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1 | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- |
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1 | # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- | |
2 | """Usage information for the main IPython applications. |
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2 | """Usage information for the main IPython applications. | |
3 | """ |
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3 | """ | |
4 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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4 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
5 | # Copyright (C) 2008-2011 The IPython Development Team |
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5 | # Copyright (C) 2008-2011 The IPython Development Team | |
6 | # Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <fperez@colorado.edu> |
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6 | # Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <fperez@colorado.edu> | |
7 | # |
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7 | # | |
8 | # Distributed under the terms of the BSD License. The full license is in |
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8 | # Distributed under the terms of the BSD License. The full license is in | |
9 | # the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software. |
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9 | # the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software. | |
10 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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10 | #----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | |
11 |
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11 | |||
12 | import sys |
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12 | import sys | |
13 | from IPython.core import release |
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13 | from IPython.core import release | |
14 |
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14 | |||
15 | cl_usage = """\ |
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15 | cl_usage = """\ | |
16 | ========= |
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16 | ========= | |
17 | IPython |
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17 | IPython | |
18 | ========= |
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18 | ========= | |
19 |
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19 | |||
20 | Tools for Interactive Computing in Python |
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20 | Tools for Interactive Computing in Python | |
21 | ========================================= |
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21 | ========================================= | |
22 |
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22 | |||
23 | A Python shell with automatic history (input and output), dynamic object |
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23 | A Python shell with automatic history (input and output), dynamic object | |
24 | introspection, easier configuration, command completion, access to the |
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24 | introspection, easier configuration, command completion, access to the | |
25 | system shell and more. IPython can also be embedded in running programs. |
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25 | system shell and more. IPython can also be embedded in running programs. | |
26 |
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26 | |||
27 |
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27 | |||
28 | Usage |
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28 | Usage | |
29 |
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29 | |||
30 | ipython [subcommand] [options] [-c cmd | -m mod | file] [--] [arg] ... |
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30 | ipython [subcommand] [options] [-c cmd | -m mod | file] [--] [arg] ... | |
31 |
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31 | |||
32 | If invoked with no options, it executes the file and exits, passing the |
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32 | If invoked with no options, it executes the file and exits, passing the | |
33 | remaining arguments to the script, just as if you had specified the same |
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33 | remaining arguments to the script, just as if you had specified the same | |
34 | command with python. You may need to specify `--` before args to be passed |
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34 | command with python. You may need to specify `--` before args to be passed | |
35 | to the script, to prevent IPython from attempting to parse them. If you |
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35 | to the script, to prevent IPython from attempting to parse them. If you | |
36 | specify the option `-i` before the filename, it will enter an interactive |
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36 | specify the option `-i` before the filename, it will enter an interactive | |
37 | IPython session after running the script, rather than exiting. Files ending |
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37 | IPython session after running the script, rather than exiting. Files ending | |
38 | in .py will be treated as normal Python, but files ending in .ipy can |
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38 | in .py will be treated as normal Python, but files ending in .ipy can | |
39 | contain special IPython syntax (magic commands, shell expansions, etc.). |
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39 | contain special IPython syntax (magic commands, shell expansions, etc.). | |
40 |
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40 | |||
41 | Almost all configuration in IPython is available via the command-line. Do |
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41 | Almost all configuration in IPython is available via the command-line. Do | |
42 | `ipython --help-all` to see all available options. For persistent |
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42 | `ipython --help-all` to see all available options. For persistent | |
43 | configuration, look into your `ipython_config.py` configuration file for |
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43 | configuration, look into your `ipython_config.py` configuration file for | |
44 | details. |
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44 | details. | |
45 |
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45 | |||
46 | This file is typically installed in the `IPYTHONDIR` directory, and there |
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46 | This file is typically installed in the `IPYTHONDIR` directory, and there | |
47 | is a separate configuration directory for each profile. The default profile |
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47 | is a separate configuration directory for each profile. The default profile | |
48 | directory will be located in $IPYTHONDIR/profile_default. IPYTHONDIR |
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48 | directory will be located in $IPYTHONDIR/profile_default. IPYTHONDIR | |
49 | defaults to to `$HOME/.ipython`. For Windows users, $HOME resolves to |
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49 | defaults to to `$HOME/.ipython`. For Windows users, $HOME resolves to | |
50 | C:\\Users\\YourUserName in most instances. |
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50 | C:\\Users\\YourUserName in most instances. | |
51 |
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51 | |||
52 | To initialize a profile with the default configuration file, do:: |
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52 | To initialize a profile with the default configuration file, do:: | |
53 |
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53 | |||
54 | $> ipython profile create |
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54 | $> ipython profile create | |
55 |
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55 | |||
56 | and start editing `IPYTHONDIR/profile_default/ipython_config.py` |
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56 | and start editing `IPYTHONDIR/profile_default/ipython_config.py` | |
57 |
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57 | |||
58 | In IPython's documentation, we will refer to this directory as |
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58 | In IPython's documentation, we will refer to this directory as | |
59 | `IPYTHONDIR`, you can change its default location by creating an |
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59 | `IPYTHONDIR`, you can change its default location by creating an | |
60 | environment variable with this name and setting it to the desired path. |
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60 | environment variable with this name and setting it to the desired path. | |
61 |
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61 | |||
62 | For more information, see the manual available in HTML and PDF in your |
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62 | For more information, see the manual available in HTML and PDF in your | |
63 | installation, or online at http://ipython.org/documentation.html. |
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63 | installation, or online at http://ipython.org/documentation.html. | |
64 | """ |
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64 | """ | |
65 |
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65 | |||
66 | interactive_usage = """ |
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66 | interactive_usage = """ | |
67 | IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python |
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67 | IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python | |
68 | ========================================= |
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68 | ========================================= | |
69 |
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69 | |||
70 | IPython offers a combination of convenient shell features, special commands |
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70 | IPython offers a combination of convenient shell features, special commands | |
71 | and a history mechanism for both input (command history) and output (results |
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71 | and a history mechanism for both input (command history) and output (results | |
72 | caching, similar to Mathematica). It is intended to be a fully compatible |
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72 | caching, similar to Mathematica). It is intended to be a fully compatible | |
73 | replacement for the standard Python interpreter, while offering vastly |
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73 | replacement for the standard Python interpreter, while offering vastly | |
74 | improved functionality and flexibility. |
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74 | improved functionality and flexibility. | |
75 |
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75 | |||
76 | At your system command line, type 'ipython -h' to see the command line |
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76 | At your system command line, type 'ipython -h' to see the command line | |
77 | options available. This document only describes interactive features. |
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77 | options available. This document only describes interactive features. | |
78 |
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78 | |||
79 | MAIN FEATURES |
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79 | MAIN FEATURES | |
80 | ------------- |
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80 | ------------- | |
81 |
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81 | |||
82 | * Access to the standard Python help. As of Python 2.1, a help system is |
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82 | * Access to the standard Python help. As of Python 2.1, a help system is | |
83 | available with access to object docstrings and the Python manuals. Simply |
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83 | available with access to object docstrings and the Python manuals. Simply | |
84 | type 'help' (no quotes) to access it. |
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84 | type 'help' (no quotes) to access it. | |
85 |
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85 | |||
86 | * Magic commands: type %magic for information on the magic subsystem. |
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86 | * Magic commands: type %magic for information on the magic subsystem. | |
87 |
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87 | |||
88 | * System command aliases, via the %alias command or the configuration file(s). |
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88 | * System command aliases, via the %alias command or the configuration file(s). | |
89 |
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89 | |||
90 | * Dynamic object information: |
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90 | * Dynamic object information: | |
91 |
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91 | |||
92 | Typing ?word or word? prints detailed information about an object. If |
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92 | Typing ?word or word? prints detailed information about an object. If | |
93 | certain strings in the object are too long (docstrings, code, etc.) they get |
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93 | certain strings in the object are too long (docstrings, code, etc.) they get | |
94 | snipped in the center for brevity. |
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94 | snipped in the center for brevity. | |
95 |
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95 | |||
96 | Typing ??word or word?? gives access to the full information without |
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96 | Typing ??word or word?? gives access to the full information without | |
97 | snipping long strings. Long strings are sent to the screen through the less |
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97 | snipping long strings. Long strings are sent to the screen through the less | |
98 | pager if longer than the screen, printed otherwise. |
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98 | pager if longer than the screen, printed otherwise. | |
99 |
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99 | |||
100 | The ?/?? system gives access to the full source code for any object (if |
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100 | The ?/?? system gives access to the full source code for any object (if | |
101 | available), shows function prototypes and other useful information. |
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101 | available), shows function prototypes and other useful information. | |
102 |
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102 | |||
103 | If you just want to see an object's docstring, type '%pdoc object' (without |
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103 | If you just want to see an object's docstring, type '%pdoc object' (without | |
104 | quotes, and without % if you have automagic on). |
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104 | quotes, and without % if you have automagic on). | |
105 |
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105 | |||
106 | * Completion in the local namespace, by typing TAB at the prompt. |
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106 | * Completion in the local namespace, by typing TAB at the prompt. | |
107 |
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107 | |||
108 | At any time, hitting tab will complete any available python commands or |
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108 | At any time, hitting tab will complete any available python commands or | |
109 | variable names, and show you a list of the possible completions if there's |
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109 | variable names, and show you a list of the possible completions if there's | |
110 | no unambiguous one. It will also complete filenames in the current directory. |
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110 | no unambiguous one. It will also complete filenames in the current directory. | |
111 |
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111 | |||
112 | This feature requires the readline and rlcomplete modules, so it won't work |
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112 | This feature requires the readline and rlcomplete modules, so it won't work | |
113 | if your Python lacks readline support (such as under Windows). |
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113 | if your Python lacks readline support (such as under Windows). | |
114 |
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114 | |||
115 | * Search previous command history in two ways (also requires readline): |
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115 | * Search previous command history in two ways (also requires readline): | |
116 |
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116 | |||
117 | - Start typing, and then use Ctrl-p (previous,up) and Ctrl-n (next,down) to |
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117 | - Start typing, and then use Ctrl-p (previous,up) and Ctrl-n (next,down) to | |
118 | search through only the history items that match what you've typed so |
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118 | search through only the history items that match what you've typed so | |
119 | far. If you use Ctrl-p/Ctrl-n at a blank prompt, they just behave like |
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119 | far. If you use Ctrl-p/Ctrl-n at a blank prompt, they just behave like | |
120 | normal arrow keys. |
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120 | normal arrow keys. | |
121 |
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121 | |||
122 | - Hit Ctrl-r: opens a search prompt. Begin typing and the system searches |
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122 | - Hit Ctrl-r: opens a search prompt. Begin typing and the system searches | |
123 | your history for lines that match what you've typed so far, completing as |
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123 | your history for lines that match what you've typed so far, completing as | |
124 | much as it can. |
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124 | much as it can. | |
125 |
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125 | |||
126 | - %hist: search history by index (this does *not* require readline). |
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126 | - %hist: search history by index (this does *not* require readline). | |
127 |
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127 | |||
128 | * Persistent command history across sessions. |
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128 | * Persistent command history across sessions. | |
129 |
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129 | |||
130 | * Logging of input with the ability to save and restore a working session. |
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130 | * Logging of input with the ability to save and restore a working session. | |
131 |
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131 | |||
132 | * System escape with !. Typing !ls will run 'ls' in the current directory. |
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132 | * System escape with !. Typing !ls will run 'ls' in the current directory. | |
133 |
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133 | |||
134 | * The reload command does a 'deep' reload of a module: changes made to the |
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134 | * The reload command does a 'deep' reload of a module: changes made to the | |
135 | module since you imported will actually be available without having to exit. |
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135 | module since you imported will actually be available without having to exit. | |
136 |
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136 | |||
137 | * Verbose and colored exception traceback printouts. See the magic xmode and |
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137 | * Verbose and colored exception traceback printouts. See the magic xmode and | |
138 | xcolor functions for details (just type %magic). |
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138 | xcolor functions for details (just type %magic). | |
139 |
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139 | |||
140 | * Input caching system: |
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140 | * Input caching system: | |
141 |
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141 | |||
142 | IPython offers numbered prompts (In/Out) with input and output caching. All |
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142 | IPython offers numbered prompts (In/Out) with input and output caching. All | |
143 | input is saved and can be retrieved as variables (besides the usual arrow |
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143 | input is saved and can be retrieved as variables (besides the usual arrow | |
144 | key recall). |
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144 | key recall). | |
145 |
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145 | |||
146 | The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so don't overwrite them!): |
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146 | The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so don't overwrite them!): | |
147 | _i: stores previous input. |
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147 | _i: stores previous input. | |
148 | _ii: next previous. |
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148 | _ii: next previous. | |
149 | _iii: next-next previous. |
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149 | _iii: next-next previous. | |
150 | _ih : a list of all input _ih[n] is the input from line n. |
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150 | _ih : a list of all input _ih[n] is the input from line n. | |
151 |
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151 | |||
152 | Additionally, global variables named _i<n> are dynamically created (<n> |
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152 | Additionally, global variables named _i<n> are dynamically created (<n> | |
153 | being the prompt counter), such that _i<n> == _ih[<n>] |
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153 | being the prompt counter), such that _i<n> == _ih[<n>] | |
154 |
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154 | |||
155 | For example, what you typed at prompt 14 is available as _i14 and _ih[14]. |
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155 | For example, what you typed at prompt 14 is available as _i14 and _ih[14]. | |
156 |
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156 | |||
157 | You can create macros which contain multiple input lines from this history, |
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157 | You can create macros which contain multiple input lines from this history, | |
158 | for later re-execution, with the %macro function. |
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158 | for later re-execution, with the %macro function. | |
159 |
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159 | |||
160 | The history function %hist allows you to see any part of your input history |
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160 | The history function %hist allows you to see any part of your input history | |
161 | by printing a range of the _i variables. Note that inputs which contain |
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161 | by printing a range of the _i variables. Note that inputs which contain | |
162 | magic functions (%) appear in the history with a prepended comment. This is |
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162 | magic functions (%) appear in the history with a prepended comment. This is | |
163 | because they aren't really valid Python code, so you can't exec them. |
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163 | because they aren't really valid Python code, so you can't exec them. | |
164 |
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164 | |||
165 | * Output caching system: |
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165 | * Output caching system: | |
166 |
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166 | |||
167 | For output that is returned from actions, a system similar to the input |
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167 | For output that is returned from actions, a system similar to the input | |
168 | cache exists but using _ instead of _i. Only actions that produce a result |
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168 | cache exists but using _ instead of _i. Only actions that produce a result | |
169 | (NOT assignments, for example) are cached. If you are familiar with |
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169 | (NOT assignments, for example) are cached. If you are familiar with | |
170 | Mathematica, IPython's _ variables behave exactly like Mathematica's % |
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170 | Mathematica, IPython's _ variables behave exactly like Mathematica's % | |
171 | variables. |
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171 | variables. | |
172 |
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172 | |||
173 | The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so don't overwrite them!): |
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173 | The following GLOBAL variables always exist (so don't overwrite them!): | |
174 | _ (one underscore): previous output. |
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174 | _ (one underscore): previous output. | |
175 | __ (two underscores): next previous. |
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175 | __ (two underscores): next previous. | |
176 | ___ (three underscores): next-next previous. |
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176 | ___ (three underscores): next-next previous. | |
177 |
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177 | |||
178 | Global variables named _<n> are dynamically created (<n> being the prompt |
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178 | Global variables named _<n> are dynamically created (<n> being the prompt | |
179 | counter), such that the result of output <n> is always available as _<n>. |
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179 | counter), such that the result of output <n> is always available as _<n>. | |
180 |
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180 | |||
181 | Finally, a global dictionary named _oh exists with entries for all lines |
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181 | Finally, a global dictionary named _oh exists with entries for all lines | |
182 | which generated output. |
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182 | which generated output. | |
183 |
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183 | |||
184 | * Directory history: |
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184 | * Directory history: | |
185 |
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185 | |||
186 | Your history of visited directories is kept in the global list _dh, and the |
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186 | Your history of visited directories is kept in the global list _dh, and the | |
187 | magic %cd command can be used to go to any entry in that list. |
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187 | magic %cd command can be used to go to any entry in that list. | |
188 |
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188 | |||
189 | * Auto-parentheses and auto-quotes (adapted from Nathan Gray's LazyPython) |
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189 | * Auto-parentheses and auto-quotes (adapted from Nathan Gray's LazyPython) | |
190 |
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190 | |||
191 | 1. Auto-parentheses |
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191 | 1. Auto-parentheses | |
192 |
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192 | |||
193 | Callable objects (i.e. functions, methods, etc) can be invoked like |
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193 | Callable objects (i.e. functions, methods, etc) can be invoked like | |
194 | this (notice the commas between the arguments):: |
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194 | this (notice the commas between the arguments):: | |
195 |
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195 | |||
196 | In [1]: callable_ob arg1, arg2, arg3 |
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196 | In [1]: callable_ob arg1, arg2, arg3 | |
197 |
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197 | |||
198 | and the input will be translated to this:: |
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198 | and the input will be translated to this:: | |
199 |
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199 | |||
200 | callable_ob(arg1, arg2, arg3) |
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200 | callable_ob(arg1, arg2, arg3) | |
201 |
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201 | |||
202 | This feature is off by default (in rare cases it can produce |
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202 | This feature is off by default (in rare cases it can produce | |
203 | undesirable side-effects), but you can activate it at the command-line |
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203 | undesirable side-effects), but you can activate it at the command-line | |
204 | by starting IPython with `--autocall 1`, set it permanently in your |
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204 | by starting IPython with `--autocall 1`, set it permanently in your | |
205 | configuration file, or turn on at runtime with `%autocall 1`. |
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205 | configuration file, or turn on at runtime with `%autocall 1`. | |
206 |
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206 | |||
207 | You can force auto-parentheses by using '/' as the first character |
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207 | You can force auto-parentheses by using '/' as the first character | |
208 | of a line. For example:: |
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208 | of a line. For example:: | |
209 |
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209 | |||
210 | In [1]: /globals # becomes 'globals()' |
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210 | In [1]: /globals # becomes 'globals()' | |
211 |
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211 | |||
212 | Note that the '/' MUST be the first character on the line! This |
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212 | Note that the '/' MUST be the first character on the line! This | |
213 | won't work:: |
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213 | won't work:: | |
214 |
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214 | |||
215 | In [2]: print /globals # syntax error |
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215 | In [2]: print /globals # syntax error | |
216 |
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216 | |||
217 | In most cases the automatic algorithm should work, so you should |
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217 | In most cases the automatic algorithm should work, so you should | |
218 | rarely need to explicitly invoke /. One notable exception is if you |
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218 | rarely need to explicitly invoke /. One notable exception is if you | |
219 | are trying to call a function with a list of tuples as arguments (the |
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219 | are trying to call a function with a list of tuples as arguments (the | |
220 | parenthesis will confuse IPython):: |
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220 | parenthesis will confuse IPython):: | |
221 |
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221 | |||
222 | In [1]: zip (1,2,3),(4,5,6) # won't work |
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222 | In [1]: zip (1,2,3),(4,5,6) # won't work | |
223 |
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223 | |||
224 | but this will work:: |
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224 | but this will work:: | |
225 |
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225 | |||
226 | In [2]: /zip (1,2,3),(4,5,6) |
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226 | In [2]: /zip (1,2,3),(4,5,6) | |
227 | ------> zip ((1,2,3),(4,5,6)) |
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227 | ------> zip ((1,2,3),(4,5,6)) | |
228 | Out[2]= [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)] |
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228 | Out[2]= [(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)] | |
229 |
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229 | |||
230 | IPython tells you that it has altered your command line by |
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230 | IPython tells you that it has altered your command line by | |
231 | displaying the new command line preceded by -->. e.g.:: |
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231 | displaying the new command line preceded by -->. e.g.:: | |
232 |
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232 | |||
233 | In [18]: callable list |
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233 | In [18]: callable list | |
234 | -------> callable (list) |
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234 | -------> callable (list) | |
235 |
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235 | |||
236 | 2. Auto-Quoting |
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236 | 2. Auto-Quoting | |
237 |
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237 | |||
238 | You can force auto-quoting of a function's arguments by using ',' as |
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238 | You can force auto-quoting of a function's arguments by using ',' as | |
239 | the first character of a line. For example:: |
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239 | the first character of a line. For example:: | |
240 |
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240 | |||
241 | In [1]: ,my_function /home/me # becomes my_function("/home/me") |
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241 | In [1]: ,my_function /home/me # becomes my_function("/home/me") | |
242 |
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242 | |||
243 | If you use ';' instead, the whole argument is quoted as a single |
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243 | If you use ';' instead, the whole argument is quoted as a single | |
244 | string (while ',' splits on whitespace):: |
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244 | string (while ',' splits on whitespace):: | |
245 |
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245 | |||
246 | In [2]: ,my_function a b c # becomes my_function("a","b","c") |
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246 | In [2]: ,my_function a b c # becomes my_function("a","b","c") | |
247 | In [3]: ;my_function a b c # becomes my_function("a b c") |
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247 | In [3]: ;my_function a b c # becomes my_function("a b c") | |
248 |
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248 | |||
249 | Note that the ',' MUST be the first character on the line! This |
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249 | Note that the ',' MUST be the first character on the line! This | |
250 | won't work:: |
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250 | won't work:: | |
251 |
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251 | |||
252 | In [4]: x = ,my_function /home/me # syntax error |
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252 | In [4]: x = ,my_function /home/me # syntax error | |
253 | """ |
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253 | """ | |
254 |
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254 | |||
255 | interactive_usage_min = """\ |
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255 | interactive_usage_min = """\ | |
256 | An enhanced console for Python. |
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256 | An enhanced console for Python. | |
257 | Some of its features are: |
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257 | Some of its features are: | |
258 | - Readline support if the readline library is present. |
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258 | - Readline support if the readline library is present. | |
259 | - Tab completion in the local namespace. |
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259 | - Tab completion in the local namespace. | |
260 | - Logging of input, see command-line options. |
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260 | - Logging of input, see command-line options. | |
261 | - System shell escape via ! , eg !ls. |
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261 | - System shell escape via ! , eg !ls. | |
262 | - Magic commands, starting with a % (like %ls, %pwd, %cd, etc.) |
|
262 | - Magic commands, starting with a % (like %ls, %pwd, %cd, etc.) | |
263 | - Keeps track of locally defined variables via %who, %whos. |
|
263 | - Keeps track of locally defined variables via %who, %whos. | |
264 | - Show object information with a ? eg ?x or x? (use ?? for more info). |
|
264 | - Show object information with a ? eg ?x or x? (use ?? for more info). | |
265 | """ |
|
265 | """ | |
266 |
|
266 | |||
267 | quick_reference = r""" |
|
267 | quick_reference = r""" | |
268 | IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python - Quick Reference Card |
|
268 | IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python - Quick Reference Card | |
269 | ================================================================ |
|
269 | ================================================================ | |
270 |
|
270 | |||
271 | obj?, obj?? : Get help, or more help for object (also works as |
|
271 | obj?, obj?? : Get help, or more help for object (also works as | |
272 | ?obj, ??obj). |
|
272 | ?obj, ??obj). | |
273 | ?foo.*abc* : List names in 'foo' containing 'abc' in them. |
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273 | ?foo.*abc* : List names in 'foo' containing 'abc' in them. | |
274 | %magic : Information about IPython's 'magic' % functions. |
|
274 | %magic : Information about IPython's 'magic' % functions. | |
275 |
|
275 | |||
276 | Magic functions are prefixed by % or %%, and typically take their arguments |
|
276 | Magic functions are prefixed by % or %%, and typically take their arguments | |
277 | without parentheses, quotes or even commas for convenience. Line magics take a |
|
277 | without parentheses, quotes or even commas for convenience. Line magics take a | |
278 | single % and cell magics are prefixed with two %%. |
|
278 | single % and cell magics are prefixed with two %%. | |
279 |
|
279 | |||
280 | Example magic function calls: |
|
280 | Example magic function calls: | |
281 |
|
281 | |||
282 | %alias d ls -F : 'd' is now an alias for 'ls -F' |
|
282 | %alias d ls -F : 'd' is now an alias for 'ls -F' | |
283 | alias d ls -F : Works if 'alias' not a python name |
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283 | alias d ls -F : Works if 'alias' not a python name | |
284 | alist = %alias : Get list of aliases to 'alist' |
|
284 | alist = %alias : Get list of aliases to 'alist' | |
285 | cd /usr/share : Obvious. cd -<tab> to choose from visited dirs. |
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285 | cd /usr/share : Obvious. cd -<tab> to choose from visited dirs. | |
286 | %cd?? : See help AND source for magic %cd |
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286 | %cd?? : See help AND source for magic %cd | |
287 | %timeit x=10 : time the 'x=10' statement with high precision. |
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287 | %timeit x=10 : time the 'x=10' statement with high precision. | |
288 | %%timeit x=2**100 |
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288 | %%timeit x=2**100 | |
289 | x**100 : time 'x**100' with a setup of 'x=2**100'; setup code is not |
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289 | x**100 : time 'x**100' with a setup of 'x=2**100'; setup code is not | |
290 | counted. This is an example of a cell magic. |
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290 | counted. This is an example of a cell magic. | |
291 |
|
291 | |||
292 | System commands: |
|
292 | System commands: | |
293 |
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293 | |||
294 | !cp a.txt b/ : System command escape, calls os.system() |
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294 | !cp a.txt b/ : System command escape, calls os.system() | |
295 | cp a.txt b/ : after %rehashx, most system commands work without ! |
|
295 | cp a.txt b/ : after %rehashx, most system commands work without ! | |
296 | cp ${f}.txt $bar : Variable expansion in magics and system commands |
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296 | cp ${f}.txt $bar : Variable expansion in magics and system commands | |
297 | files = !ls /usr : Capture sytem command output |
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297 | files = !ls /usr : Capture sytem command output | |
298 | files.s, files.l, files.n: "a b c", ['a','b','c'], 'a\nb\nc' |
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298 | files.s, files.l, files.n: "a b c", ['a','b','c'], 'a\nb\nc' | |
299 |
|
299 | |||
300 | History: |
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300 | History: | |
301 |
|
301 | |||
302 | _i, _ii, _iii : Previous, next previous, next next previous input |
|
302 | _i, _ii, _iii : Previous, next previous, next next previous input | |
303 | _i4, _ih[2:5] : Input history line 4, lines 2-4 |
|
303 | _i4, _ih[2:5] : Input history line 4, lines 2-4 | |
304 | exec _i81 : Execute input history line #81 again |
|
304 | exec _i81 : Execute input history line #81 again | |
305 | %rep 81 : Edit input history line #81 |
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305 | %rep 81 : Edit input history line #81 | |
306 | _, __, ___ : previous, next previous, next next previous output |
|
306 | _, __, ___ : previous, next previous, next next previous output | |
307 | _dh : Directory history |
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307 | _dh : Directory history | |
308 | _oh : Output history |
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308 | _oh : Output history | |
309 | %hist : Command history of current session. |
|
309 | %hist : Command history of current session. | |
310 | %hist -g foo : Search command history of (almost) all sessions for 'foo'. |
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310 | %hist -g foo : Search command history of (almost) all sessions for 'foo'. | |
311 | %hist -g : Command history of (almost) all sessions. |
|
311 | %hist -g : Command history of (almost) all sessions. | |
312 | %hist 1/2-8 : Command history containing lines 2-8 of session 1. |
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312 | %hist 1/2-8 : Command history containing lines 2-8 of session 1. | |
313 | %hist 1/ ~2/ : Command history of session 1 and 2 sessions before current. |
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313 | %hist 1/ ~2/ : Command history of session 1 and 2 sessions before current. | |
314 | %hist ~8/1-~6/5 : Command history from line 1 of 8 sessions ago to |
|
314 | %hist ~8/1-~6/5 : Command history from line 1 of 8 sessions ago to | |
315 | line 5 of 6 sessions ago. |
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315 | line 5 of 6 sessions ago. | |
316 | %edit 0/ : Open editor to execute code with history of current session. |
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316 | %edit 0/ : Open editor to execute code with history of current session. | |
317 |
|
317 | |||
318 | Autocall: |
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318 | Autocall: | |
319 |
|
319 | |||
320 | f 1,2 : f(1,2) # Off by default, enable with %autocall magic. |
|
320 | f 1,2 : f(1,2) # Off by default, enable with %autocall magic. | |
321 | /f 1,2 : f(1,2) (forced autoparen) |
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321 | /f 1,2 : f(1,2) (forced autoparen) | |
322 | ,f 1 2 : f("1","2") |
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322 | ,f 1 2 : f("1","2") | |
323 | ;f 1 2 : f("1 2") |
|
323 | ;f 1 2 : f("1 2") | |
324 |
|
324 | |||
325 | Remember: TAB completion works in many contexts, not just file names |
|
325 | Remember: TAB completion works in many contexts, not just file names | |
326 | or python names. |
|
326 | or python names. | |
327 |
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327 | |||
328 | The following magic functions are currently available: |
|
328 | The following magic functions are currently available: | |
329 |
|
329 | |||
330 | """ |
|
330 | """ | |
331 |
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331 | |||
332 | gui_reference = """\ |
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333 | =============================== |
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334 | The graphical IPython console |
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335 | =============================== |
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336 |
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337 | This console is designed to emulate the look, feel and workflow of a terminal |
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338 | environment, while adding a number of enhancements that are simply not possible |
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339 | in a real terminal, such as inline syntax highlighting, true multiline editing, |
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340 | inline graphics and much more. |
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341 |
|
||||
342 | This quick reference document contains the basic information you'll need to |
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343 | know to make the most efficient use of it. For the various command line |
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344 | options available at startup, type ``ipython qtconsole --help`` at the command line. |
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345 |
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346 |
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347 | Multiline editing |
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348 | ================= |
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349 |
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||||
350 | The graphical console is capable of true multiline editing, but it also tries |
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351 | to behave intuitively like a terminal when possible. If you are used to |
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352 | IPython's old terminal behavior, you should find the transition painless, and |
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353 | once you learn a few basic keybindings it will be a much more efficient |
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354 | environment. |
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355 |
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356 | For single expressions or indented blocks, the console behaves almost like the |
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357 | terminal IPython: single expressions are immediately evaluated, and indented |
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358 | blocks are evaluated once a single blank line is entered:: |
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359 |
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||||
360 | In [1]: print "Hello IPython!" # Enter was pressed at the end of the line |
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361 | Hello IPython! |
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362 |
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363 | In [2]: for i in range(10): |
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364 | ...: print i, |
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365 | ...: |
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366 | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 |
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367 |
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||||
368 | If you want to enter more than one expression in a single input block |
|
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369 | (something not possible in the terminal), you can use ``Control-Enter`` at the |
|
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370 | end of your first line instead of ``Enter``. At that point the console goes |
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371 | into 'cell mode' and even if your inputs are not indented, it will continue |
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372 | accepting arbitrarily many lines until either you enter an extra blank line or |
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373 | you hit ``Shift-Enter`` (the key binding that forces execution). When a |
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374 | multiline cell is entered, IPython analyzes it and executes its code producing |
|
|||
375 | an ``Out[n]`` prompt only for the last expression in it, while the rest of the |
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376 | cell is executed as if it was a script. An example should clarify this:: |
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377 |
|
||||
378 | In [3]: x=1 # Hit C-Enter here |
|
|||
379 | ...: y=2 # from now on, regular Enter is sufficient |
|
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380 | ...: z=3 |
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381 | ...: x**2 # This does *not* produce an Out[] value |
|
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382 | ...: x+y+z # Only the last expression does |
|
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383 | ...: |
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384 | Out[3]: 6 |
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385 |
|
||||
386 | The behavior where an extra blank line forces execution is only active if you |
|
|||
387 | are actually typing at the keyboard each line, and is meant to make it mimic |
|
|||
388 | the IPython terminal behavior. If you paste a long chunk of input (for example |
|
|||
389 | a long script copied form an editor or web browser), it can contain arbitrarily |
|
|||
390 | many intermediate blank lines and they won't cause any problems. As always, |
|
|||
391 | you can then make it execute by appending a blank line *at the end* or hitting |
|
|||
392 | ``Shift-Enter`` anywhere within the cell. |
|
|||
393 |
|
||||
394 | With the up arrow key, you can retrieve previous blocks of input that contain |
|
|||
395 | multiple lines. You can move inside of a multiline cell like you would in any |
|
|||
396 | text editor. When you want it executed, the simplest thing to do is to hit the |
|
|||
397 | force execution key, ``Shift-Enter`` (though you can also navigate to the end |
|
|||
398 | and append a blank line by using ``Enter`` twice). |
|
|||
399 |
|
||||
400 | If you've edited a multiline cell and accidentally navigate out of it with the |
|
|||
401 | up or down arrow keys, IPython will clear the cell and replace it with the |
|
|||
402 | contents of the one above or below that you navigated to. If this was an |
|
|||
403 | accident and you want to retrieve the cell you were editing, use the Undo |
|
|||
404 | keybinding, ``Control-z``. |
|
|||
405 |
|
||||
406 |
|
||||
407 | Key bindings |
|
|||
408 | ============ |
|
|||
409 |
|
||||
410 | The IPython console supports most of the basic Emacs line-oriented keybindings, |
|
|||
411 | in addition to some of its own. |
|
|||
412 |
|
||||
413 | The keybinding prefixes mean: |
|
|||
414 |
|
||||
415 | - ``C``: Control |
|
|||
416 | - ``S``: Shift |
|
|||
417 | - ``M``: Meta (typically the Alt key) |
|
|||
418 |
|
||||
419 | The keybindings themselves are: |
|
|||
420 |
|
||||
421 | - ``Enter``: insert new line (may cause execution, see above). |
|
|||
422 | - ``C-Enter``: *force* new line, *never* causes execution. |
|
|||
423 | - ``S-Enter``: *force* execution regardless of where cursor is, no newline added. |
|
|||
424 | - ``Up``: step backwards through the history. |
|
|||
425 | - ``Down``: step forwards through the history. |
|
|||
426 | - ``S-Up``: search backwards through the history (like ``C-r`` in bash). |
|
|||
427 | - ``S-Down``: search forwards through the history. |
|
|||
428 | - ``C-c``: copy highlighted text to clipboard (prompts are automatically stripped). |
|
|||
429 | - ``C-S-c``: copy highlighted text to clipboard (prompts are not stripped). |
|
|||
430 | - ``C-v``: paste text from clipboard. |
|
|||
431 | - ``C-z``: undo (retrieves lost text if you move out of a cell with the arrows). |
|
|||
432 | - ``C-S-z``: redo. |
|
|||
433 | - ``C-o``: move to 'other' area, between pager and terminal. |
|
|||
434 | - ``C-l``: clear terminal. |
|
|||
435 | - ``C-a``: go to beginning of line. |
|
|||
436 | - ``C-e``: go to end of line. |
|
|||
437 | - ``C-u``: kill from cursor to the begining of the line. |
|
|||
438 | - ``C-k``: kill from cursor to the end of the line. |
|
|||
439 | - ``C-y``: yank (paste) |
|
|||
440 | - ``C-p``: previous line (like up arrow) |
|
|||
441 | - ``C-n``: next line (like down arrow) |
|
|||
442 | - ``C-f``: forward (like right arrow) |
|
|||
443 | - ``C-b``: back (like left arrow) |
|
|||
444 | - ``C-d``: delete next character, or exits if input is empty |
|
|||
445 | - ``M-<``: move to the beginning of the input region. |
|
|||
446 | - ``M->``: move to the end of the input region. |
|
|||
447 | - ``M-d``: delete next word. |
|
|||
448 | - ``M-Backspace``: delete previous word. |
|
|||
449 | - ``C-.``: force a kernel restart (a confirmation dialog appears). |
|
|||
450 | - ``C-+``: increase font size. |
|
|||
451 | - ``C--``: decrease font size. |
|
|||
452 | - ``C-M-Space``: toggle full screen. (Command-Control-Space on Mac OS X) |
|
|||
453 |
|
||||
454 | The IPython pager |
|
|||
455 | ================= |
|
|||
456 |
|
||||
457 | IPython will show long blocks of text from many sources using a builtin pager. |
|
|||
458 | You can control where this pager appears with the ``--paging`` command-line |
|
|||
459 | flag: |
|
|||
460 |
|
||||
461 | - ``inside`` [default]: the pager is overlaid on top of the main terminal. You |
|
|||
462 | must quit the pager to get back to the terminal (similar to how a pager such |
|
|||
463 | as ``less`` or ``more`` works). |
|
|||
464 |
|
||||
465 | - ``vsplit``: the console is made double-tall, and the pager appears on the |
|
|||
466 | bottom area when needed. You can view its contents while using the terminal. |
|
|||
467 |
|
||||
468 | - ``hsplit``: the console is made double-wide, and the pager appears on the |
|
|||
469 | right area when needed. You can view its contents while using the terminal. |
|
|||
470 |
|
||||
471 | - ``none``: the console never pages output. |
|
|||
472 |
|
||||
473 | If you use the vertical or horizontal paging modes, you can navigate between |
|
|||
474 | terminal and pager as follows: |
|
|||
475 |
|
||||
476 | - Tab key: goes from pager to terminal (but not the other way around). |
|
|||
477 | - Control-o: goes from one to another always. |
|
|||
478 | - Mouse: click on either. |
|
|||
479 |
|
||||
480 | In all cases, the ``q`` or ``Escape`` keys quit the pager (when used with the |
|
|||
481 | focus on the pager area). |
|
|||
482 |
|
||||
483 | Running subprocesses |
|
|||
484 | ==================== |
|
|||
485 |
|
||||
486 | The graphical IPython console uses the ``pexpect`` module to run subprocesses |
|
|||
487 | when you type ``!command``. This has a number of advantages (true asynchronous |
|
|||
488 | output from subprocesses as well as very robust termination of rogue |
|
|||
489 | subprocesses with ``Control-C``), as well as some limitations. The main |
|
|||
490 | limitation is that you can *not* interact back with the subprocess, so anything |
|
|||
491 | that invokes a pager or expects you to type input into it will block and hang |
|
|||
492 | (you can kill it with ``Control-C``). |
|
|||
493 |
|
||||
494 | We have provided as magics ``%less`` to page files (aliased to ``%more``), |
|
|||
495 | ``%clear`` to clear the terminal, and ``%man`` on Linux/OSX. These cover the |
|
|||
496 | most common commands you'd want to call in your subshell and that would cause |
|
|||
497 | problems if invoked via ``!cmd``, but you need to be aware of this limitation. |
|
|||
498 |
|
||||
499 | Display |
|
|||
500 | ======= |
|
|||
501 |
|
||||
502 | The IPython console can now display objects in a variety of formats, including |
|
|||
503 | HTML, PNG and SVG. This is accomplished using the display functions in |
|
|||
504 | ``IPython.core.display``:: |
|
|||
505 |
|
||||
506 | In [4]: from IPython.core.display import display, display_html |
|
|||
507 |
|
||||
508 | In [5]: from IPython.core.display import display_png, display_svg |
|
|||
509 |
|
||||
510 | Python objects can simply be passed to these functions and the appropriate |
|
|||
511 | representations will be displayed in the console as long as the objects know |
|
|||
512 | how to compute those representations. The easiest way of teaching objects how |
|
|||
513 | to format themselves in various representations is to define special methods |
|
|||
514 | such as: ``_repr_html_``, ``_repr_svg_`` and ``_repr_png_``. IPython's display formatters |
|
|||
515 | can also be given custom formatter functions for various types:: |
|
|||
516 |
|
||||
517 | In [6]: ip = get_ipython() |
|
|||
518 |
|
||||
519 | In [7]: html_formatter = ip.display_formatter.formatters['text/html'] |
|
|||
520 |
|
||||
521 | In [8]: html_formatter.for_type(Foo, foo_to_html) |
|
|||
522 |
|
||||
523 | For further details, see ``IPython.core.formatters``. |
|
|||
524 |
|
||||
525 | Inline matplotlib graphics |
|
|||
526 | ========================== |
|
|||
527 |
|
||||
528 | The IPython console is capable of displaying matplotlib figures inline, in SVG |
|
|||
529 | or PNG format. If started with the ``matplotlib=inline``, then all figures are |
|
|||
530 | rendered inline automatically (PNG by default). If started with ``--matplotlib`` |
|
|||
531 | or ``matplotlib=<your backend>``, then a GUI backend will be used, but IPython's |
|
|||
532 | ``display()`` and ``getfigs()`` functions can be used to view plots inline:: |
|
|||
533 |
|
||||
534 | In [9]: display(*getfigs()) # display all figures inline |
|
|||
535 |
|
||||
536 | In[10]: display(*getfigs(1,2)) # display figures 1 and 2 inline |
|
|||
537 | """ |
|
|||
538 |
|
||||
539 |
|
||||
540 | quick_guide = """\ |
|
332 | quick_guide = """\ | |
541 | ? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features. |
|
333 | ? -> Introduction and overview of IPython's features. | |
542 | %quickref -> Quick reference. |
|
334 | %quickref -> Quick reference. | |
543 | help -> Python's own help system. |
|
335 | help -> Python's own help system. | |
544 | object? -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details. |
|
336 | object? -> Details about 'object', use 'object??' for extra details. | |
545 | """ |
|
337 | """ | |
546 |
|
338 | |||
547 | gui_note = """\ |
|
339 | gui_note = """\ | |
548 | %guiref -> A brief reference about the graphical user interface. |
|
340 | %guiref -> A brief reference about the graphical user interface. | |
549 | """ |
|
341 | """ | |
550 |
|
342 | |||
551 | default_banner_parts = [ |
|
343 | default_banner_parts = [ | |
552 | 'Python %s\n' % (sys.version.split('\n')[0],), |
|
344 | 'Python %s\n' % (sys.version.split('\n')[0],), | |
553 | 'Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.\n\n', |
|
345 | 'Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.\n\n', | |
554 | 'IPython {version} -- An enhanced Interactive Python.\n'.format( |
|
346 | 'IPython {version} -- An enhanced Interactive Python.\n'.format( | |
555 | version=release.version, |
|
347 | version=release.version, | |
556 | ), |
|
348 | ), | |
557 | quick_guide |
|
349 | quick_guide | |
558 | ] |
|
350 | ] | |
559 |
|
351 | |||
560 | default_gui_banner_parts = default_banner_parts + [gui_note] |
|
352 | default_gui_banner_parts = default_banner_parts + [gui_note] | |
561 |
|
353 | |||
562 | default_banner = ''.join(default_banner_parts) |
|
354 | default_banner = ''.join(default_banner_parts) | |
563 |
|
355 | |||
564 | default_gui_banner = ''.join(default_gui_banner_parts) |
|
356 | default_gui_banner = ''.join(default_gui_banner_parts) | |
565 |
|
||||
566 | # page GUI Reference, for use as a magic: |
|
|||
567 |
|
||||
568 | def page_guiref(arg_s=None): |
|
|||
569 | """Show a basic reference about the GUI Console.""" |
|
|||
570 | from IPython.core import page |
|
|||
571 | page.page(gui_reference) |
|
|||
572 |
|
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