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# Tomli
> A lil' TOML parser
**Table of Contents** *generated with [mdformat-toc](https://github.com/hukkin/mdformat-toc)*
- [Intro](#intro)
- [Installation](#installation)
- [Usage](#usage)
- [Parse a TOML string](#parse-a-toml-string)
- [Parse a TOML file](#parse-a-toml-file)
- [Handle invalid TOML](#handle-invalid-toml)
- [Construct `decimal.Decimal`s from TOML floats](#construct-decimaldecimals-from-toml-floats)
- [FAQ](#faq)
- [Why this parser?](#why-this-parser)
- [Is comment preserving round-trip parsing supported?](#is-comment-preserving-round-trip-parsing-supported)
- [Is there a `dumps`, `write` or `encode` function?](#is-there-a-dumps-write-or-encode-function)
- [How do TOML types map into Python types?](#how-do-toml-types-map-into-python-types)
- [Performance](#performance)
## Intro
Tomli is a Python library for parsing [TOML](https://toml.io).
Tomli is fully compatible with [TOML v1.0.0](https://toml.io/en/v1.0.0).
## Installation
```bash
pip install tomli
```
## Usage
### Parse a TOML string
```python
import tomli
toml_str = """
gretzky = 99
[kurri]
jari = 17
"""
toml_dict = tomli.loads(toml_str)
assert toml_dict == {"gretzky": 99, "kurri": {"jari": 17}}
```
### Parse a TOML file
```python
import tomli
with open("path_to_file/conf.toml", "rb") as f:
toml_dict = tomli.load(f)
```
The file must be opened in binary mode (with the `"rb"` flag).
Binary mode will enforce decoding the file as UTF-8 with universal newlines disabled,
both of which are required to correctly parse TOML.
Support for text file objects is deprecated for removal in the next major release.
### Handle invalid TOML
```python
import tomli
try:
toml_dict = tomli.loads("]] this is invalid TOML [[")
except tomli.TOMLDecodeError:
print("Yep, definitely not valid.")
```
Note that while the `TOMLDecodeError` type is public API, error messages of raised instances of it are not.
Error messages should not be assumed to stay constant across Tomli versions.
### Construct `decimal.Decimal`s from TOML floats
```python
from decimal import Decimal
import tomli
toml_dict = tomli.loads("precision-matters = 0.982492", parse_float=Decimal)
assert toml_dict["precision-matters"] == Decimal("0.982492")
```
Note that `decimal.Decimal` can be replaced with another callable that converts a TOML float from string to a Python type.
The `decimal.Decimal` is, however, a practical choice for use cases where float inaccuracies can not be tolerated.
Illegal types include `dict`, `list`, and anything that has the `append` attribute.
Parsing floats into an illegal type results in undefined behavior.
## FAQ
### Why this parser?
- it's lil'
- pure Python with zero dependencies
- the fastest pure Python parser [\*](#performance):
15x as fast as [tomlkit](https://pypi.org/project/tomlkit/),
2.4x as fast as [toml](https://pypi.org/project/toml/)
- outputs [basic data types](#how-do-toml-types-map-into-python-types) only
- 100% spec compliant: passes all tests in
[a test set](https://github.com/toml-lang/compliance/pull/8)
soon to be merged to the official
[compliance tests for TOML](https://github.com/toml-lang/compliance)
repository
- thoroughly tested: 100% branch coverage
### Is comment preserving round-trip parsing supported?
No.
The `tomli.loads` function returns a plain `dict` that is populated with builtin types and types from the standard library only.
Preserving comments requires a custom type to be returned so will not be supported,
at least not by the `tomli.loads` and `tomli.load` functions.
Look into [TOML Kit](https://github.com/sdispater/tomlkit) if preservation of style is what you need.
### Is there a `dumps`, `write` or `encode` function?
[Tomli-W](https://github.com/hukkin/tomli-w) is the write-only counterpart of Tomli, providing `dump` and `dumps` functions.
The core library does not include write capability, as most TOML use cases are read-only, and Tomli intends to be minimal.
### How do TOML types map into Python types?
| TOML type | Python type | Details |
| ---------------- | ------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ |
| Document Root | `dict` | |
| Key | `str` | |
| String | `str` | |
| Integer | `int` | |
| Float | `float` | |
| Boolean | `bool` | |
| Offset Date-Time | `datetime.datetime` | `tzinfo` attribute set to an instance of `datetime.timezone` |
| Local Date-Time | `datetime.datetime` | `tzinfo` attribute set to `None` |
| Local Date | `datetime.date` | |
| Local Time | `datetime.time` | |
| Array | `list` | |
| Table | `dict` | |
| Inline Table | `dict` | |
## Performance
The `benchmark/` folder in this repository contains a performance benchmark for comparing the various Python TOML parsers.
The benchmark can be run with `tox -e benchmark-pypi`.
Running the benchmark on my personal computer output the following:
```console
foo@bar:~/dev/tomli$ tox -e benchmark-pypi
benchmark-pypi installed: attrs==19.3.0,click==7.1.2,pytomlpp==1.0.2,qtoml==0.3.0,rtoml==0.7.0,toml==0.10.2,tomli==1.1.0,tomlkit==0.7.2
benchmark-pypi run-test-pre: PYTHONHASHSEED='2658546909'
benchmark-pypi run-test: commands[0] | python -c 'import datetime; print(datetime.date.today())'
2021-07-23
benchmark-pypi run-test: commands[1] | python --version
Python 3.8.10
benchmark-pypi run-test: commands[2] | python benchmark/run.py
Parsing data.toml 5000 times:
------------------------------------------------------
parser | exec time | performance (more is better)
-----------+------------+-----------------------------
rtoml | 0.901 s | baseline (100%)
pytomlpp | 1.08 s | 83.15%
tomli | 3.89 s | 23.15%
toml | 9.36 s | 9.63%
qtoml | 11.5 s | 7.82%
tomlkit | 56.8 s | 1.59%
```
The parsers are ordered from fastest to slowest, using the fastest parser as baseline.
Tomli performed the best out of all pure Python TOML parsers,
losing only to pytomlpp (wraps C++) and rtoml (wraps Rust).