Merge branch 'master' into dev

IPython/core/debugger.py

@@ -1,809 +1,813 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Pdb debugger class.
 
 Modified from the standard pdb.Pdb class to avoid including readline, so that
 the command line completion of other programs which include this isn't
 damaged.
 
 In the future, this class will be expanded with improvements over the standard
 pdb.
 
 The code in this file is mainly lifted out of cmd.py in Python 2.2, with minor
 changes. Licensing should therefore be under the standard Python terms.  For
 details on the PSF (Python Software Foundation) standard license, see:
 
 https://docs.python.org/2/license.html
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
 #       This file is licensed under the PSF license.
 #
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation, www.python.org
 #       Copyright (C) 2005-2006 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 import bdb
 import functools
 import inspect
 import linecache
 import sys
 import warnings
 import re
 
 from IPython import get_ipython
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize
 from IPython.utils import coloransi, py3compat
 from IPython.core.excolors import exception_colors
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 
 
 prompt = 'ipdb> '
 
 #We have to check this directly from sys.argv, config struct not yet available
 from pdb import Pdb as OldPdb
 
 # Allow the set_trace code to operate outside of an ipython instance, even if
 # it does so with some limitations.  The rest of this support is implemented in
 # the Tracer constructor.
 
 def make_arrow(pad):
     """generate the leading arrow in front of traceback or debugger"""
     if pad >= 2:
         return '-'*(pad-2) + '> '
     elif pad == 1:
         return '>'
     return ''
 
 
 def BdbQuit_excepthook(et, ev, tb, excepthook=None):
     """Exception hook which handles `BdbQuit` exceptions.
 
     All other exceptions are processed using the `excepthook`
     parameter.
     """
     warnings.warn("`BdbQuit_excepthook` is deprecated since version 5.1",
                   DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
     if et==bdb.BdbQuit:
         print('Exiting Debugger.')
     elif excepthook is not None:
         excepthook(et, ev, tb)
     else:
         # Backwards compatibility. Raise deprecation warning?
         BdbQuit_excepthook.excepthook_ori(et,ev,tb)
 
 
 def BdbQuit_IPython_excepthook(self,et,ev,tb,tb_offset=None):
     warnings.warn(
         "`BdbQuit_IPython_excepthook` is deprecated since version 5.1",
         DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
     print('Exiting Debugger.')
 
 
 class Tracer(object):
     """
     DEPRECATED
 
     Class for local debugging, similar to pdb.set_trace.
 
     Instances of this class, when called, behave like pdb.set_trace, but
     providing IPython's enhanced capabilities.
 
     This is implemented as a class which must be initialized in your own code
     and not as a standalone function because we need to detect at runtime
     whether IPython is already active or not.  That detection is done in the
     constructor, ensuring that this code plays nicely with a running IPython,
     while functioning acceptably (though with limitations) if outside of it.
     """
 
     @skip_doctest
     def __init__(self, colors=None):
         """
         DEPRECATED
 
         Create a local debugger instance.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         colors : str, optional
             The name of the color scheme to use, it must be one of IPython's
             valid color schemes.  If not given, the function will default to
             the current IPython scheme when running inside IPython, and to
             'NoColor' otherwise.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
             from IPython.core.debugger import Tracer; debug_here = Tracer()
 
         Later in your code::
 
             debug_here()  # -> will open up the debugger at that point.
 
         Once the debugger activates, you can use all of its regular commands to
         step through code, set breakpoints, etc.  See the pdb documentation
         from the Python standard library for usage details.
         """
         warnings.warn("`Tracer` is deprecated since version 5.1, directly use "
                       "`IPython.core.debugger.Pdb.set_trace()`",
                       DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
 
         ip = get_ipython()
         if ip is None:
             # Outside of ipython, we set our own exception hook manually
             sys.excepthook = functools.partial(BdbQuit_excepthook,
                                                excepthook=sys.excepthook)
             def_colors = 'NoColor'
         else:
             # In ipython, we use its custom exception handler mechanism
             def_colors = ip.colors
             ip.set_custom_exc((bdb.BdbQuit,), BdbQuit_IPython_excepthook)
 
         if colors is None:
             colors = def_colors
 
         # The stdlib debugger internally uses a modified repr from the `repr`
         # module, that limits the length of printed strings to a hardcoded
         # limit of 30 characters.  That much trimming is too aggressive, let's
         # at least raise that limit to 80 chars, which should be enough for
         # most interactive uses.
         try:
             from reprlib import aRepr
             aRepr.maxstring = 80
         except:
             # This is only a user-facing convenience, so any error we encounter
             # here can be warned about but can be otherwise ignored.  These
             # printouts will tell us about problems if this API changes
             import traceback
             traceback.print_exc()
 
         self.debugger = Pdb(colors)
 
     def __call__(self):
         """Starts an interactive debugger at the point where called.
 
         This is similar to the pdb.set_trace() function from the std lib, but
         using IPython's enhanced debugger."""
 
         self.debugger.set_trace(sys._getframe().f_back)
 
 
 RGX_EXTRA_INDENT = re.compile(r'(?<=\n)\s+')
 
 
 def strip_indentation(multiline_string):
     return RGX_EXTRA_INDENT.sub('', multiline_string)
 
 
 def decorate_fn_with_doc(new_fn, old_fn, additional_text=""):
     """Make new_fn have old_fn's doc string. This is particularly useful
     for the ``do_...`` commands that hook into the help system.
     Adapted from from a comp.lang.python posting
     by Duncan Booth."""
     def wrapper(*args, **kw):
         return new_fn(*args, **kw)
     if old_fn.__doc__:
         wrapper.__doc__ = strip_indentation(old_fn.__doc__) + additional_text
     return wrapper
 
 
 class Pdb(OldPdb):
     """Modified Pdb class, does not load readline.
 
     for a standalone version that uses prompt_toolkit, see
     `IPython.terminal.debugger.TerminalPdb` and
     `IPython.terminal.debugger.set_trace()`
     """
 
     def __init__(self, color_scheme=None, completekey=None,
                  stdin=None, stdout=None, context=5, **kwargs):
         """Create a new IPython debugger.
         
         :param color_scheme: Deprecated, do not use.
         :param completekey: Passed to pdb.Pdb.
         :param stdin: Passed to pdb.Pdb.
         :param stdout: Passed to pdb.Pdb.
         :param context: Number of lines of source code context to show when
             displaying stacktrace information.
         :param kwargs: Passed to pdb.Pdb.
             The possibilities are python version dependent, see the python
             docs for more info.
         """
 
         # Parent constructor:
         try:
             self.context = int(context)
             if self.context <= 0:
                 raise ValueError("Context must be a positive integer")
         except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
                 raise ValueError("Context must be a positive integer") from e
 
         # `kwargs` ensures full compatibility with stdlib's `pdb.Pdb`.
         OldPdb.__init__(self, completekey, stdin, stdout, **kwargs)
 
         # IPython changes...
         self.shell = get_ipython()
 
         if self.shell is None:
             save_main = sys.modules['__main__']
             # No IPython instance running, we must create one
             from IPython.terminal.interactiveshell import \
                 TerminalInteractiveShell
             self.shell = TerminalInteractiveShell.instance()
             # needed by any code which calls __import__("__main__") after
             # the debugger was entered. See also #9941.
             sys.modules['__main__'] = save_main 
 
         if color_scheme is not None:
             warnings.warn(
                 "The `color_scheme` argument is deprecated since version 5.1",
                 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         else:
             color_scheme = self.shell.colors
 
         self.aliases = {}
 
         # Create color table: we copy the default one from the traceback
         # module and add a few attributes needed for debugging
         self.color_scheme_table = exception_colors()
 
         # shorthands
         C = coloransi.TermColors
         cst = self.color_scheme_table
 
         cst['NoColor'].colors.prompt = C.NoColor
         cst['NoColor'].colors.breakpoint_enabled = C.NoColor
         cst['NoColor'].colors.breakpoint_disabled = C.NoColor
 
         cst['Linux'].colors.prompt = C.Green
         cst['Linux'].colors.breakpoint_enabled = C.LightRed
         cst['Linux'].colors.breakpoint_disabled = C.Red
 
         cst['LightBG'].colors.prompt = C.Blue
         cst['LightBG'].colors.breakpoint_enabled = C.LightRed
         cst['LightBG'].colors.breakpoint_disabled = C.Red
 
         cst['Neutral'].colors.prompt = C.Blue
         cst['Neutral'].colors.breakpoint_enabled = C.LightRed
         cst['Neutral'].colors.breakpoint_disabled = C.Red
 
 
         # Add a python parser so we can syntax highlight source while
         # debugging.
         self.parser = PyColorize.Parser(style=color_scheme)
         self.set_colors(color_scheme)
 
         # Set the prompt - the default prompt is '(Pdb)'
         self.prompt = prompt
         self.skip_hidden = True
 
     def set_colors(self, scheme):
         """Shorthand access to the color table scheme selector method."""
         self.color_scheme_table.set_active_scheme(scheme)
         self.parser.style = scheme
 
 
     def hidden_frames(self, stack):
         """
-        Given an index in the stack return wether it should be skipped.
+        Given an index in the stack return whether it should be skipped.
 
         This is used in up/down and where to skip frames.
         """
         # The f_locals dictionary is updated from the actual frame
         # locals whenever the .f_locals accessor is called, so we
         # avoid calling it here to preserve self.curframe_locals.
         # Futhermore, there is no good reason to hide the current frame.
         ip_hide = [
             False if s[0] is self.curframe else s[0].f_locals.get(
                 "__tracebackhide__", False)
             for s in stack]
         ip_start = [i for i, s in enumerate(ip_hide) if s == "__ipython_bottom__"]
         if ip_start:
             ip_hide = [h if i > ip_start[0] else True for (i, h) in enumerate(ip_hide)]
         return ip_hide
 
     def interaction(self, frame, traceback):
         try:
             OldPdb.interaction(self, frame, traceback)
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.stdout.write("\n" + self.shell.get_exception_only())
 
     def new_do_frame(self, arg):
         OldPdb.do_frame(self, arg)
 
     def new_do_quit(self, arg):
 
         if hasattr(self, 'old_all_completions'):
             self.shell.Completer.all_completions=self.old_all_completions
 
         return OldPdb.do_quit(self, arg)
 
     do_q = do_quit = decorate_fn_with_doc(new_do_quit, OldPdb.do_quit)
 
     def new_do_restart(self, arg):
         """Restart command. In the context of ipython this is exactly the same
         thing as 'quit'."""
         self.msg("Restart doesn't make sense here. Using 'quit' instead.")
         return self.do_quit(arg)
 
     def print_stack_trace(self, context=None):
         Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
         ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal
         if context is None:
             context = self.context
         try:
             context=int(context)
             if context <= 0:
                 raise ValueError("Context must be a positive integer")
         except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
                 raise ValueError("Context must be a positive integer") from e
         try:
             skipped = 0
             for hidden, frame_lineno in zip(self.hidden_frames(self.stack), self.stack):
                 if hidden and self.skip_hidden:
                     skipped += 1
                     continue
                 if skipped:
                     print(
                         f"{Colors.excName}    [... skipping {skipped} hidden frame(s)]{ColorsNormal}\n"
                     )
                     skipped = 0
                 self.print_stack_entry(frame_lineno, context=context)
             if skipped:
                 print(
                     f"{Colors.excName}    [... skipping {skipped} hidden frame(s)]{ColorsNormal}\n"
                 )
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             pass
 
     def print_stack_entry(self, frame_lineno, prompt_prefix='\n-> ',
                           context=None):
         if context is None:
             context = self.context
         try:
             context=int(context)
             if context <= 0:
                 raise ValueError("Context must be a positive integer")
         except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
                 raise ValueError("Context must be a positive integer") from e
         print(self.format_stack_entry(frame_lineno, '', context), file=self.stdout)
 
         # vds: >>
         frame, lineno = frame_lineno
         filename = frame.f_code.co_filename
         self.shell.hooks.synchronize_with_editor(filename, lineno, 0)
         # vds: <<
 
     def format_stack_entry(self, frame_lineno, lprefix=': ', context=None):
         if context is None:
             context = self.context
         try:
             context=int(context)
             if context <= 0:
                 print("Context must be a positive integer", file=self.stdout)
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
                 print("Context must be a positive integer", file=self.stdout)
 
         import reprlib
 
         ret = []
 
         Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
         ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal
         tpl_link = u'%s%%s%s' % (Colors.filenameEm, ColorsNormal)
         tpl_call = u'%s%%s%s%%s%s' % (Colors.vName, Colors.valEm, ColorsNormal)
         tpl_line = u'%%s%s%%s %s%%s' % (Colors.lineno, ColorsNormal)
         tpl_line_em = u'%%s%s%%s %s%%s%s' % (Colors.linenoEm, Colors.line,
                                             ColorsNormal)
 
         frame, lineno = frame_lineno
 
         return_value = ''
         if '__return__' in frame.f_locals:
             rv = frame.f_locals['__return__']
             #return_value += '->'
             return_value += reprlib.repr(rv) + '\n'
         ret.append(return_value)
 
         #s = filename + '(' + `lineno` + ')'
         filename = self.canonic(frame.f_code.co_filename)
         link = tpl_link % py3compat.cast_unicode(filename)
 
         if frame.f_code.co_name:
             func = frame.f_code.co_name
         else:
             func = "<lambda>"
 
         call = ''
         if func != '?':
             if '__args__' in frame.f_locals:
                 args = reprlib.repr(frame.f_locals['__args__'])
             else:
                 args = '()'
             call = tpl_call % (func, args)
 
         # The level info should be generated in the same format pdb uses, to
         # avoid breaking the pdbtrack functionality of python-mode in *emacs.
         if frame is self.curframe:
             ret.append('> ')
         else:
             ret.append('  ')
         ret.append(u'%s(%s)%s\n' % (link,lineno,call))
 
         start = lineno - 1 - context//2
         lines = linecache.getlines(filename)
         start = min(start, len(lines) - context)
         start = max(start, 0)
         lines = lines[start : start + context]
 
         for i,line in enumerate(lines):
             show_arrow = (start + 1 + i == lineno)
             linetpl = (frame is self.curframe or show_arrow) \
                       and tpl_line_em \
                       or tpl_line
             ret.append(self.__format_line(linetpl, filename,
                                           start + 1 + i, line,
                                           arrow = show_arrow) )
         return ''.join(ret)
 
     def __format_line(self, tpl_line, filename, lineno, line, arrow = False):
         bp_mark = ""
         bp_mark_color = ""
 
         new_line, err = self.parser.format2(line, 'str')
         if not err:
             line = new_line
 
         bp = None
         if lineno in self.get_file_breaks(filename):
             bps = self.get_breaks(filename, lineno)
             bp = bps[-1]
 
         if bp:
             Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
             bp_mark = str(bp.number)
             bp_mark_color = Colors.breakpoint_enabled
             if not bp.enabled:
                 bp_mark_color = Colors.breakpoint_disabled
 
         numbers_width = 7
         if arrow:
             # This is the line with the error
             pad = numbers_width - len(str(lineno)) - len(bp_mark)
             num = '%s%s' % (make_arrow(pad), str(lineno))
         else:
             num = '%*s' % (numbers_width - len(bp_mark), str(lineno))
 
         return tpl_line % (bp_mark_color + bp_mark, num, line)
 
 
     def print_list_lines(self, filename, first, last):
         """The printing (as opposed to the parsing part of a 'list'
         command."""
         try:
             Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
             ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal
             tpl_line = '%%s%s%%s %s%%s' % (Colors.lineno, ColorsNormal)
             tpl_line_em = '%%s%s%%s %s%%s%s' % (Colors.linenoEm, Colors.line, ColorsNormal)
             src = []
             if filename == "<string>" and hasattr(self, "_exec_filename"):
                 filename = self._exec_filename
 
             for lineno in range(first, last+1):
                 line = linecache.getline(filename, lineno)
                 if not line:
                     break
 
                 if lineno == self.curframe.f_lineno:
                     line = self.__format_line(tpl_line_em, filename, lineno, line, arrow = True)
                 else:
                     line = self.__format_line(tpl_line, filename, lineno, line, arrow = False)
 
                 src.append(line)
                 self.lineno = lineno
 
             print(''.join(src), file=self.stdout)
 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             pass
 
     def do_skip_hidden(self, arg):
         """
         Change whether or not we should skip frames with the
         __tracebackhide__ attribute.
         """
         if arg.strip().lower() in ("true", "yes"):
             self.skip_hidden = True
         elif arg.strip().lower() in ("false", "no"):
             self.skip_hidden = False
 
     def do_list(self, arg):
         """Print lines of code from the current stack frame
         """
         self.lastcmd = 'list'
         last = None
         if arg:
             try:
                 x = eval(arg, {}, {})
                 if type(x) == type(()):
                     first, last = x
                     first = int(first)
                     last = int(last)
                     if last < first:
                         # Assume it's a count
                         last = first + last
                 else:
                     first = max(1, int(x) - 5)
             except:
                 print('*** Error in argument:', repr(arg), file=self.stdout)
                 return
         elif self.lineno is None:
             first = max(1, self.curframe.f_lineno - 5)
         else:
             first = self.lineno + 1
         if last is None:
             last = first + 10
         self.print_list_lines(self.curframe.f_code.co_filename, first, last)
 
         # vds: >>
         lineno = first
         filename = self.curframe.f_code.co_filename
         self.shell.hooks.synchronize_with_editor(filename, lineno, 0)
         # vds: <<
 
     do_l = do_list
 
     def getsourcelines(self, obj):
         lines, lineno = inspect.findsource(obj)
         if inspect.isframe(obj) and obj.f_globals is obj.f_locals:
             # must be a module frame: do not try to cut a block out of it
             return lines, 1
         elif inspect.ismodule(obj):
             return lines, 1
         return inspect.getblock(lines[lineno:]), lineno+1
 
     def do_longlist(self, arg):
         """Print lines of code from the current stack frame.
 
         Shows more lines than 'list' does.
         """
         self.lastcmd = 'longlist'
         try:
             lines, lineno = self.getsourcelines(self.curframe)
         except OSError as err:
             self.error(err)
             return
         last = lineno + len(lines)
         self.print_list_lines(self.curframe.f_code.co_filename, lineno, last)
     do_ll = do_longlist
 
     def do_debug(self, arg):
         """debug code
         Enter a recursive debugger that steps through the code
         argument (which is an arbitrary expression or statement to be
         executed in the current environment).
         """
         sys.settrace(None)
         globals = self.curframe.f_globals
         locals = self.curframe_locals
         p = self.__class__(completekey=self.completekey,
                            stdin=self.stdin, stdout=self.stdout)
         p.use_rawinput = self.use_rawinput
         p.prompt = "(%s) " % self.prompt.strip()
         self.message("ENTERING RECURSIVE DEBUGGER")
         sys.call_tracing(p.run, (arg, globals, locals))
         self.message("LEAVING RECURSIVE DEBUGGER")
         sys.settrace(self.trace_dispatch)
         self.lastcmd = p.lastcmd
 
     def do_pdef(self, arg):
         """Print the call signature for any callable object.
 
         The debugger interface to %pdef"""
         namespaces = [('Locals', self.curframe.f_locals),
                       ('Globals', self.curframe.f_globals)]
         self.shell.find_line_magic('pdef')(arg, namespaces=namespaces)
 
     def do_pdoc(self, arg):
         """Print the docstring for an object.
 
         The debugger interface to %pdoc."""
         namespaces = [('Locals', self.curframe.f_locals),
                       ('Globals', self.curframe.f_globals)]
         self.shell.find_line_magic('pdoc')(arg, namespaces=namespaces)
 
     def do_pfile(self, arg):
         """Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
 
         The debugger interface to %pfile.
         """
         namespaces = [('Locals', self.curframe.f_locals),
                       ('Globals', self.curframe.f_globals)]
         self.shell.find_line_magic('pfile')(arg, namespaces=namespaces)
 
     def do_pinfo(self, arg):
         """Provide detailed information about an object.
 
         The debugger interface to %pinfo, i.e., obj?."""
         namespaces = [('Locals', self.curframe.f_locals),
                       ('Globals', self.curframe.f_globals)]
         self.shell.find_line_magic('pinfo')(arg, namespaces=namespaces)
 
     def do_pinfo2(self, arg):
         """Provide extra detailed information about an object.
 
         The debugger interface to %pinfo2, i.e., obj??."""
         namespaces = [('Locals', self.curframe.f_locals),
                       ('Globals', self.curframe.f_globals)]
         self.shell.find_line_magic('pinfo2')(arg, namespaces=namespaces)
 
     def do_psource(self, arg):
         """Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object."""
         namespaces = [('Locals', self.curframe.f_locals),
                       ('Globals', self.curframe.f_globals)]
         self.shell.find_line_magic('psource')(arg, namespaces=namespaces)
 
     def do_where(self, arg):
         """w(here)
         Print a stack trace, with the most recent frame at the bottom.
         An arrow indicates the "current frame", which determines the
         context of most commands. 'bt' is an alias for this command.
 
         Take a number as argument as an (optional) number of context line to
         print"""
         if arg:
             try:
                 context = int(arg)
             except ValueError as err:
                 self.error(err)
                 return
             self.print_stack_trace(context)
         else:
             self.print_stack_trace()
 
     do_w = do_where
 
     def stop_here(self, frame):
         hidden = False
         if self.skip_hidden:
             hidden = frame.f_locals.get("__tracebackhide__", False)
         if hidden:
             Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
             ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal
             print(f"{Colors.excName}    [... skipped 1 hidden frame]{ColorsNormal}\n")
 
         return super().stop_here(frame)
 
     def do_up(self, arg):
         """u(p) [count]
         Move the current frame count (default one) levels up in the
         stack trace (to an older frame).
 
         Will skip hidden frames.
         """
         ## modified version of upstream that skips
         # frames with __tracebackide__
         if self.curindex == 0:
             self.error("Oldest frame")
             return
         try:
             count = int(arg or 1)
         except ValueError:
             self.error("Invalid frame count (%s)" % arg)
             return
         skipped = 0
         if count < 0:
             _newframe = 0
         else:
             _newindex = self.curindex
             counter = 0
             hidden_frames = self.hidden_frames(self.stack)
             for i in range(self.curindex - 1, -1, -1):
                 frame = self.stack[i][0]
                 if hidden_frames[i] and self.skip_hidden:
                     skipped += 1
                     continue
                 counter += 1
                 if counter >= count:
                     break
             else:
                 # if no break occured.
-                self.error("all frames above hidden")
+                self.error(
+                    "all frames above hidden, use `skip_hidden False` to get get into those."
+                )
                 return
 
             Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
             ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal
             _newframe = i
         self._select_frame(_newframe)
         if skipped:
             print(
                 f"{Colors.excName}    [... skipped {skipped} hidden frame(s)]{ColorsNormal}\n"
             )
 
     def do_down(self, arg):
         """d(own) [count]
         Move the current frame count (default one) levels down in the
         stack trace (to a newer frame).
 
         Will skip hidden frames.
         """
         if self.curindex + 1 == len(self.stack):
             self.error("Newest frame")
             return
         try:
             count = int(arg or 1)
         except ValueError:
             self.error("Invalid frame count (%s)" % arg)
             return
         if count < 0:
             _newframe = len(self.stack) - 1
         else:
             _newindex = self.curindex
             counter = 0
             skipped = 0
             hidden_frames = self.hidden_frames(self.stack)
             for i in range(self.curindex + 1, len(self.stack)):
                 frame = self.stack[i][0]
                 if hidden_frames[i] and self.skip_hidden:
                     skipped += 1
                     continue
                 counter += 1
                 if counter >= count:
                     break
             else:
-                self.error("all frames bellow hidden")
+                self.error(
+                    "all frames bellow hidden, use `skip_hidden False` to get get into those."
+                )
                 return
 
             Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
             ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal
             if skipped:
                 print(
                     f"{Colors.excName}    [... skipped {skipped} hidden frame(s)]{ColorsNormal}\n"
                 )
             _newframe = i
 
         self._select_frame(_newframe)
 
     do_d = do_down
     do_u = do_up
 
 class InterruptiblePdb(Pdb):
     """Version of debugger where KeyboardInterrupt exits the debugger altogether."""
 
     def cmdloop(self):
         """Wrap cmdloop() such that KeyboardInterrupt stops the debugger."""
         try:
             return OldPdb.cmdloop(self)
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.stop_here = lambda frame: False
             self.do_quit("")
             sys.settrace(None)
             self.quitting = False
             raise
 
     def _cmdloop(self):
         while True:
             try:
                 # keyboard interrupts allow for an easy way to cancel
                 # the current command, so allow them during interactive input
                 self.allow_kbdint = True
                 self.cmdloop()
                 self.allow_kbdint = False
                 break
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 self.message('--KeyboardInterrupt--')
                 raise
 
 
 def set_trace(frame=None):
     """
     Start debugging from `frame`.
 
     If frame is not specified, debugging starts from caller's frame.
     """
     Pdb().set_trace(frame or sys._getframe().f_back)

IPython/core/display.py

@@ -1,1206 +1,1206 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Top-level display functions for displaying object in different formats."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 from binascii import b2a_base64, hexlify
 import json
 import mimetypes
 import os
 import struct
 import warnings
 from copy import deepcopy
 from os.path import splitext
 from pathlib import Path, PurePath
 
 from IPython.utils.py3compat import cast_unicode
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from . import display_functions
 
 
 __all__ = ['display_pretty', 'display_html', 'display_markdown',
            'display_svg', 'display_png', 'display_jpeg', 'display_latex', 'display_json',
            'display_javascript', 'display_pdf', 'DisplayObject', 'TextDisplayObject',
            'Pretty', 'HTML', 'Markdown', 'Math', 'Latex', 'SVG', 'ProgressBar', 'JSON',
            'GeoJSON', 'Javascript', 'Image', 'set_matplotlib_formats',
            'set_matplotlib_close',
            'Video']
 
 _deprecated_names = ["display", "clear_output", "publish_display_data", "update_display", "DisplayHandle"]
 
 __all__ = __all__ + _deprecated_names
 
 
 # ----- warn to import from IPython.display -----
 
 from warnings import warn
 
 
 def __getattr__(name):
     if name in _deprecated_names:
         warn(f"Importing {name} from IPython.core.display is deprecated since IPython 7.14, please import from IPython display", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         return getattr(display_functions, name)
 
     if name in globals().keys():
         return globals()[name]
     else:
         raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__} has no attribute {name}")
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # utility functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def _safe_exists(path):
     """Check path, but don't let exceptions raise"""
     try:
         return os.path.exists(path)
     except Exception:
         return False
 
 
 def _display_mimetype(mimetype, objs, raw=False, metadata=None):
     """internal implementation of all display_foo methods
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     mimetype : str
         The mimetype to be published (e.g. 'image/png')
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw text data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     if metadata:
         metadata = {mimetype: metadata}
     if raw:
         # turn list of pngdata into list of { 'image/png': pngdata }
         objs = [ {mimetype: obj} for obj in objs ]
     display(*objs, raw=raw, metadata=metadata, include=[mimetype])
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 def display_pretty(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the pretty (default) representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw text data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('text/plain', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_html(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the HTML representation of an object.
 
     Note: If raw=False and the object does not have a HTML
     representation, no HTML will be shown.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw HTML data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('text/html', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_markdown(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Displays the Markdown representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw markdown data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
 
     _display_mimetype('text/markdown', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_svg(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the SVG representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw svg data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('image/svg+xml', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_png(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the PNG representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw png data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('image/png', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_jpeg(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the JPEG representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw JPEG data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('image/jpeg', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_latex(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the LaTeX representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw latex data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('text/latex', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_json(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the JSON representation of an object.
 
     Note that not many frontends support displaying JSON.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw json data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('application/json', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_javascript(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the Javascript representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw javascript data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('application/javascript', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 def display_pdf(*objs, **kwargs):
     """Display the PDF representation of an object.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *objs : object
         The Python objects to display, or if raw=True raw javascript data to
         display.
     raw : bool
         Are the data objects raw data or Python objects that need to be
         formatted before display? [default: False]
     metadata : dict (optional)
         Metadata to be associated with the specific mimetype output.
     """
     _display_mimetype('application/pdf', objs, **kwargs)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Smart classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class DisplayObject(object):
     """An object that wraps data to be displayed."""
 
     _read_flags = 'r'
     _show_mem_addr = False
     metadata = None
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, metadata=None):
         """Create a display object given raw data.
 
         When this object is returned by an expression or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the data being displayed
         in the frontend. The MIME type of the data should match the
         subclasses used, so the Png subclass should be used for 'image/png'
         data. If the data is a URL, the data will first be downloaded
         and then displayed. If
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The raw data or a URL or file to load the data from
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         metadata : dict
             Dict of metadata associated to be the object when displayed
         """
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if data is not None and isinstance(data, str):
             if data.startswith('http') and url is None:
                 url = data
                 filename = None
                 data = None
             elif _safe_exists(data) and filename is None:
                 url = None
                 filename = data
                 data = None
 
         self.url = url
         self.filename = filename
         # because of @data.setter methods in
         # subclasses ensure url and filename are set
         # before assigning to self.data
         self.data = data
 
         if metadata is not None:
             self.metadata = metadata
         elif self.metadata is None:
             self.metadata = {}
 
         self.reload()
         self._check_data()
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if not self._show_mem_addr:
             cls = self.__class__
             r = "<%s.%s object>" % (cls.__module__, cls.__name__)
         else:
             r = super(DisplayObject, self).__repr__()
         return r
 
     def _check_data(self):
         """Override in subclasses if there's something to check."""
         pass
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self):
         """shortcut for returning metadata with shape information, if defined"""
         if self.metadata:
             return self.data, deepcopy(self.metadata)
         else:
             return self.data
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload the raw data from file or URL."""
         if self.filename is not None:
             with open(self.filename, self._read_flags) as f:
                 self.data = f.read()
         elif self.url is not None:
             # Deferred import
             from urllib.request import urlopen
             response = urlopen(self.url)
             data = response.read()
             # extract encoding from header, if there is one:
             encoding = None
             if 'content-type' in response.headers:
                 for sub in response.headers['content-type'].split(';'):
                     sub = sub.strip()
                     if sub.startswith('charset'):
                         encoding = sub.split('=')[-1].strip()
                         break
             if 'content-encoding' in response.headers:
                 # TODO: do deflate?
                 if 'gzip' in response.headers['content-encoding']:
                     import gzip
                     from io import BytesIO
                     with gzip.open(BytesIO(data), 'rt', encoding=encoding) as fp:
                         encoding = None
                         data = fp.read()
                     
             # decode data, if an encoding was specified
             # We only touch self.data once since
             # subclasses such as SVG have @data.setter methods
             # that transform self.data into ... well svg.
             if encoding:
                 self.data = data.decode(encoding, 'replace')
             else:
                 self.data = data
 
 
 class TextDisplayObject(DisplayObject):
     """Validate that display data is text"""
     def _check_data(self):
         if self.data is not None and not isinstance(self.data, str):
             raise TypeError("%s expects text, not %r" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.data))
 
 class Pretty(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, pp, cycle):
         return pp.text(self.data)
 
 
 class HTML(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, metadata=None):
         def warn():
             if not data:
                 return False
 
             #
             # Avoid calling lower() on the entire data, because it could be a
             # long string and we're only interested in its beginning and end.
             #
             prefix = data[:10].lower()
             suffix = data[-10:].lower()
             return prefix.startswith("<iframe ") and suffix.endswith("</iframe>")
 
         if warn():
             warnings.warn("Consider using IPython.display.IFrame instead")
         super(HTML, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename, metadata=metadata)
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
     def __html__(self):
         """
         This method exists to inform other HTML-using modules (e.g. Markupsafe,
         htmltag, etc) that this object is HTML and does not need things like
         special characters (<>&) escaped.
         """
         return self._repr_html_()
 
 
 class Markdown(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_markdown_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 
 class Math(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_latex_(self):
         s = r"$\displaystyle %s$" % self.data.strip('$')
         if self.metadata:
             return s, deepcopy(self.metadata)
         else:
             return s
 
 
 class Latex(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def _repr_latex_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 
 class SVG(DisplayObject):
     """Embed an SVG into the display.
 
     Note if you just want to view a svg image via a URL use `:class:Image` with
     a url=URL keyword argument.
     """
 
     _read_flags = 'rb'
     # wrap data in a property, which extracts the <svg> tag, discarding
     # document headers
     _data = None
 
     @property
     def data(self):
         return self._data
 
     @data.setter
     def data(self, svg):
         if svg is None:
             self._data = None
             return
         # parse into dom object
         from xml.dom import minidom
         x = minidom.parseString(svg)
         # get svg tag (should be 1)
         found_svg = x.getElementsByTagName('svg')
         if found_svg:
             svg = found_svg[0].toxml()
         else:
             # fallback on the input, trust the user
             # but this is probably an error.
             pass
         svg = cast_unicode(svg)
         self._data = svg
 
     def _repr_svg_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 class ProgressBar(DisplayObject):
     """Progressbar supports displaying a progressbar like element
     """
     def __init__(self, total):
         """Creates a new progressbar
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         total : int
             maximum size of the progressbar
         """
         self.total = total
         self._progress = 0
         self.html_width = '60ex'
         self.text_width = 60
         self._display_id = hexlify(os.urandom(8)).decode('ascii')
 
     def __repr__(self):
         fraction = self.progress / self.total
         filled = '=' * int(fraction * self.text_width)
         rest = ' ' * (self.text_width - len(filled))
         return '[{}{}] {}/{}'.format(
             filled, rest,
             self.progress, self.total,
         )
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         return "<progress style='width:{}' max='{}' value='{}'></progress>".format(
             self.html_width, self.total, self.progress)
 
     def display(self):
         display(self, display_id=self._display_id)
 
     def update(self):
         display(self, display_id=self._display_id, update=True)
 
     @property
     def progress(self):
         return self._progress
 
     @progress.setter
     def progress(self, value):
         self._progress = value
         self.update()
 
     def __iter__(self):
         self.display()
         self._progress = -1 # First iteration is 0
         return self
 
     def __next__(self):
         """Returns current value and increments display by one."""
         self.progress += 1
         if self.progress < self.total:
             return self.progress
         else:
             raise StopIteration()
 
 class JSON(DisplayObject):
     """JSON expects a JSON-able dict or list
 
     not an already-serialized JSON string.
 
     Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict or list containers.
     """
     # wrap data in a property, which warns about passing already-serialized JSON
     _data = None
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, expanded=False, metadata=None, root='root', **kwargs):
         """Create a JSON display object given raw data.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : dict or list
             JSON data to display. Not an already-serialized JSON string.
             Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict
             or list containers.
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         expanded : boolean
             Metadata to control whether a JSON display component is expanded.
         metadata: dict
             Specify extra metadata to attach to the json display object.
         root : str
             The name of the root element of the JSON tree
         """
         self.metadata = {
             'expanded': expanded,
             'root': root,
         }
         if metadata:
             self.metadata.update(metadata)
         if kwargs:
             self.metadata.update(kwargs)
         super(JSON, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _check_data(self):
         if self.data is not None and not isinstance(self.data, (dict, list)):
             raise TypeError("%s expects JSONable dict or list, not %r" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.data))
 
     @property
     def data(self):
         return self._data
 
     @data.setter
     def data(self, data):
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if isinstance(data, str):
             if self.filename is None and self.url is None:
                 warnings.warn("JSON expects JSONable dict or list, not JSON strings")
             data = json.loads(data)
         self._data = data
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self):
         return self.data, self.metadata
 
     def _repr_json_(self):
         return self._data_and_metadata()
 
 _css_t = """var link = document.createElement("link");
 	link.ref = "stylesheet";
 	link.type = "text/css";
 	link.href = "%s";
 	document.head.appendChild(link);
 """
 
 _lib_t1 = """new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
 	var script = document.createElement("script");
 	script.onload = resolve;
 	script.onerror = reject;
 	script.src = "%s";
 	document.head.appendChild(script);
 }).then(() => {
 """
 
 _lib_t2 = """
 });"""
 
 class GeoJSON(JSON):
     """GeoJSON expects JSON-able dict
 
     not an already-serialized JSON string.
 
     Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict containers.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """Create a GeoJSON display object given raw data.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : dict or list
             VegaLite data. Not an already-serialized JSON string.
             Scalar types (None, number, string) are not allowed, only dict
             or list containers.
         url_template : string
             Leaflet TileLayer URL template: http://leafletjs.com/reference.html#url-template
         layer_options : dict
             Leaflet TileLayer options: http://leafletjs.com/reference.html#tilelayer-options
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         metadata: dict
             Specify extra metadata to attach to the json display object.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         The following will display an interactive map of Mars with a point of
         interest on frontend that do support GeoJSON display.
 
             >>> from IPython.display import GeoJSON
 
             >>> GeoJSON(data={
             ...     "type": "Feature",
             ...     "geometry": {
             ...         "type": "Point",
             ...         "coordinates": [-81.327, 296.038]
             ...     }
             ... },
             ... url_template="http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/whereonmars.cartodb.net/{basemap_id}/{z}/{x}/{y}.png",
             ... layer_options={
             ...     "basemap_id": "celestia_mars-shaded-16k_global",
             ...     "attribution" : "Celestia/praesepe",
             ...     "minZoom" : 0,
             ...     "maxZoom" : 18,
             ... })
             <IPython.core.display.GeoJSON object>
 
         In the terminal IPython, you will only see the text representation of
         the GeoJSON object.
 
         """
 
         super(GeoJSON, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
     def _ipython_display_(self):
         bundle = {
             'application/geo+json': self.data,
             'text/plain': '<IPython.display.GeoJSON object>'
         }
         metadata = {
             'application/geo+json': self.metadata
         }
         display(bundle, metadata=metadata, raw=True)
 
 class Javascript(TextDisplayObject):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, lib=None, css=None):
         """Create a Javascript display object given raw data.
 
         When this object is returned by an expression or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the data being displayed
         in the frontend. If the data is a URL, the data will first be
         downloaded and then displayed.
 
         In the Notebook, the containing element will be available as `element`,
         and jQuery will be available.  Content appended to `element` will be
         visible in the output area.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The Javascript source code or a URL to download it from.
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
         lib : list or str
             A sequence of Javascript library URLs to load asynchronously before
             running the source code. The full URLs of the libraries should
             be given. A single Javascript library URL can also be given as a
             string.
         css: : list or str
             A sequence of css files to load before running the source code.
             The full URLs of the css files should be given. A single css URL
             can also be given as a string.
         """
         if isinstance(lib, str):
             lib = [lib]
         elif lib is None:
             lib = []
         if isinstance(css, str):
             css = [css]
         elif css is None:
             css = []
         if not isinstance(lib, (list,tuple)):
             raise TypeError('expected sequence, got: %r' % lib)
         if not isinstance(css, (list,tuple)):
             raise TypeError('expected sequence, got: %r' % css)
         self.lib = lib
         self.css = css
         super(Javascript, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _repr_javascript_(self):
         r = ''
         for c in self.css:
             r += _css_t % c
         for l in self.lib:
             r += _lib_t1 % l
         r += self.data
         r += _lib_t2*len(self.lib)
         return r
 
 # constants for identifying png/jpeg data
 _PNG = b'\x89PNG\r\n\x1a\n'
 _JPEG = b'\xff\xd8'
 
 def _pngxy(data):
     """read the (width, height) from a PNG header"""
     ihdr = data.index(b'IHDR')
     # next 8 bytes are width/height
     return struct.unpack('>ii', data[ihdr+4:ihdr+12])
 
 def _jpegxy(data):
     """read the (width, height) from a JPEG header"""
     # adapted from http://www.64lines.com/jpeg-width-height
 
     idx = 4
     while True:
         block_size = struct.unpack('>H', data[idx:idx+2])[0]
         idx = idx + block_size
         if data[idx:idx+2] == b'\xFF\xC0':
             # found Start of Frame
             iSOF = idx
             break
         else:
             # read another block
             idx += 2
 
     h, w = struct.unpack('>HH', data[iSOF+5:iSOF+9])
     return w, h
 
 def _gifxy(data):
     """read the (width, height) from a GIF header"""
     return struct.unpack('<HH', data[6:10])
 
 
 class Image(DisplayObject):
 
     _read_flags = 'rb'
     _FMT_JPEG = u'jpeg'
     _FMT_PNG = u'png'
     _FMT_GIF = u'gif'
     _ACCEPTABLE_EMBEDDINGS = [_FMT_JPEG, _FMT_PNG, _FMT_GIF]
     _MIMETYPES = {
         _FMT_PNG: 'image/png',
         _FMT_JPEG: 'image/jpeg',
         _FMT_GIF: 'image/gif',
     }
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, format=None,
                  embed=None, width=None, height=None, retina=False,
                  unconfined=False, metadata=None):
         """Create a PNG/JPEG/GIF image object given raw data.
 
         When this object is returned by an input cell or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the image being displayed
         in the frontend.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The raw image data or a URL or filename to load the data from.
             This always results in embedded image data.
         url : unicode
             A URL to download the data from. If you specify `url=`,
             the image data will not be embedded unless you also specify `embed=True`.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file to load the data from.
             Images from a file are always embedded.
         format : unicode
             The format of the image data (png/jpeg/jpg/gif). If a filename or URL is given
             for format will be inferred from the filename extension.
         embed : bool
             Should the image data be embedded using a data URI (True) or be
             loaded using an <img> tag. Set this to True if you want the image
             to be viewable later with no internet connection in the notebook.
 
             Default is `True`, unless the keyword argument `url` is set, then
             default value is `False`.
 
             Note that QtConsole is not able to display images if `embed` is set to `False`
         width : int
             Width in pixels to which to constrain the image in html
         height : int
             Height in pixels to which to constrain the image in html
         retina : bool
             Automatically set the width and height to half of the measured
             width and height.
             This only works for embedded images because it reads the width/height
             from image data.
             For non-embedded images, you can just set the desired display width
             and height directly.
         unconfined: bool
             Set unconfined=True to disable max-width confinement of the image.
         metadata: dict
             Specify extra metadata to attach to the image.
 
         Examples
         --------
         # embedded image data, works in qtconsole and notebook
         # when passed positionally, the first arg can be any of raw image data,
         # a URL, or a filename from which to load image data.
         # The result is always embedding image data for inline images.
         Image('http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png')
         Image('/path/to/image.jpg')
         Image(b'RAW_PNG_DATA...')
 
         # Specifying Image(url=...) does not embed the image data,
         # it only generates `<img>` tag with a link to the source.
         # This will not work in the qtconsole or offline.
         Image(url='http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png')
 
         """
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if filename is not None:
             ext = self._find_ext(filename)
         elif url is not None:
             ext = self._find_ext(url)
         elif data is None:
             raise ValueError("No image data found. Expecting filename, url, or data.")
         elif isinstance(data, str) and (
             data.startswith('http') or _safe_exists(data)
         ):
             ext = self._find_ext(data)
         else:
             ext = None
 
         if format is None:
             if ext is not None:
                 if ext == u'jpg' or ext == u'jpeg':
                     format = self._FMT_JPEG
                 elif ext == u'png':
                     format = self._FMT_PNG
                 elif ext == u'gif':
                     format = self._FMT_GIF
                 else:
                     format = ext.lower()
             elif isinstance(data, bytes):
                 # infer image type from image data header,
                 # only if format has not been specified.
                 if data[:2] == _JPEG:
                     format = self._FMT_JPEG
 
         # failed to detect format, default png
         if format is None:
             format = self._FMT_PNG
 
         if format.lower() == 'jpg':
             # jpg->jpeg
             format = self._FMT_JPEG
 
         self.format = format.lower()
         self.embed = embed if embed is not None else (url is None)
 
         if self.embed and self.format not in self._ACCEPTABLE_EMBEDDINGS:
             raise ValueError("Cannot embed the '%s' image format" % (self.format))
         if self.embed:
             self._mimetype = self._MIMETYPES.get(self.format)
 
         self.width = width
         self.height = height
         self.retina = retina
         self.unconfined = unconfined
         super(Image, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename,
                 metadata=metadata)
 
         if self.width is None and self.metadata.get('width', {}):
             self.width = metadata['width']
 
         if self.height is None and self.metadata.get('height', {}):
             self.height = metadata['height']
 
         if retina:
             self._retina_shape()
 
 
     def _retina_shape(self):
         """load pixel-doubled width and height from image data"""
         if not self.embed:
             return
         if self.format == self._FMT_PNG:
             w, h = _pngxy(self.data)
         elif self.format == self._FMT_JPEG:
             w, h = _jpegxy(self.data)
         elif self.format == self._FMT_GIF:
             w, h = _gifxy(self.data)
         else:
             # retina only supports png
             return
         self.width = w // 2
         self.height = h // 2
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload the raw data from file or URL."""
         if self.embed:
             super(Image,self).reload()
             if self.retina:
                 self._retina_shape()
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         if not self.embed:
             width = height = klass = ''
             if self.width:
                 width = ' width="%d"' % self.width
             if self.height:
                 height = ' height="%d"' % self.height
             if self.unconfined:
                 klass = ' class="unconfined"'
             return u'<img src="{url}"{width}{height}{klass}/>'.format(
                 url=self.url,
                 width=width,
                 height=height,
                 klass=klass,
             )
 
     def _repr_mimebundle_(self, include=None, exclude=None):
         """Return the image as a mimebundle
 
         Any new mimetype support should be implemented here.
         """
         if self.embed:
             mimetype = self._mimetype
             data, metadata = self._data_and_metadata(always_both=True)
             if metadata:
                 metadata = {mimetype: metadata}
             return {mimetype: data}, metadata
         else:
             return {'text/html': self._repr_html_()}
 
     def _data_and_metadata(self, always_both=False):
         """shortcut for returning metadata with shape information, if defined"""
         try:
             b64_data = b2a_base64(self.data).decode('ascii')
         except TypeError as e:
             raise FileNotFoundError(
                 "No such file or directory: '%s'" % (self.data)) from e
         md = {}
         if self.metadata:
             md.update(self.metadata)
         if self.width:
             md['width'] = self.width
         if self.height:
             md['height'] = self.height
         if self.unconfined:
             md['unconfined'] = self.unconfined
         if md or always_both:
             return b64_data, md
         else:
             return b64_data
 
     def _repr_png_(self):
         if self.embed and self.format == self._FMT_PNG:
             return self._data_and_metadata()
 
     def _repr_jpeg_(self):
         if self.embed and self.format == self._FMT_JPEG:
             return self._data_and_metadata()
 
     def _find_ext(self, s):
         base, ext = splitext(s)
 
         if not ext:
             return base
 
         # `splitext` includes leading period, so we skip it
         return ext[1:].lower()
 
 
 class Video(DisplayObject):
 
     def __init__(self, data=None, url=None, filename=None, embed=False,
                  mimetype=None, width=None, height=None, html_attributes="controls"):
         """Create a video object given raw data or an URL.
 
         When this object is returned by an input cell or passed to the
         display function, it will result in the video being displayed
         in the frontend.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         data : unicode, str or bytes
             The raw video data or a URL or filename to load the data from.
             Raw data will require passing `embed=True`.
         url : unicode
             A URL for the video. If you specify `url=`,
             the image data will not be embedded.
         filename : unicode
             Path to a local file containing the video.
             Will be interpreted as a local URL unless `embed=True`.
         embed : bool
             Should the video be embedded using a data URI (True) or be
             loaded using a <video> tag (False).
 
             Since videos are large, embedding them should be avoided, if possible.
             You must confirm embedding as your intention by passing `embed=True`.
 
             Local files can be displayed with URLs without embedding the content, via::
 
                 Video('./video.mp4')
 
         mimetype: unicode
             Specify the mimetype for embedded videos.
             Default will be guessed from file extension, if available.
         width : int
             Width in pixels to which to constrain the video in HTML.
             If not supplied, defaults to the width of the video.
         height : int
             Height in pixels to which to constrain the video in html.
             If not supplied, defaults to the height of the video.
         html_attributes : str
             Attributes for the HTML `<video>` block.
             Default: `"controls"` to get video controls.
             Other examples: `"controls muted"` for muted video with controls,
             `"loop autoplay"` for looping autoplaying video without controls.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         ::
 
             Video('https://archive.org/download/Sita_Sings_the_Blues/Sita_Sings_the_Blues_small.mp4')
             Video('path/to/video.mp4')
             Video('path/to/video.mp4', embed=True)
             Video('path/to/video.mp4', embed=True, html_attributes="controls muted autoplay")
             Video(b'raw-videodata', embed=True)
         """
         if isinstance(data, (Path, PurePath)):
             data = str(data)
 
         if url is None and isinstance(data, str) and data.startswith(('http:', 'https:')):
             url = data
             data = None
-        elif os.path.exists(data):
+        elif data is not None and os.path.exists(data):
             filename = data
             data = None
 
         if data and not embed:
             msg = ''.join([
                 "To embed videos, you must pass embed=True ",
                 "(this may make your notebook files huge)\n",
                 "Consider passing Video(url='...')",
             ])
             raise ValueError(msg)
 
         self.mimetype = mimetype
         self.embed = embed
         self.width = width
         self.height = height
         self.html_attributes = html_attributes
         super(Video, self).__init__(data=data, url=url, filename=filename)
 
     def _repr_html_(self):
         width = height = ''
         if self.width:
             width = ' width="%d"' % self.width
         if self.height:
             height = ' height="%d"' % self.height
 
         # External URLs and potentially local files are not embedded into the
         # notebook output.
         if not self.embed:
             url = self.url if self.url is not None else self.filename
             output = """<video src="{0}" {1} {2} {3}>
       Your browser does not support the <code>video</code> element.
     </video>""".format(url, self.html_attributes, width, height)
             return output
 
         # Embedded videos are base64-encoded.
         mimetype = self.mimetype
         if self.filename is not None:
             if not mimetype:
                 mimetype, _ = mimetypes.guess_type(self.filename)
 
             with open(self.filename, 'rb') as f:
                 video = f.read()
         else:
             video = self.data
         if isinstance(video, str):
             # unicode input is already b64-encoded
             b64_video = video
         else:
             b64_video = b2a_base64(video).decode('ascii').rstrip()
 
         output = """<video {0} {1} {2}>
  <source src="data:{3};base64,{4}" type="{3}">
  Your browser does not support the video tag.
  </video>""".format(self.html_attributes, width, height, mimetype, b64_video)
         return output
 
     def reload(self):
         # TODO
         pass
 
 
 @skip_doctest
 def set_matplotlib_formats(*formats, **kwargs):
     """Select figure formats for the inline backend. Optionally pass quality for JPEG.
 
     For example, this enables PNG and JPEG output with a JPEG quality of 90%::
 
         In [1]: set_matplotlib_formats('png', 'jpeg', quality=90)
 
     To set this in your config files use the following::
 
         c.InlineBackend.figure_formats = {'png', 'jpeg'}
         c.InlineBackend.print_figure_kwargs.update({'quality' : 90})
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     *formats : strs
         One or more figure formats to enable: 'png', 'retina', 'jpeg', 'svg', 'pdf'.
     **kwargs :
         Keyword args will be relayed to ``figure.canvas.print_figure``.
     """
     from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
     from IPython.core.pylabtools import select_figure_formats
     # build kwargs, starting with InlineBackend config
     kw = {}
     from ipykernel.pylab.config import InlineBackend
     cfg = InlineBackend.instance()
     kw.update(cfg.print_figure_kwargs)
     kw.update(**kwargs)
     shell = InteractiveShell.instance()
     select_figure_formats(shell, formats, **kw)
 
 @skip_doctest
 def set_matplotlib_close(close=True):
     """Set whether the inline backend closes all figures automatically or not.
 
     By default, the inline backend used in the IPython Notebook will close all
     matplotlib figures automatically after each cell is run. This means that
     plots in different cells won't interfere. Sometimes, you may want to make
     a plot in one cell and then refine it in later cells. This can be accomplished
     by::
 
         In [1]: set_matplotlib_close(False)
 
     To set this in your config files use the following::
 
         c.InlineBackend.close_figures = False
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     close : bool
         Should all matplotlib figures be automatically closed after each cell is
         run?
     """
     from ipykernel.pylab.config import InlineBackend
     cfg = InlineBackend.instance()
     cfg.close_figures = close

IPython/core/interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,3792 +1,3794 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Main IPython class."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 import abc
 import ast
 import atexit
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import functools
 import inspect
 import os
 import re
 import runpy
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import traceback
 import types
 import subprocess
 import warnings
 from io import open as io_open
 
 from pathlib import Path
 from pickleshare import PickleShareDB
 
 from traitlets.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
 from traitlets.utils.importstring import import_item
 from IPython.core import oinspect
 from IPython.core import magic
 from IPython.core import page
 from IPython.core import prefilter
 from IPython.core import ultratb
 from IPython.core.alias import Alias, AliasManager
 from IPython.core.autocall import ExitAutocall
 from IPython.core.builtin_trap import BuiltinTrap
 from IPython.core.events import EventManager, available_events
 from IPython.core.compilerop import CachingCompiler, check_linecache_ipython
 from IPython.core.debugger import Pdb
 from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.core.displayhook import DisplayHook
 from IPython.core.displaypub import DisplayPublisher
 from IPython.core.error import InputRejected, UsageError
 from IPython.core.extensions import ExtensionManager
 from IPython.core.formatters import DisplayFormatter
 from IPython.core.history import HistoryManager
 from IPython.core.inputtransformer2 import ESC_MAGIC, ESC_MAGIC2
 from IPython.core.logger import Logger
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.payload import PayloadManager
 from IPython.core.prefilter import PrefilterManager
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.core.usage import default_banner
 from IPython.display import display
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize
 from IPython.utils import io
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
 from IPython.utils import openpy
 from IPython.utils.decorators import undoc
 from IPython.utils.io import ask_yes_no
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.paths import get_ipython_dir
 from IPython.utils.path import get_home_dir, get_py_filename, ensure_dir_exists
 from IPython.utils.process import system, getoutput
 from IPython.utils.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.text import format_screen, LSString, SList, DollarFormatter
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory
 from traitlets import (
     Integer, Bool, CaselessStrEnum, Enum, List, Dict, Unicode, Instance, Type,
     observe, default, validate, Any
 )
 from warnings import warn
 from logging import error
 import IPython.core.hooks
 
 from typing import List as ListType, Tuple, Optional
 from ast import AST
 
 # NoOpContext is deprecated, but ipykernel imports it from here.
 # See https://github.com/ipython/ipykernel/issues/157
 # (2016, let's try to remove than in IPython 8.0)
 from IPython.utils.contexts import NoOpContext
 
 try:
     import docrepr.sphinxify as sphx
 
     def sphinxify(doc):
         with TemporaryDirectory() as dirname:
             return {
                 'text/html': sphx.sphinxify(doc, dirname),
                 'text/plain': doc
             }
 except ImportError:
     sphinxify = None
 
 
 class ProvisionalWarning(DeprecationWarning):
     """
     Warning class for unstable features
     """
     pass
 
 if sys.version_info > (3,8):
     from ast import Module
 else :
     # mock the new API, ignore second argument
     # see https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/11590
     from ast import Module as OriginalModule
     Module = lambda nodelist, type_ignores: OriginalModule(nodelist)
 
 if sys.version_info > (3,6):
     _assign_nodes         = (ast.AugAssign, ast.AnnAssign, ast.Assign)
     _single_targets_nodes = (ast.AugAssign, ast.AnnAssign)
 else:
     _assign_nodes         = (ast.AugAssign, ast.Assign )
     _single_targets_nodes = (ast.AugAssign, )
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Await Helpers
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def removed_co_newlocals(function:types.FunctionType) -> types.FunctionType:
     """Return a function that do not create a new local scope.
 
     Given a function, create a clone of this function where the co_newlocal flag
     has been removed, making this function code actually run in the sourounding
     scope.
 
     We need this in order to run asynchronous code in user level namespace.
     """
     from types import CodeType, FunctionType
     CO_NEWLOCALS = 0x0002
     code = function.__code__
     new_co_flags = code.co_flags & ~CO_NEWLOCALS
     if sys.version_info > (3, 8, 0, 'alpha', 3):
         new_code = code.replace(co_flags=new_co_flags)
     else:
         new_code = CodeType(
             code.co_argcount,
             code.co_kwonlyargcount,
             code.co_nlocals,
             code.co_stacksize,
             new_co_flags,
             code.co_code,
             code.co_consts,
             code.co_names,
             code.co_varnames,
             code.co_filename,
             code.co_name,
             code.co_firstlineno,
             code.co_lnotab,
             code.co_freevars,
             code.co_cellvars
         )
     return FunctionType(new_code, globals(), function.__name__, function.__defaults__)
 
 
 # we still need to run things using the asyncio eventloop, but there is no
 # async integration
 from .async_helpers import (_asyncio_runner,  _asyncify, _pseudo_sync_runner)
 from .async_helpers import _curio_runner, _trio_runner, _should_be_async
 
 
 def _ast_asyncify(cell:str, wrapper_name:str) -> ast.Module:
     """
     Parse a cell with top-level await and modify the AST to be able to run it later.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     cell: str
         The code cell to asyncronify
     wrapper_name: str
         The name of the function to be used to wrap the passed `cell`. It is
         advised to **not** use a python identifier in order to not pollute the
         global namespace in which the function will be ran.
 
     Returns
     -------
     ModuleType:
         A module object AST containing **one** function named `wrapper_name`.
 
         The given code is wrapped in a async-def function, parsed into an AST, and
         the resulting function definition AST is modified to return the last
         expression.
 
         The last expression or await node is moved into a return statement at the
         end of the function, and removed from its original location. If the last
         node is not Expr or Await nothing is done.
 
         The function `__code__` will need to be later modified  (by
         ``removed_co_newlocals``) in a subsequent step to not create new `locals()`
         meaning that the local and global scope are the same, ie as if the body of
         the function was at module level.
 
         Lastly a call to `locals()` is made just before the last expression of the
         function, or just after the last assignment or statement to make sure the
         global dict is updated as python function work with a local fast cache which
         is updated only on `local()` calls.
     """
 
     from ast import Expr, Await, Return
     if sys.version_info >= (3,8):
         return ast.parse(cell)
     tree = ast.parse(_asyncify(cell))
 
     function_def = tree.body[0]
     function_def.name = wrapper_name
     try_block = function_def.body[0]
     lastexpr = try_block.body[-1]
     if isinstance(lastexpr, (Expr, Await)):
         try_block.body[-1] = Return(lastexpr.value)
     ast.fix_missing_locations(tree)
     return tree
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 @undoc
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 @undoc
 def no_op(*a, **kw):
     pass
 
 
 class SpaceInInput(Exception): pass
 
 
 def get_default_colors():
     "DEPRECATED"
     warn('get_default_color is deprecated since IPython 5.0, and returns `Neutral` on all platforms.',
         DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
     return 'Neutral'
 
 
 class SeparateUnicode(Unicode):
     r"""A Unicode subclass to validate separate_in, separate_out, etc.
 
     This is a Unicode based trait that converts '0'->'' and ``'\\n'->'\n'``.
     """
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if value == '0': value = ''
         value = value.replace('\\n','\n')
         return super(SeparateUnicode, self).validate(obj, value)
 
 
 @undoc
 class DummyMod(object):
     """A dummy module used for IPython's interactive module when
     a namespace must be assigned to the module's __dict__."""
     __spec__ = None
 
 
 class ExecutionInfo(object):
     """The arguments used for a call to :meth:`InteractiveShell.run_cell`
 
     Stores information about what is going to happen.
     """
     raw_cell = None
     store_history = False
     silent = False
     shell_futures = True
 
     def __init__(self, raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures):
         self.raw_cell = raw_cell
         self.store_history = store_history
         self.silent = silent
         self.shell_futures = shell_futures
 
     def __repr__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__qualname__
         raw_cell = ((self.raw_cell[:50] + '..')
                     if len(self.raw_cell) > 50 else self.raw_cell)
         return '<%s object at %x, raw_cell="%s" store_history=%s silent=%s shell_futures=%s>' %\
                (name, id(self), raw_cell, self.store_history, self.silent, self.shell_futures)
 
 
 class ExecutionResult(object):
     """The result of a call to :meth:`InteractiveShell.run_cell`
 
     Stores information about what took place.
     """
     execution_count = None
     error_before_exec = None
     error_in_exec = None
     info = None
     result = None
 
     def __init__(self, info):
         self.info = info
 
     @property
     def success(self):
         return (self.error_before_exec is None) and (self.error_in_exec is None)
 
     def raise_error(self):
         """Reraises error if `success` is `False`, otherwise does nothing"""
         if self.error_before_exec is not None:
             raise self.error_before_exec
         if self.error_in_exec is not None:
             raise self.error_in_exec
 
     def __repr__(self):
         name = self.__class__.__qualname__
         return '<%s object at %x, execution_count=%s error_before_exec=%s error_in_exec=%s info=%s result=%s>' %\
                 (name, id(self), self.execution_count, self.error_before_exec, self.error_in_exec, repr(self.info), repr(self.result))
 
 
 class InteractiveShell(SingletonConfigurable):
     """An enhanced, interactive shell for Python."""
 
     _instance = None
     
     ast_transformers = List([], help=
         """
         A list of ast.NodeTransformer subclass instances, which will be applied
         to user input before code is run.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autocall = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0, help=
         """
         Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if you didn't
         type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes 'str(43)'
         automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature, '1' for
         'smart' autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more
         arguments on the line, and '2' for 'full' autocall, where all callable
         objects are automatically called (even if no arguments are present).
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autoindent = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Autoindent IPython code entered interactively.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     autoawait = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Automatically run await statement in the top level repl.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     loop_runner_map ={
         'asyncio':(_asyncio_runner, True),
         'curio':(_curio_runner, True),
         'trio':(_trio_runner, True),
         'sync': (_pseudo_sync_runner, False)
     }
 
     loop_runner = Any(default_value="IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner",
         allow_none=True,
         help="""Select the loop runner that will be used to execute top-level asynchronous code"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     @default('loop_runner')
     def _default_loop_runner(self):
         return import_item("IPython.core.interactiveshell._asyncio_runner")
 
     @validate('loop_runner')
     def _import_runner(self, proposal):
         if isinstance(proposal.value, str):
             if proposal.value in self.loop_runner_map:
                 runner, autoawait = self.loop_runner_map[proposal.value]
                 self.autoawait = autoawait
                 return runner
             runner = import_item(proposal.value)
             if not callable(runner):
                 raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
             return runner
         if not callable(proposal.value):
             raise ValueError('loop_runner must be callable')
         return proposal.value
 
     automagic = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Enable magic commands to be called without the leading %.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     
     banner1 = Unicode(default_banner,
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed before the profile"""
     ).tag(config=True)
     banner2 = Unicode('',
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed after the profile"""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     cache_size = Integer(1000, help=
         """
         Set the size of the output cache.  The default is 1000, you can
         change it permanently in your config file.  Setting it to 0 completely
         disables the caching system, and the minimum value accepted is 3 (if
         you provide a value less than 3, it is reset to 0 and a warning is
         issued).  This limit is defined because otherwise you'll spend more
         time re-flushing a too small cache than working
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     color_info = Bool(True, help=
         """
         Use colors for displaying information about objects. Because this
         information is passed through a pager (like 'less'), and some pagers
         get confused with color codes, this capability can be turned off.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     colors = CaselessStrEnum(('Neutral', 'NoColor','LightBG','Linux'),
                              default_value='Neutral',
         help="Set the color scheme (NoColor, Neutral, Linux, or LightBG)."
     ).tag(config=True)
     debug = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
     disable_failing_post_execute = Bool(False,
         help="Don't call post-execute functions that have failed in the past."
     ).tag(config=True)
     display_formatter = Instance(DisplayFormatter, allow_none=True)
     displayhook_class = Type(DisplayHook)
     display_pub_class = Type(DisplayPublisher)
     
     sphinxify_docstring = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Enables rich html representation of docstrings. (This requires the
         docrepr module).
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe("sphinxify_docstring")
     def _sphinxify_docstring_changed(self, change):
         if change['new']:
             warn("`sphinxify_docstring` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions." , ProvisionalWarning)
 
     enable_html_pager = Bool(False, help=
         """
         (Provisional API) enables html representation in mime bundles sent
         to pagers.
         """).tag(config=True)
 
     @observe("enable_html_pager")
     def _enable_html_pager_changed(self, change):
         if change['new']:
             warn("`enable_html_pager` is provisional since IPython 5.0 and might change in future versions.", ProvisionalWarning)
 
     data_pub_class = None
 
     exit_now = Bool(False)
     exiter = Instance(ExitAutocall)
     @default('exiter')
     def _exiter_default(self):
         return ExitAutocall(self)
     # Monotonically increasing execution counter
     execution_count = Integer(1)
     filename = Unicode("<ipython console>")
     ipython_dir= Unicode('').tag(config=True) # Set to get_ipython_dir() in __init__
 
     # Used to transform cells before running them, and check whether code is complete
     input_transformer_manager = Instance('IPython.core.inputtransformer2.TransformerManager',
                                          ())
 
     @property
     def input_transformers_cleanup(self):
         return self.input_transformer_manager.cleanup_transforms
 
     input_transformers_post = List([],
         help="A list of string input transformers, to be applied after IPython's "
              "own input transformations."
     )
 
     @property
     def input_splitter(self):
         """Make this available for backward compatibility (pre-7.0 release) with existing code.
 
         For example, ipykernel ipykernel currently uses
         `shell.input_splitter.check_complete`
         """
         from warnings import warn
         warn("`input_splitter` is deprecated since IPython 7.0, prefer `input_transformer_manager`.",
              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
         )
         return self.input_transformer_manager
 
     logstart = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Start logging to the default log file in overwrite mode.
         Use `logappend` to specify a log file to **append** logs to.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     logfile = Unicode('', help=
         """
         The name of the logfile to use.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     logappend = Unicode('', help=
         """
         Start logging to the given file in append mode.
         Use `logfile` to specify a log file to **overwrite** logs to.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     object_info_string_level = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0,
     ).tag(config=True)
     pdb = Bool(False, help=
         """
         Automatically call the pdb debugger after every exception.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
     display_page = Bool(False,
         help="""If True, anything that would be passed to the pager
         will be displayed as regular output instead."""
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     # deprecated prompt traits:
     
     prompt_in1 = Unicode('In [\\#]: ',
         help="Deprecated since IPython 4.0 and ignored since 5.0, set TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts object directly."
     ).tag(config=True)
     prompt_in2 = Unicode('   .\\D.: ',
         help="Deprecated since IPython 4.0 and ignored since 5.0, set TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts object directly."
     ).tag(config=True)
     prompt_out = Unicode('Out[\\#]: ',
         help="Deprecated since IPython 4.0 and ignored since 5.0, set TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts object directly."
     ).tag(config=True)
     prompts_pad_left = Bool(True,
         help="Deprecated since IPython 4.0 and ignored since 5.0, set TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts object directly."
     ).tag(config=True)
     
     @observe('prompt_in1', 'prompt_in2', 'prompt_out', 'prompt_pad_left')
     def _prompt_trait_changed(self, change):
         name = change['name']
         warn("InteractiveShell.{name} is deprecated since IPython 4.0"
              " and ignored since 5.0, set TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts"
              " object directly.".format(name=name))
         
         # protect against weird cases where self.config may not exist:
 
     show_rewritten_input = Bool(True,
         help="Show rewritten input, e.g. for autocall."
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     quiet = Bool(False).tag(config=True)
 
     history_length = Integer(10000,
         help='Total length of command history'
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     history_load_length = Integer(1000, help=
         """
         The number of saved history entries to be loaded
         into the history buffer at startup.
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     ast_node_interactivity = Enum(['all', 'last', 'last_expr', 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign'],
                                   default_value='last_expr',
                                   help="""
         'all', 'last', 'last_expr' or 'none', 'last_expr_or_assign' specifying
         which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output from expressions).
         """
     ).tag(config=True)
 
     # TODO: this part of prompt management should be moved to the frontends.
     # Use custom TraitTypes that convert '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'
     separate_in = SeparateUnicode('\n').tag(config=True)
     separate_out = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
     separate_out2 = SeparateUnicode('').tag(config=True)
     wildcards_case_sensitive = Bool(True).tag(config=True)
     xmode = CaselessStrEnum(('Context', 'Plain', 'Verbose', 'Minimal'),
                             default_value='Context',
                             help="Switch modes for the IPython exception handlers."
                             ).tag(config=True)
 
     # Subcomponents of InteractiveShell
     alias_manager = Instance('IPython.core.alias.AliasManager', allow_none=True)
     prefilter_manager = Instance('IPython.core.prefilter.PrefilterManager', allow_none=True)
     builtin_trap = Instance('IPython.core.builtin_trap.BuiltinTrap', allow_none=True)
     display_trap = Instance('IPython.core.display_trap.DisplayTrap', allow_none=True)
     extension_manager = Instance('IPython.core.extensions.ExtensionManager', allow_none=True)
     payload_manager = Instance('IPython.core.payload.PayloadManager', allow_none=True)
     history_manager = Instance('IPython.core.history.HistoryAccessorBase', allow_none=True)
     magics_manager = Instance('IPython.core.magic.MagicsManager', allow_none=True)
 
     profile_dir = Instance('IPython.core.application.ProfileDir', allow_none=True)
     @property
     def profile(self):
         if self.profile_dir is not None:
             name = os.path.basename(self.profile_dir.location)
             return name.replace('profile_','')
 
 
     # Private interface
     _post_execute = Dict()
 
     # Tracks any GUI loop loaded for pylab
     pylab_gui_select = None
 
     last_execution_succeeded = Bool(True, help='Did last executed command succeeded')
 
     last_execution_result = Instance('IPython.core.interactiveshell.ExecutionResult', help='Result of executing the last command', allow_none=True)
 
     def __init__(self, ipython_dir=None, profile_dir=None,
                  user_module=None, user_ns=None,
                  custom_exceptions=((), None), **kwargs):
 
         # This is where traits with a config_key argument are updated
         # from the values on config.
         super(InteractiveShell, self).__init__(**kwargs)
         if 'PromptManager' in self.config:
             warn('As of IPython 5.0 `PromptManager` config will have no effect'
                  ' and has been replaced by TerminalInteractiveShell.prompts_class')
         self.configurables = [self]
 
         # These are relatively independent and stateless
         self.init_ipython_dir(ipython_dir)
         self.init_profile_dir(profile_dir)
         self.init_instance_attrs()
         self.init_environment()
         
         # Check if we're in a virtualenv, and set up sys.path.
         self.init_virtualenv()
 
         # Create namespaces (user_ns, user_global_ns, etc.)
         self.init_create_namespaces(user_module, user_ns)
         # This has to be done after init_create_namespaces because it uses
         # something in self.user_ns, but before init_sys_modules, which
         # is the first thing to modify sys.
         # TODO: When we override sys.stdout and sys.stderr before this class
         # is created, we are saving the overridden ones here. Not sure if this
         # is what we want to do.
         self.save_sys_module_state()
         self.init_sys_modules()
 
         # While we're trying to have each part of the code directly access what
         # it needs without keeping redundant references to objects, we have too
         # much legacy code that expects ip.db to exist.
         self.db = PickleShareDB(os.path.join(self.profile_dir.location, 'db'))
 
         self.init_history()
         self.init_encoding()
         self.init_prefilter()
 
         self.init_syntax_highlighting()
         self.init_hooks()
         self.init_events()
         self.init_pushd_popd_magic()
         self.init_user_ns()
         self.init_logger()
         self.init_builtins()
 
         # The following was in post_config_initialization
         self.init_inspector()
         self.raw_input_original = input
         self.init_completer()
         # TODO: init_io() needs to happen before init_traceback handlers
         # because the traceback handlers hardcode the stdout/stderr streams.
         # This logic in in debugger.Pdb and should eventually be changed.
         self.init_io()
         self.init_traceback_handlers(custom_exceptions)
         self.init_prompts()
         self.init_display_formatter()
         self.init_display_pub()
         self.init_data_pub()
         self.init_displayhook()
         self.init_magics()
         self.init_alias()
         self.init_logstart()
         self.init_pdb()
         self.init_extension_manager()
         self.init_payload()
         self.init_deprecation_warnings()
         self.hooks.late_startup_hook()
         self.events.trigger('shell_initialized', self)
         atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
 
         # The trio runner is used for running Trio in the foreground thread. It
         # is different from `_trio_runner(async_fn)` in `async_helpers.py`
         # which calls `trio.run()` for every cell. This runner runs all cells
         # inside a single Trio event loop. If used, it is set from
         # `ipykernel.kernelapp`.
         self.trio_runner = None
 
     def get_ipython(self):
         """Return the currently running IPython instance."""
         return self
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Trait changed handlers
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     @observe('ipython_dir')
     def _ipython_dir_changed(self, change):
         ensure_dir_exists(change['new'])
 
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     def set_trio_runner(self, tr):
         self.trio_runner = tr
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # init_* methods called by __init__
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_ipython_dir(self, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is not None:
             self.ipython_dir = ipython_dir
             return
 
         self.ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
 
     def init_profile_dir(self, profile_dir):
         if profile_dir is not None:
             self.profile_dir = profile_dir
             return
         self.profile_dir =\
             ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(self.ipython_dir, 'default')
 
     def init_instance_attrs(self):
         self.more = False
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = CachingCompiler()
 
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
+        # The files here are stored with Path from Pathlib
         self.tempfiles = []
         self.tempdirs = []
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         # This is not being used anywhere currently.
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Indentation management
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
         # Dict to track post-execution functions that have been registered
         self._post_execute = {}
 
     def init_environment(self):
         """Any changes we need to make to the user's environment."""
         pass
 
     def init_encoding(self):
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
 
     @observe('colors')
     def init_syntax_highlighting(self, changes=None):
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser(style=self.colors, parent=self).format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str')
 
     def refresh_style(self):
         # No-op here, used in subclass
         pass
 
     def init_pushd_popd_magic(self):
         # for pushd/popd management
         self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
     def init_logger(self):
         self.logger = Logger(self.home_dir, logfname='ipython_log.py',
                              logmode='rotate')
 
     def init_logstart(self):
         """Initialize logging in case it was requested at the command line.
         """
         if self.logappend:
             self.magic('logstart %s append' % self.logappend)
         elif self.logfile:
             self.magic('logstart %s' % self.logfile)
         elif self.logstart:
             self.magic('logstart')
 
     def init_deprecation_warnings(self):
         """
         register default filter for deprecation warning.
 
         This will allow deprecation warning of function used interactively to show
         warning to users, and still hide deprecation warning from libraries import.
         """
         if sys.version_info < (3,7):
             warnings.filterwarnings("default", category=DeprecationWarning, module=self.user_ns.get("__name__"))
 
 
     def init_builtins(self):
         # A single, static flag that we set to True.  Its presence indicates
         # that an IPython shell has been created, and we make no attempts at
         # removing on exit or representing the existence of more than one
         # IPython at a time.
         builtin_mod.__dict__['__IPYTHON__'] = True
         builtin_mod.__dict__['display'] = display
 
         self.builtin_trap = BuiltinTrap(shell=self)
 
     @observe('colors')
     def init_inspector(self, changes=None):
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = oinspect.Inspector(oinspect.InspectColors,
                                             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
                                             self.colors,
                                             self.object_info_string_level)
 
     def init_io(self):
         # This will just use sys.stdout and sys.stderr. If you want to
         # override sys.stdout and sys.stderr themselves, you need to do that
         # *before* instantiating this class, because io holds onto
         # references to the underlying streams.
         # io.std* are deprecated, but don't show our own deprecation warnings
         # during initialization of the deprecated API.
         with warnings.catch_warnings():
             warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
             io.stdout = io.IOStream(sys.stdout)
             io.stderr = io.IOStream(sys.stderr)
 
     def init_prompts(self):
         # Set system prompts, so that scripts can decide if they are running
         # interactively.
         sys.ps1 = 'In : '
         sys.ps2 = '...: '
         sys.ps3 = 'Out: '
 
     def init_display_formatter(self):
         self.display_formatter = DisplayFormatter(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_formatter)
 
     def init_display_pub(self):
         self.display_pub = self.display_pub_class(parent=self, shell=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.display_pub)
 
     def init_data_pub(self):
         if not self.data_pub_class:
             self.data_pub = None
             return
         self.data_pub = self.data_pub_class(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.data_pub)
 
     def init_displayhook(self):
         # Initialize displayhook, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.displayhook = self.displayhook_class(
             parent=self,
             shell=self,
             cache_size=self.cache_size,
         )
         self.configurables.append(self.displayhook)
         # This is a context manager that installs/revmoes the displayhook at
         # the appropriate time.
         self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=self.displayhook)
 
     def init_virtualenv(self):
         """Add the current virtualenv to sys.path so the user can import modules from it.
         This isn't perfect: it doesn't use the Python interpreter with which the
         virtualenv was built, and it ignores the --no-site-packages option. A
         warning will appear suggesting the user installs IPython in the
         virtualenv, but for many cases, it probably works well enough.
 
         Adapted from code snippets online.
 
         http://blog.ufsoft.org/2009/1/29/ipython-and-virtualenv
         """
         if 'VIRTUAL_ENV' not in os.environ:
             # Not in a virtualenv
             return
         elif os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"] == "":
             warn("Virtual env path set to '', please check if this is intended.")
             return
 
         p = Path(sys.executable)
         p_venv = Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"])
 
         # fallback venv detection:
         # stdlib venv may symlink sys.executable, so we can't use realpath.
         # but others can symlink *to* the venv Python, so we can't just use sys.executable.
         # So we just check every item in the symlink tree (generally <= 3)
         paths = [p]
         while p.is_symlink():
             p = Path(os.readlink(p))
             paths.append(p.resolve())
 
         # In Cygwin paths like "c:\..." and '\cygdrive\c\...' are possible
         if str(p_venv).startswith("\\cygdrive"):
             p_venv = Path(str(p_venv)[11:])
         elif len(str(p_venv)) >= 2 and str(p_venv)[1] == ":":
             p_venv = Path(str(p_venv)[2:])
 
         if any(os.fspath(p_venv) in os.fspath(p) for p in paths):
             # Our exe is inside or has access to the virtualenv, don't need to do anything.
             return
 
         warn("Attempting to work in a virtualenv. If you encounter problems, please "
              "install IPython inside the virtualenv.")
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             virtual_env = Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"]).joinpath(
                 "Lib", "site-packages"
             )
         else:
             virtual_env = Path(os.environ["VIRTUAL_ENV"]).joinpath(
                 "lib", "python{}.{}".format(*sys.version_info[:2]), "site-packages"
             )
         
         import site
         sys.path.insert(0, virtual_env)
         site.addsitedir(virtual_env)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to injections into the sys module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def save_sys_module_state(self):
         """Save the state of hooks in the sys module.
 
         This has to be called after self.user_module is created.
         """
         self._orig_sys_module_state = {'stdin': sys.stdin,
                                        'stdout': sys.stdout,
                                        'stderr': sys.stderr,
                                        'excepthook': sys.excepthook}
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod = sys.modules.get(self.user_module.__name__)
 
     def restore_sys_module_state(self):
         """Restore the state of the sys module."""
         try:
             for k, v in self._orig_sys_module_state.items():
                 setattr(sys, k, v)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         # Reset what what done in self.init_sys_modules
         if self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod is not None:
             sys.modules[self._orig_sys_modules_main_name] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_mod
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the banner
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     
     @property
     def banner(self):
         banner = self.banner1
         if self.profile and self.profile != 'default':
             banner += '\nIPython profile: %s\n' % self.profile
         if self.banner2:
             banner += '\n' + self.banner2
         return banner
 
     def show_banner(self, banner=None):
         if banner is None:
             banner = self.banner
         sys.stdout.write(banner)
     
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to hooks
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_hooks(self):
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
 
         self.strdispatchers = {}
 
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.core.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name), 100, _warn_deprecated=False)
         
         if self.display_page:
             self.set_hook('show_in_pager', page.as_hook(page.display_page), 90)
     
     def set_hook(self,name,hook, priority=50, str_key=None, re_key=None,
                  _warn_deprecated=True):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
 
         f = types.MethodType(hook,self)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
 
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
             print("Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % \
                   (name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ ))
 
         if _warn_deprecated and (name in IPython.core.hooks.deprecated):
             alternative = IPython.core.hooks.deprecated[name]
             warn("Hook {} is deprecated. Use {} instead.".format(name, alternative), stacklevel=2)
 
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
 
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to events
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_events(self):
         self.events = EventManager(self, available_events)
 
         self.events.register("pre_execute", self._clear_warning_registry)
 
     def register_post_execute(self, func):
         """DEPRECATED: Use ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func)
 
         Register a function for calling after code execution.
         """
         warn("ip.register_post_execute is deprecated, use "
              "ip.events.register('post_run_cell', func) instead.", stacklevel=2)
         self.events.register('post_run_cell', func)
     
     def _clear_warning_registry(self):
         # clear the warning registry, so that different code blocks with
         # overlapping line number ranges don't cause spurious suppression of
         # warnings (see gh-6611 for details)
         if "__warningregistry__" in self.user_global_ns:
             del self.user_global_ns["__warningregistry__"]
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the "main" module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def new_main_mod(self, filename, modname):
         """Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
 
         ``filename`` should be the path of the script which will be run in the
         module. Requests with the same filename will get the same module, with
         its namespace cleared.
 
         ``modname`` should be the module name - normally either '__main__' or
         the basename of the file without the extension.
 
         When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to their
         __main__ module around so that Python doesn't
         clear it, rendering references to module globals useless.
 
         This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
         absolute path of the script. This way, for multiple executions of the
         same script we only keep one copy of the namespace (the last one),
         thus preventing memory leaks from old references while allowing the
         objects from the last execution to be accessible.
         """
         filename = os.path.abspath(filename)
         try:
             main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename]
         except KeyError:
             main_mod = self._main_mod_cache[filename] = types.ModuleType(
                         modname,
                         doc="Module created for script run in IPython")
         else:
             main_mod.__dict__.clear()
             main_mod.__name__ = modname
         
         main_mod.__file__ = filename
         # It seems pydoc (and perhaps others) needs any module instance to
         # implement a __nonzero__ method
         main_mod.__nonzero__ = lambda : True
         
         return main_mod
 
     def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
         """Clear the cache of main modules.
 
         Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
 
         Examples
         --------
         In [15]: import IPython
 
         In [16]: m = _ip.new_main_mod(IPython.__file__, 'IPython')
 
         In [17]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) > 0
         Out[17]: True
 
         In [18]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         In [19]: len(_ip._main_mod_cache) == 0
         Out[19]: True
         """
         self._main_mod_cache.clear()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to debugging
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_pdb(self):
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         # self.call_pdb is a property
         self.call_pdb = self.pdb
 
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError('new call_pdb value must be boolean')
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
             flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
             The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
             is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython's various namespaces
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     default_user_namespaces = True
 
     def init_create_namespaces(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return a properly built module and dict as needed by
         # the rest of the code, and can also be used by extension writers to
         # generate properly initialized namespaces.
         if (user_ns is not None) or (user_module is not None):
             self.default_user_namespaces = False
         self.user_module, self.user_ns = self.prepare_user_module(user_module, user_ns)
 
         # A record of hidden variables we have added to the user namespace, so
         # we can list later only variables defined in actual interactive use.
         self.user_ns_hidden = {}
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so doctest and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  Top-level references to objects from the
         # script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them.  However,
         # calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
         # the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
         # to the original objects, which are now all None.  So we must protect
         # these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
         #
         # To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
         # last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
         # only the last version of the module is held in the cache.  Note,
         # however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
         # __dict__).  Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
         # (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
         # those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
         #
         # The %reset command will flush this cache.  See the cache_main_mod()
         # and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
 
         # This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
         self._main_mod_cache = {}
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user_global':self.user_module.__dict__,
                          'user_local':self.user_ns,
                          'builtin':builtin_mod.__dict__
                          }
     
     @property
     def user_global_ns(self):
         return self.user_module.__dict__
 
     def prepare_user_module(self, user_module=None, user_ns=None):
         """Prepare the module and namespace in which user code will be run.
 
         When IPython is started normally, both parameters are None: a new module
         is created automatically, and its __dict__ used as the namespace.
 
         If only user_module is provided, its __dict__ is used as the namespace.
         If only user_ns is provided, a dummy module is created, and user_ns
         becomes the global namespace. If both are provided (as they may be
         when embedding), user_ns is the local namespace, and user_module
         provides the global namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         user_module : module, optional
             The current user module in which IPython is being run. If None,
             a clean module will be created.
         user_ns : dict, optional
             A namespace in which to run interactive commands.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A tuple of user_module and user_ns, each properly initialised.
         """
         if user_module is None and user_ns is not None:
             user_ns.setdefault("__name__", "__main__")
             user_module = DummyMod()
             user_module.__dict__ = user_ns
             
         if user_module is None:
             user_module = types.ModuleType("__main__",
                 doc="Automatically created module for IPython interactive environment")
         
         # We must ensure that __builtin__ (without the final 's') is always
         # available and pointing to the __builtin__ *module*.  For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtin__', builtin_mod)
         user_module.__dict__.setdefault('__builtins__', builtin_mod)
         
         if user_ns is None:
             user_ns = user_module.__dict__
 
         return user_module, user_ns
 
     def init_sys_modules(self):
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         # This is overridden in the InteractiveShellEmbed subclass to a no-op.
         main_name = self.user_module.__name__
         sys.modules[main_name] = self.user_module
 
     def init_user_ns(self):
         """Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
 
         Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
         act as user namespaces.
 
         Notes
         -----
         All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
         method.  If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
         them.
         """
         # This function works in two parts: first we put a few things in
         # user_ns, and we sync that contents into user_ns_hidden so that these
         # initial variables aren't shown by %who.  After the sync, we add the
         # rest of what we *do* want the user to see with %who even on a new
         # session (probably nothing, so they really only see their own stuff)
 
         # The user dict must *always* have a __builtin__ reference to the
         # Python standard __builtin__ namespace,  which must be imported.
         # This is so that certain operations in prompt evaluation can be
         # reliably executed with builtins.  Note that we can NOT use
         # __builtins__ (note the 's'),  because that can either be a dict or a
         # module, and can even mutate at runtime, depending on the context
         # (Python makes no guarantees on it).  In contrast, __builtin__ is
         # always a module object, though it must be explicitly imported.
 
         # For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
         ns = {}
         
         # make global variables for user access to the histories
         ns['_ih'] = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['_oh'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
         ns['_dh'] = self.history_manager.dir_hist
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories.  These shouldn't show up
         # in %who, as they can have very large reprs.
         ns['In']  = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['Out'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
 
         # Store myself as the public api!!!
         ns['get_ipython'] = self.get_ipython
         
         ns['exit'] = self.exiter
         ns['quit'] = self.exiter
 
         # Sync what we've added so far to user_ns_hidden so these aren't seen
         # by %who
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
 
         # Anything put into ns now would show up in %who.  Think twice before
         # putting anything here, as we really want %who to show the user their
         # stuff, not our variables.
 
         # Finally, update the real user's namespace
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
     
     @property
     def all_ns_refs(self):
         """Get a list of references to all the namespace dictionaries in which
         IPython might store a user-created object.
 
         Note that this does not include the displayhook, which also caches
         objects from the output."""
         return [self.user_ns, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns_hidden] + \
                [m.__dict__ for m in self._main_mod_cache.values()]
 
     def reset(self, new_session=True):
         """Clear all internal namespaces, and attempt to release references to
         user objects.
 
         If new_session is True, a new history session will be opened.
         """
         # Clear histories
         self.history_manager.reset(new_session)
         # Reset counter used to index all histories
         if new_session:
             self.execution_count = 1
 
         # Reset last execution result
         self.last_execution_succeeded = True
         self.last_execution_result = None
         
         # Flush cached output items
         if self.displayhook.do_full_cache:
             self.displayhook.flush()
 
         # The main execution namespaces must be cleared very carefully,
         # skipping the deletion of the builtin-related keys, because doing so
         # would cause errors in many object's __del__ methods.
         if self.user_ns is not self.user_global_ns:
             self.user_ns.clear()
         ns = self.user_global_ns
         drop_keys = set(ns.keys())
         drop_keys.discard('__builtin__')
         drop_keys.discard('__builtins__')
         drop_keys.discard('__name__')
         for k in drop_keys:
             del ns[k]
 
         self.user_ns_hidden.clear()
 
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         self.init_user_ns()
 
         # Restore the default and user aliases
         self.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
         self.alias_manager.init_aliases()
 
         # Now define aliases that only make sense on the terminal, because they
         # need direct access to the console in a way that we can't emulate in
         # GUI or web frontend
         if os.name == 'posix':
             for cmd in ('clear', 'more', 'less', 'man'):
                 if cmd not in self.magics_manager.magics['line']:
                     self.alias_manager.soft_define_alias(cmd, cmd)
 
         # Flush the private list of module references kept for script
         # execution protection
         self.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
     def del_var(self, varname, by_name=False):
         """Delete a variable from the various namespaces, so that, as
         far as possible, we're not keeping any hidden references to it.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         varname : str
             The name of the variable to delete.
         by_name : bool
             If True, delete variables with the given name in each
             namespace. If False (default), find the variable in the user
             namespace, and delete references to it.
         """
         if varname in ('__builtin__', '__builtins__'):
             raise ValueError("Refusing to delete %s" % varname)
 
         ns_refs = self.all_ns_refs
         
         if by_name:                    # Delete by name
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 try:
                     del ns[varname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
         else:                         # Delete by object
             try:
                 obj = self.user_ns[varname]
             except KeyError as e:
                 raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % varname) from e
             # Also check in output history
             ns_refs.append(self.history_manager.output_hist)
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 to_delete = [n for n, o in ns.items() if o is obj]
                 for name in to_delete:
                     del ns[name]
 
             # Ensure it is removed from the last execution result
             if self.last_execution_result.result is obj:
                 self.last_execution_result = None
 
             # displayhook keeps extra references, but not in a dictionary
             for name in ('_', '__', '___'):
                 if getattr(self.displayhook, name) is obj:
                     setattr(self.displayhook, name, None)
 
     def reset_selective(self, regex=None):
         """Clear selective variables from internal namespaces based on a
         specified regular expression.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         regex : string or compiled pattern, optional
             A regular expression pattern that will be used in searching
             variable names in the users namespaces.
         """
         if regex is not None:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError as e:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern') from e
             # Search for keys in each namespace that match the given regex
             # If a match is found, delete the key/value pair.
             for ns in self.all_ns_refs:
                 for var in ns:
                     if m.search(var):
                         del ns[var]
 
     def push(self, variables, interactive=True):
         """Inject a group of variables into the IPython user namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict, str or list/tuple of str
             The variables to inject into the user's namespace.  If a dict, a
             simple update is done.  If a str, the string is assumed to have
             variable names separated by spaces.  A list/tuple of str can also
             be used to give the variable names.  If just the variable names are
             give (list/tuple/str) then the variable values looked up in the
             callers frame.
         interactive : bool
             If True (default), the variables will be listed with the ``who``
             magic.
         """
         vdict = None
 
         # We need a dict of name/value pairs to do namespace updates.
         if isinstance(variables, dict):
             vdict = variables
         elif isinstance(variables, (str, list, tuple)):
             if isinstance(variables, str):
                 vlist = variables.split()
             else:
                 vlist = variables
             vdict = {}
             cf = sys._getframe(1)
             for name in vlist:
                 try:
                     vdict[name] = eval(name, cf.f_globals, cf.f_locals)
                 except:
                     print('Could not get variable %s from %s' %
                            (name,cf.f_code.co_name))
         else:
             raise ValueError('variables must be a dict/str/list/tuple')
 
         # Propagate variables to user namespace
         self.user_ns.update(vdict)
 
         # And configure interactive visibility
         user_ns_hidden = self.user_ns_hidden
         if interactive:
             for name in vdict:
                 user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
         else:
             user_ns_hidden.update(vdict)
 
     def drop_by_id(self, variables):
         """Remove a dict of variables from the user namespace, if they are the
         same as the values in the dictionary.
 
         This is intended for use by extensions: variables that they've added can
         be taken back out if they are unloaded, without removing any that the
         user has overwritten.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict
             A dictionary mapping object names (as strings) to the objects.
         """
         for name, obj in variables.items():
             if name in self.user_ns and self.user_ns[name] is obj:
                 del self.user_ns[name]
                 self.user_ns_hidden.pop(name, None)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to object introspection
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
         self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         oname = oname.strip()
         if not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC) and \
                 not oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2) and \
                 not all(a.isidentifier() for a in oname.split(".")):
             return {'found': False}
 
         if namespaces is None:
             # Namespaces to search in:
             # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
             # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
             namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.user_ns),
                            ('Interactive (global)', self.user_global_ns),
                            ('Python builtin', builtin_mod.__dict__),
                            ]
 
         ismagic = False
         isalias = False
         found = False
         ospace = None
         parent = None
         obj = None
 
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
         oname_parts = oname.split('.')
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 for idx, part in enumerate(oname_rest):
                     try:
                         parent = obj
                         # The last part is looked up in a special way to avoid
                         # descriptor invocation as it may raise or have side
                         # effects.
                         if idx == len(oname_rest) - 1:
                             obj = self._getattr_property(obj, part)
                         else:
                             obj = getattr(obj, part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = True
                     ospace = nsname
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             obj = None
             if oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC2):
                 oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC2)
                 obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
             elif oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname.lstrip(ESC_MAGIC)
                 obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
             else:
                 # search without prefix, so run? will find %run?
                 obj = self.find_line_magic(oname)
                 if obj is None:
                     obj = self.find_cell_magic(oname)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = True
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = True
                 isalias = isinstance(obj, Alias)
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = True
             ospace = 'Interactive'
 
         return {
                 'obj':obj,
                 'found':found,
                 'parent':parent,
                 'ismagic':ismagic,
                 'isalias':isalias,
                 'namespace':ospace
                }
 
     @staticmethod
     def _getattr_property(obj, attrname):
         """Property-aware getattr to use in object finding.
 
         If attrname represents a property, return it unevaluated (in case it has
         side effects or raises an error.
 
         """
         if not isinstance(obj, type):
             try:
                 # `getattr(type(obj), attrname)` is not guaranteed to return
                 # `obj`, but does so for property:
                 #
                 # property.__get__(self, None, cls) -> self
                 #
                 # The universal alternative is to traverse the mro manually
                 # searching for attrname in class dicts.
                 attr = getattr(type(obj), attrname)
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             else:
                 # This relies on the fact that data descriptors (with both
                 # __get__ & __set__ magic methods) take precedence over
                 # instance-level attributes:
                 #
                 #    class A(object):
                 #        @property
                 #        def foobar(self): return 123
                 #    a = A()
                 #    a.__dict__['foobar'] = 345
                 #    a.foobar  # == 123
                 #
                 # So, a property may be returned right away.
                 if isinstance(attr, property):
                     return attr
 
         # Nothing helped, fall back.
         return getattr(obj, attrname)
 
     def _object_find(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object and return a struct with info about it."""
         return Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces))
 
     def _inspect(self, meth, oname, namespaces=None, **kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends.
         """
         info = self._object_find(oname, namespaces)
         docformat = sphinxify if self.sphinxify_docstring else None
         if info.found:
             pmethod = getattr(self.inspector, meth)
             # TODO: only apply format_screen to the plain/text repr of the mime
             # bundle.
             formatter = format_screen if info.ismagic else docformat
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter, info, 
                         enable_html_pager=self.enable_html_pager, **kw)
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname)
         else:
             print('Object `%s` not found.' % oname)
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
 
     def object_inspect(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info about oname"""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 return self.inspector.info(info.obj, oname, info=info,
                             detail_level=detail_level
                 )
             else:
                 return oinspect.object_info(name=oname, found=False)
 
     def object_inspect_text(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info as formatted text"""
         return self.object_inspect_mime(oname, detail_level)['text/plain']
 
     def object_inspect_mime(self, oname, detail_level=0):
         """Get object info as a mimebundle of formatted representations.
 
         A mimebundle is a dictionary, keyed by mime-type.
         It must always have the key `'text/plain'`.
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 return self.inspector._get_info(info.obj, oname, info=info,
                             detail_level=detail_level
                 )
             else:
                 raise KeyError(oname)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to history management
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_history(self):
         """Sets up the command history, and starts regular autosaves."""
         self.history_manager = HistoryManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.history_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to exception handling and tracebacks (not debugging)
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     debugger_cls = Pdb
 
     def init_traceback_handlers(self, custom_exceptions):
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultratb.SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor', parent=self)
 
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose','Minimal']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1,
                                    check_cache=check_linecache_ipython,
                                    debugger_cls=self.debugger_cls, parent=self)
 
         # The instance will store a pointer to the system-wide exception hook,
         # so that runtime code (such as magics) can access it.  This is because
         # during the read-eval loop, it may get temporarily overwritten.
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Set the exception mode
         self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=self.xmode)
 
     def set_custom_exc(self, exc_tuple, handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple, handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         run_code() method).
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         exc_tuple : tuple of exception classes
             A *tuple* of exception classes, for which to call the defined
             handler.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
             LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
             you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple::
 
                 exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
         handler : callable
             handler must have the following signature::
 
                 def my_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
                     ...
                     return structured_traceback
 
             Your handler must return a structured traceback (a list of strings),
             or None.
 
             This will be made into an instance method (via types.MethodType)
             of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
             listed in the exc_tuple are caught. If the handler is None, an
             internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
             To protect IPython from crashes, if your handler ever raises an
             exception or returns an invalid result, it will be immediately
             disabled.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
         if not isinstance(exc_tuple, tuple):
             raise TypeError("The custom exceptions must be given as a tuple.")
 
         def dummy_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None):
             print('*** Simple custom exception handler ***')
             print('Exception type :', etype)
             print('Exception value:', value)
             print('Traceback      :', tb)
         
         def validate_stb(stb):
             """validate structured traceback return type
 
             return type of CustomTB *should* be a list of strings, but allow
             single strings or None, which are harmless.
 
             This function will *always* return a list of strings,
             and will raise a TypeError if stb is inappropriate.
             """
             msg = "CustomTB must return list of strings, not %r" % stb
             if stb is None:
                 return []
             elif isinstance(stb, str):
                 return [stb]
             elif not isinstance(stb, list):
                 raise TypeError(msg)
             # it's a list
             for line in stb:
                 # check every element
                 if not isinstance(line, str):
                     raise TypeError(msg)
             return stb
 
         if handler is None:
             wrapped = dummy_handler
         else:
             def wrapped(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=None):
                 """wrap CustomTB handler, to protect IPython from user code
                 
                 This makes it harder (but not impossible) for custom exception
                 handlers to crash IPython.
                 """
                 try:
                     stb = handler(self,etype,value,tb,tb_offset=tb_offset)
                     return validate_stb(stb)
                 except:
                     # clear custom handler immediately
                     self.set_custom_exc((), None)
                     print("Custom TB Handler failed, unregistering", file=sys.stderr)
                     # show the exception in handler first
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(*sys.exc_info())
                     print(self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb))
                     print("The original exception:")
                     stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(
                                             (etype,value,tb), tb_offset=tb_offset
                     )
                 return stb
 
         self.CustomTB = types.MethodType(wrapped,self)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
         """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
         GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
         sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
         enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
         otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
         which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
         except: statement.
 
         Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
         any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
         IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
         CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
         regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
         call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
         IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
         crashes.
 
         This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
         to be true IPython errors.
         """
         self.showtraceback((etype, value, tb), tb_offset=0)
 
     def _get_exc_info(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """get exc_info from a given tuple, sys.exc_info() or sys.last_type etc.
         
         Ensures sys.last_type,value,traceback hold the exc_info we found,
         from whichever source.
         
         raises ValueError if none of these contain any information
         """
         if exc_tuple is None:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         else:
             etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
 
         if etype is None:
             if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
                 etype, value, tb = sys.last_type, sys.last_value, \
                                    sys.last_traceback
         
         if etype is None:
             raise ValueError("No exception to find")
         
         # Now store the exception info in sys.last_type etc.
         # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
         # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
         # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
         # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = tb
         
         return etype, value, tb
     
     def show_usage_error(self, exc):
         """Show a short message for UsageErrors
         
         These are special exceptions that shouldn't show a traceback.
         """
         print("UsageError: %s" % exc, file=sys.stderr)
     
     def get_exception_only(self, exc_tuple=None):
         """
         Return as a string (ending with a newline) the exception that
         just occurred, without any traceback.
         """
         etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
         msg = traceback.format_exception_only(etype, value)
         return ''.join(msg)
 
     def showtraceback(self, exc_tuple=None, filename=None, tb_offset=None,
                       exception_only=False, running_compiled_code=False):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
 
         try:
             try:
                 etype, value, tb = self._get_exc_info(exc_tuple)
             except ValueError:
                 print('No traceback available to show.', file=sys.stderr)
                 return
 
             if issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
                 # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input
                 # line, there may be SyntaxError cases with imported code.
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename, running_compiled_code)
             elif etype is UsageError:
                 self.show_usage_error(value)
             else:
                 if exception_only:
                     stb = ['An exception has occurred, use %tb to see '
                            'the full traceback.\n']
                     stb.extend(self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype,
                                                                      value))
                 else:
                     try:
                         # Exception classes can customise their traceback - we
                         # use this in IPython.parallel for exceptions occurring
                         # in the engines. This should return a list of strings.
                         stb = value._render_traceback_()
                     except Exception:
                         stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(etype,
                                             value, tb, tb_offset=tb_offset)
 
                     self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
                     if self.call_pdb:
                         # drop into debugger
                         self.debugger(force=True)
                     return
 
                 # Actually show the traceback
                 self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
 
     def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb):
         """Actually show a traceback.
 
         Subclasses may override this method to put the traceback on a different
         place, like a side channel.
         """
         print(self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb))
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None, running_compiled_code=False):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
 
         If the syntax error occurred when running a compiled code (i.e. running_compile_code=True),
         longer stack trace will be displayed.
          """
         etype, value, last_traceback = self._get_exc_info()
 
         if filename and issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
             try:
                 value.filename = filename
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
 
         # If the error occurred when executing compiled code, we should provide full stacktrace.
         elist = traceback.extract_tb(last_traceback) if running_compiled_code else []
         stb = self.SyntaxTB.structured_traceback(etype, value, elist)
         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
 
     # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
     # the %paste magic.
     def showindentationerror(self):
         """Called by _run_cell when there's an IndentationError in code entered
         at the prompt.
 
         This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
         the %paste magic."""
         self.showsyntaxerror()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to readline
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """DEPRECATED
         
         Moved to terminal subclass, here only to simplify the init logic."""
         # Set a number of methods that depend on readline to be no-op
         warnings.warn('`init_readline` is no-op since IPython 5.0 and is Deprecated',
                 DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         self.set_custom_completer = no_op
 
     @skip_doctest
     def set_next_input(self, s, replace=False):
         """ Sets the 'default' input string for the next command line.
 
         Example::
 
             In [1]: _ip.set_next_input("Hello Word")
             In [2]: Hello Word_  # cursor is here
         """
         self.rl_next_input = s
 
     def _indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.input_splitter.get_indent_spaces() * ' '
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to text completion
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_completer(self):
         """Initialize the completion machinery.
 
         This creates completion machinery that can be used by client code,
         either interactively in-process (typically triggered by the readline
         library), programmatically (such as in test suites) or out-of-process
         (typically over the network by remote frontends).
         """
         from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
         from IPython.core.completerlib import (module_completer,
                 magic_run_completer, cd_completer, reset_completer)
 
         self.Completer = IPCompleter(shell=self,
                                      namespace=self.user_ns,
                                      global_namespace=self.user_global_ns,
                                      parent=self,
                                      )
         self.configurables.append(self.Completer)
 
         # Add custom completers to the basic ones built into IPCompleter
         sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
         self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
         self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
 
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'import')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'from')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = '%aimport')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', magic_run_completer, str_key = '%run')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', cd_completer, str_key = '%cd')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', reset_completer, str_key = '%reset')
 
     @skip_doctest
     def complete(self, text, line=None, cursor_pos=None):
         """Return the completed text and a list of completions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
            text : string
              A string of text to be completed on.  It can be given as empty and
              instead a line/position pair are given.  In this case, the
              completer itself will split the line like readline does.
 
            line : string, optional
              The complete line that text is part of.
 
            cursor_pos : int, optional
              The position of the cursor on the input line.
 
         Returns
         -------
           text : string
             The actual text that was completed.
 
           matches : list
             A sorted list with all possible completions.
 
         The optional arguments allow the completion to take more context into
         account, and are part of the low-level completion API.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: _ip.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ('x.l', ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip'])
         """
 
         # Inject names into __builtin__ so we can complete on the added names.
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return self.Completer.complete(text, line, cursor_pos)
 
     def set_custom_completer(self, completer, pos=0) -> None:
         """Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted.
 
         `completer` should have the following signature::
 
             def completion(self: Completer, text: string) -> List[str]:
                 raise NotImplementedError
 
         It will be bound to the current Completer instance and pass some text
         and return a list with current completions to suggest to the user.
         """
 
         newcomp = types.MethodType(completer, self.Completer)
         self.Completer.custom_matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         """Set the frame of the completer."""
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to magics
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_magics(self):
         from IPython.core import magics as m
         self.magics_manager = magic.MagicsManager(shell=self,
                                    parent=self,
                                    user_magics=m.UserMagics(self))
         self.configurables.append(self.magics_manager)
 
         # Expose as public API from the magics manager
         self.register_magics = self.magics_manager.register
 
         self.register_magics(m.AutoMagics, m.BasicMagics, m.CodeMagics,
             m.ConfigMagics, m.DisplayMagics, m.ExecutionMagics,
             m.ExtensionMagics, m.HistoryMagics, m.LoggingMagics,
             m.NamespaceMagics, m.OSMagics, m.PackagingMagics,
             m.PylabMagics, m.ScriptMagics,
         )
         self.register_magics(m.AsyncMagics)
 
         # Register Magic Aliases
         mman = self.magics_manager
         # FIXME: magic aliases should be defined by the Magics classes
         # or in MagicsManager, not here
         mman.register_alias('ed', 'edit')
         mman.register_alias('hist', 'history')
         mman.register_alias('rep', 'recall')
         mman.register_alias('SVG', 'svg', 'cell')
         mman.register_alias('HTML', 'html', 'cell')
         mman.register_alias('file', 'writefile', 'cell')
 
         # FIXME: Move the color initialization to the DisplayHook, which
         # should be split into a prompt manager and displayhook. We probably
         # even need a centralize colors management object.
         self.run_line_magic('colors', self.colors)
     
     # Defined here so that it's included in the documentation
     @functools.wraps(magic.MagicsManager.register_function)
     def register_magic_function(self, func, magic_kind='line', magic_name=None):
         self.magics_manager.register_function(func, 
                                   magic_kind=magic_kind, magic_name=magic_name)
 
     def run_line_magic(self, magic_name, line, _stack_depth=1):
         """Execute the given line magic.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic_name : str
             Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
         line : str
             The rest of the input line as a single string.
         _stack_depth : int
             If run_line_magic() is called from magic() then _stack_depth=2.
             This is added to ensure backward compatibility for use of 'get_ipython().magic()'
         """
         fn = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             cm = self.find_cell_magic(magic_name)
             etpl = "Line magic function `%%%s` not found%s."
             extra = '' if cm is None else (' (But cell magic `%%%%%s` exists, '
                                     'did you mean that instead?)' % magic_name )
             raise UsageError(etpl % (magic_name, extra))
         else:
             # Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
             # This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
             # refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
 
             # Determine stack_depth depending on where run_line_magic() has been called
             stack_depth = _stack_depth
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
                 # magic has opted out of var_expand
                 magic_arg_s = line
             else:
                 magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
             # Put magic args in a list so we can call with f(*a) syntax
             args = [magic_arg_s]
             kwargs = {}
             # Grab local namespace if we need it:
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 kwargs['local_ns'] = self.get_local_scope(stack_depth)
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
             return result
 
     def get_local_scope(self, stack_depth):
         """Get local scope at given stack depth.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         stack_depth : int
             Depth relative to calling frame
         """
         return sys._getframe(stack_depth + 1).f_locals
 
     def run_cell_magic(self, magic_name, line, cell):
         """Execute the given cell magic.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         magic_name : str
             Name of the desired magic function, without '%' prefix.
         line : str
             The rest of the first input line as a single string.
         cell : str
             The body of the cell as a (possibly multiline) string.
         """
         fn = self.find_cell_magic(magic_name)
         if fn is None:
             lm = self.find_line_magic(magic_name)
             etpl = "Cell magic `%%{0}` not found{1}."
             extra = '' if lm is None else (' (But line magic `%{0}` exists, '
                             'did you mean that instead?)'.format(magic_name))
             raise UsageError(etpl.format(magic_name, extra))
         elif cell == '':
             message = '%%{0} is a cell magic, but the cell body is empty.'.format(magic_name)
             if self.find_line_magic(magic_name) is not None:
                 message += ' Did you mean the line magic %{0} (single %)?'.format(magic_name)
             raise UsageError(message)
         else:
             # Note: this is the distance in the stack to the user's frame.
             # This will need to be updated if the internal calling logic gets
             # refactored, or else we'll be expanding the wrong variables.
             stack_depth = 2
             if getattr(fn, magic.MAGIC_NO_VAR_EXPAND_ATTR, False):
                 # magic has opted out of var_expand
                 magic_arg_s = line
             else:
                 magic_arg_s = self.var_expand(line, stack_depth)
             kwargs = {}
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 kwargs['local_ns'] = self.user_ns
 
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 args = (magic_arg_s, cell)
                 result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
             return result
 
     def find_line_magic(self, magic_name):
         """Find and return a line magic by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics['line'].get(magic_name)
 
     def find_cell_magic(self, magic_name):
         """Find and return a cell magic by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics['cell'].get(magic_name)
 
     def find_magic(self, magic_name, magic_kind='line'):
         """Find and return a magic of the given type by name.
 
         Returns None if the magic isn't found."""
         return self.magics_manager.magics[magic_kind].get(magic_name)
 
     def magic(self, arg_s):
         """DEPRECATED. Use run_line_magic() instead.
 
         Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and
         any additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         magic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use magic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.
         """
         # TODO: should we issue a loud deprecation warning here?
         magic_name, _, magic_arg_s = arg_s.partition(' ')
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(prefilter.ESC_MAGIC)
         return self.run_line_magic(magic_name, magic_arg_s, _stack_depth=2)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to macros
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def define_macro(self, name, themacro):
         """Define a new macro
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str
             The name of the macro.
         themacro : str or Macro
             The action to do upon invoking the macro.  If a string, a new
             Macro object is created by passing the string to it.
         """
 
         from IPython.core import macro
 
         if isinstance(themacro, str):
             themacro = macro.Macro(themacro)
         if not isinstance(themacro, macro.Macro):
             raise ValueError('A macro must be a string or a Macro instance.')
         self.user_ns[name] = themacro
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of system commands
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def system_piped(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess, piping stdout/err
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
           not supported.  Should not be a command that expects input
           other than simple text.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             # We do not support backgrounding processes because we either use
             # pexpect or pipes to read from.  Users can always just call
             # os.system() or use ip.system=ip.system_raw
             # if they really want a background process.
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
 
         # we explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = system(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1))
 
     def system_raw(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess using os.system on Windows or
         subprocess.call using the system shell on other platforms.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute.
         """
         cmd = self.var_expand(cmd, depth=1)
         # protect os.system from UNC paths on Windows, which it can't handle:
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             from IPython.utils._process_win32 import AvoidUNCPath
             with AvoidUNCPath() as path:
                 if path is not None:
                     cmd = '"pushd %s &&"%s' % (path, cmd)
                 try:
                     ec = os.system(cmd)
                 except KeyboardInterrupt:
                     print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
                     ec = -2
         else:
             # For posix the result of the subprocess.call() below is an exit
             # code, which by convention is zero for success, positive for
             # program failure.  Exit codes above 128 are reserved for signals,
             # and the formula for converting a signal to an exit code is usually
             # signal_number+128.  To more easily differentiate between exit
             # codes and signals, ipython uses negative numbers.  For instance
             # since control-c is signal 2 but exit code 130, ipython's
             # _exit_code variable will read -2.  Note that some shells like
             # csh and fish don't follow sh/bash conventions for exit codes.
             executable = os.environ.get('SHELL', None)
             try:
                 # Use env shell instead of default /bin/sh
                 ec = subprocess.call(cmd, shell=True, executable=executable)
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 # intercept control-C; a long traceback is not useful here
                 print('\n' + self.get_exception_only(), file=sys.stderr)
                 ec = 130
             if ec > 128:
                 ec = -(ec - 128)
         
         # We explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.  Note the semantics
         # of _exit_code: for control-c, _exit_code == -signal.SIGNIT,
         # but raising SystemExit(_exit_code) will give status 254!
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = ec
 
     # use piped system by default, because it is better behaved
     system = system_piped
 
     def getoutput(self, cmd, split=True, depth=0):
         """Get output (possibly including stderr) from a subprocess.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
           not supported.
         split : bool, optional
           If True, split the output into an IPython SList.  Otherwise, an
           IPython LSString is returned.  These are objects similar to normal
           lists and strings, with a few convenience attributes for easier
           manipulation of line-based output.  You can use '?' on them for
           details.
         depth : int, optional
           How many frames above the caller are the local variables which should
           be expanded in the command string? The default (0) assumes that the
           expansion variables are in the stack frame calling this function.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
         out = getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=depth+1))
         if split:
             out = SList(out.splitlines())
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to aliases
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_alias(self):
         self.alias_manager = AliasManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.alias_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extensions
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_extension_manager(self):
         self.extension_manager = ExtensionManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.extension_manager)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to payloads
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_payload(self):
         self.payload_manager = PayloadManager(parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.payload_manager)
     
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the prefilter
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_prefilter(self):
         self.prefilter_manager = PrefilterManager(shell=self, parent=self)
         self.configurables.append(self.prefilter_manager)
         # Ultimately this will be refactored in the new interpreter code, but
         # for now, we should expose the main prefilter method (there's legacy
         # code out there that may rely on this).
         self.prefilter = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines
 
     def auto_rewrite_input(self, cmd):
         """Print to the screen the rewritten form of the user's command.
 
         This shows visual feedback by rewriting input lines that cause
         automatic calling to kick in, like::
 
           /f x
 
         into::
 
           ------> f(x)
 
         after the user's input prompt.  This helps the user understand that the
         input line was transformed automatically by IPython.
         """
         if not self.show_rewritten_input:
             return
 
         # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to use fancy prompts
         print("------> " + cmd)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extracting values/expressions from kernel and user_ns
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _user_obj_error(self):
         """return simple exception dict
         
         for use in user_expressions
         """
         
         etype, evalue, tb = self._get_exc_info()
         stb = self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype, evalue)
         
         exc_info = {
             u'status' : 'error',
             u'traceback' : stb,
             u'ename' : etype.__name__,
             u'evalue' : py3compat.safe_unicode(evalue),
         }
 
         return exc_info
     
     def _format_user_obj(self, obj):
         """format a user object to display dict
         
         for use in user_expressions
         """
         
         data, md = self.display_formatter.format(obj)
         value = {
             'status' : 'ok',
             'data' : data,
             'metadata' : md,
         }
         return value
     
     def user_expressions(self, expressions):
         """Evaluate a dict of expressions in the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         expressions : dict
           A dict with string keys and string values.  The expression values
           should be valid Python expressions, each of which will be evaluated
           in the user namespace.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed like the input expressions dict, with the rich mime-typed
         display_data of each value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         global_ns = self.user_global_ns
         
         for key, expr in expressions.items():
             try:
                 value = self._format_user_obj(eval(expr, global_ns, user_ns))
             except:
                 value = self._user_obj_error()
             out[key] = value
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of code
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def ex(self, cmd):
         """Execute a normal python statement in user namespace."""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             exec(cmd, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def ev(self, expr):
         """Evaluate python expression expr in user namespace.
 
         Returns the result of evaluation
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return eval(expr, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def safe_execfile(self, fname, *where, exit_ignore=False, raise_exceptions=False, shell_futures=False):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.  This only works on pure
         Python files with the .py extension.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : string
             The name of the file to be executed.
         where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
         exit_ignore : bool (False)
             If True, then silence SystemExit for non-zero status (it is always
             silenced for zero status, as it is so common).
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere. Meant for testing.
         shell_futures : bool (False)
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         """
         fname = Path(fname).expanduser().resolve()
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with fname.open():
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = str(fname.parent)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname), self.builtin_trap:
             try:
                 glob, loc = (where + (None, ))[:2]
                 py3compat.execfile(
                     fname, glob, loc,
                     self.compile if shell_futures else None)
             except SystemExit as status:
                 # If the call was made with 0 or None exit status (sys.exit(0)
                 # or sys.exit() ), don't bother showing a traceback, as both of
                 # these are considered normal by the OS:
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit(0)'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit()'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # For other exit status, we show the exception unless
                 # explicitly silenced, but only in short form.
                 if status.code:
                     if raise_exceptions:
                         raise
                     if not exit_ignore:
                         self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             except:
                 if raise_exceptions:
                     raise
                 # tb offset is 2 because we wrap execfile
                 self.showtraceback(tb_offset=2)
 
     def safe_execfile_ipy(self, fname, shell_futures=False, raise_exceptions=False):
         """Like safe_execfile, but for .ipy or .ipynb files with IPython syntax.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : str
             The name of the file to execute.  The filename must have a
             .ipy or .ipynb extension.
         shell_futures : bool (False)
             If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
             shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
             any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
             __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
         raise_exceptions : bool (False)
             If True raise exceptions everywhere.  Meant for testing.
         """
         fname = Path(fname).expanduser().resolve()
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with fname.open():
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = str(fname.parent)
 
         def get_cells():
             """generator for sequence of code blocks to run"""
             if fname.suffix == ".ipynb":
                 from nbformat import read
                 nb = read(fname, as_version=4)
                 if not nb.cells:
                     return
                 for cell in nb.cells:
                     if cell.cell_type == 'code':
                         yield cell.source
             else:
                 yield fname.read_text()
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 for cell in get_cells():
                     result = self.run_cell(cell, silent=True, shell_futures=shell_futures)
                     if raise_exceptions:
                         result.raise_error()
                     elif not result.success:
                         break
             except:
                 if raise_exceptions:
                     raise
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Unknown failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
     def safe_run_module(self, mod_name, where):
         """A safe version of runpy.run_module().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.
 
         `SystemExit` exceptions with status code 0 or None are ignored.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         mod_name : string
             The name of the module to be executed.
         where : dict
             The globals namespace.
         """
         try:
             try:
                 where.update(
                     runpy.run_module(str(mod_name), run_name="__main__",
                                      alter_sys=True)
                             )
             except SystemExit as status:
                 if status.code:
                     raise
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
             warn('Unknown failure executing module: <%s>' % mod_name)
 
     def run_cell(self, raw_cell, store_history=False, silent=False, shell_futures=True):
         """Run a complete IPython cell.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
           The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
           If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
           history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
           should be set to False.
         silent : bool
           If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
           and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         shell_futures : bool
           If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
           shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
           any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
           __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
 
         Returns
         -------
         result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
         """
         result = None
         try:
             result = self._run_cell(
                 raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures)
         finally:
             self.events.trigger('post_execute')
             if not silent:
                 self.events.trigger('post_run_cell', result)
         return result
 
     def _run_cell(self, raw_cell:str, store_history:bool, silent:bool, shell_futures:bool) -> ExecutionResult:
         """Internal method to run a complete IPython cell."""
 
         # we need to avoid calling self.transform_cell multiple time on the same thing
         # so we need to store some results:
         preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
         try:
             transformed_cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
         except Exception:
             transformed_cell = raw_cell
             preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
 
         assert transformed_cell is not None
         coro = self.run_cell_async(
             raw_cell,
             store_history=store_history,
             silent=silent,
             shell_futures=shell_futures,
             transformed_cell=transformed_cell,
             preprocessing_exc_tuple=preprocessing_exc_tuple,
         )
 
         # run_cell_async is async, but may not actually need an eventloop.
         # when this is the case, we want to run it using the pseudo_sync_runner
         # so that code can invoke eventloops (for example via the %run , and
         # `%paste` magic.
         if self.trio_runner:
             runner = self.trio_runner
         elif self.should_run_async(
             raw_cell,
             transformed_cell=transformed_cell,
             preprocessing_exc_tuple=preprocessing_exc_tuple,
         ):
             runner = self.loop_runner
         else:
             runner = _pseudo_sync_runner
 
         try:
             return runner(coro)
         except BaseException as e:
             info = ExecutionInfo(raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures)
             result = ExecutionResult(info)
             result.error_in_exec = e
             self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
             return result
 
     def should_run_async(
         self, raw_cell: str, *, transformed_cell=None, preprocessing_exc_tuple=None
     ) -> bool:
         """Return whether a cell should be run asynchronously via a coroutine runner
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell: str
             The code to be executed
 
         Returns
         -------
         result: bool
             Whether the code needs to be run with a coroutine runner or not
 
         .. versionadded: 7.0
         """
         if not self.autoawait:
             return False
         if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
             return False
         assert preprocessing_exc_tuple is None
         if transformed_cell is None:
             warnings.warn(
                 "`should_run_async` will not call `transform_cell`"
                 " automatically in the future. Please pass the result to"
                 " `transformed_cell` argument and any exception that happen"
                 " during the"
                 "transform in `preprocessing_exc_tuple` in"
                 " IPython 7.17 and above.",
                 DeprecationWarning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
             try:
                 cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
             except Exception:
                 # any exception during transform will be raised
                 # prior to execution
                 return False
         else:
             cell = transformed_cell
         return _should_be_async(cell)
 
     async def run_cell_async(
         self,
         raw_cell: str,
         store_history=False,
         silent=False,
         shell_futures=True,
         *,
         transformed_cell: Optional[str] = None,
         preprocessing_exc_tuple: Optional[Any] = None
     ) -> ExecutionResult:
         """Run a complete IPython cell asynchronously.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
           The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
           If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
           history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
           should be set to False.
         silent : bool
           If True, avoid side-effects, such as implicit displayhooks and
           and logging.  silent=True forces store_history=False.
         shell_futures : bool
           If True, the code will share future statements with the interactive
           shell. It will both be affected by previous __future__ imports, and
           any __future__ imports in the code will affect the shell. If False,
           __future__ imports are not shared in either direction.
         transformed_cell: str
           cell that was passed through transformers
         preprocessing_exc_tuple:
           trace if the transformation failed.
 
         Returns
         -------
         result : :class:`ExecutionResult`
 
         .. versionadded: 7.0
         """
         info = ExecutionInfo(
             raw_cell, store_history, silent, shell_futures)
         result = ExecutionResult(info)
 
         if (not raw_cell) or raw_cell.isspace():
             self.last_execution_succeeded = True
             self.last_execution_result = result
             return result
 
         if silent:
             store_history = False
 
         if store_history:
             result.execution_count = self.execution_count
 
         def error_before_exec(value):
             if store_history:
                 self.execution_count += 1
             result.error_before_exec = value
             self.last_execution_succeeded = False
             self.last_execution_result = result
             return result
 
         self.events.trigger('pre_execute')
         if not silent:
             self.events.trigger('pre_run_cell', info)
 
         if transformed_cell is None:
             warnings.warn(
                 "`run_cell_async` will not call `transform_cell`"
                 " automatically in the future. Please pass the result to"
                 " `transformed_cell` argument and any exception that happen"
                 " during the"
                 "transform in `preprocessing_exc_tuple` in"
                 " IPython 7.17 and above.",
                 DeprecationWarning,
                 stacklevel=2,
             )
             # If any of our input transformation (input_transformer_manager or
             # prefilter_manager) raises an exception, we store it in this variable
             # so that we can display the error after logging the input and storing
             # it in the history.
             try:
                 cell = self.transform_cell(raw_cell)
             except Exception:
                 preprocessing_exc_tuple = sys.exc_info()
                 cell = raw_cell  # cell has to exist so it can be stored/logged
             else:
                 preprocessing_exc_tuple = None
         else:
             if preprocessing_exc_tuple is None:
                 cell = transformed_cell
             else:
                 cell = raw_cell
 
         # Store raw and processed history
         if store_history:
             self.history_manager.store_inputs(self.execution_count,
                                               cell, raw_cell)
         if not silent:
             self.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
 
         # Display the exception if input processing failed.
         if preprocessing_exc_tuple is not None:
             self.showtraceback(preprocessing_exc_tuple)
             if store_history:
                 self.execution_count += 1
             return error_before_exec(preprocessing_exc_tuple[1])
 
         # Our own compiler remembers the __future__ environment. If we want to
         # run code with a separate __future__ environment, use the default
         # compiler
         compiler = self.compile if shell_futures else CachingCompiler()
 
         _run_async = False
 
         with self.builtin_trap:
             cell_name = self.compile.cache(cell, self.execution_count)
 
             with self.display_trap:
                 # Compile to bytecode
                 try:
                     if sys.version_info < (3,8) and self.autoawait:
                         if _should_be_async(cell):
                             # the code AST below will not be user code: we wrap it
                             # in an `async def`. This will likely make some AST
                             # transformer below miss some transform opportunity and
                             # introduce a small coupling to run_code (in which we
                             # bake some assumptions of what _ast_asyncify returns.
                             # they are ways around (like grafting part of the ast
                             # later:
                             #    - Here, return code_ast.body[0].body[1:-1], as well
                             #    as last expression in  return statement which is
                             #    the user code part.
                             #    - Let it go through the AST transformers, and graft
                             #    - it back after the AST transform
                             # But that seem unreasonable, at least while we
                             # do not need it.
                             code_ast = _ast_asyncify(cell, 'async-def-wrapper')
                             _run_async = True
                         else:
                             code_ast = compiler.ast_parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
                     else:
                         code_ast = compiler.ast_parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
                 except self.custom_exceptions as e:
                     etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                     self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
                     return error_before_exec(e)
                 except IndentationError as e:
                     self.showindentationerror()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
                 except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError,
                         MemoryError) as e:
                     self.showsyntaxerror()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
 
                 # Apply AST transformations
                 try:
                     code_ast = self.transform_ast(code_ast)
                 except InputRejected as e:
                     self.showtraceback()
                     return error_before_exec(e)
 
                 # Give the displayhook a reference to our ExecutionResult so it
                 # can fill in the output value.
                 self.displayhook.exec_result = result
 
                 # Execute the user code
                 interactivity = "none" if silent else self.ast_node_interactivity
                 if _run_async:
                     interactivity = 'async'
 
                 has_raised = await self.run_ast_nodes(code_ast.body, cell_name,
                        interactivity=interactivity, compiler=compiler, result=result)
 
                 self.last_execution_succeeded = not has_raised
                 self.last_execution_result = result
 
                 # Reset this so later displayed values do not modify the
                 # ExecutionResult
                 self.displayhook.exec_result = None
 
         if store_history:
             # Write output to the database. Does nothing unless
             # history output logging is enabled.
             self.history_manager.store_output(self.execution_count)
             # Each cell is a *single* input, regardless of how many lines it has
             self.execution_count += 1
 
         return result
 
     def transform_cell(self, raw_cell):
         """Transform an input cell before parsing it.
 
         Static transformations, implemented in IPython.core.inputtransformer2,
         deal with things like ``%magic`` and ``!system`` commands.
         These run on all input.
         Dynamic transformations, for things like unescaped magics and the exit
         autocall, depend on the state of the interpreter.
         These only apply to single line inputs.
 
         These string-based transformations are followed by AST transformations;
         see :meth:`transform_ast`.
         """
         # Static input transformations
         cell = self.input_transformer_manager.transform_cell(raw_cell)
 
         if len(cell.splitlines()) == 1:
             # Dynamic transformations - only applied for single line commands
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 # use prefilter_lines to handle trailing newlines
                 # restore trailing newline for ast.parse
                 cell = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(cell) + '\n'
 
         lines = cell.splitlines(keepends=True)
         for transform in self.input_transformers_post:
             lines = transform(lines)
         cell = ''.join(lines)
 
         return cell
 
     def transform_ast(self, node):
         """Apply the AST transformations from self.ast_transformers
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         node : ast.Node
           The root node to be transformed. Typically called with the ast.Module
           produced by parsing user input.
         
         Returns
         -------
         An ast.Node corresponding to the node it was called with. Note that it
         may also modify the passed object, so don't rely on references to the
         original AST.
         """
         for transformer in self.ast_transformers:
             try:
                 node = transformer.visit(node)
             except InputRejected:
                 # User-supplied AST transformers can reject an input by raising
                 # an InputRejected.  Short-circuit in this case so that we
                 # don't unregister the transform.
                 raise
             except Exception:
                 warn("AST transformer %r threw an error. It will be unregistered." % transformer)
                 self.ast_transformers.remove(transformer)
 
         if self.ast_transformers:
             ast.fix_missing_locations(node)
         return node
 
     async def run_ast_nodes(self, nodelist:ListType[AST], cell_name:str, interactivity='last_expr',
                         compiler=compile, result=None):
         """Run a sequence of AST nodes. The execution mode depends on the
         interactivity parameter.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         nodelist : list
           A sequence of AST nodes to run.
         cell_name : str
           Will be passed to the compiler as the filename of the cell. Typically
           the value returned by ip.compile.cache(cell).
         interactivity : str
           'all', 'last', 'last_expr' , 'last_expr_or_assign' or 'none',
           specifying which nodes should be run interactively (displaying output
           from expressions). 'last_expr' will run the last node interactively
           only if it is an expression (i.e. expressions in loops or other blocks
           are not displayed) 'last_expr_or_assign' will run the last expression
           or the last assignment. Other values for this parameter will raise a
           ValueError.
 
           Experimental value: 'async' Will try to run top level interactive
           async/await code in default runner, this will not respect the
           interactivity setting and will only run the last node if it is an
           expression. 
 
         compiler : callable
           A function with the same interface as the built-in compile(), to turn
           the AST nodes into code objects. Default is the built-in compile().
         result : ExecutionResult, optional
           An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
 
         Returns
         -------
         True if an exception occurred while running code, False if it finished
         running.
         """
         if not nodelist:
             return
 
         if interactivity == 'last_expr_or_assign':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], _assign_nodes):
                 asg = nodelist[-1]
                 if isinstance(asg, ast.Assign) and len(asg.targets) == 1:
                     target = asg.targets[0]
                 elif isinstance(asg, _single_targets_nodes):
                     target = asg.target
                 else:
                     target = None
                 if isinstance(target, ast.Name):
                     nnode = ast.Expr(ast.Name(target.id, ast.Load()))
                     ast.fix_missing_locations(nnode)
                     nodelist.append(nnode)
             interactivity = 'last_expr'
 
         _async = False
         if interactivity == 'last_expr':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], ast.Expr):
                 interactivity = "last"
             else:
                 interactivity = "none"
 
         if interactivity == 'none':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist, []
         elif interactivity == 'last':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist[:-1], nodelist[-1:]
         elif interactivity == 'all':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
         elif interactivity == 'async':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
             _async = True
         else:
             raise ValueError("Interactivity was %r" % interactivity)
 
         try:
             if _async and sys.version_info > (3,8):
                 raise ValueError("This branch should never happen on Python 3.8 and above, "
                                  "please try to upgrade IPython and open a bug report with your case.")
             if _async:
                 # If interactivity is async the semantics of run_code are
                 # completely different Skip usual machinery.
                 mod = Module(nodelist, [])
                 async_wrapper_code = compiler(mod, cell_name, 'exec')
                 exec(async_wrapper_code, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
                 async_code = removed_co_newlocals(self.user_ns.pop('async-def-wrapper')).__code__
                 if (await self.run_code(async_code, result, async_=True)):
                     return True
             else:
                 if sys.version_info > (3, 8):
                     def compare(code):
                         is_async = (inspect.CO_COROUTINE & code.co_flags == inspect.CO_COROUTINE)
                         return is_async
                 else:
                     def compare(code):
                         return _async
 
                 # refactor that to just change the mod constructor.
                 to_run = []
                 for node in to_run_exec:
                     to_run.append((node, 'exec'))
 
                 for node in to_run_interactive:
                     to_run.append((node, 'single'))
 
                 for node,mode in to_run:
                     if mode == 'exec':
                         mod = Module([node], [])
                     elif mode == 'single':
                         mod = ast.Interactive([node])
                     with compiler.extra_flags(getattr(ast, 'PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT', 0x0) if self.autoawait else 0x0):
                         code = compiler(mod, cell_name, mode)
                         asy = compare(code)
                     if (await self.run_code(code, result,  async_=asy)):
                         return True
 
             # Flush softspace
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print()
 
         except:
             # It's possible to have exceptions raised here, typically by
             # compilation of odd code (such as a naked 'return' outside a
             # function) that did parse but isn't valid. Typically the exception
             # is a SyntaxError, but it's safest just to catch anything and show
             # the user a traceback.
 
             # We do only one try/except outside the loop to minimize the impact
             # on runtime, and also because if any node in the node list is
             # broken, we should stop execution completely.
             if result:
                 result.error_before_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
             self.showtraceback()
             return True
 
         return False
 
     def _async_exec(self, code_obj: types.CodeType, user_ns: dict):
         """
         Evaluate an asynchronous code object using a code runner
 
         Fake asynchronous execution of code_object in a namespace via a proxy namespace.
 
         Returns coroutine object, which can be executed via async loop runner
 
         WARNING: The semantics of `async_exec` are quite different from `exec`,
         in particular you can only pass a single namespace. It also return a
         handle to the value of the last things returned by code_object.
         """
 
         return eval(code_obj, user_ns)
 
     async def run_code(self, code_obj, result=None, *, async_=False):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code_obj : code object
           A compiled code object, to be executed
         result : ExecutionResult, optional
           An object to store exceptions that occur during execution.
         async_ :  Bool (Experimental)
           Attempt to run top-level asynchronous code in a default loop.
 
         Returns
         -------
         False : successful execution.
         True : an error occurred.
         """
         # special value to say that anything above is IPython and should be
         # hidden.
         __tracebackhide__ = "__ipython_bottom__"
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook, sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = True  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 self.hooks.pre_run_code_hook()
                 if async_ and sys.version_info < (3,8):
                     last_expr = (await self._async_exec(code_obj, self.user_ns))
                     code = compile('last_expr', 'fake', "single")
                     exec(code, {'last_expr': last_expr})
                 elif async_ :
                     await eval(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
                 else:
                     exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit as e:
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = e
             self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             warn("To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.", stacklevel=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = value
             self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb)
         except:
             if result is not None:
                 result.error_in_exec = sys.exc_info()[1]
             self.showtraceback(running_compiled_code=True)
         else:
             outflag = False
         return outflag
 
     # For backwards compatibility
     runcode = run_code
 
     def check_complete(self, code: str) -> Tuple[str, str]:
         """Return whether a block of code is ready to execute, or should be continued
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         source : string
           Python input code, which can be multiline.
 
         Returns
         -------
         status : str
           One of 'complete', 'incomplete', or 'invalid' if source is not a
           prefix of valid code.
         indent : str
           When status is 'incomplete', this is some whitespace to insert on
           the next line of the prompt.
         """
         status, nspaces = self.input_transformer_manager.check_complete(code)
         return status, ' ' * (nspaces or 0)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to GUI support and pylab
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     active_eventloop = None
 
     def enable_gui(self, gui=None):
         raise NotImplementedError('Implement enable_gui in a subclass')
     
     def enable_matplotlib(self, gui=None):
         """Enable interactive matplotlib and inline figure support.
         
         This takes the following steps:
         
         1. select the appropriate eventloop and matplotlib backend
         2. set up matplotlib for interactive use with that backend
         3. configure formatters for inline figure display
         4. enable the selected gui eventloop
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
           If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
           (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
           'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
           matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
           user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
           make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
           display figures inline.
         """
         from IPython.core import pylabtools as pt
         gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(gui, self.pylab_gui_select)
     
         if gui != 'inline':
             # If we have our first gui selection, store it
             if self.pylab_gui_select is None:
                 self.pylab_gui_select = gui
             # Otherwise if they are different
             elif gui != self.pylab_gui_select:
                 print('Warning: Cannot change to a different GUI toolkit: %s.'
                         ' Using %s instead.' % (gui, self.pylab_gui_select))
                 gui, backend = pt.find_gui_and_backend(self.pylab_gui_select)
         
         pt.activate_matplotlib(backend)
         pt.configure_inline_support(self, backend)
         
         # Now we must activate the gui pylab wants to use, and fix %run to take
         # plot updates into account
         self.enable_gui(gui)
         self.magics_manager.registry['ExecutionMagics'].default_runner = \
             pt.mpl_runner(self.safe_execfile)
         
         return gui, backend
 
     def enable_pylab(self, gui=None, import_all=True, welcome_message=False):
         """Activate pylab support at runtime.
 
         This turns on support for matplotlib, preloads into the interactive
         namespace all of numpy and pylab, and configures IPython to correctly
         interact with the GUI event loop.  The GUI backend to be used can be
         optionally selected with the optional ``gui`` argument.
         
         This method only adds preloading the namespace to InteractiveShell.enable_matplotlib.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
           If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
           (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'qt', 'osx', 'tk',
           'gtk', 'wx' or 'inline'), otherwise we use the default chosen by
           matplotlib (as dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the
           user's matplotlibrc configuration file).  Note that not all backends
           make sense in all contexts, for example a terminal ipython can't
           display figures inline.
         import_all : optional, bool, default: True
           Whether to do `from numpy import *` and `from pylab import *`
           in addition to module imports.
         welcome_message : deprecated
           This argument is ignored, no welcome message will be displayed.
         """
         from IPython.core.pylabtools import import_pylab
         
         gui, backend = self.enable_matplotlib(gui)
         
         # We want to prevent the loading of pylab to pollute the user's
         # namespace as shown by the %who* magics, so we execute the activation
         # code in an empty namespace, and we update *both* user_ns and
         # user_ns_hidden with this information.
         ns = {}
         import_pylab(ns, import_all)
         # warn about clobbered names
         ignored = {"__builtins__"}
         both = set(ns).intersection(self.user_ns).difference(ignored)
         clobbered = [ name for name in both if self.user_ns[name] is not ns[name] ]
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
         return gui, backend, clobbered
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Utilities
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def var_expand(self, cmd, depth=0, formatter=DollarFormatter()):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
         ns = self.user_ns.copy()
         try:
             frame = sys._getframe(depth+1)
         except ValueError:
             # This is thrown if there aren't that many frames on the stack,
             # e.g. if a script called run_line_magic() directly.
             pass
         else:
             ns.update(frame.f_locals)
 
         try:
             # We have to use .vformat() here, because 'self' is a valid and common
             # name, and expanding **ns for .format() would make it collide with
             # the 'self' argument of the method.
             cmd = formatter.vformat(cmd, args=[], kwargs=ns)
         except Exception:
             # if formatter couldn't format, just let it go untransformed
             pass
         return cmd
 
     def mktempfile(self, data=None, prefix='ipython_edit_'):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mkstemp (created in a tempfile.mkdtemp),
         but it registers the created filename internally so ipython cleans it up
         at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
             immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
-        dirname = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix)
-        self.tempdirs.append(dirname)
+        dir_path = Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix))
+        self.tempdirs.append(dir_path)
 
-        handle, filename = tempfile.mkstemp('.py', prefix, dir=dirname)
+        handle, filename = tempfile.mkstemp(".py", prefix, dir=str(dir_path))
         os.close(handle)  # On Windows, there can only be one open handle on a file
-        self.tempfiles.append(filename)
+
+        file_path = Path(filename)
+        self.tempfiles.append(file_path)
 
         if data:
-            with open(filename, 'w') as tmp_file:
-                tmp_file.write(data)
+            file_path.write_text(data)
         return filename
 
     @undoc
     def write(self,data):
         """DEPRECATED: Write a string to the default output"""
         warn('InteractiveShell.write() is deprecated, use sys.stdout instead',
              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         sys.stdout.write(data)
 
     @undoc
     def write_err(self,data):
         """DEPRECATED: Write a string to the default error output"""
         warn('InteractiveShell.write_err() is deprecated, use sys.stderr instead',
              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         sys.stderr.write(data)
 
     def ask_yes_no(self, prompt, default=None, interrupt=None):
         if self.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default,interrupt)
 
     def show_usage(self):
         """Show a usage message"""
         page.page(IPython.core.usage.interactive_usage)
 
     def extract_input_lines(self, range_str, raw=False):
         """Return as a string a set of input history slices.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         range_str : string
             The set of slices is given as a string, like "~5/6-~4/2 4:8 9",
             since this function is for use by magic functions which get their
             arguments as strings. The number before the / is the session
             number: ~n goes n back from the current session.
 
         raw : bool, optional
             By default, the processed input is used.  If this is true, the raw
             input history is used instead.
 
         Notes
         -----
 
         Slices can be described with two notations:
 
         * ``N:M`` -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).
         * ``N-M`` -> include items N..M (closed endpoint).
         """
         lines = self.history_manager.get_range_by_str(range_str, raw=raw)
         return "\n".join(x for _, _, x in lines)
 
     def find_user_code(self, target, raw=True, py_only=False, skip_encoding_cookie=True, search_ns=False):
         """Get a code string from history, file, url, or a string or macro.
 
         This is mainly used by magic functions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         target : str
 
           A string specifying code to retrieve. This will be tried respectively
           as: ranges of input history (see %history for syntax), url,
           corresponding .py file, filename, or an expression evaluating to a
           string or Macro in the user namespace.
 
         raw : bool
           If true (default), retrieve raw history. Has no effect on the other
           retrieval mechanisms.
 
         py_only : bool (default False)
           Only try to fetch python code, do not try alternative methods to decode file
           if unicode fails.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A string of code.
 
         ValueError is raised if nothing is found, and TypeError if it evaluates
         to an object of another type. In each case, .args[0] is a printable
         message.
         """
         code = self.extract_input_lines(target, raw=raw)  # Grab history
         if code:
             return code
         try:
             if target.startswith(('http://', 'https://')):
                 return openpy.read_py_url(target, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
         except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
             if not py_only :
                 # Deferred import
                 from urllib.request import urlopen
                 response = urlopen(target)
                 return response.read().decode('latin1')
             raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target) from e
 
         potential_target = [target]
         try :
             potential_target.insert(0,get_py_filename(target))
         except IOError:
             pass
 
         for tgt in potential_target :
             if os.path.isfile(tgt):                        # Read file
                 try :
                     return openpy.read_py_file(tgt, skip_encoding_cookie=skip_encoding_cookie)
                 except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
                     if not py_only :
                         with io_open(tgt,'r', encoding='latin1') as f :
                             return f.read()
                     raise ValueError(("'%s' seem to be unreadable.") % target) from e
             elif os.path.isdir(os.path.expanduser(tgt)):
                 raise ValueError("'%s' is a directory, not a regular file." % target)
 
         if search_ns:
             # Inspect namespace to load object source
             object_info = self.object_inspect(target, detail_level=1)
             if object_info['found'] and object_info['source']:
                 return object_info['source']
 
         try:                                              # User namespace
             codeobj = eval(target, self.user_ns)
         except Exception as e:
             raise ValueError(("'%s' was not found in history, as a file, url, "
                                 "nor in the user namespace.") % target) from e
 
         if isinstance(codeobj, str):
             return codeobj
         elif isinstance(codeobj, Macro):
             return codeobj.value
 
         raise TypeError("%s is neither a string nor a macro." % target,
                         codeobj)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython exiting
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Cleanup operations and saving of persistent data that is done
         unconditionally by IPython should be performed here.
 
         For things that may depend on startup flags or platform specifics (such
         as having readline or not), register a separate atexit function in the
         code that has the appropriate information, rather than trying to
         clutter
         """
         # Close the history session (this stores the end time and line count)
         # this must be *before* the tempfile cleanup, in case of temporary
         # history db
         self.history_manager.end_session()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles and folders left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
-                os.unlink(tfile)
-            except OSError:
+                tfile.unlink()
+            except FileNotFoundError:
                 pass
 
         for tdir in self.tempdirs:
             try:
-                os.rmdir(tdir)
-            except OSError:
+                tdir.rmdir()
+            except FileNotFoundError:
                 pass
 
         # Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
         self.reset(new_session=False)
 
         # Run user hooks
         self.hooks.shutdown_hook()
 
     def cleanup(self):
         self.restore_sys_module_state()
 
 
     # Overridden in terminal subclass to change prompts
     def switch_doctest_mode(self, mode):
         pass
 
 
 class InteractiveShellABC(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     """An abstract base class for InteractiveShell."""
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(InteractiveShell)

IPython/core/magics/execution.py

@@ -1,1496 +1,1496 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Implementation of execution-related magic functions."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 
 import ast
 import bdb
 import builtins as builtin_mod
 import gc
 import itertools
 import os
 import shlex
 import sys
 import time
 import timeit
 import math
 import re
 from pdb import Restart
 
 import cProfile as profile
 import pstats
 
 from IPython.core import oinspect
 from IPython.core import magic_arguments
 from IPython.core import page
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.magic import (Magics, magics_class, line_magic, cell_magic,
                                 line_cell_magic, on_off, needs_local_scope,
                                 no_var_expand)
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
 from IPython.utils.contexts import preserve_keys
 from IPython.utils.capture import capture_output
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.utils.module_paths import find_mod
 from IPython.utils.path import get_py_filename, shellglob
 from IPython.utils.timing import clock, clock2
 from warnings import warn
 from logging import error
 from io import StringIO
+from pathlib import Path
 
 if sys.version_info > (3,8):
     from ast import Module
 else :
     # mock the new API, ignore second argument
     # see https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/11590
     from ast import Module as OriginalModule
     Module = lambda nodelist, type_ignores: OriginalModule(nodelist)
 
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Magic implementation classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 class TimeitResult(object):
     """
     Object returned by the timeit magic with info about the run.
 
     Contains the following attributes :
 
     loops: (int) number of loops done per measurement
     repeat: (int) number of times the measurement has been repeated
     best: (float) best execution time / number
     all_runs: (list of float) execution time of each run (in s)
     compile_time: (float) time of statement compilation (s)
 
     """
     def __init__(self, loops, repeat, best, worst, all_runs, compile_time, precision):
         self.loops = loops
         self.repeat = repeat
         self.best = best
         self.worst = worst
         self.all_runs = all_runs
         self.compile_time = compile_time
         self._precision = precision
         self.timings = [ dt / self.loops for dt in all_runs]
 
     @property
     def average(self):
         return math.fsum(self.timings) / len(self.timings)
 
     @property
     def stdev(self):
         mean = self.average
         return (math.fsum([(x - mean) ** 2 for x in self.timings]) / len(self.timings)) ** 0.5
 
     def __str__(self):
         pm = '+-'
         if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding') and sys.stdout.encoding:
             try:
                 u'\xb1'.encode(sys.stdout.encoding)
                 pm = u'\xb1'
             except:
                 pass
         return (
             u"{mean} {pm} {std} per loop (mean {pm} std. dev. of {runs} run{run_plural}, {loops} loop{loop_plural} each)"
                 .format(
                     pm = pm,
                     runs = self.repeat,
                     loops = self.loops,
                     loop_plural = "" if self.loops == 1 else "s",
                     run_plural = "" if self.repeat == 1 else "s",
                     mean = _format_time(self.average, self._precision),
                     std = _format_time(self.stdev, self._precision))
                 )
 
     def _repr_pretty_(self, p , cycle):
         unic = self.__str__()
         p.text(u'<TimeitResult : '+unic+u'>')
 
 
 class TimeitTemplateFiller(ast.NodeTransformer):
     """Fill in the AST template for timing execution.
 
     This is quite closely tied to the template definition, which is in
     :meth:`ExecutionMagics.timeit`.
     """
     def __init__(self, ast_setup, ast_stmt):
         self.ast_setup = ast_setup
         self.ast_stmt = ast_stmt
 
     def visit_FunctionDef(self, node):
         "Fill in the setup statement"
         self.generic_visit(node)
         if node.name == "inner":
             node.body[:1] = self.ast_setup.body
 
         return node
 
     def visit_For(self, node):
         "Fill in the statement to be timed"
         if getattr(getattr(node.body[0], 'value', None), 'id', None) == 'stmt':
             node.body = self.ast_stmt.body
         return node
 
 
 class Timer(timeit.Timer):
     """Timer class that explicitly uses self.inner
     
     which is an undocumented implementation detail of CPython,
     not shared by PyPy.
     """
     # Timer.timeit copied from CPython 3.4.2
     def timeit(self, number=timeit.default_number):
         """Time 'number' executions of the main statement.
 
         To be precise, this executes the setup statement once, and
         then returns the time it takes to execute the main statement
         a number of times, as a float measured in seconds.  The
         argument is the number of times through the loop, defaulting
         to one million.  The main statement, the setup statement and
         the timer function to be used are passed to the constructor.
         """
         it = itertools.repeat(None, number)
         gcold = gc.isenabled()
         gc.disable()
         try:
             timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
         finally:
             if gcold:
                 gc.enable()
         return timing
 
 
 @magics_class
 class ExecutionMagics(Magics):
     """Magics related to code execution, debugging, profiling, etc.
 
     """
 
     def __init__(self, shell):
         super(ExecutionMagics, self).__init__(shell)
         # Default execution function used to actually run user code.
         self.default_runner = None
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     def prun(self, parameter_s='', cell=None):
 
         """Run a statement through the python code profiler.
 
         Usage, in line mode:
           %prun [options] statement
 
         Usage, in cell mode:
           %%prun [options] [statement]
           code...
           code...
 
         In cell mode, the additional code lines are appended to the (possibly
         empty) statement in the first line.  Cell mode allows you to easily
         profile multiline blocks without having to put them in a separate
         function.
 
         The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
         python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
         Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
         cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
         namespaces which do not hold under IPython.
 
         Options:
 
         -l <limit>
           you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
           profile gets printed. The limit value can be:
 
              * A string: only information for function names containing this string
                is printed.
 
              * An integer: only these many lines are printed.
 
              * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
                (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).
 
           You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
           example, ``-l __init__ -l 5`` will print only the topmost 5 lines of
           information about class constructors.
 
         -r
           return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
           object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
           later use it for further analysis or in other functions.
 
         -s <key>
           sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
           by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
           default sorting key is 'time'.
 
           The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
           referenced below:
 
           When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
           secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
           before them.
 
           Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
           abbreviation is unambiguous.  The following are the keys currently
           defined:
 
           ============  =====================
           Valid Arg     Meaning
           ============  =====================
           "calls"       call count
           "cumulative"  cumulative time
           "file"        file name
           "module"      file name
           "pcalls"      primitive call count
           "line"        line number
           "name"        function name
           "nfl"         name/file/line
           "stdname"     standard name
           "time"        internal time
           ============  =====================
 
           Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
           most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
           searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
           distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
           sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
           numbers get compared in an odd way.  For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
           would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
           "20" "3" and "40".  In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
           line numbers.  In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
           sort_stats("name", "file", "line").
 
         -T <filename>
           save profile results as shown on screen to a text
           file. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -D <filename>
           save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given
           filename. This data is in a format understood by the pstats module, and
           is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile
           objects. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -q
           suppress output to the pager.  Best used with -T and/or -D above.
 
         If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use
         ``%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]`` where prof_opts
         contains profiler specific options as described here.
 
         You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with::
 
           In [1]: import profile; profile.help()
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         """
         opts, arg_str = self.parse_options(parameter_s, 'D:l:rs:T:q',
                                            list_all=True, posix=False)
         if cell is not None:
             arg_str += '\n' + cell
         arg_str = self.shell.transform_cell(arg_str)
         return self._run_with_profiler(arg_str, opts, self.shell.user_ns)
 
     def _run_with_profiler(self, code, opts, namespace):
         """
         Run `code` with profiler.  Used by ``%prun`` and ``%run -p``.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : str
             Code to be executed.
         opts : Struct
             Options parsed by `self.parse_options`.
         namespace : dict
             A dictionary for Python namespace (e.g., `self.shell.user_ns`).
 
         """
 
         # Fill default values for unspecified options:
         opts.merge(Struct(D=[''], l=[], s=['time'], T=['']))
 
         prof = profile.Profile()
         try:
             prof = prof.runctx(code, namespace, namespace)
             sys_exit = ''
         except SystemExit:
             sys_exit = """*** SystemExit exception caught in code being profiled."""
 
         stats = pstats.Stats(prof).strip_dirs().sort_stats(*opts.s)
 
         lims = opts.l
         if lims:
             lims = []  # rebuild lims with ints/floats/strings
             for lim in opts.l:
                 try:
                     lims.append(int(lim))
                 except ValueError:
                     try:
                         lims.append(float(lim))
                     except ValueError:
                         lims.append(lim)
 
         # Trap output.
         stdout_trap = StringIO()
         stats_stream = stats.stream
         try:
             stats.stream = stdout_trap
             stats.print_stats(*lims)
         finally:
             stats.stream = stats_stream
 
         output = stdout_trap.getvalue()
         output = output.rstrip()
 
         if 'q' not in opts:
             page.page(output)
         print(sys_exit, end=' ')
 
         dump_file = opts.D[0]
         text_file = opts.T[0]
         if dump_file:
             prof.dump_stats(dump_file)
             print('\n*** Profile stats marshalled to file',\
                   repr(dump_file)+'.',sys_exit)
         if text_file:
-            with open(text_file, 'w') as pfile:
-                pfile.write(output)
+            Path(text_file).write_text(output)
             print('\n*** Profile printout saved to text file',\
                   repr(text_file)+'.',sys_exit)
 
         if 'r' in opts:
             return stats
         else:
             return None
 
     @line_magic
     def pdb(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
 
         Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
         argument it works as a toggle.
 
         When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
         interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
         this feature on and off.
 
         The initial state of this feature is set in your configuration
         file (the option is ``InteractiveShell.pdb``).
 
         If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired,
         without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use
         the %debug magic."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip().lower()
 
         if par:
             try:
                 new_pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par]
             except KeyError:
                 print ('Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0, '
                        'or nothing for a toggle.')
                 return
         else:
             # toggle
             new_pdb = not self.shell.call_pdb
 
         # set on the shell
         self.shell.call_pdb = new_pdb
         print('Automatic pdb calling has been turned',on_off(new_pdb))
 
     @skip_doctest
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument('--breakpoint', '-b', metavar='FILE:LINE',
         help="""
         Set break point at LINE in FILE.
         """
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('statement', nargs='*',
         help="""
         Code to run in debugger.
         You can omit this in cell magic mode.
         """
     )
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     def debug(self, line='', cell=None):
         """Activate the interactive debugger.
 
         This magic command support two ways of activating debugger.
         One is to activate debugger before executing code.  This way, you
         can set a break point, to step through the code from the point.
         You can use this mode by giving statements to execute and optionally
         a breakpoint.
 
         The other one is to activate debugger in post-mortem mode.  You can
         activate this mode simply running %debug without any argument.
         If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
         frames interactively.  Note that this will always work only on the last
         traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
         exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
         occurs, it clobbers the previous one.
 
         If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
         the %pdb magic for more details.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             When running code, user variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         """
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.debug, line)
 
         if not (args.breakpoint or args.statement or cell):
             self._debug_post_mortem()
         elif not (args.breakpoint or cell):
             # If there is no breakpoints, the line is just code to execute
             self._debug_exec(line, None)
         else:
             # Here we try to reconstruct the code from the output of
             # parse_argstring. This might not work if the code has spaces
             # For example this fails for `print("a b")`
             code = "\n".join(args.statement)
             if cell:
                 code += "\n" + cell
             self._debug_exec(code, args.breakpoint)
 
     def _debug_post_mortem(self):
         self.shell.debugger(force=True)
 
     def _debug_exec(self, code, breakpoint):
         if breakpoint:
             (filename, bp_line) = breakpoint.rsplit(':', 1)
             bp_line = int(bp_line)
         else:
             (filename, bp_line) = (None, None)
         self._run_with_debugger(code, self.shell.user_ns, filename, bp_line)
 
     @line_magic
     def tb(self, s):
         """Print the last traceback.
 
         Optionally, specify an exception reporting mode, tuning the
         verbosity of the traceback. By default the currently-active exception
         mode is used. See %xmode for changing exception reporting modes.
 
         Valid modes: Plain, Context, Verbose, and Minimal.
         """
         interactive_tb = self.shell.InteractiveTB
         if s:
             # Switch exception reporting mode for this one call.
             # Ensure it is switched back.
             def xmode_switch_err(name):
                 warn('Error changing %s exception modes.\n%s' %
                     (name,sys.exc_info()[1]))
 
             new_mode = s.strip().capitalize()
             original_mode = interactive_tb.mode
             try:
                 try:
                     interactive_tb.set_mode(mode=new_mode)
                 except Exception:
                     xmode_switch_err('user')
                 else:
                     self.shell.showtraceback()
             finally:
                 interactive_tb.set_mode(mode=original_mode)
         else:
             self.shell.showtraceback()
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def run(self, parameter_s='', runner=None,
                   file_finder=get_py_filename):
         """Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
 
         Usage::
         
           %run [-n -i -e -G]
                [( -t [-N<N>] | -d [-b<N>] | -p [profile options] )]
                ( -m mod | file ) [args]
 
         Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to
         the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's
         prompt.
 
         This is similar to running at a system prompt ``python file args``,
         but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of
         loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use
         (unless -p is used, see below).
 
         The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of
         ``__name__=='__main__'`` and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus
         sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone program
         (except for sharing global objects such as previously imported
         modules). But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets
         updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__
         and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for
         interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in.
 
         Arguments are expanded using shell-like glob match.  Patterns
         '*', '?', '[seq]' and '[!seq]' can be used.  Additionally,
         tilde '~' will be expanded into user's home directory.  Unlike
         real shells, quotation does not suppress expansions.  Use
         *two* back slashes (e.g. ``\\\\*``) to suppress expansions.
         To completely disable these expansions, you can use -G flag.
 
         On Windows systems, the use of single quotes `'` when specifying 
         a file is not supported. Use double quotes `"`.
 
         Options:
 
         -n
           __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name
           without extension (as python does under import).  This allows running
           scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code
           protected by an ``if __name__ == "__main__"`` clause.
 
         -i
           run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This
           is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor
           which depends on variables defined interactively.
 
         -e
           ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script
           being run.  This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to
           run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call.  In such
           cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in
           seeing a traceback of the unittest module.
 
         -t
           print timing information at the end of the run.  IPython will give
           you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under
           Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of
           time.clock().  Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks
           is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).
 
         If -t is given, an additional ``-N<N>`` option can be given, where <N>
         must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to
         run.  The final timing report will include total and per run results.
 
         For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py)::
 
             In [1]: run -t uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):
               User  :    0.19597 s.
               System:        0.0 s.
 
             In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):
             Total runs performed: 5
               Times :      Total       Per run
               User  :   0.910862 s,  0.1821724 s.
               System:        0.0 s,        0.0 s.
 
         -d
           run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger.
           This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables,
           etc.  Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling::
 
               pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")')
 
           with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file.  You can change the line
           number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option
           (where N must be an integer). For example::
 
               %run -d -b40 myscript
 
           will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py.  Note that
           the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does
           something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.
 
           Or you can specify a breakpoint in a different file::
 
               %run -d -b myotherfile.py:20 myscript
 
           When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt.  You must
           first enter 'c' (without quotes) to start execution up to the first
           breakpoint.
 
           Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger.  You
           can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()"
           at a prompt.
 
         -p
           run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which
           prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).
 
           You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the
           profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.
 
           In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the
           IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace
           where the profiler executes them).
 
           Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for
           details on the options available specifically for profiling.
 
         There is one special usage for which the text above doesn't apply:
         if the filename ends with .ipy[nb], the file is run as ipython script,
         just as if the commands were written on IPython prompt.
 
         -m
           specify module name to load instead of script path. Similar to
           the -m option for the python interpreter. Use this option last if you
           want to combine with other %run options. Unlike the python interpreter
           only source modules are allowed no .pyc or .pyo files.
           For example::
 
               %run -m example
 
           will run the example module.
 
         -G
           disable shell-like glob expansion of arguments.
 
         """
 
         # Logic to handle issue #3664
         # Add '--' after '-m <module_name>' to ignore additional args passed to a module.
         if '-m' in parameter_s and '--' not in parameter_s:
             argv = shlex.split(parameter_s, posix=(os.name == 'posix'))
             for idx, arg in enumerate(argv):
                 if arg and arg.startswith('-') and arg != '-':
                     if arg == '-m':
                         argv.insert(idx + 2, '--')
                         break
                 else:
                     # Positional arg, break
                     break
             parameter_s = ' '.join(shlex.quote(arg) for arg in argv)
 
         # get arguments and set sys.argv for program to be run.
         opts, arg_lst = self.parse_options(parameter_s,
                                            'nidtN:b:pD:l:rs:T:em:G',
                                            mode='list', list_all=1)
         if "m" in opts:
             modulename = opts["m"][0]
             modpath = find_mod(modulename)
             if modpath is None:
                 msg = '%r is not a valid modulename on sys.path'%modulename
                 raise Exception(msg)
             arg_lst = [modpath] + arg_lst
         try:
             fpath = None # initialize to make sure fpath is in scope later
             fpath = arg_lst[0]
             filename = file_finder(fpath)
         except IndexError as e:
             msg = 'you must provide at least a filename.'
             raise Exception(msg) from e
         except IOError as e:
             try:
                 msg = str(e)
             except UnicodeError:
                 msg = e.message
             if os.name == 'nt' and re.match(r"^'.*'$",fpath):
                 warn('For Windows, use double quotes to wrap a filename: %run "mypath\\myfile.py"')
             raise Exception(msg) from e
         except TypeError:
             if fpath in sys.meta_path:
                 filename = ""
             else:
                 raise
 
         if filename.lower().endswith(('.ipy', '.ipynb')):
             with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'):
                 self.shell.user_ns['__file__'] = filename
                 self.shell.safe_execfile_ipy(filename, raise_exceptions=True)
             return
 
         # Control the response to exit() calls made by the script being run
         exit_ignore = 'e' in opts
 
         # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it
         # were run from a system shell.
         save_argv = sys.argv # save it for later restoring
 
         if 'G' in opts:
             args = arg_lst[1:]
         else:
             # tilde and glob expansion
             args = shellglob(map(os.path.expanduser,  arg_lst[1:]))
 
         sys.argv = [filename] + args  # put in the proper filename
 
         if 'n' in opts:
-            name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0]
+            name = Path(filename).stem
         else:
             name = '__main__'
 
         if 'i' in opts:
             # Run in user's interactive namespace
             prog_ns = self.shell.user_ns
             __name__save = self.shell.user_ns['__name__']
             prog_ns['__name__'] = name
             main_mod = self.shell.user_module
 
             # Since '%run foo' emulates 'python foo.py' at the cmd line, we must
             # set the __file__ global in the script's namespace
             # TK: Is this necessary in interactive mode?
             prog_ns['__file__'] = filename
         else:
             # Run in a fresh, empty namespace
 
             # The shell MUST hold a reference to prog_ns so after %run
             # exits, the python deletion mechanism doesn't zero it out
             # (leaving dangling references). See interactiveshell for details
             main_mod = self.shell.new_main_mod(filename, name)
             prog_ns = main_mod.__dict__
 
         # pickle fix.  See interactiveshell for an explanation.  But we need to
         # make sure that, if we overwrite __main__, we replace it at the end
         main_mod_name = prog_ns['__name__']
 
         if main_mod_name == '__main__':
             restore_main = sys.modules['__main__']
         else:
             restore_main = False
 
         # This needs to be undone at the end to prevent holding references to
         # every single object ever created.
         sys.modules[main_mod_name] = main_mod
 
         if 'p' in opts or 'd' in opts:
             if 'm' in opts:
                 code = 'run_module(modulename, prog_ns)'
                 code_ns = {
                     'run_module': self.shell.safe_run_module,
                     'prog_ns': prog_ns,
                     'modulename': modulename,
                 }
             else:
                 if 'd' in opts:
                     # allow exceptions to raise in debug mode
                     code = 'execfile(filename, prog_ns, raise_exceptions=True)'
                 else:
                     code = 'execfile(filename, prog_ns)'
                 code_ns = {
                     'execfile': self.shell.safe_execfile,
                     'prog_ns': prog_ns,
                     'filename': get_py_filename(filename),
                 }
 
         try:
             stats = None
             if 'p' in opts:
                 stats = self._run_with_profiler(code, opts, code_ns)
             else:
                 if 'd' in opts:
                     bp_file, bp_line = parse_breakpoint(
                         opts.get('b', ['1'])[0], filename)
                     self._run_with_debugger(
                         code, code_ns, filename, bp_line, bp_file)
                 else:
                     if 'm' in opts:
                         def run():
                             self.shell.safe_run_module(modulename, prog_ns)
                     else:
                         if runner is None:
                             runner = self.default_runner
                         if runner is None:
                             runner = self.shell.safe_execfile
 
                         def run():
                             runner(filename, prog_ns, prog_ns,
                                     exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
 
                     if 't' in opts:
                         # timed execution
                         try:
                             nruns = int(opts['N'][0])
                             if nruns < 1:
                                 error('Number of runs must be >=1')
                                 return
                         except (KeyError):
                             nruns = 1
                         self._run_with_timing(run, nruns)
                     else:
                         # regular execution
                         run()
 
             if 'i' in opts:
                 self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] = __name__save
             else:
                 # update IPython interactive namespace
 
                 # Some forms of read errors on the file may mean the
                 # __name__ key was never set; using pop we don't have to
                 # worry about a possible KeyError.
                 prog_ns.pop('__name__', None)
 
                 with preserve_keys(self.shell.user_ns, '__file__'):
                     self.shell.user_ns.update(prog_ns)
         finally:
             # It's a bit of a mystery why, but __builtins__ can change from
             # being a module to becoming a dict missing some key data after
             # %run.  As best I can see, this is NOT something IPython is doing
             # at all, and similar problems have been reported before:
             # http://coding.derkeiler.com/Archive/Python/comp.lang.python/2004-10/0188.html
             # Since this seems to be done by the interpreter itself, the best
             # we can do is to at least restore __builtins__ for the user on
             # exit.
             self.shell.user_ns['__builtins__'] = builtin_mod
 
             # Ensure key global structures are restored
             sys.argv = save_argv
             if restore_main:
                 sys.modules['__main__'] = restore_main
                 if '__mp_main__' in sys.modules:
                     sys.modules['__mp_main__'] = restore_main
             else:
                 # Remove from sys.modules the reference to main_mod we'd
                 # added.  Otherwise it will trap references to objects
                 # contained therein.
                 del sys.modules[main_mod_name]
 
         return stats
 
     def _run_with_debugger(self, code, code_ns, filename=None,
                            bp_line=None, bp_file=None):
         """
         Run `code` in debugger with a break point.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code : str
             Code to execute.
         code_ns : dict
             A namespace in which `code` is executed.
         filename : str
             `code` is ran as if it is in `filename`.
         bp_line : int, optional
             Line number of the break point.
         bp_file : str, optional
             Path to the file in which break point is specified.
             `filename` is used if not given.
 
         Raises
         ------
         UsageError
             If the break point given by `bp_line` is not valid.
 
         """
         deb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb
         if not deb:
             self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.debugger_cls()
             deb = self.shell.InteractiveTB.pdb
 
         # deb.checkline() fails if deb.curframe exists but is None; it can
         # handle it not existing. https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10028
         if hasattr(deb, 'curframe'):
             del deb.curframe
 
         # reset Breakpoint state, which is moronically kept
         # in a class
         bdb.Breakpoint.next = 1
         bdb.Breakpoint.bplist = {}
         bdb.Breakpoint.bpbynumber = [None]
         deb.clear_all_breaks()
         if bp_line is not None:
             # Set an initial breakpoint to stop execution
             maxtries = 10
             bp_file = bp_file or filename
             checkline = deb.checkline(bp_file, bp_line)
             if not checkline:
                 for bp in range(bp_line + 1, bp_line + maxtries + 1):
                     if deb.checkline(bp_file, bp):
                         break
                 else:
                     msg = ("\nI failed to find a valid line to set "
                            "a breakpoint\n"
                            "after trying up to line: %s.\n"
                            "Please set a valid breakpoint manually "
                            "with the -b option." % bp)
                     raise UsageError(msg)
             # if we find a good linenumber, set the breakpoint
             deb.do_break('%s:%s' % (bp_file, bp_line))
 
         if filename:
             # Mimic Pdb._runscript(...)
             deb._wait_for_mainpyfile = True
             deb.mainpyfile = deb.canonic(filename)
 
         # Start file run
         print("NOTE: Enter 'c' at the %s prompt to continue execution." % deb.prompt)
         try:
             if filename:
                 # save filename so it can be used by methods on the deb object
                 deb._exec_filename = filename
             while True:
                 try:
                     trace = sys.gettrace()
                     deb.run(code, code_ns)
                 except Restart:
                     print("Restarting")
                     if filename:
                         deb._wait_for_mainpyfile = True
                         deb.mainpyfile = deb.canonic(filename)
                     continue
                 else:
                     break
                 finally:
                     sys.settrace(trace)
             
 
         except:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             # Skip three frames in the traceback: the %run one,
             # one inside bdb.py, and the command-line typed by the
             # user (run by exec in pdb itself).
             self.shell.InteractiveTB(etype, value, tb, tb_offset=3)
 
     @staticmethod
     def _run_with_timing(run, nruns):
         """
         Run function `run` and print timing information.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         run : callable
             Any callable object which takes no argument.
         nruns : int
             Number of times to execute `run`.
 
         """
         twall0 = time.perf_counter()
         if nruns == 1:
             t0 = clock2()
             run()
             t1 = clock2()
             t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
             t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
             print("\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):")
             print("  User   : %10.2f s." % t_usr)
             print("  System : %10.2f s." % t_sys)
         else:
             runs = range(nruns)
             t0 = clock2()
             for nr in runs:
                 run()
             t1 = clock2()
             t_usr = t1[0] - t0[0]
             t_sys = t1[1] - t0[1]
             print("\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):")
             print("Total runs performed:", nruns)
             print("  Times  : %10s   %10s" % ('Total', 'Per run'))
             print("  User   : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_usr, t_usr / nruns))
             print("  System : %10.2f s, %10.2f s." % (t_sys, t_sys / nruns))
         twall1 = time.perf_counter()
         print("Wall time: %10.2f s." % (twall1 - twall0))
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @line_cell_magic
     @needs_local_scope
     def timeit(self, line='', cell=None, local_ns=None):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression
 
         Usage, in line mode:
           %timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c] -q -p<P> -o] statement
         or in cell mode:
           %%timeit [-n<N> -r<R> [-t|-c] -q -p<P> -o] setup_code
           code
           code...
 
         Time execution of a Python statement or expression using the timeit
         module.  This function can be used both as a line and cell magic:
 
         - In line mode you can time a single-line statement (though multiple
           ones can be chained with using semicolons).
 
         - In cell mode, the statement in the first line is used as setup code
           (executed but not timed) and the body of the cell is timed.  The cell
           body has access to any variables created in the setup code.
 
         Options:
         -n<N>: execute the given statement <N> times in a loop. If <N> is not
         provided, <N> is determined so as to get sufficient accuracy.
 
         -r<R>: number of repeats <R>, each consisting of <N> loops, and take the
         best result.
         Default: 7
 
         -t: use time.time to measure the time, which is the default on Unix.
         This function measures wall time.
 
         -c: use time.clock to measure the time, which is the default on
         Windows and measures wall time. On Unix, resource.getrusage is used
         instead and returns the CPU user time.
 
         -p<P>: use a precision of <P> digits to display the timing result.
         Default: 3
 
         -q: Quiet, do not print result.
 
         -o: return a TimeitResult that can be stored in a variable to inspect
             the result in more details.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: %timeit pass
           8.26 ns ± 0.12 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100000000 loops each)
 
           In [2]: u = None
 
           In [3]: %timeit u is None
           29.9 ns ± 0.643 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000000 loops each)
 
           In [4]: %timeit -r 4 u == None
 
           In [5]: import time
 
           In [6]: %timeit -n1 time.sleep(2)
 
 
         The times reported by %timeit will be slightly higher than those
         reported by the timeit.py script when variables are accessed. This is
         due to the fact that %timeit executes the statement in the namespace
         of the shell, compared with timeit.py, which uses a single setup
         statement to import function or create variables. Generally, the bias
         does not matter as long as results from timeit.py are not mixed with
         those from %timeit."""
 
         opts, stmt = self.parse_options(line,'n:r:tcp:qo',
                                         posix=False, strict=False)
         if stmt == "" and cell is None:
             return
         
         timefunc = timeit.default_timer
         number = int(getattr(opts, "n", 0))
         default_repeat = 7 if timeit.default_repeat < 7 else timeit.default_repeat
         repeat = int(getattr(opts, "r", default_repeat))
         precision = int(getattr(opts, "p", 3))
         quiet = 'q' in opts
         return_result = 'o' in opts
         if hasattr(opts, "t"):
             timefunc = time.time
         if hasattr(opts, "c"):
             timefunc = clock
 
         timer = Timer(timer=timefunc)
         # this code has tight coupling to the inner workings of timeit.Timer,
         # but is there a better way to achieve that the code stmt has access
         # to the shell namespace?
         transform  = self.shell.transform_cell
 
         if cell is None:
             # called as line magic
             ast_setup = self.shell.compile.ast_parse("pass")
             ast_stmt = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(stmt))
         else:
             ast_setup = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(stmt))
             ast_stmt = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(transform(cell))
 
         ast_setup = self.shell.transform_ast(ast_setup)
         ast_stmt = self.shell.transform_ast(ast_stmt)
 
         # Check that these compile to valid Python code *outside* the timer func
         # Invalid code may become valid when put inside the function & loop,
         # which messes up error messages.
         # https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/10636
         self.shell.compile(ast_setup, "<magic-timeit-setup>", "exec")
         self.shell.compile(ast_stmt, "<magic-timeit-stmt>", "exec")
 
         # This codestring is taken from timeit.template - we fill it in as an
         # AST, so that we can apply our AST transformations to the user code
         # without affecting the timing code.
         timeit_ast_template = ast.parse('def inner(_it, _timer):\n'
                                         '    setup\n'
                                         '    _t0 = _timer()\n'
                                         '    for _i in _it:\n'
                                         '        stmt\n'
                                         '    _t1 = _timer()\n'
                                         '    return _t1 - _t0\n')
 
         timeit_ast = TimeitTemplateFiller(ast_setup, ast_stmt).visit(timeit_ast_template)
         timeit_ast = ast.fix_missing_locations(timeit_ast)
 
         # Track compilation time so it can be reported if too long
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
 
         t0 = clock()
         code = self.shell.compile(timeit_ast, "<magic-timeit>", "exec")
         tc = clock()-t0
 
         ns = {}
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         # handles global vars with same name as local vars. We store them in conflict_globs.
         conflict_globs = {}
         if local_ns and cell is None:
             for var_name, var_val in glob.items():
                 if var_name in local_ns:
                     conflict_globs[var_name] = var_val
             glob.update(local_ns)
             
         exec(code, glob, ns)
         timer.inner = ns["inner"]
 
         # This is used to check if there is a huge difference between the
         # best and worst timings.
         # Issue: https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/6471
         if number == 0:
             # determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
             for index in range(0, 10):
                 number = 10 ** index
                 time_number = timer.timeit(number)
                 if time_number >= 0.2:
                     break
 
         all_runs = timer.repeat(repeat, number)
         best = min(all_runs) / number
         worst = max(all_runs) / number
         timeit_result = TimeitResult(number, repeat, best, worst, all_runs, tc, precision)
 
         # Restore global vars from conflict_globs
         if conflict_globs:
            glob.update(conflict_globs)
                 
         if not quiet :
             # Check best timing is greater than zero to avoid a
             # ZeroDivisionError.
             # In cases where the slowest timing is lesser than a microsecond
             # we assume that it does not really matter if the fastest
             # timing is 4 times faster than the slowest timing or not.
             if worst > 4 * best and best > 0 and worst > 1e-6:
                 print("The slowest run took %0.2f times longer than the "
                       "fastest. This could mean that an intermediate result "
                       "is being cached." % (worst / best))
            
             print( timeit_result )
 
             if tc > tc_min:
                 print("Compiler time: %.2f s" % tc)
         if return_result:
             return timeit_result
 
     @skip_doctest
     @no_var_expand
     @needs_local_scope
     @line_cell_magic
     def time(self,line='', cell=None, local_ns=None):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
 
         The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the
         expression (if any) is returned.  Note that under Win32, system time
         is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.
         
         This function can be used both as a line and cell magic:
 
         - In line mode you can time a single-line statement (though multiple
           ones can be chained with using semicolons).
 
         - In cell mode, you can time the cell body (a directly
           following statement raises an error).
 
         This function provides very basic timing functionality.  Use the timeit
         magic for more control over the measurement.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 7.3
             User variables are no longer expanded,
             the magic line is always left unmodified.
 
         Examples
         --------
         ::
 
           In [1]: %time 2**128
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
           Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
 
           In [2]: n = 1000000
 
           In [3]: %time sum(range(n))
           CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s
           Wall time: 1.37
           Out[3]: 499999500000L
 
           In [4]: %time print 'hello world'
           hello world
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
 
           Note that the time needed by Python to compile the given expression
           will be reported if it is more than 0.1s.  In this example, the
           actual exponentiation is done by Python at compilation time, so while
           the expression can take a noticeable amount of time to compute, that
           time is purely due to the compilation:
 
           In [5]: %time 3**9999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
 
           In [6]: %time 3**999999;
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00 s
           Compiler : 0.78 s
           """
 
         # fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled
         
         if line and cell:
             raise UsageError("Can't use statement directly after '%%time'!")
         
         if cell:
             expr = self.shell.transform_cell(cell)
         else:
             expr = self.shell.transform_cell(line)
 
         # Minimum time above which parse time will be reported
         tp_min = 0.1
 
         t0 = clock()
         expr_ast = self.shell.compile.ast_parse(expr)
         tp = clock()-t0
 
         # Apply AST transformations
         expr_ast = self.shell.transform_ast(expr_ast)
 
         # Minimum time above which compilation time will be reported
         tc_min = 0.1
 
         expr_val=None
         if len(expr_ast.body)==1 and isinstance(expr_ast.body[0], ast.Expr):
             mode = 'eval'
             source = '<timed eval>'
             expr_ast = ast.Expression(expr_ast.body[0].value)
         else:
             mode = 'exec'
             source = '<timed exec>'
             # multi-line %%time case
             if len(expr_ast.body) > 1 and isinstance(expr_ast.body[-1], ast.Expr):
                 expr_val= expr_ast.body[-1]
                 expr_ast = expr_ast.body[:-1]
                 expr_ast = Module(expr_ast, [])
                 expr_val = ast.Expression(expr_val.value)
 
         t0 = clock()
         code = self.shell.compile(expr_ast, source, mode)
         tc = clock()-t0
 
         # skew measurement as little as possible
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         wtime = time.time
         # time execution
         wall_st = wtime()
         if mode=='eval':
             st = clock2()
             try:
                 out = eval(code, glob, local_ns)
             except:
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
                 return
             end = clock2()
         else:
             st = clock2()
             try:
                 exec(code, glob, local_ns)
                 out=None
                 # multi-line %%time case
                 if expr_val is not None:
                     code_2 = self.shell.compile(expr_val, source, 'eval')
                     out = eval(code_2, glob, local_ns)
             except:
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
                 return
             end = clock2()
 
         wall_end = wtime()
         # Compute actual times and report
         wall_time = wall_end-wall_st
         cpu_user = end[0]-st[0]
         cpu_sys = end[1]-st[1]
         cpu_tot = cpu_user+cpu_sys
         # On windows cpu_sys is always zero, so no new information to the next print 
         if sys.platform != 'win32':
             print("CPU times: user %s, sys: %s, total: %s" % \
                 (_format_time(cpu_user),_format_time(cpu_sys),_format_time(cpu_tot)))
         print("Wall time: %s" % _format_time(wall_time))
         if tc > tc_min:
             print("Compiler : %s" % _format_time(tc))
         if tp > tp_min:
             print("Parser   : %s" % _format_time(tp))
         return out
 
     @skip_doctest
     @line_magic
     def macro(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Define a macro for future re-execution. It accepts ranges of history,
         filenames or string objects.
 
         Usage:\\
           %macro [options] name n1-n2 n3-n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         Options:
 
           -r: use 'raw' input.  By default, the 'processed' history is used,
           so that magics are loaded in their transformed version to valid
           Python.  If this option is given, the raw input as typed at the
           command line is used instead.
           
           -q: quiet macro definition.  By default, a tag line is printed 
           to indicate the macro has been created, and then the contents of 
           the macro are printed.  If this option is given, then no printout
           is produced once the macro is created.
 
         This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string
         made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers
         above) from your input history into a single string. This variable
         acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if
         you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code
         executes.
 
         The syntax for indicating input ranges is described in %history.
 
         Note: as a 'hidden' feature, you can also use traditional python slice
         notation, where N:M means numbers N through M-1.
 
         For example, if your history contains (print using %hist -n )::
 
           44: x=1
           45: y=3
           46: z=x+y
           47: print x
           48: a=5
           49: print 'x',x,'y',y
 
         you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49
         called my_macro with::
 
           In [55]: %macro my_macro 44-47 49
 
         Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code
         in one pass.
 
         You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line
         number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any
         lines from your input history in any order.
 
         The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute,
         but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as
         code instead of printing them when you type their name.
 
         You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with::
 
           print macro_name
 
         """
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'rq',mode='list')
         if not args:   # List existing macros
             return sorted(k for k,v in self.shell.user_ns.items() if isinstance(v, Macro))
         if len(args) == 1:
             raise UsageError(
                 "%macro insufficient args; usage '%macro name n1-n2 n3-4...")
         name, codefrom = args[0], " ".join(args[1:])
 
         #print 'rng',ranges  # dbg
         try:
             lines = self.shell.find_user_code(codefrom, 'r' in opts)
         except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
             print(e.args[0])
             return
         macro = Macro(lines)
         self.shell.define_macro(name, macro)
         if not ( 'q' in opts) : 
             print('Macro `%s` created. To execute, type its name (without quotes).' % name)
             print('=== Macro contents: ===')
             print(macro, end=' ')
 
     @magic_arguments.magic_arguments()
     @magic_arguments.argument('output', type=str, default='', nargs='?',
         help="""The name of the variable in which to store output.
         This is a utils.io.CapturedIO object with stdout/err attributes
         for the text of the captured output.
 
         CapturedOutput also has a show() method for displaying the output,
         and __call__ as well, so you can use that to quickly display the
         output.
 
         If unspecified, captured output is discarded.
         """
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-stderr', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture stderr."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-stdout', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture stdout."""
     )
     @magic_arguments.argument('--no-display', action="store_true",
         help="""Don't capture IPython's rich display."""
     )
     @cell_magic
     def capture(self, line, cell):
         """run the cell, capturing stdout, stderr, and IPython's rich display() calls."""
         args = magic_arguments.parse_argstring(self.capture, line)
         out = not args.no_stdout
         err = not args.no_stderr
         disp = not args.no_display
         with capture_output(out, err, disp) as io:
             self.shell.run_cell(cell)
         if args.output:
             self.shell.user_ns[args.output] = io
 
 def parse_breakpoint(text, current_file):
     '''Returns (file, line) for file:line and (current_file, line) for line'''
     colon = text.find(':')
     if colon == -1:
         return current_file, int(text)
     else:
         return text[:colon], int(text[colon+1:])
     
 def _format_time(timespan, precision=3):
     """Formats the timespan in a human readable form"""
 
     if timespan >= 60.0:
         # we have more than a minute, format that in a human readable form
         # Idea from http://snipplr.com/view/5713/
         parts = [("d", 60*60*24),("h", 60*60),("min", 60), ("s", 1)]
         time = []
         leftover = timespan
         for suffix, length in parts:
             value = int(leftover / length)
             if value > 0:
                 leftover = leftover % length
                 time.append(u'%s%s' % (str(value), suffix))
             if leftover < 1:
                 break
         return " ".join(time)
 
     
     # Unfortunately the unicode 'micro' symbol can cause problems in
     # certain terminals.  
     # See bug: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ipython/+bug/348466
     # Try to prevent crashes by being more secure than it needs to
     # E.g. eclipse is able to print a µ, but has no sys.stdout.encoding set.
     units = [u"s", u"ms",u'us',"ns"] # the save value   
     if hasattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding') and sys.stdout.encoding:
         try:
             u'\xb5'.encode(sys.stdout.encoding)
             units = [u"s", u"ms",u'\xb5s',"ns"]
         except:
             pass
     scaling = [1, 1e3, 1e6, 1e9]
         
     if timespan > 0.0:
         order = min(-int(math.floor(math.log10(timespan)) // 3), 3)
     else:
         order = 3
     return u"%.*g %s" % (precision, timespan * scaling[order], units[order])

IPython/core/magics/packaging.py

@@ -1,103 +1,104 b''
 """Implementation of packaging-related magic functions.
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (c) 2018 The IPython Development Team.
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 #
 #  The full license is in the file COPYING.txt, distributed with this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-import os
 import re
 import shlex
 import sys
 
+from pathlib import Path
 from IPython.core.magic import Magics, magics_class, line_magic
 
 
 def _is_conda_environment():
     """Return True if the current Python executable is in a conda env"""
     # TODO: does this need to change on windows?
-    conda_history = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'conda-meta', 'history')
-    return os.path.exists(conda_history)
+    return Path(sys.prefix, "conda-meta", "history").exists()
 
 
 def _get_conda_executable():
     """Find the path to the conda executable"""
     # Check if there is a conda executable in the same directory as the Python executable.
     # This is the case within conda's root environment.
-    conda = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(sys.executable), 'conda')
-    if os.path.isfile(conda):
-        return conda
+    conda = Path(sys.executable).parent / "conda"
+    if conda.isfile():
+        return str(conda)
 
     # Otherwise, attempt to extract the executable from conda history.
     # This applies in any conda environment.
-    R = re.compile(r"^#\s*cmd:\s*(?P<command>.*conda)\s[create|install]")
-    with open(os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'conda-meta', 'history')) as f:
-        for line in f:
-            match = R.match(line)
-            if match:
-                return match.groupdict()['command']
+    history = Path(sys.prefix, "conda-meta", "history").read_text()
+    match = re.search(
+        r"^#\s*cmd:\s*(?P<command>.*conda)\s[create|install]",
+        history,
+        flags=re.MULTILINE,
+    )
+    if match:
+        return match.groupdict()["command"]
     
     # Fallback: assume conda is available on the system path.
     return "conda"
 
 
 CONDA_COMMANDS_REQUIRING_PREFIX = {
     'install', 'list', 'remove', 'uninstall', 'update', 'upgrade',
 }
 CONDA_COMMANDS_REQUIRING_YES = {
     'install', 'remove', 'uninstall', 'update', 'upgrade',
 }
 CONDA_ENV_FLAGS = {'-p', '--prefix', '-n', '--name'}
 CONDA_YES_FLAGS = {'-y', '--y'}
 
 
 @magics_class
 class PackagingMagics(Magics):
     """Magics related to packaging & installation"""
 
     @line_magic
     def pip(self, line):
         """Run the pip package manager within the current kernel.
 
         Usage:
           %pip install [pkgs]
         """
         self.shell.system(' '.join([sys.executable, '-m', 'pip', line]))
         print("Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.")
 
     @line_magic
     def conda(self, line):
         """Run the conda package manager within the current kernel.
         
         Usage:
           %conda install [pkgs]
         """
         if not _is_conda_environment():
             raise ValueError("The python kernel does not appear to be a conda environment.  "
                              "Please use ``%pip install`` instead.")
         
         conda = _get_conda_executable()
         args = shlex.split(line)
         command = args[0]
         args = args[1:]
         extra_args = []
 
         # When the subprocess does not allow us to respond "yes" during the installation,
         # we need to insert --yes in the argument list for some commands
         stdin_disabled = getattr(self.shell, 'kernel', None) is not None
         needs_yes = command in CONDA_COMMANDS_REQUIRING_YES
         has_yes = set(args).intersection(CONDA_YES_FLAGS)
         if stdin_disabled and needs_yes and not has_yes:
             extra_args.append("--yes")
 
         # Add --prefix to point conda installation to the current environment
         needs_prefix = command in CONDA_COMMANDS_REQUIRING_PREFIX
         has_prefix = set(args).intersection(CONDA_ENV_FLAGS)
         if needs_prefix and not has_prefix:
             extra_args.extend(["--prefix", sys.prefix])
 
         self.shell.system(' '.join([conda, command] + extra_args + args))
         print("\nNote: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.")

IPython/core/tests/test_async_helpers.py

@@ -1,316 +1,323 b''
 """
-Test for async helpers. 
+Test for async helpers.
 
 Should only trigger on python 3.5+ or will have syntax errors.
 """
 from itertools import chain, repeat
 import nose.tools as nt
 from textwrap import dedent, indent
 from unittest import TestCase
 from IPython.testing.decorators import skip_without
 import sys
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from IPython import get_ipython
+
+    ip = get_ipython()
+
 
 iprc = lambda x: ip.run_cell(dedent(x)).raise_error()
 iprc_nr = lambda x: ip.run_cell(dedent(x))
 
 from IPython.core.async_helpers import _should_be_async
 
 class AsyncTest(TestCase):
     def test_should_be_async(self):
         nt.assert_false(_should_be_async("False"))
         nt.assert_true(_should_be_async("await bar()"))
         nt.assert_true(_should_be_async("x = await bar()"))
         nt.assert_false(
             _should_be_async(
                 dedent(
                     """
             async def awaitable():
                 pass
         """
                 )
             )
         )
 
     def _get_top_level_cases(self):
         # These are test cases that should be valid in a function
         # but invalid outside of a function.
         test_cases = []
         test_cases.append(('basic', "{val}"))
 
         # Note, in all conditional cases, I use True instead of
         # False so that the peephole optimizer won't optimize away
         # the return, so CPython will see this as a syntax error:
         #
         # while True:
         #    break
         #    return
         #
         # But not this:
         #
         # while False:
         #    return
         #
         # See https://bugs.python.org/issue1875
 
         test_cases.append(('if', dedent("""
         if True:
             {val}
         """)))
 
         test_cases.append(('while', dedent("""
         while True:
             {val}
             break
         """)))
 
         test_cases.append(('try', dedent("""
         try:
             {val}
         except:
             pass
         """)))
 
         test_cases.append(('except', dedent("""
         try:
             pass
         except:
             {val}
         """)))
 
         test_cases.append(('finally', dedent("""
         try:
             pass
         except:
             pass
         finally:
             {val}
         """)))
 
         test_cases.append(('for', dedent("""
         for _ in range(4):
             {val}
         """)))
 
 
         test_cases.append(('nested', dedent("""
         if True:
             while True:
                 {val}
                 break
         """)))
 
         test_cases.append(('deep-nested', dedent("""
         if True:
             while True:
                 break
                 for x in range(3):
                     if True:
                         while True:
                             for x in range(3):
                                 {val}
         """)))
 
         return test_cases
 
     def _get_ry_syntax_errors(self):
         # This is a mix of tests that should be a syntax error if
         # return or yield whether or not they are in a function
 
         test_cases = []
 
         test_cases.append(('class', dedent("""
         class V:
             {val}
         """)))
 
         test_cases.append(('nested-class', dedent("""
         class V:
             class C:
                 {val}
         """)))
 
         return test_cases
 
 
     def test_top_level_return_error(self):
         tl_err_test_cases = self._get_top_level_cases()
         tl_err_test_cases.extend(self._get_ry_syntax_errors())
 
         vals = ('return', 'yield', 'yield from (_ for _ in range(3))',
                 dedent('''
                     def f():
                         pass
                     return
                     '''),
                 )
 
         for test_name, test_case in tl_err_test_cases:
             # This example should work if 'pass' is used as the value
             with self.subTest((test_name, 'pass')):
                 iprc(test_case.format(val='pass'))
 
             # It should fail with all the values
             for val in vals:
                 with self.subTest((test_name, val)):
                     msg = "Syntax error not raised for %s, %s" % (test_name, val)
                     with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, msg=msg):
                         iprc(test_case.format(val=val))
 
     def test_in_func_no_error(self):
         # Test that the implementation of top-level return/yield
         # detection isn't *too* aggressive, and works inside a function
         func_contexts = []
 
         func_contexts.append(('func', False, dedent("""
         def f():""")))
 
         func_contexts.append(('method', False, dedent("""
         class MyClass:
             def __init__(self):
         """)))
 
         func_contexts.append(('async-func', True,  dedent("""
         async def f():""")))
 
         func_contexts.append(('async-method', True,  dedent("""
         class MyClass:
             async def f(self):""")))
 
         func_contexts.append(('closure', False, dedent("""
         def f():
             def g():
         """)))
 
         def nest_case(context, case):
             # Detect indentation
             lines = context.strip().splitlines()
             prefix_len = 0
             for c in lines[-1]:
                 if c != ' ':
                     break
                 prefix_len += 1
 
             indented_case = indent(case, ' ' * (prefix_len + 4))
             return context + '\n' + indented_case
 
         # Gather and run the tests
 
         # yield is allowed in async functions, starting in Python 3.6,
         # and yield from is not allowed in any version
         vals = ('return', 'yield', 'yield from (_ for _ in range(3))')
         async_safe = (True,
                         True,
                         False)
         vals = tuple(zip(vals, async_safe))
 
         success_tests = zip(self._get_top_level_cases(), repeat(False))
         failure_tests = zip(self._get_ry_syntax_errors(), repeat(True))
 
         tests = chain(success_tests, failure_tests)
 
         for context_name, async_func, context in func_contexts:
             for (test_name, test_case), should_fail in tests:
                 nested_case = nest_case(context, test_case)
 
                 for val, async_safe in vals:
                     val_should_fail = (should_fail or
                                         (async_func and not async_safe))
 
                     test_id = (context_name, test_name, val)
                     cell = nested_case.format(val=val)
 
                     with self.subTest(test_id):
                         if val_should_fail:
                             msg = ("SyntaxError not raised for %s" %
                                     str(test_id))
                             with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, msg=msg):
                                 iprc(cell)
 
                                 print(cell)
                         else:
                             iprc(cell)
 
     def test_nonlocal(self):
         # fails if outer scope is not a function scope or if var not defined
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
             iprc("nonlocal x")
             iprc("""
             x = 1
             def f():
                 nonlocal x
                 x = 10000
                 yield x
             """)
             iprc("""
             def f():
                 def g():
                     nonlocal x
                     x = 10000
                     yield x
             """)
 
         # works if outer scope is a function scope and var exists
         iprc("""
         def f():
             x = 20
             def g():
                 nonlocal x
                 x = 10000
                 yield x
         """)
 
 
     def test_execute(self):
         iprc("""
         import asyncio
         await asyncio.sleep(0.001)
         """
         )
 
     def test_autoawait(self):
         iprc("%autoawait False")
         iprc("%autoawait True")
         iprc("""
         from asyncio import sleep
         await sleep(0.1)
         """
         )
-    
+
     if sys.version_info < (3,9):
         # new pgen parser in 3.9 does not raise MemoryError on too many nested
         # parens anymore
         def test_memory_error(self):
             with self.assertRaises(MemoryError):
                 iprc("(" * 200 + ")" * 200)
 
     @skip_without('curio')
     def test_autoawait_curio(self):
         iprc("%autoawait curio")
 
     @skip_without('trio')
     def test_autoawait_trio(self):
         iprc("%autoawait trio")
 
     @skip_without('trio')
     def test_autoawait_trio_wrong_sleep(self):
         iprc("%autoawait trio")
         res = iprc_nr("""
         import asyncio
         await asyncio.sleep(0)
         """)
         with nt.assert_raises(TypeError):
             res.raise_error()
 
     @skip_without('trio')
     def test_autoawait_asyncio_wrong_sleep(self):
         iprc("%autoawait asyncio")
         res = iprc_nr("""
         import trio
         await trio.sleep(0)
         """)
         with nt.assert_raises(RuntimeError):
             res.raise_error()
 
 
     def tearDown(self):
         ip.loop_runner = "asyncio"

IPython/core/tests/test_display.py

@@ -1,455 +1,459 b''
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
 import json
 import os
 import warnings
 
 from unittest import mock
 
 import nose.tools as nt
 
 from IPython import display
 from IPython.core.getipython import get_ipython
 from IPython.utils.io import capture_output
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import NamedFileInTemporaryDirectory
 from IPython import paths as ipath
 from IPython.testing.tools import AssertNotPrints
 
 import IPython.testing.decorators as dec
 
 def test_image_size():
     """Simple test for display.Image(args, width=x,height=y)"""
     thisurl = 'http://www.google.fr/images/srpr/logo3w.png'
     img = display.Image(url=thisurl, width=200, height=200)
     nt.assert_equal(u'<img src="%s" width="200" height="200"/>' % (thisurl), img._repr_html_())
     img = display.Image(url=thisurl, metadata={'width':200, 'height':200})
     nt.assert_equal(u'<img src="%s" width="200" height="200"/>' % (thisurl), img._repr_html_())
     img = display.Image(url=thisurl, width=200)
     nt.assert_equal(u'<img src="%s" width="200"/>' % (thisurl), img._repr_html_())
     img = display.Image(url=thisurl)
     nt.assert_equal(u'<img src="%s"/>' % (thisurl), img._repr_html_())
     img = display.Image(url=thisurl, unconfined=True)
     nt.assert_equal(u'<img src="%s" class="unconfined"/>' % (thisurl), img._repr_html_())
 
 
 def test_image_mimes():
     fmt = get_ipython().display_formatter.format
     for format in display.Image._ACCEPTABLE_EMBEDDINGS:
         mime = display.Image._MIMETYPES[format]
         img = display.Image(b'garbage', format=format)
         data, metadata = fmt(img)
         nt.assert_equal(sorted(data), sorted([mime, 'text/plain']))
 
 
 def test_geojson():
 
     gj = display.GeoJSON(data={
             "type": "Feature",
             "geometry": {
                 "type": "Point",
                 "coordinates": [-81.327, 296.038]
             },
             "properties": {
                 "name": "Inca City"
             }
         },
         url_template="http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/whereonmars.cartodb.net/{basemap_id}/{z}/{x}/{y}.png",
         layer_options={
             "basemap_id": "celestia_mars-shaded-16k_global",
             "attribution": "Celestia/praesepe",
             "minZoom": 0,
             "maxZoom": 18,
         })
     nt.assert_equal(u'<IPython.core.display.GeoJSON object>', str(gj))
 
 def test_retina_png():
     here = os.path.dirname(__file__)
     img = display.Image(os.path.join(here, "2x2.png"), retina=True)
     nt.assert_equal(img.height, 1)
     nt.assert_equal(img.width, 1)
     data, md = img._repr_png_()
     nt.assert_equal(md['width'], 1)
     nt.assert_equal(md['height'], 1)
 
 def test_embed_svg_url():
     import gzip
     from io import BytesIO
     svg_data = b'<svg><circle x="0" y="0" r="1"/></svg>'
     url = 'http://test.com/circle.svg'
     
     gzip_svg = BytesIO()
     with gzip.open(gzip_svg, 'wb') as fp:
         fp.write(svg_data)
     gzip_svg = gzip_svg.getvalue()
     
     def mocked_urlopen(*args, **kwargs):
         class MockResponse:
             def __init__(self, svg):
                 self._svg_data = svg
                 self.headers = {'content-type': 'image/svg+xml'}
 
             def read(self):
                 return self._svg_data
 
         if args[0] == url:
             return MockResponse(svg_data)
         elif args[0] == url + 'z':          
             ret= MockResponse(gzip_svg)
             ret.headers['content-encoding']= 'gzip'
             return ret
         return MockResponse(None)
 
     with mock.patch('urllib.request.urlopen', side_effect=mocked_urlopen):
         svg = display.SVG(url=url)
         nt.assert_true(svg._repr_svg_().startswith('<svg'))
         svg = display.SVG(url=url + 'z')
         nt.assert_true(svg._repr_svg_().startswith('<svg'))
     
 def test_retina_jpeg():
     here = os.path.dirname(__file__)
     img = display.Image(os.path.join(here, "2x2.jpg"), retina=True)
     nt.assert_equal(img.height, 1)
     nt.assert_equal(img.width, 1)
     data, md = img._repr_jpeg_()
     nt.assert_equal(md['width'], 1)
     nt.assert_equal(md['height'], 1)
 
 def test_base64image():
     display.Image("iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAEAAAABAQMAAAAl21bKAAAAA1BMVEUAAACnej3aAAAAAWJLR0QAiAUdSAAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAAAd0SU1FB94BCRQnOqNu0b4AAAAKSURBVAjXY2AAAAACAAHiIbwzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC")
 
 def test_image_filename_defaults():
     '''test format constraint, and validity of jpeg and png'''
     tpath = ipath.get_ipython_package_dir()
     nt.assert_raises(ValueError, display.Image, filename=os.path.join(tpath, 'testing/tests/badformat.zip'),
                      embed=True)
     nt.assert_raises(ValueError, display.Image)
     nt.assert_raises(ValueError, display.Image, data='this is not an image', format='badformat', embed=True)
     # check boths paths to allow packages to test at build and install time
     imgfile = os.path.join(tpath, 'core/tests/2x2.png')
     img = display.Image(filename=imgfile)
     nt.assert_equal('png', img.format)
     nt.assert_is_not_none(img._repr_png_())
     img = display.Image(filename=os.path.join(tpath, 'testing/tests/logo.jpg'), embed=False)
     nt.assert_equal('jpeg', img.format)
     nt.assert_is_none(img._repr_jpeg_())
 
 def _get_inline_config():
     from ipykernel.pylab.config import InlineBackend
     return InlineBackend.instance()
 
[e-mail]_without('matplotlib')
+
[e-mail]_without("ipykernel")
[e-mail]_without("matplotlib")
 def test_set_matplotlib_close():
     cfg = _get_inline_config()
     cfg.close_figures = False
     display.set_matplotlib_close()
     assert cfg.close_figures
     display.set_matplotlib_close(False)
     assert not cfg.close_figures
 
 _fmt_mime_map = {
     'png': 'image/png',
     'jpeg': 'image/jpeg',
     'pdf': 'application/pdf',
     'retina': 'image/png',
     'svg': 'image/svg+xml',
 }
 
 @dec.skip_without('matplotlib')
 def test_set_matplotlib_formats():
     from matplotlib.figure import Figure
     formatters = get_ipython().display_formatter.formatters
     for formats in [
         ('png',),
         ('pdf', 'svg'),
         ('jpeg', 'retina', 'png'),
         (),
     ]:
         active_mimes = {_fmt_mime_map[fmt] for fmt in formats}
         display.set_matplotlib_formats(*formats)
         for mime, f in formatters.items():
             if mime in active_mimes:
                 nt.assert_in(Figure, f)
             else:
                 nt.assert_not_in(Figure, f)
 
[e-mail]_without('matplotlib')
+
[e-mail]_without("ipykernel")
[e-mail]_without("matplotlib")
 def test_set_matplotlib_formats_kwargs():
     from matplotlib.figure import Figure
     ip = get_ipython()
     cfg = _get_inline_config()
     cfg.print_figure_kwargs.update(dict(foo='bar'))
     kwargs = dict(quality=10)
     display.set_matplotlib_formats('png', **kwargs)
     formatter = ip.display_formatter.formatters['image/png']
     f = formatter.lookup_by_type(Figure)
     cell = f.__closure__[0].cell_contents
     expected = kwargs
     expected.update(cfg.print_figure_kwargs)
     nt.assert_equal(cell, expected)
 
 def test_display_available():
     """
     Test that display is available without import
 
     We don't really care if it's in builtin or anything else, but it should
     always be available.
     """
     ip = get_ipython()
     with AssertNotPrints('NameError'):
         ip.run_cell('display')
     try:
         ip.run_cell('del display')
     except NameError:
         pass # it's ok, it might be in builtins
     # even if deleted it should be back
     with AssertNotPrints('NameError'):
         ip.run_cell('display')
 
 def test_textdisplayobj_pretty_repr():
      p = display.Pretty("This is a simple test")
      nt.assert_equal(repr(p), '<IPython.core.display.Pretty object>')
      nt.assert_equal(p.data, 'This is a simple test')
 
      p._show_mem_addr = True
      nt.assert_equal(repr(p), object.__repr__(p))
 
 def test_displayobject_repr():
     h = display.HTML('<br />')
     nt.assert_equal(repr(h), '<IPython.core.display.HTML object>')
     h._show_mem_addr = True
     nt.assert_equal(repr(h), object.__repr__(h))
     h._show_mem_addr = False
     nt.assert_equal(repr(h), '<IPython.core.display.HTML object>')
 
     j = display.Javascript('')
     nt.assert_equal(repr(j), '<IPython.core.display.Javascript object>')
     j._show_mem_addr = True
     nt.assert_equal(repr(j), object.__repr__(j))
     j._show_mem_addr = False
     nt.assert_equal(repr(j), '<IPython.core.display.Javascript object>')
 
 @mock.patch('warnings.warn')
 def test_encourage_iframe_over_html(m_warn):
     display.HTML()
     m_warn.assert_not_called()
 
     display.HTML('<br />')
     m_warn.assert_not_called()
 
     display.HTML('<html><p>Lots of content here</p><iframe src="http://a.com"></iframe>')
     m_warn.assert_not_called()
 
     display.HTML('<iframe src="http://a.com"></iframe>')
     m_warn.assert_called_with('Consider using IPython.display.IFrame instead')
 
     m_warn.reset_mock()
     display.HTML('<IFRAME SRC="http://a.com"></IFRAME>')
     m_warn.assert_called_with('Consider using IPython.display.IFrame instead')
 
 def test_progress():
     p = display.ProgressBar(10)
     nt.assert_in('0/10',repr(p))
     p.html_width = '100%'
     p.progress = 5
     nt.assert_equal(p._repr_html_(), "<progress style='width:100%' max='10' value='5'></progress>")
 
 def test_progress_iter():
     with capture_output(display=False) as captured:
         for i in display.ProgressBar(5):
             out = captured.stdout
             nt.assert_in('{0}/5'.format(i), out)
     out = captured.stdout
     nt.assert_in('5/5', out)
 
 def test_json():
     d = {'a': 5}
     lis = [d]
     metadata = [
         {'expanded': False, 'root': 'root'},
         {'expanded': True,  'root': 'root'},
         {'expanded': False, 'root': 'custom'},
         {'expanded': True,  'root': 'custom'},
     ]
     json_objs = [
         display.JSON(d),
         display.JSON(d, expanded=True),
         display.JSON(d, root='custom'),
         display.JSON(d, expanded=True, root='custom'),
     ]
     for j, md in zip(json_objs, metadata):
         nt.assert_equal(j._repr_json_(), (d, md))
 
     with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
         warnings.simplefilter("always")
         j = display.JSON(json.dumps(d))
         nt.assert_equal(len(w), 1)
         nt.assert_equal(j._repr_json_(), (d, metadata[0]))
 
     json_objs = [
         display.JSON(lis),
         display.JSON(lis, expanded=True),
         display.JSON(lis, root='custom'),
         display.JSON(lis, expanded=True, root='custom'),
     ]
     for j, md in zip(json_objs, metadata):
         nt.assert_equal(j._repr_json_(), (lis, md))
 
     with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
         warnings.simplefilter("always")
         j = display.JSON(json.dumps(lis))
         nt.assert_equal(len(w), 1)
         nt.assert_equal(j._repr_json_(), (lis, metadata[0]))
 
 def test_video_embedding():
     """use a tempfile, with dummy-data, to ensure that video embedding doesn't crash"""
     v = display.Video("http://ignored")
     assert not v.embed
     html = v._repr_html_()
     nt.assert_not_in('src="data:', html)
     nt.assert_in('src="http://ignored"', html)
 
     with nt.assert_raises(ValueError):
         v = display.Video(b'abc')
 
     with NamedFileInTemporaryDirectory('test.mp4') as f:
         f.write(b'abc')
         f.close()
 
         v = display.Video(f.name)
         assert not v.embed
         html = v._repr_html_()
         nt.assert_not_in('src="data:', html)
 
         v = display.Video(f.name, embed=True)
         html = v._repr_html_()
         nt.assert_in('src="data:video/mp4;base64,YWJj"',html)
 
         v = display.Video(f.name, embed=True, mimetype='video/other')
         html = v._repr_html_()
         nt.assert_in('src="data:video/other;base64,YWJj"',html)
 
         v = display.Video(b'abc', embed=True, mimetype='video/mp4')
         html = v._repr_html_()
         nt.assert_in('src="data:video/mp4;base64,YWJj"',html)
 
         v = display.Video(u'YWJj', embed=True, mimetype='video/xyz')
         html = v._repr_html_()
         nt.assert_in('src="data:video/xyz;base64,YWJj"',html)
 
 def test_html_metadata():
     s = "<h1>Test</h1>"
     h = display.HTML(s, metadata={"isolated": True})
     nt.assert_equal(h._repr_html_(), (s, {"isolated": True}))
 
 def test_display_id():
     ip = get_ipython()
     with mock.patch.object(ip.display_pub, 'publish') as pub:
         handle = display.display('x')
         nt.assert_is(handle, None)
         handle = display.display('y', display_id='secret')
         nt.assert_is_instance(handle, display.DisplayHandle)
         handle2 = display.display('z', display_id=True)
         nt.assert_is_instance(handle2, display.DisplayHandle)
     nt.assert_not_equal(handle.display_id, handle2.display_id)
 
     nt.assert_equal(pub.call_count, 3)
     args, kwargs = pub.call_args_list[0]
     nt.assert_equal(args, ())
     nt.assert_equal(kwargs, {
         'data': {
             'text/plain': repr('x')
         },
         'metadata': {},
     })
     args, kwargs = pub.call_args_list[1]
     nt.assert_equal(args, ())
     nt.assert_equal(kwargs, {
         'data': {
             'text/plain': repr('y')
         },
         'metadata': {},
         'transient': {
             'display_id': handle.display_id,
         },
     })
     args, kwargs = pub.call_args_list[2]
     nt.assert_equal(args, ())
     nt.assert_equal(kwargs, {
         'data': {
             'text/plain': repr('z')
         },
         'metadata': {},
         'transient': {
             'display_id': handle2.display_id,
         },
     })
 
 
 def test_update_display():
     ip = get_ipython()
     with mock.patch.object(ip.display_pub, 'publish') as pub:
         with nt.assert_raises(TypeError):
             display.update_display('x')
         display.update_display('x', display_id='1')
         display.update_display('y', display_id='2')
     args, kwargs = pub.call_args_list[0]
     nt.assert_equal(args, ())
     nt.assert_equal(kwargs, {
         'data': {
             'text/plain': repr('x')
         },
         'metadata': {},
         'transient': {
             'display_id': '1',
         },
         'update': True,
     })
     args, kwargs = pub.call_args_list[1]
     nt.assert_equal(args, ())
     nt.assert_equal(kwargs, {
         'data': {
             'text/plain': repr('y')
         },
         'metadata': {},
         'transient': {
             'display_id': '2',
         },
         'update': True,
     })
 
 
 def test_display_handle():
     ip = get_ipython()
     handle = display.DisplayHandle()
     nt.assert_is_instance(handle.display_id, str)
     handle = display.DisplayHandle('my-id')
     nt.assert_equal(handle.display_id, 'my-id')
     with mock.patch.object(ip.display_pub, 'publish') as pub:
         handle.display('x')
         handle.update('y')
 
     args, kwargs = pub.call_args_list[0]
     nt.assert_equal(args, ())
     nt.assert_equal(kwargs, {
         'data': {
             'text/plain': repr('x')
         },
         'metadata': {},
         'transient': {
             'display_id': handle.display_id,
         }
     })
     args, kwargs = pub.call_args_list[1]
     nt.assert_equal(args, ())
     nt.assert_equal(kwargs, {
         'data': {
             'text/plain': repr('y')
         },
         'metadata': {},
         'transient': {
             'display_id': handle.display_id,
         },
         'update': True,
     })
 

IPython/core/tests/test_magic.py

@@ -1,1266 +1,1257 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Tests for various magic functions.
 
 Needs to be run by nose (to make ipython session available).
 """
 
 import io
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 import warnings
 from textwrap import dedent
 from unittest import TestCase
 from unittest import mock
 from importlib import invalidate_caches
 from io import StringIO
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import nose.tools as nt
 
 import shlex
 
 from IPython import get_ipython
 from IPython.core import magic
 from IPython.core.error import UsageError
 from IPython.core.magic import (Magics, magics_class, line_magic,
                                 cell_magic,
                                 register_line_magic, register_cell_magic)
 from IPython.core.magics import execution, script, code, logging, osm
 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
 from IPython.utils.io import capture_output
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import (TemporaryDirectory,
                                     TemporaryWorkingDirectory)
 from IPython.utils.process import find_cmd
 from .test_debugger import PdbTestInput
 
 
 @magic.magics_class
 class DummyMagics(magic.Magics): pass
 
 def test_extract_code_ranges():
     instr = "1 3 5-6 7-9 10:15 17: :10 10- -13 :"
     expected = [(0, 1), 
                 (2, 3),
                 (4, 6),
                 (6, 9),
                 (9, 14),
                 (16, None),
                 (None, 9),
                 (9, None),
                 (None, 13),
                 (None, None)]
     actual = list(code.extract_code_ranges(instr))
     nt.assert_equal(actual, expected)
 
 def test_extract_symbols():
     source = """import foo\na = 10\ndef b():\n    return 42\n\n\nclass A: pass\n\n\n"""
     symbols_args = ["a", "b", "A", "A,b", "A,a", "z"]
     expected = [([], ['a']),
                 (["def b():\n    return 42\n"], []),
                 (["class A: pass\n"], []),
                 (["class A: pass\n", "def b():\n    return 42\n"], []),
                 (["class A: pass\n"], ['a']),
                 ([], ['z'])]
     for symbols, exp in zip(symbols_args, expected):
         nt.assert_equal(code.extract_symbols(source, symbols), exp)
 
 
 def test_extract_symbols_raises_exception_with_non_python_code():
     source = ("=begin A Ruby program :)=end\n"
               "def hello\n"
               "puts 'Hello world'\n"
               "end")
     with nt.assert_raises(SyntaxError):
         code.extract_symbols(source, "hello")
 
 
 def test_magic_not_found():
     # magic not found raises UsageError
     with nt.assert_raises(UsageError):
         _ip.magic('doesntexist')
 
     # ensure result isn't success when a magic isn't found
     result = _ip.run_cell('%doesntexist')
     assert isinstance(result.error_in_exec, UsageError)
 
 
 def test_cell_magic_not_found():
     # magic not found raises UsageError
     with nt.assert_raises(UsageError):
         _ip.run_cell_magic('doesntexist', 'line', 'cell')
 
     # ensure result isn't success when a magic isn't found
     result = _ip.run_cell('%%doesntexist')
     assert isinstance(result.error_in_exec, UsageError)
 
 
 def test_magic_error_status():
     def fail(shell):
         1/0
     _ip.register_magic_function(fail)
     result = _ip.run_cell('%fail')
     assert isinstance(result.error_in_exec, ZeroDivisionError)
 
 
 def test_config():
     """ test that config magic does not raise
     can happen if Configurable init is moved too early into
     Magics.__init__ as then a Config object will be registered as a
     magic.
     """
     ## should not raise.
     _ip.magic('config')
 
 def test_config_available_configs():
     """ test that config magic prints available configs in unique and
     sorted order. """
     with capture_output() as captured:
         _ip.magic('config')
 
     stdout = captured.stdout
     config_classes = stdout.strip().split('\n')[1:]
     nt.assert_list_equal(config_classes, sorted(set(config_classes)))
 
 def test_config_print_class():
     """ test that config with a classname prints the class's options. """
     with capture_output() as captured:
         _ip.magic('config TerminalInteractiveShell')
 
     stdout = captured.stdout
     if not re.match("TerminalInteractiveShell.* options", stdout.splitlines()[0]):
         print(stdout)
         raise AssertionError("1st line of stdout not like "
                              "'TerminalInteractiveShell.* options'")
 
 def test_rehashx():
     # clear up everything
     _ip.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
     del _ip.db['syscmdlist']
     
     _ip.magic('rehashx')
     # Practically ALL ipython development systems will have more than 10 aliases
 
     nt.assert_true(len(_ip.alias_manager.aliases) > 10)
     for name, cmd in _ip.alias_manager.aliases:
         # we must strip dots from alias names
         nt.assert_not_in('.', name)
 
     # rehashx must fill up syscmdlist
     scoms = _ip.db['syscmdlist']
     nt.assert_true(len(scoms) > 10)
             
 
 
 def test_magic_parse_options():
     """Test that we don't mangle paths when parsing magic options."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     path = 'c:\\x'
     m = DummyMagics(ip)
     opts = m.parse_options('-f %s' % path,'f:')[0]
     # argv splitting is os-dependent
     if os.name == 'posix':
         expected = 'c:x'
     else:
         expected = path
     nt.assert_equal(opts['f'], expected)
 
 def test_magic_parse_long_options():
     """Magic.parse_options can handle --foo=bar long options"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     m = DummyMagics(ip)
     opts, _ = m.parse_options('--foo --bar=bubble', 'a', 'foo', 'bar=')
     nt.assert_in('foo', opts)
     nt.assert_in('bar', opts)
     nt.assert_equal(opts['bar'], "bubble")
 
 
 def doctest_hist_f():
     """Test %hist -f with temporary filename.
 
     In [9]: import tempfile
 
     In [10]: tfile = tempfile.mktemp('.py','tmp-ipython-')
 
     In [11]: %hist -nl -f $tfile 3
 
     In [13]: import os; os.unlink(tfile)
     """
 
 
 def doctest_hist_op():
     """Test %hist -op
 
     In [1]: class b(float):
        ...:     pass
        ...: 
 
     In [2]: class s(object):
        ...:     def __str__(self):
        ...:         return 's'
        ...: 
 
     In [3]: 
 
     In [4]: class r(b):
        ...:     def __repr__(self):
        ...:         return 'r'
        ...: 
 
     In [5]: class sr(s,r): pass
        ...: 
 
     In [6]: 
 
     In [7]: bb=b()
 
     In [8]: ss=s()
 
     In [9]: rr=r()
 
     In [10]: ssrr=sr()
 
     In [11]: 4.5
     Out[11]: 4.5
 
     In [12]: str(ss)
     Out[12]: 's'
 
     In [13]: 
 
     In [14]: %hist -op
     >>> class b:
     ...     pass
     ... 
     >>> class s(b):
     ...     def __str__(self):
     ...         return 's'
     ... 
     >>> 
     >>> class r(b):
     ...     def __repr__(self):
     ...         return 'r'
     ... 
     >>> class sr(s,r): pass
     >>> 
     >>> bb=b()
     >>> ss=s()
     >>> rr=r()
     >>> ssrr=sr()
     >>> 4.5
     4.5
     >>> str(ss)
     's'
     >>> 
     """
 
 def test_hist_pof():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell(u"1+2", store_history=True)
     #raise Exception(ip.history_manager.session_number)
     #raise Exception(list(ip.history_manager._get_range_session()))
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         tf = os.path.join(td, 'hist.py')
         ip.run_line_magic('history', '-pof %s' % tf)
         assert os.path.isfile(tf)
 
 
 def test_macro():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()   # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n  return a**2", "print(a,b())"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
     ip.magic("macro test 1-3")
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns["test"].value, "\n".join(cmds)+"\n")
     
     # List macros
     nt.assert_in("test", ip.magic("macro"))
 
 
 def test_macro_run():
     """Test that we can run a multi-line macro successfully."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()
     cmds = ["a=10", "a+=1", "print(a)", "%macro test 2-3"]
     for cmd in cmds:
         ip.run_cell(cmd, store_history=True)
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns["test"].value, "a+=1\nprint(a)\n")
     with tt.AssertPrints("12"):
         ip.run_cell("test")
     with tt.AssertPrints("13"):
         ip.run_cell("test")
 
 
 def test_magic_magic():
     """Test %magic"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with capture_output() as captured:
         ip.magic("magic")
     
     stdout = captured.stdout
     nt.assert_in('%magic', stdout)
     nt.assert_in('IPython', stdout)
     nt.assert_in('Available', stdout)
 
 
 @dec.skipif_not_numpy
 def test_numpy_reset_array_undec():
     "Test '%reset array' functionality"
     _ip.ex('import numpy as np')
     _ip.ex('a = np.empty(2)')
     nt.assert_in('a', _ip.user_ns)
     _ip.magic('reset -f array')
     nt.assert_not_in('a', _ip.user_ns)
 
 def test_reset_out():
     "Test '%reset out' magic"
     _ip.run_cell("parrot = 'dead'", store_history=True)
     # test '%reset -f out', make an Out prompt
     _ip.run_cell("parrot", store_history=True)
     nt.assert_true('dead' in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ('_','__','___')])
     _ip.magic('reset -f out')
     nt.assert_false('dead' in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ('_','__','___')])
     nt.assert_equal(len(_ip.user_ns['Out']), 0)
 
 def test_reset_in():
     "Test '%reset in' magic"
     # test '%reset -f in'
     _ip.run_cell("parrot", store_history=True)
     nt.assert_true('parrot' in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ('_i','_ii','_iii')])
     _ip.magic('%reset -f in')
     nt.assert_false('parrot' in [_ip.user_ns[x] for x in ('_i','_ii','_iii')])
     nt.assert_equal(len(set(_ip.user_ns['In'])), 1)
 
 def test_reset_dhist():
     "Test '%reset dhist' magic"
     _ip.run_cell("tmp = [d for d in _dh]") # copy before clearing
     _ip.magic('cd ' + os.path.dirname(nt.__file__))
     _ip.magic('cd -')
     nt.assert_true(len(_ip.user_ns['_dh']) > 0)
     _ip.magic('reset -f dhist')
     nt.assert_equal(len(_ip.user_ns['_dh']), 0)
     _ip.run_cell("_dh = [d for d in tmp]") #restore
 
 def test_reset_in_length():
     "Test that '%reset in' preserves In[] length"
     _ip.run_cell("print 'foo'")
     _ip.run_cell("reset -f in")
     nt.assert_equal(len(_ip.user_ns['In']), _ip.displayhook.prompt_count+1)
 
 class TestResetErrors(TestCase):
 
     def test_reset_redefine(self):
 
         @magics_class
         class KernelMagics(Magics):
               @line_magic
               def less(self, shell): pass
 
         _ip.register_magics(KernelMagics)
 
         with self.assertLogs() as cm:
             # hack, we want to just capture logs, but assertLogs fails if not
             # logs get produce.
             # so log one things we ignore.
             import logging as log_mod
             log = log_mod.getLogger()
             log.info('Nothing')
             # end hack.
             _ip.run_cell("reset -f")
 
         assert len(cm.output) == 1
         for out in cm.output:
             assert "Invalid alias" not in out
 
 def test_tb_syntaxerror():
     """test %tb after a SyntaxError"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell("for")
     
     # trap and validate stdout
     save_stdout = sys.stdout
     try:
         sys.stdout = StringIO()
         ip.run_cell("%tb")
         out = sys.stdout.getvalue()
     finally:
         sys.stdout = save_stdout
     # trim output, and only check the last line
     last_line = out.rstrip().splitlines()[-1].strip()
     nt.assert_equal(last_line, "SyntaxError: invalid syntax")
 
 
 def test_time():
     ip = get_ipython()
     
     with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
         ip.run_cell("%time None")
     
     ip.run_cell("def f(kmjy):\n"
                 "    %time print (2*kmjy)")
     
     with tt.AssertPrints("Wall time: "):
         with tt.AssertPrints("hihi", suppress=False):
             ip.run_cell("f('hi')")
 
 def test_time_last_not_expression():
     ip.run_cell("%%time\n"
                 "var_1 = 1\n"
                 "var_2 = 2\n")
     assert ip.user_ns['var_1'] == 1
     del ip.user_ns['var_1']
     assert ip.user_ns['var_2'] == 2
     del ip.user_ns['var_2']
     
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_time2():
     ip = get_ipython()
     
     with tt.AssertPrints("CPU times: user "):
         ip.run_cell("%time None")
 
 def test_time3():
     """Erroneous magic function calls, issue gh-3334"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.user_ns.pop('run', None)
     
     with tt.AssertNotPrints("not found", channel='stderr'):
         ip.run_cell("%%time\n"
                     "run = 0\n"
                     "run += 1")
 
 def test_multiline_time():
     """Make sure last statement from time return a value."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.user_ns.pop('run', None)
 
     ip.run_cell(dedent("""\
         %%time
         a = "ho"
         b = "hey"
         a+b
         """))
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns_hidden['_'], 'hohey')
 
 def test_time_local_ns():
     """
     Test that local_ns is actually global_ns when running a cell magic
     """
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell("%%time\n"
                 "myvar = 1")
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['myvar'], 1)
     del ip.user_ns['myvar']
 
 def test_doctest_mode():
     "Toggle doctest_mode twice, it should be a no-op and run without error"
     _ip.magic('doctest_mode')
     _ip.magic('doctest_mode')
 
 
 def test_parse_options():
     """Tests for basic options parsing in magics."""
     # These are only the most minimal of tests, more should be added later.  At
     # the very least we check that basic text/unicode calls work OK.
     m = DummyMagics(_ip)
     nt.assert_equal(m.parse_options('foo', '')[1], 'foo')
     nt.assert_equal(m.parse_options(u'foo', '')[1], u'foo')
 
 
 def test_dirops():
     """Test various directory handling operations."""
     # curpath = lambda :os.path.splitdrive(os.getcwd())[1].replace('\\','/')
     curpath = os.getcwd
     startdir = os.getcwd()
     ipdir = os.path.realpath(_ip.ipython_dir)
     try:
         _ip.magic('cd "%s"' % ipdir)
         nt.assert_equal(curpath(), ipdir)
         _ip.magic('cd -')
         nt.assert_equal(curpath(), startdir)
         _ip.magic('pushd "%s"' % ipdir)
         nt.assert_equal(curpath(), ipdir)
         _ip.magic('popd')
         nt.assert_equal(curpath(), startdir)
     finally:
         os.chdir(startdir)
 
 
 def test_cd_force_quiet():
     """Test OSMagics.cd_force_quiet option"""
     _ip.config.OSMagics.cd_force_quiet = True
     osmagics = osm.OSMagics(shell=_ip)
 
     startdir = os.getcwd()
     ipdir = os.path.realpath(_ip.ipython_dir)
 
     try:
         with tt.AssertNotPrints(ipdir):
             osmagics.cd('"%s"' % ipdir)
         with tt.AssertNotPrints(startdir):
             osmagics.cd('-')
     finally:
         os.chdir(startdir)
 
 
 def test_xmode():
     # Calling xmode three times should be a no-op
     xmode = _ip.InteractiveTB.mode
     for i in range(4):
         _ip.magic("xmode")
     nt.assert_equal(_ip.InteractiveTB.mode, xmode)
     
 def test_reset_hard():
     monitor = []
     class A(object):
         def __del__(self):
             monitor.append(1)
         def __repr__(self):
             return "<A instance>"
             
     _ip.user_ns["a"] = A()
     _ip.run_cell("a")
     
     nt.assert_equal(monitor, [])
     _ip.magic("reset -f")
     nt.assert_equal(monitor, [1])
     
 class TestXdel(tt.TempFileMixin):
     def test_xdel(self):
         """Test that references from %run are cleared by xdel."""
         src = ("class A(object):\n"
                "    monitor = []\n"
                "    def __del__(self):\n"
                "        self.monitor.append(1)\n"
                "a = A()\n")
         self.mktmp(src)
         # %run creates some hidden references...
         _ip.magic("run %s" % self.fname)
         # ... as does the displayhook.
         _ip.run_cell("a")
         
         monitor = _ip.user_ns["A"].monitor
         nt.assert_equal(monitor, [])
         
         _ip.magic("xdel a")
         
         # Check that a's __del__ method has been called.
         nt.assert_equal(monitor, [1])
 
 def doctest_who():
     """doctest for %who
     
     In [1]: %reset -f
     
     In [2]: alpha = 123
     
     In [3]: beta = 'beta'
     
     In [4]: %who int
     alpha
     
     In [5]: %who str
     beta
     
     In [6]: %whos
     Variable   Type    Data/Info
     ----------------------------
     alpha      int     123
     beta       str     beta
     
     In [7]: %who_ls
     Out[7]: ['alpha', 'beta']
     """
 
 def test_whos():
     """Check that whos is protected against objects where repr() fails."""
     class A(object):
         def __repr__(self):
             raise Exception()
     _ip.user_ns['a'] = A()
     _ip.magic("whos")
 
 def doctest_precision():
     """doctest for %precision
     
     In [1]: f = get_ipython().display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
     
     In [2]: %precision 5
     Out[2]: '%.5f'
     
     In [3]: f.float_format
     Out[3]: '%.5f'
     
     In [4]: %precision %e
     Out[4]: '%e'
     
     In [5]: f(3.1415927)
     Out[5]: '3.141593e+00'
     """
 
 def test_debug_magic():
     """Test debugging a small code with %debug
     
     In [1]: with PdbTestInput(['c']):
        ...:     %debug print("a b") #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
        ...:
     ...
     ipdb> c
     a b
     In [2]:
     """
 
 def test_psearch():
     with tt.AssertPrints("dict.fromkeys"):
         _ip.run_cell("dict.fr*?")
     with tt.AssertPrints("π.is_integer"):
         _ip.run_cell("π = 3.14;\nπ.is_integ*?")
 
 def test_timeit_shlex():
     """test shlex issues with timeit (#1109)"""
     _ip.ex("def f(*a,**kw): pass")
     _ip.magic('timeit -n1 "this is a bug".count(" ")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f(" ", 1)')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f(" ", 1, " ", 2, " ")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 ("a " + "b")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f("a " + "b")')
     _ip.magic('timeit -r1 -n1 f("a " + "b ")')
 
 
 def test_timeit_special_syntax():
     "Test %%timeit with IPython special syntax"
     @register_line_magic
     def lmagic(line):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.user_ns['lmagic_out'] = line
 
     # line mode test
     _ip.run_line_magic('timeit', '-n1 -r1 %lmagic my line')
     nt.assert_equal(_ip.user_ns['lmagic_out'], 'my line')
     # cell mode test
     _ip.run_cell_magic('timeit', '-n1 -r1', '%lmagic my line2')
     nt.assert_equal(_ip.user_ns['lmagic_out'], 'my line2')
 
 def test_timeit_return():
     """
     test whether timeit -o return object
     """
 
     res = _ip.run_line_magic('timeit','-n10 -r10 -o 1')
     assert(res is not None)
 
 def test_timeit_quiet():
     """
     test quiet option of timeit magic
     """
     with tt.AssertNotPrints("loops"):
         _ip.run_cell("%timeit -n1 -r1 -q 1")
 
 def test_timeit_return_quiet():
     with tt.AssertNotPrints("loops"):
         res = _ip.run_line_magic('timeit', '-n1 -r1 -q -o 1')
     assert (res is not None)
 
 def test_timeit_invalid_return():
     with nt.assert_raises_regex(SyntaxError, "outside function"):
         _ip.run_line_magic('timeit', 'return')
 
 @dec.skipif(execution.profile is None)
 def test_prun_special_syntax():
     "Test %%prun with IPython special syntax"
     @register_line_magic
     def lmagic(line):
         ip = get_ipython()
         ip.user_ns['lmagic_out'] = line
 
     # line mode test
     _ip.run_line_magic('prun', '-q %lmagic my line')
     nt.assert_equal(_ip.user_ns['lmagic_out'], 'my line')
     # cell mode test
     _ip.run_cell_magic('prun', '-q', '%lmagic my line2')
     nt.assert_equal(_ip.user_ns['lmagic_out'], 'my line2')
 
 @dec.skipif(execution.profile is None)
 def test_prun_quotes():
     "Test that prun does not clobber string escapes (GH #1302)"
     _ip.magic(r"prun -q x = '\t'")
     nt.assert_equal(_ip.user_ns['x'], '\t')
 
 def test_extension():
     # Debugging information for failures of this test
     print('sys.path:')
     for p in sys.path:
         print(' ', p)
     print('CWD', os.getcwd())
 
     nt.assert_raises(ImportError, _ip.magic, "load_ext daft_extension")
     daft_path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "daft_extension")
     sys.path.insert(0, daft_path)
     try:
         _ip.user_ns.pop('arq', None)
         invalidate_caches()   # Clear import caches
         _ip.magic("load_ext daft_extension")
         nt.assert_equal(_ip.user_ns['arq'], 185)
         _ip.magic("unload_ext daft_extension")
         assert 'arq' not in _ip.user_ns
     finally:
         sys.path.remove(daft_path)
 
 
 def test_notebook_export_json():
     _ip = get_ipython()
     _ip.history_manager.reset()   # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = [u"a=1", u"def b():\n  return a**2", u"print('noël, été', b())"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         _ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         outfile = os.path.join(td, "nb.ipynb")
         _ip.magic("notebook -e %s" % outfile)
 
 
 class TestEnv(TestCase):
 
     def test_env(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env")
         self.assertTrue(isinstance(env, dict))
 
     def test_env_secret(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env")
         hidden = "<hidden>"
         with mock.patch.dict(
             os.environ,
             {
                 "API_KEY": "abc123",
                 "SECRET_THING": "ssshhh",
                 "JUPYTER_TOKEN": "",
                 "VAR": "abc"
             }
         ):
             env = _ip.magic("env")
         assert env["API_KEY"] == hidden
         assert env["SECRET_THING"] == hidden
         assert env["JUPYTER_TOKEN"] == hidden
         assert env["VAR"] == "abc"
 
     def test_env_get_set_simple(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env var val1")
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], 'val1')
         self.assertEqual(_ip.magic("env var"), 'val1')
         env = _ip.magic("env var=val2")
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], 'val2')
 
     def test_env_get_set_complex(self):
         env = _ip.magic("env var 'val1 '' 'val2")
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], "'val1 '' 'val2")
         self.assertEqual(_ip.magic("env var"), "'val1 '' 'val2")
         env = _ip.magic('env var=val2 val3="val4')
         self.assertEqual(env, None)
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['var'], 'val2 val3="val4')
 
     def test_env_set_bad_input(self):
         self.assertRaises(UsageError, lambda: _ip.magic("set_env var"))
 
     def test_env_set_whitespace(self):
         self.assertRaises(UsageError, lambda: _ip.magic("env var A=B"))
 
 
 class CellMagicTestCase(TestCase):
 
     def check_ident(self, magic):
         # Manually called, we get the result
         out = _ip.run_cell_magic(magic, 'a', 'b')
         nt.assert_equal(out, ('a','b'))
         # Via run_cell, it goes into the user's namespace via displayhook
         _ip.run_cell('%%' + magic +' c\nd\n')
         nt.assert_equal(_ip.user_ns['_'], ('c','d\n'))
 
     def test_cell_magic_func_deco(self):
         "Cell magic using simple decorator"
         @register_cell_magic
         def cellm(line, cell):
             return line, cell
 
         self.check_ident('cellm')
 
     def test_cell_magic_reg(self):
         "Cell magic manually registered"
         def cellm(line, cell):
             return line, cell
 
         _ip.register_magic_function(cellm, 'cell', 'cellm2')
         self.check_ident('cellm2')
 
     def test_cell_magic_class(self):
         "Cell magics declared via a class"
         @magics_class
         class MyMagics(Magics):
 
             @cell_magic
             def cellm3(self, line, cell):
                 return line, cell
 
         _ip.register_magics(MyMagics)
         self.check_ident('cellm3')
 
     def test_cell_magic_class2(self):
         "Cell magics declared via a class, #2"
         @magics_class
         class MyMagics2(Magics):
 
             @cell_magic('cellm4')
             def cellm33(self, line, cell):
                 return line, cell
             
         _ip.register_magics(MyMagics2)
         self.check_ident('cellm4')
         # Check that nothing is registered as 'cellm33'
         c33 = _ip.find_cell_magic('cellm33')
         nt.assert_equal(c33, None)
 
 def test_file():
     """Basic %%writefile"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, 'file1')
         ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
             'line1',
             'line2',
         ]))
-        with open(fname) as f:
-            s = f.read()
+        s = Path(fname).read_text()
         nt.assert_in('line1\n', s)
         nt.assert_in('line2', s)
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_file_single_quote():
     """Basic %%writefile with embedded single quotes"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, '\'file1\'')
         ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
             'line1',
             'line2',
         ]))
-        with open(fname) as f:
-            s = f.read()
+        s = Path(fname).read_text()
         nt.assert_in('line1\n', s)
         nt.assert_in('line2', s)
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_file_double_quote():
     """Basic %%writefile with embedded double quotes"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, '"file1"')
         ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
             'line1',
             'line2',
         ]))
-        with open(fname) as f:
-            s = f.read()
+        s = Path(fname).read_text()
         nt.assert_in('line1\n', s)
         nt.assert_in('line2', s)
 
 def test_file_var_expand():
     """%%writefile $filename"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, 'file1')
         ip.user_ns['filename'] = fname
         ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", '$filename', u'\n'.join([
             'line1',
             'line2',
         ]))
-        with open(fname) as f:
-            s = f.read()
+        s = Path(fname).read_text()
         nt.assert_in('line1\n', s)
         nt.assert_in('line2', s)
 
 def test_file_unicode():
     """%%writefile with unicode cell"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, 'file1')
         ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
             u'liné1',
             u'liné2',
         ]))
         with io.open(fname, encoding='utf-8') as f:
             s = f.read()
         nt.assert_in(u'liné1\n', s)
         nt.assert_in(u'liné2', s)
 
 def test_file_amend():
     """%%writefile -a amends files"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         fname = os.path.join(td, 'file2')
         ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", fname, u'\n'.join([
             'line1',
             'line2',
         ]))
         ip.run_cell_magic("writefile", "-a %s" % fname, u'\n'.join([
             'line3',
             'line4',
         ]))
-        with open(fname) as f:
-            s = f.read()
+        s = Path(fname).read_text()
         nt.assert_in('line1\n', s)
         nt.assert_in('line3\n', s)
 
 def test_file_spaces():
     """%%file with spaces in filename"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     with TemporaryWorkingDirectory() as td:
         fname = "file name"
         ip.run_cell_magic("file", '"%s"'%fname, u'\n'.join([
             'line1',
             'line2',
         ]))
-        with open(fname) as f:
-            s = f.read()
+        s = Path(fname).read_text()
         nt.assert_in('line1\n', s)
         nt.assert_in('line2', s)
     
 def test_script_config():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.config.ScriptMagics.script_magics = ['whoda']
     sm = script.ScriptMagics(shell=ip)
     nt.assert_in('whoda', sm.magics['cell'])
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_script_out():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic("script", "--out output sh", "echo 'hi'")
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['output'], 'hi\n')
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_script_err():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic("script", "--err error sh", "echo 'hello' >&2")
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['error'], 'hello\n')
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_script_out_err():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic("script", "--out output --err error sh", "echo 'hi'\necho 'hello' >&2")
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['output'], 'hi\n')
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['error'], 'hello\n')
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_script_bg_out():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic("script", "--bg --out output sh", "echo 'hi'")
 
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['output'].read(), b'hi\n')
     ip.user_ns['output'].close()
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_script_bg_err():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic("script", "--bg --err error sh", "echo 'hello' >&2")
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['error'].read(), b'hello\n')
     ip.user_ns['error'].close()
 
 @dec.skip_win32
 def test_script_bg_out_err():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_cell_magic("script", "--bg --out output --err error sh", "echo 'hi'\necho 'hello' >&2")
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['output'].read(), b'hi\n')
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['error'].read(), b'hello\n')
     ip.user_ns['output'].close()
     ip.user_ns['error'].close()
 
 def test_script_defaults():
     ip = get_ipython()
     for cmd in ['sh', 'bash', 'perl', 'ruby']:
         try:
             find_cmd(cmd)
         except Exception:
             pass
         else:
             nt.assert_in(cmd, ip.magics_manager.magics['cell'])
 
 
 @magics_class
 class FooFoo(Magics):
     """class with both %foo and %%foo magics"""
     @line_magic('foo')
     def line_foo(self, line):
         "I am line foo"
         pass
 
     @cell_magic("foo")
     def cell_foo(self, line, cell):
         "I am cell foo, not line foo"
         pass
 
 def test_line_cell_info():
     """%%foo and %foo magics are distinguishable to inspect"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.magics_manager.register(FooFoo)
     oinfo = ip.object_inspect('foo')
     nt.assert_true(oinfo['found'])
     nt.assert_true(oinfo['ismagic'])
     
     oinfo = ip.object_inspect('%%foo')
     nt.assert_true(oinfo['found'])
     nt.assert_true(oinfo['ismagic'])
     nt.assert_equal(oinfo['docstring'], FooFoo.cell_foo.__doc__)
 
     oinfo = ip.object_inspect('%foo')
     nt.assert_true(oinfo['found'])
     nt.assert_true(oinfo['ismagic'])
     nt.assert_equal(oinfo['docstring'], FooFoo.line_foo.__doc__)
 
 def test_multiple_magics():
     ip = get_ipython()
     foo1 = FooFoo(ip)
     foo2 = FooFoo(ip)
     mm = ip.magics_manager
     mm.register(foo1)
     nt.assert_true(mm.magics['line']['foo'].__self__ is foo1)
     mm.register(foo2)
     nt.assert_true(mm.magics['line']['foo'].__self__ is foo2)
 
 def test_alias_magic():
     """Test %alias_magic."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     mm = ip.magics_manager
 
     # Basic operation: both cell and line magics are created, if possible.
     ip.run_line_magic('alias_magic', 'timeit_alias timeit')
     nt.assert_in('timeit_alias', mm.magics['line'])
     nt.assert_in('timeit_alias', mm.magics['cell'])
 
     # --cell is specified, line magic not created.
     ip.run_line_magic('alias_magic', '--cell timeit_cell_alias timeit')
     nt.assert_not_in('timeit_cell_alias', mm.magics['line'])
     nt.assert_in('timeit_cell_alias', mm.magics['cell'])
 
     # Test that line alias is created successfully.
     ip.run_line_magic('alias_magic', '--line env_alias env')
     nt.assert_equal(ip.run_line_magic('env', ''),
                     ip.run_line_magic('env_alias', ''))
 
     # Test that line alias with parameters passed in is created successfully.
     ip.run_line_magic('alias_magic', '--line history_alias history --params ' + shlex.quote('3'))
     nt.assert_in('history_alias', mm.magics['line'])
 
 
 def test_save():
     """Test %save."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.history_manager.reset()   # Clear any existing history.
     cmds = [u"a=1", u"def b():\n  return a**2", u"print(a, b())"]
     for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
         ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         file = os.path.join(tmpdir, "testsave.py")
         ip.run_line_magic("save", "%s 1-10" % file)
-        with open(file) as f:
-            content = f.read()
-            nt.assert_equal(content.count(cmds[0]), 1)
-            nt.assert_in('coding: utf-8', content)
+        content = Path(file).read_text()
+        nt.assert_equal(content.count(cmds[0]), 1)
+        nt.assert_in("coding: utf-8", content)
         ip.run_line_magic("save", "-a %s 1-10" % file)
-        with open(file) as f:
-            content = f.read()
-            nt.assert_equal(content.count(cmds[0]), 2)
-            nt.assert_in('coding: utf-8', content)
+        content = Path(file).read_text()
+        nt.assert_equal(content.count(cmds[0]), 2)
+        nt.assert_in("coding: utf-8", content)
 
 
 def test_store():
     """Test %store."""
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_line_magic('load_ext', 'storemagic')
     
     # make sure the storage is empty
     ip.run_line_magic('store', '-z')
     ip.user_ns['var'] = 42
     ip.run_line_magic('store', 'var')
     ip.user_ns['var'] = 39
     ip.run_line_magic('store', '-r')
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['var'], 42)
 
     ip.run_line_magic('store', '-d var')
     ip.user_ns['var'] = 39
     ip.run_line_magic('store' , '-r')
     nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns['var'], 39)
 
 
 def _run_edit_test(arg_s, exp_filename=None,
                         exp_lineno=-1,
                         exp_contents=None,
                         exp_is_temp=None):
     ip = get_ipython()
     M = code.CodeMagics(ip)
     last_call = ['','']
     opts,args = M.parse_options(arg_s,'prxn:')
     filename, lineno, is_temp = M._find_edit_target(ip, args, opts, last_call)
         
     if exp_filename is not None:
         nt.assert_equal(exp_filename, filename)
     if exp_contents is not None:
         with io.open(filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
             contents = f.read()
         nt.assert_equal(exp_contents, contents)
     if exp_lineno != -1:
         nt.assert_equal(exp_lineno, lineno)
     if exp_is_temp is not None:
         nt.assert_equal(exp_is_temp, is_temp)
 
 
 def test_edit_interactive():
     """%edit on interactively defined objects"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     n = ip.execution_count
     ip.run_cell(u"def foo(): return 1", store_history=True)
     
     try:
         _run_edit_test("foo")
     except code.InteractivelyDefined as e:
         nt.assert_equal(e.index, n)
     else:
         raise AssertionError("Should have raised InteractivelyDefined")
 
 
 def test_edit_cell():
     """%edit [cell id]"""
     ip = get_ipython()
     
     ip.run_cell(u"def foo(): return 1", store_history=True)
     
     # test
     _run_edit_test("1", exp_contents=ip.user_ns['In'][1], exp_is_temp=True)
 
 def test_edit_fname():
     """%edit file"""
     # test
     _run_edit_test("test file.py", exp_filename="test file.py")
 
 def test_bookmark():
     ip = get_ipython()
     ip.run_line_magic('bookmark', 'bmname')
     with tt.AssertPrints('bmname'):
         ip.run_line_magic('bookmark', '-l')
     ip.run_line_magic('bookmark', '-d bmname')
 
 def test_ls_magic():
     ip = get_ipython()
     json_formatter = ip.display_formatter.formatters['application/json']
     json_formatter.enabled = True
     lsmagic = ip.magic('lsmagic')
     with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
         j = json_formatter(lsmagic)
     nt.assert_equal(sorted(j), ['cell', 'line'])
     nt.assert_equal(w, []) # no warnings
 
 def test_strip_initial_indent():
     def sii(s):
         lines = s.splitlines()
         return '\n'.join(code.strip_initial_indent(lines))
 
     nt.assert_equal(sii("  a = 1\nb = 2"), "a = 1\nb = 2")
     nt.assert_equal(sii("  a\n    b\nc"), "a\n  b\nc")
     nt.assert_equal(sii("a\n  b"), "a\n  b")
 
 def test_logging_magic_quiet_from_arg():
     _ip.config.LoggingMagics.quiet = False
     lm = logging.LoggingMagics(shell=_ip)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         try:
             with tt.AssertNotPrints(re.compile("Activating.*")):
                 lm.logstart('-q {}'.format(
                         os.path.join(td, "quiet_from_arg.log")))
         finally:
             _ip.logger.logstop()
 
 def test_logging_magic_quiet_from_config():
     _ip.config.LoggingMagics.quiet = True
     lm = logging.LoggingMagics(shell=_ip)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         try:
             with tt.AssertNotPrints(re.compile("Activating.*")):
                 lm.logstart(os.path.join(td, "quiet_from_config.log"))
         finally:
             _ip.logger.logstop()
 
 
 def test_logging_magic_not_quiet():
     _ip.config.LoggingMagics.quiet = False
     lm = logging.LoggingMagics(shell=_ip)
     with TemporaryDirectory() as td:
         try:
             with tt.AssertPrints(re.compile("Activating.*")):
                 lm.logstart(os.path.join(td, "not_quiet.log"))
         finally:
             _ip.logger.logstop()
 
 
 def test_time_no_var_expand():
     _ip.user_ns['a'] = 5
     _ip.user_ns['b'] = []
     _ip.magic('time b.append("{a}")')
     assert _ip.user_ns['b'] == ['{a}']
 
 
 # this is slow, put at the end for local testing.
 def test_timeit_arguments():
     "Test valid timeit arguments, should not cause SyntaxError (GH #1269)"
     if sys.version_info < (3,7):
         _ip.magic("timeit -n1 -r1 ('#')")
     else:
         # 3.7 optimize no-op statement like above out, and complain there is
         # nothing in the for loop.
         _ip.magic("timeit -n1 -r1 a=('#')")
 
 
 TEST_MODULE = """
 print('Loaded my_tmp')
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     print('I just ran a script')
 """
 
 
 def test_run_module_from_import_hook():
     "Test that a module can be loaded via an import hook"
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         fullpath = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'my_tmp.py')
-        with open(fullpath, 'w') as f:
-            f.write(TEST_MODULE)
+        Path(fullpath).write_text(TEST_MODULE)
 
         class MyTempImporter(object):
             def __init__(self):
                 pass
 
             def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
                 if 'my_tmp' in fullname:
                     return self
                 return None
 
             def load_module(self, name):
                 import imp
                 return imp.load_source('my_tmp', fullpath)
 
             def get_code(self, fullname):
-                with open(fullpath, 'r') as f:
-                    return compile(f.read(), 'foo', 'exec')
+                return compile(Path(fullpath).read_text(), "foo", "exec")
 
             def is_package(self, __):
                 return False
 
         sys.meta_path.insert(0, MyTempImporter())
 
         with capture_output() as captured:
             _ip.magic("run -m my_tmp")
             _ip.run_cell("import my_tmp")
 
         output = "Loaded my_tmp\nI just ran a script\nLoaded my_tmp\n"
         nt.assert_equal(output, captured.stdout)
 
         sys.meta_path.pop(0)

IPython/core/ultratb.py

@@ -1,1086 +1,1087 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Verbose and colourful traceback formatting.
 
 **ColorTB**
 
 I've always found it a bit hard to visually parse tracebacks in Python.  The
 ColorTB class is a solution to that problem.  It colors the different parts of a
 traceback in a manner similar to what you would expect from a syntax-highlighting
 text editor.
 
 Installation instructions for ColorTB::
 
     import sys,ultratb
     sys.excepthook = ultratb.ColorTB()
 
 **VerboseTB**
 
 I've also included a port of Ka-Ping Yee's "cgitb.py" that produces all kinds
 of useful info when a traceback occurs.  Ping originally had it spit out HTML
 and intended it for CGI programmers, but why should they have all the fun?  I
 altered it to spit out colored text to the terminal.  It's a bit overwhelming,
 but kind of neat, and maybe useful for long-running programs that you believe
 are bug-free.  If a crash *does* occur in that type of program you want details.
 Give it a shot--you'll love it or you'll hate it.
 
 .. note::
 
   The Verbose mode prints the variables currently visible where the exception
   happened (shortening their strings if too long). This can potentially be
   very slow, if you happen to have a huge data structure whose string
   representation is complex to compute. Your computer may appear to freeze for
   a while with cpu usage at 100%. If this occurs, you can cancel the traceback
   with Ctrl-C (maybe hitting it more than once).
 
   If you encounter this kind of situation often, you may want to use the
   Verbose_novars mode instead of the regular Verbose, which avoids formatting
   variables (but otherwise includes the information and context given by
   Verbose).
 
 .. note::
 
   The verbose mode print all variables in the stack, which means it can
   potentially leak sensitive information like access keys, or unencrypted
   password.
 
 Installation instructions for VerboseTB::
 
     import sys,ultratb
     sys.excepthook = ultratb.VerboseTB()
 
 Note:  Much of the code in this module was lifted verbatim from the standard
 library module 'traceback.py' and Ka-Ping Yee's 'cgitb.py'.
 
 Color schemes
 -------------
 
 The colors are defined in the class TBTools through the use of the
 ColorSchemeTable class. Currently the following exist:
 
   - NoColor: allows all of this module to be used in any terminal (the color
     escapes are just dummy blank strings).
 
   - Linux: is meant to look good in a terminal like the Linux console (black
     or very dark background).
 
   - LightBG: similar to Linux but swaps dark/light colors to be more readable
     in light background terminals.
 
   - Neutral: a neutral color scheme that should be readable on both light and
     dark background
 
 You can implement other color schemes easily, the syntax is fairly
 self-explanatory. Please send back new schemes you develop to the author for
 possible inclusion in future releases.
 
 Inheritance diagram:
 
 .. inheritance-diagram:: IPython.core.ultratb
    :parts: 3
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 # Copyright (C) 2001 Nathaniel Gray <[e-mail]>
 # Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 # Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 # the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 
 import inspect
 import linecache
 import pydoc
 import sys
 import time
 import traceback
 
 import stack_data
 from pygments.formatters.terminal256 import Terminal256Formatter
 from pygments.styles import get_style_by_name
 
 # IPython's own modules
 from IPython import get_ipython
 from IPython.core import debugger
 from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.core.excolors import exception_colors
 from IPython.utils import path as util_path
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
 from IPython.utils.terminal import get_terminal_size
 
 import IPython.utils.colorable as colorable
 
 # Globals
 # amount of space to put line numbers before verbose tracebacks
 INDENT_SIZE = 8
 
 # Default color scheme.  This is used, for example, by the traceback
 # formatter.  When running in an actual IPython instance, the user's rc.colors
 # value is used, but having a module global makes this functionality available
 # to users of ultratb who are NOT running inside ipython.
 DEFAULT_SCHEME = 'NoColor'
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Code begins
 
 # Helper function -- largely belongs to VerboseTB, but we need the same
 # functionality to produce a pseudo verbose TB for SyntaxErrors, so that they
 # can be recognized properly by ipython.el's py-traceback-line-re
 # (SyntaxErrors have to be treated specially because they have no traceback)
 
 
 def _format_traceback_lines(lines, Colors, has_colors, lvals):
     """
     Format tracebacks lines with pointing arrow, leading numbers...
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     lines : list[Line]
     Colors
         ColorScheme used.
     lvals : str
         Values of local variables, already colored, to inject just after the error line.
     """
     numbers_width = INDENT_SIZE - 1
     res = []
 
     for stack_line in lines:
         if stack_line is stack_data.LINE_GAP:
             res.append('%s   (...)%s\n' % (Colors.linenoEm, Colors.Normal))
             continue
 
         line = stack_line.render(pygmented=has_colors).rstrip('\n') + '\n'
         lineno = stack_line.lineno
         if stack_line.is_current:
             # This is the line with the error
             pad = numbers_width - len(str(lineno))
             num = '%s%s' % (debugger.make_arrow(pad), str(lineno))
             start_color = Colors.linenoEm
         else:
             num = '%*s' % (numbers_width, lineno)
             start_color = Colors.lineno
         
         line = '%s%s%s %s' % (start_color, num, Colors.Normal, line)
 
         res.append(line)
         if lvals and stack_line.is_current:
             res.append(lvals + '\n')
     return res
 
 
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Module classes
 class TBTools(colorable.Colorable):
     """Basic tools used by all traceback printer classes."""
 
     # Number of frames to skip when reporting tracebacks
     tb_offset = 0
 
     def __init__(self, color_scheme='NoColor', call_pdb=False, ostream=None, parent=None, config=None):
         # Whether to call the interactive pdb debugger after printing
         # tracebacks or not
         super(TBTools, self).__init__(parent=parent, config=config)
         self.call_pdb = call_pdb
 
         # Output stream to write to.  Note that we store the original value in
         # a private attribute and then make the public ostream a property, so
         # that we can delay accessing sys.stdout until runtime.  The way
         # things are written now, the sys.stdout object is dynamically managed
         # so a reference to it should NEVER be stored statically.  This
         # property approach confines this detail to a single location, and all
         # subclasses can simply access self.ostream for writing.
         self._ostream = ostream
 
         # Create color table
         self.color_scheme_table = exception_colors()
 
         self.set_colors(color_scheme)
         self.old_scheme = color_scheme  # save initial value for toggles
 
         if call_pdb:
             self.pdb = debugger.Pdb()
         else:
             self.pdb = None
 
     def _get_ostream(self):
         """Output stream that exceptions are written to.
 
         Valid values are:
 
         - None: the default, which means that IPython will dynamically resolve
           to sys.stdout.  This ensures compatibility with most tools, including
           Windows (where plain stdout doesn't recognize ANSI escapes).
 
         - Any object with 'write' and 'flush' attributes.
         """
         return sys.stdout if self._ostream is None else self._ostream
 
     def _set_ostream(self, val):
         assert val is None or (hasattr(val, 'write') and hasattr(val, 'flush'))
         self._ostream = val
 
     ostream = property(_get_ostream, _set_ostream)
 
     def get_parts_of_chained_exception(self, evalue):
         def get_chained_exception(exception_value):
             cause = getattr(exception_value, '__cause__', None)
             if cause:
                 return cause
             if getattr(exception_value, '__suppress_context__', False):
                 return None
             return getattr(exception_value, '__context__', None)
 
         chained_evalue = get_chained_exception(evalue)
 
         if chained_evalue:
             return chained_evalue.__class__, chained_evalue, chained_evalue.__traceback__
 
     def prepare_chained_exception_message(self, cause):
         direct_cause = "\nThe above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:\n"
         exception_during_handling = "\nDuring handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:\n"
 
         if cause:
             message = [[direct_cause]]
         else:
             message = [[exception_during_handling]]
         return message
 
     @property
     def has_colors(self):
         return self.color_scheme_table.active_scheme_name.lower() != "nocolor"
 
     def set_colors(self, *args, **kw):
         """Shorthand access to the color table scheme selector method."""
 
         # Set own color table
         self.color_scheme_table.set_active_scheme(*args, **kw)
         # for convenience, set Colors to the active scheme
         self.Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
         # Also set colors of debugger
         if hasattr(self, 'pdb') and self.pdb is not None:
             self.pdb.set_colors(*args, **kw)
 
     def color_toggle(self):
         """Toggle between the currently active color scheme and NoColor."""
 
         if self.color_scheme_table.active_scheme_name == 'NoColor':
             self.color_scheme_table.set_active_scheme(self.old_scheme)
             self.Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
         else:
             self.old_scheme = self.color_scheme_table.active_scheme_name
             self.color_scheme_table.set_active_scheme('NoColor')
             self.Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
 
     def stb2text(self, stb):
         """Convert a structured traceback (a list) to a string."""
         return '\n'.join(stb)
 
     def text(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None, context=5):
         """Return formatted traceback.
 
         Subclasses may override this if they add extra arguments.
         """
         tb_list = self.structured_traceback(etype, value, tb,
                                             tb_offset, context)
         return self.stb2text(tb_list)
 
     def structured_traceback(self, etype, evalue, tb, tb_offset=None,
                              context=5, mode=None):
         """Return a list of traceback frames.
 
         Must be implemented by each class.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class ListTB(TBTools):
     """Print traceback information from a traceback list, with optional color.
 
     Calling requires 3 arguments: (etype, evalue, elist)
     as would be obtained by::
     
       etype, evalue, tb = sys.exc_info()
       if tb:
         elist = traceback.extract_tb(tb)
       else:
         elist = None
 
     It can thus be used by programs which need to process the traceback before
     printing (such as console replacements based on the code module from the
     standard library).
 
     Because they are meant to be called without a full traceback (only a
     list), instances of this class can't call the interactive pdb debugger."""
 
     def __init__(self, color_scheme='NoColor', call_pdb=False, ostream=None, parent=None, config=None):
         TBTools.__init__(self, color_scheme=color_scheme, call_pdb=call_pdb,
                          ostream=ostream, parent=parent,config=config)
 
     def __call__(self, etype, value, elist):
         self.ostream.flush()
         self.ostream.write(self.text(etype, value, elist))
         self.ostream.write('\n')
 
     def _extract_tb(self, tb):
         if tb:
             return traceback.extract_tb(tb)
         else:
             return None
 
     def structured_traceback(self, etype, evalue, etb=None, tb_offset=None,
                              context=5):
         """Return a color formatted string with the traceback info.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         etype : exception type
             Type of the exception raised.
         evalue : object
             Data stored in the exception
         etb : object
             If list: List of frames, see class docstring for details.
             If Traceback: Traceback of the exception.
         tb_offset : int, optional
             Number of frames in the traceback to skip.  If not given, the
             instance evalue is used (set in constructor).
         context : int, optional
             Number of lines of context information to print.
 
         Returns
         -------
         String with formatted exception.
         """
         # This is a workaround to get chained_exc_ids in recursive calls
         # etb should not be a tuple if structured_traceback is not recursive
         if isinstance(etb, tuple):
             etb, chained_exc_ids = etb
         else:
             chained_exc_ids = set()
 
         if isinstance(etb, list):
             elist = etb
         elif etb is not None:
             elist = self._extract_tb(etb)
         else:
             elist = []
         tb_offset = self.tb_offset if tb_offset is None else tb_offset
         Colors = self.Colors
         out_list = []
         if elist:
 
             if tb_offset and len(elist) > tb_offset:
                 elist = elist[tb_offset:]
 
             out_list.append('Traceback %s(most recent call last)%s:' %
                             (Colors.normalEm, Colors.Normal) + '\n')
             out_list.extend(self._format_list(elist))
         # The exception info should be a single entry in the list.
         lines = ''.join(self._format_exception_only(etype, evalue))
         out_list.append(lines)
 
         exception = self.get_parts_of_chained_exception(evalue)
 
         if exception and not id(exception[1]) in chained_exc_ids:
             chained_exception_message = self.prepare_chained_exception_message(
                 evalue.__cause__)[0]
             etype, evalue, etb = exception
             # Trace exception to avoid infinite 'cause' loop
             chained_exc_ids.add(id(exception[1]))
             chained_exceptions_tb_offset = 0
             out_list = (
                 self.structured_traceback(
                     etype, evalue, (etb, chained_exc_ids),
                     chained_exceptions_tb_offset, context)
                 + chained_exception_message
                 + out_list)
 
         return out_list
 
     def _format_list(self, extracted_list):
         """Format a list of traceback entry tuples for printing.
 
         Given a list of tuples as returned by extract_tb() or
         extract_stack(), return a list of strings ready for printing.
         Each string in the resulting list corresponds to the item with the
         same index in the argument list.  Each string ends in a newline;
         the strings may contain internal newlines as well, for those items
         whose source text line is not None.
 
         Lifted almost verbatim from traceback.py
         """
 
         Colors = self.Colors
         list = []
         for filename, lineno, name, line in extracted_list[:-1]:
             item = '  File %s"%s"%s, line %s%d%s, in %s%s%s\n' % \
                    (Colors.filename, filename, Colors.Normal,
                     Colors.lineno, lineno, Colors.Normal,
                     Colors.name, name, Colors.Normal)
             if line:
                 item += '    %s\n' % line.strip()
             list.append(item)
         # Emphasize the last entry
         filename, lineno, name, line = extracted_list[-1]
         item = '%s  File %s"%s"%s, line %s%d%s, in %s%s%s%s\n' % \
                (Colors.normalEm,
                 Colors.filenameEm, filename, Colors.normalEm,
                 Colors.linenoEm, lineno, Colors.normalEm,
                 Colors.nameEm, name, Colors.normalEm,
                 Colors.Normal)
         if line:
             item += '%s    %s%s\n' % (Colors.line, line.strip(),
                                       Colors.Normal)
         list.append(item)
         return list
 
     def _format_exception_only(self, etype, value):
         """Format the exception part of a traceback.
 
         The arguments are the exception type and value such as given by
         sys.exc_info()[:2]. The return value is a list of strings, each ending
         in a newline.  Normally, the list contains a single string; however,
         for SyntaxError exceptions, it contains several lines that (when
         printed) display detailed information about where the syntax error
         occurred.  The message indicating which exception occurred is the
         always last string in the list.
 
         Also lifted nearly verbatim from traceback.py
         """
         have_filedata = False
         Colors = self.Colors
         list = []
         stype = py3compat.cast_unicode(Colors.excName + etype.__name__ + Colors.Normal)
         if value is None:
             # Not sure if this can still happen in Python 2.6 and above
             list.append(stype + '\n')
         else:
             if issubclass(etype, SyntaxError):
                 have_filedata = True
                 if not value.filename: value.filename = "<string>"
                 if value.lineno:
                     lineno = value.lineno
                     textline = linecache.getline(value.filename, value.lineno)
                 else:
                     lineno = 'unknown'
                     textline = ''
                 list.append('%s  File %s"%s"%s, line %s%s%s\n' % \
                             (Colors.normalEm,
                              Colors.filenameEm, py3compat.cast_unicode(value.filename), Colors.normalEm,
                              Colors.linenoEm, lineno, Colors.Normal  ))
                 if textline == '':
                     textline = py3compat.cast_unicode(value.text, "utf-8")
 
                 if textline is not None:
                     i = 0
                     while i < len(textline) and textline[i].isspace():
                         i += 1
                     list.append('%s    %s%s\n' % (Colors.line,
                                                   textline.strip(),
                                                   Colors.Normal))
                     if value.offset is not None:
                         s = '    '
                         for c in textline[i:value.offset - 1]:
                             if c.isspace():
                                 s += c
                             else:
                                 s += ' '
                         list.append('%s%s^%s\n' % (Colors.caret, s,
                                                    Colors.Normal))
 
             try:
                 s = value.msg
             except Exception:
                 s = self._some_str(value)
             if s:
                 list.append('%s%s:%s %s\n' % (stype, Colors.excName,
                                               Colors.Normal, s))
             else:
                 list.append('%s\n' % stype)
 
         # sync with user hooks
         if have_filedata:
             ipinst = get_ipython()
             if ipinst is not None:
                 ipinst.hooks.synchronize_with_editor(value.filename, value.lineno, 0)
 
         return list
 
     def get_exception_only(self, etype, value):
         """Only print the exception type and message, without a traceback.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         etype : exception type
         evalue : exception value
         """
         return ListTB.structured_traceback(self, etype, value)
 
     def show_exception_only(self, etype, evalue):
         """Only print the exception type and message, without a traceback.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         etype : exception type
         evalue : exception value
         """
         # This method needs to use __call__ from *this* class, not the one from
         # a subclass whose signature or behavior may be different
         ostream = self.ostream
         ostream.flush()
         ostream.write('\n'.join(self.get_exception_only(etype, evalue)))
         ostream.flush()
 
     def _some_str(self, value):
         # Lifted from traceback.py
         try:
             return py3compat.cast_unicode(str(value))
         except:
             return u'<unprintable %s object>' % type(value).__name__
 
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class VerboseTB(TBTools):
     """A port of Ka-Ping Yee's cgitb.py module that outputs color text instead
     of HTML.  Requires inspect and pydoc.  Crazy, man.
 
     Modified version which optionally strips the topmost entries from the
     traceback, to be used with alternate interpreters (because their own code
     would appear in the traceback)."""
 
     def __init__(self, color_scheme='Linux', call_pdb=False, ostream=None,
                  tb_offset=0, long_header=False, include_vars=True,
                  check_cache=None, debugger_cls = None,
                  parent=None, config=None):
         """Specify traceback offset, headers and color scheme.
 
         Define how many frames to drop from the tracebacks. Calling it with
         tb_offset=1 allows use of this handler in interpreters which will have
         their own code at the top of the traceback (VerboseTB will first
         remove that frame before printing the traceback info)."""
         TBTools.__init__(self, color_scheme=color_scheme, call_pdb=call_pdb,
                          ostream=ostream, parent=parent, config=config)
         self.tb_offset = tb_offset
         self.long_header = long_header
         self.include_vars = include_vars
         # By default we use linecache.checkcache, but the user can provide a
         # different check_cache implementation.  This is used by the IPython
         # kernel to provide tracebacks for interactive code that is cached,
         # by a compiler instance that flushes the linecache but preserves its
         # own code cache.
         if check_cache is None:
             check_cache = linecache.checkcache
         self.check_cache = check_cache
 
         self.debugger_cls = debugger_cls or debugger.Pdb
         self.skip_hidden = True
 
     def format_record(self, frame_info):
         """Format a single stack frame"""
         Colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
         ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal  # used a lot
 
 
 
         if isinstance(frame_info, stack_data.RepeatedFrames):
             return '    %s[... skipping similar frames: %s]%s\n' % (
                 Colors.excName, frame_info.description, ColorsNormal)
 
         indent = ' ' * INDENT_SIZE
         em_normal = '%s\n%s%s' % (Colors.valEm, indent, ColorsNormal)
         tpl_link = '%s%%s%s' % (Colors.filenameEm, ColorsNormal)
         tpl_call = 'in %s%%s%s%%s%s' % (Colors.vName, Colors.valEm,
                                         ColorsNormal)
         tpl_call_fail = 'in %s%%s%s(***failed resolving arguments***)%s' % \
                         (Colors.vName, Colors.valEm, ColorsNormal)
         tpl_local_var = '%s%%s%s' % (Colors.vName, ColorsNormal)
         tpl_name_val = '%%s %s= %%s%s' % (Colors.valEm, ColorsNormal)
 
         file = frame_info.filename
         file = py3compat.cast_unicode(file, util_path.fs_encoding)
         link = tpl_link % util_path.compress_user(file)
         args, varargs, varkw, locals_ = inspect.getargvalues(frame_info.frame)
 
         func = frame_info.executing.code_qualname()
         if func == '<module>':
             call = tpl_call % (func, '')
         else:
             # Decide whether to include variable details or not
             var_repr = eqrepr if self.include_vars else nullrepr
             try:
                 call = tpl_call % (func, inspect.formatargvalues(args,
                                                                  varargs, varkw,
                                                                  locals_, formatvalue=var_repr))
             except KeyError:
                 # This happens in situations like errors inside generator
                 # expressions, where local variables are listed in the
                 # line, but can't be extracted from the frame.  I'm not
                 # 100% sure this isn't actually a bug in inspect itself,
                 # but since there's no info for us to compute with, the
                 # best we can do is report the failure and move on.  Here
                 # we must *not* call any traceback construction again,
                 # because that would mess up use of %debug later on.  So we
                 # simply report the failure and move on.  The only
                 # limitation will be that this frame won't have locals
                 # listed in the call signature.  Quite subtle problem...
                 # I can't think of a good way to validate this in a unit
                 # test, but running a script consisting of:
                 #  dict( (k,v.strip()) for (k,v) in range(10) )
                 # will illustrate the error, if this exception catch is
                 # disabled.
                 call = tpl_call_fail % func
 
         lvals = ''
         lvals_list = []
         if self.include_vars:
             for var in frame_info.variables_in_executing_piece:
                 lvals_list.append(tpl_name_val % (var.name, repr(var.value)))
         if lvals_list:
             lvals = '%s%s' % (indent, em_normal.join(lvals_list))
 
         result = '%s %s\n' % (link, call)
 
         result += ''.join(_format_traceback_lines(frame_info.lines, Colors, self.has_colors, lvals))
         return result
 
     def prepare_header(self, etype, long_version=False):
         colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
         colorsnormal = colors.Normal  # used a lot
         exc = '%s%s%s' % (colors.excName, etype, colorsnormal)
         width = min(75, get_terminal_size()[0])
         if long_version:
             # Header with the exception type, python version, and date
             pyver = 'Python ' + sys.version.split()[0] + ': ' + sys.executable
             date = time.ctime(time.time())
 
             head = '%s%s%s\n%s%s%s\n%s' % (colors.topline, '-' * width, colorsnormal,
                                            exc, ' ' * (width - len(str(etype)) - len(pyver)),
                                            pyver, date.rjust(width) )
             head += "\nA problem occurred executing Python code.  Here is the sequence of function" \
                     "\ncalls leading up to the error, with the most recent (innermost) call last."
         else:
             # Simplified header
             head = '%s%s' % (exc, 'Traceback (most recent call last)'. \
                              rjust(width - len(str(etype))) )
 
         return head
 
     def format_exception(self, etype, evalue):
         colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
         colorsnormal = colors.Normal  # used a lot
         # Get (safely) a string form of the exception info
         try:
             etype_str, evalue_str = map(str, (etype, evalue))
         except:
             # User exception is improperly defined.
             etype, evalue = str, sys.exc_info()[:2]
             etype_str, evalue_str = map(str, (etype, evalue))
         # ... and format it
         return ['%s%s%s: %s' % (colors.excName, etype_str,
                                 colorsnormal, py3compat.cast_unicode(evalue_str))]
 
     def format_exception_as_a_whole(self, etype, evalue, etb, number_of_lines_of_context, tb_offset):
         """Formats the header, traceback and exception message for a single exception.
 
         This may be called multiple times by Python 3 exception chaining
         (PEP 3134).
         """
         # some locals
         orig_etype = etype
         try:
             etype = etype.__name__
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 
         tb_offset = self.tb_offset if tb_offset is None else tb_offset
         head = self.prepare_header(etype, self.long_header)
         records = self.get_records(etb, number_of_lines_of_context, tb_offset)
 
         frames = []
         skipped = 0
-        for r in records:
+        lastrecord = len(records) - 1
+        for i, r in enumerate(records):
             if not isinstance(r, stack_data.RepeatedFrames) and self.skip_hidden:
-                if r.frame.f_locals.get("__tracebackhide__", 0):
+                if r.frame.f_locals.get("__tracebackhide__", 0) and i != lastrecord:
                     skipped += 1
                     continue
             if skipped:
                 Colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
                 ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal  # used a lot
                 frames.append(
                     "    %s[... skipping hidden %s frame]%s\n"
                     % (Colors.excName, skipped, ColorsNormal)
                 )
                 skipped = 0
             frames.append(self.format_record(r))
         if skipped:
             Colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
             ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal  # used a lot
             frames.append(
                 "    %s[... skipping hidden %s frame]%s\n"
                 % (Colors.excName, skipped, ColorsNormal)
             )
 
         formatted_exception = self.format_exception(etype, evalue)
         if records:
             frame_info = records[-1]
             ipinst = get_ipython()
             if ipinst is not None:
                 ipinst.hooks.synchronize_with_editor(frame_info.filename, frame_info.lineno, 0)
 
         return [[head] + frames + [''.join(formatted_exception[0])]]
 
     def get_records(self, etb, number_of_lines_of_context, tb_offset):
         context = number_of_lines_of_context - 1
         after = context // 2
         before = context - after
         if self.has_colors:
             style = get_style_by_name('default')
             style = stack_data.style_with_executing_node(style, 'bg:#00005f')
             formatter = Terminal256Formatter(style=style)
         else:
             formatter = None
         options = stack_data.Options(
             before=before,
             after=after,
             pygments_formatter=formatter,
         )
         return list(stack_data.FrameInfo.stack_data(etb, options=options))[tb_offset:]
 
     def structured_traceback(self, etype, evalue, etb, tb_offset=None,
                              number_of_lines_of_context=5):
         """Return a nice text document describing the traceback."""
 
         formatted_exception = self.format_exception_as_a_whole(etype, evalue, etb, number_of_lines_of_context,
                                                                tb_offset)
 
         colors = self.Colors  # just a shorthand + quicker name lookup
         colorsnormal = colors.Normal  # used a lot
         head = '%s%s%s' % (colors.topline, '-' * min(75, get_terminal_size()[0]), colorsnormal)
         structured_traceback_parts = [head]
         chained_exceptions_tb_offset = 0
         lines_of_context = 3
         formatted_exceptions = formatted_exception
         exception = self.get_parts_of_chained_exception(evalue)
         if exception:
             formatted_exceptions += self.prepare_chained_exception_message(evalue.__cause__)
             etype, evalue, etb = exception
         else:
             evalue = None
         chained_exc_ids = set()
         while evalue:
             formatted_exceptions += self.format_exception_as_a_whole(etype, evalue, etb, lines_of_context,
                                                                      chained_exceptions_tb_offset)
             exception = self.get_parts_of_chained_exception(evalue)
 
             if exception and not id(exception[1]) in chained_exc_ids:
                 chained_exc_ids.add(id(exception[1])) # trace exception to avoid infinite 'cause' loop
                 formatted_exceptions += self.prepare_chained_exception_message(evalue.__cause__)
                 etype, evalue, etb = exception
             else:
                 evalue = None
 
         # we want to see exceptions in a reversed order:
         # the first exception should be on top
         for formatted_exception in reversed(formatted_exceptions):
             structured_traceback_parts += formatted_exception
 
         return structured_traceback_parts
 
     def debugger(self, force=False):
         """Call up the pdb debugger if desired, always clean up the tb
         reference.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
             flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
             The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
             is false.
 
         If the call_pdb flag is set, the pdb interactive debugger is
         invoked. In all cases, the self.tb reference to the current traceback
         is deleted to prevent lingering references which hamper memory
         management.
 
         Note that each call to pdb() does an 'import readline', so if your app
         requires a special setup for the readline completers, you'll have to
         fix that by hand after invoking the exception handler."""
 
         if force or self.call_pdb:
             if self.pdb is None:
                 self.pdb = self.debugger_cls()
             # the system displayhook may have changed, restore the original
             # for pdb
             display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=sys.__displayhook__)
             with display_trap:
                 self.pdb.reset()
                 # Find the right frame so we don't pop up inside ipython itself
                 if hasattr(self, 'tb') and self.tb is not None:
                     etb = self.tb
                 else:
                     etb = self.tb = sys.last_traceback
                 while self.tb is not None and self.tb.tb_next is not None:
                     self.tb = self.tb.tb_next
                 if etb and etb.tb_next:
                     etb = etb.tb_next
                 self.pdb.botframe = etb.tb_frame
                 self.pdb.interaction(None, etb)
 
         if hasattr(self, 'tb'):
             del self.tb
 
     def handler(self, info=None):
         (etype, evalue, etb) = info or sys.exc_info()
         self.tb = etb
         ostream = self.ostream
         ostream.flush()
         ostream.write(self.text(etype, evalue, etb))
         ostream.write('\n')
         ostream.flush()
 
     # Changed so an instance can just be called as VerboseTB_inst() and print
     # out the right info on its own.
     def __call__(self, etype=None, evalue=None, etb=None):
         """This hook can replace sys.excepthook (for Python 2.1 or higher)."""
         if etb is None:
             self.handler()
         else:
             self.handler((etype, evalue, etb))
         try:
             self.debugger()
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             print("\nKeyboardInterrupt")
 
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class FormattedTB(VerboseTB, ListTB):
     """Subclass ListTB but allow calling with a traceback.
 
     It can thus be used as a sys.excepthook for Python > 2.1.
 
     Also adds 'Context' and 'Verbose' modes, not available in ListTB.
 
     Allows a tb_offset to be specified. This is useful for situations where
     one needs to remove a number of topmost frames from the traceback (such as
     occurs with python programs that themselves execute other python code,
     like Python shells).  """
 
     def __init__(self, mode='Plain', color_scheme='Linux', call_pdb=False,
                  ostream=None,
                  tb_offset=0, long_header=False, include_vars=False,
                  check_cache=None, debugger_cls=None,
                  parent=None, config=None):
 
         # NEVER change the order of this list. Put new modes at the end:
         self.valid_modes = ['Plain', 'Context', 'Verbose', 'Minimal']
         self.verbose_modes = self.valid_modes[1:3]
 
         VerboseTB.__init__(self, color_scheme=color_scheme, call_pdb=call_pdb,
                            ostream=ostream, tb_offset=tb_offset,
                            long_header=long_header, include_vars=include_vars,
                            check_cache=check_cache, debugger_cls=debugger_cls,
                            parent=parent, config=config)
 
         # Different types of tracebacks are joined with different separators to
         # form a single string.  They are taken from this dict
         self._join_chars = dict(Plain='', Context='\n', Verbose='\n',
                                 Minimal='')
         # set_mode also sets the tb_join_char attribute
         self.set_mode(mode)
 
     def structured_traceback(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None, number_of_lines_of_context=5):
         tb_offset = self.tb_offset if tb_offset is None else tb_offset
         mode = self.mode
         if mode in self.verbose_modes:
             # Verbose modes need a full traceback
             return VerboseTB.structured_traceback(
                 self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset, number_of_lines_of_context
             )
         elif mode == 'Minimal':
             return ListTB.get_exception_only(self, etype, value)
         else:
             # We must check the source cache because otherwise we can print
             # out-of-date source code.
             self.check_cache()
             # Now we can extract and format the exception
             return ListTB.structured_traceback(
                 self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset, number_of_lines_of_context
             )
 
     def stb2text(self, stb):
         """Convert a structured traceback (a list) to a string."""
         return self.tb_join_char.join(stb)
 
 
     def set_mode(self, mode=None):
         """Switch to the desired mode.
 
         If mode is not specified, cycles through the available modes."""
 
         if not mode:
             new_idx = (self.valid_modes.index(self.mode) + 1 ) % \
                       len(self.valid_modes)
             self.mode = self.valid_modes[new_idx]
         elif mode not in self.valid_modes:
             raise ValueError('Unrecognized mode in FormattedTB: <' + mode + '>\n'
                                                                             'Valid modes: ' + str(self.valid_modes))
         else:
             self.mode = mode
         # include variable details only in 'Verbose' mode
         self.include_vars = (self.mode == self.valid_modes[2])
         # Set the join character for generating text tracebacks
         self.tb_join_char = self._join_chars[self.mode]
 
     # some convenient shortcuts
     def plain(self):
         self.set_mode(self.valid_modes[0])
 
     def context(self):
         self.set_mode(self.valid_modes[1])
 
     def verbose(self):
         self.set_mode(self.valid_modes[2])
 
     def minimal(self):
         self.set_mode(self.valid_modes[3])
 
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class AutoFormattedTB(FormattedTB):
     """A traceback printer which can be called on the fly.
 
     It will find out about exceptions by itself.
 
     A brief example::
 
         AutoTB = AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Verbose',color_scheme='Linux')
         try:
           ...
         except:
           AutoTB()  # or AutoTB(out=logfile) where logfile is an open file object
     """
 
     def __call__(self, etype=None, evalue=None, etb=None,
                  out=None, tb_offset=None):
         """Print out a formatted exception traceback.
 
         Optional arguments:
           - out: an open file-like object to direct output to.
 
           - tb_offset: the number of frames to skip over in the stack, on a
           per-call basis (this overrides temporarily the instance's tb_offset
           given at initialization time."""
 
         if out is None:
             out = self.ostream
         out.flush()
         out.write(self.text(etype, evalue, etb, tb_offset))
         out.write('\n')
         out.flush()
         # FIXME: we should remove the auto pdb behavior from here and leave
         # that to the clients.
         try:
             self.debugger()
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             print("\nKeyboardInterrupt")
 
     def structured_traceback(self, etype=None, value=None, tb=None,
                              tb_offset=None, number_of_lines_of_context=5):
         if etype is None:
             etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         if isinstance(tb, tuple):
             # tb is a tuple if this is a chained exception.
             self.tb = tb[0]
         else:
             self.tb = tb
         return FormattedTB.structured_traceback(
             self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset, number_of_lines_of_context)
 
 
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # A simple class to preserve Nathan's original functionality.
 class ColorTB(FormattedTB):
     """Shorthand to initialize a FormattedTB in Linux colors mode."""
 
     def __init__(self, color_scheme='Linux', call_pdb=0, **kwargs):
         FormattedTB.__init__(self, color_scheme=color_scheme,
                              call_pdb=call_pdb, **kwargs)
 
 
 class SyntaxTB(ListTB):
     """Extension which holds some state: the last exception value"""
 
     def __init__(self, color_scheme='NoColor', parent=None, config=None):
         ListTB.__init__(self, color_scheme, parent=parent, config=config)
         self.last_syntax_error = None
 
     def __call__(self, etype, value, elist):
         self.last_syntax_error = value
 
         ListTB.__call__(self, etype, value, elist)
 
     def structured_traceback(self, etype, value, elist, tb_offset=None,
                              context=5):
         # If the source file has been edited, the line in the syntax error can
         # be wrong (retrieved from an outdated cache). This replaces it with
         # the current value.
         if isinstance(value, SyntaxError) \
                 and isinstance(value.filename, str) \
                 and isinstance(value.lineno, int):
             linecache.checkcache(value.filename)
             newtext = linecache.getline(value.filename, value.lineno)
             if newtext:
                 value.text = newtext
         self.last_syntax_error = value
         return super(SyntaxTB, self).structured_traceback(etype, value, elist,
                                                           tb_offset=tb_offset, context=context)
 
     def clear_err_state(self):
         """Return the current error state and clear it"""
         e = self.last_syntax_error
         self.last_syntax_error = None
         return e
 
     def stb2text(self, stb):
         """Convert a structured traceback (a list) to a string."""
         return ''.join(stb)
 
 
 # some internal-use functions
 def text_repr(value):
     """Hopefully pretty robust repr equivalent."""
     # this is pretty horrible but should always return *something*
     try:
         return pydoc.text.repr(value)
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         raise
     except:
         try:
             return repr(value)
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             raise
         except:
             try:
                 # all still in an except block so we catch
                 # getattr raising
                 name = getattr(value, '__name__', None)
                 if name:
                     # ick, recursion
                     return text_repr(name)
                 klass = getattr(value, '__class__', None)
                 if klass:
                     return '%s instance' % text_repr(klass)
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 raise
             except:
                 return 'UNRECOVERABLE REPR FAILURE'
 
 
 def eqrepr(value, repr=text_repr):
     return '=%s' % repr(value)
 
 
 def nullrepr(value, repr=text_repr):
     return ''

IPython/lib/tests/test_deepreload.py

@@ -1,34 +1,36 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Test suite for the deepreload module."""
 
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 
-import os
+from pathlib import Path
 
 import nose.tools as nt
 
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.tempdir import TemporaryDirectory
 from IPython.lib.deepreload import reload as dreload
 
+
 def test_deepreload():
     "Test that dreload does deep reloads and skips excluded modules."
     with TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
         with prepended_to_syspath(tmpdir):
-            with open(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'A.py'), 'w') as f:
+            tmpdirpath = Path(tmpdir)
+            with open(tmpdirpath / "A.py", "w") as f:
                 f.write("class Object(object):\n    pass\n")
-            with open(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'B.py'), 'w') as f:
+            with open(tmpdirpath / "B.py", "w") as f:
                 f.write("import A\n")
             import A
             import B
 
             # Test that A is not reloaded.
             obj = A.Object()
-            dreload(B, exclude=['A'])
+            dreload(B, exclude=["A"])
             nt.assert_true(isinstance(obj, A.Object))
 
             # Test that A is reloaded.
             obj = A.Object()
             dreload(B)
             nt.assert_false(isinstance(obj, A.Object))

docs/README.rst

@@ -1,64 +1,64 b''
 IPython Documentation
 ---------------------
 
 This directory contains the majority of the documentation for IPython.
 
 
 Deploy docs
 -----------
 
 Documentation is automatically deployed on ReadTheDocs on every push or merged
 Pull requests.
 
 
 Requirements
 ------------
 
 The documentation must be built using Python 3.
 
-In additions to :ref:`devinstall`,
+In addition to :ref:`devinstall`,
 the following tools are needed to build the documentation:
 
  - sphinx
  - sphinx_rtd_theme
  - docrepr
 
 In a conda environment, or a Python 3 ``venv``, you should be able to run::
 
   cd ipython
   pip install -U -r docs/requirements.txt
 
 
 Build Commands
 --------------
 
 The documentation gets built using ``make``, and comes in several flavors.
 
 ``make html`` - build the API and narrative documentation web pages, this is
 the default ``make`` target, so running just ``make`` is equivalent to ``make
 html``.
 
 ``make html_noapi`` - same as above, but without running the auto-generated API
 docs. When you are working on the narrative documentation, the most time
-consuming portion  of the build process is the processing and rending of the
+consuming portion  of the build process is the processing and rendering of the
 API documentation. This build target skips that.
 
 ``make pdf`` will compile a pdf from the documentation.
 
 You can run ``make help`` to see information on all possible make targets.
 
 To save time,
 the make targets above only process the files that have been changed since the
 previous docs build.
 To remove the previous docs build you can use ``make clean``.
 You can also combine ``clean`` with other `make` commands;
 for example,
-``make clean html`` will do a complete rebuild of the docs or `make clean pdf` will do a complete build of the pdf.
+``make clean html`` will do a complete rebuild of the docs or ``make clean pdf`` will do a complete build of the pdf.
 
 
 Continuous Integration
 ----------------------
 
 Documentation builds are included in the Travis-CI continuous integration process,
 so you can see the results of the docs build for any pull request at
 https://travis-ci.org/ipython/ipython/pull_requests.

docs/autogen_config.py

@@ -1,128 +1,127 b''
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 
 from os.path import join, dirname, abspath
 import inspect
-
+from pathlib import Path
 from IPython.terminal.ipapp import TerminalIPythonApp
 from ipykernel.kernelapp import IPKernelApp
 from traitlets import Undefined
 from collections import defaultdict
 
 here = abspath(dirname(__file__))
 options = join(here, 'source', 'config', 'options')
 generated = join(options, 'config-generated.txt')
 
 import textwrap
 indent = lambda text,n: textwrap.indent(text,n*' ')
 
 
 def interesting_default_value(dv):
     if (dv is None) or (dv is Undefined):
         return False
     if isinstance(dv, (str, list, tuple, dict, set)):
         return bool(dv)
     return True
 
 def format_aliases(aliases):
     fmted = []
     for a in aliases:
         dashes = '-' if len(a) == 1 else '--'
         fmted.append('``%s%s``' % (dashes, a))
     return ', '.join(fmted)
 
 def class_config_rst_doc(cls, trait_aliases):
     """Generate rST documentation for this class' config options.
 
     Excludes traits defined on parent classes.
     """
     lines = []
     classname = cls.__name__
     for k, trait in sorted(cls.class_traits(config=True).items()):
         ttype = trait.__class__.__name__
 
         fullname = classname + '.' + trait.name
         lines += ['.. configtrait:: ' + fullname,
                   ''
                  ]
 
         help = trait.help.rstrip() or 'No description'
         lines.append(indent(inspect.cleandoc(help), 4) + '\n')
 
         # Choices or type
         if 'Enum' in ttype:
             # include Enum choices
             lines.append(indent(
                 ':options: ' + ', '.join('``%r``' % x for x in trait.values), 4))
         else:
             lines.append(indent(':trait type: ' + ttype, 4))
 
         # Default value
         # Ignore boring default values like None, [] or ''
         if interesting_default_value(trait.default_value):
             try:
                 dvr = trait.default_value_repr()
             except Exception:
                 dvr = None  # ignore defaults we can't construct
             if dvr is not None:
                 if len(dvr) > 64:
                     dvr = dvr[:61] + '...'
                 # Double up backslashes, so they get to the rendered docs
                 dvr = dvr.replace('\\n', '\\\\n')
                 lines.append(indent(':default: ``%s``' % dvr, 4))
 
         # Command line aliases
         if trait_aliases[fullname]:
             fmt_aliases = format_aliases(trait_aliases[fullname])
             lines.append(indent(':CLI option: ' + fmt_aliases, 4))
 
         # Blank line
         lines.append('')
 
     return '\n'.join(lines)
 
 def reverse_aliases(app):
     """Produce a mapping of trait names to lists of command line aliases.
     """
     res = defaultdict(list)
     for alias, trait in app.aliases.items():
         res[trait].append(alias)
 
     # Flags also often act as aliases for a boolean trait.
     # Treat flags which set one trait to True as aliases.
     for flag, (cfg, _) in app.flags.items():
         if len(cfg) == 1:
             classname = list(cfg)[0]
             cls_cfg = cfg[classname]
             if len(cls_cfg) == 1:
                 traitname = list(cls_cfg)[0]
                 if cls_cfg[traitname] is True:
                     res[classname+'.'+traitname].append(flag)
 
     return res
 
 def write_doc(name, title, app, preamble=None):
     trait_aliases = reverse_aliases(app)
     filename = join(options, name+'.rst')
     with open(filename, 'w') as f:
         f.write(title + '\n')
         f.write(('=' * len(title)) + '\n')
         f.write('\n')
         if preamble is not None:
             f.write(preamble + '\n\n')
         #f.write(app.document_config_options())
 
         for c in app._classes_inc_parents():
             f.write(class_config_rst_doc(c, trait_aliases))
             f.write('\n')
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     # Touch this file for the make target
-    with open(generated, 'w'):
-        pass
+    Path(generated).write_text("")
 
     write_doc('terminal', 'Terminal IPython options', TerminalIPythonApp())
     write_doc('kernel', 'IPython kernel options', IPKernelApp(),
         preamble=("These options can be used in :file:`ipython_kernel_config.py`. "
                   "The kernel also respects any options in `ipython_config.py`"),
     )

docs/autogen_magics.py

@@ -1,67 +1,68 b''
+
 from pathlib import Path
 from IPython.core.alias import Alias
 from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell
 from IPython.core.magic import MagicAlias
 from IPython.utils.text import dedent, indent
 
 shell = InteractiveShell.instance()
 magics = shell.magics_manager.magics
 
 def _strip_underline(line):
     chars = set(line.strip())
     if len(chars) == 1 and ("-" in chars or "=" in chars):
         return ""
     else:
         return line
 
 def format_docstring(func):
     docstring = (func.__doc__ or "Undocumented").rstrip()
     docstring = indent(dedent(docstring))
     # Sphinx complains if indented bits have rst headings in, so strip out
     # any underlines in the docstring.
     lines = [_strip_underline(l) for l in docstring.splitlines()]
     return "\n".join(lines)
 
 output = [
 "Line magics",
 "===========",
 "",
 ]
 
 # Case insensitive sort by name
 def sortkey(s): return s[0].lower()
 
 for name, func in sorted(magics["line"].items(), key=sortkey):
     if isinstance(func, Alias) or isinstance(func, MagicAlias):
         # Aliases are magics, but shouldn't be documented here
         # Also skip aliases to other magics
         continue
     output.extend([".. magic:: {}".format(name),
                    "",
                    format_docstring(func),
                    ""])
 
 output.extend([
 "Cell magics",
 "===========",
 "",
 ])
 
 for name, func in sorted(magics["cell"].items(), key=sortkey):
     if name == "!":
         # Special case - don't encourage people to use %%!
         continue
     if func == magics["line"].get(name, "QQQP"):
         # Don't redocument line magics that double as cell magics
         continue
     if isinstance(func, MagicAlias):
         continue
     output.extend([".. cellmagic:: {}".format(name),
                    "",
                    format_docstring(func),
                    ""])
 
+
 src_path = Path(__file__).parent
 dest = src_path.joinpath("source", "interactive", "magics-generated.txt")
-with open(dest, "w") as f:
-    f.write("\n".join(output))
+dest.write_text("\n".join(output))

docs/source/sphinxext.rst

@@ -1,473 +1,520 b''
 
 .. _ipython_directive:
 
 ========================
 IPython Sphinx Directive
 ========================
 
 .. note::
 
    The IPython Sphinx Directive is in 'beta' and currently under
    active development. Improvements to the code or documentation are welcome!
 
-The ipython directive is a stateful ipython shell for embedding in
-sphinx documents.  It knows about standard ipython prompts, and
-extracts the input and output lines.  These prompts will be renumbered
-starting at ``1``.  The inputs will be fed to an embedded ipython
-interpreter and the outputs from that interpreter will be inserted as
-well.  For example, code blocks like the following::
+.. |rst| replace:: reStructured text
+
+The :rst:dir:`ipython` directive is a stateful shell that can be used
+in |rst| files.
+
+It knows about standard ipython prompts, and extracts the input and output
+lines.  These prompts will be renumbered starting at ``1``.  The inputs will be
+fed to an embedded ipython interpreter and the outputs from that interpreter
+will be inserted as well.  For example, code blocks like the following::
 
   .. ipython::
 
      In [136]: x = 2
 
      In [137]: x**3
      Out[137]: 8
 
 will be rendered as
 
 .. ipython::
 
    In [136]: x = 2
 
    In [137]: x**3
    Out[137]: 8
 
 .. note::
 
    This tutorial should be read side-by-side with the Sphinx source
    for this document because otherwise you will see only the rendered
    output and not the code that generated it.  Excepting the example
    above, we will not in general be showing the literal ReST in this
    document that generates the rendered output.
 
 
+Directive and options
+=====================
+
+The IPython directive takes a number of options detailed here.
+
+.. rst:directive:: ipython
+
+   Create an IPython directive.
+
+   .. rst:directive:option:: doctest
+
+      Run a doctest on IPython code blocks in rst.
+
+   .. rst:directive:option:: python
+
+      Used to indicate that the relevant code block does not have IPython prompts.
+
+   .. rst:directive:option:: okexcept
+
+      Allow the code block to raise an exception.
+
+   .. rst:directive:option:: okwarning
+
+      Allow the code block to emit an warning.
+
+   .. rst:directive:option:: suppress
+
+      Silence any warnings or expected errors.
+
+   .. rst:directive:option:: verbatim
+
+      A noop that allows for any text to be syntax highlighted as valid IPython code.
+
+   .. rst:directive:option:: savefig: OUTFILE [IMAGE_OPTIONS]
+
+      Save output from matplotlib to *outfile*.
+
+It's important to note that all of these options can be used for the entire
+directive block or they can decorate individual lines of code as explained
+in :ref:`pseudo-decorators`.
+
+
 Persisting the Python session across IPython directive blocks
 =============================================================
 
 The state from previous sessions is stored, and standard error is
 trapped. At doc build time, ipython's output and std err will be
 inserted, and prompts will be renumbered. So the prompt below should
 be renumbered in the rendered docs, and pick up where the block above
 left off.
 
 .. ipython::
   :verbatim:
 
   In [138]: z = x*3   # x is recalled from previous block
 
   In [139]: z
   Out[139]: 6
 
   In [142]: print(z)
   6
 
   In [141]: q = z[)   # this is a syntax error -- we trap ipy exceptions
   ------------------------------------------------------------
      File "<ipython console>", line 1
        q = z[)   # this is a syntax error -- we trap ipy exceptions
 	     ^
   SyntaxError: invalid syntax
 
 
 Adding documentation tests to your IPython directive
 ====================================================
 
 The embedded interpreter supports some limited markup.  For example,
 you can put comments in your ipython sessions, which are reported
 verbatim.  There are some handy "pseudo-decorators" that let you
 doctest the output.  The inputs are fed to an embedded ipython
 session and the outputs from the ipython session are inserted into
 your doc.  If the output in your doc and in the ipython session don't
 match on a doctest assertion, an error will occur.
 
 
 .. ipython::
 
    In [1]: x = 'hello world'
 
    # this will raise an error if the ipython output is different
    @doctest
    In [2]: x.upper()
    Out[2]: 'HELLO WORLD'
 
    # some readline features cannot be supported, so we allow
    # "verbatim" blocks, which are dumped in verbatim except prompts
    # are continuously numbered
    @verbatim
    In [3]: x.st<TAB>
    x.startswith  x.strip
 
 For more information on @doctest decorator, please refer to the end of this page in Pseudo-Decorators section.
 
 Multi-line input
 ================
 
 Multi-line input is supported.
 
 .. ipython::
    :verbatim:
 
    In [130]: url = 'http://ichart.finance.yahoo.com/table.csv?s=CROX\
       .....: &d=9&e=22&f=2009&g=d&a=1&br=8&c=2006&ignore=.csv'
 
    In [131]: print(url.split('&'))
    ['http://ichart.finance.yahoo.com/table.csv?s=CROX', 'd=9', 'e=22',
 
 Testing directive outputs
 =========================
 
 The IPython Sphinx Directive makes it possible to test the outputs that you provide with your code. To do this,
 decorate the contents in your directive block with one of the following:
 
   * list directives here
 
 If an IPython doctest decorator is found, it will take these steps when your documentation is built:
 
 1. Run the *input* lines in your IPython directive block against the current Python kernel (remember that the session
 persists across IPython directive blocks);
 
 2. Compare the *output* of this with the output text that you've put in the IPython directive block (what comes
 after `Out[NN]`);
 
 3. If there is a difference, the directive will raise an error and your documentation build will fail.
 
 You can do doctesting on multi-line output as well.  Just be careful
 when using non-deterministic inputs like random numbers in the ipython
 directive, because your inputs are run through a live interpreter, so
 if you are doctesting random output you will get an error.  Here we
 "seed" the random number generator for deterministic output, and we
 suppress the seed line so it doesn't show up in the rendered output
 
 .. ipython::
 
    In [133]: import numpy.random
 
    @suppress
    In [134]: numpy.random.seed(2358)
 
    @doctest
    In [135]: numpy.random.rand(10,2)
    Out[135]:
    array([[0.64524308, 0.59943846],
           [0.47102322, 0.8715456 ],
           [0.29370834, 0.74776844],
           [0.99539577, 0.1313423 ],
           [0.16250302, 0.21103583],
           [0.81626524, 0.1312433 ],
           [0.67338089, 0.72302393],
           [0.7566368 , 0.07033696],
           [0.22591016, 0.77731835],
           [0.0072729 , 0.34273127]])
 
 For more information on @supress and @doctest decorators, please refer to the end of this file in
 Pseudo-Decorators section.
 
 Another demonstration of multi-line input and output
 
 .. ipython::
    :verbatim:
 
    In [106]: print(x)
    jdh
 
    In [109]: for i in range(10):
       .....:     print(i)
       .....:
       .....:
    0
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
 
 
 Most of the "pseudo-decorators" can be used an options to ipython
 mode.  For example, to setup matplotlib pylab but suppress the output,
 you can do.  When using the matplotlib ``use`` directive, it should
 occur before any import of pylab.  This will not show up in the
 rendered docs, but the commands will be executed in the embedded
 interpreter and subsequent line numbers will be incremented to reflect
 the inputs::
 
 
   .. ipython::
      :suppress:
 
      In [144]: from matplotlib.pylab import *
 
      In [145]: ion()
 
 .. ipython::
    :suppress:
 
    In [144]: from matplotlib.pylab import *
 
    In [145]: ion()
 
 Likewise, you can set ``:doctest:`` or ``:verbatim:`` to apply these
 settings to the entire block.  For example,
 
 .. ipython::
    :verbatim:
 
    In [9]: cd mpl/examples/
    /home/jdhunter/mpl/examples
 
    In [10]: pwd
    Out[10]: '/home/jdhunter/mpl/examples'
 
 
    In [14]: cd mpl/examples/<TAB>
    mpl/examples/animation/        mpl/examples/misc/
    mpl/examples/api/              mpl/examples/mplot3d/
    mpl/examples/axes_grid/        mpl/examples/pylab_examples/
    mpl/examples/event_handling/   mpl/examples/widgets
 
    In [14]: cd mpl/examples/widgets/
    /home/msierig/mpl/examples/widgets
 
    In [15]: !wc *
        2    12    77 README.txt
       40    97   884 buttons.py
       26    90   712 check_buttons.py
       19    52   416 cursor.py
      180   404  4882 menu.py
       16    45   337 multicursor.py
       36   106   916 radio_buttons.py
       48   226  2082 rectangle_selector.py
       43   118  1063 slider_demo.py
       40   124  1088 span_selector.py
      450  1274 12457 total
 
 You can create one or more pyplot plots and insert them with the
 ``@savefig`` decorator.
 
 For more information on @savefig decorator, please refer to the end of this page in Pseudo-Decorators section.
 
 .. ipython::
 
    @savefig plot_simple.png width=4in
    In [151]: plot([1,2,3]);
 
    # use a semicolon to suppress the output
    @savefig hist_simple.png width=4in
    In [151]: hist(np.random.randn(10000), 100);
 
 In a subsequent session, we can update the current figure with some
 text, and then resave
 
 .. ipython::
 
 
    In [151]: ylabel('number')
 
    In [152]: title('normal distribution')
 
    @savefig hist_with_text.png width=4in
    In [153]: grid(True)
 
 You can also have function definitions included in the source.
 
 .. ipython::
 
    In [3]: def square(x):
       ...:     """
       ...:     An overcomplicated square function as an example.
       ...:     """
       ...:     if x < 0:
       ...:         x = abs(x)
       ...:     y = x * x
       ...:     return y
       ...:
 
 Then call it from a subsequent section.
 
 .. ipython::
 
    In [4]: square(3)
    Out [4]: 9
 
    In [5]: square(-2)
    Out [5]: 4
 
 
 Writing Pure Python Code
 ------------------------
 
 Pure python code is supported by the optional argument `python`. In this pure
 python syntax you do not include the output from the python interpreter. The
 following markup::
 
    .. ipython:: python
 
       foo = 'bar'
       print(foo)
       foo = 2
       foo**2
 
 Renders as
 
 .. ipython:: python
 
    foo = 'bar'
    print(foo)
    foo = 2
    foo**2
 
 We can even plot from python, using the savefig decorator, as well as, suppress
 output with a semicolon
 
 .. ipython:: python
 
    @savefig plot_simple_python.png width=4in
    plot([1,2,3]);
 
 For more information on @savefig decorator, please refer to the end of this page in Pseudo-Decorators section.
 
 Similarly, std err is inserted
 
 .. ipython:: python
    :okexcept:
 
    foo = 'bar'
    foo[)
 
 Handling Comments
 ==================
 
 Comments are handled and state is preserved
 
 .. ipython:: python
 
    # comments are handled
    print(foo)
 
 If you don't see the next code block then the options work.
 
 .. ipython:: python
    :suppress:
 
    ioff()
    ion()
 
 Splitting Python statements across lines
 ========================================
 
 Multi-line input is handled.
 
 .. ipython:: python
 
    line = 'Multi\
            line &\
            support &\
            works'
    print(line.split('&'))
 
 Functions definitions are correctly parsed
 
 .. ipython:: python
 
    def square(x):
        """
        An overcomplicated square function as an example.
        """
        if x < 0:
            x = abs(x)
        y = x * x
        return y
 
 And persist across sessions
 
 .. ipython:: python
 
    print(square(3))
    print(square(-2))
 
 Pretty much anything you can do with the ipython code, you can do with
 with a simple python script. Obviously, though it doesn't make sense
 to use the doctest option.
 
+.. _pseudo-decorators:
+
 Pseudo-Decorators
 =================
 
 Here are the supported decorators, and any optional arguments they
 take.  Some of the decorators can be used as options to the entire
 block (eg ``verbatim`` and ``suppress``), and some only apply to the
 line just below them (eg ``savefig``).
 
 @suppress
 
     execute the ipython input block, but suppress the input and output
     block from the rendered output.  Also, can be applied to the entire
     ``.. ipython`` block as a directive option with ``:suppress:``.
 
 @verbatim
 
     insert the input and output block in verbatim, but auto-increment
     the line numbers. Internally, the interpreter will be fed an empty
     string, so it is a no-op that keeps line numbering consistent.
     Also, can be applied to the entire ``.. ipython`` block as a
     directive option with ``:verbatim:``.
 
 @savefig OUTFILE [IMAGE_OPTIONS]
 
     save the figure to the static directory and insert it into the
     document, possibly binding it into a minipage and/or putting
     code/figure label/references to associate the code and the
     figure. Takes args to pass to the image directive (*scale*,
     *width*, etc can be kwargs); see `image options
     <http://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/ref/rst/directives.html#image>`_
     for details.
 
 @doctest
 
     Compare the pasted in output in the ipython block with the output
     generated at doc build time, and raise errors if they don't
     match. Also, can be applied to the entire ``.. ipython`` block as a
     directive option with ``:doctest:``.
 
 Configuration Options
 =====================
 
 ipython_savefig_dir
 
     The directory in which to save the figures. This is relative to the
     Sphinx source directory. The default is `html_static_path`.
 
 ipython_rgxin
 
     The compiled regular expression to denote the start of IPython input
     lines. The default is `re.compile('In \[(\d+)\]:\s?(.*)\s*')`. You
     shouldn't need to change this.
 
 ipython_rgxout
 
     The compiled regular expression to denote the start of IPython output
     lines. The default is `re.compile('Out\[(\d+)\]:\s?(.*)\s*')`. You
     shouldn't need to change this.
 
 
 ipython_promptin
 
     The string to represent the IPython input prompt in the generated ReST.
     The default is `'In [%d]:'`. This expects that the line numbers are used
     in the prompt.
 
 ipython_promptout
 
     The string to represent the IPython prompt in the generated ReST. The
     default is `'Out [%d]:'`. This expects that the line numbers are used
     in the prompt.
 
 
 Automatically generated documentation
 =====================================
 
 .. automodule:: IPython.sphinxext.ipython_directive
 

tools/update_whatsnew.py

@@ -1,82 +1,81 b''
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 """Update the What's New doc (development version)
 
 This collects the snippets from whatsnew/pr/, moves their content into
 whatsnew/development.rst (chronologically ordered), and deletes the snippets.
 """
 
 import io
 import sys
-from glob import glob
-from os.path import dirname, basename, abspath, join as pjoin
+from pathlib import Path
 from subprocess import check_call, check_output
 
-repo_root = dirname(dirname(abspath(__file__)))
-whatsnew_dir = pjoin(repo_root, 'docs', 'source', 'whatsnew')
-pr_dir = pjoin(whatsnew_dir, 'pr')
-target = pjoin(whatsnew_dir, 'development.rst')
+repo_root = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+whatsnew_dir = repo_root / "docs" / "source" / "whatsnew"
+pr_dir = whatsnew_dir / "pr"
+target = whatsnew_dir / "development.rst"
 
 FEATURE_MARK = ".. DO NOT EDIT THIS LINE BEFORE RELEASE. FEATURE INSERTION POINT."
 INCOMPAT_MARK = ".. DO NOT EDIT THIS LINE BEFORE RELEASE. INCOMPAT INSERTION POINT."
 
 # 1. Collect the whatsnew snippet files ---------------------------------------
 
-files = set(glob(pjoin(pr_dir, '*.rst')))
+files = set(pr_dir.glob("*.rst"))
 # Ignore explanatory and example files
-files.difference_update({pjoin(pr_dir, f) for f in {
-                         'incompat-switching-to-perl.rst',
-                         'antigravity-feature.rst'}
-                         })
+files.difference_update(
+    {pr_dir / f for f in {"incompat-switching-to-perl.rst", "antigravity-feature.rst"}}
+)
 
 if not files:
     print("No automatic update available for what's new")
     sys.exit(0)
 
 
 def getmtime(f):
-    return check_output(['git', 'log', '-1', '--format="%ai"', '--', f])
+    return check_output(["git", "log", "-1", '--format="%ai"', "--", f])
+
 
 files = sorted(files, key=getmtime)
 
 features, incompats = [], []
 for path in files:
-    with io.open(path, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+    with io.open(path, encoding="utf-8") as f:
         try:
             content = f.read().rstrip()
         except Exception as e:
             raise Exception('Error reading "{}"'.format(f)) from e
 
-    if basename(path).startswith('incompat-'):
+    if path.name.startswith("incompat-"):
         incompats.append(content)
     else:
         features.append(content)
 
 # Put the insertion markers back on the end, so they're ready for next time.
-feature_block = '\n\n'.join(features + [FEATURE_MARK])
-incompat_block = '\n\n'.join(incompats + [INCOMPAT_MARK])
+feature_block = "\n\n".join(features + [FEATURE_MARK])
+incompat_block = "\n\n".join(incompats + [INCOMPAT_MARK])
 
 # 2. Update the target file ---------------------------------------------------
 
-with io.open(target, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+with io.open(target, encoding="utf-8") as f:
     content = f.read()
 
 assert content.count(FEATURE_MARK) == 1
 assert content.count(INCOMPAT_MARK) == 1
 
 content = content.replace(FEATURE_MARK, feature_block)
 content = content.replace(INCOMPAT_MARK, incompat_block)
 
 # Clean trailing whitespace
-content = '\n'.join(l.rstrip() for l in content.splitlines())
+content = "\n".join(l.rstrip() for l in content.splitlines())
 
-with io.open(target, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+with io.open(target, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
     f.write(content)
 
 # 3. Stage the changes in git -------------------------------------------------
 
 for file in files:
-    check_call(['git', 'rm', file])
+    check_call(["git", "rm", file])
 
-check_call(['git', 'add', target])
+check_call(["git", "add", target])
 
 print("Merged what's new changes. Check the diff and commit the change.")