atomictempfile(f, mode, self.createmode)
             if nlink > 1:
                 rename(mktempcopy(f), f)
         fp = posixfile(f, mode)
         if nlink == 0:
             self._fixfilemode(f)
         return fp
 
     def symlink(self, src, dst):
         self.audit_path(dst)
         linkname = os.path.join(self.base, dst)
         try:
             os.unlink(linkname)
         except OSError:
             pass
 
         dirname = os.path.dirname(linkname)
         if not os.path.exists(dirname):
             makedirs(dirname, self.createmode)
 
         if self._can_symlink:
             try:
                 os.symlink(src, linkname)
             except OSError, err:
                 raise OSError(err.errno, _('could not symlink to %r: %s') %
                               (src, err.strerror), linkname)
         else:
             f = self(dst, "w")
             f.write(src)
             f.close()
             self._fixfilemode(dst)
 
 class chunkbuffer(object):
     """Allow arbitrary sized chunks of data to be efficiently read from an
     iterator over chunks of arbitrary size."""
 
     def __init__(self, in_iter):
         """in_iter is the iterator that's iterating over the input chunks.
         targetsize is how big a buffer to try to maintain."""
         self.iter = iter(in_iter)
         self.buf = ''
         self.targetsize = 2**16
 
     def read(self, l):
         """Read L bytes of data from the iterator of chunks of data.
         Returns less than L bytes if the iterator runs dry."""
         if l > len(self.buf) and self.iter:
             # Clamp to a multiple of self.targetsize
             targetsize = max(l, self.targetsize)
             collector = cStringIO.StringIO()
             collector.write(self.buf)
             collected = len(self.buf)
             for chunk in self.iter:
                 collector.write(chunk)
                 collected += len(chunk)
                 if collected >= targetsize:
                     break
             if collected < targetsize:
                 self.iter = False
             self.buf = collector.getvalue()
         if len(self.buf) == l:
             s, self.buf = str(self.buf), ''
         else:
             s, self.buf = self.buf[:l], buffer(self.buf, l)
         return s
 
 def filechunkiter(f, size=65536, limit=None):
     """Create a generator that produces the data in the file size
     (default 65536) bytes at a time, up to optional limit (default is
     to read all data).  Chunks may be less than size bytes if the
     chunk is the last chunk in the file, or the file is a socket or
     some other type of file that sometimes reads less data than is
     requested."""
     assert size >= 0
     assert limit is None or limit >= 0
     while True:
         if limit is None: nbytes = size
         else: nbytes = min(limit, size)
         s = nbytes and f.read(nbytes)
         if not s: break
         if limit: limit -= len(s)
         yield s
 
 def makedate():
     lt = time.localtime()
     if lt[8] == 1 and time.daylight:
         tz = time.altzone
     else:
         tz = time.timezone
     return time.mktime(lt), tz
 
 def datestr(date=None, format='%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y %1%2'):
     """represent a (unixtime, offset) tuple as a localized time.
     unixtime is seconds since the epoch, and offset is the time zone's
     number of seconds away from UTC. if timezone is false, do not
     append time zone to string."""
     t, tz = date or makedate()
     if "%1" in format or "%2" in format:
         sign = (tz > 0) and "-" or "+"
         minutes = abs(tz) / 60
         format = format.replace("%1", "%c%02d" % (sign, minutes / 60))
         format = format.replace("%2", "%02d" % (minutes % 60))
     s = time.strftime(format, time.gmtime(float(t) - tz))
     return s
 
 def shortdate(date=None):
     """turn (timestamp, tzoff) tuple into iso 8631 date."""
     return datestr(date, format='%Y-%m-%d')
 
 def strdate(string, format, defaults=[]):
     """parse a localized time string and return a (unixtime, offset) tuple.
     if the string cannot be parsed, ValueError is raised."""
     def timezone(string):
         tz = string.split()[-1]
         if tz[0] in "+-" and len(tz) == 5 and tz[1:].isdigit():
             sign = (tz[0] == "+") and 1 or -1
             hours = int(tz[1:3])
             minutes = int(tz[3:5])
             return -sign * (hours * 60 + minutes) * 60
         if tz == "GMT" or tz == "UTC":
             return 0
         return None
 
     # NOTE: unixtime = localunixtime + offset
     offset, date = timezone(string), string
     if offset != None:
         date = " ".join(string.split()[:-1])
 
     # add missing elements from defaults
     for part in defaults:
         found = [True for p in part if ("%"+p) in format]
         if not found:
             date += "@" + defaults[part]
             format += "@%" + part[0]
 
     timetuple = time.strptime(date, format)
     localunixtime = int(calendar.timegm(timetuple))
     if offset is None:
         # local timezone
         unixtime = int(time.mktime(timetuple))
         offset = unixtime - localunixtime
     else:
         unixtime = localunixtime + offset
     return unixtime, offset
 
 def parsedate(date, formats=None, defaults=None):
     """parse a localized date/time string and return a (unixtime, offset) tuple.
 
     The date may be a "unixtime offset" string or in one of the specified
     formats. If the date already is a (unixtime, offset) tuple, it is returned.
     """
     if not date:
         return 0, 0
     if isinstance(date, tuple) and len(date) == 2:
         return date
     if not formats:
         formats = defaultdateformats
     date = date.strip()
     try:
         when, offset = map(int, date.split(' '))
     except ValueError:
         # fill out defaults
         if not defaults:
             defaults = {}
         now = makedate()
         for part in "d mb yY HI M S".split():
             if part not in defaults:
                 if part[0] in "HMS":
                     defaults[part] = "00"
                 else:
                     defaults[part] = datestr(now, "%" + part[0])
 
         for format in formats:
             try:
                 when, offset = strdate(date, format, defaults)
             except (ValueError, OverflowError):
                 pass
             else:
                 break
         else:
             raise Abort(_('invalid date: %r ') % date)
     # validate explicit (probably user-specified) date and
     # time zone offset. values must fit in signed 32 bits for
     # current 32-bit linux runtimes. timezones go from UTC-12
     # to UTC+14
     if abs(when) > 0x7fffffff:
         raise Abort(_('date exceeds 32 bits: %d') % when)
     if offset < -50400 or offset > 43200:
         raise Abort(_('impossible time zone offset: %d') % offset)
     return when, offset
 
 def matchdate(date):
     """Return a function that matches a given date match specifier
 
     Formats include:
 
     '{date}' match a given date to the accuracy provided
 
     '<{date}' on or before a given date
 
     '>{date}' on or after a given date
 
     """
 
     def lower(date):
         d = dict(mb="1", d="1")
         return parsedate(date, extendeddateformats, d)[0]
 
     def upper(date):
         d = dict(mb="12", HI="23", M="59", S="59")
         for days in "31 30 29".split():
             try:
                 d["d"] = days
                 return parsedate(date, extendeddateformats, d)[0]
             except:
                 pass
         d["d"] = "28"
         return parsedate(date, extendeddateformats, d)[0]
 
     if date[0] == "<":
         when = upper(date[1:])
         return lambda x: x <= when
     elif date[0] == ">":
         when = lower(date[1:])
         return lambda x: x >= when
     elif date[0] == "-":
         try:
             days = int(date[1:])
         except ValueError:
             raise Abort(_("invalid day spec: %s") % date[1:])
         when = makedate()[0] - days * 3600 * 24
         return lambda x: x >= when
     elif " to " in date:
         a, b = date.split(" to ")
         start, stop = lower(a), upper(b)
         return lambda x: x >= start and x <= stop
     else:
         start, stop = lower(date), upper(date)
         return lambda x: x >= start and x <= stop
 
 def shortuser(user):
     """Return a short representation of a user name or email address."""
     f = user.find('@')
     if f >= 0:
         user = user[:f]
     f = user.find('<')
     if f >= 0:
         user = user[f+1:]
     f = user.find(' ')
     if f >= 0:
         user = user[:f]
     f = user.find('.')
     if f >= 0:
         user = user[:f]
     return user
 
 def email(author):
     '''get email of author.'''
     r = author.find('>')
     if r == -1: r = None
     return author[author.find('<')+1:r]
 
 def ellipsis(text, maxlength=400):
     """Trim string to at most maxlength (default: 400) characters."""
     if len(text) <= maxlength:
         return text
     else:
         return "%s..." % (text[:maxlength-3])
 
 def walkrepos(path, followsym=False, seen_dirs=None):
     '''yield every hg repository under path, recursively.'''
     def errhandler(err):
         if err.filename == path:
             raise err
     if followsym and hasattr(os.path, 'samestat'):
         def _add_dir_if_not_there(dirlst, dirname):
             match = False
             samestat = os.path.samestat
             dirstat = os.stat(dirname)
             for lstdirstat in dirlst:
                 if samestat(dirstat, lstdirstat):
                     match = True
                     break
             if not match:
                 dirlst.append(dirstat)
             return not match
     else:
         followsym = False
 
     if (seen_dirs is None) and followsym:
         seen_dirs = []
         _add_dir_if_not_there(seen_dirs, path)
     for root, dirs, files in os.walk(path, topdown=True, onerror=errhandler):
         if '.hg' in dirs:
             dirs[:] = [] # don't descend further
             yield root # found a repository
             qroot = os.path.join(root, '.hg', 'patches')
             if os.path.isdir(os.path.join(qroot, '.hg')):
                 yield qroot # we have a patch queue repo here
         elif followsym:
             newdirs = []
             for d in dirs:
                 fname = os.path.join(root, d)
                 if _add_dir_if_not_there(seen_dirs, fname):
                     if os.path.islink(fname):
                         for hgname in walkrepos(fname, True, seen_dirs):
                             yield hgname
                     else:
                         newdirs.append(d)
             dirs[:] = newdirs
 
 _rcpath = None
 
 def os_rcpath():
     '''return default os-specific hgrc search path'''
     path = system_rcpath()
     path.extend(user_rcpath())
     path = [os.path.normpath(f) for f in path]
     return path
 
 def rcpath():
     '''return hgrc search path. if env var HGRCPATH is set, use it.
     for each item in path, if directory, use files ending in .rc,
     else use item.
     make HGRCPATH empty to only look in .hg/hgrc of current repo.
     if no HGRCPATH, use default os-specific path.'''
     global _rcpath
     if _rcpath is None:
         if 'HGRCPATH' in os.environ:
             _rcpath = []
             for p in os.environ['HGRCPATH'].split(os.pathsep):
                 if not p: continue
                 if os.path.isdir(p):
                     for f, kind in osutil.listdir(p):
                         if f.endswith('.rc'):
                             _rcpath.append(os.path.join(p, f))
                 else:
                     _rcpath.append(p)
         else:
             _rcpath = os_rcpath()
     return _rcpath
 
 def bytecount(nbytes):
     '''return byte count formatted as readable string, with units'''
 
     units = (
         (100, 1<<30, _('%.0f GB')),
         (10, 1<<30, _('%.1f GB')),
         (1, 1<<30, _('%.2f GB')),
         (100, 1<<20, _('%.0f MB')),
         (10, 1<<20, _('%.1f MB')),
         (1, 1<<20, _('%.2f MB')),
         (100, 1<<10, _('%.0f KB')),
         (10, 1<<10, _('%.1f KB')),
         (1, 1<<10, _('%.2f KB')),
         (1, 1, _('%.0f bytes')),
         )
 
     for multiplier, divisor, format in units:
         if nbytes >= divisor * multiplier:
             return format % (nbytes / float(divisor))
     return units[-1][2] % nbytes
 
 def drop_scheme(scheme, path):
     sc = scheme + ':'
     if path.startswith(sc):
         path = path[len(sc):]
         if path.startswith('//'):
             path = path[2:]
     return path
 
 def uirepr(s):
     # Avoid double backslash in Windows path repr()
     return repr(s).replace('\\\\', '\\')
 
 def hidepassword(url):
     '''hide user credential in a url string'''
     scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse.urlparse(url)
     netloc = re.sub('([^:]*):([^@]*)@(.*)', r'\1:***@\3', netloc)
     return urlparse.urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment))
 
 def removeauth(url):
     '''remove all authentication information from a url string'''
     scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment = urlparse.urlparse(url)
     netloc = netloc[netloc.find('@')+1:]
     return urlparse.urlunparse((scheme, netloc, path, params, query, fragment))