Display exception notes in tracebacks (#14039)

[PEP 678](https://peps.python.org/pep-0678/) introduced the ability to
add notes to exception objects. This has been [released in Python
3.11](https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#BaseException.add_note)
and is currently not implemented in IPython. These changes are fully
compatible with older Python versions that don't include PEP 678.

Here's a sample test that shows the consistency in Python's stdlib
traceback module (test 1) and the difference between Python and
IPython's runtimes (test 2):
```python
import traceback

print('--- test 1 ---')
try:
    raise Exception('Testing notes')
except Exception as e:
    e.add_note('Does this work?')
    e.add_note('Yes!')
    traceback.print_exc()

print('\n--- test 2 ---')
try:
    raise Exception('Testing notes')
except Exception as e:
    e.add_note('Does this work?')
    e.add_note('No!')
    raise
```

When executed with Python 3.11, both notes are displayed in both
tracebacks:
```
$ python test.py 
--- test 1 ---
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/app/test.py", line 5, in <module>
    raise Exception('Testing notes')
Exception: Testing notes
Does this work?
Yes!

--- test 2 ---
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/app/test.py", line 13, in <module>
    raise Exception('Testing notes')
Exception: Testing notes
Does this work?
No!
```

In IPython's VerboseTB does not yet handle exception notes:
```
$ ipython test.py 
--- test 1 ---
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/app/test.py", line 5, in <module>
    raise Exception('Testing notes')
Exception: Testing notes
Does this work?
Yes!

--- test 2 ---
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exception                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
File /app/test.py:13
     11 print('\n--- test 2 ---')
     12 try:
---> 13     raise Exception('Testing notes')
     14 except Exception as e:
     15     e.add_note('Does this work?')

Exception: Testing notes
```

The changes I am suggesting are inspired from implementation of
[Lib/traceback.py](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Lib/traceback.py)
(search for `__notes__`) and improvements for dealing with edge cases
more nicely in
[cpython#103897](https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/103897).

Although notes are meant to be strings only, I kept some inspiration
from the existing exception handling to ensure that the notes are
uncolored and bytes decoded, if there are any. I am definitely open to
using a different color if deemed better. For context, `bpython` keeps
the notes uncolored, and [Python's
tutorial](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html#enriching-exceptions-with-notes)
puts them in light gray, like the line numbers.

Here's how the test 2 looks like after these changes:

![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/16963011/234723689-6bbfe0ff-94d4-4a90-9da6-acfe1c8e5edf.png)

## :snake: :man_juggling:

docs/source/whatsnew/pr/pep678-notes.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 b''
+Support for PEP-678 Exception Notes
+-----------------------------------
+
+Ultratb now shows :pep:`678` notes, improving your debugging experience on
+Python 3.11+ or with libraries such as Pytest and Hypothesis.

.gitignore

@@ -27,6 +27,7 b' __pycache__'
 *.swp
 .pytest_cache
 .python-version
+.venv*/
 venv*/
 .mypy_cache/
 

IPython/core/tests/test_ultratb.py

@@ -51,24 +51,24 b' def recursionlimit(frames):'
 class ChangedPyFileTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_changing_py_file(self):
         """Traceback produced if the line where the error occurred is missing?
-        
+
         https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/1456
         """
         with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
             fname = os.path.join(td, "foo.py")
             with open(fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(file_1)
-            
+
             with prepended_to_syspath(td):
                 ip.run_cell("import foo")
-            
+
             with tt.AssertPrints("ZeroDivisionError"):
                 ip.run_cell("foo.f()")
-            
+
             # Make the file shorter, so the line of the error is missing.
             with open(fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(file_2)
-            
+
             # For some reason, this was failing on the *second* call after
             # changing the file, so we call f() twice.
             with tt.AssertNotPrints("Internal Python error", channel='stderr'):
@@ -92,27 +92,27 b' class NonAsciiTest(unittest.TestCase):'
             fname = os.path.join(td, u"fooé.py")
             with open(fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(file_1)
-            
+
             with prepended_to_syspath(td):
                 ip.run_cell("import foo")
-            
+
             with tt.AssertPrints("ZeroDivisionError"):
                 ip.run_cell("foo.f()")
-    
+
     def test_iso8859_5(self):
         with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
             fname = os.path.join(td, 'dfghjkl.py')
 
             with io.open(fname, 'w', encoding='iso-8859-5') as f:
                 f.write(iso_8859_5_file)
-            
+
             with prepended_to_syspath(td):
                 ip.run_cell("from dfghjkl import fail")
-            
+
             with tt.AssertPrints("ZeroDivisionError"):
                 with tt.AssertPrints(u'дбИЖ', suppress=False):
                     ip.run_cell('fail()')
-    
+
     def test_nonascii_msg(self):
         cell = u"raise Exception('é')"
         expected = u"Exception('é')"
@@ -167,12 +167,12 b' class IndentationErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):'
         with tt.AssertPrints("IndentationError"):
             with tt.AssertPrints("zoon()", suppress=False):
                 ip.run_cell(indentationerror_file)
-        
+
         with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
             fname = os.path.join(td, "foo.py")
             with open(fname, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 f.write(indentationerror_file)
-            
+
             with tt.AssertPrints("IndentationError"):
                 with tt.AssertPrints("zoon()", suppress=False):
                     ip.magic('run %s' % fname)
@@ -363,6 +363,29 b' def r3o2():'
             ip.run_cell("r3o2()")
 
 
+class PEP678NotesReportingTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    ERROR_WITH_NOTE = """
+try:
+    raise AssertionError("Message")
+except Exception as e:
+    try:
+        e.add_note("This is a PEP-678 note.")
+    except AttributeError:  # Python <= 3.10
+        e.__notes__ = ("This is a PEP-678 note.",)
+    raise
+    """
+
+    def test_verbose_reports_notes(self):
+        with tt.AssertPrints(["AssertionError", "Message", "This is a PEP-678 note."]):
+            ip.run_cell(self.ERROR_WITH_NOTE)
+
+    def test_plain_reports_notes(self):
+        with tt.AssertPrints(["AssertionError", "Message", "This is a PEP-678 note."]):
+            ip.run_cell("%xmode Plain")
+            ip.run_cell(self.ERROR_WITH_NOTE)
+            ip.run_cell("%xmode Verbose")
+
+
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # module testing (minimal)

IPython/core/ultratb.py

@@ -89,6 +89,7 b' Inheritance diagram:'
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 import functools
 import inspect
 import linecache
@@ -183,6 +184,14 b' def get_line_number_of_frame(frame: types.FrameType) -> int:'
     return count_lines_in_py_file(filename)
 
 
+def _safe_string(value, what, func=str):
+    # Copied from cpython/Lib/traceback.py
+    try:
+        return func(value)
+    except:
+        return f"<{what} {func.__name__}() failed>"
+
+
 def _format_traceback_lines(lines, Colors, has_colors: bool, lvals):
     """
     Format tracebacks lines with pointing arrow, leading numbers...
@@ -582,7 +591,7 b' class ListTB(TBTools):'
         """
 
         Colors = self.Colors
-        list = []
+        output_list = []
         for ind, (filename, lineno, name, line) in enumerate(extracted_list):
             normalCol, nameCol, fileCol, lineCol = (
                 # Emphasize the last entry
@@ -600,9 +609,9 b' class ListTB(TBTools):'
                 item += "\n"
             if line:
                 item += f"{lineCol}    {line.strip()}{normalCol}\n"
-            list.append(item)
+            output_list.append(item)
 
-        return list
+        return output_list
 
     def _format_exception_only(self, etype, value):
         """Format the exception part of a traceback.
@@ -619,11 +628,11 b' class ListTB(TBTools):'
         """
         have_filedata = False
         Colors = self.Colors
-        list = []
+        output_list = []
         stype = py3compat.cast_unicode(Colors.excName + etype.__name__ + Colors.Normal)
         if value is None:
             # Not sure if this can still happen in Python 2.6 and above
-            list.append(stype + '\n')
+            output_list.append(stype + "\n")
         else:
             if issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
                 have_filedata = True
@@ -634,7 +643,7 b' class ListTB(TBTools):'
                 else:
                     lineno = "unknown"
                     textline = ""
-                list.append(
+                output_list.append(
                     "%s  %s%s\n"
                     % (
                         Colors.normalEm,
@@ -654,28 +663,33 b' class ListTB(TBTools):'
                     i = 0
                     while i < len(textline) and textline[i].isspace():
                         i += 1
-                    list.append('%s    %s%s\n' % (Colors.line,
-                                                  textline.strip(),
-                                                  Colors.Normal))
+                    output_list.append(
+                        "%s    %s%s\n" % (Colors.line, textline.strip(), Colors.Normal)
+                    )
                     if value.offset is not None:
                         s = '    '
                         for c in textline[i:value.offset - 1]:
                             if c.isspace():
                                 s += c
                             else:
-                                s += ' '
-                        list.append('%s%s^%s\n' % (Colors.caret, s,
-                                                   Colors.Normal))
+                                s += " "
+                        output_list.append(
+                            "%s%s^%s\n" % (Colors.caret, s, Colors.Normal)
+                        )
 
             try:
                 s = value.msg
             except Exception:
                 s = self._some_str(value)
             if s:
-                list.append('%s%s:%s %s\n' % (stype, Colors.excName,
-                                              Colors.Normal, s))
+                output_list.append(
+                    "%s%s:%s %s\n" % (stype, Colors.excName, Colors.Normal, s)
+                )
             else:
-                list.append('%s\n' % stype)
+                output_list.append("%s\n" % stype)
+
+            # PEP-678 notes
+            output_list.extend(f"{x}\n" for x in getattr(value, "__notes__", []))
 
         # sync with user hooks
         if have_filedata:
@@ -683,7 +697,7 b' class ListTB(TBTools):'
             if ipinst is not None:
                 ipinst.hooks.synchronize_with_editor(value.filename, value.lineno, 0)
 
-        return list
+        return output_list
 
     def get_exception_only(self, etype, value):
         """Only print the exception type and message, without a traceback.
@@ -999,9 +1013,27 b' class VerboseTB(TBTools):'
             # User exception is improperly defined.
             etype, evalue = str, sys.exc_info()[:2]
             etype_str, evalue_str = map(str, (etype, evalue))
+
+        # PEP-678 notes
+        notes = getattr(evalue, "__notes__", [])
+        if not isinstance(notes, Sequence) or isinstance(notes, (str, bytes)):
+            notes = [_safe_string(notes, "__notes__", func=repr)]
+
         # ... and format it
-        return ['%s%s%s: %s' % (colors.excName, etype_str,
-                                colorsnormal, py3compat.cast_unicode(evalue_str))]
+        return [
+            "{}{}{}: {}".format(
+                colors.excName,
+                etype_str,
+                colorsnormal,
+                py3compat.cast_unicode(evalue_str),
+            ),
+            *(
+                "{}{}".format(
+                    colorsnormal, _safe_string(py3compat.cast_unicode(n), "note")
+                )
+                for n in notes
+            ),
+        ]
 
     def format_exception_as_a_whole(
         self,
@@ -1068,7 +1100,7 b' class VerboseTB(TBTools):'
             if ipinst is not None:
                 ipinst.hooks.synchronize_with_editor(frame_info.filename, frame_info.lineno, 0)
 
-        return [[head] + frames + [''.join(formatted_exception[0])]]
+        return [[head] + frames + formatted_exception]
 
     def get_records(
         self, etb: TracebackType, number_of_lines_of_context: int, tb_offset: int