Add EventfulList and EventfulDict trait types.

IPython/utils/eventful.py

@@ -0,0 +1,289
+"""Contains eventful dict and list implementations."""
+
+class EventfulDict(dict):
+    """Eventful dictionary.
+
+    This class inherits from the Python intrinsic dictionary class, dict.  It
+    adds events to the get, set, and del actions and optionally allows you to
+    intercept and cancel these actions.  The eventfulness isn't recursive.  In
+    other words, if you add a dict as a child, the events of that dict won't be
+    listened to.  If you find you need something recursive, listen to the `add`
+    and `set` methods, and then cancel `dict` values from being set, and instead
+    set `EventfulDict`s that wrap those `dict`s.  Then you can wire the events
+    to the same handlers if necessary.
+
+    See the on_add, on_set, and on_del methods for registering an event
+    handler."""
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Public constructor"""
+        self._add_callback = None
+        self._del_callback = None
+        self._set_callback = None
+        dict.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def on_add(self, callback):
+        """Register a callback for when an item is added to the dict.
+
+        Allows the listener to detect when items are added to the dictionary and
+        optionally cancel the addition.
+
+        callback: callable or None
+            If you want to ignore the addition event, pass None as the callback.
+            The callback should have a signature of callback(key, value).  The
+            callback should return a boolean True if the additon should be
+            canceled, False or None otherwise."""
+        self._add_callback = callback
+
+    def on_del(self, callback):
+        """Register a callback for when an item is deleted from the dict.
+
+        Allows the listener to detect when items are deleted from the dictionary
+        and optionally cancel the deletion.
+
+        callback: callable or None
+            If you want to ignore the deletion event, pass None as the callback.
+            The callback should have a signature of callback(key).  The
+            callback should return a boolean True if the deletion should be
+            canceled, False or None otherwise."""
+        self._del_callback = callback
+
+    def on_set(self, callback):
+        """Register a callback for when an item is changed in the dict.
+
+        Allows the listener to detect when items are changed in the dictionary
+        and optionally cancel the change.
+
+        callback: callable or None
+            If you want to ignore the change event, pass None as the callback.
+            The callback should have a signature of callback(key, value).  The
+            callback should return a boolean True if the change should be
+            canceled, False or None otherwise."""
+        self._set_callback = callback
+
+    def _can_add(self, key, value):
+        """Check if the item can be added to the dict."""
+        if callable(self._add_callback):
+            return not bool(self._add_callback(key, value))
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _can_del(self, key):
+        """Check if the item can be deleted from the dict."""
+        if callable(self._del_callback):
+            return not bool(self._del_callback(key))
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _can_set(self, key, value):
+        """Check if the item can be changed in the dict."""
+        if callable(self._set_callback):
+            return not bool(self._set_callback(key, value))
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def pop(self, key):
+        """Returns the value of an item in the dictionary and then deletes the
+        item from the dictionary."""
+        if self._can_del(key):
+            return dict.pop(self, key)
+        else:
+            raise Exception('Cannot `pop`, deletion of key "{}" failed.'.format(key))
+
+    def popitem(self):
+        """Pop the next key/value pair from the dictionary."""
+        key = dict.keys(self)[0]
+        return key, self.pop(key)
+
+    def update(self, other_dict):
+        """Copy the key/value pairs from another dictionary into this dictionary,
+        overwriting any conflicting keys in this dictionary."""
+        for (key, value) in other_dict.items():
+            self[key] = value
+            
+    def clear(self):
+        """Clear the dictionary."""
+        for key in list(self.keys()):
+            del self[key]
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        if (key in self and self._can_set(key, value)) or \
+        (key not in self and self._can_add(key, value)):
+            return dict.__setitem__(self, key, value)
+        
+    def __delitem__(self, key):
+        if self._can_del(key):
+            return dict.__delitem__(self, key)
+
+
+class EventfulList(list):
+    """Eventful list.
+
+    This class inherits from the Python intrinsic `list` class.  It adds events 
+    that allow you to listen for actions that modify the list.  You can 
+    optionally cancel the actions.
+
+    See the on_del, on_set, on_insert, on_sort, and on_reverse methods for
+    registering an event handler.
+
+    Some of the method docstrings were taken from the Python documentation at
+    https://docs.python.org/2/tutorial/datastructures.html"""
+
+    def __init__(self, *pargs, **kwargs):
+        """Public constructor"""
+        self._insert_callback = None
+        self._set_callback = None
+        self._del_callback = None
+        self._sort_callback = None
+        self._reverse_callback = None
+        list.__init__(self, *pargs, **kwargs)
+
+    def on_insert(self, callback):
+        """Register a callback for when an item is inserted into the list.
+
+        Allows the listener to detect when items are inserted into the list and
+        optionally cancel the insertion.
+
+        callback: callable or None
+            If you want to ignore the insertion event, pass None as the callback.
+            The callback should have a signature of callback(index, value).  The
+            callback should return a boolean True if the insertion should be
+            canceled, False or None otherwise."""
+        self._insert_callback = callback
+
+    def on_del(self, callback):
+        """Register a callback for item deletion.
+
+        Allows the listener to detect when items are deleted from the list and
+        optionally cancel the deletion.
+
+        callback: callable or None
+            If you want to ignore the deletion event, pass None as the callback.
+            The callback should have a signature of callback(index).  The
+            callback should return a boolean True if the deletion should be
+            canceled, False or None otherwise."""
+        self._del_callback = callback
+        
+    def on_set(self, callback):
+        """Register a callback for items are set.
+
+        Allows the listener to detect when items are set and optionally cancel 
+        the setting.  Note, `set` is also called when one or more items are
+        added to the end of the list.
+
+        callback: callable or None
+            If you want to ignore the set event, pass None as the callback.
+            The callback should have a signature of callback(index, value).  The
+            callback should return a boolean True if the set should be
+            canceled, False or None otherwise."""
+        self._set_callback = callback
+        
+    def on_reverse(self, callback):
+        """Register a callback for list reversal.
+
+        callback: callable or None
+            If you want to ignore the reverse event, pass None as the callback.
+            The callback should have a signature of callback().  The
+            callback should return a boolean True if the reverse should be
+            canceled, False or None otherwise."""
+        self._reverse_callback = callback
+        
+    def on_sort(self, callback):
+        """Register a callback for sortting of the list.
+
+        callback: callable or None
+            If you want to ignore the sort event, pass None as the callback.
+            The callback signature should match that of Python list's `.sort` 
+            method or `callback(*pargs, **kwargs)` as a catch all. The callback 
+            should return a boolean True if the reverse should be canceled, 
+            False or None otherwise."""
+        self._sort_callback = callback
+    
+    def _can_insert(self, index, value):
+        """Check if the item can be inserted."""
+        if callable(self._insert_callback):
+            return not bool(self._insert_callback(index, value))
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _can_del(self, index):
+        """Check if the item can be deleted."""
+        if callable(self._del_callback):
+            return not bool(self._del_callback(index))
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _can_set(self, index, value):
+        """Check if the item can be set."""
+        if callable(self._set_callback):
+            return not bool(self._set_callback(index, value))
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _can_reverse(self):
+        """Check if the list can be reversed."""
+        if callable(self._reverse_callback):
+            return not bool(self._reverse_callback())
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    def _can_sort(self, *pargs, **kwargs):
+        """Check if the list can be sorted."""
+        if callable(self._sort_callback):
+            return not bool(self._sort_callback(*pargs, **kwargs))
+        else:
+            return True
+        
+    def append(self, x):
+        """Add an item to the end of the list."""
+        self[len(self):] = [x]
+
+    def extend(self, L):
+        """Extend the list by appending all the items in the given list."""
+        self[len(self):] = L
+
+    def remove(self, x):
+        """Remove the first item from the list whose value is x. It is an error 
+        if there is no such item."""
+        del self[self.index(x)]
+        
+    def pop(self, i=None):
+        """Remove the item at the given position in the list, and return it. If 
+        no index is specified, a.pop() removes and returns the last item in the 
+        list."""
+        if i is None:
+            i = len(self) - 1
+        val = self[i]
+        del self[i]
+        return val
+
+    def reverse(self):
+        """Reverse the elements of the list, in place."""
+        if self._can_reverse():
+            list.reverse(self)
+    
+    def insert(self, index, value):
+        """Insert an item at a given position. The first argument is the index 
+        of the element before which to insert, so a.insert(0, x) inserts at the 
+        front of the list, and a.insert(len(a), x) is equivalent to 
+        a.append(x)."""
+        if self._can_insert(index, value):
+            list.insert(self, index, value)
+
+    def sort(self, *pargs, **kwargs):
+        """Sort the items of the list in place (the arguments can be used for 
+        sort customization, see Python's sorted() for their explanation)."""
+        if self._can_sort(*pargs, **kwargs):
+            list.sort(self, *pargs, **kwargs)
+
+    def __delitem__(self, index):
+        if self._can_del(index):
+            list.__delitem__(self, index)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, index, value):
+        if self._can_set(index, value):
+            list.__setitem__(self, index, value)
+
+    def __setslice__(self, start, end, value):
+        if self._can_set(slice(start, end), value):
+            list.__setslice__(self, start, end, value)

IPython/utils/tests/test_traitlets.py

@@ -1,1174 +1,1253
 # encoding: utf-8
 """Tests for IPython.utils.traitlets."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 # 
 # Adapted from enthought.traits, Copyright (c) Enthought, Inc.,
 # also under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import pickle
 import re
 import sys
 from unittest import TestCase
 
 import nose.tools as nt
 from nose import SkipTest
 
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (
     HasTraits, MetaHasTraits, TraitType, Any, CBytes, Dict,
     Int, Long, Integer, Float, Complex, Bytes, Unicode, TraitError,
     Undefined, Type, This, Instance, TCPAddress, List, Tuple,
-    ObjectName, DottedObjectName, CRegExp, link
+    ObjectName, DottedObjectName, CRegExp, link, EventfulList, EventfulDict
 )
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
 from IPython.testing.decorators import skipif
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Helper classes for testing
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class HasTraitsStub(HasTraits):
 
     def _notify_trait(self, name, old, new):
         self._notify_name = name
         self._notify_old = old
         self._notify_new = new
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Test classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class TestTraitType(TestCase):
 
     def test_get_undefined(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             a = TraitType
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(a.a, Undefined)
 
     def test_set(self):
         class A(HasTraitsStub):
             a = TraitType
 
         a = A()
         a.a = 10
         self.assertEqual(a.a, 10)
         self.assertEqual(a._notify_name, 'a')
         self.assertEqual(a._notify_old, Undefined)
         self.assertEqual(a._notify_new, 10)
 
     def test_validate(self):
         class MyTT(TraitType):
             def validate(self, inst, value):
                 return -1
         class A(HasTraitsStub):
             tt = MyTT
 
         a = A()
         a.tt = 10
         self.assertEqual(a.tt, -1)
 
     def test_default_validate(self):
         class MyIntTT(TraitType):
             def validate(self, obj, value):
                 if isinstance(value, int):
                     return value
                 self.error(obj, value)
         class A(HasTraits):
             tt = MyIntTT(10)
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(a.tt, 10)
 
         # Defaults are validated when the HasTraits is instantiated
         class B(HasTraits):
             tt = MyIntTT('bad default')
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, B)
 
     def test_is_valid_for(self):
         class MyTT(TraitType):
             def is_valid_for(self, value):
                 return True
         class A(HasTraits):
             tt = MyTT
 
         a = A()
         a.tt = 10
         self.assertEqual(a.tt, 10)
 
     def test_value_for(self):
         class MyTT(TraitType):
             def value_for(self, value):
                 return 20
         class A(HasTraits):
             tt = MyTT
 
         a = A()
         a.tt = 10
         self.assertEqual(a.tt, 20)
 
     def test_info(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             tt = TraitType
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(A.tt.info(), 'any value')
 
     def test_error(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             tt = TraitType
         a = A()
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, A.tt.error, a, 10)
 
     def test_dynamic_initializer(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             x = Int(10)
             def _x_default(self):
                 return 11
         class B(A):
             x = Int(20)
         class C(A):
             def _x_default(self):
                 return 21
 
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {})
         self.assertEqual(list(a._trait_dyn_inits.keys()), ['x'])
         self.assertEqual(a.x, 11)
         self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {'x': 11})
         b = B()
         self.assertEqual(b._trait_values, {'x': 20})
         self.assertEqual(list(a._trait_dyn_inits.keys()), ['x'])
         self.assertEqual(b.x, 20)
         c = C()
         self.assertEqual(c._trait_values, {})
         self.assertEqual(list(a._trait_dyn_inits.keys()), ['x'])
         self.assertEqual(c.x, 21)
         self.assertEqual(c._trait_values, {'x': 21})
         # Ensure that the base class remains unmolested when the _default
         # initializer gets overridden in a subclass.
         a = A()
         c = C()
         self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {})
         self.assertEqual(list(a._trait_dyn_inits.keys()), ['x'])
         self.assertEqual(a.x, 11)
         self.assertEqual(a._trait_values, {'x': 11})
 
 
 
 class TestHasTraitsMeta(TestCase):
 
     def test_metaclass(self):
         self.assertEqual(type(HasTraits), MetaHasTraits)
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             a = Int
 
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(type(a.__class__), MetaHasTraits)
         self.assertEqual(a.a,0)
         a.a = 10
         self.assertEqual(a.a,10)
 
         class B(HasTraits):
             b = Int()
 
         b = B()
         self.assertEqual(b.b,0)
         b.b = 10
         self.assertEqual(b.b,10)
 
         class C(HasTraits):
             c = Int(30)
 
         c = C()
         self.assertEqual(c.c,30)
         c.c = 10
         self.assertEqual(c.c,10)
 
     def test_this_class(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             t = This()
             tt = This()
         class B(A):
             tt = This()
             ttt = This()
         self.assertEqual(A.t.this_class, A)
         self.assertEqual(B.t.this_class, A)
         self.assertEqual(B.tt.this_class, B)
         self.assertEqual(B.ttt.this_class, B)
 
 class TestHasTraitsNotify(TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self._notify1 = []
         self._notify2 = []
 
     def notify1(self, name, old, new):
         self._notify1.append((name, old, new))
 
     def notify2(self, name, old, new):
         self._notify2.append((name, old, new))
 
     def test_notify_all(self):
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             a = Int
             b = Float
 
         a = A()
         a.on_trait_change(self.notify1)
         a.a = 0
         self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1),0)
         a.b = 0.0
         self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1),0)
         a.a = 10
         self.assertTrue(('a',0,10) in self._notify1)
         a.b = 10.0
         self.assertTrue(('b',0.0,10.0) in self._notify1)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError,setattr,a,'a','bad string')
         self.assertRaises(TraitError,setattr,a,'b','bad string')
         self._notify1 = []
         a.on_trait_change(self.notify1,remove=True)
         a.a = 20
         a.b = 20.0
         self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1),0)
 
     def test_notify_one(self):
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             a = Int
             b = Float
 
         a = A()
         a.on_trait_change(self.notify1, 'a')
         a.a = 0
         self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1),0)
         a.a = 10
         self.assertTrue(('a',0,10) in self._notify1)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError,setattr,a,'a','bad string')
 
     def test_subclass(self):
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             a = Int
 
         class B(A):
             b = Float
 
         b = B()
         self.assertEqual(b.a,0)
         self.assertEqual(b.b,0.0)
         b.a = 100
         b.b = 100.0
         self.assertEqual(b.a,100)
         self.assertEqual(b.b,100.0)
 
     def test_notify_subclass(self):
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             a = Int
 
         class B(A):
             b = Float
 
         b = B()
         b.on_trait_change(self.notify1, 'a')
         b.on_trait_change(self.notify2, 'b')
         b.a = 0
         b.b = 0.0
         self.assertEqual(len(self._notify1),0)
         self.assertEqual(len(self._notify2),0)
         b.a = 10
         b.b = 10.0
         self.assertTrue(('a',0,10) in self._notify1)
         self.assertTrue(('b',0.0,10.0) in self._notify2)
 
     def test_static_notify(self):
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             a = Int
             _notify1 = []
             def _a_changed(self, name, old, new):
                 self._notify1.append((name, old, new))
 
         a = A()
         a.a = 0
         # This is broken!!!
         self.assertEqual(len(a._notify1),0)
         a.a = 10
         self.assertTrue(('a',0,10) in a._notify1)
 
         class B(A):
             b = Float
             _notify2 = []
             def _b_changed(self, name, old, new):
                 self._notify2.append((name, old, new))
 
         b = B()
         b.a = 10
         b.b = 10.0
         self.assertTrue(('a',0,10) in b._notify1)
         self.assertTrue(('b',0.0,10.0) in b._notify2)
 
     def test_notify_args(self):
 
         def callback0():
             self.cb = ()
         def callback1(name):
             self.cb = (name,)
         def callback2(name, new):
             self.cb = (name, new)
         def callback3(name, old, new):
             self.cb = (name, old, new)
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             a = Int
 
         a = A()
         a.on_trait_change(callback0, 'a')
         a.a = 10
         self.assertEqual(self.cb,())
         a.on_trait_change(callback0, 'a', remove=True)
 
         a.on_trait_change(callback1, 'a')
         a.a = 100
         self.assertEqual(self.cb,('a',))
         a.on_trait_change(callback1, 'a', remove=True)
 
         a.on_trait_change(callback2, 'a')
         a.a = 1000
         self.assertEqual(self.cb,('a',1000))
         a.on_trait_change(callback2, 'a', remove=True)
 
         a.on_trait_change(callback3, 'a')
         a.a = 10000
         self.assertEqual(self.cb,('a',1000,10000))
         a.on_trait_change(callback3, 'a', remove=True)
 
         self.assertEqual(len(a._trait_notifiers['a']),0)
 
     def test_notify_only_once(self):
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             listen_to = ['a']
             
             a = Int(0)
             b = 0
             
             def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 super(A, self).__init__(**kwargs)
                 self.on_trait_change(self.listener1, ['a'])
             
             def listener1(self, name, old, new):
                 self.b += 1
 
         class B(A):
                     
             c = 0
             d = 0
             
             def __init__(self, **kwargs):
                 super(B, self).__init__(**kwargs)
                 self.on_trait_change(self.listener2)
             
             def listener2(self, name, old, new):
                 self.c += 1
             
             def _a_changed(self, name, old, new):
                 self.d += 1
 
         b = B()
         b.a += 1
         self.assertEqual(b.b, b.c)
         self.assertEqual(b.b, b.d)
         b.a += 1
         self.assertEqual(b.b, b.c)
         self.assertEqual(b.b, b.d)
 
 
 class TestHasTraits(TestCase):
 
     def test_trait_names(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             i = Int
             f = Float
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(sorted(a.trait_names()),['f','i'])
         self.assertEqual(sorted(A.class_trait_names()),['f','i'])
 
     def test_trait_metadata(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             i = Int(config_key='MY_VALUE')
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(a.trait_metadata('i','config_key'), 'MY_VALUE')
 
     def test_traits(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             i = Int
             f = Float
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(a.traits(), dict(i=A.i, f=A.f))
         self.assertEqual(A.class_traits(), dict(i=A.i, f=A.f))
 
     def test_traits_metadata(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             i = Int(config_key='VALUE1', other_thing='VALUE2')
             f = Float(config_key='VALUE3', other_thing='VALUE2')
             j = Int(0)
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(a.traits(), dict(i=A.i, f=A.f, j=A.j))
         traits = a.traits(config_key='VALUE1', other_thing='VALUE2')
         self.assertEqual(traits, dict(i=A.i))
 
         # This passes, but it shouldn't because I am replicating a bug in
         # traits.
         traits = a.traits(config_key=lambda v: True)
         self.assertEqual(traits, dict(i=A.i, f=A.f, j=A.j))
 
     def test_init(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             i = Int()
             x = Float()
         a = A(i=1, x=10.0)
         self.assertEqual(a.i, 1)
         self.assertEqual(a.x, 10.0)
 
     def test_positional_args(self):
         class A(HasTraits):
             i = Int(0)
             def __init__(self, i):
                 super(A, self).__init__()
                 self.i = i
         
         a = A(5)
         self.assertEqual(a.i, 5)
         # should raise TypeError if no positional arg given
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, A)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Tests for specific trait types
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class TestType(TestCase):
 
     def test_default(self):
 
         class B(object): pass
         class A(HasTraits):
             klass = Type
 
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(a.klass, None)
 
         a.klass = B
         self.assertEqual(a.klass, B)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'klass', 10)
 
     def test_value(self):
 
         class B(object): pass
         class C(object): pass
         class A(HasTraits):
             klass = Type(B)
 
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(a.klass, B)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'klass', C)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'klass', object)
         a.klass = B
 
     def test_allow_none(self):
 
         class B(object): pass
         class C(B): pass
         class A(HasTraits):
             klass = Type(B, allow_none=False)
 
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(a.klass, B)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'klass', None)
         a.klass = C
         self.assertEqual(a.klass, C)
 
     def test_validate_klass(self):
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             klass = Type('no strings allowed')
 
         self.assertRaises(ImportError, A)
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             klass = Type('rub.adub.Duck')
 
         self.assertRaises(ImportError, A)
 
     def test_validate_default(self):
 
         class B(object): pass
         class A(HasTraits):
             klass = Type('bad default', B)
 
         self.assertRaises(ImportError, A)
 
         class C(HasTraits):
             klass = Type(None, B, allow_none=False)
 
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, C)
 
     def test_str_klass(self):
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             klass = Type('IPython.utils.ipstruct.Struct')
 
         from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
         a = A()
         a.klass = Struct
         self.assertEqual(a.klass, Struct)
 
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'klass', 10)
 
     def test_set_str_klass(self):
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             klass = Type()
 
         a = A(klass='IPython.utils.ipstruct.Struct')
         from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
         self.assertEqual(a.klass, Struct)
 
 class TestInstance(TestCase):
 
     def test_basic(self):
         class Foo(object): pass
         class Bar(Foo): pass
         class Bah(object): pass
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             inst = Instance(Foo)
 
         a = A()
         self.assertTrue(a.inst is None)
         a.inst = Foo()
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(a.inst, Foo))
         a.inst = Bar()
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(a.inst, Foo))
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'inst', Foo)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'inst', Bar)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'inst', Bah())
 
     def test_default_klass(self):
         class Foo(object): pass
         class Bar(Foo): pass
         class Bah(object): pass
 
         class FooInstance(Instance):
             klass = Foo
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             inst = FooInstance()
 
         a = A()
         self.assertTrue(a.inst is None)
         a.inst = Foo()
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(a.inst, Foo))
         a.inst = Bar()
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(a.inst, Foo))
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'inst', Foo)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'inst', Bar)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, a, 'inst', Bah())
 
     def test_unique_default_value(self):
         class Foo(object): pass
         class A(HasTraits):
             inst = Instance(Foo,(),{})
 
         a = A()
         b = A()
         self.assertTrue(a.inst is not b.inst)
 
     def test_args_kw(self):
         class Foo(object):
             def __init__(self, c): self.c = c
         class Bar(object): pass
         class Bah(object):
             def __init__(self, c, d):
                 self.c = c; self.d = d
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             inst = Instance(Foo, (10,))
         a = A()
         self.assertEqual(a.inst.c, 10)
 
         class B(HasTraits):
             inst = Instance(Bah, args=(10,), kw=dict(d=20))
         b = B()
         self.assertEqual(b.inst.c, 10)
         self.assertEqual(b.inst.d, 20)
 
         class C(HasTraits):
             inst = Instance(Foo)
         c = C()
         self.assertTrue(c.inst is None)
 
     def test_bad_default(self):
         class Foo(object): pass
 
         class A(HasTraits):
             inst = Instance(Foo, allow_none=False)
 
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, A)
 
     def test_instance(self):
         class Foo(object): pass
 
         def inner():
             class A(HasTraits):
                 inst = Instance(Foo())
 
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, inner)
 
 
 class TestThis(TestCase):
 
     def test_this_class(self):
         class Foo(HasTraits):
             this = This
 
         f = Foo()
         self.assertEqual(f.this, None)
         g = Foo()
         f.this = g
         self.assertEqual(f.this, g)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, f, 'this', 10)
 
     def test_this_inst(self):
         class Foo(HasTraits):
             this = This()
 
         f = Foo()
         f.this = Foo()
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(f.this, Foo))
 
     def test_subclass(self):
         class Foo(HasTraits):
             t = This()
         class Bar(Foo):
             pass
         f = Foo()
         b = Bar()
         f.t = b
         b.t = f
         self.assertEqual(f.t, b)
         self.assertEqual(b.t, f)
 
     def test_subclass_override(self):
         class Foo(HasTraits):
             t = This()
         class Bar(Foo):
             t = This()
         f = Foo()
         b = Bar()
         f.t = b
         self.assertEqual(f.t, b)
         self.assertRaises(TraitError, setattr, b, 't', f)
 
 class TraitTestBase(TestCase):
     """A best testing class for basic trait types."""
 
     def assign(self, value):
         self.obj.value = value
 
     def coerce(self, value):
         return value
 
     def test_good_values(self):
         if hasattr(self, '_good_values'):
             for value in self._good_values:
                 self.assign(value)
                 self.assertEqual(self.obj.value, self.coerce(value))
 
     def test_bad_values(self):
         if hasattr(self, '_bad_values'):
             for value in self._bad_values:
                 try:
                     self.assertRaises(TraitError, self.assign, value)
                 except AssertionError:
                     assert False, value
 
     def test_default_value(self):
         if hasattr(self, '_default_value'):
             self.assertEqual(self._default_value, self.obj.value)
 
     def test_allow_none(self):
         if (hasattr(self, '_bad_values') and hasattr(self, '_good_values') and
         None in self._bad_values):
             trait=self.obj.traits()['value']
             try:
                 trait.allow_none = True
                 self._bad_values.remove(None)
                 #skip coerce. Allow None casts None to None.
                 self.assign(None)
                 self.assertEqual(self.obj.value,None)
                 self.test_good_values()
                 self.test_bad_values()
             finally:
                 #tear down
                 trait.allow_none = False
                 self._bad_values.append(None)
 
     def tearDown(self):
         # restore default value after tests, if set
         if hasattr(self, '_default_value'):
             self.obj.value = self._default_value
 
 
 class AnyTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = Any
 
 class AnyTraitTest(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = AnyTrait()
 
     _default_value = None
     _good_values   = [10.0, 'ten', u'ten', [10], {'ten': 10},(10,), None, 1j]
     _bad_values    = []
 
 
 class IntTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = Int(99)
 
 class TestInt(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = IntTrait()
     _default_value = 99
     _good_values   = [10, -10]
     _bad_values    = ['ten', u'ten', [10], {'ten': 10},(10,), None, 1j,
                       10.1, -10.1, '10L', '-10L', '10.1', '-10.1', u'10L',
                       u'-10L', u'10.1', u'-10.1',  '10', '-10', u'10', u'-10']
     if not py3compat.PY3:
         _bad_values.extend([long(10), long(-10), 10*sys.maxint, -10*sys.maxint])
 
 
 class LongTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = Long(99 if py3compat.PY3 else long(99))
 
 class TestLong(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = LongTrait()
 
     _default_value = 99 if py3compat.PY3 else long(99)
     _good_values   = [10, -10]
     _bad_values    = ['ten', u'ten', [10], {'ten': 10},(10,),
                       None, 1j, 10.1, -10.1, '10', '-10', '10L', '-10L', '10.1',
                       '-10.1', u'10', u'-10', u'10L', u'-10L', u'10.1',
                       u'-10.1']
     if not py3compat.PY3:
         # maxint undefined on py3, because int == long
         _good_values.extend([long(10), long(-10), 10*sys.maxint, -10*sys.maxint])
         _bad_values.extend([[long(10)], (long(10),)])
 
     @skipif(py3compat.PY3, "not relevant on py3")
     def test_cast_small(self):
         """Long casts ints to long"""
         self.obj.value = 10
         self.assertEqual(type(self.obj.value), long)
 
 
 class IntegerTrait(HasTraits):
     value = Integer(1)
 
 class TestInteger(TestLong):
     obj = IntegerTrait()
     _default_value = 1
 
     def coerce(self, n):
         return int(n)
 
     @skipif(py3compat.PY3, "not relevant on py3")
     def test_cast_small(self):
         """Integer casts small longs to int"""
         if py3compat.PY3:
             raise SkipTest("not relevant on py3")
 
         self.obj.value = long(100)
         self.assertEqual(type(self.obj.value), int)
 
 
 class FloatTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = Float(99.0)
 
 class TestFloat(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = FloatTrait()
 
     _default_value = 99.0
     _good_values   = [10, -10, 10.1, -10.1]
     _bad_values    = ['ten', u'ten', [10], {'ten': 10},(10,), None,
                       1j, '10', '-10', '10L', '-10L', '10.1', '-10.1', u'10',
                       u'-10', u'10L', u'-10L', u'10.1', u'-10.1']
     if not py3compat.PY3:
         _bad_values.extend([long(10), long(-10)])
 
 
 class ComplexTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = Complex(99.0-99.0j)
 
 class TestComplex(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = ComplexTrait()
 
     _default_value = 99.0-99.0j
     _good_values   = [10, -10, 10.1, -10.1, 10j, 10+10j, 10-10j,
                       10.1j, 10.1+10.1j, 10.1-10.1j]
     _bad_values    = [u'10L', u'-10L', 'ten', [10], {'ten': 10},(10,), None]
     if not py3compat.PY3:
         _bad_values.extend([long(10), long(-10)])
 
 
 class BytesTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = Bytes(b'string')
 
 class TestBytes(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = BytesTrait()
 
     _default_value = b'string'
     _good_values   = [b'10', b'-10', b'10L',
                       b'-10L', b'10.1', b'-10.1', b'string']
     _bad_values    = [10, -10, 10.1, -10.1, 1j, [10],
                       ['ten'],{'ten': 10},(10,), None,  u'string']
     if not py3compat.PY3:
         _bad_values.extend([long(10), long(-10)])
 
 
 class UnicodeTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = Unicode(u'unicode')
 
 class TestUnicode(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = UnicodeTrait()
 
     _default_value = u'unicode'
     _good_values   = ['10', '-10', '10L', '-10L', '10.1',
                       '-10.1', '', u'', 'string', u'string', u"€"]
     _bad_values    = [10, -10, 10.1, -10.1, 1j,
                       [10], ['ten'], [u'ten'], {'ten': 10},(10,), None]
     if not py3compat.PY3:
         _bad_values.extend([long(10), long(-10)])
 
 
 class ObjectNameTrait(HasTraits):
     value = ObjectName("abc")
 
 class TestObjectName(TraitTestBase):
     obj = ObjectNameTrait()
 
     _default_value = "abc"
     _good_values = ["a", "gh", "g9", "g_", "_G", u"a345_"]
     _bad_values = [1, "", u"€", "9g", "!", "#abc", "aj@", "a.b", "a()", "a[0]",
                                                         None, object(), object]
     if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
         _bad_values.append(u"þ")
     else:
         _good_values.append(u"þ")  # þ=1 is valid in Python 3 (PEP 3131).
 
 
 class DottedObjectNameTrait(HasTraits):
     value = DottedObjectName("a.b")
 
 class TestDottedObjectName(TraitTestBase):
     obj = DottedObjectNameTrait()
 
     _default_value = "a.b"
     _good_values = ["A", "y.t", "y765.__repr__", "os.path.join", u"os.path.join"]
     _bad_values = [1, u"abc.€", "_.@", ".", ".abc", "abc.", ".abc.", None]
     if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
         _bad_values.append(u"t.þ")
     else:
         _good_values.append(u"t.þ")
 
 
 class TCPAddressTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = TCPAddress()
 
 class TestTCPAddress(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = TCPAddressTrait()
 
     _default_value = ('127.0.0.1',0)
     _good_values = [('localhost',0),('192.168.0.1',1000),('www.google.com',80)]
     _bad_values = [(0,0),('localhost',10.0),('localhost',-1), None]
 
 class ListTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = List(Int)
 
 class TestList(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = ListTrait()
 
     _default_value = []
     _good_values = [[], [1], list(range(10)), (1,2)]
     _bad_values = [10, [1,'a'], 'a']
     
     def coerce(self, value):
         if value is not None:
             value = list(value)
         return value
 
 class Foo(object):
     pass
 
 class InstanceListTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = List(Instance(__name__+'.Foo'))
 
 class TestInstanceList(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = InstanceListTrait()
 
     def test_klass(self):
         """Test that the instance klass is properly assigned."""
         self.assertIs(self.obj.traits()['value']._trait.klass, Foo)
 
     _default_value = []
     _good_values = [[Foo(), Foo(), None], None]
     _bad_values = [['1', 2,], '1', [Foo]]
 
 class LenListTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = List(Int, [0], minlen=1, maxlen=2)
 
 class TestLenList(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = LenListTrait()
 
     _default_value = [0]
     _good_values = [[1], [1,2], (1,2)]
     _bad_values = [10, [1,'a'], 'a', [], list(range(3))]
 
     def coerce(self, value):
         if value is not None:
             value = list(value)
         return value
 
 class TupleTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = Tuple(Int(allow_none=True))
 
 class TestTupleTrait(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = TupleTrait()
 
     _default_value = None
     _good_values = [(1,), None, (0,), [1], (None,)]
     _bad_values = [10, (1,2), ('a'), ()]
 
     def coerce(self, value):
         if value is not None:
             value = tuple(value)
         return value
 
     def test_invalid_args(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, Tuple, 5)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, Tuple, default_value='hello')
         t = Tuple(Int, CBytes, default_value=(1,5))
 
 class LooseTupleTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = Tuple((1,2,3))
 
 class TestLooseTupleTrait(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = LooseTupleTrait()
 
     _default_value = (1,2,3)
     _good_values = [(1,), None, [1], (0,), tuple(range(5)), tuple('hello'), ('a',5), ()]
     _bad_values = [10, 'hello', {}]
 
     def coerce(self, value):
         if value is not None:
             value = tuple(value)
         return value
 
     def test_invalid_args(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, Tuple, 5)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, Tuple, default_value='hello')
         t = Tuple(Int, CBytes, default_value=(1,5))
 
 
 class MultiTupleTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = Tuple(Int, Bytes, default_value=[99,b'bottles'])
 
 class TestMultiTuple(TraitTestBase):
 
     obj = MultiTupleTrait()
 
     _default_value = (99,b'bottles')
     _good_values = [(1,b'a'), (2,b'b')]
     _bad_values = ((),10, b'a', (1,b'a',3), (b'a',1), (1, u'a'))
 
 class CRegExpTrait(HasTraits):
 
     value = CRegExp(r'')
 
 class TestCRegExp(TraitTestBase):
 
     def coerce(self, value):
         return re.compile(value)
 
     obj = CRegExpTrait()
 
     _default_value = re.compile(r'')
     _good_values = [r'\d+', re.compile(r'\d+')]
-    _bad_values = [r'(', None, ()]
+    _bad_values = ['(', None, ()]
 
 class DictTrait(HasTraits):
     value = Dict()
 
 def test_dict_assignment():
     d = dict()
     c = DictTrait()
     c.value = d
     d['a'] = 5
     nt.assert_equal(d, c.value)
     nt.assert_true(c.value is d)
 
 class TestLink(TestCase):
     def test_connect_same(self):
         """Verify two traitlets of the same type can be linked together using link."""
 
         # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
         class A(HasTraits):
             value = Int()
         a = A(value=9)
         b = A(value=8)
 
         # Conenct the two classes.
         c = link((a, 'value'), (b, 'value'))
 
         # Make sure the values are the same at the point of linking.
         self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)
 
         # Change one of the values to make sure they stay in sync.
         a.value = 5
         self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)
         b.value = 6
         self.assertEqual(a.value, b.value)
 
     def test_link_different(self):
         """Verify two traitlets of different types can be linked together using link."""
 
         # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
         class A(HasTraits):
             value = Int()
         class B(HasTraits):
             count = Int()
         a = A(value=9)
         b = B(count=8)
 
         # Conenct the two classes.
         c = link((a, 'value'), (b, 'count'))
 
         # Make sure the values are the same at the point of linking.
         self.assertEqual(a.value, b.count)
 
         # Change one of the values to make sure they stay in sync.
         a.value = 5
         self.assertEqual(a.value, b.count)
         b.count = 4
         self.assertEqual(a.value, b.count)
 
     def test_unlink(self):
         """Verify two linked traitlets can be unlinked."""
 
         # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
         class A(HasTraits):
             value = Int()
         a = A(value=9)
         b = A(value=8)
 
         # Connect the two classes.
         c = link((a, 'value'), (b, 'value'))
         a.value = 4
         c.unlink()
 
         # Change one of the values to make sure they don't stay in sync.
         a.value = 5
         self.assertNotEqual(a.value, b.value)
 
     def test_callbacks(self):
         """Verify two linked traitlets have their callbacks called once."""
 
         # Create two simple classes with Int traitlets.
         class A(HasTraits):
             value = Int()
         class B(HasTraits):
             count = Int()
         a = A(value=9)
         b = B(count=8)
         
         # Register callbacks that count.
         callback_count = []
         def a_callback(name, old, new):
             callback_count.append('a')
         a.on_trait_change(a_callback, 'value')
         def b_callback(name, old, new):
             callback_count.append('b')
         b.on_trait_change(b_callback, 'count')
 
         # Connect the two classes.
         c = link((a, 'value'), (b, 'count'))
 
         # Make sure b's count was set to a's value once.
         self.assertEqual(''.join(callback_count), 'b')
         del callback_count[:]
 
         # Make sure a's value was set to b's count once.
         b.count = 5
         self.assertEqual(''.join(callback_count), 'ba')
         del callback_count[:]
 
         # Make sure b's count was set to a's value once.
         a.value = 4
         self.assertEqual(''.join(callback_count), 'ab')
         del callback_count[:]
 
 class Pickleable(HasTraits):
     i = Int()
     j = Int()
     
     def _i_default(self):
         return 1
     
     def _i_changed(self, name, old, new):
         self.j = new
 
 def test_pickle_hastraits():
     c = Pickleable()
     for protocol in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
         p = pickle.dumps(c, protocol)
         c2 = pickle.loads(p)
         nt.assert_equal(c2.i, c.i)
         nt.assert_equal(c2.j, c.j)
 
     c.i = 5
     for protocol in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
         p = pickle.dumps(c, protocol)
         c2 = pickle.loads(p)
         nt.assert_equal(c2.i, c.i)
         nt.assert_equal(c2.j, c.j)
-    
+
+class TestEventful(TestCase):
+
+    def test_list(self):
+        """Does the EventfulList work?"""
+        event_cache = []
+
+        class A(HasTraits):
+            x = EventfulList([c for c in 'abc'])
+        a = A()
+
+        def handle_insert(index, value):
+            event_cache.append('insert')
+        def handle_del(index):
+            event_cache.append('del')
+        def handle_set(index, value):
+            event_cache.append('set')
+        def handle_reverse():
+            event_cache.append('reverse')
+        def handle_sort(*pargs, **kwargs):
+            event_cache.append('sort')
+        a.x.on_insert(handle_insert)
+        a.x.on_del(handle_del)
+        a.x.on_set(handle_set)
+        a.x.on_reverse(handle_reverse)
+        a.x.on_sort(handle_sort)
+
+        a.x.remove('c')
+        # ab
+        a.x.insert(0, 'z')
+        # zab
+        del a.x[1]
+        # zb
+        a.x.reverse()
+        # bz 
+        a.x[1] = 'o'
+        # bo
+        a.x.append('a')
+        # boa
+        a.x.sort()
+        # abo
+
+        # Were the correct events captured?
+        self.assertEqual(event_cache, ['del', 'insert', 'del', 'reverse', 'set', 'set', 'sort'])
+
+        # Is the output correct?
+        self.assertEqual(a.x, [c for c in 'abo'])
+
+    def test_dict(self):
+        """Does the EventfulDict work?"""
+        event_cache = []
+
+        class A(HasTraits):
+            x = EventfulDict({c: c for c in 'abc'})
+        a = A()
+
+        def handle_add(key, value):
+            event_cache.append('add')
+        def handle_del(key):
+            event_cache.append('del')
+        def handle_set(key, value):
+            event_cache.append('set')
+        a.x.on_add(handle_add)
+        a.x.on_del(handle_del)
+        a.x.on_set(handle_set)
+
+        del a.x['c']
+        # ab
+        a.x['z'] = 1
+        # abz
+        a.x['z'] = 'z'
+        # abz
+        a.x.pop('a')
+        # bz 
+
+        # Were the correct events captured?
+        self.assertEqual(event_cache, ['del', 'add', 'set', 'del'])
+
+        # Is the output correct?
+        self.assertEqual(a.x, {c: c for c in 'bz'})

IPython/utils/traitlets.py

@@ -1,1523 +1,1567
 # encoding: utf-8
 """
 A lightweight Traits like module.
 
 This is designed to provide a lightweight, simple, pure Python version of
 many of the capabilities of enthought.traits.  This includes:
 
 * Validation
 * Type specification with defaults
 * Static and dynamic notification
 * Basic predefined types
 * An API that is similar to enthought.traits
 
 We don't support:
 
 * Delegation
 * Automatic GUI generation
 * A full set of trait types.  Most importantly, we don't provide container
   traits (list, dict, tuple) that can trigger notifications if their
   contents change.
 * API compatibility with enthought.traits
 
 There are also some important difference in our design:
 
 * enthought.traits does not validate default values.  We do.
 
 We choose to create this module because we need these capabilities, but
 we need them to be pure Python so they work in all Python implementations,
 including Jython and IronPython.
 
 Inheritance diagram:
 
 .. inheritance-diagram:: IPython.utils.traitlets
    :parts: 3
 """
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 # Adapted from enthought.traits, Copyright (c) Enthought, Inc.,
 # also under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import contextlib
 import inspect
 import re
 import sys
 import types
 from types import FunctionType
 try:
     from types import ClassType, InstanceType
     ClassTypes = (ClassType, type)
 except:
     ClassTypes = (type,)
 
 from .importstring import import_item
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
+from IPython.utils import eventful
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import iteritems
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 
 SequenceTypes = (list, tuple, set, frozenset)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Basic classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class NoDefaultSpecified ( object ): pass
 NoDefaultSpecified = NoDefaultSpecified()
 
 
 class Undefined ( object ): pass
 Undefined = Undefined()
 
 class TraitError(Exception):
     pass
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def class_of ( object ):
     """ Returns a string containing the class name of an object with the
     correct indefinite article ('a' or 'an') preceding it (e.g., 'an Image',
     'a PlotValue').
     """
     if isinstance( object, py3compat.string_types ):
         return add_article( object )
 
     return add_article( object.__class__.__name__ )
 
 
 def add_article ( name ):
     """ Returns a string containing the correct indefinite article ('a' or 'an')
     prefixed to the specified string.
     """
     if name[:1].lower() in 'aeiou':
        return 'an ' + name
 
     return 'a ' + name
 
 
 def repr_type(obj):
     """ Return a string representation of a value and its type for readable
     error messages.
     """
     the_type = type(obj)
     if (not py3compat.PY3) and the_type is InstanceType:
         # Old-style class.
         the_type = obj.__class__
     msg = '%r %r' % (obj, the_type)
     return msg
 
 
 def is_trait(t):
     """ Returns whether the given value is an instance or subclass of TraitType.
     """
     return (isinstance(t, TraitType) or
             (isinstance(t, type) and issubclass(t, TraitType)))
 
 
 def parse_notifier_name(name):
     """Convert the name argument to a list of names.
 
     Examples
     --------
 
     >>> parse_notifier_name('a')
     ['a']
     >>> parse_notifier_name(['a','b'])
     ['a', 'b']
     >>> parse_notifier_name(None)
     ['anytrait']
     """
     if isinstance(name, str):
         return [name]
     elif name is None:
         return ['anytrait']
     elif isinstance(name, (list, tuple)):
         for n in name:
             assert isinstance(n, str), "names must be strings"
         return name
 
 
 class _SimpleTest:
     def __init__ ( self, value ): self.value = value
     def __call__ ( self, test  ):
         return test == self.value
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<SimpleTest(%r)" % self.value
     def __str__(self):
         return self.__repr__()
 
 
 def getmembers(object, predicate=None):
     """A safe version of inspect.getmembers that handles missing attributes.
 
     This is useful when there are descriptor based attributes that for
     some reason raise AttributeError even though they exist.  This happens
     in zope.inteface with the __provides__ attribute.
     """
     results = []
     for key in dir(object):
         try:
             value = getattr(object, key)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         else:
             if not predicate or predicate(value):
                 results.append((key, value))
     results.sort()
     return results
 
 @skip_doctest
 class link(object):
     """Link traits from different objects together so they remain in sync.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     obj : pairs of objects/attributes
 
     Examples
     --------
 
     >>> c = link((obj1, 'value'), (obj2, 'value'), (obj3, 'value'))
     >>> obj1.value = 5 # updates other objects as well
     """
     updating = False
     def __init__(self, *args):
         if len(args) < 2:
             raise TypeError('At least two traitlets must be provided.')
 
         self.objects = {}
         initial = getattr(args[0][0], args[0][1])
         for obj,attr in args:
             if getattr(obj, attr) != initial:
                 setattr(obj, attr, initial)
 
             callback = self._make_closure(obj,attr)
             obj.on_trait_change(callback, attr)
             self.objects[(obj,attr)] = callback
 
     @contextlib.contextmanager
     def _busy_updating(self):
         self.updating = True
         try:
             yield
         finally:
             self.updating = False
 
     def _make_closure(self, sending_obj, sending_attr):
         def update(name, old, new):
             self._update(sending_obj, sending_attr, new)
         return update
 
     def _update(self, sending_obj, sending_attr, new):
         if self.updating:
             return
         with self._busy_updating():
             for obj,attr in self.objects.keys():
                 if obj is not sending_obj or attr != sending_attr:
                     setattr(obj, attr, new)
     
     def unlink(self):
         for key, callback in self.objects.items():
             (obj,attr) = key
             obj.on_trait_change(callback, attr, remove=True)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Base TraitType for all traits
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class TraitType(object):
     """A base class for all trait descriptors.
 
     Notes
     -----
     Our implementation of traits is based on Python's descriptor
     prototol.  This class is the base class for all such descriptors.  The
     only magic we use is a custom metaclass for the main :class:`HasTraits`
     class that does the following:
 
     1. Sets the :attr:`name` attribute of every :class:`TraitType`
        instance in the class dict to the name of the attribute.
     2. Sets the :attr:`this_class` attribute of every :class:`TraitType`
        instance in the class dict to the *class* that declared the trait.
        This is used by the :class:`This` trait to allow subclasses to
        accept superclasses for :class:`This` values.
     """
 
 
     metadata = {}
     default_value = Undefined
     allow_none = False
     info_text = 'any value'
 
     def __init__(self, default_value=NoDefaultSpecified, allow_none=None, **metadata):
         """Create a TraitType.
         """
         if default_value is not NoDefaultSpecified:
             self.default_value = default_value
         if allow_none is not None:
             self.allow_none = allow_none
 
         if len(metadata) > 0:
             if len(self.metadata) > 0:
                 self._metadata = self.metadata.copy()
                 self._metadata.update(metadata)
             else:
                 self._metadata = metadata
         else:
             self._metadata = self.metadata
 
         self.init()
 
     def init(self):
         pass
 
     def get_default_value(self):
         """Create a new instance of the default value."""
         return self.default_value
 
     def instance_init(self, obj):
         """This is called by :meth:`HasTraits.__new__` to finish init'ing.
 
         Some stages of initialization must be delayed until the parent
         :class:`HasTraits` instance has been created.  This method is
         called in :meth:`HasTraits.__new__` after the instance has been
         created.
 
         This method trigger the creation and validation of default values
         and also things like the resolution of str given class names in
         :class:`Type` and :class`Instance`.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         obj : :class:`HasTraits` instance
             The parent :class:`HasTraits` instance that has just been
             created.
         """
         self.set_default_value(obj)
 
     def set_default_value(self, obj):
         """Set the default value on a per instance basis.
 
         This method is called by :meth:`instance_init` to create and
         validate the default value.  The creation and validation of
         default values must be delayed until the parent :class:`HasTraits`
         class has been instantiated.
         """
         # Check for a deferred initializer defined in the same class as the
         # trait declaration or above.
         mro = type(obj).mro()
         meth_name = '_%s_default' % self.name
         for cls in mro[:mro.index(self.this_class)+1]:
             if meth_name in cls.__dict__:
                 break
         else:
             # We didn't find one. Do static initialization.
             dv = self.get_default_value()
             newdv = self._validate(obj, dv)
             obj._trait_values[self.name] = newdv
             return
         # Complete the dynamic initialization.
         obj._trait_dyn_inits[self.name] = meth_name
     
     def __get__(self, obj, cls=None):
         """Get the value of the trait by self.name for the instance.
 
         Default values are instantiated when :meth:`HasTraits.__new__`
         is called.  Thus by the time this method gets called either the
         default value or a user defined value (they called :meth:`__set__`)
         is in the :class:`HasTraits` instance.
         """
         if obj is None:
             return self
         else:
             try:
                 value = obj._trait_values[self.name]
             except KeyError:
                 # Check for a dynamic initializer.
                 if self.name in obj._trait_dyn_inits:
                     method = getattr(obj, obj._trait_dyn_inits[self.name])
                     value = method()
                     # FIXME: Do we really validate here?
                     value = self._validate(obj, value)
                     obj._trait_values[self.name] = value
                     return value
                 else:
                     raise TraitError('Unexpected error in TraitType: '
                         'both default value and dynamic initializer are '
                         'absent.')
             except Exception:
                 # HasTraits should call set_default_value to populate
                 # this.  So this should never be reached.
                 raise TraitError('Unexpected error in TraitType: '
                                     'default value not set properly')
             else:
                 return value
 
     def __set__(self, obj, value):
         new_value = self._validate(obj, value)
         old_value = self.__get__(obj)
         obj._trait_values[self.name] = new_value
         try:
             silent = bool(old_value == new_value)
         except:
             # if there is an error in comparing, default to notify
             silent = False
         if silent is not True:
             # we explicitly compare silent to True just in case the equality
             # comparison above returns something other than True/False
             obj._notify_trait(self.name, old_value, new_value)
 
     def _validate(self, obj, value):
         if value is None and self.allow_none:
             return value
         if hasattr(self, 'validate'):
             return self.validate(obj, value)
         elif hasattr(self, 'is_valid_for'):
             valid = self.is_valid_for(value)
             if valid:
                 return value
             else:
                 raise TraitError('invalid value for type: %r' % value)
         elif hasattr(self, 'value_for'):
             return self.value_for(value)
         else:
             return value
 
     def info(self):
         return self.info_text
 
     def error(self, obj, value):
         if obj is not None:
             e = "The '%s' trait of %s instance must be %s, but a value of %s was specified." \
                 % (self.name, class_of(obj),
                    self.info(), repr_type(value))
         else:
             e = "The '%s' trait must be %s, but a value of %r was specified." \
                 % (self.name, self.info(), repr_type(value))
         raise TraitError(e)
 
     def get_metadata(self, key):
         return getattr(self, '_metadata', {}).get(key, None)
 
     def set_metadata(self, key, value):
         getattr(self, '_metadata', {})[key] = value
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # The HasTraits implementation
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class MetaHasTraits(type):
     """A metaclass for HasTraits.
 
     This metaclass makes sure that any TraitType class attributes are
     instantiated and sets their name attribute.
     """
 
     def __new__(mcls, name, bases, classdict):
         """Create the HasTraits class.
 
         This instantiates all TraitTypes in the class dict and sets their
         :attr:`name` attribute.
         """
         # print "MetaHasTraitlets (mcls, name): ", mcls, name
         # print "MetaHasTraitlets (bases): ", bases
         # print "MetaHasTraitlets (classdict): ", classdict
         for k,v in iteritems(classdict):
             if isinstance(v, TraitType):
                 v.name = k
             elif inspect.isclass(v):
                 if issubclass(v, TraitType):
                     vinst = v()
                     vinst.name = k
                     classdict[k] = vinst
         return super(MetaHasTraits, mcls).__new__(mcls, name, bases, classdict)
 
     def __init__(cls, name, bases, classdict):
         """Finish initializing the HasTraits class.
 
         This sets the :attr:`this_class` attribute of each TraitType in the
         class dict to the newly created class ``cls``.
         """
         for k, v in iteritems(classdict):
             if isinstance(v, TraitType):
                 v.this_class = cls
         super(MetaHasTraits, cls).__init__(name, bases, classdict)
 
 class HasTraits(py3compat.with_metaclass(MetaHasTraits, object)):
 
     def __new__(cls, *args, **kw):
         # This is needed because object.__new__ only accepts
         # the cls argument.
         new_meth = super(HasTraits, cls).__new__
         if new_meth is object.__new__:
             inst = new_meth(cls)
         else:
             inst = new_meth(cls, **kw)
         inst._trait_values = {}
         inst._trait_notifiers = {}
         inst._trait_dyn_inits = {}
         # Here we tell all the TraitType instances to set their default
         # values on the instance.
         for key in dir(cls):
             # Some descriptors raise AttributeError like zope.interface's
             # __provides__ attributes even though they exist.  This causes
             # AttributeErrors even though they are listed in dir(cls).
             try:
                 value = getattr(cls, key)
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             else:
                 if isinstance(value, TraitType):
                     value.instance_init(inst)
 
         return inst
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
         # Allow trait values to be set using keyword arguments.
         # We need to use setattr for this to trigger validation and
         # notifications.
         for key, value in iteritems(kw):
             setattr(self, key, value)
 
     def _notify_trait(self, name, old_value, new_value):
 
         # First dynamic ones
         callables = []
         callables.extend(self._trait_notifiers.get(name,[]))
         callables.extend(self._trait_notifiers.get('anytrait',[]))
 
         # Now static ones
         try:
             cb = getattr(self, '_%s_changed' % name)
         except:
             pass
         else:
             callables.append(cb)
 
         # Call them all now
         for c in callables:
             # Traits catches and logs errors here.  I allow them to raise
             if callable(c):
                 argspec = inspect.getargspec(c)
                 nargs = len(argspec[0])
                 # Bound methods have an additional 'self' argument
                 # I don't know how to treat unbound methods, but they
                 # can't really be used for callbacks.
                 if isinstance(c, types.MethodType):
                     offset = -1
                 else:
                     offset = 0
                 if nargs + offset == 0:
                     c()
                 elif nargs + offset == 1:
                     c(name)
                 elif nargs + offset == 2:
                     c(name, new_value)
                 elif nargs + offset == 3:
                     c(name, old_value, new_value)
                 else:
                     raise TraitError('a trait changed callback '
                                         'must have 0-3 arguments.')
             else:
                 raise TraitError('a trait changed callback '
                                     'must be callable.')
 
 
     def _add_notifiers(self, handler, name):
         if name not in self._trait_notifiers:
             nlist = []
             self._trait_notifiers[name] = nlist
         else:
             nlist = self._trait_notifiers[name]
         if handler not in nlist:
             nlist.append(handler)
 
     def _remove_notifiers(self, handler, name):
         if name in self._trait_notifiers:
             nlist = self._trait_notifiers[name]
             try:
                 index = nlist.index(handler)
             except ValueError:
                 pass
             else:
                 del nlist[index]
 
     def on_trait_change(self, handler, name=None, remove=False):
         """Setup a handler to be called when a trait changes.
 
         This is used to setup dynamic notifications of trait changes.
 
         Static handlers can be created by creating methods on a HasTraits
         subclass with the naming convention '_[traitname]_changed'.  Thus,
         to create static handler for the trait 'a', create the method
         _a_changed(self, name, old, new) (fewer arguments can be used, see
         below).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         handler : callable
             A callable that is called when a trait changes.  Its
             signature can be handler(), handler(name), handler(name, new)
             or handler(name, old, new).
         name : list, str, None
             If None, the handler will apply to all traits.  If a list
             of str, handler will apply to all names in the list.  If a
             str, the handler will apply just to that name.
         remove : bool
             If False (the default), then install the handler.  If True
             then unintall it.
         """
         if remove:
             names = parse_notifier_name(name)
             for n in names:
                 self._remove_notifiers(handler, n)
         else:
             names = parse_notifier_name(name)
             for n in names:
                 self._add_notifiers(handler, n)
 
     @classmethod
     def class_trait_names(cls, **metadata):
         """Get a list of all the names of this class' traits.
 
         This method is just like the :meth:`trait_names` method,
         but is unbound.
         """
         return cls.class_traits(**metadata).keys()
 
     @classmethod
     def class_traits(cls, **metadata):
         """Get a `dict` of all the traits of this class.  The dictionary
         is keyed on the name and the values are the TraitType objects.
 
         This method is just like the :meth:`traits` method, but is unbound.
 
         The TraitTypes returned don't know anything about the values
         that the various HasTrait's instances are holding.
 
         The metadata kwargs allow functions to be passed in which
         filter traits based on metadata values.  The functions should
         take a single value as an argument and return a boolean.  If
         any function returns False, then the trait is not included in
         the output.  This does not allow for any simple way of
         testing that a metadata name exists and has any
         value because get_metadata returns None if a metadata key
         doesn't exist.
         """
         traits = dict([memb for memb in getmembers(cls) if
                      isinstance(memb[1], TraitType)])
 
         if len(metadata) == 0:
             return traits
 
         for meta_name, meta_eval in metadata.items():
             if type(meta_eval) is not FunctionType:
                 metadata[meta_name] = _SimpleTest(meta_eval)
 
         result = {}
         for name, trait in traits.items():
             for meta_name, meta_eval in metadata.items():
                 if not meta_eval(trait.get_metadata(meta_name)):
                     break
             else:
                 result[name] = trait
 
         return result
 
     def trait_names(self, **metadata):
         """Get a list of all the names of this class' traits."""
         return self.traits(**metadata).keys()
 
     def traits(self, **metadata):
         """Get a `dict` of all the traits of this class.  The dictionary
         is keyed on the name and the values are the TraitType objects.
 
         The TraitTypes returned don't know anything about the values
         that the various HasTrait's instances are holding.
 
         The metadata kwargs allow functions to be passed in which
         filter traits based on metadata values.  The functions should
         take a single value as an argument and return a boolean.  If
         any function returns False, then the trait is not included in
         the output.  This does not allow for any simple way of
         testing that a metadata name exists and has any
         value because get_metadata returns None if a metadata key
         doesn't exist.
         """
         traits = dict([memb for memb in getmembers(self.__class__) if
                      isinstance(memb[1], TraitType)])
 
         if len(metadata) == 0:
             return traits
 
         for meta_name, meta_eval in metadata.items():
             if type(meta_eval) is not FunctionType:
                 metadata[meta_name] = _SimpleTest(meta_eval)
 
         result = {}
         for name, trait in traits.items():
             for meta_name, meta_eval in metadata.items():
                 if not meta_eval(trait.get_metadata(meta_name)):
                     break
             else:
                 result[name] = trait
 
         return result
 
     def trait_metadata(self, traitname, key):
         """Get metadata values for trait by key."""
         try:
             trait = getattr(self.__class__, traitname)
         except AttributeError:
             raise TraitError("Class %s does not have a trait named %s" %
                                 (self.__class__.__name__, traitname))
         else:
             return trait.get_metadata(key)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Actual TraitTypes implementations/subclasses
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # TraitTypes subclasses for handling classes and instances of classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class ClassBasedTraitType(TraitType):
     """A trait with error reporting for Type, Instance and This."""
 
     def error(self, obj, value):
         kind = type(value)
         if (not py3compat.PY3) and kind is InstanceType:
             msg = 'class %s' % value.__class__.__name__
         else:
             msg = '%s (i.e. %s)' % ( str( kind )[1:-1], repr( value ) )
 
         if obj is not None:
             e = "The '%s' trait of %s instance must be %s, but a value of %s was specified." \
                 % (self.name, class_of(obj),
                    self.info(), msg)
         else:
             e = "The '%s' trait must be %s, but a value of %r was specified." \
                 % (self.name, self.info(), msg)
 
         raise TraitError(e)
 
 
 class Type(ClassBasedTraitType):
     """A trait whose value must be a subclass of a specified class."""
 
     def __init__ (self, default_value=None, klass=None, allow_none=True, **metadata ):
         """Construct a Type trait
 
         A Type trait specifies that its values must be subclasses of
         a particular class.
 
         If only ``default_value`` is given, it is used for the ``klass`` as
         well.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         default_value : class, str or None
             The default value must be a subclass of klass.  If an str,
             the str must be a fully specified class name, like 'foo.bar.Bah'.
             The string is resolved into real class, when the parent
             :class:`HasTraits` class is instantiated.
         klass : class, str, None
             Values of this trait must be a subclass of klass.  The klass
             may be specified in a string like: 'foo.bar.MyClass'.
             The string is resolved into real class, when the parent
             :class:`HasTraits` class is instantiated.
         allow_none : boolean
             Indicates whether None is allowed as an assignable value. Even if
             ``False``, the default value may be ``None``.
         """
         if default_value is None:
             if klass is None:
                 klass = object
         elif klass is None:
             klass = default_value
 
         if not (inspect.isclass(klass) or isinstance(klass, py3compat.string_types)):
             raise TraitError("A Type trait must specify a class.")
 
         self.klass       = klass
 
         super(Type, self).__init__(default_value, allow_none=allow_none, **metadata)
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         """Validates that the value is a valid object instance."""
         if isinstance(value, py3compat.string_types):
             try:
                 value = import_item(value)
             except ImportError:
                 raise TraitError("The '%s' trait of %s instance must be a type, but "
                                 "%r could not be imported" % (self.name, obj, value))
         try:
             if issubclass(value, self.klass):
                 return value
         except:
             pass
 
         self.error(obj, value)
 
     def info(self):
         """ Returns a description of the trait."""
         if isinstance(self.klass, py3compat.string_types):
             klass = self.klass
         else:
             klass = self.klass.__name__
         result = 'a subclass of ' + klass
         if self.allow_none:
             return result + ' or None'
         return result
 
     def instance_init(self, obj):
         self._resolve_classes()
         super(Type, self).instance_init(obj)
 
     def _resolve_classes(self):
         if isinstance(self.klass, py3compat.string_types):
             self.klass = import_item(self.klass)
         if isinstance(self.default_value, py3compat.string_types):
             self.default_value = import_item(self.default_value)
 
     def get_default_value(self):
         return self.default_value
 
 
 class DefaultValueGenerator(object):
     """A class for generating new default value instances."""
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
         self.args = args
         self.kw = kw
 
     def generate(self, klass):
         return klass(*self.args, **self.kw)
 
 
 class Instance(ClassBasedTraitType):
     """A trait whose value must be an instance of a specified class.
 
     The value can also be an instance of a subclass of the specified class.
 
     Subclasses can declare default classes by overriding the klass attribute
     """
 
     klass = None
 
     def __init__(self, klass=None, args=None, kw=None,
                  allow_none=True, **metadata ):
         """Construct an Instance trait.
 
         This trait allows values that are instances of a particular
         class or its sublclasses.  Our implementation is quite different
         from that of enthough.traits as we don't allow instances to be used
         for klass and we handle the ``args`` and ``kw`` arguments differently.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         klass : class, str
             The class that forms the basis for the trait.  Class names
             can also be specified as strings, like 'foo.bar.Bar'.
         args : tuple
             Positional arguments for generating the default value.
         kw : dict
             Keyword arguments for generating the default value.
         allow_none : bool
             Indicates whether None is allowed as a value.
 
         Notes
         -----
         If both ``args`` and ``kw`` are None, then the default value is None.
         If ``args`` is a tuple and ``kw`` is a dict, then the default is
         created as ``klass(*args, **kw)``.  If exactly one of ``args`` or ``kw`` is
         None, the None is replaced by ``()`` or ``{}``, respectively.
         """
         if klass is None:
             klass = self.klass
         
         if (klass is not None) and (inspect.isclass(klass) or isinstance(klass, py3compat.string_types)):
             self.klass = klass
         else:
             raise TraitError('The klass attribute must be a class'
                                 ' not: %r' % klass)
 
         # self.klass is a class, so handle default_value
         if args is None and kw is None:
             default_value = None
         else:
             if args is None:
                 # kw is not None
                 args = ()
             elif kw is None:
                 # args is not None
                 kw = {}
 
             if not isinstance(kw, dict):
                 raise TraitError("The 'kw' argument must be a dict or None.")
             if not isinstance(args, tuple):
                 raise TraitError("The 'args' argument must be a tuple or None.")
 
             default_value = DefaultValueGenerator(*args, **kw)
 
         super(Instance, self).__init__(default_value, allow_none=allow_none, **metadata)
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if isinstance(value, self.klass):
             return value
         else:
             self.error(obj, value)
 
     def info(self):
         if isinstance(self.klass, py3compat.string_types):
             klass = self.klass
         else:
             klass = self.klass.__name__
         result = class_of(klass)
         if self.allow_none:
             return result + ' or None'
 
         return result
 
     def instance_init(self, obj):
         self._resolve_classes()
         super(Instance, self).instance_init(obj)
 
     def _resolve_classes(self):
         if isinstance(self.klass, py3compat.string_types):
             self.klass = import_item(self.klass)
 
     def get_default_value(self):
         """Instantiate a default value instance.
 
         This is called when the containing HasTraits classes'
         :meth:`__new__` method is called to ensure that a unique instance
         is created for each HasTraits instance.
         """
         dv  = self.default_value
         if isinstance(dv, DefaultValueGenerator):
             return dv.generate(self.klass)
         else:
             return dv
 
 
 class This(ClassBasedTraitType):
     """A trait for instances of the class containing this trait.
 
     Because how how and when class bodies are executed, the ``This``
     trait can only have a default value of None.  This, and because we
     always validate default values, ``allow_none`` is *always* true.
     """
 
     info_text = 'an instance of the same type as the receiver or None'
 
     def __init__(self, **metadata):
         super(This, self).__init__(None, **metadata)
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         # What if value is a superclass of obj.__class__?  This is
         # complicated if it was the superclass that defined the This
         # trait.
         if isinstance(value, self.this_class) or (value is None):
             return value
         else:
             self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Basic TraitTypes implementations/subclasses
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class Any(TraitType):
     default_value = None
     info_text = 'any value'
 
 
 class Int(TraitType):
     """An int trait."""
 
     default_value = 0
     info_text = 'an int'
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if isinstance(value, int):
             return value
         self.error(obj, value)
 
 class CInt(Int):
     """A casting version of the int trait."""
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         try:
             return int(value)
         except:
             self.error(obj, value)
 
 if py3compat.PY3:
     Long, CLong = Int, CInt
     Integer = Int
 else:
     class Long(TraitType):
         """A long integer trait."""
 
         default_value = 0
         info_text = 'a long'
 
         def validate(self, obj, value):
             if isinstance(value, long):
                 return value
             if isinstance(value, int):
                 return long(value)
             self.error(obj, value)
 
 
     class CLong(Long):
         """A casting version of the long integer trait."""
 
         def validate(self, obj, value):
             try:
                 return long(value)
             except:
                 self.error(obj, value)
 
     class Integer(TraitType):
         """An integer trait.
 
         Longs that are unnecessary (<= sys.maxint) are cast to ints."""
 
         default_value = 0
         info_text = 'an integer'
 
         def validate(self, obj, value):
             if isinstance(value, int):
                 return value
             if isinstance(value, long):
                 # downcast longs that fit in int:
                 # note that int(n > sys.maxint) returns a long, so
                 # we don't need a condition on this cast
                 return int(value)
             if sys.platform == "cli":
                 from System import Int64
                 if isinstance(value, Int64):
                     return int(value)
             self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 class Float(TraitType):
     """A float trait."""
 
     default_value = 0.0
     info_text = 'a float'
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if isinstance(value, float):
             return value
         if isinstance(value, int):
             return float(value)
         self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 class CFloat(Float):
     """A casting version of the float trait."""
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         try:
             return float(value)
         except:
             self.error(obj, value)
 
 class Complex(TraitType):
     """A trait for complex numbers."""
 
     default_value = 0.0 + 0.0j
     info_text = 'a complex number'
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if isinstance(value, complex):
             return value
         if isinstance(value, (float, int)):
             return complex(value)
         self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 class CComplex(Complex):
     """A casting version of the complex number trait."""
 
     def validate (self, obj, value):
         try:
             return complex(value)
         except:
             self.error(obj, value)
 
 # We should always be explicit about whether we're using bytes or unicode, both
 # for Python 3 conversion and for reliable unicode behaviour on Python 2. So
 # we don't have a Str type.
 class Bytes(TraitType):
     """A trait for byte strings."""
 
     default_value = b''
     info_text = 'a bytes object'
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if isinstance(value, bytes):
             return value
         self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 class CBytes(Bytes):
     """A casting version of the byte string trait."""
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         try:
             return bytes(value)
         except:
             self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 class Unicode(TraitType):
     """A trait for unicode strings."""
 
     default_value = u''
     info_text = 'a unicode string'
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if isinstance(value, py3compat.unicode_type):
             return value
         if isinstance(value, bytes):
             try:
                 return value.decode('ascii', 'strict')
             except UnicodeDecodeError:
                 msg = "Could not decode {!r} for unicode trait '{}' of {} instance."
                 raise TraitError(msg.format(value, self.name, class_of(obj)))
         self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 class CUnicode(Unicode):
     """A casting version of the unicode trait."""
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         try:
             return py3compat.unicode_type(value)
         except:
             self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 class ObjectName(TraitType):
     """A string holding a valid object name in this version of Python.
 
     This does not check that the name exists in any scope."""
     info_text = "a valid object identifier in Python"
 
     if py3compat.PY3:
         # Python 3:
         coerce_str = staticmethod(lambda _,s: s)
 
     else:
         # Python 2:
         def coerce_str(self, obj, value):
             "In Python 2, coerce ascii-only unicode to str"
             if isinstance(value, unicode):
                 try:
                     return str(value)
                 except UnicodeEncodeError:
                     self.error(obj, value)
             return value
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         value = self.coerce_str(obj, value)
 
         if isinstance(value, str) and py3compat.isidentifier(value):
             return value
         self.error(obj, value)
 
 class DottedObjectName(ObjectName):
     """A string holding a valid dotted object name in Python, such as A.b3._c"""
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         value = self.coerce_str(obj, value)
 
         if isinstance(value, str) and py3compat.isidentifier(value, dotted=True):
             return value
         self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 class Bool(TraitType):
     """A boolean (True, False) trait."""
 
     default_value = False
     info_text = 'a boolean'
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if isinstance(value, bool):
             return value
         self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 class CBool(Bool):
     """A casting version of the boolean trait."""
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         try:
             return bool(value)
         except:
             self.error(obj, value)
 
 
 class Enum(TraitType):
     """An enum that whose value must be in a given sequence."""
 
     def __init__(self, values, default_value=None, allow_none=True, **metadata):
         self.values = values
         super(Enum, self).__init__(default_value, allow_none=allow_none, **metadata)
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if value in self.values:
                 return value
         self.error(obj, value)
 
     def info(self):
         """ Returns a description of the trait."""
         result = 'any of ' + repr(self.values)
         if self.allow_none:
             return result + ' or None'
         return result
 
 class CaselessStrEnum(Enum):
     """An enum of strings that are caseless in validate."""
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if not isinstance(value, py3compat.string_types):
             self.error(obj, value)
 
         for v in self.values:
             if v.lower() == value.lower():
                 return v
         self.error(obj, value)
 
 class Container(Instance):
     """An instance of a container (list, set, etc.)
 
     To be subclassed by overriding klass.
     """
     klass = None
     _cast_types = ()
     _valid_defaults = SequenceTypes
     _trait = None
 
     def __init__(self, trait=None, default_value=None, allow_none=True,
                 **metadata):
         """Create a container trait type from a list, set, or tuple.
 
         The default value is created by doing ``List(default_value)``,
         which creates a copy of the ``default_value``.
 
         ``trait`` can be specified, which restricts the type of elements
         in the container to that TraitType.
 
         If only one arg is given and it is not a Trait, it is taken as
         ``default_value``:
 
         ``c = List([1,2,3])``
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         trait : TraitType [ optional ]
             the type for restricting the contents of the Container.  If unspecified,
             types are not checked.
 
         default_value : SequenceType [ optional ]
             The default value for the Trait.  Must be list/tuple/set, and
             will be cast to the container type.
 
         allow_none : Bool [ default True ]
             Whether to allow the value to be None
 
         **metadata : any
             further keys for extensions to the Trait (e.g. config)
 
         """
         # allow List([values]):
         if default_value is None and not is_trait(trait):
             default_value = trait
             trait = None
 
         if default_value is None:
             args = ()
         elif isinstance(default_value, self._valid_defaults):
             args = (default_value,)
         else:
             raise TypeError('default value of %s was %s' %(self.__class__.__name__, default_value))
 
         if is_trait(trait):
             self._trait = trait() if isinstance(trait, type) else trait
             self._trait.name = 'element'
         elif trait is not None:
             raise TypeError("`trait` must be a Trait or None, got %s"%repr_type(trait))
 
         super(Container,self).__init__(klass=self.klass, args=args,
                                   allow_none=allow_none, **metadata)
 
     def element_error(self, obj, element, validator):
         e = "Element of the '%s' trait of %s instance must be %s, but a value of %s was specified." \
             % (self.name, class_of(obj), validator.info(), repr_type(element))
         raise TraitError(e)
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if isinstance(value, self._cast_types):
             value = self.klass(value)
         value = super(Container, self).validate(obj, value)
         if value is None:
             return value
 
         value = self.validate_elements(obj, value)
 
         return value
 
     def validate_elements(self, obj, value):
         validated = []
         if self._trait is None or isinstance(self._trait, Any):
             return value
         for v in value:
             try:
                 v = self._trait._validate(obj, v)
             except TraitError:
                 self.element_error(obj, v, self._trait)
             else:
                 validated.append(v)
         return self.klass(validated)
 
     def instance_init(self, obj):
         if isinstance(self._trait, Instance):
             self._trait._resolve_classes()
         super(Container, self).instance_init(obj)
 
 
 class List(Container):
     """An instance of a Python list."""
     klass = list
     _cast_types = (tuple,)
 
     def __init__(self, trait=None, default_value=None, minlen=0, maxlen=sys.maxsize,
                 allow_none=True, **metadata):
         """Create a List trait type from a list, set, or tuple.
 
         The default value is created by doing ``List(default_value)``,
         which creates a copy of the ``default_value``.
 
         ``trait`` can be specified, which restricts the type of elements
         in the container to that TraitType.
 
         If only one arg is given and it is not a Trait, it is taken as
         ``default_value``:
 
         ``c = List([1,2,3])``
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         trait : TraitType [ optional ]
             the type for restricting the contents of the Container.  If unspecified,
             types are not checked.
 
         default_value : SequenceType [ optional ]
             The default value for the Trait.  Must be list/tuple/set, and
             will be cast to the container type.
 
         minlen : Int [ default 0 ]
             The minimum length of the input list
 
         maxlen : Int [ default sys.maxsize ]
             The maximum length of the input list
 
         allow_none : Bool [ default True ]
             Whether to allow the value to be None
 
         **metadata : any
             further keys for extensions to the Trait (e.g. config)
 
         """
         self._minlen = minlen
         self._maxlen = maxlen
         super(List, self).__init__(trait=trait, default_value=default_value,
                                 allow_none=allow_none, **metadata)
 
     def length_error(self, obj, value):
         e = "The '%s' trait of %s instance must be of length %i <= L <= %i, but a value of %s was specified." \
             % (self.name, class_of(obj), self._minlen, self._maxlen, value)
         raise TraitError(e)
 
     def validate_elements(self, obj, value):
         length = len(value)
         if length < self._minlen or length > self._maxlen:
             self.length_error(obj, value)
 
         return super(List, self).validate_elements(obj, value)
     
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         value = super(List, self).validate(obj, value)
 
         value = self.validate_elements(obj, value)
 
         return value
         
 
 
 class Set(List):
     """An instance of a Python set."""
     klass = set
     _cast_types = (tuple, list)
 
 class Tuple(Container):
     """An instance of a Python tuple."""
     klass = tuple
     _cast_types = (list,)
 
     def __init__(self, *traits, **metadata):
         """Tuple(*traits, default_value=None, allow_none=True, **medatata)
 
         Create a tuple from a list, set, or tuple.
 
         Create a fixed-type tuple with Traits:
 
         ``t = Tuple(Int, Str, CStr)``
 
         would be length 3, with Int,Str,CStr for each element.
 
         If only one arg is given and it is not a Trait, it is taken as
         default_value:
 
         ``t = Tuple((1,2,3))``
 
         Otherwise, ``default_value`` *must* be specified by keyword.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         *traits : TraitTypes [ optional ]
             the tsype for restricting the contents of the Tuple.  If unspecified,
             types are not checked. If specified, then each positional argument
             corresponds to an element of the tuple.  Tuples defined with traits
             are of fixed length.
 
         default_value : SequenceType [ optional ]
             The default value for the Tuple.  Must be list/tuple/set, and
             will be cast to a tuple. If `traits` are specified, the
             `default_value` must conform to the shape and type they specify.
 
         allow_none : Bool [ default True ]
             Whether to allow the value to be None
 
         **metadata : any
             further keys for extensions to the Trait (e.g. config)
 
         """
         default_value = metadata.pop('default_value', None)
         allow_none = metadata.pop('allow_none', True)
 
         # allow Tuple((values,)):
         if len(traits) == 1 and default_value is None and not is_trait(traits[0]):
             default_value = traits[0]
             traits = ()
 
         if default_value is None:
             args = ()
         elif isinstance(default_value, self._valid_defaults):
             args = (default_value,)
         else:
             raise TypeError('default value of %s was %s' %(self.__class__.__name__, default_value))
 
         self._traits = []
         for trait in traits:
             t = trait() if isinstance(trait, type) else trait
             t.name = 'element'
             self._traits.append(t)
 
         if self._traits and default_value is None:
             # don't allow default to be an empty container if length is specified
             args = None
         super(Container,self).__init__(klass=self.klass, args=args,
                                   allow_none=allow_none, **metadata)
 
     def validate_elements(self, obj, value):
         if not self._traits:
             # nothing to validate
             return value
         if len(value) != len(self._traits):
             e = "The '%s' trait of %s instance requires %i elements, but a value of %s was specified." \
                 % (self.name, class_of(obj), len(self._traits), repr_type(value))
             raise TraitError(e)
 
         validated = []
         for t,v in zip(self._traits, value):
             try:
                 v = t._validate(obj, v)
             except TraitError:
                 self.element_error(obj, v, t)
             else:
                 validated.append(v)
         return tuple(validated)
 
 
 class Dict(Instance):
     """An instance of a Python dict."""
 
     def __init__(self, default_value=None, allow_none=True, **metadata):
         """Create a dict trait type from a dict.
 
         The default value is created by doing ``dict(default_value)``,
         which creates a copy of the ``default_value``.
         """
         if default_value is None:
             args = ((),)
         elif isinstance(default_value, dict):
             args = (default_value,)
         elif isinstance(default_value, SequenceTypes):
             args = (default_value,)
         else:
             raise TypeError('default value of Dict was %s' % default_value)
 
         super(Dict,self).__init__(klass=dict, args=args,
                                   allow_none=allow_none, **metadata)
 
+
+class EventfulDict(Instance):
+    """An instance of an EventfulDict."""
+
+    def __init__(self, default_value=None, allow_none=True, **metadata):
+        """Create a EventfulDict trait type from a dict.
+
+        The default value is created by doing 
+        ``eventful.EvenfulDict(default_value)``, which creates a copy of the 
+        ``default_value``.
+        """
+        if default_value is None:
+            args = ((),)
+        elif isinstance(default_value, dict):
+            args = (default_value,)
+        elif isinstance(default_value, SequenceTypes):
+            args = (default_value,)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('default value of EventfulDict was %s' % default_value)
+
+        super(EventfulDict, self).__init__(klass=eventful.EventfulDict, args=args,
+                                  allow_none=allow_none, **metadata)
+
+
+class EventfulList(Instance):
+    """An instance of an EventfulList."""
+
+    def __init__(self, default_value=None, allow_none=True, **metadata):
+        """Create a EventfulList trait type from a dict.
+
+        The default value is created by doing 
+        ``eventful.EvenfulList(default_value)``, which creates a copy of the 
+        ``default_value``.
+        """
+        if default_value is None:
+            args = ((),)
+        else:
+            args = (default_value,)
+
+        super(EventfulList, self).__init__(klass=eventful.EventfulList, args=args,
+                                  allow_none=allow_none, **metadata)
+
+
 class TCPAddress(TraitType):
     """A trait for an (ip, port) tuple.
 
     This allows for both IPv4 IP addresses as well as hostnames.
     """
 
     default_value = ('127.0.0.1', 0)
     info_text = 'an (ip, port) tuple'
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if isinstance(value, tuple):
             if len(value) == 2:
                 if isinstance(value[0], py3compat.string_types) and isinstance(value[1], int):
                     port = value[1]
                     if port >= 0 and port <= 65535:
                         return value
         self.error(obj, value)
 
 class CRegExp(TraitType):
     """A casting compiled regular expression trait.
 
     Accepts both strings and compiled regular expressions. The resulting
     attribute will be a compiled regular expression."""
 
     info_text = 'a regular expression'
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         try:
             return re.compile(value)
         except:
             self.error(obj, value)