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1 1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
2 2 """Usage information for the main IPython applications.
3 3 """
4 4 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 5 # Copyright (C) 2008-2011 The IPython Development Team
6 6 # Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <fperez@colorado.edu>
7 7 #
8 8 # Distributed under the terms of the BSD License. The full license is in
9 9 # the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
10 10 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
11 11
12 12 import sys
13 13 from IPython.core import release
14 14
15 15 cl_usage = """\
16 16 =========
17 17 IPython
18 18 =========
19 19
20 20 Tools for Interactive Computing in Python
21 21 =========================================
22 22
23 23 A Python shell with automatic history (input and output), dynamic object
24 24 introspection, easier configuration, command completion, access to the
25 25 system shell and more. IPython can also be embedded in running programs.
26 26
27 27
28 28 Usage
29 29
30 30 ipython [subcommand] [options] [-c cmd | -m mod | file] [--] [arg] ...
31 31
32 32 If invoked with no options, it executes the file and exits, passing the
33 33 remaining arguments to the script, just as if you had specified the same
34 34 command with python. You may need to specify `--` before args to be passed
35 35 to the script, to prevent IPython from attempting to parse them. If you
36 36 specify the option `-i` before the filename, it will enter an interactive
37 37 IPython session after running the script, rather than exiting. Files ending
38 38 in .py will be treated as normal Python, but files ending in .ipy can
39 39 contain special IPython syntax (magic commands, shell expansions, etc.).
40 40
41 41 Almost all configuration in IPython is available via the command-line. Do
42 42 `ipython --help-all` to see all available options. For persistent
43 43 configuration, look into your `ipython_config.py` configuration file for
44 44 details.
45 45
46 46 This file is typically installed in the `IPYTHONDIR` directory, and there
47 47 is a separate configuration directory for each profile. The default profile
48 48 directory will be located in $IPYTHONDIR/profile_default. IPYTHONDIR
49 49 defaults to to `$HOME/.ipython`. For Windows users, $HOME resolves to
50 50 C:\\Users\\YourUserName in most instances.
51 51
52 52 To initialize a profile with the default configuration file, do::
53 53
54 54 $> ipython profile create
55 55
56 56 and start editing `IPYTHONDIR/profile_default/ipython_config.py`
57 57
58 58 In IPython's documentation, we will refer to this directory as
59 59 `IPYTHONDIR`, you can change its default location by creating an
60 60 environment variable with this name and setting it to the desired path.
61 61
62 62 For more information, see the manual available in HTML and PDF in your
63 63 installation, or online at http://ipython.org/documentation.html.
64 64 """
65 65
66 66 interactive_usage = """
67 67 IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python
68 68 =========================================
69 69
70 70 IPython offers a combination of convenient shell features, special commands
71 71 and a history mechanism for both input (command history) and output (results
72 72 caching, similar to Mathematica). It is intended to be a fully compatible
73 73 replacement for the standard Python interpreter, while offering vastly
74 74 improved functionality and flexibility.
75 75
76 76 At your system command line, type 'ipython -h' to see the command line
77 77 options available. This document only describes interactive features.
78 78
79 79 MAIN FEATURES
80 80 -------------
81 81
82 82 * Access to the standard Python help. As of Python 2.1, a help system is
83 83 available with access to object docstrings and the Python manuals. Simply
84 84 type 'help' (no quotes) to access it.
85 85
86 86 * Magic commands: type %magic for information on the magic subsystem.
87 87
88 88 * System command aliases, via the %alias command or the configuration file(s).
89 89
90 90 * Dynamic object information:
91 91
92 92 Typing ?word or word? prints detailed information about an object. If
93 93 certain strings in the object are too long (docstrings, code, etc.) they get
94 94 snipped in the center for brevity.
95 95
96 96 Typing ??word or word?? gives access to the full information without
97 97 snipping long strings. Long strings are sent to the screen through the less
98 98 pager if longer than the screen, printed otherwise.
99 99
100 100 The ?/?? system gives access to the full source code for any object (if
101 101 available), shows function prototypes and other useful information.
102 102
103 103 If you just want to see an object's docstring, type '%pdoc object' (without
104 104 quotes, and without % if you have automagic on).
105 105
106 106 * Completion in the local namespace, by typing TAB at the prompt.
107 107
108 108 At any time, hitting tab will complete any available python commands or
109 109 variable names, and show you a list of the possible completions if there's
110 110 no unambiguous one. It will also complete filenames in the current directory.
111 111
112 112 This feature requires the readline and rlcomplete modules, so it won't work
113 113 if your Python lacks readline support (such as under Windows).
114 114
115 115 * Search previous command history in two ways (also requires readline):
116 116
117 117 - Start typing, and then use Ctrl-p (previous,up) and Ctrl-n (next,down) to
118 118 search through only the history items that match what you've typed so
119 119 far. If you use Ctrl-p/Ctrl-n at a blank prompt, they just behave like
120 120 normal arrow keys.
121 121
122 122 - Hit Ctrl-r: opens a search prompt. Begin typing and the system searches
123 123 your history for lines that match what you've typed so far, completing as
124 124 much as it can.
125 125
126 126 - %hist: search history by index (this does *not* require readline).
127 127
128 128 * Persistent command history across sessions.
129 129
130 130 * Logging of input with the ability to save and restore a working session.
131 131
132 132 * System escape with !. Typing !ls will run 'ls' in the current directory.
133 133
134 134 * The reload command does a 'deep' reload of a module: changes made to the
135 135 module since you imported will actually be available without having to exit.
136 136
137 137 * Verbose and colored exception traceback printouts. See the magic xmode and
138 138 xcolor functions for details (just type %magic).
139 139
140 140 * Input caching system:
141 141
142 142 IPython offers numbered prompts (In/Out) with input and output caching. All
143 143 input is saved and can be retrieved as variables (besides the usual arrow
144 144 key recall).
145 145
146 146 The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so don't overwrite them!):
147 147 _i: stores previous input.
148 148 _ii: next previous.
149 149 _iii: next-next previous.
150 150 _ih : a list of all input _ih[n] is the input from line n.
151 151
152 152 Additionally, global variables named _i<n> are dynamically created (<n>
153 153 being the prompt counter), such that _i<n> == _ih[<n>]
154 154
155 155 For example, what you typed at prompt 14 is available as _i14 and _ih[14].
156 156
157 157 You can create macros which contain multiple input lines from this history,
158 158 for later re-execution, with the %macro function.
159 159
160 160 The history function %hist allows you to see any part of your input history
161 161 by printing a range of the _i variables. Note that inputs which contain
162 162 magic functions (%) appear in the history with a prepended comment. This is
163 163 because they aren't really valid Python code, so you can't exec them.
164 164
165 165 * Output caching system:
166 166
167 167 For output that is returned from actions, a system similar to the input
168 168 cache exists but using _ instead of _i. Only actions that produce a result
169 169 (NOT assignments, for example) are cached. If you are familiar with
170 170 Mathematica, IPython's _ variables behave exactly like Mathematica's %
171 171 variables.
172 172
173 173 The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so don't overwrite them!):
174 174 _ (one underscore): previous output.
175 175 __ (two underscores): next previous.
176 176 ___ (three underscores): next-next previous.
177 177
178 178 Global variables named _<n> are dynamically created (<n> being the prompt
179 179 counter), such that the result of output <n> is always available as _<n>.
180 180
181 181 Finally, a global dictionary named _oh exists with entries for all lines
182 182 which generated output.
183 183
184 184 * Directory history:
185 185
186 186 Your history of visited directories is kept in the global list _dh, and the
187 187 magic %cd command can be used to go to any entry in that list.
188 188
189 189 * Auto-parentheses and auto-quotes (adapted from Nathan Gray's LazyPython)
190 190
191 191 1. Auto-parentheses
192 192
193 193 Callable objects (i.e. functions, methods, etc) can be invoked like
194 194 this (notice the commas between the arguments)::
195 195
196 196 In [1]: callable_ob arg1, arg2, arg3
197 197
198 198 and the input will be translated to this::
199 199
200 200 callable_ob(arg1, arg2, arg3)
201 201
202 202 This feature is off by default (in rare cases it can produce
203 203 undesirable side-effects), but you can activate it at the command-line
204 204 by starting IPython with `--autocall 1`, set it permanently in your
205 205 configuration file, or turn on at runtime with `%autocall 1`.
206 206
207 207 You can force auto-parentheses by using '/' as the first character
208 208 of a line. For example::
209 209
210 210 In [1]: /globals # becomes 'globals()'
211 211
212 212 Note that the '/' MUST be the first character on the line! This
213 213 won't work::
214 214
215 215 In [2]: print /globals # syntax error
216 216
217 217 In most cases the automatic algorithm should work, so you should
218 218 rarely need to explicitly invoke /. One notable exception is if you
219 219 are trying to call a function with a list of tuples as arguments (the
220 220 parenthesis will confuse IPython)::
221 221
222 222 In [1]: zip (1,2,3),(4,5,6) # won't work
223 223
224 224 but this will work::
225 225
226 226 In [2]: /zip (1,2,3),(4,5,6)
227 227 ------> zip ((1,2,3),(4,5,6))
228 228 Out[2]= [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)]
229 229
230 230 IPython tells you that it has altered your command line by
231 231 displaying the new command line preceded by -->. e.g.::
232 232
233 233 In [18]: callable list
234 234 -------> callable (list)
235 235
236 236 2. Auto-Quoting
237 237
238 238 You can force auto-quoting of a function's arguments by using ',' as
239 239 the first character of a line. For example::
240 240
241 241 In [1]: ,my_function /home/me # becomes my_function("/home/me")
242 242
243 243 If you use ';' instead, the whole argument is quoted as a single
244 244 string (while ',' splits on whitespace)::
245 245
246 246 In [2]: ,my_function a b c # becomes my_function("a","b","c")
247 247 In [3]: ;my_function a b c # becomes my_function("a b c")
248 248
249 249 Note that the ',' MUST be the first character on the line! This
250 250 won't work::
251 251
252 252 In [4]: x = ,my_function /home/me # syntax error
253 253 """
254 254
255 255 interactive_usage_min = """\
256 256 An enhanced console for Python.
257 257 Some of its features are:
258 258 - Readline support if the readline library is present.
259 259 - Tab completion in the local namespace.
260 260 - Logging of input, see command-line options.
261 261 - System shell escape via ! , eg !ls.
262 262 - Magic commands, starting with a % (like %ls, %pwd, %cd, etc.)
263 263 - Keeps track of locally defined variables via %who, %whos.
264 264 - Show object information with a ? eg ?x or x? (use ?? for more info).
265 265 """
266 266
267 267 quick_reference = r"""
268 268 IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python - Quick Reference Card
269 269 ================================================================
270 270
271 271 obj?, obj?? : Get help, or more help for object (also works as
272 272 ?obj, ??obj).
273 273 ?foo.*abc* : List names in 'foo' containing 'abc' in them.
274 274 %magic : Information about IPython's 'magic' % functions.
275 275
276 276 Magic functions are prefixed by % or %%, and typically take their arguments
277 277 without parentheses, quotes or even commas for convenience. Line magics take a
278 278 single % and cell magics are prefixed with two %%.
279 279
280 280 Example magic function calls:
281 281
282 282 %alias d ls -F : 'd' is now an alias for 'ls -F'
283 283 alias d ls -F : Works if 'alias' not a python name
284 284 alist = %alias : Get list of aliases to 'alist'
285 285 cd /usr/share : Obvious. cd -<tab> to choose from visited dirs.
286 286 %cd?? : See help AND source for magic %cd
287 287 %timeit x=10 : time the 'x=10' statement with high precision.
288 288 %%timeit x=2**100
289 289 x**100 : time 'x**100' with a setup of 'x=2**100'; setup code is not
290 290 counted. This is an example of a cell magic.
291 291
292 292 System commands:
293 293
294 294 !cp a.txt b/ : System command escape, calls os.system()
295 295 cp a.txt b/ : after %rehashx, most system commands work without !
296 296 cp ${f}.txt $bar : Variable expansion in magics and system commands
297 297 files = !ls /usr : Capture sytem command output
298 298 files.s, files.l, files.n: "a b c", ['a','b','c'], 'a\nb\nc'
299 299
300 300 History:
301 301
302 302 _i, _ii, _iii : Previous, next previous, next next previous input
303 303 _i4, _ih[2:5] : Input history line 4, lines 2-4
304 304 exec _i81 : Execute input history line #81 again
305 305 %rep 81 : Edit input history line #81
306 306 _, __, ___ : previous, next previous, next next previous output
307 307 _dh : Directory history
308 308 _oh : Output history
309 309 %hist : Command history of current session.
310 310 %hist -g foo : Search command history of (almost) all sessions for 'foo'.
311 311 %hist -g : Command history of (almost) all sessions.
312 312 %hist 1/2-8 : Command history containing lines 2-8 of session 1.
313 313 %hist 1/ ~2/ : Command history of session 1 and 2 sessions before current.
314 314 %hist ~8/1-~6/5 : Command history from line 1 of 8 sessions ago to
315 315 line 5 of 6 sessions ago.
316 316 %edit 0/ : Open editor to execute code with history of current session.
317 317
318 318 Autocall:
319 319
320 320 f 1,2 : f(1,2) # Off by default, enable with %autocall magic.
321 321 /f 1,2 : f(1,2) (forced autoparen)
322 322 ,f 1 2 : f("1","2")
323 323 ;f 1 2 : f("1 2")
324 324
325 325 Remember: TAB completion works in many contexts, not just file names
326 326 or python names.
327 327
328 328 The following magic functions are currently available:
329 329
330 330 """
331 331
332 332 quick_guide = """\
333 333 ? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features.
334 334 %quickref -> Quick reference.
335 335 help -> Python's own help system.
336 336 object? -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details.
337 337 """
338 338
339 339 default_banner_parts = [
340 340 'Python %s\n' % (sys.version.split('\n')[0],),
341 341 'Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.\n\n',
342 342 'IPython {version} -- An enhanced Interactive Python.\n'.format(
343 343 version=release.version,
344 344 ),
345 345 quick_guide
346 346 ]
347 347
348 348 default_banner = ''.join(default_banner_parts)
349
350 # deprecated GUI banner
351
352 default_gui_banner = '\n'.join([
353 'DEPRECATED: IPython.core.usage.default_gui_banner is deprecated and will be removed',
354 default_banner,
355 ])
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