Cosmetic cleanups: put all imports in a single line, and sort them

alphabetically.  This will make it easier to see/clean dependencies as we
start copying stuff into chainsaw.

IPython/ConfigLoader.py

@@ -1,116 +1,116
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Configuration loader
 
-$Id: ConfigLoader.py 525 2005-02-19 10:53:12Z fperez $"""
+$Id: ConfigLoader.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 
+import exceptions
 import os
 from pprint import pprint
-import exceptions
 
 from IPython import ultraTB
 from IPython.Struct import Struct
 from IPython.genutils import *
 
 class ConfigLoaderError(exceptions.Exception):
     """Exception for ConfigLoader class."""
 
     def __init__(self,args=None):
         self.args = args
 
 class ConfigLoader:
 
     """Configuration file loader capable of handling recursive inclusions and
     with parametrized conflict resolution for multiply found keys."""
 
     def __init__(self,conflict=None,field_sep=None,reclimit=15):
 
         """The reclimit parameter controls the number of recursive
         configuration file inclusions. This way we can stop early on (before
         python's own recursion limit is hit) if there is a circular
         inclusion.
 
         - conflict: dictionary for conflict resolutions (see Struct.merge())
 
         """
         self.conflict = conflict
         self.field_sep = field_sep
         self.reset(reclimit)
         
     def reset(self,reclimit=15):
         self.reclimit = reclimit
         self.recdepth = 0
         self.included = []
         
     def load(self,fname,convert=None,recurse_key='',incpath = '.',**kw):
         """Load a configuration file, return the resulting Struct.
 
         Call: load_config(fname,convert=None,conflict=None,recurse_key='')
 
          - fname: file to load from.
          - convert: dictionary of type conversions (see read_dict())
          - recurse_key: keyword in dictionary to trigger recursive file
          inclusions.
          """
 
         if self.recdepth > self.reclimit:
             raise ConfigLoaderError, 'maximum recursive inclusion of rcfiles '+\
                   'exceeded: ' + `self.recdepth` + \
                   '.\nMaybe you have a circular chain of inclusions?'
         self.recdepth += 1
         fname = filefind(fname,incpath)
         data = Struct()
         # avoid including the same file more than once
         if fname in self.included:
             return data
         Xinfo = ultraTB.AutoFormattedTB()
         if convert==None and recurse_key : convert = {qwflat:recurse_key}
         # for production, change warn to 0:
         data.merge(read_dict(fname,convert,fs=self.field_sep,strip=1,
                              warn=0,no_empty=0,**kw))
         # keep track of successfully loaded files
         self.included.append(fname)
         if recurse_key in data.keys():
             for incfilename in data[recurse_key]:
                 found=0
                 try:
                     incfile = filefind(incfilename,incpath)
                 except IOError:
                     if os.name in ['nt','dos']:
                         try:
                             # Try again with '.ini' extension
                             incfilename += '.ini'
                             incfile = filefind(incfilename,incpath)
                         except IOError:
                             found = 0
                         else:
                             found = 1
                     else:
                         found = 0
                 else:
                     found = 1
                 if found:
                     try:
                         data.merge(self.load(incfile,convert,recurse_key,
                                              incpath,**kw),
                                    self.conflict)
                     except:
                         Xinfo()
                         warn('Problem loading included file: '+
                              `incfilename` + '. Ignoring it...')
                 else:
                     warn('File `%s` not found. Included by %s' % (incfilename,fname))
 
         return data
 
 # end ConfigLoader

IPython/CrashHandler.py

@@ -1,110 +1,111
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """sys.excepthook for IPython itself, leaves a detailed report on disk.
 
-$Id: CrashHandler.py 951 2005-12-25 00:57:24Z fperez $"""
+$Id: CrashHandler.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__   = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__  = Release.license
 __version__  = Release.version
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Required modules
 
 # From the standard library
-import os,sys
+import os
+import sys
 from pprint import pprint,pformat
 
 # Homebrewed
 from IPython.Itpl import Itpl,itpl,printpl
 from IPython.ColorANSI import ColorScheme,ColorSchemeTable  # too long names
 from IPython import ultraTB
 from IPython.genutils import *
 
 #****************************************************************************
 class CrashHandler:
     """sys.excepthook for IPython itself, leaves a detailed report on disk."""
 
     def __init__(self,IP):
         self.IP = IP  # IPython instance
         self.bug_contact = Release.authors['Fernando'][0]
         self.mailto = Release.authors['Fernando'][1]
 
     def __call__(self,etype, evalue, etb):
 
         # Report tracebacks shouldn't use color in general (safer for users)
         color_scheme = 'NoColor'
 
         # Use this ONLY for developer debugging (keep commented out for release)
         #color_scheme = 'Linux'   # dbg
         
         try:
             rptdir = self.IP.rc.ipythondir
         except:
             rptdir = os.getcwd()
         if not os.path.isdir(rptdir):
             rptdir = os.getcwd()
         self.report_name = os.path.join(rptdir,'IPython_crash_report.txt')
         self.TBhandler = ultraTB.VerboseTB(color_scheme=color_scheme,long_header=1)
         traceback = self.TBhandler.text(etype,evalue,etb,context=31)
 
         # print traceback to screen
         print >> sys.stderr, traceback
 
         # and generate a complete report on disk
         try:
             report = open(self.report_name,'w')
         except:
             print >> sys.stderr, 'Could not create crash report on disk.'
             return
 
         msg = itpl('\n'+'*'*70+'\n'
 """
 Oops, IPython crashed. We do our best to make it stable, but...
 
 A crash report was automatically generated with the following information:
   - A verbatim copy of the traceback above this text.
   - A copy of your input history during this session.
   - Data on your current IPython configuration.
 
 It was left in the file named:
 \t'$self.report_name'
 If you can email this file to the developers, the information in it will help
 them in understanding and correcting the problem.
 
 You can mail it to $self.bug_contact at $self.mailto
 with the subject 'IPython Crash Report'.
 
 If you want to do it now, the following command will work (under Unix):
 mail -s 'IPython Crash Report' $self.mailto < $self.report_name
 
 To ensure accurate tracking of this issue, please file a report about it at:
 http://www.scipy.net/roundup/ipython  (IPython's online bug tracker).
 """)
         print >> sys.stderr, msg
 
         sec_sep = '\n\n'+'*'*75+'\n\n'
         report.write('*'*75+'\n\n'+'IPython post-mortem report\n\n')
         report.write('IPython version: %s \n\n' % Release.version)
         report.write('SVN revision   : %s \n\n' % Release.revision)
         report.write('Platform info  : os.name -> %s, sys.platform -> %s' %
                      (os.name,sys.platform) )
         report.write(sec_sep+'Current user configuration structure:\n\n')
         report.write(pformat(self.IP.rc.dict()))
         report.write(sec_sep+'Crash traceback:\n\n' + traceback)
         try:
             report.write(sec_sep+"History of session input:")
             for line in self.IP.user_ns['_ih']:
                 report.write(line)
             report.write('\n*** Last line of input (may not be in above history):\n')
             report.write(self.IP._last_input_line+'\n')
         except:
             pass
         report.close()

IPython/DPyGetOpt.py

@@ -1,671 +1,671
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """DPyGetOpt -- Demiurge Python GetOptions Module
 
- $Id: DPyGetOpt.py 389 2004-10-09 07:59:30Z fperez $
+ $Id: DPyGetOpt.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $
 
 This module is modeled after perl's Getopt::Long module-- which
 is, in turn, modeled after GNU's extended getopt() function.
 
 Upon instantiation, the option specification should be a sequence
 (list) of option definitions.
 
 Options that take no arguments should simply contain the name of
 the option.  If a ! is post-pended, the option can be negated by
 prepending 'no';  ie 'debug!' specifies that -debug and -nodebug
 should be accepted.
 
 Mandatory arguments to options are specified using a postpended
 '=' + a type specifier.  '=s' specifies a mandatory string
 argument, '=i' specifies a mandatory integer argument, and '=f'
 specifies a mandatory real number.  In all cases, the '=' can be
 substituted with ':' to specify that the argument is optional.
 
 Dashes '-' in option names are allowed.
 
 If an option has the character '@' postpended (after the
 argumentation specification), it can appear multiple times within
 each argument list that is processed. The results will be stored
 in a list.
 
 The option name can actually be a list of names separated by '|'
 characters;  ie-- 'foo|bar|baz=f@' specifies that all -foo, -bar,
 and -baz options that appear on within the parsed argument list
 must have a real number argument and that the accumulated list
 of values will be available under the name 'foo'
 
-$Id: DPyGetOpt.py 389 2004-10-09 07:59:30Z fperez $"""
+$Id: DPyGetOpt.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
 # Copyright (c) 2001 Bill Bumgarner <[e-mail]>
 #
 #
 # Published under the terms of the MIT license, hereby reproduced:
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 # of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
 # deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
 # rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
 # sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 # furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 #
 # The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 # all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 #
 # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 # IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 # AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 # LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 # FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
 # IN THE SOFTWARE.
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 __author__  = 'Bill Bumgarner <[e-mail]>'
 __license__ = 'MIT'
 __version__ = '1.2'
 
 # Modified to use re instead of regex and regsub modules.
 # 2001/5/7, Jonathan Hogg <[e-mail]>
 
-import string
 import re
+import string
 import sys
 import types
 
 arg_error  = 'DPyGetOpt Argument Error'
 spec_error = 'DPyGetOpt Specification Error'
 term_error = 'DPyGetOpt Termination Error'
 
 specificationExpr = re.compile('(?P<required>.)(?P<type>.)(?P<multi>@?)')
 
 ArgRequired	= 'Requires an Argument'
 ArgOptional	= 'Argument Optional'
 
 # The types modules is not used for these identifiers because there
 # is no identifier for 'boolean' or 'generic'
 StringArgType	= 'String Argument Type'
 IntegerArgType	= 'Integer Argument Type'
 RealArgType		= 'Real Argument Type'
 BooleanArgType	= 'Boolean Argument Type'
 GenericArgType  = 'Generic Argument Type'
 
 # dictionary of conversion functions-- boolean and generic options
 # do not accept arguments and do not need conversion functions;
 # the identity function is used purely for convenience.
 ConversionFunctions = {
 	StringArgType : lambda x: x,
 	IntegerArgType : string.atoi,
 	RealArgType : string.atof,
 	BooleanArgType : lambda x: x,
 	GenericArgType : lambda x: x,
 	}
 
 class DPyGetOpt:
 
 	def __init__(self, spec = None, terminators = ['--']):
 		"""
 		Declare and intialize instance variables
 
 		Yes, declaration is not necessary... but one of the things
 		I sorely miss from C/Obj-C is the concept of having an
 		interface definition that clearly declares all instance
 		variables and methods without providing any implementation
 		 details.   it is a useful reference!
 
 		all instance variables are initialized to 0/Null/None of
 		the appropriate type-- not even the default value...
 		"""
 
 #		sys.stderr.write(string.join(spec) + "\n")
 
 		self.allowAbbreviations	= 1  # boolean, 1 if abbreviations will
 											  # be expanded
 		self.freeValues		= [] # list, contains free values
 		self.ignoreCase		= 0  # boolean, YES if ignoring case
 		self.needsParse		= 0  # boolean, YES if need to reparse parameter spec
 		self.optionNames	= {} # dict, all option names-- value is index of tuple
 		self.optionStartExpr	= None # regexp defining the start of an option (ie; '-', '--')
 		self.optionTuples	= [] # list o' tuples containing defn of options AND aliases
 		self.optionValues	= {} # dict, option names (after alias expansion) -> option value(s)
 		self.orderMixed		= 0  # boolean, YES if options can be mixed with args
 		self.posixCompliance	= 0  # boolean, YES indicates posix like behaviour
 		self.spec		= [] # list, raw specs (in case it must be reparsed)
 		self.terminators	= terminators # list, strings that terminate argument processing
 		self.termValues		= [] # list, values after terminator
 		self.terminator		= None # full name of terminator that ended
 						       # option processing
 
 		# set up defaults
 		self.setPosixCompliance()
 		self.setIgnoreCase()
 		self.setAllowAbbreviations()
 
 		# parse spec-- if present
 		if spec:
 			self.parseConfiguration(spec)
 
 	def setPosixCompliance(self, aFlag = 0):
 		"""
 		Enables and disables posix compliance.
 
 		When enabled, '+' can be used as an option prefix and free
 		values can be mixed with options.
 		"""
 		self.posixCompliance = aFlag
 		self.needsParse = 1
 
 		if self.posixCompliance:
 			self.optionStartExpr = re.compile('(--|-)(?P<option>[A-Za-z0-9_-]+)(?P<arg>=.*)?')
 			self.orderMixed = 0
 		else:
 			self.optionStartExpr = re.compile('(--|-|\+)(?P<option>[A-Za-z0-9_-]+)(?P<arg>=.*)?')
 			self.orderMixed = 1
 
 	def isPosixCompliant(self):
 		"""
 		Returns the value of the posix compliance flag.
 		"""
 		return self.posixCompliance
 
 	def setIgnoreCase(self, aFlag = 1):
 		"""
 		Enables and disables ignoring case during option processing.
 		"""
 		self.needsParse = 1
 		self.ignoreCase = aFlag
 
 	def ignoreCase(self):
 		"""
 		Returns 1 if the option processor will ignore case when
 		processing options.
 		"""
 		return self.ignoreCase
 
 	def setAllowAbbreviations(self, aFlag = 1):
 		"""
 		Enables and disables the expansion of abbreviations during
 		option processing.
 		"""
 		self.allowAbbreviations = aFlag
 
 	def willAllowAbbreviations(self):
 		"""
 		Returns 1 if abbreviated options will be automatically
 		expanded to the non-abbreviated form (instead of causing an
 		unrecognized option error).
 		"""
 		return self.allowAbbreviations
 
 	def addTerminator(self, newTerm):
 		"""
 		Adds newTerm as terminator of option processing.
 
 		Whenever the option processor encounters one of the terminators
 		during option processing, the processing of options terminates
 		immediately, all remaining options are stored in the termValues
 		instance variable and the full name of the terminator is stored
 		in the terminator instance variable.
 		"""
 		self.terminators = self.terminators + [newTerm]
 
 	def _addOption(self, oTuple):
 		"""
 		Adds the option described by oTuple (name, (type, mode,
 		default), alias) to optionTuples.  Adds index keyed under name
 		to optionNames.  Raises spec_error if name already in
 		optionNames
 		"""
 		(name, (type, mode, default, multi), realName) = oTuple
 
 		# verify name and add to option names dictionary
 		if self.optionNames.has_key(name):
 			if realName:
 				raise spec_error, 'Alias \'' + name + '\' for \'' + realName + \
 						'\' already used for another option or alias.'
 			else:
 				raise spec_error, 'Option named \'' + name + \
 						'\' specified more than once. Specification: ' + option
 
 		# validated. add to optionNames
 		self.optionNames[name] = self.tupleIndex
 		self.tupleIndex = self.tupleIndex + 1
 
 		# add to optionTuples
 		self.optionTuples = self.optionTuples + [oTuple]
 
 		# if type is boolean, add negation
 		if type == BooleanArgType:
 			alias		 = 'no' + name
 			specTuple = (type, mode, 0, multi)
 			oTuple = (alias, specTuple, name)
 
 			# verify name and add to option names dictionary
 			if self.optionNames.has_key(alias):
 				if realName:
 					raise spec_error, 'Negated alias \'' + name + '\' for \'' + realName + \
 							'\' already used for another option or alias.'
 				else:
 					raise spec_error, 'Negated option named \'' + name + \
 							'\' specified more than once. Specification: ' + option
 
 			# validated. add to optionNames
 			self.optionNames[alias] = self.tupleIndex
 			self.tupleIndex = self.tupleIndex + 1
 
 			# add to optionTuples
 			self.optionTuples = self.optionTuples + [oTuple]
 
 	def addOptionConfigurationTuple(self, oTuple):
 		(name, argSpec, realName) = oTuple
 		if self.ignoreCase:
 			name = string.lower(name)
 			if realName:
 				realName = string.lower(realName)
 			else:
 				realName = name
 
 			oTuple = (name, argSpec, realName)
 
 		# add option
 		self._addOption(oTuple)
 
 	def addOptionConfigurationTuples(self, oTuple):
 		if type(oTuple) is ListType:
 			for t in oTuple:
 				self.addOptionConfigurationTuple(t)
 		else:
 			self.addOptionConfigurationTuple(oTuple)
 
 	def parseConfiguration(self, spec):
 		# destroy previous stored information + store raw spec
 		self.spec			= spec
 		self.optionTuples	= []
 		self.optionNames  = {}
 		self.tupleIndex   = 0
 
 		tupleIndex = 0
 
 		# create some regex's for parsing each spec
 		splitExpr = \
 					 re.compile('(?P<names>\w+[-A-Za-z0-9|]*)?(?P<spec>!|[=:][infs]@?)?')
 		for option in spec:
          # push to lower case (does not negatively affect
          # specification)
 			if self.ignoreCase:
 				option = string.lower(option)
 
 			# break into names, specification
 			match = splitExpr.match(option)
 			if match is None:
 				raise spec_error, 'Invalid specification {' + option + '}'
 
 			names			  = match.group('names')
 			specification = match.group('spec')
 
 			# break name into name, aliases
 			nlist = string.split(names, '|')
 
 			# get name
 			name	  = nlist[0]
 			aliases = nlist[1:]
 
 			# specificationExpr = regex.symcomp('\(<required>.\)\(<type>.\)\(<multi>@?\)')
 			if not specification:
 				#spec tuple is ('type', 'arg mode', 'default value', 'multiple')
 				argType		= GenericArgType
 				argMode		= None
 				argDefault	= 1
 				argMultiple	= 0
 			elif specification == '!':
 				argType		= BooleanArgType
 				argMode		= None
 				argDefault	= 1
 				argMultiple	= 0
 			else:
 				# parse
 				match = specificationExpr.match(specification)
 				if match is None:
 					# failed to parse, die
 					raise spec_error, 'Invalid configuration for option \'' + option + '\''
 
 				# determine mode
 				required = match.group('required')
 				if required == '=':
 					argMode = ArgRequired
 				elif required == ':':
 					argMode = ArgOptional
 				else:
 					raise spec_error, 'Unknown requirement configuration \'' + required + '\''
 
 				# determine type
 				type = match.group('type')
 				if type == 's':
 					argType	  = StringArgType
 					argDefault = ''
 				elif type == 'i':
 					argType	  = IntegerArgType
 					argDefault = 1
 				elif type == 'f' or type == 'n':
 					argType	  = RealArgType
 					argDefault = 1
 				else:
 					raise spec_error, 'Unknown type specifier \'' + type + '\''
 
 				# determine quantity
 				if match.group('multi') == '@':
 					argMultiple = 1
 				else:
 					argMultiple = 0
 			## end else (of not specification)
 
 			# construct specification tuple
 			specTuple = (argType, argMode, argDefault, argMultiple)
 
 			# add the option-- option tuple is (name, specTuple, real name)
 			oTuple = (name, specTuple, name)
 			self._addOption(oTuple)
 
 			for alias in aliases:
 				# drop to all lower (if configured to do so)
 				if self.ignoreCase:
 					alias = string.lower(alias)
 				# create configuration tuple
 				oTuple = (alias, specTuple, name)
 				# add
 				self._addOption(oTuple)
 
 		# successfully parsed....
 		self.needsParse = 0
 
 	def _getArgTuple(self, argName):
 		"""
 		Returns a list containing all the specification tuples that
 		match argName.  If none match, None is returned.  If one
 		matches, a list with one tuple is returned.  If more than one
 		match, a list containing all the tuples that matched is
 		returned.
 
 		In other words, this function does not pass judgement upon the
 		validity of multiple matches.
 		"""
 		# is it in the optionNames dict?
 
 		try:
 #			sys.stderr.write(argName + string.join(self.optionNames.keys()) + "\n")
 
 			# yes, get index
 			tupleIndex = self.optionNames[argName]
 			# and return tuple as element of list
 			return [self.optionTuples[tupleIndex]]
 		except KeyError:
 			# are abbreviations allowed?
 			if not self.allowAbbreviations:
 				# No! terefore, this cannot be valid argument-- nothing found
 				return None
 
 		# argName might be an abbreviation (and, abbreviations must
 		# be allowed... or this would not have been reached!)
 
 		# create regex for argName
 		argExpr = re.compile('^' + argName)
 
 		tuples = filter(lambda x, argExpr=argExpr: argExpr.search(x[0]) is not None,
 							  self.optionTuples)
 
 		if not len(tuples):
 			return None
 		else:
 			return tuples
 
 	def _isTerminator(self, optionName):
 		"""
 		Returns the full name of the terminator if optionName is a valid
 		terminator.  If it is, sets self.terminator to the full name of
 		the terminator.
 
 		If more than one terminator matched, raises a term_error with a
 		string describing the ambiguity.
 		"""
 
 #		sys.stderr.write(optionName + "\n")
 #		sys.stderr.write(repr(self.terminators))
 
 		if optionName in self.terminators:
 			self.terminator = optionName
 		elif not self.allowAbbreviations:
 			return None
 
 # regex thing in bogus
 #		termExpr = regex.compile('^' + optionName)
 
 		terms = filter(lambda x, on=optionName: string.find(x,on) == 0, self.terminators)
 
 		if not len(terms):
 			return None
 		elif len(terms) > 1:
 			raise term_error, 'Ambiguous terminator \'' + optionName + \
 					'\' matches ' + repr(terms)
 
 		self.terminator = terms[0]
 		return self.terminator
 
 	def processArguments(self, args = None):
 		"""
 		Processes args, a list of arguments (including options).
 
 		If args is the same as sys.argv, automatically trims the first
 		argument (the executable name/path).
 
 		If an exception is not raised, the argument list was parsed
 		correctly.
 
 		Upon successful completion, the freeValues instance variable
 		will contain all the arguments that were not associated with an
 		option in the order they were encountered.  optionValues is a
 		dictionary containing the value of each option-- the method
 		valueForOption() can be used to query this dictionary.
 		terminator will contain the argument encountered that terminated
 		option processing (or None, if a terminator was never
 		encountered) and termValues will contain all of the options that
 		appeared after the Terminator (or an empty list).
 		"""
 
 		if hasattr(sys, "argv") and args == sys.argv:
 			args = sys.argv[1:]
 
 		max		= len(args) # maximum index + 1
 		self.freeValues	= []        # array to hold return values
 		self.optionValues= {}
 		index		= 0         # initial index
 		self.terminator = None
 		self.termValues  = []
 
 		while index < max:
 			# obtain argument
 			arg = args[index]
 			# increment index -- REMEMBER; it is NOW incremented
 			index = index + 1
 
 			# terminate immediately if option terminator encountered
 			if self._isTerminator(arg):
 				self.freeValues = self.freeValues + args[index:]
 				self.termValues = args[index:]
 				return
 
 			# is this possibly an option?
 			match = self.optionStartExpr.match(arg)
 			if match is None:
 				# not an option-- add to freeValues
 				self.freeValues = self.freeValues + [arg]
 				if not self.orderMixed:
 					# mixing not allowed;  add rest of args as freeValues
 					self.freeValues = self.freeValues + args[index:]
 					# return to caller
 					return
 				else:
 					continue
 
 			# grab name
 			optName = match.group('option')
 
 			# obtain next argument-- index has already been incremented
 			nextArg = match.group('arg')
 			if nextArg:
 				nextArg = nextArg[1:]
 				index = index - 1 # put it back
 			else:
 				try:
 					nextArg = args[index]
 				except:
 					nextArg = None
 
 			# transpose to lower case, if necessary
 			if self.ignoreCase:
 				optName = string.lower(optName)
 
 			# obtain defining tuple
 			tuples = self._getArgTuple(optName)
 
 			if tuples == None:
 				raise arg_error, 'Illegal option \'' + arg + '\''
 			elif len(tuples) > 1:
 				raise arg_error, 'Ambiguous option \'' + arg + '\';  matches ' + \
 						repr(map(lambda x: x[0], tuples))
 			else:
 				config = tuples[0]
 
 			# config is now set to the configuration tuple for the
 			# argument
 			(fullName, spec, realName) = config
 			(optType, optMode, optDefault, optMultiple) = spec
 
 			# if opt mode required, but nextArg is none, raise an error
 			if (optMode == ArgRequired):
 				if (not nextArg) or self._isTerminator(nextArg):
 #					print nextArg
 					raise arg_error, 'Option \'' + arg + \
 							'\' requires an argument of type ' + optType
 
 			if (not optMode == None) and nextArg and (not self._isTerminator(nextArg)):
 				# nextArg defined, option configured to possibly consume arg
 				try:
 					# grab conversion function-- the try is more for internal diagnostics
 					func = ConversionFunctions[optType]
 					try:
 						optionValue = func(nextArg)
 						index = index + 1
 					except:
 						# only raise conversion error if REQUIRED to consume argument
 						if optMode == ArgRequired:
 							raise arg_error, 'Invalid argument to option \'' + arg + \
 									'\';  should be \'' + optType + '\''
 						else:
 							optionValue = optDefault
 				except arg_error:
 					raise arg_error, sys.exc_value
 				except:
 					raise arg_error, '(' + arg + \
 							') Conversion function for \'' + optType + '\' not found.'
 			else:
 				optionValue = optDefault
 
 			# add value to options dictionary
 			if optMultiple:
 				# can be multiple values
 				try:
 					# try to append element
 					self.optionValues[realName] = self.optionValues[realName] + [optionValue]
 				except:
 					# failed-- must not exist;  add it
 					self.optionValues[realName] = [optionValue]
 			else:
 				# only one value per
 				if self.isPosixCompliant and self.optionValues.has_key(realName):
 					raise arg_error, 'Argument \'' + arg + '\' occurs multiple times.'
 
 				self.optionValues[realName] = optionValue
 
 	def valueForOption(self, optionName, defaultValue = None):
 		"""
 		Return the value associated with optionName.  If optionName was
 		not encountered during parsing of the arguments, returns the
 		defaultValue (which defaults to None).
 		"""
 		try:
 			optionValue = self.optionValues[optionName]
 		except:
 			optionValue = defaultValue
 
 		return optionValue
 
 ##
 ## test/example section
 ##
 test_error = 'Test Run Amok!'
 def _test():
 	"""
 	A relatively complete test suite.
 	"""
 	try:
 		DPyGetOpt(['foo', 'bar=s', 'foo'])
 	except:
 		print 'EXCEPTION (should be \'foo\' already used..): ' + sys.exc_value
 
 	try:
 		DPyGetOpt(['foo|bar|apple=s@', 'baz|apple!'])
 	except:
 		print 'EXCEPTION (should be duplicate alias/name error): ' + sys.exc_value
 
 	x = DPyGetOpt(['apple|atlas=i@', 'application|executable=f@'])
 	try:
 		x.processArguments(['-app', '29.3'])
 	except:
 		print 'EXCEPTION (should be ambiguous argument): ' +	sys.exc_value
 
 	x = DPyGetOpt(['foo'], ['antigravity', 'antithesis'])
 	try:
 		x.processArguments(['-foo', 'anti'])
 	except:
 		print 'EXCEPTION (should be ambiguous terminator): ' + sys.exc_value
 
 	profile = ['plain-option',
 				  'boolean-option!',
 				  'list-of-integers=i@',
 				  'list-real-option|list-real-alias|list-real-pseudonym=f@',
 				  'optional-string-option:s',
 				  'abbreviated-string-list=s@']
 
 	terminators = ['terminator']
 
 	args = ['-plain-option',
 			  '+noboolean-option',
 			  '--list-of-integers', '1',
 			  '+list-of-integers', '2',
 			  '-list-of-integers', '3',
 			  'freeargone',
 			  '-list-real-option', '1.1',
 			  '+list-real-alias', '1.2',
 			  '--list-real-pseudonym', '1.3',
 			  'freeargtwo',
 			  '-abbreviated-string-list', 'String1',
 			  '--abbreviated-s', 'String2',
 			  '-abbrev', 'String3',
 			  '-a', 'String4',
 			  '-optional-string-option',
 			  'term',
 			  'next option should look like an invalid arg',
 			  '-a']
 
 
 	print 'Using profile: ' + repr(profile)
 	print 'With terminator: ' + repr(terminators)
 	print 'Processing arguments: ' + repr(args)
 
 	go = DPyGetOpt(profile, terminators)
 	go.processArguments(args)
 
 	print 'Options (and values): ' + repr(go.optionValues)
 	print 'free args: ' + repr(go.freeValues)
 	print 'term args: ' + repr(go.termValues)

IPython/Debugger.py

@@ -1,264 +1,270
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Pdb debugger class.
 
 Modified from the standard pdb.Pdb class to avoid including readline, so that
 the command line completion of other programs which include this isn't
 damaged.
 
 In the future, this class will be expanded with improvements over the standard
 pdb.
 
 The code in this file is mainly lifted out of cmd.py in Python 2.2, with minor
 changes. Licensing should therefore be under the standard Python terms.  For
 details on the PSF (Python Software Foundation) standard license, see:
 
 http://www.python.org/2.2.3/license.html
 
-$Id: Debugger.py 951 2005-12-25 00:57:24Z fperez $"""
+$Id: Debugger.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = 'Python'
 
-import pdb,bdb,cmd,os,sys,linecache
+import bdb
+import cmd
+import linecache
+import os
+import pdb
+import sys
+
 from IPython import PyColorize, ColorANSI
 from IPython.genutils import Term
 from IPython.excolors import ExceptionColors
 
 def _file_lines(fname):
     """Return the contents of a named file as a list of lines.
 
     This function never raises an IOError exception: if the file can't be
     read, it simply returns an empty list."""
 
     try:
         outfile = open(fname)
     except IOError:
         return []
     else:
         out = outfile.readlines()
         outfile.close()
         return out
 
 
 class Pdb(pdb.Pdb):
     """Modified Pdb class, does not load readline."""
     def __init__(self,color_scheme='NoColor'):
         bdb.Bdb.__init__(self)
         cmd.Cmd.__init__(self,completekey=None) # don't load readline
         self.prompt = 'ipdb> ' # The default prompt is '(Pdb)'
         self.aliases = {}
 
         # Read $HOME/.pdbrc and ./.pdbrc
         try:
             self.rcLines = _file_lines(os.path.join(os.environ['HOME'],
                                                     ".pdbrc"))
         except KeyError:
             self.rcLines = []
         self.rcLines.extend(_file_lines(".pdbrc"))
 
         # Create color table: we copy the default one from the traceback
         # module and add a few attributes needed for debugging
         self.color_scheme_table = ExceptionColors.copy()
         
         # shorthands 
         C = ColorANSI.TermColors
         cst = self.color_scheme_table
 
         cst['NoColor'].colors.breakpoint_enabled = C.NoColor
         cst['NoColor'].colors.breakpoint_disabled = C.NoColor
 
         cst['Linux'].colors.breakpoint_enabled = C.LightRed
         cst['Linux'].colors.breakpoint_disabled = C.Red
 
         cst['LightBG'].colors.breakpoint_enabled = C.LightRed
         cst['LightBG'].colors.breakpoint_disabled = C.Red
 
         self.set_colors(color_scheme)
         
     def set_colors(self, scheme):
         """Shorthand access to the color table scheme selector method."""
         self.color_scheme_table.set_active_scheme(scheme)
 
 
     def interaction(self, frame, traceback):
         __IPYTHON__.set_completer_frame(frame)
         pdb.Pdb.interaction(self, frame, traceback)
 
 
     def do_up(self, arg):
         pdb.Pdb.do_up(self, arg)
         __IPYTHON__.set_completer_frame(self.curframe)
     do_u = do_up
 
 
     def do_down(self, arg):
         pdb.Pdb.do_down(self, arg)
         __IPYTHON__.set_completer_frame(self.curframe)
     do_d = do_down
 
 
     def postloop(self):
         __IPYTHON__.set_completer_frame(None)
 
 
     def print_stack_trace(self):
         try:
             for frame_lineno in self.stack:
                 self.print_stack_entry(frame_lineno, context = 5)
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             pass
 
 
     def print_stack_entry(self,frame_lineno,prompt_prefix='\n-> ',
                           context = 3):
         frame, lineno = frame_lineno
         print >>Term.cout, self.format_stack_entry(frame_lineno, '', context)
 
 
     def format_stack_entry(self, frame_lineno, lprefix=': ', context = 3):
         import linecache, repr
         
         ret = ""
         
         Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
         ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal
         tpl_link = '%s%%s%s' % (Colors.filenameEm, ColorsNormal)
         tpl_call = 'in %s%%s%s%%s%s' % (Colors.vName, Colors.valEm, ColorsNormal)
         tpl_line = '%%s%s%%s %s%%s' % (Colors.lineno, ColorsNormal)
         tpl_line_em = '%%s%s%%s %s%%s%s' % (Colors.linenoEm, Colors.line,
                                             ColorsNormal)
         
         frame, lineno = frame_lineno
         
         return_value = ''
         if '__return__' in frame.f_locals:
             rv = frame.f_locals['__return__']
             #return_value += '->'
             return_value += repr.repr(rv) + '\n'
         ret += return_value
 
         #s = filename + '(' + `lineno` + ')'
         filename = self.canonic(frame.f_code.co_filename)
         link = tpl_link % filename
         
         if frame.f_code.co_name:
             func = frame.f_code.co_name
         else:
             func = "<lambda>"
             
         call = ''
         if func != '?':         
             if '__args__' in frame.f_locals:
                 args = repr.repr(frame.f_locals['__args__'])
             else:
                 args = '()'
             call = tpl_call % (func, args)
         
         level = '%s %s\n' % (link, call)
         ret += level
             
         start = lineno - 1 - context//2
         lines = linecache.getlines(filename)
         start = max(start, 0)
         start = min(start, len(lines) - context)
         lines = lines[start : start + context]
             
         for i in range(len(lines)):
             line = lines[i]
             if start + 1 + i == lineno:
                 ret += self.__format_line(tpl_line_em, filename, start + 1 + i, line, arrow = True)
             else:
                 ret += self.__format_line(tpl_line, filename, start + 1 + i, line, arrow = False)
             
         return ret
 
 
     def __format_line(self, tpl_line, filename, lineno, line, arrow = False):
         bp_mark = ""
         bp_mark_color = ""
 
         bp = None
         if lineno in self.get_file_breaks(filename):
             bps = self.get_breaks(filename, lineno)
             bp = bps[-1]
         
         if bp:
             Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
             bp_mark = str(bp.number)
             bp_mark_color = Colors.breakpoint_enabled
             if not bp.enabled:
                 bp_mark_color = Colors.breakpoint_disabled
 
         numbers_width = 7
         if arrow:
             # This is the line with the error
             pad = numbers_width - len(str(lineno)) - len(bp_mark)
             if pad >= 3:
                 marker = '-'*(pad-3) + '-> '
             elif pad == 2:
                  marker = '> '
             elif pad == 1:
                  marker = '>'
             else:
                  marker = ''
             num = '%s%s' % (marker, str(lineno))
             line = tpl_line % (bp_mark_color + bp_mark, num, line)
         else:
             num = '%*s' % (numbers_width - len(bp_mark), str(lineno))
             line = tpl_line % (bp_mark_color + bp_mark, num, line)
             
         return line
         
 
     def do_list(self, arg):
         self.lastcmd = 'list'
         last = None
         if arg:
             try:
                 x = eval(arg, {}, {})
                 if type(x) == type(()):
                     first, last = x
                     first = int(first)
                     last = int(last)
                     if last < first:
                         # Assume it's a count
                         last = first + last
                 else:
                     first = max(1, int(x) - 5)
             except:
                 print '*** Error in argument:', `arg`
                 return
         elif self.lineno is None:
             first = max(1, self.curframe.f_lineno - 5)
         else:
             first = self.lineno + 1
         if last is None:
             last = first + 10
         filename = self.curframe.f_code.co_filename
         try:
             Colors = self.color_scheme_table.active_colors
             ColorsNormal = Colors.Normal
             tpl_line = '%%s%s%%s %s%%s' % (Colors.lineno, ColorsNormal)
             tpl_line_em = '%%s%s%%s %s%%s%s' % (Colors.linenoEm, Colors.line, ColorsNormal)
             src = []
             for lineno in range(first, last+1):
                 line = linecache.getline(filename, lineno)
                 if not line:
                     break
 
                 if lineno == self.curframe.f_lineno:
                     line = self.__format_line(tpl_line_em, filename, lineno, line, arrow = True)
                 else:
                     line = self.__format_line(tpl_line, filename, lineno, line, arrow = False)
 
                 src.append(line)
                 self.lineno = lineno
 
             print >>Term.cout, ''.join(src)
 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             pass
 
     do_l = do_list

IPython/Gnuplot2.py

@@ -1,655 +1,660
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Improved replacement for the Gnuplot.Gnuplot class.
 
 This module imports Gnuplot and replaces some of its functionality with
 improved versions. They add better handling of arrays for plotting and more
 convenient PostScript generation, plus some fixes for hardcopy().
 
 It also adds a convenient plot2 method for plotting dictionaries and
 lists/tuples of arrays.
 
 This module is meant to be used as a drop-in replacement to the original
 Gnuplot, so it should be safe to do:
 
 import IPython.Gnuplot2 as Gnuplot
 
-$Id: Gnuplot2.py 392 2004-10-09 22:01:51Z fperez $"""
+$Id: Gnuplot2.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
-import string,os,time,types
 import cStringIO
+import os
+import string
 import sys
 import tempfile
-import Numeric
+import time
+import types
+
 import Gnuplot as Gnuplot_ori
+import Numeric
+
 from IPython.genutils import popkey,xsys
 
 # needed by hardcopy():
 gp = Gnuplot_ori.gp
 
 # Patch for Gnuplot.py 1.6 compatibility.
 # Thanks to Hayden Callow <[e-mail]>
 try:
     OptionException = Gnuplot_ori.PlotItems.OptionException
 except AttributeError:
     OptionException = Gnuplot_ori.Errors.OptionError
 
 # exhibit a similar interface to Gnuplot so it can be somewhat drop-in
 Data      = Gnuplot_ori.Data
 Func      = Gnuplot_ori.Func
 GridData  = Gnuplot_ori.GridData
 PlotItem  = Gnuplot_ori.PlotItem
 PlotItems = Gnuplot_ori.PlotItems
 
 # Modify some of Gnuplot's functions with improved versions (or bugfixed, in
 # hardcopy's case). In order to preserve the docstrings at runtime, I've
 # copied them from the original code.
 
 # After some significant changes in v 1.7 of Gnuplot.py, we need to do a bit
 # of version checking.
 
 if Gnuplot_ori.__version__ <= '1.6':
     _BaseFileItem = PlotItems.File
     _BaseTempFileItem = PlotItems.TempFile
 
     # Fix the File class to add the 'index' option for Gnuplot versions < 1.7
     class File(_BaseFileItem):
 
         _option_list = _BaseFileItem._option_list.copy()
         _option_list.update({
             'index' : lambda self, index: self.set_option_index(index),
             })
 
         # A new initializer is needed b/c we want to add a modified
         # _option_sequence list which includes 'index' in the right place.
         def __init__(self,*args,**kw):
             self._option_sequence = ['binary', 'index', 'using', 'smooth', 'axes',
                          'title', 'with']
 
             _BaseFileItem.__init__(self,*args,**kw)
 
         # Let's fix the constructor docstring
         __newdoc = \
             """Additional Keyword arguments added by IPython:
 
              'index=<int>' -- similar to the `index` keyword in Gnuplot.
                  This allows only some of the datasets in a file to be
                  plotted. Datasets within a file are assumed to be separated
                  by _pairs_ of blank lines, and the first one is numbered as
                  0 (similar to C/Python usage)."""
         __init__.__doc__ = PlotItems.File.__init__.__doc__ + __newdoc
 
         def set_option_index(self, index):
             if index is None:
                 self.clear_option('index')
             elif type(index) in [type(''), type(1)]:
                 self._options['index'] = (index, 'index %s' % index)
             elif type(index) is type(()):
                 self._options['index'] = (index,'index %s' %
                                           string.join(map(repr, index), ':'))
             else:
                 raise OptionException('index=%s' % (index,))
 
     # We need a FileClass with a different name from 'File', which is a
     # factory function in 1.7, so that our String class can subclass FileClass
     # in any version.
     _FileClass = File
 
 else:  # Gnuplot.py version 1.7 and greater
     _FileClass = _BaseFileItem = PlotItems._FileItem
     _BaseTempFileItem = PlotItems._TempFileItem
     File = PlotItems.File
 
 # Now, we can add our generic code which is version independent
 
 # First some useful utilities
 def eps_fix_bbox(fname):
     """Fix the bounding box of an eps file by running ps2eps on it.
 
     If its name ends in .eps, the original file is removed.
 
     This is particularly useful for plots made by Gnuplot with square aspect
     ratio: there is a bug in Gnuplot which makes it generate a bounding box
     which is far wider than the actual plot.
 
     This function assumes that ps2eps is installed in your system."""
 
     # note: ps2ps and eps2eps do NOT work, ONLY ps2eps works correctly. The
     # others make output with bitmapped fonts, which looks horrible.
     print 'Fixing eps file: <%s>' % fname
     xsys('ps2eps -f -q -l %s' % fname)
     if fname.endswith('.eps'):
         os.rename(fname+'.eps',fname)
 
 def is_list1d(x,containers = [types.ListType,types.TupleType]):
     """Returns true if x appears to be a 1d list/tuple/array.
 
     The heuristics are: identify Numeric arrays, or lists/tuples whose first
     element is not itself a list/tuple. This way zipped lists should work like
     the original Gnuplot. There's no inexpensive way to know if a list doesn't
     have a composite object after its first element, so that kind of input
     will produce an error. But it should work well in most cases.
     """
     x_type = type(x)
 
     return x_type == Numeric.ArrayType and len(x.shape)==1 or \
            (x_type in containers and
             type(x[0]) not in containers + [Numeric.ArrayType])
 
 def zip_items(items,titles=None):
     """zip together neighboring 1-d arrays, and zip standalone ones
     with their index. Leave other plot items alone."""
 
     class StandaloneItem(Exception): pass
     
     def get_titles(titles):
         """Return the next title and the input titles array.
 
         The input array may be changed to None when no titles are left to
         prevent extra unnecessary calls to this function."""
         
         try:
             title = titles[tit_ct[0]]  # tit_ct[0] is in zip_items'scope
         except IndexError:
             titles = None # so we don't enter again
             title = None
         else:
             tit_ct[0] += 1
         return title,titles
 
     new_items = []
 
     if titles:
         # Initialize counter. It was put in a list as a hack to allow the
         # nested get_titles to modify it without raising a NameError.
         tit_ct = [0]
 
     n = 0  # this loop needs to be done by hand
     while n < len(items):
         item = items[n]
         try:
             if is_list1d(item):
                 if n==len(items)-1: # last in list
                     raise StandaloneItem
                 else: # check the next item and zip together if needed
                     next_item = items[n+1]
                     if next_item is None:
                         n += 1
                         raise StandaloneItem
                     elif is_list1d(next_item):
                         # this would be best done with an iterator
                         if titles:
                             title,titles = get_titles(titles)
                         else:
                             title = None
                         new_items.append(Data(zip(item,next_item),
                                               title=title))
                         n += 1  # avoid double-inclusion of next item
                     else: # can't zip with next, zip with own index list
                         raise StandaloneItem
             else:  # not 1-d array
                 new_items.append(item)
         except StandaloneItem:
             if titles:
                 title,titles = get_titles(titles)
             else:
                 title = None
             new_items.append(Data(zip(range(len(item)),item),title=title))
         except AttributeError:
             new_items.append(item)
         n+=1
 
     return new_items
 
 # And some classes with enhanced functionality.
 class String(_FileClass):
     """Make a PlotItem from data in a string with the same format as a File.
 
     This allows writing data directly inside python scripts using the exact
     same format and manipulation options which would be used for external
     files."""
 
     def __init__(self, data_str, **keyw):
         """Construct a String object.
 
         <data_str> is a string formatted exactly like a valid Gnuplot data
         file would be. All options from the File constructor are valid here.
 
         Warning: when used for interactive plotting in scripts which exit
         immediately, you may get an error because the temporary file used to
         hold the string data was deleted before Gnuplot had a chance to see
         it. You can work around this problem by putting a raw_input() call at
         the end of the script.
 
         This problem does not appear when generating PostScript output, only
         with Gnuplot windows."""
 
         self.tmpfile = _BaseTempFileItem()
         tmpfile = file(self.tmpfile.filename,'w')
         tmpfile.write(data_str)
         _BaseFileItem.__init__(self,self.tmpfile,**keyw)
 
 
 class Gnuplot(Gnuplot_ori.Gnuplot):
     """Improved Gnuplot class.
 
     Enhancements: better plot,replot and hardcopy methods. New methods for
     quick range setting.
     """
 
     def xrange(self,min='*',max='*'):
         """Set xrange. If min/max is omitted, it is set to '*' (auto).
 
         Note that this is different from the regular Gnuplot behavior, where
         an unspecified limit means no change. Here any unspecified limit is
         set to autoscaling, allowing these functions to be used for full
         autoscaling when called with no arguments.
 
         To preserve one limit's current value while changing the other, an
         explicit '' argument must be given as the limit to be kept.
 
         Similar functions exist for [y{2}z{2}rtuv]range."""
         
         self('set xrange [%s:%s]' % (min,max))
              
     def yrange(self,min='*',max='*'):
         self('set yrange [%s:%s]' % (min,max))
              
     def zrange(self,min='*',max='*'):
         self('set zrange [%s:%s]' % (min,max))
              
     def x2range(self,min='*',max='*'):
         self('set xrange [%s:%s]' % (min,max))
              
     def y2range(self,min='*',max='*'):
         self('set yrange [%s:%s]' % (min,max))
              
     def z2range(self,min='*',max='*'):
         self('set zrange [%s:%s]' % (min,max))
              
     def rrange(self,min='*',max='*'):
         self('set rrange [%s:%s]' % (min,max))
              
     def trange(self,min='*',max='*'):
         self('set trange [%s:%s]' % (min,max))
              
     def urange(self,min='*',max='*'):
         self('set urange [%s:%s]' % (min,max))
              
     def vrange(self,min='*',max='*'):
         self('set vrange [%s:%s]' % (min,max))
 
     def set_ps(self,option):
         """Set an option for the PostScript terminal and reset default term."""
 
         self('set terminal postscript %s ' % option)
         self('set terminal %s' % gp.GnuplotOpts.default_term)
 
     def __plot_ps(self, plot_method,*items, **keyw):
         """Wrapper for plot/splot/replot, with processing of hardcopy options.
 
         For internal use only."""
 
         # Filter out PostScript options which will crash the normal plot/replot
         psargs = {'filename':None,
                   'mode':None,
                   'eps':None,
                   'enhanced':None,
                   'color':None,
                   'solid':None,
                   'duplexing':None,
                   'fontname':None,
                   'fontsize':None,
                   'debug':0 }
 
         for k in psargs.keys():
             if keyw.has_key(k):
                 psargs[k] = keyw[k]
                 del keyw[k]
 
         # Filter out other options the original plot doesn't know
         hardcopy = popkey(keyw,'hardcopy',psargs['filename'] is not None)
         titles = popkey(keyw,'titles',0)
         
         # the filename keyword should control hardcopy generation, this is an
         # override switch only which needs to be explicitly set to zero
         if hardcopy:
             if psargs['filename'] is None:
                 raise ValueError, \
                       'If you request hardcopy, you must give a filename.'
 
             # set null output so nothing goes to screen. hardcopy() restores output
             self('set term dumb')
             # I don't know how to prevent screen output in Windows
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 self('set output "/dev/null"')
 
         new_items = zip_items(items,titles)
         # plot_method is either plot or replot from the original Gnuplot class:
         plot_method(self,*new_items,**keyw)
 
         # Do hardcopy if requested
         if hardcopy:
             if psargs['filename'].endswith('.eps'):
                 psargs['eps'] = 1
             self.hardcopy(**psargs)
 
     def plot(self, *items, **keyw):
         """Draw a new plot.
 
         Clear the current plot and create a new 2-d plot containing
         the specified items.  Each arguments should be of the
         following types:
 
         'PlotItem' (e.g., 'Data', 'File', 'Func') -- This is the most
             flexible way to call plot because the PlotItems can
             contain suboptions.  Moreover, PlotItems can be saved to
             variables so that their lifetime is longer than one plot
             command; thus they can be replotted with minimal overhead.
 
         'string' (e.g., 'sin(x)') -- The string is interpreted as
             'Func(string)' (a function that is computed by gnuplot).
 
         Anything else -- The object, which should be convertible to an
             array, is passed to the 'Data' constructor, and thus
             plotted as data.  If the conversion fails, an exception is
             raised.
 
 
         This is a modified version of plot(). Compared to the original in
         Gnuplot.py, this version has several enhancements, listed below.
 
 
         Modifications to the input arguments
         ------------------------------------
 
         (1-d array means Numeric array, list or tuple):
 
         (i) Any 1-d array which is NOT followed by another 1-d array, is
         automatically zipped with range(len(array_1d)). Typing g.plot(y) will
         plot y against its indices.
 
         (ii) If two 1-d arrays are contiguous in the argument list, they are
         automatically zipped together. So g.plot(x,y) plots y vs. x, and
         g.plot(x1,y1,x2,y2) plots y1 vs. x1 and y2 vs. x2.
 
         (iii) Any 1-d array which is followed by None is automatically zipped
         with range(len(array_1d)). In this form, typing g.plot(y1,None,y2)
         will plot both y1 and y2 against their respective indices (and NOT
         versus one another). The None prevents zipping y1 and y2 together, and
         since y2 is unpaired it is automatically zipped to its indices by (i)
 
         (iv) Any other arguments which don't match these cases are left alone and
         passed to the code below.
 
         For lists or tuples, the heuristics used to determine whether they are
         in fact 1-d is fairly simplistic: their first element is checked, and
         if it is not a list or tuple itself, it is assumed that the whole
         object is one-dimensional.
 
         An additional optional keyword 'titles' has been added: it must be a
         list of strings to be used as labels for the individual plots which
         are NOT PlotItem objects (since those objects carry their own labels
         within).
 
 
         PostScript generation
         ---------------------
 
         This version of plot() also handles automatically the production of
         PostScript output. The main options are (given as keyword arguments):
 
         - filename: a string, typically ending in .eps. If given, the plot is
         sent to this file in PostScript format.
         
         - hardcopy: this can be set to 0 to override 'filename'. It does not
         need to be given to produce PostScript, its purpose is to allow
         switching PostScript output off globally in scripts without having to
         manually change 'filename' values in multiple calls.
 
         All other keywords accepted by Gnuplot.hardcopy() are transparently
         passed, and safely ignored if output is sent to the screen instead of
         PostScript.
 
         For example:
         
         In [1]: x=frange(0,2*pi,npts=100)
 
         Generate a plot in file 'sin.eps':
 
         In [2]: plot(x,sin(x),filename = 'sin.eps')
 
         Plot to screen instead, without having to change the filename:
 
         In [3]: plot(x,sin(x),filename = 'sin.eps',hardcopy=0)
 
         Pass the 'color=0' option to hardcopy for monochrome output:
 
         In [4]: plot(x,sin(x),filename = 'sin.eps',color=0)
 
         PostScript generation through plot() is useful mainly for scripting
         uses where you are not interested in interactive plotting. For
         interactive use, the hardcopy() function is typically more convenient:
         
         In [5]: plot(x,sin(x))
 
         In [6]: hardcopy('sin.eps')  """
         
         self.__plot_ps(Gnuplot_ori.Gnuplot.plot,*items,**keyw)
         
     def plot2(self,arg,**kw):
         """Plot the entries of a dictionary or a list/tuple of arrays.        
         
         This simple utility calls plot() with a list of Gnuplot.Data objects
         constructed either from the values of the input dictionary, or the entries
         in it if it is a tuple or list.  Each item gets labeled with the key/index
         in the Gnuplot legend.
 
         Each item is plotted by zipping it with a list of its indices.
 
         Any keywords are passed directly to plot()."""
 
         if hasattr(arg,'keys'):
             keys = arg.keys()
             keys.sort()
         else:
             keys = range(len(arg))
 
         pitems = [Data(zip(range(len(arg[k])),arg[k]),title=`k`) for k in keys]
         self.plot(*pitems,**kw)
 
     def splot(self, *items, **keyw):
         """Draw a new three-dimensional plot.
 
         Clear the current plot and create a new 3-d plot containing
         the specified items.  Arguments can be of the following types:
 
         'PlotItem' (e.g., 'Data', 'File', 'Func', 'GridData' ) -- This
             is the most flexible way to call plot because the
             PlotItems can contain suboptions.  Moreover, PlotItems can
             be saved to variables so that their lifetime is longer
             than one plot command--thus they can be replotted with
             minimal overhead.
 
         'string' (e.g., 'sin(x*y)') -- The string is interpreted as a
             'Func()' (a function that is computed by gnuplot).
 
         Anything else -- The object is converted to a Data() item, and
             thus plotted as data.  Note that each data point should
             normally have at least three values associated with it
             (i.e., x, y, and z).  If the conversion fails, an
             exception is raised.
 
         This is a modified version of splot(). Compared to the original in
         Gnuplot.py, this version has several enhancements, listed in the
         plot() documentation.
         """
         
         self.__plot_ps(Gnuplot_ori.Gnuplot.splot,*items,**keyw)
 
     def replot(self, *items, **keyw):
         """Replot the data, possibly adding new 'PlotItem's.
 
         Replot the existing graph, using the items in the current
         itemlist.  If arguments are specified, they are interpreted as
         additional items to be plotted alongside the existing items on
         the same graph.  See 'plot' for details.
 
         If you want to replot to a postscript file, you MUST give the
         'filename' keyword argument in each call to replot. The Gnuplot python
         interface has no way of knowing that your previous call to
         Gnuplot.plot() was meant for PostScript output."""
         
         self.__plot_ps(Gnuplot_ori.Gnuplot.replot,*items,**keyw)
 
     # The original hardcopy has a bug. See fix at the end. The rest of the code
     # was lifted verbatim from the original, so that people using IPython get the
     # benefits without having to manually patch Gnuplot.py
     def hardcopy(self, filename=None,
                  mode=None,
                  eps=None,
                  enhanced=None,
                  color=None,
                  solid=None,
                  duplexing=None,
                  fontname=None,
                  fontsize=None,
                  debug = 0,
                  ):
         """Create a hardcopy of the current plot.
 
         Create a postscript hardcopy of the current plot to the
         default printer (if configured) or to the specified filename.
 
         Note that gnuplot remembers the postscript suboptions across
         terminal changes.  Therefore if you set, for example, color=1
         for one hardcopy then the next hardcopy will also be color
         unless you explicitly choose color=0.  Alternately you can
         force all of the options to their defaults by setting
         mode='default'.  I consider this to be a bug in gnuplot.
 
         Keyword arguments:
 
           'filename=<string>' -- if a filename is specified, save the
               output in that file; otherwise print it immediately
               using the 'default_lpr' configuration option.  If the
               filename ends in '.eps', EPS mode is automatically
               selected (like manually specifying eps=1 or mode='eps').
 
           'mode=<string>' -- set the postscript submode ('landscape',
               'portrait', 'eps', or 'default').  The default is
               to leave this option unspecified.
 
           'eps=<bool>' -- shorthand for 'mode="eps"'; asks gnuplot to
               generate encapsulated postscript.
 
           'enhanced=<bool>' -- if set (the default), then generate
               enhanced postscript, which allows extra features like
               font-switching, superscripts, and subscripts in axis
               labels.  (Some old gnuplot versions do not support
               enhanced postscript; if this is the case set
               gp.GnuplotOpts.prefer_enhanced_postscript=None.)
 
           'color=<bool>' -- if set, create a plot with color.  Default
               is to leave this option unchanged.
 
           'solid=<bool>' -- if set, force lines to be solid (i.e., not
               dashed).
 
           'duplexing=<string>' -- set duplexing option ('defaultplex',
               'simplex', or 'duplex').  Only request double-sided
               printing if your printer can handle it.  Actually this
               option is probably meaningless since hardcopy() can only
               print a single plot at a time.
 
           'fontname=<string>' -- set the default font to <string>,
               which must be a valid postscript font.  The default is
               to leave this option unspecified.
 
           'fontsize=<double>' -- set the default font size, in
               postscript points.
 
           'debug=<bool>' -- print extra debugging information (useful if
               your PostScript files are misteriously not being created).
         """
 
         if filename is None:
             assert gp.GnuplotOpts.default_lpr is not None, \
                    OptionException('default_lpr is not set, so you can only '
                                    'print to a file.')
             filename = gp.GnuplotOpts.default_lpr
             lpr_output = 1
         else:
             if filename.endswith('.eps'):
                 eps = 1
             lpr_output = 0
 
         # Be careful processing the options.  If the user didn't
         # request an option explicitly, do not specify it on the 'set
         # terminal' line (don't even specify the default value for the
         # option).  This is to avoid confusing older versions of
         # gnuplot that do not support all of these options.  The
         # exception is 'enhanced', which is just too useful to have to
         # specify each time!
 
         setterm = ['set', 'terminal', 'postscript']
         if eps:
             assert mode is None or mode=='eps', \
                    OptionException('eps option and mode are incompatible')
             setterm.append('eps')
         else:
             if mode is not None:
                 assert mode in ['landscape', 'portrait', 'eps', 'default'], \
                        OptionException('illegal mode "%s"' % mode)
                 setterm.append(mode)
         if enhanced is None:
             enhanced = gp.GnuplotOpts.prefer_enhanced_postscript
         if enhanced is not None:
             if enhanced: setterm.append('enhanced')
             else: setterm.append('noenhanced')
         if color is not None:
             if color: setterm.append('color')
             else: setterm.append('monochrome')
         if solid is not None:
             if solid: setterm.append('solid')
             else: setterm.append('dashed')
         if duplexing is not None:
             assert duplexing in ['defaultplex', 'simplex', 'duplex'], \
                    OptionException('illegal duplexing mode "%s"' % duplexing)
             setterm.append(duplexing)
         if fontname is not None:
             setterm.append('"%s"' % fontname)
         if fontsize is not None:
             setterm.append('%s' % fontsize)
 
         self(string.join(setterm))
         self.set_string('output', filename)
         # replot the current figure (to the printer):
         self.refresh()
 
         # fperez. Ugly kludge: often for some reason the file is NOT created
         # and we must reissue the creation commands. I have no idea why!
         if not lpr_output:
             #print 'Hardcopy <%s>' % filename  # dbg
             maxtries = 20
             delay = 0.1  # delay (in seconds) between print attempts
             for i in range(maxtries):
                 time.sleep(0.05)  # safety, very small delay
                 if os.path.isfile(filename):
                     if debug:
                         print 'Hardcopy to file <%s> success at attempt #%s.' \
                         % (filename,i+1)
                     break
                 time.sleep(delay)
                 # try again, issue all commands just in case
                 self(string.join(setterm))
                 self.set_string('output', filename)
                 self.refresh()
             if not os.path.isfile(filename):
                 print >> sys.stderr,'ERROR: Tried %s times and failed to '\
                 'create hardcopy file `%s`' % (maxtries,filename)
 
         # reset the terminal to its `default' setting:
         self('set terminal %s' % gp.GnuplotOpts.default_term)
         self.set_string('output')
 
 #********************** End of file <Gnuplot2.py> ************************

IPython/Itpl.py

@@ -1,277 +1,278
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """String interpolation for Python (by Ka-Ping Yee, 14 Feb 2000).
 
 This module lets you quickly and conveniently interpolate values into
 strings (in the flavour of Perl or Tcl, but with less extraneous
 punctuation).  You get a bit more power than in the other languages,
 because this module allows subscripting, slicing, function calls,
 attribute lookup, or arbitrary expressions.  Variables and expressions
 are evaluated in the namespace of the caller.
 
 The itpl() function returns the result of interpolating a string, and
 printpl() prints out an interpolated string.  Here are some examples:
 
     from Itpl import printpl
     printpl("Here is a $string.")
     printpl("Here is a $module.member.")
     printpl("Here is an $object.member.")
     printpl("Here is a $functioncall(with, arguments).")
     printpl("Here is an ${arbitrary + expression}.")
     printpl("Here is an $array[3] member.")
     printpl("Here is a $dictionary['member'].")
 
 The filter() function filters a file object so that output through it
 is interpolated.  This lets you produce the illusion that Python knows
 how to do interpolation:
 
     import Itpl
     sys.stdout = Itpl.filter()
     f = "fancy"
     print "Isn't this $f?"
     print "Standard output has been replaced with a $sys.stdout object."
     sys.stdout = Itpl.unfilter()
     print "Okay, back $to $normal."
 
 Under the hood, the Itpl class represents a string that knows how to
 interpolate values.  An instance of the class parses the string once
 upon initialization; the evaluation and substitution can then be done
 each time the instance is evaluated with str(instance).  For example:
 
     from Itpl import Itpl
     s = Itpl("Here is $foo.")
     foo = 5
     print str(s)
     foo = "bar"
     print str(s)
 
-$Id: Itpl.py 638 2005-07-18 03:01:41Z fperez $
+$Id: Itpl.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $
 """                   # ' -> close an open quote for stupid emacs
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
 # Copyright (c) 2001 Ka-Ping Yee <[e-mail]>
 #
 #
 # Published under the terms of the MIT license, hereby reproduced:
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 # of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to
 # deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
 # rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
 # sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 # furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 #
 # The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
 # all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 #
 # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 # IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 # FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 # AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 # LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 # FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
 # IN THE SOFTWARE.
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 __author__  = 'Ka-Ping Yee <[e-mail]>'
 __license__ = 'MIT'
 
-import sys, string
-from types import StringType
+import string
+import sys
 from tokenize import tokenprog
+from types import StringType
 
 class ItplError(ValueError):
     def __init__(self, text, pos):
         self.text = text
         self.pos = pos
     def __str__(self):
         return "unfinished expression in %s at char %d" % (
             repr(self.text), self.pos)
 
 def matchorfail(text, pos):
     match = tokenprog.match(text, pos)
     if match is None:
         raise ItplError(text, pos)
     return match, match.end()
 
 class Itpl:
     """Class representing a string with interpolation abilities.
     
     Upon creation, an instance works out what parts of the format
     string are literal and what parts need to be evaluated.  The
     evaluation and substitution happens in the namespace of the
     caller when str(instance) is called."""
 
     def __init__(self, format,codec='utf_8',encoding_errors='backslashreplace'):
         """The single mandatory argument to this constructor is a format
         string.
 
         The format string is parsed according to the following rules:
 
         1.  A dollar sign and a name, possibly followed by any of: 
               - an open-paren, and anything up to the matching paren 
               - an open-bracket, and anything up to the matching bracket 
               - a period and a name 
             any number of times, is evaluated as a Python expression.
 
         2.  A dollar sign immediately followed by an open-brace, and
             anything up to the matching close-brace, is evaluated as
             a Python expression.
 
         3.  Outside of the expressions described in the above two rules,
             two dollar signs in a row give you one literal dollar sign.
 
         Optional arguments:
 
         - codec('utf_8'): a string containing the name of a valid Python
         codec.
 
         - encoding_errors('backslashreplace'): a string with a valid error handling
         policy.  See the codecs module documentation for details.
 
         These are used to encode the format string if a call to str() fails on
         the expanded result."""
 
         if not isinstance(format,basestring):
             raise TypeError, "needs string initializer"
         self.format = format
         self.codec = codec
         self.encoding_errors = encoding_errors
         
         namechars = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" \
             "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789_";
         chunks = []
         pos = 0
 
         while 1:
             dollar = string.find(format, "$", pos)
             if dollar < 0: break
             nextchar = format[dollar+1]
 
             if nextchar == "{":
                 chunks.append((0, format[pos:dollar]))
                 pos, level = dollar+2, 1
                 while level:
                     match, pos = matchorfail(format, pos)
                     tstart, tend = match.regs[3]
                     token = format[tstart:tend]
                     if token == "{": level = level+1
                     elif token == "}": level = level-1
                 chunks.append((1, format[dollar+2:pos-1]))
 
             elif nextchar in namechars:
                 chunks.append((0, format[pos:dollar]))
                 match, pos = matchorfail(format, dollar+1)
                 while pos < len(format):
                     if format[pos] == "." and \
                         pos+1 < len(format) and format[pos+1] in namechars:
                         match, pos = matchorfail(format, pos+1)
                     elif format[pos] in "([":
                         pos, level = pos+1, 1
                         while level:
                             match, pos = matchorfail(format, pos)
                             tstart, tend = match.regs[3]
                             token = format[tstart:tend]
                             if token[0] in "([": level = level+1
                             elif token[0] in ")]": level = level-1
                     else: break
                 chunks.append((1, format[dollar+1:pos]))
 
             else:
                 chunks.append((0, format[pos:dollar+1]))
                 pos = dollar + 1 + (nextchar == "$")
 
         if pos < len(format): chunks.append((0, format[pos:]))
         self.chunks = chunks
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<Itpl %s >" % repr(self.format)
 
     def _str(self,glob,loc):
         """Evaluate to a string in the given globals/locals.
 
         The final output is built by calling str(), but if this fails, the
         result is encoded with the instance's codec and error handling policy,
         via a call to out.encode(self.codec,self.encoding_errors)"""
         result = []
         app = result.append
         for live, chunk in self.chunks:
             if live: app(str(eval(chunk,glob,loc)))
             else: app(chunk)
         out = ''.join(result)
         try:
             return str(out)
         except UnicodeError:
             return out.encode(self.codec,self.encoding_errors)
 
     def __str__(self):
         """Evaluate and substitute the appropriate parts of the string."""
 
         # We need to skip enough frames to get to the actual caller outside of
         # Itpl.
         frame = sys._getframe(1)
         while frame.f_globals["__name__"] == __name__: frame = frame.f_back
         loc, glob = frame.f_locals, frame.f_globals
 
         return self._str(glob,loc)
     
 class ItplNS(Itpl):
     """Class representing a string with interpolation abilities.
 
     This inherits from Itpl, but at creation time a namespace is provided
     where the evaluation will occur.  The interpolation becomes a bit more
     efficient, as no traceback needs to be extracte.  It also allows the
     caller to supply a different namespace for the interpolation to occur than
     its own."""
     
     def __init__(self, format,globals,locals=None,
                  codec='utf_8',encoding_errors='backslashreplace'):
         """ItplNS(format,globals[,locals]) -> interpolating string instance.
 
         This constructor, besides a format string, takes a globals dictionary
         and optionally a locals (which defaults to globals if not provided).
 
         For further details, see the Itpl constructor."""
 
         if locals is None:
             locals = globals
         self.globals = globals
         self.locals = locals
         Itpl.__init__(self,format,codec,encoding_errors)
         
     def __str__(self):
         """Evaluate and substitute the appropriate parts of the string."""
         return self._str(self.globals,self.locals)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<ItplNS %s >" % repr(self.format)
 
 # utilities for fast printing
 def itpl(text): return str(Itpl(text))
 def printpl(text): print itpl(text)
 # versions with namespace
 def itplns(text,globals,locals=None): return str(ItplNS(text,globals,locals))
 def printplns(text,globals,locals=None): print itplns(text,globals,locals)
 
 class ItplFile:
     """A file object that filters each write() through an interpolator."""
     def __init__(self, file): self.file = file
     def __repr__(self): return "<interpolated " + repr(self.file) + ">"
     def __getattr__(self, attr): return getattr(self.file, attr)
     def write(self, text): self.file.write(str(Itpl(text)))
 
 def filter(file=sys.stdout):
     """Return an ItplFile that filters writes to the given file object.
     
     'file = filter(file)' replaces 'file' with a filtered object that
     has a write() method.  When called with no argument, this creates
     a filter to sys.stdout."""
     return ItplFile(file)
 
 def unfilter(ifile=None):
     """Return the original file that corresponds to the given ItplFile.
     
     'file = unfilter(file)' undoes the effect of 'file = filter(file)'.
     'sys.stdout = unfilter()' undoes the effect of 'sys.stdout = filter()'."""
     return ifile and ifile.file or sys.stdout.file

IPython/Logger.py

@@ -1,185 +1,187
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Logger class for IPython's logging facilities.
 
-$Id: Logger.py 430 2004-11-30 08:52:05Z fperez $
+$Id: Logger.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Modules and globals
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>\n%s <%s>' % \
               ( Release.authors['Janko'] + Release.authors['Fernando'] )
 __license__ = Release.license
 
 # Python standard modules
-import os,sys,glob
+import glob
+import os
+import sys
 
 # Homebrewed
 from IPython.genutils import *
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # FIXME: The logger class shouldn't be a mixin, it throws too many things into
 # the InteractiveShell namespace. Rather make it a standalone tool, and create
 # a Logger instance in InteractiveShell that uses it. Doing this will require
 # tracking down a *lot* of nasty uses of the Logger attributes in
 # InteractiveShell, but will clean up things quite a bit.
 
 class Logger:
     """A Logfile Mixin class with different policies for file creation"""
 
     # FIXME: once this isn't a mixin, log_ns should just be 'namespace', since the
     # names won't collide anymore.
     def __init__(self,log_ns):
         self._i00,self._i,self._ii,self._iii = '','','',''
         self.do_full_cache = 0 # FIXME. There's also a do_full.. in OutputCache
         self.log_ns = log_ns
         # defaults
         self.LOGMODE = 'backup'
         self.defname = 'logfile'
         
     def create_log(self,header='',fname='',defname='.Logger.log'):
         """Generate a new log-file with a default header"""
         if fname:
             self.LOG = fname
 
         if self.LOG:
             self.logfname = self.LOG
         else:
             self.logfname = defname
         
         if self.LOGMODE == 'over':
             if os.path.isfile(self.logfname):
                 os.remove(self.logfname) 
             self.logfile = open(self.logfname,'w')
         if self.LOGMODE == 'backup':
             if os.path.isfile(self.logfname):
                 backup_logname = self.logfname+'~'
                 # Manually remove any old backup, since os.rename may fail
                 # under Windows.
                 if os.path.isfile(backup_logname):
                     os.remove(backup_logname)
                 os.rename(self.logfname,backup_logname)
             self.logfile = open(self.logfname,'w')
         elif self.LOGMODE == 'global':
             self.logfname = os.path.join(self.home_dir, self.defname)
             self.logfile = open(self.logfname, 'a')
             self.LOG = self.logfname
         elif self.LOGMODE == 'rotate':
             if os.path.isfile(self.logfname):
                 if os.path.isfile(self.logfname+'.001~'): 
                     old = glob.glob(self.logfname+'.*~')
                     old.sort()
                     old.reverse()
                     for f in old:
                         root, ext = os.path.splitext(f)
                         num = int(ext[1:-1])+1
                         os.rename(f, root+'.'+`num`.zfill(3)+'~')
                 os.rename(self.logfname, self.logfname+'.001~')
             self.logfile = open(self.logfname,'w')
         elif self.LOGMODE == 'append':
             self.logfile = open(self.logfname,'a')
             
         if self.LOGMODE != 'append':
             self.logfile.write(header)
         self.logfile.flush()
 
     def logstart(self, header='',parameter_s = ''):
         if not hasattr(self, 'LOG'):
             logfname = self.LOG or parameter_s or './'+self.defname
             self.create_log(header,logfname)
         elif parameter_s and hasattr(self,'logfname') and \
              parameter_s != self.logfname:
             self.close_log()
             self.create_log(header,parameter_s)
             
         self._dolog = 1
 
     def switch_log(self,val):
         """Switch logging on/off. val should be ONLY 0 or 1."""
 
         if not val in [0,1]:
             raise ValueError, \
                   'Call switch_log ONLY with 0 or 1 as argument, not with:',val
         
         label = {0:'OFF',1:'ON'}
 
         try:
             _ = self.logfile
         except AttributeError:
             print """
 Logging hasn't been started yet (use %logstart for that).
 
 %logon/%logoff are for temporarily starting and stopping logging for a logfile
 which already exists. But you must first start the logging process with
 %logstart (optionally giving a logfile name)."""
             
         else:
             if self._dolog == val:
                 print 'Logging is already',label[val]
             else:
                 print 'Switching logging',label[val]
                 self._dolog = 1 - self._dolog
 
     def logstate(self):
         """Print a status message about the logger."""
         try:
             logfile = self.logfname
         except:
             print 'Logging has not been activated.'
         else:
             state = self._dolog and 'active' or 'temporarily suspended'
             print """
 File:\t%s
 Mode:\t%s
 State:\t%s """ % (logfile,self.LOGMODE,state)
 
         
     def log(self, line,continuation=None):
         """Write the line to a log and create input cache variables _i*."""
 
         # update the auto _i tables
         #print '***logging line',line # dbg
         #print '***cache_count', self.outputcache.prompt_count # dbg
         input_hist = self.log_ns['_ih']
         if not continuation and line:
             self._iii = self._ii
             self._ii = self._i
             self._i = self._i00
             # put back the final \n of every input line
             self._i00 = line+'\n'
             #print 'Logging input:<%s>' % line  # dbg
             input_hist.append(self._i00)
 
         # hackish access to top-level namespace to create _i1,_i2... dynamically
         to_main = {'_i':self._i,'_ii':self._ii,'_iii':self._iii}
         if self.do_full_cache:
             in_num = self.outputcache.prompt_count
             # add blank lines if the input cache fell out of sync. This can happen
             # for embedded instances which get killed via C-D and then get resumed.
             while in_num >= len(input_hist):
                 input_hist.append('\n')
             new_i = '_i%s' % in_num
             if continuation:
                 self._i00 = '%s%s\n' % (self.log_ns[new_i],line)
                 input_hist[in_num] = self._i00
             to_main[new_i] = self._i00
         self.log_ns.update(to_main)
         
         if self._dolog and line:
             self.logfile.write(line+'\n')
             self.logfile.flush()
 
     def close_log(self):
         if hasattr(self, 'logfile'):
             self.logfile.close()
             self.logfname = ''

IPython/Magic.py

@@ -1,2573 +1,2579
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
 
-$Id: Magic.py 951 2005-12-25 00:57:24Z fperez $"""
+$Id: Magic.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Modules and globals
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>\n%s <%s>' % \
               ( Release.authors['Janko'] + Release.authors['Fernando'] )
 __license__ = Release.license
 
 # Python standard modules
 import __builtin__
-import os,sys,inspect,pydoc,re,tempfile,pdb,bdb,time
-import Debugger
+import bdb
+import inspect
+import os
+import pdb
+import pydoc
+import sys
+import re
+import tempfile
+import time
+from cStringIO import StringIO
 from getopt import getopt
 from pprint import pprint, pformat
-from cStringIO import StringIO
 
 # profile isn't bundled by default in Debian for license reasons
 try:
     import profile,pstats
 except ImportError:
     profile = pstats = None
 
 # Homebrewed
-from IPython.Struct import Struct
-from IPython.Itpl import Itpl, itpl, printpl,itplns
+from IPython import Debugger, OInspect, wildcard
 from IPython.FakeModule import FakeModule
+from IPython.Itpl import Itpl, itpl, printpl,itplns
 from IPython.PyColorize import Parser
-from IPython import OInspect
-from IPython import wildcard
+from IPython.Struct import Struct
 from IPython.genutils import *
 
 # Globals to be set later by Magic constructor
 MAGIC_PREFIX = ''
 MAGIC_ESCAPE = ''
 
 #***************************************************************************
 # Utility functions
 def magic2python(cmd):
     """Convert a command string of magic syntax to valid Python code."""
 
     if cmd.startswith('#'+MAGIC_ESCAPE) or \
            cmd.startswith(MAGIC_ESCAPE):
         if cmd[0]=='#':
             cmd = cmd[1:]
         # we need to return the proper line end later
         if cmd[-1] == '\n':
             endl = '\n'
         else:
             endl = ''
         try:
             func,args = cmd[1:].split(' ',1)
         except:
             func,args = cmd[1:].rstrip(),''
         args = args.replace('"','\\"').replace("'","\\'").rstrip()
         return '%s%s ("%s")%s' % (MAGIC_PREFIX,func,args,endl)
     else:
         return cmd
 
 def on_off(tag):
     """Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function."""
     return ['OFF','ON'][tag]
 
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Utility classes
 class Macro:
     """Simple class to store the value of macros as strings.
 
     This allows us to later exec them by checking when something is an
     instance of this class."""
     
     def __init__(self,cmds):
         """Build a macro from a list of commands."""
 
         # Since the list may include multi-line entries, first make sure that
         # they've been all broken up before passing it to magic2python
         cmdlist = map(magic2python,''.join(cmds).split('\n'))
         self.value = '\n'.join(cmdlist)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.value
 
 #***************************************************************************
 # Main class implementing Magic functionality
 class Magic:
     """Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
 
     Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic
     functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own
     needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg `%cd ../`
     vs. `%cd("../")`
 
     ALL definitions MUST begin with the prefix magic_. The user won't need it
     at the command line, but it is is needed in the definition. """
 
     # class globals
     auto_status = ['Automagic is OFF, % prefix IS needed for magic functions.',
                    'Automagic is ON, % prefix NOT needed for magic functions.']
 
     #......................................................................
     # some utility functions
 
     def __init__(self,shell):
         # XXX This is hackish, clean up later to avoid these messy globals
         global MAGIC_PREFIX, MAGIC_ESCAPE
         
         self.options_table = {}
         MAGIC_PREFIX = shell.name+'.magic_'
         MAGIC_ESCAPE = shell.ESC_MAGIC
         if profile is None:
             self.magic_prun = self.profile_missing_notice
 
     def profile_missing_notice(self, *args, **kwargs):
         error("""\
 The profile module could not be found.  If you are a Debian user,
 it has been removed from the standard Debian package because of its non-free
 license. To use profiling, please install"python2.3-profiler" from non-free.""")
     
     def default_option(self,fn,optstr):
         """Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr"""
         
         if fn not in self.lsmagic():
             error("%s is not a magic function" % fn)
         self.options_table[fn] = optstr
 
     def lsmagic(self):
         """Return a list of currently available magic functions.
 
         Gives a list of the bare names after mangling (['ls','cd', ...], not
         ['magic_ls','magic_cd',...]"""
 
         # FIXME. This needs a cleanup, in the way the magics list is built.
         
         # magics in class definition
         class_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                       callable(Magic.__dict__[fn])
         # in instance namespace (run-time user additions)
         inst_magic =  lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                      callable(self.__dict__[fn])
         # and bound magics by user (so they can access self):
         inst_bound_magic =  lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                            callable(self.__class__.__dict__[fn])
         magics = filter(class_magic,Magic.__dict__.keys()) + \
                  filter(inst_magic,self.__dict__.keys()) + \
                  filter(inst_bound_magic,self.__class__.__dict__.keys())
         out = []
         for fn in magics:
             out.append(fn.replace('magic_','',1))
         out.sort()
         return out
     
     def set_shell(self,shell):
         self.shell = shell
         self.alias_table = shell.alias_table
 
     def extract_input_slices(self,slices):
         """Return as a string a set of input history slices.
 
         The set of slices is given as a list of strings (like ['1','4:8','9'],
         since this function is for use by magic functions which get their
         arguments as strings."""
 
         cmds = []
         for chunk in slices:
             if ':' in chunk:
                 ini,fin = map(int,chunk.split(':'))
             else:
                 ini = int(chunk)
                 fin = ini+1
             cmds.append(self.shell.input_hist[ini:fin])
         return cmds
         
     def _ofind(self,oname):
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
         self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         
         oname = oname.strip()
 
         # Namespaces to search in:
         user_ns        = self.shell.user_ns
         internal_ns    = self.shell.internal_ns
         builtin_ns     = __builtin__.__dict__
         alias_ns       = self.shell.alias_table
 
         # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we find things in
         # the same order that Python finds them.
         namespaces = [ ('Interactive',user_ns),
                        ('IPython internal',internal_ns),
                        ('Python builtin',builtin_ns),
                        ('Alias',alias_ns),
                        ]
 
         # initialize results to 'null'
         found = 0; obj = None;  ospace = None;  ds = None;
         ismagic = 0; isalias = 0
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
         oname_parts = oname.split('.')
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 for part in oname_rest:
                     try:
                         obj = getattr(obj,part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = 1
                     ospace = nsname
                     if ns == alias_ns:
                         isalias = 1
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             if oname.startswith(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname[1:]
             obj = getattr(self,'magic_'+oname,None)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = 1
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = 1
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = 1
             ospace = 'Interactive'
             
         return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace,
                 'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias}
         
     def arg_err(self,func):
         """Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed"""
         print 'Error in arguments:'
         print OInspect.getdoc(func)
 
 
     def format_latex(self,str):
         """Format a string for latex inclusion."""
 
         # Characters that need to be escaped for latex:
         escape_re = re.compile(r'(%|_|\$)',re.MULTILINE)
         # Magic command names as headers:
         cmd_name_re = re.compile(r'^(%s.*?):' % self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                  re.MULTILINE)
         # Magic commands 
         cmd_re = re.compile(r'(?P<cmd>%s.+?\b)(?!\}\}:)' % self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                             re.MULTILINE)
         # Paragraph continue
         par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
 
         str = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\texttt{\\textsl{\\large \1}}:',str)
         str = cmd_re.sub(r'\\texttt{\g<cmd>}',str)
         str = par_re.sub(r'\\\\',str)
         str = escape_re.sub(r'\\\1',str)
         return str
 
     def format_screen(self,str):
         """Format a string for screen printing.
 
         This removes some latex-type format codes."""
         # Paragraph continue
         par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
         str = par_re.sub('',str)
         return str
 
     def parse_options(self,arg_str,opt_str,*long_opts,**kw):
         """Parse options passed to an argument string.
 
         The interface is similar to that of getopt(), but it returns back a
         Struct with the options as keys and the stripped argument string still
         as a string.
 
         arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split.
         This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote
         arguments, etc.
 
         Options:
           -mode: default 'string'. If given as 'list', the argument string is
           returned as a list (split on whitespace) instead of a string.
 
           -list_all: put all option values in lists. Normally only options
           appearing more than once are put in a list."""
 
         # inject default options at the beginning of the input line
         caller = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name.replace('magic_','')
         arg_str = '%s %s' % (self.options_table.get(caller,''),arg_str)
         
         mode = kw.get('mode','string')
         if mode not in ['string','list']:
             raise ValueError,'incorrect mode given: %s' % mode
         # Get options
         list_all = kw.get('list_all',0)
 
         # Check if we have more than one argument to warrant extra processing:
         odict = {}  # Dictionary with options
         args = arg_str.split()
         if len(args) >= 1:
             # If the list of inputs only has 0 or 1 thing in it, there's no
             # need to look for options
             argv = shlex_split(arg_str)
             # Do regular option processing
             opts,args = getopt(argv,opt_str,*long_opts)
             for o,a in opts:
                 if o.startswith('--'):
                     o = o[2:]
                 else:
                     o = o[1:]
                 try:
                     odict[o].append(a)
                 except AttributeError:
                     odict[o] = [odict[o],a]
                 except KeyError:
                     if list_all:
                         odict[o] = [a]
                     else:
                         odict[o] = a
 
         # Prepare opts,args for return
         opts = Struct(odict)
         if mode == 'string':
             args = ' '.join(args)
 
         return opts,args
     
     #......................................................................
     # And now the actual magic functions
 
     # Functions for IPython shell work (vars,funcs, config, etc)
     def magic_lsmagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """List currently available magic functions."""
         mesc = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
         print 'Available magic functions:\n'+mesc+\
               ('  '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic())
         print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[self.shell.rc.automagic]
         return None
         
     def magic_magic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Print information about the magic function system."""
 
         mode = ''
         try:
             if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-latex':
                 mode = 'latex'
         except:
             pass
 
         magic_docs = []
         for fname in self.lsmagic():
             mname = 'magic_' + fname
             for space in (Magic,self,self.__class__):
                 try:
                     fn = space.__dict__[mname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
                 else:
                     break
             magic_docs.append('%s%s:\n\t%s\n' %(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                                 fname,fn.__doc__))
         magic_docs = ''.join(magic_docs)
 
         if mode == 'latex':
             print self.format_latex(magic_docs)
             return
         else:
             magic_docs = self.format_screen(magic_docs)
         
         outmsg = """
 IPython's 'magic' functions
 ===========================
 
 The magic function system provides a series of functions which allow you to
 control the behavior of IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type
 features. All these functions are prefixed with a % character, but parameters
 are given without parentheses or quotes.
 
 NOTE: If you have 'automagic' enabled (via the command line option or with the
 %automagic function), you don't need to type in the % explicitly.  By default,
 IPython ships with automagic on, so you should only rarely need the % escape.
 
 Example: typing '%cd mydir' (without the quotes) changes you working directory
 to 'mydir', if it exists.
 
 You can define your own magic functions to extend the system. See the supplied
 ipythonrc and example-magic.py files for details (in your ipython
 configuration directory, typically $HOME/.ipython/).
 
 You can also define your own aliased names for magic functions. In your
 ipythonrc file, placing a line like:
 
   execute __IPYTHON__.magic_pf = __IPYTHON__.magic_profile
 
 will define %pf as a new name for %profile.
 
 You can also call magics in code using the ipmagic() function, which IPython
 automatically adds to the builtin namespace.  Type 'ipmagic?' for details.
 
 For a list of the available magic functions, use %lsmagic. For a description
 of any of them, type %magic_name?, e.g. '%cd?'.
 
 Currently the magic system has the following functions:\n"""
 
         mesc = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
         outmsg = ("%s\n%s\n\nSummary of magic functions (from %slsmagic):"
                   "\n\n%s%s\n\n%s" % (outmsg,
                                      magic_docs,mesc,mesc,
                                      ('  '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic()),
                                      Magic.auto_status[self.shell.rc.automagic] ) )
 
         page(outmsg,screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length)
   
     def magic_automagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.
         
         Toggles on/off (when off, you must call it as %automagic, of
         course). Note that magic functions have lowest priority, so if there's
         a variable whose name collides with that of a magic fn, automagic
         won't work for that function (you get the variable instead). However,
         if you delete the variable (del var), the previously shadowed magic
         function becomes visible to automagic again."""
 
         rc = self.shell.rc
         rc.automagic = not rc.automagic
         print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[rc.automagic]
 
     def magic_autocall(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.
 
         This toggles the autocall command line option on and off."""
         
         rc = self.shell.rc
         rc.autocall = not rc.autocall
         print "Automatic calling is:",['OFF','ON'][rc.autocall]
 
     def magic_autoindent(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Toggle autoindent on/off (if available)."""
 
         self.shell.set_autoindent()
         print "Automatic indentation is:",['OFF','ON'][self.shell.autoindent]
 
     def magic_system_verbose(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Toggle verbose printing of system calls on/off."""
 
         self.shell.rc_set_toggle('system_verbose')
         print "System verbose printing is:",\
               ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.system_verbose]
 
     def magic_history(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Print input history (_i<n> variables), with most recent last.
         
         %history [-n]       -> print at most 40 inputs (some may be multi-line)\\
         %history [-n] n     -> print at most n inputs\\
         %history [-n] n1 n2 -> print inputs between n1 and n2 (n2 not included)\\
 
         Each input's number <n> is shown, and is accessible as the
         automatically generated variable _i<n>.  Multi-line statements are
         printed starting at a new line for easy copy/paste.
 
         If option -n is used, input numbers are not printed. This is useful if
         you want to get a printout of many lines which can be directly pasted
         into a text editor.
 
         This feature is only available if numbered prompts are in use."""
 
         if not self.do_full_cache:
             print 'This feature is only available if numbered prompts are in use.'
             return
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'n',mode='list')
         
         default_length = 40
         if len(args) == 0:
             final = self.outputcache.prompt_count
             init = max(1,final-default_length)
         elif len(args) == 1:
             final = self.outputcache.prompt_count
             init = max(1,final-int(args[0]))
         elif len(args) == 2:
             init,final = map(int,args)
         else:
             warn('%hist takes 0, 1 or 2 arguments separated by spaces.')
             print self.magic_hist.__doc__
             return
         width = len(str(final))
         line_sep = ['','\n']
         input_hist = self.shell.input_hist
         print_nums = not opts.has_key('n')
         for in_num in range(init,final):
             inline = input_hist[in_num]
             multiline = inline.count('\n') > 1
             if print_nums:
                 print str(in_num).ljust(width)+':'+ line_sep[multiline],
             if inline.startswith('#'+self.shell.ESC_MAGIC) or \
                    inline.startswith('#!'):
                 print inline[1:],
             else:
                 print inline,
 
     def magic_hist(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Alternate name for %history."""
         return self.magic_history(parameter_s)
 
     def magic_p(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Just a short alias for Python's 'print'."""
         exec 'print ' + parameter_s in self.shell.user_ns
 
     def magic_r(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Repeat previous input.
 
         If given an argument, repeats the previous command which starts with
         the same string, otherwise it just repeats the previous input.
 
         Shell escaped commands (with ! as first character) are not recognized
         by this system, only pure python code and magic commands.
         """
 
         start = parameter_s.strip()
         esc_magic = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
         # Identify magic commands even if automagic is on (which means
         # the in-memory version is different from that typed by the user).
         if self.shell.rc.automagic:
             start_magic = esc_magic+start
         else:
             start_magic = start
         # Look through the input history in reverse
         for n in range(len(self.shell.input_hist)-2,0,-1):
             input = self.shell.input_hist[n]
             # skip plain 'r' lines so we don't recurse to infinity
             if input != 'ipmagic("r")\n' and \
                    (input.startswith(start) or input.startswith(start_magic)):
                 #print 'match',`input`  # dbg
                 if input.startswith(esc_magic):
                     input = magic2python(input)
                     #print 'modified',`input`  # dbg
                 print 'Executing:',input,
                 exec input in self.shell.user_ns
                 return
         print 'No previous input matching `%s` found.' % start
 
     def magic_page(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
         
         If no parameter is given, use _ (last output)."""
         # After a function contributed by Olivier Aubert, slightly modified.
 
         oname = parameter_s and parameter_s or '_' 
         info = self._ofind(oname)
         if info['found']:
             page(pformat(info['obj']))
         else:
             print 'Object `%s` not found' % oname
 
     def magic_profile(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print your currently active IPyhton profile."""
         if self.shell.rc.profile:
             printpl('Current IPython profile: $self.shell.rc.profile.')
         else:
             print 'No profile active.'
         
     def _inspect(self,meth,oname,**kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends."""
         
         oname = oname.strip()
         info = Struct(self._ofind(oname))
         if info.found:
             pmethod = getattr(self.shell.inspector,meth)
             formatter = info.ismagic and self.format_screen or None
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj,oname,formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(info.obj,oname,formatter,info,**kw)
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj,oname)
         else:
             print 'Object `%s` not found.' % oname
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
         
     def magic_pdef(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print the definition header for any callable object.
 
         If the object is a class, print the constructor information."""
         self._inspect('pdef',parameter_s)
         
     def magic_pdoc(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print the docstring for an object.
 
         If the given object is a class, it will print both the class and the
         constructor docstrings."""
         self._inspect('pdoc',parameter_s)
 
     def magic_psource(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object."""
         self._inspect('psource',parameter_s)
 
     def magic_pfile(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
 
         The file opens at the line where the object definition begins. IPython
         will honor the environment variable PAGER if set, and otherwise will
         do its best to print the file in a convenient form.
 
         If the given argument is not an object currently defined, IPython will
         try to interpret it as a filename (automatically adding a .py extension
         if needed). You can thus use %pfile as a syntax highlighting code
         viewer."""
 
         # first interpret argument as an object name
         out = self._inspect('pfile',parameter_s)
         # if not, try the input as a filename
         if out == 'not found':
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
             except IOError,msg:
                 print msg
                 return
             page(self.shell.inspector.format(file(filename).read()))
             
     def magic_pinfo(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Provide detailed information about an object.
 
         '%pinfo object' is just a synonym for object? or ?object."""
 
         #print 'pinfo par: <%s>' % parameter_s  # dbg
 
         # detail_level: 0 -> obj? , 1 -> obj??
         detail_level = 0
         # We need to detect if we got called as 'pinfo pinfo foo', which can
         # happen if the user types 'pinfo foo?' at the cmd line.
         pinfo,qmark1,oname,qmark2 = \
                re.match('(pinfo )?(\?*)(.*?)(\??$)',parameter_s).groups()
         if pinfo or qmark1 or qmark2:
             detail_level = 1
         if "*" in oname:
             self.magic_psearch(oname)
         else:
             self._inspect('pinfo',oname,detail_level=detail_level)
 
     def magic_psearch(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.
 
         %psearch [options] PATTERN [OBJECT TYPE]
 
         Note: ? can be used as a synonym for %psearch, at the beginning or at
         the end: both a*? and ?a* are equivalent to '%psearch a*'.  Still, the
         rest of the command line must be unchanged (options come first), so
         for example the following forms are equivalent
 
         %psearch -i a* function
         -i a* function?
         ?-i a* function
 
         Arguments:
         
           PATTERN
 
           where PATTERN is a string containing * as a wildcard similar to its
           use in a shell.  The pattern is matched in all namespaces on the
           search path. By default objects starting with a single _ are not
           matched, many IPython generated objects have a single
           underscore. The default is case insensitive matching. Matching is
           also done on the attributes of objects and not only on the objects
           in a module.
 
           [OBJECT TYPE]
 
           Is the name of a python type from the types module. The name is
           given in lowercase without the ending type, ex. StringType is
           written string. By adding a type here only objects matching the
           given type are matched. Using all here makes the pattern match all
           types (this is the default).
 
         Options:
 
           -a: makes the pattern match even objects whose names start with a
           single underscore.  These names are normally ommitted from the
           search.
 
           -i/-c: make the pattern case insensitive/sensitive.  If neither of
           these options is given, the default is read from your ipythonrc
           file.  The option name which sets this value is
           'wildcards_case_sensitive'.  If this option is not specified in your
           ipythonrc file, IPython's internal default is to do a case sensitive
           search.
 
           -e/-s NAMESPACE: exclude/search a given namespace.  The pattern you
           specifiy can be searched in any of the following namespaces:
           'builtin', 'user', 'user_global','internal', 'alias', where
           'builtin' and 'user' are the search defaults.  Note that you should
           not use quotes when specifying namespaces.
 
           'Builtin' contains the python module builtin, 'user' contains all
           user data, 'alias' only contain the shell aliases and no python
           objects, 'internal' contains objects used by IPython.  The
           'user_global' namespace is only used by embedded IPython instances,
           and it contains module-level globals.  You can add namespaces to the
           search with -s or exclude them with -e (these options can be given
           more than once).
     
         Examples:
        
         %psearch a*            -> objects beginning with an a
         %psearch -e builtin a* -> objects NOT in the builtin space starting in a
         %psearch a* function   -> all functions beginning with an a
         %psearch re.e*         -> objects beginning with an e in module re
         %psearch r*.e*         -> objects that start with e in modules starting in r
         %psearch r*.* string   -> all strings in modules beginning with r
 
         Case sensitve search:
        
         %psearch -c a*         list all object beginning with lower case a
 
         Show objects beginning with a single _:
        
         %psearch -a _*         list objects beginning with a single underscore"""
 
         # default namespaces to be searched
         def_search = ['user','builtin']
 
         # Process options/args
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'cias:e:',list_all=True)
         opt = opts.get
         shell = self.shell
         psearch = shell.inspector.psearch
         
         # select case options
         if opts.has_key('i'):
             ignore_case = True
         elif opts.has_key('c'):
             ignore_case = False
         else:
             ignore_case = not shell.rc.wildcards_case_sensitive
 
         # Build list of namespaces to search from user options
         def_search.extend(opt('s',[]))
         ns_exclude = ns_exclude=opt('e',[])
         ns_search = [nm for nm in def_search if nm not in ns_exclude]
         
         # Call the actual search
         try:
             psearch(args,shell.ns_table,ns_search,
                     show_all=opt('a'),ignore_case=ignore_case)
         except:
             shell.showtraceback()
 
     def magic_who_ls(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.
 
         If arguments are given, only variables of types matching these
         arguments are returned."""
 
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
         out = []
         typelist = parameter_s.split()
         for i in self.shell.user_ns.keys():
             if not (i.startswith('_') or i.startswith('_i')) \
                    and not (self.internal_ns.has_key(i) or
                             self.user_config_ns.has_key(i)):
                 if typelist:
                     if type(user_ns[i]).__name__ in typelist:
                         out.append(i)
                 else:
                     out.append(i)
         out.sort()
         return out
         
     def magic_who(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.
 
         If any arguments are given, only variables whose type matches one of
         these are printed.  For example:
 
           %who function str
 
         will only list functions and strings, excluding all other types of
         variables.  To find the proper type names, simply use type(var) at a
         command line to see how python prints type names.  For example:
 
           In [1]: type('hello')\\
           Out[1]: <type 'str'>
 
         indicates that the type name for strings is 'str'.
 
         %who always excludes executed names loaded through your configuration
         file and things which are internal to IPython.
 
         This is deliberate, as typically you may load many modules and the
         purpose of %who is to show you only what you've manually defined."""
 
         varlist = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
         if not varlist:
             print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
             return
 
         # if we have variables, move on...
 
         # stupid flushing problem: when prompts have no separators, stdout is
         # getting lost. I'm starting to think this is a python bug. I'm having
         # to force a flush with a print because even a sys.stdout.flush
         # doesn't seem to do anything!
 
         count = 0
         for i in varlist:
             print i+'\t',
             count += 1
             if count > 8:
                 count = 0
                 print
             sys.stdout.flush()  # FIXME. Why the hell isn't this flushing???
             
         print # well, this does force a flush at the expense of an extra \n
 
     def magic_whos(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.
 
         The same type filtering of %who can be applied here.
 
         For all variables, the type is printed. Additionally it prints:
         
           - For {},[],(): their length.
 
           - For Numeric arrays, a summary with shape, number of elements,
           typecode and size in memory.
 
           - Everything else: a string representation, snipping their middle if
           too long."""
         
         varnames = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
         if not varnames:
             print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
             return
 
         # if we have variables, move on...
 
         # for these types, show len() instead of data:
         seq_types = [types.DictType,types.ListType,types.TupleType]
 
         # for Numeric arrays, display summary info
         try:
             import Numeric
         except ImportError:
             array_type = None
         else:
             array_type = Numeric.ArrayType.__name__
         
         # Find all variable names and types so we can figure out column sizes
         get_vars = lambda i: self.shell.user_ns[i]
         type_name = lambda v: type(v).__name__
         varlist = map(get_vars,varnames)
         typelist = map(type_name,varlist)
         # column labels and # of spaces as separator
         varlabel = 'Variable'
         typelabel = 'Type'
         datalabel = 'Data/Info'
         colsep = 3
         # variable format strings
         vformat    = "$vname.ljust(varwidth)$vtype.ljust(typewidth)"
         vfmt_short = '$vstr[:25]<...>$vstr[-25:]'
         aformat    = "%s: %s elems, type `%s`, %s bytes"
         # find the size of the columns to format the output nicely
         varwidth = max(max(map(len,varnames)), len(varlabel)) + colsep
         typewidth = max(max(map(len,typelist)), len(typelabel)) + colsep
         # table header
         print varlabel.ljust(varwidth) + typelabel.ljust(typewidth) + \
               ' '+datalabel+'\n' + '-'*(varwidth+typewidth+len(datalabel)+1)
         # and the table itself
         kb = 1024
         Mb = 1048576  # kb**2
         for vname,var,vtype in zip(varnames,varlist,typelist):
             print itpl(vformat),
             if vtype in seq_types:
                 print len(var)
             elif vtype==array_type:
                 vshape = str(var.shape).replace(',','').replace(' ','x')[1:-1]
                 vsize  = Numeric.size(var)
                 vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize()
                 if vbytes < 100000:
                     print aformat % (vshape,vsize,var.typecode(),vbytes)
                 else:
                     print aformat % (vshape,vsize,var.typecode(),vbytes),
                     if vbytes < Mb:
                         print '(%s kb)' % (vbytes/kb,)
                     else:
                         print '(%s Mb)' % (vbytes/Mb,)
             else:
                 vstr = str(var)
                 if len(vstr) < 50:
                     print vstr
                 else:
                     printpl(vfmt_short)
                 
     def magic_reset(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user.
 
         Input/Output history are left around in case you need them."""
 
         ans = raw_input(
           "Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/n)? ")
         if not ans.lower() == 'y':
             print 'Nothing done.'
             return
         user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
         for i in self.magic_who_ls():
             del(user_ns[i])
 
     def magic_config(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Show IPython's internal configuration."""
         
         page('Current configuration structure:\n'+
              pformat(self.shell.rc.dict()))
 
     def magic_logstart(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Start logging anywhere in a session.
 
         %logstart [log_name [log_mode]]
 
         If no name is given, it defaults to a file named 'ipython.log' in your
         current directory, in 'rotate' mode (see below).
 
         '%logstart name' saves to file 'name' in 'backup' mode.  It saves your
         history up to that point and then continues logging.
 
         %logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be one
         of (note that the modes are given unquoted):\\
           over: overwrite existing log.\\
           backup: rename (if exists) to name~ and start name.\\
           append: well, that says it.\\
           rotate: create rotating logs name.1~, name.2~, etc.
         """
 
         #FIXME. This function should all be moved to the Logger class.
         
         valid_modes = qw('over backup append rotate')
         if self.LOG:
             print 'Logging is already in place. Logfile:',self.LOG
             return
 
         par = parameter_s.strip()
         if not par:
             logname = self.LOGDEF
             logmode = 'rotate'  # use rotate for the auto-generated logs
         else:
             try:
                 logname,logmode = par.split()
             except:
                 try:
                     logname = par
                     logmode = 'backup'
                 except:
                     warn('Usage: %log [log_name [log_mode]]')
                     return
         if not logmode in valid_modes:
             warn('Logging NOT activated.\n'
                  'Usage: %log [log_name [log_mode]]\n'
                  'Valid modes: '+str(valid_modes))
             return
 
         # If we made it this far, I think we're ok:
         print 'Activating auto-logging.'
         print 'Current session state plus future input saved to:',logname
         print 'Logging mode: ',logmode
         # put logname into rc struct as if it had been called on the command line,
         # so it ends up saved in the log header
         # Save it in case we need to restore it...
         old_logfile = self.shell.rc.opts.get('logfile','')  
         logname = os.path.expanduser(logname)
         self.shell.rc.opts.logfile = logname
         self.LOGMODE = logmode  # FIXME: this should be set through a function.
         try:
             header = str(self.LOGHEAD)
             self.create_log(header,logname)
             self.logstart(header,logname)
         except:
             self.LOG = ''  # we are NOT logging, something went wrong
             self.shell.rc.opts.logfile = old_logfile
             warn("Couldn't start log: "+str(sys.exc_info()[1]))
         else:  # log input history up to this point
             self.logfile.write(self.shell.user_ns['_ih'][1:])
             self.logfile.flush()
         
     def magic_logoff(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Temporarily stop logging.
 
         You must have previously started logging."""
         self.switch_log(0)
         
     def magic_logon(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Restart logging.
 
         This function is for restarting logging which you've temporarily
         stopped with %logoff. For starting logging for the first time, you
         must use the %logstart function, which allows you to specify an
         optional log filename."""
         
         self.switch_log(1)
     
     def magic_logstate(self,parameter_s=''):
         """Print the status of the logging system."""
 
         self.logstate()
         
     def magic_pdb(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Control the calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
 
         Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
         argument it works as a toggle.
 
         When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
         interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
         this feature on and off."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip().lower()
 
         if par:
             try:
                 pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par]
             except KeyError:
                 print 'Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0 or nothing for a toggle.'
                 return
             else:
                self.shell.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = pdb 
         else:
             self.shell.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = 1 - self.shell.InteractiveTB.call_pdb
         print 'Automatic pdb calling has been turned',\
               on_off(self.shell.InteractiveTB.call_pdb)
 
 
     def magic_prun(self, parameter_s ='',user_mode=1,
                    opts=None,arg_lst=None,prog_ns=None):
 
         """Run a statement through the python code profiler.
 
         Usage:\\
           %prun [options] statement
 
         The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
         python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
         Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
         cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
         namespaces which do not hold under IPython.
 
         Options:
 
         -l <limit>: you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
         profile gets printed. The limit value can be:
 
           * A string: only information for function names containing this string
           is printed.
 
           * An integer: only these many lines are printed.
 
           * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
           (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).
 
         You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
         example, '-l __init__ -l 5' will print only the topmost 5 lines of
         information about class constructors.
 
         -r: return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
         object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
         later use it for further analysis or in other functions.
 
         Since magic functions have a particular form of calling which prevents
         you from writing something like:\\
           In [1]: p = %prun -r print 4  # invalid!\\
         you must instead use IPython's automatic variables to assign this:\\
           In [1]: %prun -r print 4  \\
           Out[1]: <pstats.Stats instance at 0x8222cec>\\
           In [2]: stats = _
 
         If you really need to assign this value via an explicit function call,
         you can always tap directly into the true name of the magic function
         by using the ipmagic function (which IPython automatically adds to the
         builtins):\\
           In [3]: stats = ipmagic('prun','-r print 4')
 
         You can type ipmagic? for more details on ipmagic.
 
        -s <key>: sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
         by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
         default sorting key is 'time'.
 
         The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
         referenced below:
 
         When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
         secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
         before them.
         
         Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
         abbreviation is unambiguous.  The following are the keys currently
         defined:
 
                 Valid Arg       Meaning\\
                   "calls"      call count\\
                   "cumulative" cumulative time\\
                   "file"       file name\\
                   "module"     file name\\
                   "pcalls"     primitive call count\\
                   "line"       line number\\
                   "name"       function name\\
                   "nfl"        name/file/line\\
                   "stdname"    standard name\\
                   "time"       internal time
 
         Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
         most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
         searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
         distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
         sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
         numbers get compared in an odd way.  For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
         would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
         "20" "3" and "40".  In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
         line numbers.  In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
         sort_stats("name", "file", "line").
 
         -T <filename>: save profile results as shown on screen to a text
         file. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         -D <filename>: save (via dump_stats) profile statistics to given
         filename. This data is in a format understod by the pstats module, and
         is generated by a call to the dump_stats() method of profile
         objects. The profile is still shown on screen.
 
         If you want to run complete programs under the profiler's control, use
         '%run -p [prof_opts] filename.py [args to program]' where prof_opts
         contains profiler specific options as described here.
         
         You can read the complete documentation for the profile module with:\\
           In [1]: import profile; profile.help() """
 
         opts_def = Struct(D=[''],l=[],s=['time'],T=[''])
         # protect user quote marks
         parameter_s = parameter_s.replace('"',r'\"').replace("'",r"\'")
         
         if user_mode:  # regular user call
             opts,arg_str = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'D:l:rs:T:',
                                               list_all=1)
             namespace = self.shell.user_ns
         else:  # called to run a program by %run -p
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(arg_lst[0])
             except IOError,msg:
                 error(msg)
                 return
 
             arg_str = 'execfile(filename,prog_ns)'
             namespace = locals()
 
         opts.merge(opts_def)
         
         prof = profile.Profile()
         try:
             prof = prof.runctx(arg_str,namespace,namespace)
             sys_exit = ''
         except SystemExit:
             sys_exit = """*** SystemExit exception caught in code being profiled."""
 
         stats = pstats.Stats(prof).strip_dirs().sort_stats(*opts.s)
 
         lims = opts.l
         if lims:
             lims = []  # rebuild lims with ints/floats/strings
             for lim in opts.l:
                 try:
                     lims.append(int(lim))
                 except ValueError:
                     try:
                         lims.append(float(lim))
                     except ValueError:
                         lims.append(lim)
                     
         # trap output
         sys_stdout = sys.stdout
         stdout_trap = StringIO()
         try:
             sys.stdout = stdout_trap
             stats.print_stats(*lims)
         finally:
             sys.stdout = sys_stdout
         output = stdout_trap.getvalue()
         output = output.rstrip()
 
         page(output,screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length)
         print sys_exit,
 
         dump_file = opts.D[0]
         text_file = opts.T[0]
         if dump_file:
             prof.dump_stats(dump_file)
             print '\n*** Profile stats marshalled to file',\
                   `dump_file`+'.',sys_exit
         if text_file:
             file(text_file,'w').write(output)
             print '\n*** Profile printout saved to text file',\
                   `text_file`+'.',sys_exit
 
         if opts.has_key('r'):
             return stats
         else:
             return None
 
     def magic_run(self, parameter_s ='',runner=None):
         """Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
 
         Usage:\\
           %run [-n -i -t [-N<N>] -d [-b<N>] -p [profile options]] file [args]
 
         Parameters after the filename are passed as command-line arguments to
         the program (put in sys.argv). Then, control returns to IPython's
         prompt.
 
         This is similar to running at a system prompt:\\
           $ python file args\\
         but with the advantage of giving you IPython's tracebacks, and of
         loading all variables into your interactive namespace for further use
         (unless -p is used, see below).
 
         The file is executed in a namespace initially consisting only of
         __name__=='__main__' and sys.argv constructed as indicated. It thus
         sees its environment as if it were being run as a stand-alone
         program. But after execution, the IPython interactive namespace gets
         updated with all variables defined in the program (except for __name__
         and sys.argv). This allows for very convenient loading of code for
         interactive work, while giving each program a 'clean sheet' to run in.
 
         Options:
         
         -n: __name__ is NOT set to '__main__', but to the running file's name
         without extension (as python does under import).  This allows running
         scripts and reloading the definitions in them without calling code
         protected by an ' if __name__ == "__main__" ' clause.
 
         -i: run the file in IPython's namespace instead of an empty one. This
         is useful if you are experimenting with code written in a text editor
         which depends on variables defined interactively.
 
         -e: ignore sys.exit() calls or SystemExit exceptions in the script
         being run.  This is particularly useful if IPython is being used to
         run unittests, which always exit with a sys.exit() call.  In such
         cases you are interested in the output of the test results, not in
         seeing a traceback of the unittest module.
 
         -t: print timing information at the end of the run.  IPython will give
         you an estimated CPU time consumption for your script, which under
         Unix uses the resource module to avoid the wraparound problems of
         time.clock().  Under Unix, an estimate of time spent on system tasks
         is also given (for Windows platforms this is reported as 0.0).
 
         If -t is given, an additional -N<N> option can be given, where <N>
         must be an integer indicating how many times you want the script to
         run.  The final timing report will include total and per run results.
 
         For example (testing the script uniq_stable.py):
 
             In [1]: run -t uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\
               User  :    0.19597 s.\\
               System:        0.0 s.\\
 
             In [2]: run -t -N5 uniq_stable
 
             IPython CPU timings (estimated):\\
             Total runs performed: 5\\
               Times :      Total       Per run\\
               User  :   0.910862 s,  0.1821724 s.\\
               System:        0.0 s,        0.0 s.
 
         -d: run your program under the control of pdb, the Python debugger.
         This allows you to execute your program step by step, watch variables,
         etc.  Internally, what IPython does is similar to calling:
         
           pdb.run('execfile("YOURFILENAME")')
 
         with a breakpoint set on line 1 of your file.  You can change the line
         number for this automatic breakpoint to be <N> by using the -bN option
         (where N must be an integer).  For example:
 
           %run -d -b40 myscript
 
         will set the first breakpoint at line 40 in myscript.py.  Note that
         the first breakpoint must be set on a line which actually does
         something (not a comment or docstring) for it to stop execution.
 
         When the pdb debugger starts, you will see a (Pdb) prompt.  You must
         first enter 'c' (without qoutes) to start execution up to the first
         breakpoint.
 
         Entering 'help' gives information about the use of the debugger.  You
         can easily see pdb's full documentation with "import pdb;pdb.help()"
         at a prompt.
 
         -p: run program under the control of the Python profiler module (which
         prints a detailed report of execution times, function calls, etc).
 
         You can pass other options after -p which affect the behavior of the
         profiler itself. See the docs for %prun for details.
 
         In this mode, the program's variables do NOT propagate back to the
         IPython interactive namespace (because they remain in the namespace
         where the profiler executes them).
 
         Internally this triggers a call to %prun, see its documentation for
         details on the options available specifically for profiling."""
 
         # get arguments and set sys.argv for program to be run.
         opts,arg_lst = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'nidtN:b:pD:l:rs:T:e',
                                           mode='list',list_all=1)
 
         try:
             filename = get_py_filename(arg_lst[0])
         except IndexError:
             warn('you must provide at least a filename.')
             print '\n%run:\n',OInspect.getdoc(self.magic_run)
             return
         except IOError,msg:
             error(msg)
             return
 
         # Control the response to exit() calls made by the script being run
         exit_ignore = opts.has_key('e')
         
         # Make sure that the running script gets a proper sys.argv as if it
         # were run from a system shell.
         save_argv = sys.argv # save it for later restoring
         sys.argv = [filename]+ arg_lst[1:]  # put in the proper filename
 
         if opts.has_key('i'):
             prog_ns = self.shell.user_ns
             __name__save = self.shell.user_ns['__name__']
             prog_ns['__name__'] = '__main__'
         else:
             if opts.has_key('n'):
                 name = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0]
             else:
                 name = '__main__'
             prog_ns = {'__name__':name}
 
         # pickle fix.  See iplib for an explanation
         sys.modules[prog_ns['__name__']] = FakeModule(prog_ns)
         
         stats = None
         try:
             if opts.has_key('p'):
                 stats = self.magic_prun('',0,opts,arg_lst,prog_ns)
             else:
                 if opts.has_key('d'):
                     deb = Debugger.Pdb(self.shell.rc.colors)
                     # reset Breakpoint state, which is moronically kept
                     # in a class
                     bdb.Breakpoint.next = 1
                     bdb.Breakpoint.bplist = {}
                     bdb.Breakpoint.bpbynumber = [None]
                     # Set an initial breakpoint to stop execution
                     maxtries = 10
                     bp = int(opts.get('b',[1])[0])
                     checkline = deb.checkline(filename,bp)
                     if not checkline:
                         for bp in range(bp+1,bp+maxtries+1):
                             if deb.checkline(filename,bp):
                                 break
                         else:
                             msg = ("\nI failed to find a valid line to set "
                                    "a breakpoint\n"
                                    "after trying up to line: %s.\n"
                                    "Please set a valid breakpoint manually "
                                    "with the -b option." % bp)
                             error(msg)
                             return
                     # if we find a good linenumber, set the breakpoint
                     deb.do_break('%s:%s' % (filename,bp))
                     # Start file run
                     print "NOTE: Enter 'c' at the",
                     print "ipdb> prompt to start your script."
                     try:
                         deb.run('execfile("%s")' % filename,prog_ns)
                     except:
                         etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
                         # Skip three frames in the traceback: the %run one,
                         # one inside bdb.py, and the command-line typed by the
                         # user (run by exec in pdb itself).
                         self.shell.InteractiveTB(etype,value,tb,tb_offset=3)
                 else:
                     if runner is None:
                         runner = self.shell.safe_execfile
                     if opts.has_key('t'):
                         try:
                             nruns = int(opts['N'][0])
                             if nruns < 1:
                                 error('Number of runs must be >=1')
                                 return
                         except (KeyError):
                             nruns = 1
                         if nruns == 1:
                             t0 = clock2()
                             runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns,exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
                             t1 = clock2()
                             t_usr = t1[0]-t0[0]
                             t_sys = t1[1]-t1[1]
                             print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):"
                             print "  User  : %10s s." % t_usr
                             print "  System: %10s s." % t_sys
                         else:
                             runs = range(nruns)
                             t0 = clock2()
                             for nr in runs:
                                 runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns,exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
                             t1 = clock2()
                             t_usr = t1[0]-t0[0]
                             t_sys = t1[1]-t1[1]
                             print "\nIPython CPU timings (estimated):"
                             print "Total runs performed:",nruns
                             print "  Times : %10s    %10s" % ('Total','Per run')
                             print "  User  : %10s s, %10s s." % (t_usr,t_usr/nruns)
                             print "  System: %10s s, %10s s." % (t_sys,t_sys/nruns)
                             
                     else:
                         runner(filename,prog_ns,prog_ns,exit_ignore=exit_ignore)
                 if opts.has_key('i'):
                     self.shell.user_ns['__name__'] = __name__save
                 else:
                     # update IPython interactive namespace
                     del prog_ns['__name__']
                     self.shell.user_ns.update(prog_ns)
         finally:
             sys.argv = save_argv
         return stats
 
     def magic_runlog(self, parameter_s =''):
         """Run files as logs.
 
         Usage:\\
           %runlog file1 file2 ...
 
         Run the named files (treating them as log files) in sequence inside
         the interpreter, and return to the prompt.  This is much slower than
         %run because each line is executed in a try/except block, but it
         allows running files with syntax errors in them.
 
         Normally IPython will guess when a file is one of its own logfiles, so
         you can typically use %run even for logs. This shorthand allows you to
         force any file to be treated as a log file."""
 
         for f in parameter_s.split():
             self.shell.safe_execfile(f,self.shell.user_ns,
                                      self.shell.user_ns,islog=1)
 
     def magic_time(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
 
         The CPU and wall clock times are printed, and the value of the
         expression (if any) is returned.  Note that under Win32, system time
         is always reported as 0, since it can not be measured.
 
         This function provides very basic timing functionality.  In Python
         2.3, the timeit module offers more control and sophistication, but for
         now IPython supports Python 2.2, so we can not rely on timeit being
         present.
         
         Some examples:
 
           In [1]: time 2**128
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
           Out[1]: 340282366920938463463374607431768211456L
 
           In [2]: n = 1000000
 
           In [3]: time sum(range(n))
           CPU times: user 1.20 s, sys: 0.05 s, total: 1.25 s
           Wall time: 1.37
           Out[3]: 499999500000L
 
           In [4]: time print 'hello world'
           hello world
           CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
           Wall time: 0.00
           """
         
         # fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled
         try:
             mode = 'eval'
             code = compile(parameter_s,'<timed eval>',mode)
         except SyntaxError:
             mode = 'exec'
             code = compile(parameter_s,'<timed exec>',mode)
         # skew measurement as little as possible
         glob = self.shell.user_ns
         clk = clock2
         wtime = time.time
         # time execution
         wall_st = wtime()
         if mode=='eval':
             st = clk()
             out = eval(code,glob)
             end = clk()
         else:
             st = clk()
             exec code in glob
             end = clk()
             out = None
         wall_end = wtime()
         # Compute actual times and report
         wall_time = wall_end-wall_st
         cpu_user = end[0]-st[0]
         cpu_sys = end[1]-st[1]
         cpu_tot = cpu_user+cpu_sys
         print "CPU times: user %.2f s, sys: %.2f s, total: %.2f s" % \
               (cpu_user,cpu_sys,cpu_tot)
         print "Wall time: %.2f" % wall_time
         return out
 
     def magic_macro(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Define a set of input lines as a macro for future re-execution.
 
         Usage:\\
           %macro name n1:n2 n3:n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         This will define a global variable called `name` which is a string
         made of joining the slices and lines you specify (n1,n2,... numbers
         above) from your input history into a single string. This variable
         acts like an automatic function which re-executes those lines as if
         you had typed them. You just type 'name' at the prompt and the code
         executes.
 
         Note that the slices use the standard Python slicing notation (5:8
         means include lines numbered 5,6,7).
 
         For example, if your history contains (%hist prints it):
         
           44: x=1\\
           45: y=3\\
           46: z=x+y\\
           47: print x\\
           48: a=5\\
           49: print 'x',x,'y',y\\
 
         you can create a macro with lines 44 through 47 (included) and line 49
         called my_macro with:
 
           In [51]: %macro my_macro 44:48 49
 
         Now, typing `my_macro` (without quotes) will re-execute all this code
         in one pass.
 
         You don't need to give the line-numbers in order, and any given line
         number can appear multiple times. You can assemble macros with any
         lines from your input history in any order.
 
         The macro is a simple object which holds its value in an attribute,
         but IPython's display system checks for macros and executes them as
         code instead of printing them when you type their name.
 
         You can view a macro's contents by explicitly printing it with:
         
           'print macro_name'.
 
         For one-off cases which DON'T contain magic function calls in them you
         can obtain similar results by explicitly executing slices from your
         input history with:
 
           In [60]: exec In[44:48]+In[49]"""
 
         args = parameter_s.split()
         name,ranges = args[0], args[1:]
         #print 'rng',ranges  # dbg
         cmds = self.extract_input_slices(ranges)
         macro = Macro(cmds)
         self.shell.user_ns.update({name:macro})
         print 'Macro `%s` created. To execute, type its name (without quotes).' % name
         print 'Macro contents:'
         print str(macro).rstrip(),
 
     def magic_save(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Save a set of lines to a given filename.
 
         Usage:\\
           %save filename n1:n2 n3:n4 ... n5 .. n6 ...
 
         This function uses the same syntax as %macro for line extraction, but
         instead of creating a macro it saves the resulting string to the
         filename you specify.
 
         It adds a '.py' extension to the file if you don't do so yourself, and
         it asks for confirmation before overwriting existing files."""
 
         args = parameter_s.split()
         fname,ranges = args[0], args[1:]
         if not fname.endswith('.py'):
             fname += '.py'
         if os.path.isfile(fname):
             ans = raw_input('File `%s` exists. Overwrite (y/[N])? ' % fname)
             if ans.lower() not in ['y','yes']:
                 print 'Operation cancelled.'
                 return
         cmds = ''.join(self.extract_input_slices(ranges))
         f = file(fname,'w')
         f.write(cmds)
         f.close()
         print 'The following commands were written to file `%s`:' % fname
         print cmds
 
     def magic_ed(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Alias to %edit."""
         return self.magic_edit(parameter_s)
 
     def magic_edit(self,parameter_s = '',last_call=['','']):
         """Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
 
         Usage:
           %edit [options] [args]
 
         %edit runs IPython's editor hook.  The default version of this hook is
         set to call the __IPYTHON__.rc.editor command.  This is read from your
         environment variable $EDITOR.  If this isn't found, it will default to
         vi under Linux/Unix and to notepad under Windows.  See the end of this
         docstring for how to change the editor hook.
 
         You can also set the value of this editor via the command line option
         '-editor' or in your ipythonrc file. This is useful if you wish to use
         specifically for IPython an editor different from your typical default
         (and for Windows users who typically don't set environment variables).
 
         This command allows you to conveniently edit multi-line code right in
         your IPython session.
         
         If called without arguments, %edit opens up an empty editor with a
         temporary file and will execute the contents of this file when you
         close it (don't forget to save it!).
 
         Options:
 
         -p: this will call the editor with the same data as the previous time
         it was used, regardless of how long ago (in your current session) it
         was.
 
         -x: do not execute the edited code immediately upon exit. This is
         mainly useful if you are editing programs which need to be called with
         command line arguments, which you can then do using %run.
 
         Arguments:
 
         If arguments are given, the following possibilites exist:
 
         - The arguments are numbers or pairs of colon-separated numbers (like
         1 4:8 9). These are interpreted as lines of previous input to be
         loaded into the editor. The syntax is the same of the %macro command.
 
         - If the argument doesn't start with a number, it is evaluated as a
         variable and its contents loaded into the editor. You can thus edit
         any string which contains python code (including the result of
         previous edits).
 
         - If the argument is the name of an object (other than a string),
         IPython will try to locate the file where it was defined and open the
         editor at the point where it is defined. You can use `%edit function`
         to load an editor exactly at the point where 'function' is defined,
         edit it and have the file be executed automatically.
 
         Note: opening at an exact line is only supported under Unix, and some
         editors (like kedit and gedit up to Gnome 2.8) do not understand the
         '+NUMBER' parameter necessary for this feature. Good editors like
         (X)Emacs, vi, jed, pico and joe all do.
 
         - If the argument is not found as a variable, IPython will look for a
         file with that name (adding .py if necessary) and load it into the
         editor. It will execute its contents with execfile() when you exit,
         loading any code in the file into your interactive namespace.
 
         After executing your code, %edit will return as output the code you
         typed in the editor (except when it was an existing file). This way
         you can reload the code in further invocations of %edit as a variable,
         via _<NUMBER> or Out[<NUMBER>], where <NUMBER> is the prompt number of
         the output.
 
         Note that %edit is also available through the alias %ed.
 
         This is an example of creating a simple function inside the editor and
         then modifying it. First, start up the editor:
 
         In [1]: ed\\
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...\\
         Out[1]: 'def foo():\\n    print "foo() was defined in an editing session"\\n'
 
         We can then call the function foo():
         
         In [2]: foo()\\
         foo() was defined in an editing session
 
         Now we edit foo.  IPython automatically loads the editor with the
         (temporary) file where foo() was previously defined:
         
         In [3]: ed foo\\
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...
 
         And if we call foo() again we get the modified version:
         
         In [4]: foo()\\
         foo() has now been changed!
 
         Here is an example of how to edit a code snippet successive
         times. First we call the editor:
 
         In [8]: ed\\
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...\\
         hello\\
         Out[8]: "print 'hello'\\n"
 
         Now we call it again with the previous output (stored in _):
 
         In [9]: ed _\\
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...\\
         hello world\\
         Out[9]: "print 'hello world'\\n"
 
         Now we call it with the output #8 (stored in _8, also as Out[8]):
 
         In [10]: ed _8\\
         Editing... done. Executing edited code...\\
         hello again\\
         Out[10]: "print 'hello again'\\n"
 
 
         Changing the default editor hook:
 
         If you wish to write your own editor hook, you can put it in a
         configuration file which you load at startup time.  The default hook
         is defined in the IPython.hooks module, and you can use that as a
         starting example for further modifications.  That file also has
         general instructions on how to set a new hook for use once you've
         defined it."""
         
         # FIXME: This function has become a convoluted mess.  It needs a
         # ground-up rewrite with clean, simple logic.
 
         def make_filename(arg):
             "Make a filename from the given args"
             try:
                 filename = get_py_filename(arg)
             except IOError:
                 if args.endswith('.py'):
                     filename = arg
                 else:
                     filename = None
             return filename
 
         # custom exceptions
         class DataIsObject(Exception): pass
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'px')
 
         # Default line number value
         lineno = None
         if opts.has_key('p'):
             args = '_%s' % last_call[0]
             if not self.shell.user_ns.has_key(args):
                 args = last_call[1]
             
         # use last_call to remember the state of the previous call, but don't
         # let it be clobbered by successive '-p' calls.
         try:
             last_call[0] = self.shell.outputcache.prompt_count
             if not opts.has_key('p'):
                 last_call[1] = parameter_s
         except:
             pass
 
         # by default this is done with temp files, except when the given
         # arg is a filename
         use_temp = 1
 
         if re.match(r'\d',args):
             # Mode where user specifies ranges of lines, like in %macro.
             # This means that you can't edit files whose names begin with
             # numbers this way. Tough.
             ranges = args.split()
             data = ''.join(self.extract_input_slices(ranges))
         elif args.endswith('.py'):
             filename = make_filename(args)
             data = ''
             use_temp = 0
         elif args:
             try:
                 # Load the parameter given as a variable. If not a string,
                 # process it as an object instead (below)
 
                 #print '*** args',args,'type',type(args)  # dbg
                 data = eval(args,self.shell.user_ns)
                 if not type(data) in StringTypes:
                     raise DataIsObject
             except (NameError,SyntaxError):
                 # given argument is not a variable, try as a filename
                 filename = make_filename(args)
                 if filename is None:
                     warn("Argument given (%s) can't be found as a variable "
                          "or as a filename." % args)
                     return
                 data = ''
                 use_temp = 0
             except DataIsObject:
                 # For objects, try to edit the file where they are defined
                 try:
                     filename = inspect.getabsfile(data)
                     datafile = 1
                 except TypeError:
                     filename = make_filename(args)
                     datafile = 1
                     warn('Could not find file where `%s` is defined.\n'
                          'Opening a file named `%s`' % (args,filename))
                 # Now, make sure we can actually read the source (if it was in
                 # a temp file it's gone by now).
                 if datafile:
                     try:
                         lineno = inspect.getsourcelines(data)[1]
                     except IOError:
                         filename = make_filename(args)
                         if filename is None:
                             warn('The file `%s` where `%s` was defined cannot '
                                  'be read.' % (filename,data))
                             return
                 use_temp = 0
         else:
             data = ''
 
         if use_temp:
             filename = tempfile.mktemp('.py')
             self.shell.tempfiles.append(filename)
         
         if data and use_temp:
             tmp_file = open(filename,'w')
             tmp_file.write(data)
             tmp_file.close()
 
         # do actual editing here
         print 'Editing...',
         sys.stdout.flush()
         self.shell.hooks.editor(filename,lineno)
         if opts.has_key('x'):  # -x prevents actual execution
             print
         else:
             print 'done. Executing edited code...'
             try:
                 execfile(filename,self.shell.user_ns)
             except IOError,msg:
                 if msg.filename == filename:
                     warn('File not found. Did you forget to save?')
                     return
                 else:
                     self.shell.showtraceback()
             except:
                 self.shell.showtraceback()
         if use_temp:
             contents = open(filename).read()
             return contents
 
     def magic_xmode(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Switch modes for the exception handlers.
 
         Valid modes: Plain, Context and Verbose.
 
         If called without arguments, acts as a toggle."""
 
         new_mode = parameter_s.strip().capitalize()
         try:
             self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode = new_mode)
             print 'Exception reporting mode:',self.InteractiveTB.mode
         except:
             warn('Error changing exception modes.\n' + str(sys.exc_info()[1]))
             
     def magic_colors(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
 
         Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
 
         Color scheme names are not case-sensitive."""
         
         new_scheme = parameter_s.strip()
         if not new_scheme:
             print 'You must specify a color scheme.'
             return
         # Under Windows, check for Gary Bishop's readline, which is necessary
         # for ANSI coloring
         if os.name in ['nt','dos']:
             try:
                 import readline
             except ImportError:
                 has_readline = 0
             else:
                 try:
                     readline.GetOutputFile()
                 except AttributeError:
                     has_readline = 0
                 else:
                     has_readline = 1
             if not has_readline:
                 msg = """\
 Proper color support under MS Windows requires Gary Bishop's readline library.
 You can find it at:
 http://sourceforge.net/projects/uncpythontools
 Gary's readline needs the ctypes module, from:
 http://starship.python.net/crew/theller/ctypes
 
 Defaulting color scheme to 'NoColor'"""
                 new_scheme = 'NoColor'
                 warn(msg)
         
         # Set prompt colors
         try:
             self.shell.outputcache.set_colors(new_scheme)
         except:
             warn('Error changing prompt color schemes.\n'
                  + str(sys.exc_info()[1]))
         else:
             self.shell.rc.colors = \
                        self.shell.outputcache.color_table.active_scheme_name
         # Set exception colors
         try:
             self.shell.InteractiveTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
             self.shell.SyntaxTB.set_colors(scheme = new_scheme)
         except:
             warn('Error changing exception color schemes.\n'
                  + str(sys.exc_info()[1]))
         # Set info (for 'object?') colors
         if self.shell.rc.color_info:
             try:
                 self.shell.inspector.set_active_scheme(new_scheme)
             except:
                 warn('Error changing object inspector color schemes.\n'
                      + str(sys.exc_info()[1]))
         else:
             self.shell.inspector.set_active_scheme('NoColor')
                 
     def magic_color_info(self,parameter_s = ''):
         """Toggle color_info.
 
         The color_info configuration parameter controls whether colors are
         used for displaying object details (by things like %psource, %pfile or
         the '?' system). This function toggles this value with each call.
 
         Note that unless you have a fairly recent pager (less works better
         than more) in your system, using colored object information displays
         will not work properly. Test it and see."""
         
         self.shell.rc.color_info = 1 - self.shell.rc.color_info
         self.magic_colors(self.shell.rc.colors)
         print 'Object introspection functions have now coloring:',
         print ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.color_info]
 
     def magic_Pprint(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Toggle pretty printing on/off."""
         
         self.shell.outputcache.Pprint = 1 - self.shell.outputcache.Pprint
         print 'Pretty printing has been turned', \
               ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.outputcache.Pprint]
         
     def magic_Exit(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Exit IPython without confirmation."""
 
         self.shell.exit_now = True
 
     def magic_Quit(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Exit IPython without confirmation (like %Exit)."""
 
         self.shell.exit_now = True
         
     #......................................................................
     # Functions to implement unix shell-type things
     
     def magic_alias(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Define an alias for a system command.
 
         '%alias alias_name cmd' defines 'alias_name' as an alias for 'cmd'
 
         Then, typing 'alias_name params' will execute the system command 'cmd
         params' (from your underlying operating system).
 
         Aliases have lower precedence than magic functions and Python normal
         variables, so if 'foo' is both a Python variable and an alias, the
         alias can not be executed until 'del foo' removes the Python variable.
 
         You can use the %l specifier in an alias definition to represent the
         whole line when the alias is called.  For example:
 
           In [2]: alias all echo "Input in brackets: <%l>"\\
           In [3]: all hello world\\
           Input in brackets: <hello world>
 
         You can also define aliases with parameters using %s specifiers (one
         per parameter):
         
           In [1]: alias parts echo first %s second %s\\
           In [2]: %parts A B\\
           first A second B\\
           In [3]: %parts A\\
           Incorrect number of arguments: 2 expected.\\
           parts is an alias to: 'echo first %s second %s'
 
         Note that %l and %s are mutually exclusive.  You can only use one or
         the other in your aliases.
 
         Aliases expand Python variables just like system calls using ! or !! 
         do: all expressions prefixed with '$' get expanded.  For details of
         the semantic rules, see PEP-215:
         http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0215.html.  This is the library used by
         IPython for variable expansion.  If you want to access a true shell
         variable, an extra $ is necessary to prevent its expansion by IPython:
 
         In [6]: alias show echo\\
         In [7]: PATH='A Python string'\\
         In [8]: show $PATH\\
         A Python string\\
         In [9]: show $$PATH\\
         /usr/local/lf9560/bin:/usr/local/intel/compiler70/ia32/bin:...
 
         You can use the alias facility to acess all of $PATH.  See the %rehash
         and %rehashx functions, which automatically create aliases for the
         contents of your $PATH.
 
         If called with no parameters, %alias prints the current alias table."""
 
         par = parameter_s.strip()
         if not par:
             if self.shell.rc.automagic:
                 prechar = ''
             else:
                 prechar = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
             print 'Alias\t\tSystem Command\n'+'-'*30
             atab = self.shell.alias_table
             aliases = atab.keys()
             aliases.sort()
             for alias in aliases:
                 print prechar+alias+'\t\t'+atab[alias][1]
             print '-'*30+'\nTotal number of aliases:',len(aliases)
             return
         try:
             alias,cmd = par.split(None,1)
         except:
             print OInspect.getdoc(self.magic_alias)
         else:
             nargs = cmd.count('%s')
             if nargs>0 and cmd.find('%l')>=0:
                 error('The %s and %l specifiers are mutually exclusive '
                       'in alias definitions.')
             else:  # all looks OK
                 self.shell.alias_table[alias] = (nargs,cmd)
                 self.shell.alias_table_validate(verbose=1)
     # end magic_alias
 
     def magic_unalias(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Remove an alias"""
 
         aname = parameter_s.strip()
         if aname in self.shell.alias_table:
             del self.shell.alias_table[aname]
             
     def magic_rehash(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Update the alias table with all entries in $PATH.
 
         This version does no checks on execute permissions or whether the
         contents of $PATH are truly files (instead of directories or something
         else).  For such a safer (but slower) version, use %rehashx."""
 
         # This function (and rehashx) manipulate the alias_table directly
         # rather than calling magic_alias, for speed reasons.  A rehash on a
         # typical Linux box involves several thousand entries, so efficiency
         # here is a top concern.
         
         path = filter(os.path.isdir,os.environ['PATH'].split(os.pathsep))
         alias_table = self.shell.alias_table
         for pdir in path:
             for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                 # each entry in the alias table must be (N,name), where
                 # N is the number of positional arguments of the alias.
                 alias_table[ff] = (0,ff)
         # Make sure the alias table doesn't contain keywords or builtins
         self.shell.alias_table_validate()
         # Call again init_auto_alias() so we get 'rm -i' and other modified
         # aliases since %rehash will probably clobber them
         self.shell.init_auto_alias()
 
     def magic_rehashx(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
 
         This version explicitly checks that every entry in $PATH is a file
         with execute access (os.X_OK), so it is much slower than %rehash.
 
         Under Windows, it checks executability as a match agains a
         '|'-separated string of extensions, stored in the IPython config
         variable win_exec_ext.  This defaults to 'exe|com|bat'. """
         
         path = filter(os.path.isdir,os.environ['PATH'].split(os.pathsep))
         alias_table = self.shell.alias_table
 
         if os.name == 'posix':
             isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and \
                      os.access(fname,os.X_OK)
         else:
 
             try:
                 winext = os.environ['pathext'].replace(';','|').replace('.','')
             except KeyError:
                 winext = 'exe|com|bat'
     
             execre = re.compile(r'(.*)\.(%s)$' % winext,re.IGNORECASE)
             isexec = lambda fname:os.path.isfile(fname) and execre.match(fname)
         savedir = os.getcwd()
         try:
             # write the whole loop for posix/Windows so we don't have an if in
             # the innermost part
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 for pdir in path:
                     os.chdir(pdir)
                     for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                         if isexec(ff):
                             # each entry in the alias table must be (N,name),
                             # where N is the number of positional arguments of the
                             # alias.
                             alias_table[ff] = (0,ff)
             else:
                 for pdir in path:
                     os.chdir(pdir)
                     for ff in os.listdir(pdir):
                         if isexec(ff):
                             alias_table[execre.sub(r'\1',ff)] = (0,ff)
             # Make sure the alias table doesn't contain keywords or builtins
             self.shell.alias_table_validate()
             # Call again init_auto_alias() so we get 'rm -i' and other
             # modified aliases since %rehashx will probably clobber them
             self.shell.init_auto_alias()
         finally:
             os.chdir(savedir)
         
     def magic_pwd(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Return the current working directory path."""
         return os.getcwd()
 
     def magic_cd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change the current working directory.
 
         This command automatically maintains an internal list of directories
         you visit during your IPython session, in the variable _dh. The
         command %dhist shows this history nicely formatted.
 
         Usage:
 
           cd 'dir': changes to directory 'dir'.
 
           cd -: changes to the last visited directory.
 
           cd -<n>: changes to the n-th directory in the directory history.
 
           cd -b <bookmark_name>: jump to a bookmark set by %bookmark
              (note: cd <bookmark_name> is enough if there is no
               directory <bookmark_name>, but a bookmark with the name exists.)
 
         Options:
 
         -q: quiet.  Do not print the working directory after the cd command is
         executed.  By default IPython's cd command does print this directory,
         since the default prompts do not display path information.
         
         Note that !cd doesn't work for this purpose because the shell where
         !command runs is immediately discarded after executing 'command'."""
 
         parameter_s = parameter_s.strip()
         bkms = self.shell.persist.get("bookmarks",{})
 
         numcd = re.match(r'(-)(\d+)$',parameter_s)
         # jump in directory history by number
         if numcd:
             nn = int(numcd.group(2))
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][nn]
             except IndexError:
                 print 'The requested directory does not exist in history.'
                 return
             else:
                 opts = {}
         else:
             opts,ps = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'qb',mode='string')
         # jump to previous
         if ps == '-':
             try:
                 ps = self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-2]
             except IndexError:
                 print 'No previous directory to change to.'
                 return
         # jump to bookmark
         elif opts.has_key('b') or (bkms.has_key(ps) and not os.path.isdir(ps)):
             if bkms.has_key(ps):
                 target = bkms[ps]
                 print '(bookmark:%s) -> %s' % (ps,target)
                 ps = target
             else:
                 if bkms:
                     error("Bookmark '%s' not found.  "
                           "Use '%bookmark -l' to see your bookmarks." % ps)
                 else:
                     print "Bookmarks not set - use %bookmark <bookmarkname>"
                 return
             
         # at this point ps should point to the target dir
         if ps:
             try:
                 os.chdir(os.path.expanduser(ps))
             except OSError:
                 print sys.exc_info()[1]
             else:
                 self.shell.user_ns['_dh'].append(os.getcwd())
         else:
             os.chdir(self.home_dir)
             self.shell.user_ns['_dh'].append(os.getcwd())
         if not 'q' in opts:
             print self.shell.user_ns['_dh'][-1]
 
     def magic_dhist(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Print your history of visited directories.
 
         %dhist       -> print full history\\
         %dhist n     -> print last n entries only\\
         %dhist n1 n2 -> print entries between n1 and n2 (n1 not included)\\
 
         This history is automatically maintained by the %cd command, and
         always available as the global list variable _dh. You can use %cd -<n>
         to go to directory number <n>."""
 
         dh = self.shell.user_ns['_dh']
         if parameter_s:
             try:
                 args = map(int,parameter_s.split())
             except:
                 self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist)
                 return
             if len(args) == 1:
                 ini,fin = max(len(dh)-(args[0]),0),len(dh)
             elif len(args) == 2:
                 ini,fin = args
             else:
                 self.arg_err(Magic.magic_dhist)
                 return
         else:
             ini,fin = 0,len(dh)
         nlprint(dh,
                 header = 'Directory history (kept in _dh)',
                 start=ini,stop=fin)
 
     def magic_env(self, parameter_s=''):
         """List environment variables."""
         
         # environ is an instance of UserDict
         return os.environ.data
 
     def magic_pushd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
         
         Usage:\\
           %pushd ['dirname']
 
         %pushd with no arguments does a %pushd to your home directory.
         """
         if parameter_s == '': parameter_s = '~'
         if len(self.dir_stack)>0 and os.path.expanduser(parameter_s) != \
            os.path.expanduser(self.dir_stack[0]):
             try:
                 self.magic_cd(parameter_s)
                 self.dir_stack.insert(0,os.getcwd().replace(self.home_dir,'~'))
                 self.magic_dirs()
             except:
                 print 'Invalid directory'
         else:
             print 'You are already there!'
 
     def magic_popd(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
         """
         if len (self.dir_stack) > 1:
             self.dir_stack.pop(0)
             self.magic_cd(self.dir_stack[0])
             print self.dir_stack[0]
         else:
             print "You can't remove the starting directory from the stack:",\
                   self.dir_stack
 
     def magic_dirs(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Return the current directory stack."""
 
         return self.dir_stack[:]
 
     def magic_sc(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Shell capture - execute a shell command and capture its output.
 
         %sc [options] varname=command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         will then update the user's interactive namespace with a variable
         called varname, containing the value of the call.  Your command can
         contain shell wildcards, pipes, etc.
 
         The '=' sign in the syntax is mandatory, and the variable name you
         supply must follow Python's standard conventions for valid names.
 
         Options:
 
           -l: list output.  Split the output on newlines into a list before
           assigning it to the given variable.  By default the output is stored
           as a single string.
 
           -v: verbose.  Print the contents of the variable.
 
         In most cases you should not need to split as a list, because the
         returned value is a special type of string which can automatically
         provide its contents either as a list (split on newlines) or as a
         space-separated string.  These are convenient, respectively, either
         for sequential processing or to be passed to a shell command.
 
         For example:
 
             # Capture into variable a
             In [9]: sc a=ls *py
 
             # a is a string with embedded newlines
             In [10]: a
             Out[10]: 'setup.py\nwin32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # which can be seen as a list:
             In [11]: a.l
             Out[11]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             # or as a whitespace-separated string:
             In [12]: a.s
             Out[12]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
             # a.s is useful to pass as a single command line:
             In [13]: !wc -l $a.s
               146 setup.py
               130 win32_manual_post_install.py
               276 total
 
             # while the list form is useful to loop over:
             In [14]: for f in a.l:
                ....:      !wc -l $f
                ....:
             146 setup.py
             130 win32_manual_post_install.py
 
         Similiarly, the lists returned by the -l option are also special, in
         the sense that you can equally invoke the .s attribute on them to
         automatically get a whitespace-separated string from their contents:
 
             In [1]: sc -l b=ls *py
 
             In [2]: b
             Out[2]: ['setup.py', 'win32_manual_post_install.py']
 
             In [3]: b.s
             Out[3]: 'setup.py win32_manual_post_install.py'
 
         In summary, both the lists and strings used for ouptut capture have
         the following special attributes:
 
             .l (or .list) : value as list.
             .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
             .s (or .spstr): value as space-separated string.
         """
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'lv')
         # Try to get a variable name and command to run
         try:
             # the variable name must be obtained from the parse_options
             # output, which uses shlex.split to strip options out.
             var,_ = args.split('=',1)
             var = var.strip()
             # But the the command has to be extracted from the original input
             # parameter_s, not on what parse_options returns, to avoid the
             # quote stripping which shlex.split performs on it.
             _,cmd = parameter_s.split('=',1)
         except ValueError:
             var,cmd = '',''
         if not var:
             error('you must specify a variable to assign the command to.')
             return
         # If all looks ok, proceed
         out,err = self.shell.getoutputerror(cmd)
         if err:
             print >> Term.cerr,err
         if opts.has_key('l'):
             out = SList(out.split('\n'))
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         if opts.has_key('v'):
             print '%s ==\n%s' % (var,pformat(out))
         self.shell.user_ns.update({var:out})
 
     def magic_sx(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Shell execute - run a shell command and capture its output.
 
         %sx command
 
         IPython will run the given command using commands.getoutput(), and
         return the result formatted as a list (split on '\\n').  Since the
         output is _returned_, it will be stored in ipython's regular output
         cache Out[N] and in the '_N' automatic variables.
 
         Notes:
 
         1) If an input line begins with '!!', then %sx is automatically
         invoked.  That is, while:
           !ls
         causes ipython to simply issue system('ls'), typing
           !!ls
         is a shorthand equivalent to:
           %sx ls
         
         2) %sx differs from %sc in that %sx automatically splits into a list,
         like '%sc -l'.  The reason for this is to make it as easy as possible
         to process line-oriented shell output via further python commands.
         %sc is meant to provide much finer control, but requires more
         typing.
 
         3) Just like %sc -l, this is a list with special attributes:
 
           .l (or .list) : value as list.
           .n (or .nlstr): value as newline-separated string.
           .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
 
         This is very useful when trying to use such lists as arguments to
         system commands."""
 
         if parameter_s:
             out,err = self.shell.getoutputerror(parameter_s)
             if err:
                 print >> Term.cerr,err
             return SList(out.split('\n'))
 
     def magic_bg(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Run a job in the background, in a separate thread.
 
         For example,
 
           %bg myfunc(x,y,z=1)
 
         will execute 'myfunc(x,y,z=1)' in a background thread.  As soon as the
         execution starts, a message will be printed indicating the job
         number.  If your job number is 5, you can use
 
           myvar = jobs.result(5)  or  myvar = jobs[5].result
 
         to assign this result to variable 'myvar'.
 
         IPython has a job manager, accessible via the 'jobs' object.  You can
         type jobs? to get more information about it, and use jobs.<TAB> to see
         its attributes.  All attributes not starting with an underscore are
         meant for public use.
 
         In particular, look at the jobs.new() method, which is used to create
         new jobs.  This magic %bg function is just a convenience wrapper
         around jobs.new(), for expression-based jobs.  If you want to create a
         new job with an explicit function object and arguments, you must call
         jobs.new() directly.
 
         The jobs.new docstring also describes in detail several important
         caveats associated with a thread-based model for background job
         execution.  Type jobs.new? for details.
 
         You can check the status of all jobs with jobs.status().
 
         The jobs variable is set by IPython into the Python builtin namespace.
         If you ever declare a variable named 'jobs', you will shadow this
         name.  You can either delete your global jobs variable to regain
         access to the job manager, or make a new name and assign it manually
         to the manager (stored in IPython's namespace).  For example, to
         assign the job manager to the Jobs name, use:
 
           Jobs = __builtins__.jobs"""
         
         self.shell.jobs.new(parameter_s,self.shell.user_ns)
         
     def magic_bookmark(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Manage IPython's bookmark system.
 
         %bookmark <name>       - set bookmark to current dir
         %bookmark <name> <dir> - set bookmark to <dir>
         %bookmark -l           - list all bookmarks
         %bookmark -d <name>    - remove bookmark
         %bookmark -r           - remove all bookmarks
 
         You can later on access a bookmarked folder with:
           %cd -b <name>
         or simply '%cd <name>' if there is no directory called <name> AND
         there is such a bookmark defined.
 
         Your bookmarks persist through IPython sessions, but they are
         associated with each profile."""
 
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'drl',mode='list')
         if len(args) > 2:
             error('You can only give at most two arguments')
             return
 
         bkms = self.shell.persist.get('bookmarks',{})
             
         if opts.has_key('d'):
             try:
                 todel = args[0]
             except IndexError:
                 error('You must provide a bookmark to delete')
             else:
                 try:
                     del bkms[todel]
                 except:
                     error("Can't delete bookmark '%s'" % todel)
         elif opts.has_key('r'):
             bkms = {}
         elif opts.has_key('l'):
             bks = bkms.keys()
             bks.sort()
             if bks:
                 size = max(map(len,bks))
             else:
                 size = 0
             fmt = '%-'+str(size)+'s -> %s'
             print 'Current bookmarks:'
             for bk in bks:
                 print fmt % (bk,bkms[bk])
         else:
             if not args:
                 error("You must specify the bookmark name")
             elif len(args)==1:
                 bkms[args[0]] = os.getcwd()
             elif len(args)==2:
                 bkms[args[0]] = args[1]
         self.persist['bookmarks'] = bkms
 
     def magic_pycat(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
 
         This magic is similar to the cat utility, but it will assume the file
         to be Python source and will show it with syntax highlighting. """
         
         filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
         page(self.shell.colorize(file_read(filename)),
              screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length)
 
 # end Magic

IPython/OInspect.py

@@ -1,455 +1,459
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Tools for inspecting Python objects.
 
 Uses syntax highlighting for presenting the various information elements.
 
 Similar in spirit to the inspect module, but all calls take a name argument to
 reference the name under which an object is being read.
 
-$Id: OInspect.py 923 2005-11-15 08:51:15Z fperez $
+$Id: OInspect.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 
 __all__ = ['Inspector','InspectColors']
 
 # stdlib modules
 import __builtin__
-import inspect,linecache,types,StringIO,string
+import inspect
+import linecache
+import string
+import StringIO
+import types
 
 # IPython's own
 from IPython import PyColorize
+from IPython.genutils import page,indent,Term,mkdict
 from IPython.Itpl import itpl
 from IPython.wildcard import list_namespace
-from IPython.genutils import page,indent,Term,mkdict
 from IPython.ColorANSI import *
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Builtin color schemes
 
 Colors = TermColors  # just a shorthand
 
 # Build a few color schemes
 NoColor = ColorScheme(
     'NoColor',{
     'header' : Colors.NoColor,
     'normal' : Colors.NoColor  # color off (usu. Colors.Normal)
     }  )
 
 LinuxColors = ColorScheme(
     'Linux',{
     'header' : Colors.LightRed,
     'normal' : Colors.Normal  # color off (usu. Colors.Normal)
     } )
 
 LightBGColors = ColorScheme(
     'LightBG',{
     'header' : Colors.Red,
     'normal' : Colors.Normal  # color off (usu. Colors.Normal)
     }  )
 
 # Build table of color schemes (needed by the parser)
 InspectColors = ColorSchemeTable([NoColor,LinuxColors,LightBGColors],
                                  'Linux')
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Auxiliary functions
 def getdoc(obj):
     """Stable wrapper around inspect.getdoc.
 
     This can't crash because of attribute problems.
 
     It also attempts to call a getdoc() method on the given object.  This
     allows objects which provide their docstrings via non-standard mechanisms
     (like Pyro proxies) to still be inspected by ipython's ? system."""
 
     ds = None  # default return value
     try:
         ds = inspect.getdoc(obj)
     except:
         # Harden against an inspect failure, which can occur with
         # SWIG-wrapped extensions.
         pass
     # Allow objects to offer customized documentation via a getdoc method:
     try:
         ds2 = obj.getdoc()
     except:
         pass
     else:
         # if we get extra info, we add it to the normal docstring.
         if ds is None:
             ds = ds2
         else:
             ds = '%s\n%s' % (ds,ds2)
     return ds
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Class definitions
 
 class myStringIO(StringIO.StringIO):
     """Adds a writeln method to normal StringIO."""
     def writeln(self,*arg,**kw):
         """Does a write() and then a write('\n')"""
         self.write(*arg,**kw)
         self.write('\n')
 
 class Inspector:
     def __init__(self,color_table,code_color_table,scheme):
         self.color_table = color_table
         self.parser = PyColorize.Parser(code_color_table,out='str')
         self.format = self.parser.format
         self.set_active_scheme(scheme)
 
     def __getargspec(self,obj):
         """Get the names and default values of a function's arguments.
 
         A tuple of four things is returned: (args, varargs, varkw, defaults).
         'args' is a list of the argument names (it may contain nested lists).
         'varargs' and 'varkw' are the names of the * and ** arguments or None.
         'defaults' is an n-tuple of the default values of the last n arguments.
 
         Modified version of inspect.getargspec from the Python Standard
         Library."""
 
         if inspect.isfunction(obj):
             func_obj = obj
         elif inspect.ismethod(obj):
             func_obj = obj.im_func
         else:
             raise TypeError, 'arg is not a Python function'
         args, varargs, varkw = inspect.getargs(func_obj.func_code)
         return args, varargs, varkw, func_obj.func_defaults
 
     def __getdef(self,obj,oname=''):
         """Return the definition header for any callable object.
 
         If any exception is generated, None is returned instead and the
         exception is suppressed."""
         
         try:
             return oname + inspect.formatargspec(*self.__getargspec(obj))
         except:
             return None
  
     def __head(self,h):
         """Return a header string with proper colors."""
         return '%s%s%s' % (self.color_table.active_colors.header,h,
                            self.color_table.active_colors.normal)
 
     def set_active_scheme(self,scheme):
         self.color_table.set_active_scheme(scheme)
         self.parser.color_table.set_active_scheme(scheme)
     
     def noinfo(self,msg,oname):
         """Generic message when no information is found."""
         print 'No %s found' % msg,
         if oname:
             print 'for %s' % oname
         else:
             print
             
     def pdef(self,obj,oname=''):
         """Print the definition header for any callable object.
 
         If the object is a class, print the constructor information."""
 
         if not callable(obj):
             print 'Object is not callable.'
             return
 
         header = ''
         if type(obj) is types.ClassType:
             header = self.__head('Class constructor information:\n')
             obj = obj.__init__
         elif type(obj) is types.InstanceType:
             obj = obj.__call__
 
         output = self.__getdef(obj,oname)
         if output is None:
             self.noinfo('definition header',oname)
         else:
             print >>Term.cout, header,self.format(output),
 
     def pdoc(self,obj,oname='',formatter = None):
         """Print the docstring for any object.
 
         Optional:
         -formatter: a function to run the docstring through for specially
         formatted docstrings."""
         
         head = self.__head  # so that itpl can find it even if private
         ds = getdoc(obj)
         if formatter:
             ds = formatter(ds)
         if type(obj) is types.ClassType:
             init_ds = getdoc(obj.__init__)
             output = itpl('$head("Class Docstring:")\n'
                           '$indent(ds)\n'
                           '$head("Constructor Docstring"):\n'
                           '$indent(init_ds)')
         elif type(obj) is types.InstanceType and hasattr(obj,'__call__'):
             call_ds = getdoc(obj.__call__)
             if call_ds:
                 output = itpl('$head("Class Docstring:")\n$indent(ds)\n'
                               '$head("Calling Docstring:")\n$indent(call_ds)')
             else:
                 output = ds
         else:
             output = ds
         if output is None:
             self.noinfo('documentation',oname)
             return
         page(output)
 
     def psource(self,obj,oname=''):
         """Print the source code for an object."""
 
         # Flush the source cache because inspect can return out-of-date source
         linecache.checkcache()
         try:
             src = inspect.getsource(obj) 
         except:
             self.noinfo('source',oname)
         else:
             page(self.format(src))
 
     def pfile(self,obj,oname=''):
         """Show the whole file where an object was defined."""
         try:
             sourcelines,lineno = inspect.getsourcelines(obj)
         except:
             self.noinfo('file',oname)
         else:
             # run contents of file through pager starting at line
             # where the object is defined            
             page(self.format(open(inspect.getabsfile(obj)).read()),lineno)
 
     def pinfo(self,obj,oname='',formatter=None,info=None,detail_level=0):
         """Show detailed information about an object.
 
         Optional arguments:
         
         - oname: name of the variable pointing to the object.
 
         - formatter: special formatter for docstrings (see pdoc)
 
         - info: a structure with some information fields which may have been
         precomputed already.
 
         - detail_level: if set to 1, more information is given.
         """
 
         obj_type = type(obj)
 
         header = self.__head
         if info is None:
             ismagic = 0
             isalias = 0
             ospace = ''
         else:
             ismagic = info.ismagic
             isalias = info.isalias
             ospace = info.namespace
         # Get docstring, special-casing aliases:
         if isalias:
             ds = "Alias to the system command:\n  %s" % obj[1]
         else:
             ds = getdoc(obj)
         if formatter is not None:
             ds = formatter(ds)
 
         # store output in a list which gets joined with \n at the end.
         out = myStringIO()
         
         string_max = 200 # max size of strings to show (snipped if longer)
         shalf = int((string_max -5)/2)
 
         if ismagic:
             obj_type_name = 'Magic function'
         elif isalias:
             obj_type_name = 'System alias'
         else:
             obj_type_name = obj_type.__name__
         out.writeln(header('Type:\t\t')+obj_type_name)
 
         try:
             bclass = obj.__class__
             out.writeln(header('Base Class:\t')+str(bclass))
         except: pass
 
         # String form, but snip if too long in ? form (full in ??)
         try:
             ostr = str(obj)
             str_head = 'String Form:'
             if not detail_level and len(ostr)>string_max:
                 ostr = ostr[:shalf] + ' <...> ' + ostr[-shalf:]
                 ostr = ("\n" + " " * len(str_head.expandtabs())).\
                        join(map(string.strip,ostr.split("\n")))
             if ostr.find('\n') > -1:
                 # Print multi-line strings starting at the next line.
                 str_sep = '\n'
             else:
                 str_sep = '\t'
             out.writeln("%s%s%s" % (header(str_head),str_sep,ostr))
         except:
             pass
 
         if ospace:
             out.writeln(header('Namespace:\t')+ospace)
 
         # Length (for strings and lists)
         try:
             length = str(len(obj))
             out.writeln(header('Length:\t\t')+length)
         except: pass
 
         # Filename where object was defined
         try:
             file = inspect.getabsfile(obj)
             if file.endswith('<string>'):
                 file = 'Dynamically generated function. No source code available.'
             out.writeln(header('File:\t\t')+file)
         except: pass
 
         # reconstruct the function definition and print it:
         defln = self.__getdef(obj,oname)
         if defln:
             out.write(header('Definition:\t')+self.format(defln))
  
         # Docstrings only in detail 0 mode, since source contains them (we
         # avoid repetitions).  If source fails, we add them back, see below.
         if ds and detail_level == 0:
                 out.writeln(header('Docstring:\n') + indent(ds))
 
         # Original source code for any callable
         if detail_level:
             # Flush the source cache because inspect can return out-of-date source
             linecache.checkcache()
             try:
                 source = self.format(inspect.getsource(obj))
                 out.write(header('Source:\n')+source.rstrip())
             except:
                 if ds:
                     out.writeln(header('Docstring:\n') + indent(ds))
 
         # Constructor docstring for classes
         if obj_type is types.ClassType:
             # reconstruct the function definition and print it:
             try:
                 obj_init =  obj.__init__
             except AttributeError:
                 init_def = init_ds = None
             else:
                 init_def = self.__getdef(obj_init,oname)
                 init_ds  = getdoc(obj_init)
 
             if init_def or init_ds:
                 out.writeln(header('\nConstructor information:'))
                 if init_def:
                     out.write(header('Definition:\t')+ self.format(init_def))
                 if init_ds:
                     out.writeln(header('Docstring:\n') + indent(init_ds))
         # and class docstring for instances:
         elif obj_type is types.InstanceType:
 
             # First, check whether the instance docstring is identical to the
             # class one, and print it separately if they don't coincide.  In
             # most cases they will, but it's nice to print all the info for
             # objects which use instance-customized docstrings.
             if ds:
                 class_ds = getdoc(obj.__class__)
                 if class_ds and ds != class_ds:
                     out.writeln(header('Class Docstring:\n') +
                                 indent(class_ds))
 
             # Next, try to show constructor docstrings
             try:
                 init_ds = getdoc(obj.__init__)
             except AttributeError:
                 init_ds = None
             if init_ds:
                 out.writeln(header('Constructor Docstring:\n') +
                             indent(init_ds))
 
             # Call form docstring for callable instances
             if hasattr(obj,'__call__'):
                 out.writeln(header('Callable:\t')+'Yes')
                 call_def = self.__getdef(obj.__call__,oname)
                 if call_def is None:
                     out.write(header('Call def:\t')+
                               'Calling definition not available.')
                 else:
                     out.write(header('Call def:\t')+self.format(call_def))
                 call_ds = getdoc(obj.__call__)
                 if call_ds:
                     out.writeln(header('Call docstring:\n') + indent(call_ds))
 
         # Finally send to printer/pager
         output = out.getvalue()
         if output:
             page(output)
         # end pinfo
 
     def psearch(self,pattern,ns_table,ns_search=[],
                 ignore_case=False,show_all=False):
         """Search namespaces with wildcards for objects.
 
         Arguments:
 
         - pattern: string containing shell-like wildcards to use in namespace
         searches and optionally a type specification to narrow the search to
         objects of that type.
 
         - ns_table: dict of name->namespaces for search.
 
         Optional arguments:
         
           - ns_search: list of namespace names to include in search.
 
           - ignore_case(False): make the search case-insensitive.
 
           - show_all(False): show all names, including those starting with
           underscores.
         """
         # defaults
         type_pattern = 'all'
         filter = ''
 
         cmds = pattern.split()
         len_cmds  =  len(cmds)
         if len_cmds == 1:
             # Only filter pattern given
             filter = cmds[0]
         elif len_cmds == 2:
             # Both filter and type specified
             filter,type_pattern = cmds
         else:
             raise ValueError('invalid argument string for psearch: <%s>' %
                              pattern)
 
         # filter search namespaces
         for name in ns_search:
             if name not in ns_table:
                 raise ValueError('invalid namespace <%s>. Valid names: %s' %
                                  (name,ns_table.keys()))
 
         #print 'type_pattern:',type_pattern # dbg
         search_result = []
         for ns_name in ns_search:
             ns = ns_table[ns_name]
             tmp_res = list(list_namespace(ns,type_pattern,filter,
                                           ignore_case=ignore_case,
                                           show_all=show_all))
             search_result.extend(tmp_res)
         search_result.sort()
 
         page('\n'.join(search_result))

IPython/OutputTrap.py

@@ -1,262 +1,263
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Class to trap stdout and stderr and log them separately.
 
-$Id: OutputTrap.py 542 2005-03-18 09:16:04Z fperez $"""
+$Id: OutputTrap.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 
-import exceptions,sys
+import exceptions
+import sys
 from cStringIO import StringIO
 
 class OutputTrapError(exceptions.Exception):
     """Exception for OutputTrap class."""
 
     def __init__(self,args=None):
         exceptions.Exception.__init__(self)
         self.args = args
 
 class OutputTrap:
 
     """Class to trap standard output and standard error. They get logged in
     StringIO objects which are available as <instance>.out and
     <instance>.err. The class also offers summary methods which format this
     data a bit.
 
     A word of caution: because it blocks messages, using this class can make
     debugging very tricky. If you are having bizarre problems silently, try
     turning your output traps off for a while. You can call the constructor
     with the parameter debug=1 for these cases. This turns actual trapping
     off, but you can keep the rest of your code unchanged (this has already
     been a life saver).
 
     Example:
 
     # config: trapper with a line of dots as log separator (final '\\n' needed)
     config = OutputTrap('Config','Out ','Err ','.'*80+'\\n')
 
     # start trapping output
     config.trap_all()
 
     # now all output is logged ...
     # do stuff...
 
     # output back to normal:
     config.release_all()
 
     # print all that got logged:
     print config.summary()
 
     # print individual raw data:
     print config.out.getvalue()
     print config.err.getvalue()
     """
 
     def __init__(self,name='Generic Output Trap',
                  out_head='Standard Output. ',err_head='Standard Error. ',
                  sum_sep='\n',debug=0,trap_out=0,trap_err=0,
                  quiet_out=0,quiet_err=0):
         self.name = name
         self.out_head = out_head
         self.err_head = err_head
         self.sum_sep = sum_sep
         self.out = StringIO()
         self.err = StringIO()
         self.out_save = None
         self.err_save = None
         self.debug = debug
         self.quiet_out = quiet_out
         self.quiet_err = quiet_err
         if trap_out:
             self.trap_out()
         if trap_err:
             self.trap_err()
 
     def trap_out(self):
         """Trap and log stdout."""
         if sys.stdout is self.out:
             raise OutputTrapError,'You are already trapping stdout.'
         if not self.debug:
             self._out_save = sys.stdout
             sys.stdout = self.out
 
     def release_out(self):
         """Release stdout."""
         if not self.debug:
             if not sys.stdout is self.out:
                 raise OutputTrapError,'You are not trapping stdout.'
             sys.stdout = self._out_save
             self.out_save = None
 
     def summary_out(self):
         """Return as a string the log from stdout."""
         out = self.out.getvalue()
         if out:
             if self.quiet_out:
                 return out
             else:
                 return self.out_head + 'Log by '+ self.name + ':\n' + out
         else:
             return ''
 
     def flush_out(self):
         """Flush the stdout log. All data held in the log is lost."""
 
         self.out.close()
         self.out = StringIO()
 
     def trap_err(self):
         """Trap and log stderr."""
         if sys.stderr is self.err:
             raise OutputTrapError,'You are already trapping stderr.'
         if not self.debug:
             self._err_save = sys.stderr
             sys.stderr = self.err
 
     def release_err(self):
         """Release stderr."""
         if not self.debug:
             if not sys.stderr is self.err:
                 raise OutputTrapError,'You are not trapping stderr.'
             sys.stderr = self._err_save
             self.err_save = None
 
     def summary_err(self):
         """Return as a string the log from stderr."""
         err = self.err.getvalue()
         if err:
             if self.quiet_err:
                 return err
             else:
                 return self.err_head + 'Log by '+ self.name + ':\n' + err
         else:
             return ''
 
     def flush_err(self):
         """Flush the stdout log. All data held in the log is lost."""
 
         self.err.close()
         self.err = StringIO()
 
     def trap_all(self):
         """Trap and log both stdout and stderr.
 
         Cacthes and discards OutputTrapError exceptions raised."""
         try:
             self.trap_out()
         except OutputTrapError:
             pass
         try:
             self.trap_err()
         except OutputTrapError:
             pass
 
     def release_all(self):
         """Release both stdout and stderr.
 
         Cacthes and discards OutputTrapError exceptions raised."""
         try:
             self.release_out()
         except OutputTrapError:
             pass
         try:
             self.release_err()
         except OutputTrapError:
             pass
         
     def summary_all(self):
         """Return as a string the log from stdout and stderr, prepending a separator
         to each (defined in __init__ as sum_sep)."""
         sum = ''
         sout = self.summary_out()
         if sout:
             sum += self.sum_sep + sout
         serr = self.summary_err()
         if serr:
             sum += '\n'+self.sum_sep + serr
         return sum
 
     def flush_all(self):
         """Flush stdout and stderr"""
         self.flush_out()
         self.flush_err()
 
     # a few shorthands
     trap = trap_all
     release = release_all
     summary = summary_all
     flush = flush_all
 # end OutputTrap
 
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Module testing. Incomplete, I'm lazy...
 
 def _test_all():
 
     """Module testing functions, activated when the module is called as a
     script (not imported)."""
 
     # Put tests for this module in here.
     # Define them as nested functions so they don't clobber the
     # pydoc-generated docs
 
     def _test_():
         name = ''
         print '#'*50+'\nRunning test for ' + name
         # ...
         print 'Finished test for '+ name +'\n'+'#'*50
 
     def _test_OutputTrap():
         trap = OutputTrap(name = 'Test Trap', sum_sep = '.'*50+'\n',
                           out_head = 'SOut. ', err_head = 'SErr. ')
 
         name = 'OutputTrap class'
         print '#'*50+'\nRunning test for ' + name
         print 'Trapping out'
         trap.trap_out()
         print >>sys.stdout, '>>stdout. stdout is trapped.'
         print >>sys.stderr, '>>stderr. stdout is trapped.'
         trap.release_out()
         print trap.summary_out()
 
         print 'Trapping err'
         trap.trap_err()
         print >>sys.stdout, '>>stdout. stderr is trapped.'
         print >>sys.stderr, '>>stderr. stderr is trapped.'
         trap.release_err()
         print trap.summary_err()
 
         print 'Trapping all (no flushing)'
         trap.trap_all()
         print >>sys.stdout, '>>stdout. stdout/err is trapped.'
         print >>sys.stderr, '>>stderr. stdout/err is trapped.'
         trap.release_all()
         print trap.summary_all()
 
         print 'Trapping all (flushing first)'
         trap.flush()
         trap.trap_all()
         print >>sys.stdout, '>>stdout. stdout/err is trapped.'
         print >>sys.stderr, '>>stderr. stdout/err is trapped.'
         trap.release_all()
         print trap.summary_all()
         print 'Finished test for '+ name +'\n'+'#'*50
 
     # call the actual tests here:
     _test_OutputTrap()
 
 
 if __name__=="__main__":
     # _test_all() # XXX BROKEN.
     pass
 
 #************************ end of file <OutputTrap.py> ************************

IPython/Prompts.py

@@ -1,574 +1,576
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 Classes for handling input/output prompts.
 
-$Id: Prompts.py 951 2005-12-25 00:57:24Z fperez $"""
+$Id: Prompts.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 __version__ = Release.version
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Required modules
 import __builtin__
-import os,sys,socket
+import os
+import socket
+import sys
 import time
 from pprint import pprint,pformat
 
 # IPython's own
 from IPython.genutils import *
 from IPython.Struct import Struct
 from IPython.Magic import Macro
 from IPython.Itpl import ItplNS
 from IPython import ColorANSI
 
 #****************************************************************************
 #Color schemes for Prompts.
 
 PromptColors = ColorANSI.ColorSchemeTable()
 InputColors = ColorANSI.InputTermColors  # just a shorthand
 Colors = ColorANSI.TermColors  # just a shorthand
 
 PromptColors.add_scheme(ColorANSI.ColorScheme(
     'NoColor',
     in_prompt  = InputColors.NoColor,  # Input prompt
     in_number  = InputColors.NoColor,  # Input prompt number
     in_prompt2 = InputColors.NoColor, # Continuation prompt
     in_normal  = InputColors.NoColor,  # color off (usu. Colors.Normal)
     
     out_prompt = Colors.NoColor, # Output prompt
     out_number = Colors.NoColor, # Output prompt number
 
     normal = Colors.NoColor  # color off (usu. Colors.Normal)
     ))
 
 # make some schemes as instances so we can copy them for modification easily:
 __PColLinux =  ColorANSI.ColorScheme(
     'Linux',
     in_prompt  = InputColors.Green,
     in_number  = InputColors.LightGreen,
     in_prompt2 = InputColors.Green,
     in_normal  = InputColors.Normal,  # color off (usu. Colors.Normal)
 
     out_prompt = Colors.Red,
     out_number = Colors.LightRed,
 
     normal = Colors.Normal
     )
 # Don't forget to enter it into the table!
 PromptColors.add_scheme(__PColLinux)
 
 # Slightly modified Linux for light backgrounds
 __PColLightBG  = __PColLinux.copy('LightBG')
 
 __PColLightBG.colors.update(
     in_prompt  = InputColors.Blue,
     in_number  = InputColors.LightBlue,
     in_prompt2 = InputColors.Blue
 )
 PromptColors.add_scheme(__PColLightBG)
 
 del Colors,InputColors
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def multiple_replace(dict, text):
     """ Replace in 'text' all occurences of any key in the given
     dictionary by its corresponding value.  Returns the new string."""
 
     # Function by Xavier Defrang, originally found at:
     # http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/81330
 
     # Create a regular expression  from the dictionary keys
     regex = re.compile("(%s)" % "|".join(map(re.escape, dict.keys())))
     # For each match, look-up corresponding value in dictionary
     return regex.sub(lambda mo: dict[mo.string[mo.start():mo.end()]], text)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Special characters that can be used in prompt templates, mainly bash-like
 
 # If $HOME isn't defined (Windows), make it an absurd string so that it can
 # never be expanded out into '~'.  Basically anything which can never be a
 # reasonable directory name will do, we just want the $HOME -> '~' operation
 # to become a no-op.  We pre-compute $HOME here so it's not done on every
 # prompt call.
 
 # FIXME:
 
 # - This should be turned into a class which does proper namespace management,
 # since the prompt specials need to be evaluated in a certain namespace.
 # Currently it's just globals, which need to be managed manually by code
 # below.
 
 # - I also need to split up the color schemes from the prompt specials
 # somehow.  I don't have a clean design for that quite yet.
 
 HOME = os.environ.get("HOME","//////:::::ZZZZZ,,,~~~")
 
 # We precompute a few more strings here for the prompt_specials, which are
 # fixed once ipython starts.  This reduces the runtime overhead of computing
 # prompt strings.
 USER           = os.environ.get("USER")
 HOSTNAME       = socket.gethostname()
 HOSTNAME_SHORT = HOSTNAME.split(".")[0]
 ROOT_SYMBOL    = "$#"[os.name=='nt' or os.getuid()==0]
 
 prompt_specials_color = {
     # Prompt/history count
     '%n' : '${self.col_num}' '${self.cache.prompt_count}' '${self.col_p}',
     '\\#': '${self.col_num}' '${self.cache.prompt_count}' '${self.col_p}',
     # Prompt/history count, with the actual digits replaced by dots.  Used
     # mainly in continuation prompts (prompt_in2)
     '\\D': '${"."*len(str(self.cache.prompt_count))}',
     # Current working directory
     '\\w': '${os.getcwd()}',
     # Current time
     '\\t' : '${time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")}',
     # Basename of current working directory.
     # (use os.sep to make this portable across OSes)
     '\\W' : '${os.getcwd().split("%s")[-1]}' % os.sep,
     # These X<N> are an extension to the normal bash prompts.  They return
     # N terms of the path, after replacing $HOME with '~'
     '\\X0': '${os.getcwd().replace("%s","~")}' % HOME,
     '\\X1': '${self.cwd_filt(1)}',
     '\\X2': '${self.cwd_filt(2)}',
     '\\X3': '${self.cwd_filt(3)}',
     '\\X4': '${self.cwd_filt(4)}',
     '\\X5': '${self.cwd_filt(5)}',
     # Y<N> are similar to X<N>, but they show '~' if it's the directory
     # N+1 in the list.  Somewhat like %cN in tcsh.
     '\\Y0': '${self.cwd_filt2(0)}',
     '\\Y1': '${self.cwd_filt2(1)}',
     '\\Y2': '${self.cwd_filt2(2)}',
     '\\Y3': '${self.cwd_filt2(3)}',
     '\\Y4': '${self.cwd_filt2(4)}',
     '\\Y5': '${self.cwd_filt2(5)}',
     # Hostname up to first .
     '\\h': HOSTNAME_SHORT,
     # Full hostname
     '\\H': HOSTNAME,
     # Username of current user
     '\\u': USER,
     # Escaped '\'
     '\\\\': '\\',
     # Newline
     '\\n': '\n',
     # Carriage return
     '\\r': '\r',
     # Release version
     '\\v': __version__,
     # Root symbol ($ or #)
     '\\$': ROOT_SYMBOL,
     }
 
 # A copy of the prompt_specials dictionary but with all color escapes removed,
 # so we can correctly compute the prompt length for the auto_rewrite method.
 prompt_specials_nocolor = prompt_specials_color.copy()
 prompt_specials_nocolor['%n'] = '${self.cache.prompt_count}'
 prompt_specials_nocolor['\\#'] = '${self.cache.prompt_count}'
 
 # Add in all the InputTermColors color escapes as valid prompt characters.
 # They all get added as \\C_COLORNAME, so that we don't have any conflicts
 # with a color name which may begin with a letter used by any other of the
 # allowed specials.  This of course means that \\C will never be allowed for
 # anything else.
 input_colors = ColorANSI.InputTermColors
 for _color in dir(input_colors):
     if _color[0] != '_':
         c_name = '\\C_'+_color
         prompt_specials_color[c_name] = getattr(input_colors,_color)
         prompt_specials_nocolor[c_name] = ''
 
 # we default to no color for safety.  Note that prompt_specials is a global
 # variable used by all prompt objects.
 prompt_specials = prompt_specials_nocolor
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def str_safe(arg):
     """Convert to a string, without ever raising an exception.
 
     If str(arg) fails, <ERROR: ... > is returned, where ... is the exception
     error message."""
 
     try:
         out = str(arg)
     except UnicodeError:
         try:
             out = arg.encode('utf_8','replace')
         except Exception,msg:
             # let's keep this little duplication here, so that the most common
             # case doesn't suffer from a double try wrapping.
             out = '<ERROR: %s>' % msg
     except Exception,msg:
         out = '<ERROR: %s>' % msg
     return out
 
 class BasePrompt:
     """Interactive prompt similar to Mathematica's."""
     def __init__(self,cache,sep,prompt,pad_left=False):
 
         # Hack: we access information about the primary prompt through the
         # cache argument.  We need this, because we want the secondary prompt
         # to be aligned with the primary one.  Color table info is also shared
         # by all prompt classes through the cache.  Nice OO spaghetti code!
         self.cache = cache
         self.sep = sep
         
         # regexp to count the number of spaces at the end of a prompt
         # expression, useful for prompt auto-rewriting
         self.rspace = re.compile(r'(\s*)$')
         # Flag to left-pad prompt strings to match the length of the primary
         # prompt
         self.pad_left = pad_left
         # Set template to create each actual prompt (where numbers change)
         self.p_template = prompt
         self.set_p_str()
 
     def set_p_str(self):
         """ Set the interpolating prompt strings.
 
         This must be called every time the color settings change, because the
         prompt_specials global may have changed."""
 
         import os,time  # needed in locals for prompt string handling
         loc = locals()
         self.p_str = ItplNS('%s%s%s' %
                             ('${self.sep}${self.col_p}',
                              multiple_replace(prompt_specials, self.p_template),
                              '${self.col_norm}'),self.cache.user_ns,loc)
         
         self.p_str_nocolor = ItplNS(multiple_replace(prompt_specials_nocolor,
                                                      self.p_template),
                                     self.cache.user_ns,loc)
 
     def write(self,msg):  # dbg
         sys.stdout.write(msg)
         return ''
 
     def __str__(self):
         """Return a string form of the prompt.
 
         This for is useful for continuation and output prompts, since it is
         left-padded to match lengths with the primary one (if the
         self.pad_left attribute is set)."""
 
         out_str = str_safe(self.p_str)
         if self.pad_left:
             # We must find the amount of padding required to match lengths,
             # taking the color escapes (which are invisible on-screen) into
             # account.
             esc_pad = len(out_str) - len(str_safe(self.p_str_nocolor))
             format = '%%%ss' % (len(str(self.cache.last_prompt))+esc_pad)
             return format % out_str
         else:
             return out_str
 
     # these path filters are put in as methods so that we can control the
     # namespace where the prompt strings get evaluated
     def cwd_filt(self,depth):
         """Return the last depth elements of the current working directory.
 
         $HOME is always replaced with '~'.
         If depth==0, the full path is returned."""
 
         cwd = os.getcwd().replace(HOME,"~")
         out = os.sep.join(cwd.split(os.sep)[-depth:])
         if out:
             return out
         else:
             return os.sep
 
     def cwd_filt2(self,depth):
         """Return the last depth elements of the current working directory.
 
         $HOME is always replaced with '~'.
         If depth==0, the full path is returned."""
 
         cwd = os.getcwd().replace(HOME,"~").split(os.sep)
         if '~' in cwd and len(cwd) == depth+1:
             depth += 1
         out = os.sep.join(cwd[-depth:])
         if out:
             return out
         else:
             return os.sep
 
 class Prompt1(BasePrompt):
     """Input interactive prompt similar to Mathematica's."""
 
     def __init__(self,cache,sep='\n',prompt='In [\\#]: ',pad_left=True):
         BasePrompt.__init__(self,cache,sep,prompt,pad_left)
 
     def set_colors(self):
         self.set_p_str()
         Colors = self.cache.color_table.active_colors # shorthand
         self.col_p = Colors.in_prompt
         self.col_num = Colors.in_number
         self.col_norm = Colors.in_normal
         # We need a non-input version of these escapes for the '--->'
         # auto-call prompts used in the auto_rewrite() method.
         self.col_p_ni = self.col_p.replace('\001','').replace('\002','') 
         self.col_norm_ni = Colors.normal        
         
     def __str__(self):
         self.cache.prompt_count += 1
         self.cache.last_prompt = str_safe(self.p_str_nocolor).split('\n')[-1]
         return str_safe(self.p_str)
 
     def auto_rewrite(self):
         """Print a string of the form '--->' which lines up with the previous
         input string. Useful for systems which re-write the user input when
         handling automatically special syntaxes."""
 
         curr = str(self.cache.last_prompt)
         nrspaces = len(self.rspace.search(curr).group())
         return '%s%s>%s%s' % (self.col_p_ni,'-'*(len(curr)-nrspaces-1),
                               ' '*nrspaces,self.col_norm_ni)
 
 class PromptOut(BasePrompt):
     """Output interactive prompt similar to Mathematica's."""
 
     def __init__(self,cache,sep='',prompt='Out[\\#]: ',pad_left=True):
         BasePrompt.__init__(self,cache,sep,prompt,pad_left)
         if not self.p_template:
             self.__str__ = lambda: ''
 
     def set_colors(self):
         self.set_p_str()
         Colors = self.cache.color_table.active_colors # shorthand
         self.col_p = Colors.out_prompt
         self.col_num = Colors.out_number
         self.col_norm = Colors.normal
 
 class Prompt2(BasePrompt):
     """Interactive continuation prompt."""
     
     def __init__(self,cache,prompt='   .\\D.: ',pad_left=True):
         self.cache = cache
         self.p_template = prompt
         self.pad_left = pad_left
         self.set_p_str()
 
     def set_p_str(self):
         import os,time  # needed in locals for prompt string handling
         loc = locals()
         self.p_str = ItplNS('%s%s%s' %
                             ('${self.col_p2}',
                              multiple_replace(prompt_specials, self.p_template),
                              '$self.col_norm'),
                             self.cache.user_ns,loc)
         self.p_str_nocolor = ItplNS(multiple_replace(prompt_specials_nocolor,
                                                      self.p_template),
                                     self.cache.user_ns,loc)
 
     def set_colors(self):
         self.set_p_str()
         Colors = self.cache.color_table.active_colors
         self.col_p2 = Colors.in_prompt2
         self.col_norm = Colors.in_normal
         # FIXME (2004-06-16) HACK: prevent crashes for users who haven't
         # updated their prompt_in2 definitions.  Remove eventually.
         self.col_p = Colors.out_prompt
         self.col_num = Colors.out_number
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class CachedOutput:
     """Class for printing output from calculations while keeping a cache of
     reults. It dynamically creates global variables prefixed with _ which
     contain these results.
 
     Meant to be used as a sys.displayhook replacement, providing numbered
     prompts and cache services.
 
     Initialize with initial and final values for cache counter (this defines
     the maximum size of the cache."""
 
     def __init__(self,cache_size,Pprint,colors='NoColor',input_sep='\n',
                  output_sep='\n',output_sep2='',user_ns={},
                  ps1 = None, ps2 = None,ps_out = None,
                  input_hist = None,pad_left=True):
 
         cache_size_min = 20
         if cache_size <= 0:
             self.do_full_cache = 0
             cache_size = 0
         elif cache_size < cache_size_min:
             self.do_full_cache = 0
             cache_size = 0
             warn('caching was disabled (min value for cache size is %s).' %
                  cache_size_min,level=3)
         else:
             self.do_full_cache = 1
 
         self.cache_size = cache_size
         self.input_sep = input_sep
 
         # we need a reference to the user-level namespace
         self.user_ns = user_ns
         # and to the user's input
         self.input_hist = input_hist
 
         # Set input prompt strings and colors
         if cache_size == 0:
             if ps1.find('%n') > -1 or ps1.find('\\#') > -1: ps1 = '>>> '
             if ps2.find('%n') > -1 or ps2.find('\\#') > -1: ps2 = '... '
         self.ps1_str = self._set_prompt_str(ps1,'In [\\#]: ','>>> ')
         self.ps2_str = self._set_prompt_str(ps2,'   .\\D.: ','... ')
         self.ps_out_str = self._set_prompt_str(ps_out,'Out[\\#]: ','')
 
         self.color_table = PromptColors
         self.prompt1 = Prompt1(self,sep=input_sep,prompt=self.ps1_str,
                                pad_left=pad_left)
         self.prompt2 = Prompt2(self,prompt=self.ps2_str,pad_left=pad_left)
         self.prompt_out = PromptOut(self,sep='',prompt=self.ps_out_str,
                                     pad_left=pad_left)
         self.set_colors(colors)
 
         # other more normal stuff
         # b/c each call to the In[] prompt raises it by 1, even the first.
         self.prompt_count = 0
         self.cache_count = 1
         # Store the last prompt string each time, we need it for aligning
         # continuation and auto-rewrite prompts
         self.last_prompt = ''
         self.entries = [None]  # output counter starts at 1 for the user
         self.Pprint = Pprint
         self.output_sep = output_sep
         self.output_sep2 = output_sep2
         self._,self.__,self.___ = '','',''
         self.pprint_types = map(type,[(),[],{}])
         
         # these are deliberately global:
         to_user_ns = {'_':self._,'__':self.__,'___':self.___}
         self.user_ns.update(to_user_ns)
 
     def _set_prompt_str(self,p_str,cache_def,no_cache_def):
         if p_str is None:
             if self.do_full_cache:
                 return cache_def
             else:
                 return no_cache_def
         else:
             return p_str
                 
     def set_colors(self,colors):
         """Set the active color scheme and configure colors for the three
         prompt subsystems."""
 
         # FIXME: the prompt_specials global should be gobbled inside this
         # class instead.  Do it when cleaning up the whole 3-prompt system.
         global prompt_specials
         if colors.lower()=='nocolor':
             prompt_specials = prompt_specials_nocolor
         else:
             prompt_specials = prompt_specials_color
         
         self.color_table.set_active_scheme(colors)
         self.prompt1.set_colors()
         self.prompt2.set_colors()
         self.prompt_out.set_colors()
 
     def __call__(self,arg=None):
         """Printing with history cache management.
         
         This is invoked everytime the interpreter needs to print, and is
         activated by setting the variable sys.displayhook to it."""
 
         # If something injected a '_' variable in __builtin__, delete
         # ipython's automatic one so we don't clobber that.  gettext() in
         # particular uses _, so we need to stay away from it.
         if '_' in __builtin__.__dict__:
             try:
                 del self.user_ns['_']
             except KeyError:
                 pass
         if arg is not None:
             cout_write = Term.cout.write # fast lookup
             # first handle the cache and counters
             self.update(arg)
             # do not print output if input ends in ';'
             if self.input_hist[self.prompt_count].endswith(';\n'):
                 return
             # don't use print, puts an extra space
             cout_write(self.output_sep)
             if self.do_full_cache:
                 cout_write(str(self.prompt_out))
 
             if isinstance(arg,Macro):
                 print 'Executing Macro...'
                 # in case the macro takes a long time to execute
                 Term.cout.flush()
                 exec arg.value in self.user_ns
                 return None
 
             # and now call a possibly user-defined print mechanism
             self.display(arg)
             cout_write(self.output_sep2)
             Term.cout.flush()
 
     def _display(self,arg):
         """Default printer method, uses pprint.
 
         This can be over-ridden by the users to implement special formatting
         of certain types of output."""
 
         if self.Pprint:
             out = pformat(arg)
             if '\n' in out:
                 # So that multi-line strings line up with the left column of
                 # the screen, instead of having the output prompt mess up
                 # their first line.                
                 Term.cout.write('\n')
             print >>Term.cout, out
         else:
             print >>Term.cout, arg
 
     # Assign the default display method:
     display = _display
 
     def update(self,arg):
         #print '***cache_count', self.cache_count # dbg
         if self.cache_count >= self.cache_size and self.do_full_cache:
             self.flush()
         # Don't overwrite '_' and friends if '_' is in __builtin__ (otherwise
         # we cause buggy behavior for things like gettext).
         if '_' not in __builtin__.__dict__:
             self.___ = self.__
             self.__ = self._
             self._ = arg
             self.user_ns.update({'_':self._,'__':self.__,'___':self.___})
             
         # hackish access to top-level  namespace to create _1,_2... dynamically
         to_main = {}
         if self.do_full_cache:
             self.cache_count += 1
             self.entries.append(arg)
             new_result = '_'+`self.prompt_count`
             to_main[new_result] = self.entries[-1]
         self.user_ns.update(to_main)
         self.user_ns['_oh'][self.prompt_count] = arg
 
     def flush(self):
         if not self.do_full_cache:
             raise ValueError,"You shouldn't have reached the cache flush "\
                   "if full caching is not enabled!"
         warn('Output cache limit (currently '+\
               `self.cache_count`+' entries) hit.\n'
              'Flushing cache and resetting history counter...\n'
              'The only history variables available will be _,__,___ and _1\n'
              'with the current result.')
         # delete auto-generated vars from global namespace
         for n in range(1,self.prompt_count + 1):
             key = '_'+`n`
             try:
                 del self.user_ns[key]
             except: pass
         self.prompt_count = 1
         self.cache_count = 1

IPython/PyColorize.py

@@ -1,255 +1,260
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
     Class and program to colorize python source code for ANSI terminals.
 
     Based on an HTML code highlighter by Jurgen Hermann found at:
     http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/52298
 
     Modifications by Fernando Perez ([e-mail]).
 
     Information on the original HTML highlighter follows:
     
     MoinMoin - Python Source Parser
 
     Title:olorize Python source using the built-in tokenizer
            
     Submitter: Jurgen Hermann
     Last Updated:2001/04/06
            
     Version no:1.2
 
     Description:
 
     This code is part of MoinMoin (http://moin.sourceforge.net/) and converts
     Python source code to HTML markup, rendering comments, keywords,
     operators, numeric and string literals in different colors.
 
     It shows how to use the built-in keyword, token and tokenize modules to
     scan Python source code and re-emit it with no changes to its original
     formatting (which is the hard part).
 
-    $Id: PyColorize.py 485 2005-01-27 19:15:39Z fperez $"""
+    $Id: PyColorize.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 __all__ = ['ANSICodeColors','Parser']
 
 _scheme_default = 'Linux'
 
 # Imports
-import string, sys, os, cStringIO
-import keyword, token, tokenize
+import cStringIO
+import keyword
+import os
+import string
+import sys
+import token
+import tokenize
 
 from IPython.ColorANSI import *
 
 #############################################################################
 ### Python Source Parser (does Hilighting)
 #############################################################################
 
 _KEYWORD = token.NT_OFFSET + 1
 _TEXT    = token.NT_OFFSET + 2
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Builtin color schemes
 
 Colors = TermColors  # just a shorthand
 
 # Build a few color schemes
 NoColor = ColorScheme(
     'NoColor',{
     token.NUMBER     : Colors.NoColor,
     token.OP         : Colors.NoColor,
     token.STRING     : Colors.NoColor,
     tokenize.COMMENT : Colors.NoColor,
     token.NAME       : Colors.NoColor,
     token.ERRORTOKEN : Colors.NoColor,
 
     _KEYWORD         : Colors.NoColor,
     _TEXT            : Colors.NoColor,
 
     'normal'         : Colors.NoColor  # color off (usu. Colors.Normal)
     }  )
 
 LinuxColors = ColorScheme(
     'Linux',{
     token.NUMBER     : Colors.LightCyan,
     token.OP         : Colors.Yellow,
     token.STRING     : Colors.LightBlue,
     tokenize.COMMENT : Colors.LightRed,
     token.NAME       : Colors.White,
     token.ERRORTOKEN : Colors.Red,
 
     _KEYWORD         : Colors.LightGreen,
     _TEXT            : Colors.Yellow,
 
     'normal'         : Colors.Normal  # color off (usu. Colors.Normal)
     } )
 
 LightBGColors = ColorScheme(
     'LightBG',{
     token.NUMBER     : Colors.Cyan,
     token.OP         : Colors.Blue,
     token.STRING     : Colors.Blue,
     tokenize.COMMENT : Colors.Red,
     token.NAME       : Colors.Black,
     token.ERRORTOKEN : Colors.Red,
 
     _KEYWORD         : Colors.Green,
     _TEXT            : Colors.Blue,
 
     'normal'         : Colors.Normal  # color off (usu. Colors.Normal)
     }  )
 
 # Build table of color schemes (needed by the parser)
 ANSICodeColors = ColorSchemeTable([NoColor,LinuxColors,LightBGColors],
                                   _scheme_default)
 
 class Parser:
     """ Format colored Python source.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, color_table=None,out = sys.stdout):
         """ Create a parser with a specified color table and output channel.
 
         Call format() to process code.
         """
         self.color_table = color_table and color_table or ANSICodeColors
         self.out = out
 
     def format(self, raw, out = None, scheme = ''):
         """ Parse and send the colored source.
 
         If out and scheme are not specified, the defaults (given to
         constructor) are used.
 
         out should be a file-type object. Optionally, out can be given as the
         string 'str' and the parser will automatically return the output in a
         string."""
         
         self.raw = string.strip(string.expandtabs(raw))
         string_output = 0
         if out == 'str' or self.out == 'str':
             out_old = self.out
             self.out = cStringIO.StringIO()
             string_output = 1
         elif out is not None:
             self.out = out
         # local shorthand
         colors = self.color_table[scheme].colors
         self.colors = colors # put in object so __call__ sees it
         # store line offsets in self.lines
         self.lines = [0, 0]
         pos = 0
         while 1:
             pos = string.find(self.raw, '\n', pos) + 1
             if not pos: break
             self.lines.append(pos)
         self.lines.append(len(self.raw))
 
         # parse the source and write it
         self.pos = 0
         text = cStringIO.StringIO(self.raw)
         #self.out.write('<pre><font face="Courier New">')
         try:
             tokenize.tokenize(text.readline, self)
         except tokenize.TokenError, ex:
             msg = ex[0]
             line = ex[1][0]
             self.out.write("%s\n\n*** ERROR: %s%s%s\n" %
                            (colors[token.ERRORTOKEN],
                             msg, self.raw[self.lines[line]:],
                             colors.normal)
                            )
         self.out.write(colors.normal+'\n')
         if string_output:
             output = self.out.getvalue()
             self.out = out_old
             return output
 
     def __call__(self, toktype, toktext, (srow,scol), (erow,ecol), line):
         """ Token handler, with syntax highlighting."""
 
         # local shorthand
         colors = self.colors
 
         # line separator, so this works across platforms
         linesep = os.linesep
 
         # calculate new positions
         oldpos = self.pos
         newpos = self.lines[srow] + scol
         self.pos = newpos + len(toktext)
 
         # handle newlines
         if toktype in [token.NEWLINE, tokenize.NL]:
             self.out.write(linesep)
             return
 
         # send the original whitespace, if needed
         if newpos > oldpos:
             self.out.write(self.raw[oldpos:newpos])
 
         # skip indenting tokens
         if toktype in [token.INDENT, token.DEDENT]:
             self.pos = newpos
             return
 
         # map token type to a color group
         if token.LPAR <= toktype and toktype <= token.OP:
             toktype = token.OP
         elif toktype == token.NAME and keyword.iskeyword(toktext):
             toktype = _KEYWORD
         color = colors.get(toktype, colors[_TEXT])
 
         #print '<%s>' % toktext,    # dbg
 
         # Triple quoted strings must be handled carefully so that backtracking
         # in pagers works correctly. We need color terminators on _each_ line.
         if linesep in toktext:
             toktext = toktext.replace(linesep, '%s%s%s' %
                                       (colors.normal,linesep,color))
 
         # send text
         self.out.write('%s%s%s' % (color,toktext,colors.normal))
             
 def main():
     """Colorize a python file using ANSI color escapes and print to stdout.
 
     Usage:
       %s [-s scheme] filename
 
     Options:
 
       -s scheme: give the color scheme to use. Currently only 'Linux'
       (default) and 'LightBG' and 'NoColor' are implemented (give without
       quotes).  """  
 
     def usage():
         print >> sys.stderr, main.__doc__ % sys.argv[0]
         sys.exit(1)
         
     # FIXME: rewrite this to at least use getopt
     try:
         if sys.argv[1] == '-s':
             scheme_name = sys.argv[2]
             del sys.argv[1:3]
         else:
             scheme_name = _scheme_default
         
     except:
         usage()
 
     try:
         fname = sys.argv[1]
     except:
         usage()
         
     # write colorized version to stdout
     parser = Parser()
     try:
         parser.format(file(fname).read(),scheme = scheme_name)
     except IOError,msg:
         # if user reads through a pager and quits, don't print traceback
         if msg.args != (32,'Broken pipe'):
             raise
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

IPython/Shell.py

@@ -1,901 +1,900
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """IPython Shell classes.
 
 All the matplotlib support code was co-developed with John Hunter,
 matplotlib's author.
 
-$Id: Shell.py 952 2005-12-26 17:51:33Z fperez $"""
+$Id: Shell.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 
 # Code begins
 import __main__
 import __builtin__
-import sys
 import os
-import code
-import threading
+import sys
 import signal
+import threading
 
 import IPython
+from IPython import ultraTB
+from IPython.genutils import Term,warn,error,flag_calls
 from IPython.iplib import InteractiveShell
 from IPython.ipmaker import make_IPython
-from IPython.genutils import Term,warn,error,flag_calls
-from IPython.Struct import Struct
 from IPython.Magic import Magic
-from IPython import ultraTB
+from IPython.Struct import Struct
 
 # global flag to pass around information about Ctrl-C without exceptions
 KBINT = False
 
 # global flag to turn on/off Tk support.
 USE_TK = False
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # This class is trivial now, but I want to have it in to publish a clean
 # interface. Later when the internals are reorganized, code that uses this
 # shouldn't have to change.
 
 class IPShell:
     """Create an IPython instance."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1,
                  shell_class=InteractiveShell):
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class)
 
     def mainloop(self,sys_exit=0,banner=None):
         self.IP.mainloop(banner)
         if sys_exit:
             sys.exit()
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class IPShellEmbed:
     """Allow embedding an IPython shell into a running program.
 
     Instances of this class are callable, with the __call__ method being an
     alias to the embed() method of an InteractiveShell instance.
 
     Usage (see also the example-embed.py file for a running example):
 
     ipshell = IPShellEmbed([argv,banner,exit_msg,rc_override])
 
     - argv: list containing valid command-line options for IPython, as they
     would appear in sys.argv[1:].
 
     For example, the following command-line options:
 
       $ ipython -prompt_in1 'Input <\\#>' -colors LightBG
 
     would be passed in the argv list as:
 
       ['-prompt_in1','Input <\\#>','-colors','LightBG']
 
     - banner: string which gets printed every time the interpreter starts.
 
     - exit_msg: string which gets printed every time the interpreter exits.
 
     - rc_override: a dict or Struct of configuration options such as those
     used by IPython. These options are read from your ~/.ipython/ipythonrc
     file when the Shell object is created. Passing an explicit rc_override
     dict with any options you want allows you to override those values at
     creation time without having to modify the file. This way you can create
     embeddable instances configured in any way you want without editing any
     global files (thus keeping your interactive IPython configuration
     unchanged).
 
     Then the ipshell instance can be called anywhere inside your code:
     
     ipshell(header='') -> Opens up an IPython shell.
 
     - header: string printed by the IPython shell upon startup. This can let
     you know where in your code you are when dropping into the shell. Note
     that 'banner' gets prepended to all calls, so header is used for
     location-specific information.
 
     For more details, see the __call__ method below.
 
     When the IPython shell is exited with Ctrl-D, normal program execution
     resumes.
 
     This functionality was inspired by a posting on comp.lang.python by cmkl
     <[e-mail]> on Dec. 06/01 concerning similar uses of pyrepl, and
     by the IDL stop/continue commands."""
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,banner='',exit_msg=None,rc_override=None):
         """Note that argv here is a string, NOT a list."""
         self.set_banner(banner)
         self.set_exit_msg(exit_msg)
         self.set_dummy_mode(0)
 
         # sys.displayhook is a global, we need to save the user's original
         # Don't rely on __displayhook__, as the user may have changed that.
         self.sys_displayhook_ori = sys.displayhook
 
         # save readline completer status
         try:
             #print 'Save completer',sys.ipcompleter  # dbg
             self.sys_ipcompleter_ori = sys.ipcompleter
         except:
             pass # not nested with IPython
         
         # FIXME. Passing user_ns breaks namespace handling.
         #self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=__main__.__dict__)
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,rc_override=rc_override,embedded=True)
 
         # copy our own displayhook also
         self.sys_displayhook_embed = sys.displayhook
         # and leave the system's display hook clean
         sys.displayhook = self.sys_displayhook_ori
         # don't use the ipython crash handler so that user exceptions aren't
         # trapped
         sys.excepthook = ultraTB.FormattedTB(color_scheme = self.IP.rc.colors,
                                              mode = self.IP.rc.xmode,
                                              call_pdb = self.IP.rc.pdb)
         self.restore_system_completer()
 
     def restore_system_completer(self):
         """Restores the readline completer which was in place.
 
         This allows embedded IPython within IPython not to disrupt the
         parent's completion.
         """
         
         try:
             self.IP.readline.set_completer(self.sys_ipcompleter_ori)
             sys.ipcompleter = self.sys_ipcompleter_ori
         except:
             pass
 
     def __call__(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns=None,dummy=None):
         """Activate the interactive interpreter.
 
         __call__(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns,dummy=None) -> Start
         the interpreter shell with the given local and global namespaces, and
         optionally print a header string at startup.
 
         The shell can be globally activated/deactivated using the
         set/get_dummy_mode methods. This allows you to turn off a shell used
         for debugging globally.
 
         However, *each* time you call the shell you can override the current
         state of dummy_mode with the optional keyword parameter 'dummy'. For
         example, if you set dummy mode on with IPShell.set_dummy_mode(1), you
         can still have a specific call work by making it as IPShell(dummy=0).
 
         The optional keyword parameter dummy controls whether the call
         actually does anything.  """
 
         # Allow the dummy parameter to override the global __dummy_mode
         if dummy or (dummy != 0 and self.__dummy_mode):
             return
 
         # Set global subsystems (display,completions) to our values
         sys.displayhook = self.sys_displayhook_embed
         if self.IP.has_readline:
             self.IP.readline.set_completer(self.IP.Completer.complete)
 
         if self.banner and header:
             format = '%s\n%s\n'
         else:
             format = '%s%s\n'
         banner =  format % (self.banner,header)
 
         # Call the embedding code with a stack depth of 1 so it can skip over
         # our call and get the original caller's namespaces.
         self.IP.embed_mainloop(banner,local_ns,global_ns,stack_depth=1)
 
         if self.exit_msg:
             print self.exit_msg
             
         # Restore global systems (display, completion)
         sys.displayhook = self.sys_displayhook_ori
         self.restore_system_completer()
     
     def set_dummy_mode(self,dummy):
         """Sets the embeddable shell's dummy mode parameter.
 
         set_dummy_mode(dummy): dummy = 0 or 1.
 
         This parameter is persistent and makes calls to the embeddable shell
         silently return without performing any action. This allows you to
         globally activate or deactivate a shell you're using with a single call.
 
         If you need to manually"""
 
         if dummy not in [0,1,False,True]:
             raise ValueError,'dummy parameter must be boolean'
         self.__dummy_mode = dummy
 
     def get_dummy_mode(self):
         """Return the current value of the dummy mode parameter.
         """
         return self.__dummy_mode
     
     def set_banner(self,banner):
         """Sets the global banner.
 
         This banner gets prepended to every header printed when the shell
         instance is called."""
 
         self.banner = banner
 
     def set_exit_msg(self,exit_msg):
         """Sets the global exit_msg.
 
         This exit message gets printed upon exiting every time the embedded
         shell is called. It is None by default. """
 
         self.exit_msg = exit_msg
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def sigint_handler (signum,stack_frame):
     """Sigint handler for threaded apps.
 
     This is a horrible hack to pass information about SIGINT _without_ using
     exceptions, since I haven't been able to properly manage cross-thread
     exceptions in GTK/WX.  In fact, I don't think it can be done (or at least
     that's my understanding from a c.l.py thread where this was discussed)."""
 
     global KBINT
     
     print '\nKeyboardInterrupt - Press <Enter> to continue.',
     Term.cout.flush()
     # Set global flag so that runsource can know that Ctrl-C was hit
     KBINT = True
 
 class MTInteractiveShell(InteractiveShell):
     """Simple multi-threaded shell."""
 
     # Threading strategy taken from:
     # http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/65109, by Brian
     # McErlean and John Finlay.  Modified with corrections by Antoon Pardon,
     # from the pygtk mailing list, to avoid lockups with system calls.
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns = None, banner2='',**kw):
         """Similar to the normal InteractiveShell, but with threading control"""
         
         IPython.iplib.InteractiveShell.__init__(self,name,usage,rc,user_ns,banner2)
 
         # Locking control variable
         self.thread_ready = threading.Condition()
 
         # Stuff to do at closing time
         self._kill = False
         on_kill = kw.get('on_kill')
         if on_kill is None:
             on_kill = []
         # Check that all things to kill are callable:
         for t in on_kill:
             if not callable(t):
                 raise TypeError,'on_kill must be a list of callables'
         self.on_kill = on_kill
 
     def runsource(self, source, filename="<input>", symbol="single"):
         """Compile and run some source in the interpreter.
 
         Modified version of code.py's runsource(), to handle threading issues.
         See the original for full docstring details."""
 
         global KBINT
         
         # If Ctrl-C was typed, we reset the flag and return right away
         if KBINT:
             KBINT = False
             return False
         
         try:
             code = self.compile(source, filename, symbol)
         except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError):
             # Case 1
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             return False
 
         if code is None:
             # Case 2
             return True
 
         # Case 3
         # Store code in self, so the execution thread can handle it
         self.thread_ready.acquire()
         self.code_to_run = code
         self.thread_ready.wait()  # Wait until processed in timeout interval
         self.thread_ready.release()
 
         return False
 
     def runcode(self):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         Multithreaded wrapper around IPython's runcode()."""
 
         # lock thread-protected stuff
         self.thread_ready.acquire()
 
         # Install sigint handler
         try:
             signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, sigint_handler)
         except SystemError:
             # This happens under Windows, which seems to have all sorts
             # of problems with signal handling.  Oh well...
             pass
 
         if self._kill:
             print >>Term.cout, 'Closing threads...',
             Term.cout.flush()
             for tokill in self.on_kill:
                 tokill()
             print >>Term.cout, 'Done.'
 
         # Run pending code by calling parent class
         if self.code_to_run is not None:
             self.thread_ready.notify()
             InteractiveShell.runcode(self,self.code_to_run)
             
         # We're done with thread-protected variables
         self.thread_ready.release()
         # This MUST return true for gtk threading to work
         return True
 
     def kill (self):
         """Kill the thread, returning when it has been shut down."""
         self.thread_ready.acquire()
         self._kill = True
         self.thread_ready.release()
 
 class MatplotlibShellBase:
     """Mixin class to provide the necessary modifications to regular IPython
     shell classes for matplotlib support.
 
     Given Python's MRO, this should be used as the FIRST class in the
     inheritance hierarchy, so that it overrides the relevant methods."""
     
     def _matplotlib_config(self,name):
         """Return various items needed to setup the user's shell with matplotlib"""
 
         # Initialize matplotlib to interactive mode always
         import matplotlib
         from matplotlib import backends
         matplotlib.interactive(True)
 
         def use(arg):
             """IPython wrapper for matplotlib's backend switcher.
 
             In interactive use, we can not allow switching to a different
             interactive backend, since thread conflicts will most likely crash
             the python interpreter.  This routine does a safety check first,
             and refuses to perform a dangerous switch.  It still allows
             switching to non-interactive backends."""
 
             if arg in backends.interactive_bk and arg != self.mpl_backend:
                 m=('invalid matplotlib backend switch.\n'
                    'This script attempted to switch to the interactive '
                    'backend: `%s`\n'
                    'Your current choice of interactive backend is: `%s`\n\n'
                    'Switching interactive matplotlib backends at runtime\n'
                    'would crash the python interpreter, '
                    'and IPython has blocked it.\n\n'
                    'You need to either change your choice of matplotlib backend\n'
                    'by editing your .matplotlibrc file, or run this script as a \n'
                    'standalone file from the command line, not using IPython.\n' %
                    (arg,self.mpl_backend) )
                 raise RuntimeError, m
             else:
                 self.mpl_use(arg)
                 self.mpl_use._called = True
         
         self.matplotlib = matplotlib
         self.mpl_backend = matplotlib.rcParams['backend']
 
         # we also need to block switching of interactive backends by use()
         self.mpl_use = matplotlib.use
         self.mpl_use._called = False
         # overwrite the original matplotlib.use with our wrapper
         matplotlib.use = use
 
 
         # This must be imported last in the matplotlib series, after
         # backend/interactivity choices have been made
         try:
             import matplotlib.pylab as pylab
             self.pylab = pylab
             self.pylab_name = 'pylab'
         except ImportError:
             import matplotlib.matlab as matlab            
             self.pylab = matlab
             self.pylab_name = 'matlab'
 
         self.pylab.show._needmain = False
         # We need to detect at runtime whether show() is called by the user.
         # For this, we wrap it into a decorator which adds a 'called' flag.
         self.pylab.draw_if_interactive = flag_calls(self.pylab.draw_if_interactive)
 
         # Build a user namespace initialized with matplotlib/matlab features.
         user_ns = {'__name__':'__main__',
                    '__builtins__' : __builtin__ }
 
         # Be careful not to remove the final \n in the code string below, or
         # things will break badly with py22 (I think it's a python bug, 2.3 is
         # OK).
         pname = self.pylab_name # Python can't interpolate dotted var names
         exec ("import matplotlib\n"
               "import matplotlib.%(pname)s as %(pname)s\n"
               "from matplotlib.%(pname)s import *\n" % locals()) in user_ns
         
         # Build matplotlib info banner
         b="""
   Welcome to pylab, a matplotlib-based Python environment.
   For more information, type 'help(pylab)'.
 """
         return user_ns,b
 
     def mplot_exec(self,fname,*where,**kw):
         """Execute a matplotlib script.
 
         This is a call to execfile(), but wrapped in safeties to properly
         handle interactive rendering and backend switching."""
 
         #print '*** Matplotlib runner ***' # dbg
         # turn off rendering until end of script
         isInteractive = self.matplotlib.rcParams['interactive']
         self.matplotlib.interactive(False)
         self.safe_execfile(fname,*where,**kw)
         self.matplotlib.interactive(isInteractive)
         # make rendering call now, if the user tried to do it
         if self.pylab.draw_if_interactive.called:
             self.pylab.draw()
             self.pylab.draw_if_interactive.called = False
                 
         # if a backend switch was performed, reverse it now
         if self.mpl_use._called:
             self.matplotlib.rcParams['backend'] = self.mpl_backend
         
     def magic_run(self,parameter_s=''):
         Magic.magic_run(self,parameter_s,runner=self.mplot_exec)
 
     # Fix the docstring so users see the original as well
     magic_run.__doc__ = "%s\n%s" % (Magic.magic_run.__doc__,
                                     "\n        *** Modified %run for Matplotlib,"
                                     " with proper interactive handling ***")
 
 # Now we provide 2 versions of a matplotlib-aware IPython base shells, single
 # and multithreaded.  Note that these are meant for internal use, the IPShell*
 # classes below are the ones meant for public consumption.
 
 class MatplotlibShell(MatplotlibShellBase,InteractiveShell):
     """Single-threaded shell with matplotlib support."""
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns = None, **kw):
         user_ns,b2 = self._matplotlib_config(name)
         InteractiveShell.__init__(self,name,usage,rc,user_ns,banner2=b2,**kw)
 
 class MatplotlibMTShell(MatplotlibShellBase,MTInteractiveShell):
     """Multi-threaded shell with matplotlib support."""
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns = None, **kw):
         user_ns,b2 = self._matplotlib_config(name)
         MTInteractiveShell.__init__(self,name,usage,rc,user_ns,banner2=b2,**kw)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utility functions for the different GUI enabled IPShell* classes.
 
 def get_tk():
     """Tries to import Tkinter and returns a withdrawn Tkinter root
     window.  If Tkinter is already imported or not available, this
     returns None.  This function calls `hijack_tk` underneath.
     """
     if not USE_TK or sys.modules.has_key('Tkinter'):
         return None
     else:
         try:
             import Tkinter
         except ImportError:
             return None
         else:
             hijack_tk()
             r = Tkinter.Tk()
             r.withdraw()
             return r
 
 def hijack_tk():
     """Modifies Tkinter's mainloop with a dummy so when a module calls
     mainloop, it does not block.
 
     """
     def misc_mainloop(self, n=0):
         pass
     def tkinter_mainloop(n=0):
         pass
     
     import Tkinter
     Tkinter.Misc.mainloop = misc_mainloop
     Tkinter.mainloop = tkinter_mainloop
 
 def update_tk(tk):
     """Updates the Tkinter event loop.  This is typically called from
     the respective WX or GTK mainloops.
     """    
     if tk:
         tk.update()
 
 def hijack_wx():
     """Modifies wxPython's MainLoop with a dummy so user code does not
     block IPython.  The hijacked mainloop function is returned.
     """    
     def dummy_mainloop(*args, **kw):
         pass
     import wxPython
     ver = wxPython.__version__
     orig_mainloop = None
     if ver[:3] >= '2.5':
         import wx
         if hasattr(wx, '_core_'): core = getattr(wx, '_core_')
         elif hasattr(wx, '_core'): core = getattr(wx, '_core')
         else: raise AttributeError('Could not find wx core module')
         orig_mainloop = core.PyApp_MainLoop
         core.PyApp_MainLoop = dummy_mainloop
     elif ver[:3] == '2.4':
         orig_mainloop = wxPython.wxc.wxPyApp_MainLoop
         wxPython.wxc.wxPyApp_MainLoop = dummy_mainloop
     else:
         warn("Unable to find either wxPython version 2.4 or >= 2.5.")
     return orig_mainloop
 
 def hijack_gtk():
     """Modifies pyGTK's mainloop with a dummy so user code does not
     block IPython.  This function returns the original `gtk.mainloop`
     function that has been hijacked.
     """    
     def dummy_mainloop(*args, **kw):
         pass
     import gtk
     if gtk.pygtk_version >= (2,4,0): orig_mainloop = gtk.main
     else:                            orig_mainloop = gtk.mainloop
     gtk.mainloop = dummy_mainloop
     gtk.main = dummy_mainloop
     return orig_mainloop
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # The IPShell* classes below are the ones meant to be run by external code as
 # IPython instances.  Note that unless a specific threading strategy is
 # desired, the factory function start() below should be used instead (it
 # selects the proper threaded class).
 
 class IPShellGTK(threading.Thread):
     """Run a gtk mainloop() in a separate thread.
     
     Python commands can be passed to the thread where they will be executed.
     This is implemented by periodically checking for passed code using a
     GTK timeout callback."""
     
     TIMEOUT = 100 # Millisecond interval between timeouts.
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1,
                  shell_class=MTInteractiveShell):
 
         import gtk
         
         self.gtk = gtk
         self.gtk_mainloop = hijack_gtk()
 
         # Allows us to use both Tk and GTK.
         self.tk = get_tk()
         
         if gtk.pygtk_version >= (2,4,0): mainquit = self.gtk.main_quit
         else:                            mainquit = self.gtk.mainquit
 
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class,
                                on_kill=[mainquit])
 
         # HACK: slot for banner in self; it will be passed to the mainloop
         # method only and .run() needs it.  The actual value will be set by
         # .mainloop().
         self._banner = None 
 
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
 
     def run(self):
         self.IP.mainloop(self._banner)
         self.IP.kill()
 
     def mainloop(self,sys_exit=0,banner=None):
 
         self._banner = banner
         
         if self.gtk.pygtk_version >= (2,4,0):
             import gobject
             gobject.idle_add(self.on_timer)
         else:
             self.gtk.idle_add(self.on_timer)
 
         if sys.platform != 'win32':
             try:
                 if self.gtk.gtk_version[0] >= 2:
                     self.gtk.threads_init()
             except AttributeError:
                 pass
             except RuntimeError:
                 error('Your pyGTK likely has not been compiled with '
                       'threading support.\n'
                       'The exception printout is below.\n'
                       'You can either rebuild pyGTK with threads, or '
                       'try using \n'
                       'matplotlib with a different backend (like Tk or WX).\n'
                       'Note that matplotlib will most likely not work in its '
                       'current state!')
                 self.IP.InteractiveTB()
         self.start()
         self.gtk.threads_enter()
         self.gtk_mainloop()
         self.gtk.threads_leave()
         self.join()
 
     def on_timer(self):
         update_tk(self.tk)
         return self.IP.runcode()
         
 
 class IPShellWX(threading.Thread):
     """Run a wx mainloop() in a separate thread.
     
     Python commands can be passed to the thread where they will be executed.
     This is implemented by periodically checking for passed code using a
     GTK timeout callback."""
     
     TIMEOUT = 100 # Millisecond interval between timeouts.
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1,
                  shell_class=MTInteractiveShell):
 
         import wxPython.wx as wx
 
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
         self.wx = wx
         self.wx_mainloop = hijack_wx()
 
         # Allows us to use both Tk and GTK.
         self.tk = get_tk()
         
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class,
                                on_kill=[self.wxexit])
         # HACK: slot for banner in self; it will be passed to the mainloop
         # method only and .run() needs it.  The actual value will be set by
         # .mainloop().
         self._banner = None 
 
         self.app = None
 
     def wxexit(self, *args):
         if self.app is not None:
             self.app.agent.timer.Stop()
             self.app.ExitMainLoop()
 
     def run(self):
         self.IP.mainloop(self._banner)
         self.IP.kill()
 
     def mainloop(self,sys_exit=0,banner=None):
 
         self._banner = banner
         
         self.start()
 
         class TimerAgent(self.wx.wxMiniFrame):
             wx = self.wx
             IP = self.IP
             tk = self.tk
             def __init__(self, parent, interval):
                 style = self.wx.wxDEFAULT_FRAME_STYLE | self.wx.wxTINY_CAPTION_HORIZ
                 self.wx.wxMiniFrame.__init__(self, parent, -1, ' ', pos=(200, 200),
                                              size=(100, 100),style=style)
                 self.Show(False)
                 self.interval = interval
                 self.timerId = self.wx.wxNewId()                                
 
             def StartWork(self):
                 self.timer = self.wx.wxTimer(self, self.timerId)
                 self.wx.EVT_TIMER(self,  self.timerId, self.OnTimer)
                 self.timer.Start(self.interval)
 
             def OnTimer(self, event):
                 update_tk(self.tk)
                 self.IP.runcode()
 
         class App(self.wx.wxApp):
             wx = self.wx
             TIMEOUT = self.TIMEOUT
             def OnInit(self):
                 'Create the main window and insert the custom frame'
                 self.agent = TimerAgent(None, self.TIMEOUT)
                 self.agent.Show(self.wx.false)
                 self.agent.StartWork()
                 return self.wx.true
         
         self.app = App(redirect=False)
         self.wx_mainloop(self.app)
         self.join()
 
 
 class IPShellQt(threading.Thread):
     """Run a Qt event loop in a separate thread.
     
     Python commands can be passed to the thread where they will be executed.
     This is implemented by periodically checking for passed code using a
     Qt timer / slot."""
     
     TIMEOUT = 100 # Millisecond interval between timeouts.
 
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=0,
                  shell_class=MTInteractiveShell):
         
         import qt
 
         class newQApplication:
             def __init__( self ):
                 self.QApplication = qt.QApplication
                 
             def __call__( *args, **kwargs ):
                 return qt.qApp
 
             def exec_loop( *args, **kwargs ):
                 pass
 
             def __getattr__( self, name ):
                 return getattr( self.QApplication, name )
           
         qt.QApplication = newQApplication()
 
         # Allows us to use both Tk and QT.
         self.tk = get_tk()
 
         self.IP = make_IPython(argv,user_ns=user_ns,debug=debug,
                                shell_class=shell_class,
                                on_kill=[qt.qApp.exit])
 
         # HACK: slot for banner in self; it will be passed to the mainloop
         # method only and .run() needs it.  The actual value will be set by
         # .mainloop().
         self._banner = None 
         
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
 
     def run(self):
         self.IP.mainloop(self._banner)
         self.IP.kill()
 
     def mainloop(self,sys_exit=0,banner=None):
 
         import qt
 
         self._banner = banner
 
         if qt.QApplication.startingUp():
           a = qt.QApplication.QApplication(sys.argv)
         self.timer = qt.QTimer()
         qt.QObject.connect( self.timer, qt.SIGNAL( 'timeout()' ), self.on_timer )
 
         self.start()
         self.timer.start( self.TIMEOUT, True )
         while True:
             if self.IP._kill: break
             qt.qApp.exec_loop()
         self.join()
 
     def on_timer(self):
         update_tk(self.tk)
         result = self.IP.runcode()
         self.timer.start( self.TIMEOUT, True )
         return result
 
 # A set of matplotlib public IPython shell classes, for single-threaded
 # (Tk* and FLTK* backends) and multithreaded (GTK* and WX* backends) use.
 class IPShellMatplotlib(IPShell):
     """Subclass IPShell with MatplotlibShell as the internal shell.
 
     Single-threaded class, meant for the Tk* and FLTK* backends.
 
     Having this on a separate class simplifies the external driver code."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShell.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,debug,shell_class=MatplotlibShell)
 
 class IPShellMatplotlibGTK(IPShellGTK):
     """Subclass IPShellGTK with MatplotlibMTShell as the internal shell.
 
     Multi-threaded class, meant for the GTK* backends."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShellGTK.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,debug,shell_class=MatplotlibMTShell)
 
 class IPShellMatplotlibWX(IPShellWX):
     """Subclass IPShellWX with MatplotlibMTShell as the internal shell.
 
     Multi-threaded class, meant for the WX* backends."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShellWX.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,debug,shell_class=MatplotlibMTShell)
 
 class IPShellMatplotlibQt(IPShellQt):
     """Subclass IPShellQt with MatplotlibMTShell as the internal shell.
 
     Multi-threaded class, meant for the Qt* backends."""
     
     def __init__(self,argv=None,user_ns=None,debug=1):
         IPShellQt.__init__(self,argv,user_ns,debug,shell_class=MatplotlibMTShell)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Factory functions to actually start the proper thread-aware shell
 
 def _matplotlib_shell_class():
     """Factory function to handle shell class selection for matplotlib.
 
     The proper shell class to use depends on the matplotlib backend, since
     each backend requires a different threading strategy."""
 
     try:
         import matplotlib
     except ImportError:
         error('matplotlib could NOT be imported!  Starting normal IPython.')
         sh_class = IPShell
     else:
         backend = matplotlib.rcParams['backend']
         if backend.startswith('GTK'):
             sh_class = IPShellMatplotlibGTK
         elif backend.startswith('WX'):
             sh_class = IPShellMatplotlibWX
         elif backend.startswith('Qt'):
             sh_class = IPShellMatplotlibQt
         else:
             sh_class = IPShellMatplotlib
     #print 'Using %s with the %s backend.' % (sh_class,backend) # dbg
     return sh_class
 
 # This is the one which should be called by external code.
 def start():
     """Return a running shell instance, dealing with threading options.
 
     This is a factory function which will instantiate the proper IPython shell
     based on the user's threading choice.  Such a selector is needed because
     different GUI toolkits require different thread handling details."""
 
     global USE_TK
     # Crude sys.argv hack to extract the threading options.
     argv = sys.argv
     if len(argv) > 1:
         if len(argv) > 2:
             arg2 = argv[2]
             if arg2.endswith('-tk'):
                 USE_TK = True
         arg1 = argv[1]
         if arg1.endswith('-gthread'):
             shell = IPShellGTK
         elif arg1.endswith( '-qthread' ):
             shell = IPShellQt
         elif arg1.endswith('-wthread'):
             shell = IPShellWX
         elif arg1.endswith('-pylab'):
             shell = _matplotlib_shell_class()
         else:
             shell = IPShell
     else:
         shell = IPShell
     return shell()
 
 # Some aliases for backwards compatibility
 IPythonShell = IPShell
 IPythonShellEmbed = IPShellEmbed
 #************************ End of file <Shell.py> ***************************

IPython/Struct.py

@@ -1,375 +1,376
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Mimic C structs with lots of extra functionality.
 
-$Id: Struct.py 638 2005-07-18 03:01:41Z fperez $"""
+$Id: Struct.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 
 __all__ = ['Struct']
 
 import types
+
 from IPython.genutils import list2dict2
 
 class Struct:
     """Class to mimic C structs but also provide convenient dictionary-like
     functionality.
 
     Instances can be initialized with a dictionary, a list of key=value pairs
     or both. If both are present, the dictionary must come first.
 
     Because Python classes provide direct assignment to their members, it's
     easy to overwrite normal methods (S.copy = 1 would destroy access to
     S.copy()). For this reason, all builtin method names are protected and
     can't be assigned to. An attempt to do s.copy=1 or s['copy']=1 will raise
     a KeyError exception. If you really want to, you can bypass this
     protection by directly assigning to __dict__: s.__dict__['copy']=1 will
     still work. Doing this will break functionality, though. As in most of
     Python, namespace protection is weakly enforced, so feel free to shoot
     yourself if you really want to.
 
     Note that this class uses more memory and is *much* slower than a regular
     dictionary, so be careful in situations where memory or performance are
     critical. But for day to day use it should behave fine. It is particularly
     convenient for storing configuration data in programs.
 
     +,+=,- and -= are implemented. +/+= do merges (non-destructive updates),
     -/-= remove keys from the original. See the method descripitions.
 
     This class allows a quick access syntax: both s.key and s['key'] are
     valid.  This syntax has a limitation: each 'key' has to be explicitly
     accessed by its original name. The normal s.key syntax doesn't provide
     access to the keys via variables whose values evaluate to the desired
     keys. An example should clarify this:
 
     Define a dictionary and initialize both with dict and k=v pairs:
     >>> d={'a':1,'b':2}
     >>> s=Struct(d,hi=10,ho=20)
     The return of __repr__ can be used to create a new instance:
     >>> s
     Struct({'ho': 20, 'b': 2, 'hi': 10, 'a': 1})
     __str__ (called by print) shows it's not quite a regular dictionary:
     >>> print s
     Struct {a: 1, b: 2, hi: 10, ho: 20}
     Access by explicitly named key with dot notation:
     >>> s.a
     1
     Or like a dictionary:
     >>> s['a']
     1
     If you want a variable to hold the key value, only dictionary access works:
     >>> key='hi'
     >>> s.key
     Traceback (most recent call last):
       File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
     AttributeError: Struct instance has no attribute 'key'
     >>> s[key]
     10
 
     Another limitation of the s.key syntax (and Struct(key=val)
     initialization): keys can't be numbers. But numeric keys can be used and
     accessed using the dictionary syntax. Again, an example:
 
     This doesn't work:
     >>> s=Struct(4='hi')
     SyntaxError: keyword can't be an expression
     But this does:
     >>> s=Struct()
     >>> s[4]='hi'
     >>> s
     Struct({4: 'hi'})
     >>> s[4]
     'hi'
     """
 
     # Attributes to which __setitem__ and __setattr__ will block access.
     # Note: much of this will be moot in Python 2.2 and will be done in a much
     # cleaner way.
     __protected = ('copy dict dictcopy get has_attr has_key items keys '
                    'merge popitem setdefault update values '
                    '__make_dict __dict_invert ').split()
 
     def __init__(self,dict=None,**kw):
         """Initialize with a dictionary, another Struct, or by giving
         explicitly the list of attributes.
 
         Both can be used, but the dictionary must come first:
         Struct(dict), Struct(k1=v1,k2=v2) or Struct(dict,k1=v1,k2=v2).
         """
         if dict is None:
             dict = {}
         if isinstance(dict,Struct):
             dict = dict.dict()
         elif dict and  type(dict) is not types.DictType:
             raise TypeError,\
                   'Initialize with a dictionary or key=val pairs.'
         dict.update(kw)
         # do the updating by hand to guarantee that we go through the
         # safety-checked __setitem__
         for k,v in dict.items():
             self[k] = v
 
     def __setitem__(self,key,value):
         """Used when struct[key] = val calls are made."""
         if key in Struct.__protected:
             raise KeyError,'Key '+`key`+' is a protected key of class Struct.'
         self.__dict__[key] = value
 
     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
         """Used when struct.key = val calls are made."""
         self.__setitem__(key,value)
 
     def __str__(self):
         """Gets called by print."""
         
         return 'Struct('+str(self.__dict__)+')'
 
     def __repr__(self):
         """Gets called by repr.
         
         A Struct can be recreated with S_new=eval(repr(S_old))."""
         return 'Struct('+str(self.__dict__)+')'
 
     def __getitem__(self,key):
         """Allows struct[key] access."""
         return self.__dict__[key]
 
     def __contains__(self,key):
         """Allows use of the 'in' operator."""
         return self.__dict__.has_key(key)
 
     def __iadd__(self,other):
         """S += S2 is a shorthand for S.merge(S2)."""
         self.merge(other)
         return self
 
     def __add__(self,other):
         """S + S2 -> New Struct made form S and S.merge(S2)"""
         Sout = self.copy()
         Sout.merge(other)
         return Sout
 
     def __sub__(self,other):
         """Return S1-S2, where all keys in S2 have been deleted (if present)
         from S1."""
         Sout = self.copy()
         Sout -= other
         return Sout
 
     def __isub__(self,other):
         """Do in place S = S - S2, meaning all keys in S2 have been deleted
         (if present) from S1."""
 
         for k in other.keys():
             if self.has_key(k):
                 del self.__dict__[k]
 
     def __make_dict(self,__loc_data__,**kw):
         "Helper function for update and merge. Return a dict from data."
 
         if __loc_data__ == None:
             dict = {}
         elif type(__loc_data__) is types.DictType:
             dict = __loc_data__
         elif isinstance(__loc_data__,Struct):
             dict = __loc_data__.__dict__
         else:
             raise TypeError, 'Update with a dict, a Struct or key=val pairs.'
         if kw:
             dict.update(kw)
         return dict
 
     def __dict_invert(self,dict):
         """Helper function for merge. Takes a dictionary whose values are
         lists and returns a dict. with the elements of each list as keys and
         the original keys as values."""
 
         outdict = {}
         for k,lst in dict.items():
             if type(lst) is types.StringType:
                 lst = lst.split()
             for entry in lst:
                 outdict[entry] = k
         return outdict
 
     def clear(self):
         """Clear all attributes."""
         self.__dict__.clear()
 
     def copy(self):
         """Return a (shallow) copy of a Struct."""
         return Struct(self.__dict__.copy())
 
     def dict(self):
         """Return the Struct's dictionary."""
         return self.__dict__
 
     def dictcopy(self):
         """Return a (shallow) copy of the Struct's dictionary."""
         return self.__dict__.copy()
 
     def popitem(self):
         """S.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as
         a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if S is empty."""
         return self.__dict__.popitem()
 
     def update(self,__loc_data__=None,**kw):
         """Update (merge) with data from another Struct or from a dictionary.
         Optionally, one or more key=value pairs can be given at the end for
         direct update."""
 
         # The funny name __loc_data__ is to prevent a common variable name which
         # could be a fieled of a Struct to collide with this parameter. The problem
         # would arise if the function is called with a keyword with this same name
         # that a user means to add as a Struct field.
         newdict = Struct.__make_dict(self,__loc_data__,**kw)
         for k,v in newdict.items():
             self[k] = v
 
     def merge(self,__loc_data__=None,__conflict_solve=None,**kw):
         """S.merge(data,conflict,k=v1,k=v2,...) -> merge data and k=v into S.
 
         This is similar to update(), but much more flexible.  First, a dict is
         made from data+key=value pairs. When merging this dict with the Struct
         S, the optional dictionary 'conflict' is used to decide what to do.
 
         If conflict is not given, the default behavior is to preserve any keys
         with their current value (the opposite of the update method's
         behavior).
 
         conflict is a dictionary of binary functions which will be used to
         solve key conflicts. It must have the following structure:
 
           conflict == { fn1 : [Skey1,Skey2,...], fn2 : [Skey3], etc }
 
         Values must be lists or whitespace separated strings which are
         automatically converted to lists of strings by calling string.split().
 
         Each key of conflict is a function which defines a policy for
         resolving conflicts when merging with the input data. Each fn must be
         a binary function which returns the desired outcome for a key
         conflict. These functions will be called as fn(old,new).
 
         An example is probably in order. Suppose you are merging the struct S
         with a dict D and the following conflict policy dict:
 
             S.merge(D,{fn1:['a','b',4], fn2:'key_c key_d'})
 
         If the key 'a' is found in both S and D, the merge method will call:
 
             S['a'] = fn1(S['a'],D['a'])
 
         As a convenience, merge() provides five (the most commonly needed)
         pre-defined policies: preserve, update, add, add_flip and add_s. The
         easiest explanation is their implementation:
 
           preserve = lambda old,new: old
           update   = lambda old,new: new
           add      = lambda old,new: old + new
           add_flip = lambda old,new: new + old  # note change of order!
           add_s    = lambda old,new: old + ' ' + new  # only works for strings!
 
         You can use those four words (as strings) as keys in conflict instead
         of defining them as functions, and the merge method will substitute
         the appropriate functions for you. That is, the call
 
           S.merge(D,{'preserve':'a b c','add':[4,5,'d'],my_function:[6]})
 
         will automatically substitute the functions preserve and add for the
         names 'preserve' and 'add' before making any function calls.
 
         For more complicated conflict resolution policies, you still need to
         construct your own functions. """
 
         data_dict = Struct.__make_dict(self,__loc_data__,**kw)
 
         # policies for conflict resolution: two argument functions which return
         # the value that will go in the new struct
         preserve = lambda old,new: old
         update   = lambda old,new: new
         add      = lambda old,new: old + new
         add_flip = lambda old,new: new + old  # note change of order!
         add_s    = lambda old,new: old + ' ' + new
 
         # default policy is to keep current keys when there's a conflict
         conflict_solve = list2dict2(self.keys(),default = preserve)
 
         # the conflict_solve dictionary is given by the user 'inverted': we
         # need a name-function mapping, it comes as a function -> names
         # dict. Make a local copy (b/c we'll make changes), replace user
         # strings for the three builtin policies and invert it.
         if __conflict_solve:
             inv_conflict_solve_user = __conflict_solve.copy()
             for name, func in [('preserve',preserve), ('update',update),
                                ('add',add), ('add_flip',add_flip), ('add_s',add_s)]:
                 if name in inv_conflict_solve_user.keys():
                     inv_conflict_solve_user[func] = inv_conflict_solve_user[name]
                     del inv_conflict_solve_user[name]
             conflict_solve.update(Struct.__dict_invert(self,inv_conflict_solve_user))
         #print 'merge. conflict_solve: '; pprint(conflict_solve) # dbg
         #print '*'*50,'in merger. conflict_solver:';  pprint(conflict_solve)
         for key in data_dict:
             if key not in self:
                 self[key] = data_dict[key]
             else:
                 self[key] = conflict_solve[key](self[key],data_dict[key])
 
     def has_key(self,key):
         """Like has_key() dictionary method."""
         return self.__dict__.has_key(key)
 
     def hasattr(self,key):
         """hasattr function available as a method.
 
         Implemented like has_key, to make sure that all available keys in the
         internal dictionary of the Struct appear also as attributes (even
         numeric keys)."""
         return self.__dict__.has_key(key)
 
     def items(self):
         """Return the items in the Struct's dictionary, in the same format
         as a call to {}.items()."""
         return self.__dict__.items()
 
     def keys(self):
         """Return the keys in the Struct's dictionary, in the same format
         as a call to {}.keys()."""
         return self.__dict__.keys()
 
     def values(self,keys=None):
         """Return the values in the Struct's dictionary, in the same format
         as a call to {}.values().
 
         Can be called with an optional argument keys, which must be a list or
         tuple of keys. In this case it returns only the values corresponding
         to those keys (allowing a form of 'slicing' for Structs)."""
         if not keys:
             return self.__dict__.values()
         else:
             ret=[]
             for k in keys:
                 ret.append(self[k])
             return ret
 
     def get(self,attr,val=None):
         """S.get(k[,d]) -> S[k] if S.has_key(k), else d.  d defaults to None."""
         try:
             return self[attr]
         except KeyError:
             return val
 
     def setdefault(self,attr,val=None):
         """S.setdefault(k[,d]) -> S.get(k,d), also set S[k]=d if not S.has_key(k)"""
         if not self.has_key(attr):
             self[attr] = val
         return self.get(attr,val)
 # end class Struct
 

IPython/background_jobs.py

@@ -1,495 +1,496
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Manage background (threaded) jobs conveniently from an interactive shell.
 
 This module provides a BackgroundJobManager class.  This is the main class
 meant for public usage, it implements an object which can create and manage
 new background jobs.
 
 It also provides the actual job classes managed by these BackgroundJobManager
 objects, see their docstrings below.
 
 
 This system was inspired by discussions with B. Granger and the
 BackgroundCommand class described in the book Python Scripting for
 Computational Science, by H. P. Langtangen:
 
 http://folk.uio.no/hpl/scripting
 
 (although ultimately no code from this text was used, as IPython's system is a
 separate implementation).
 
-$Id: background_jobs.py 638 2005-07-18 03:01:41Z fperez $
+$Id: background_jobs.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2005 Fernando Perez <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 
 # Code begins
-import threading,sys
+import sys
+import threading
 
 from IPython.ultraTB import AutoFormattedTB
 from IPython.genutils import warn,error
 
 class BackgroundJobManager:
     """Class to manage a pool of backgrounded threaded jobs.
 
     Below, we assume that 'jobs' is a BackgroundJobManager instance.
     
     Usage summary (see the method docstrings for details):
 
       jobs.new(...) -> start a new job
       
       jobs() or jobs.status() -> print status summary of all jobs
 
       jobs[N] -> returns job number N.
 
       foo = jobs[N].result -> assign to variable foo the result of job N
 
       jobs[N].traceback() -> print the traceback of dead job N
 
       jobs.remove(N) -> remove (finished) job N
 
       jobs.flush_finished() -> remove all finished jobs
       
     As a convenience feature, BackgroundJobManager instances provide the
     utility result and traceback methods which retrieve the corresponding
     information from the jobs list:
 
       jobs.result(N) <--> jobs[N].result
       jobs.traceback(N) <--> jobs[N].traceback()
 
     While this appears minor, it allows you to use tab completion
     interactively on the job manager instance.
 
     In interactive mode, IPython provides the magic fuction %bg for quick
     creation of backgrounded expression-based jobs. Type bg? for details."""
 
     def __init__(self):
         # Lists for job management
         self.jobs_run  = []
         self.jobs_comp = []
         self.jobs_dead = []
         # A dict of all jobs, so users can easily access any of them
         self.jobs_all = {}
         # For reporting
         self._comp_report = []
         self._dead_report = []
         # Store status codes locally for fast lookups
         self._s_created   = BackgroundJobBase.stat_created_c
         self._s_running   = BackgroundJobBase.stat_running_c
         self._s_completed = BackgroundJobBase.stat_completed_c
         self._s_dead      = BackgroundJobBase.stat_dead_c
 
     def new(self,func_or_exp,*args,**kwargs):
         """Add a new background job and start it in a separate thread.
 
         There are two types of jobs which can be created:
 
         1. Jobs based on expressions which can be passed to an eval() call.
         The expression must be given as a string.  For example:
 
           job_manager.new('myfunc(x,y,z=1)'[,glob[,loc]])
 
         The given expression is passed to eval(), along with the optional
         global/local dicts provided.  If no dicts are given, they are
         extracted automatically from the caller's frame.
         
         A Python statement is NOT a valid eval() expression.  Basically, you
         can only use as an eval() argument something which can go on the right
         of an '=' sign and be assigned to a variable.
 
         For example,"print 'hello'" is not valid, but '2+3' is.
 
         2. Jobs given a function object, optionally passing additional
         positional arguments:
 
           job_manager.new(myfunc,x,y)
 
         The function is called with the given arguments.
 
         If you need to pass keyword arguments to your function, you must
         supply them as a dict named kw:
 
           job_manager.new(myfunc,x,y,kw=dict(z=1))
 
         The reason for this assymmetry is that the new() method needs to
         maintain access to its own keywords, and this prevents name collisions
         between arguments to new() and arguments to your own functions.
 
         In both cases, the result is stored in the job.result field of the
         background job object.
 
 
         Notes and caveats:
 
         1. All threads running share the same standard output.  Thus, if your
         background jobs generate output, it will come out on top of whatever
         you are currently writing.  For this reason, background jobs are best
         used with silent functions which simply return their output.
 
         2. Threads also all work within the same global namespace, and this
         system does not lock interactive variables.  So if you send job to the
         background which operates on a mutable object for a long time, and
         start modifying that same mutable object interactively (or in another
         backgrounded job), all sorts of bizarre behaviour will occur.
 
         3. If a background job is spending a lot of time inside a C extension
         module which does not release the Python Global Interpreter Lock
         (GIL), this will block the IPython prompt.  This is simply because the
         Python interpreter can only switch between threads at Python
         bytecodes.  While the execution is inside C code, the interpreter must
         simply wait unless the extension module releases the GIL.
 
         4. There is no way, due to limitations in the Python threads library,
         to kill a thread once it has started."""
         
         if callable(func_or_exp):
             kw  = kwargs.get('kw',{})
             job = BackgroundJobFunc(func_or_exp,*args,**kw)
         elif isinstance(func_or_exp,basestring):
             if not args:
                 frame = sys._getframe(1)
                 glob, loc = frame.f_globals, frame.f_locals
             elif len(args)==1:
                 glob = loc = args[0]
             elif len(args)==2:
                 glob,loc = args
             else:
                 raise ValueError,\
                       'Expression jobs take at most 2 args (globals,locals)'
             job = BackgroundJobExpr(func_or_exp,glob,loc)
         else:
             raise
         jkeys = self.jobs_all.keys()
         if jkeys:
             job.num = max(jkeys)+1
         else:
             job.num = 0
         self.jobs_run.append(job)
         self.jobs_all[job.num] = job
         print 'Starting job # %s in a separate thread.' % job.num
         job.start()
         return job
 
     def __getitem__(self,key):
         return self.jobs_all[key]
 
     def __call__(self):
         """An alias to self.status(),
 
         This allows you to simply call a job manager instance much like the
         Unix jobs shell command."""
 
         return self.status()
 
     def _update_status(self):
         """Update the status of the job lists.
 
         This method moves finished jobs to one of two lists:
           - self.jobs_comp: jobs which completed successfully
           - self.jobs_dead: jobs which finished but died.
 
         It also copies those jobs to corresponding _report lists.  These lists
         are used to report jobs completed/dead since the last update, and are
         then cleared by the reporting function after each call."""
         
         run,comp,dead = self._s_running,self._s_completed,self._s_dead
         jobs_run = self.jobs_run
         for num in range(len(jobs_run)):
             job  = jobs_run[num]
             stat = job.stat_code
             if stat == run:
                 continue
             elif stat == comp:
                 self.jobs_comp.append(job)
                 self._comp_report.append(job)
                 jobs_run[num] = False
             elif stat == dead:
                 self.jobs_dead.append(job)
                 self._dead_report.append(job)
                 jobs_run[num] = False
         self.jobs_run = filter(None,self.jobs_run)
 
     def _group_report(self,group,name):
         """Report summary for a given job group.
 
         Return True if the group had any elements."""
 
         if group:
             print '%s jobs:' % name
             for job in group:
                 print '%s : %s' % (job.num,job)
             print
             return True
 
     def _group_flush(self,group,name):
         """Flush a given job group
 
         Return True if the group had any elements."""
 
         njobs = len(group)
         if njobs:
             plural = {1:''}.setdefault(njobs,'s')
             print 'Flushing %s %s job%s.' % (njobs,name,plural)
             group[:] = []
             return True
         
     def _status_new(self):
         """Print the status of newly finished jobs.
 
         Return True if any new jobs are reported.
 
         This call resets its own state every time, so it only reports jobs
         which have finished since the last time it was called."""
 
         self._update_status()
         new_comp = self._group_report(self._comp_report,'Completed')
         new_dead = self._group_report(self._dead_report,
                                       'Dead, call job.traceback() for details')
         self._comp_report[:] = []
         self._dead_report[:] = []
         return new_comp or new_dead
                 
     def status(self,verbose=0):
         """Print a status of all jobs currently being managed."""
 
         self._update_status()
         self._group_report(self.jobs_run,'Running')
         self._group_report(self.jobs_comp,'Completed')
         self._group_report(self.jobs_dead,'Dead')
         # Also flush the report queues
         self._comp_report[:] = []
         self._dead_report[:] = []
 
     def remove(self,num):
         """Remove a finished (completed or dead) job."""
 
         try:
             job = self.jobs_all[num]
         except KeyError:
             error('Job #%s not found' % num)
         else:
             stat_code = job.stat_code
             if stat_code == self._s_running:
                 error('Job #%s is still running, it can not be removed.' % num)
                 return
             elif stat_code == self._s_completed:
                 self.jobs_comp.remove(job)
             elif stat_code == self._s_dead:
                 self.jobs_dead.remove(job)
 
     def flush_finished(self):
         """Flush all jobs finished (completed and dead) from lists.
 
         Running jobs are never flushed.
 
         It first calls _status_new(), to update info. If any jobs have
         completed since the last _status_new() call, the flush operation
         aborts."""
 
         if self._status_new():
             error('New jobs completed since last '\
                   '_status_new(), aborting flush.')
             return
 
         # Remove the finished jobs from the master dict
         jobs_all = self.jobs_all
         for job in self.jobs_comp+self.jobs_dead:
             del(jobs_all[job.num])
 
         # Now flush these lists completely
         fl_comp = self._group_flush(self.jobs_comp,'Completed')
         fl_dead = self._group_flush(self.jobs_dead,'Dead')
         if not (fl_comp or fl_dead):
             print 'No jobs to flush.'
 
     def result(self,num):
         """result(N) -> return the result of job N."""
         try:
             return self.jobs_all[num].result
         except KeyError:
             error('Job #%s not found' % num)
 
     def traceback(self,num):
         try:
             self.jobs_all[num].traceback()
         except KeyError:
             error('Job #%s not found' % num)
 
 
 class BackgroundJobBase(threading.Thread):
     """Base class to build BackgroundJob classes.
 
     The derived classes must implement:
 
     - Their own __init__, since the one here raises NotImplementedError.  The
     derived constructor must call self._init() at the end, to provide common
     initialization.
 
     - A strform attribute used in calls to __str__.
 
     - A call() method, which will make the actual execution call and must
     return a value to be held in the 'result' field of the job object."""
 
     # Class constants for status, in string and as numerical codes (when
     # updating jobs lists, we don't want to do string comparisons).  This will
     # be done at every user prompt, so it has to be as fast as possible
     stat_created   = 'Created'; stat_created_c = 0
     stat_running   = 'Running'; stat_running_c = 1
     stat_completed = 'Completed'; stat_completed_c = 2
     stat_dead      = 'Dead (Exception), call job.traceback() for details'
     stat_dead_c = -1
 
     def __init__(self):
         raise NotImplementedError, \
               "This class can not be instantiated directly."
 
     def _init(self):
         """Common initialization for all BackgroundJob objects"""
         
         for attr in ['call','strform']:
             assert hasattr(self,attr), "Missing attribute <%s>" % attr
         
         # The num tag can be set by an external job manager
         self.num = None
       
         self.status    = BackgroundJobBase.stat_created
         self.stat_code = BackgroundJobBase.stat_created_c
         self.finished  = False
         self.result    = '<BackgroundJob has not completed>'
         # reuse the ipython traceback handler if we can get to it, otherwise
         # make a new one
         try:
             self._make_tb = __IPYTHON__.InteractiveTB.text
         except:
             self._make_tb = AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Context',
                                            color_scheme='NoColor',
                                            tb_offset = 1).text
         # Hold a formatted traceback if one is generated.
         self._tb = None
         
         threading.Thread.__init__(self)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.strform
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<BackgroundJob: %s>' % self.strform
 
     def traceback(self):
         print self._tb
         
     def run(self):
         try:
             self.status    = BackgroundJobBase.stat_running
             self.stat_code = BackgroundJobBase.stat_running_c
             self.result    = self.call()
         except:
             self.status    = BackgroundJobBase.stat_dead
             self.stat_code = BackgroundJobBase.stat_dead_c
             self.finished  = None
             self.result    = ('<BackgroundJob died, call job.traceback() for details>')
             self._tb       = self._make_tb()
         else:
             self.status    = BackgroundJobBase.stat_completed
             self.stat_code = BackgroundJobBase.stat_completed_c
             self.finished  = True
 
 class BackgroundJobExpr(BackgroundJobBase):
     """Evaluate an expression as a background job (uses a separate thread)."""
 
     def __init__(self,expression,glob=None,loc=None):
         """Create a new job from a string which can be fed to eval().
 
         global/locals dicts can be provided, which will be passed to the eval
         call."""
 
         # fail immediately if the given expression can't be compiled
         self.code = compile(expression,'<BackgroundJob compilation>','eval')
                 
         if glob is None:
             glob = {}
         if loc is None:
             loc = {}
             
         self.expression = self.strform = expression
         self.glob = glob
         self.loc = loc
         self._init()
         
     def call(self):
         return eval(self.code,self.glob,self.loc)
 
 class BackgroundJobFunc(BackgroundJobBase):
     """Run a function call as a background job (uses a separate thread)."""
 
     def __init__(self,func,*args,**kwargs):
         """Create a new job from a callable object.
 
         Any positional arguments and keyword args given to this constructor
         after the initial callable are passed directly to it."""
 
         assert callable(func),'first argument must be callable'
         
         if args is None:
             args = []
         if kwargs is None:
             kwargs = {}
         
         self.func = func
         self.args = args
         self.kwargs = kwargs
         # The string form will only include the function passed, because
         # generating string representations of the arguments is a potentially
         # _very_ expensive operation (e.g. with large arrays).
         self.strform = str(func)
         self._init()
 
     def call(self):
         return self.func(*self.args,**self.kwargs)
 
 
 if __name__=='__main__':
 
     import time
 
     def sleepfunc(interval=2,*a,**kw):
         args = dict(interval=interval,
                     args=a,
                     kwargs=kw)
         time.sleep(interval)
         return args
 
     def diefunc(interval=2,*a,**kw):
         time.sleep(interval)
         die
 
     def printfunc(interval=1,reps=5):
         for n in range(reps):
             time.sleep(interval)
             print 'In the background...'
 
     jobs = BackgroundJobManager()
     # first job will have # 0
     jobs.new(sleepfunc,4)
     jobs.new(sleepfunc,kw={'reps':2})
     # This makes a job which will die
     jobs.new(diefunc,1)
     jobs.new('printfunc(1,3)')
 
     # after a while, you can get the traceback of a dead job.  Run the line
     # below again interactively until it prints a traceback (check the status
     # of the job):
     print jobs[1].status
     jobs[1].traceback()
     
     # Run this line again until the printed result changes
     print "The result of job #0 is:",jobs[0].result

IPython/completer.py

@@ -1,523 +1,523
 """Word completion for IPython.
 
 This module is a fork of the rlcompleter module in the Python standard
 library.  The original enhancements made to rlcompleter have been sent
 upstream and were accepted as of Python 2.3, but we need a lot more
 functionality specific to IPython, so this module will continue to live as an
 IPython-specific utility.
 
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Original rlcompleter documentation:
 
 This requires the latest extension to the readline module (the
 completes keywords, built-ins and globals in __main__; when completing
 NAME.NAME..., it evaluates (!) the expression up to the last dot and
 completes its attributes.
 
 It's very cool to do "import string" type "string.", hit the
 completion key (twice), and see the list of names defined by the
 string module!
 
 Tip: to use the tab key as the completion key, call
 
     readline.parse_and_bind("tab: complete")
 
 Notes:
 
 - Exceptions raised by the completer function are *ignored* (and
 generally cause the completion to fail).  This is a feature -- since
 readline sets the tty device in raw (or cbreak) mode, printing a
 traceback wouldn't work well without some complicated hoopla to save,
 reset and restore the tty state.
 
 - The evaluation of the NAME.NAME... form may cause arbitrary
 application defined code to be executed if an object with a
 __getattr__ hook is found.  Since it is the responsibility of the
 application (or the user) to enable this feature, I consider this an
 acceptable risk.  More complicated expressions (e.g. function calls or
 indexing operations) are *not* evaluated.
 
 - GNU readline is also used by the built-in functions input() and
 raw_input(), and thus these also benefit/suffer from the completer
 features.  Clearly an interactive application can benefit by
 specifying its own completer function and using raw_input() for all
 its input.
 
 - When the original stdin is not a tty device, GNU readline is never
 used, and this module (and the readline module) are silently inactive.
 
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #
 # Since this file is essentially a minimally modified copy of the rlcompleter
 # module which is part of the standard Python distribution, I assume that the
 # proper procedure is to maintain its copyright as belonging to the Python
 # Software Foundation (in addition to my own, for all new code).
 #
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation, www.python.org
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2005 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 import __builtin__
 import __main__
 import glob
 import keyword
 import os
 import re
 import readline
 import sys
 import types
 
 from IPython.genutils import shlex_split
 
 __all__ = ['Completer','IPCompleter']
 
-def get_class_members(klass):
-    ret = dir(klass)
-    if hasattr(klass,'__bases__'):
-        for base in klass.__bases__:
+def get_class_members(cls):
+    ret = dir(cls)
+    if hasattr(cls,'__bases__'):
+        for base in cls.__bases__:
             ret.extend(get_class_members(base))
     return ret
 
 class Completer:
     def __init__(self,namespace=None,global_namespace=None):
         """Create a new completer for the command line.
 
         Completer([namespace,global_namespace]) -> completer instance.
 
         If unspecified, the default namespace where completions are performed
         is __main__ (technically, __main__.__dict__). Namespaces should be
         given as dictionaries.
 
         An optional second namespace can be given.  This allows the completer
         to handle cases where both the local and global scopes need to be
         distinguished.
 
         Completer instances should be used as the completion mechanism of
         readline via the set_completer() call:
 
         readline.set_completer(Completer(my_namespace).complete)
         """
         
         if namespace and type(namespace) != types.DictType:
             raise TypeError,'namespace must be a dictionary'
 
         if global_namespace and type(global_namespace) != types.DictType:
             raise TypeError,'global_namespace must be a dictionary'
 
         # Don't bind to namespace quite yet, but flag whether the user wants a
         # specific namespace or to use __main__.__dict__. This will allow us
         # to bind to __main__.__dict__ at completion time, not now.
         if namespace is None:
             self.use_main_ns = 1
         else:
             self.use_main_ns = 0
             self.namespace = namespace
 
         # The global namespace, if given, can be bound directly
         if global_namespace is None:
             self.global_namespace = {}
         else:
             self.global_namespace = global_namespace
 
     def complete(self, text, state):
         """Return the next possible completion for 'text'.
 
         This is called successively with state == 0, 1, 2, ... until it
         returns None.  The completion should begin with 'text'.
 
         """
         if self.use_main_ns:
             self.namespace = __main__.__dict__
             
         if state == 0:
             if "." in text:
                 self.matches = self.attr_matches(text)
             else:
                 self.matches = self.global_matches(text)
         try:
             return self.matches[state]
         except IndexError:
             return None
 
     def global_matches(self, text):
         """Compute matches when text is a simple name.
 
         Return a list of all keywords, built-in functions and names currently
         defined in self.namespace or self.global_namespace that match.
 
         """
         matches = []
         match_append = matches.append
         n = len(text)
         for lst in [keyword.kwlist,
                     __builtin__.__dict__.keys(),
                     self.namespace.keys(),
                     self.global_namespace.keys()]:
             for word in lst:
                 if word[:n] == text and word != "__builtins__":
                     match_append(word)
         return matches
 
     def attr_matches(self, text):
         """Compute matches when text contains a dot.
 
         Assuming the text is of the form NAME.NAME....[NAME], and is
         evaluatable in self.namespace or self.global_namespace, it will be
         evaluated and its attributes (as revealed by dir()) are used as
         possible completions.  (For class instances, class members are are
         also considered.)
 
         WARNING: this can still invoke arbitrary C code, if an object
         with a __getattr__ hook is evaluated.
 
         """
         import re
 
         # Another option, seems to work great. Catches things like ''.<tab>
         m = re.match(r"(\S+(\.\w+)*)\.(\w*)$", text)
 
         if not m:
             return []
         expr, attr = m.group(1, 3)
         try:
             object = eval(expr, self.namespace)
         except:
             object = eval(expr, self.global_namespace)
         words = [w for w in dir(object) if isinstance(w, basestring)]
         if hasattr(object,'__class__'):
             words.append('__class__')
             words.extend(get_class_members(object.__class__))
         n = len(attr)
         matches = []
         for word in words:
             if word[:n] == attr and word != "__builtins__":
                 matches.append("%s.%s" % (expr, word))
         return matches
 
 class IPCompleter(Completer):
     """Extension of the completer class with IPython-specific features"""
 
     def __init__(self,shell,namespace=None,global_namespace=None,
                  omit__names=0,alias_table=None):
         """IPCompleter() -> completer
 
         Return a completer object suitable for use by the readline library
         via readline.set_completer().
 
         Inputs:
 
         - shell: a pointer to the ipython shell itself.  This is needed
         because this completer knows about magic functions, and those can
         only be accessed via the ipython instance.
 
         - namespace: an optional dict where completions are performed.
 
         - global_namespace: secondary optional dict for completions, to
         handle cases (such as IPython embedded inside functions) where
         both Python scopes are visible.
 
         - The optional omit__names parameter sets the completer to omit the
         'magic' names (__magicname__) for python objects unless the text
         to be completed explicitly starts with one or more underscores.
 
         - If alias_table is supplied, it should be a dictionary of aliases
         to complete. """
 
         Completer.__init__(self,namespace,global_namespace)
         self.magic_prefix = shell.name+'.magic_'
         self.magic_escape = shell.ESC_MAGIC
         self.readline = readline
         delims = self.readline.get_completer_delims()
         delims = delims.replace(self.magic_escape,'')
         self.readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
         self.get_line_buffer = self.readline.get_line_buffer
         self.omit__names = omit__names
         self.merge_completions = shell.rc.readline_merge_completions
 
         if alias_table is None:
             alias_table = {}
         self.alias_table = alias_table
         # Regexp to split filenames with spaces in them
         self.space_name_re = re.compile(r'([^\\] )')
         # Hold a local ref. to glob.glob for speed
         self.glob = glob.glob
         # Special handling of backslashes needed in win32 platforms
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             self.clean_glob = self._clean_glob_win32
         else:
             self.clean_glob = self._clean_glob
         self.matchers = [self.python_matches,
                          self.file_matches,
                          self.alias_matches,
                          self.python_func_kw_matches]
 
     # Code contributed by Alex Schmolck, for ipython/emacs integration
     def all_completions(self, text):
         """Return all possible completions for the benefit of emacs."""
 
         completions = []
         comp_append = completions.append
         try:
             for i in xrange(sys.maxint):
                 res = self.complete(text, i)
 
                 if not res: break
 
                 comp_append(res)
         #XXX workaround for ``notDefined.<tab>``
         except NameError:
             pass
         return completions
     # /end Alex Schmolck code.
 
     def _clean_glob(self,text):
         return self.glob("%s*" % text)
 
     def _clean_glob_win32(self,text):
         return [f.replace("\\","/")
                 for f in self.glob("%s*" % text)]            
 
     def file_matches(self, text):
         """Match filneames, expanding ~USER type strings.
 
         Most of the seemingly convoluted logic in this completer is an
         attempt to handle filenames with spaces in them.  And yet it's not
         quite perfect, because Python's readline doesn't expose all of the
         GNU readline details needed for this to be done correctly.
 
         For a filename with a space in it, the printed completions will be
         only the parts after what's already been typed (instead of the
         full completions, as is normally done).  I don't think with the
         current (as of Python 2.3) Python readline it's possible to do
         better."""
 
         #print 'Completer->file_matches: <%s>' % text # dbg
 
         # chars that require escaping with backslash - i.e. chars
         # that readline treats incorrectly as delimiters, but we
         # don't want to treat as delimiters in filename matching
         # when escaped with backslash
 
         protectables = ' ()[]{}'
 
         def protect_filename(s):
             return "".join([(ch in protectables and '\\' + ch or ch)
                             for ch in s])
 
         lbuf = self.get_line_buffer()[:self.readline.get_endidx()]
         open_quotes = 0  # track strings with open quotes
         try:
             lsplit = shlex_split(lbuf)[-1]
         except ValueError:
             # typically an unmatched ", or backslash without escaped char.
             if lbuf.count('"')==1:
                 open_quotes = 1
                 lsplit = lbuf.split('"')[-1]
             elif lbuf.count("'")==1:
                 open_quotes = 1
                 lsplit = lbuf.split("'")[-1]
             else:
                 return None
         except IndexError:
             # tab pressed on empty line
             lsplit = ""
 
         if lsplit != protect_filename(lsplit):
             # if protectables are found, do matching on the whole escaped
             # name
             has_protectables = 1
             text0,text = text,lsplit
         else:
             has_protectables = 0
             text = os.path.expanduser(text)
 
         if text == "":
             return [protect_filename(f) for f in self.glob("*")]
 
         m0 = self.clean_glob(text.replace('\\',''))
         if has_protectables:
             # If we had protectables, we need to revert our changes to the
             # beginning of filename so that we don't double-write the part
             # of the filename we have so far
             len_lsplit = len(lsplit)
             matches = [text0 + protect_filename(f[len_lsplit:]) for f in m0]
         else:
             if open_quotes:
                 # if we have a string with an open quote, we don't need to
                 # protect the names at all (and we _shouldn't_, as it
                 # would cause bugs when the filesystem call is made).
                 matches = m0
             else:
                 matches = [protect_filename(f) for f in m0]
         if len(matches) == 1 and os.path.isdir(matches[0]):
             # Takes care of links to directories also.  Use '/'
             # explicitly, even under Windows, so that name completions
             # don't end up escaped.
             matches[0] += '/'
         return matches
 
     def alias_matches(self, text):
         """Match internal system aliases"""
         #print 'Completer->alias_matches:',text # dbg
         text = os.path.expanduser(text)
         aliases =  self.alias_table.keys()
         if text == "":
             return aliases
         else:
             return [alias for alias in aliases if alias.startswith(text)]
 
     def python_matches(self,text):
         """Match attributes or global python names"""
         #print 'Completer->python_matches' # dbg
         if "." in text:
             try:
                 matches = self.attr_matches(text)
                 if text.endswith('.') and self.omit__names:
                     if self.omit__names == 1:
                         # true if txt is _not_ a __ name, false otherwise:
                         no__name = (lambda txt:
                                     re.match(r'.*\.__.*?__',txt) is None)
                     else:
                         # true if txt is _not_ a _ name, false otherwise:
                         no__name = (lambda txt:
                                     re.match(r'.*\._.*?',txt) is None)
                     matches = filter(no__name, matches)
             except NameError:
                 # catches <undefined attributes>.<tab>
                 matches = []
         else:
             matches = self.global_matches(text)
             # this is so completion finds magics when automagic is on:
             if matches == [] and not text.startswith(os.sep):
                 matches = self.attr_matches(self.magic_prefix+text)
         return matches
 
     def _default_arguments(self, obj):
         """Return the list of default arguments of obj if it is callable,
         or empty list otherwise."""
 
         if not (inspect.isfunction(obj) or inspect.ismethod(obj)):
             # for classes, check for __init__,__new__
             if inspect.isclass(obj):
                 obj = (getattr(obj,'__init__',None) or
                        getattr(obj,'__new__',None))
             # for all others, check if they are __call__able
             elif hasattr(obj, '__call__'):
                 obj = obj.__call__
             # XXX: is there a way to handle the builtins ?
         try:
             args,_,_1,defaults = inspect.getargspec(obj)
             if defaults:
                 return args[-len(defaults):]
         except TypeError: pass
         return []
 
     def python_func_kw_matches(self,text):
         """Match named parameters (kwargs) of the last open function"""
 
         if "." in text: # a parameter cannot be dotted
             return []
         try: regexp = self.__funcParamsRegex
         except AttributeError:
             regexp = self.__funcParamsRegex = re.compile(r'''
                 '.*?' |    # single quoted strings or
                 ".*?" |    # double quoted strings or
                 \w+   |    # identifier
                 \S         # other characters
                 ''', re.VERBOSE | re.DOTALL)
         # 1. find the nearest identifier that comes before an unclosed
         # parenthesis e.g. for "foo (1+bar(x), pa", the candidate is "foo"
         tokens = regexp.findall(self.get_line_buffer())
         tokens.reverse()
         iterTokens = iter(tokens); openPar = 0
         for token in iterTokens:
             if token == ')':
                 openPar -= 1
             elif token == '(':
                 openPar += 1
                 if openPar > 0:
                     # found the last unclosed parenthesis
                     break
         else:
             return []
         # 2. Concatenate dotted names ("foo.bar" for "foo.bar(x, pa" )
         ids = []
         isId = re.compile(r'\w+$').match
         while True:
             try:
                 ids.append(iterTokens.next())
                 if not isId(ids[-1]):
                     ids.pop(); break
                 if not iterTokens.next() == '.':
                     break
             except StopIteration:
                 break
         # lookup the candidate callable matches either using global_matches
         # or attr_matches for dotted names
         if len(ids) == 1:
             callableMatches = self.global_matches(ids[0])
         else:
             callableMatches = self.attr_matches('.'.join(ids[::-1]))
         argMatches = []
         for callableMatch in callableMatches:
             try: namedArgs = self._default_arguments(eval(callableMatch,
                                                          self.namespace))
             except: continue
             for namedArg in namedArgs:
                 if namedArg.startswith(text):
                     argMatches.append("%s=" %namedArg)
         return argMatches
 
     def complete(self, text, state):
         """Return the next possible completion for 'text'.
 
         This is called successively with state == 0, 1, 2, ... until it
         returns None.  The completion should begin with 'text'.  """
 
         #print '\n*** COMPLETE: <%s> (%s)' % (text,state)  # dbg
 
         # if there is only a tab on a line with only whitespace, instead
         # of the mostly useless 'do you want to see all million
         # completions' message, just do the right thing and give the user
         # his tab!  Incidentally, this enables pasting of tabbed text from
         # an editor (as long as autoindent is off).
         if not self.get_line_buffer().strip():
             self.readline.insert_text('\t')
             return None
 
         magic_escape = self.magic_escape
         magic_prefix = self.magic_prefix
 
         try:
             if text.startswith(magic_escape):
                 text = text.replace(magic_escape,magic_prefix)
             elif text.startswith('~'):
                 text = os.path.expanduser(text)
             if state == 0:
                 # Extend the list of completions with the results of each
                 # matcher, so we return results to the user from all
                 # namespaces.
                 if self.merge_completions:
                     self.matches = []
                     for matcher in self.matchers:
                         self.matches.extend(matcher(text))
                 else:
                     for matcher in self.matchers:
                         self.matches = matcher(text)
                         if self.matches:
                             break
 
             try:
                 return self.matches[state].replace(magic_prefix,magic_escape)
             except IndexError:
                 return None
         except:
             #import traceback; traceback.print_exc() # dbg
             # If completion fails, don't annoy the user.
             return None

IPython/deep_reload.py

@@ -1,184 +1,186
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 A module to change reload() so that it acts recursively.
 To enable it type:
     >>> import __builtin__, deep_reload
     >>> __builtin__.reload = deep_reload.reload
 You can then disable it with:
     >>> __builtin__.reload = deep_reload.original_reload
     
 Alternatively, you can add a dreload builtin alongside normal reload with:
     >>> __builtin__.dreload = deep_reload.reload
     
 This code is almost entirely based on knee.py from the standard library.
 
-$Id: deep_reload.py 410 2004-11-04 07:58:17Z fperez $"""
+$Id: deep_reload.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Nathaniel Gray <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from IPython import Release # do it explicitly so pydoc can see it - pydoc bug
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' %  Release.authors['Nathan']
 __license__ = Release.license
 __version__ = "0.5"
 __date__    = "21 August 2001"
 
-import sys, imp, __builtin__
+import __builtin__
+import imp
+import sys
 
 # Replacement for __import__()
 def deep_import_hook(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=None):
     parent = determine_parent(globals)
     q, tail = find_head_package(parent, name)
     m = load_tail(q, tail)
     if not fromlist:
         return q
     if hasattr(m, "__path__"):
         ensure_fromlist(m, fromlist)
     return m
 
 def determine_parent(globals):
     if not globals or  not globals.has_key("__name__"):
         return None
     pname = globals['__name__']
     if globals.has_key("__path__"):
         parent = sys.modules[pname]
         assert globals is parent.__dict__
         return parent
     if '.' in pname:
         i = pname.rfind('.')
         pname = pname[:i]
         parent = sys.modules[pname]
         assert parent.__name__ == pname
         return parent
     return None
 
 def find_head_package(parent, name):
     # Import the first
     if '.' in name:
         # 'some.nested.package' -> head = 'some', tail = 'nested.package'
         i = name.find('.')
         head = name[:i]
         tail = name[i+1:]
     else:
         # 'packagename' -> head = 'packagename', tail = ''
         head = name
         tail = ""
     if parent:
         # If this is a subpackage then qname = parent's name + head
         qname = "%s.%s" % (parent.__name__, head)
     else:
         qname = head
     q = import_module(head, qname, parent)
     if q: return q, tail
     if parent:
         qname = head
         parent = None
         q = import_module(head, qname, parent)
         if q: return q, tail
     raise ImportError, "No module named " + qname
 
 def load_tail(q, tail):
     m = q
     while tail:
         i = tail.find('.')
         if i < 0: i = len(tail)
         head, tail = tail[:i], tail[i+1:]
 
         # fperez: fix dotted.name reloading failures by changing:
         #mname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, head)
         # to:
         mname = m.__name__
         # This needs more testing!!! (I don't understand this module too well)
         
         #print '** head,tail=|%s|->|%s|, mname=|%s|' % (head,tail,mname)  # dbg
         m = import_module(head, mname, m)
         if not m:
             raise ImportError, "No module named " + mname
     return m
 
 def ensure_fromlist(m, fromlist, recursive=0):
     for sub in fromlist:
         if sub == "*":
             if not recursive:
                 try:
                     all = m.__all__
                 except AttributeError:
                     pass
                 else:
                     ensure_fromlist(m, all, 1)
             continue
         if sub != "*" and not hasattr(m, sub):
             subname = "%s.%s" % (m.__name__, sub)
             submod = import_module(sub, subname, m)
             if not submod:
                 raise ImportError, "No module named " + subname
 
 # Need to keep track of what we've already reloaded to prevent cyclic evil
 found_now = {}
 
 def import_module(partname, fqname, parent):
     global found_now
     if found_now.has_key(fqname):
         try:
             return sys.modules[fqname]    
         except KeyError:
             pass
     
     print 'Reloading', fqname #, sys.excepthook is sys.__excepthook__, \
             #sys.displayhook is sys.__displayhook__
     
     found_now[fqname] = 1
     try:
         fp, pathname, stuff = imp.find_module(partname,
                                               parent and parent.__path__)
     except ImportError:
         return None
         
     try:
         m = imp.load_module(fqname, fp, pathname, stuff)
     finally:
         if fp: fp.close()
         
     if parent:
         setattr(parent, partname, m)
 
     return m
 
 def deep_reload_hook(module):
     name = module.__name__
     if '.' not in name:
         return import_module(name, name, None)
     i = name.rfind('.')
     pname = name[:i]
     parent = sys.modules[pname]
     return import_module(name[i+1:], name, parent)
 
 # Save the original hooks
 original_reload = __builtin__.reload
 
 # Replacement for reload()
 def reload(module, exclude=['sys', '__builtin__', '__main__']):
     """Recursively reload all modules used in the given module.  Optionally
     takes a list of modules to exclude from reloading.  The default exclude
     list contains sys, __main__, and __builtin__, to prevent, e.g., resetting 
     display, exception, and io hooks.
     """
     global found_now
     for i in exclude:
         found_now[i] = 1
     original_import = __builtin__.__import__
     __builtin__.__import__ = deep_import_hook    
     try:
         ret = deep_reload_hook(module)
     finally:
         __builtin__.__import__ = original_import
         found_now = {}
     return ret
 
 # Uncomment the following to automatically activate deep reloading whenever
 # this module is imported
 #__builtin__.reload = reload

IPython/demo.py

@@ -1,309 +1,309
 """Module for interactive demos using IPython.
 
 This module implements a single class, Demo, for running Python scripts
 interactively in IPython for demonstrations.  With very simple markup (a few
 tags in comments), you can control points where the script stops executing and
 returns control to IPython.
 
 The file is run in its own empty namespace (though you can pass it a string of
 arguments as if in a command line environment, and it will see those as
 sys.argv).  But at each stop, the global IPython namespace is updated with the
 current internal demo namespace, so you can work interactively with the data
 accumulated so far.
 
 By default, each block of code is printed (with syntax highlighting) before
 executing it and you have to confirm execution.  This is intended to show the
 code to an audience first so you can discuss it, and only proceed with
 execution once you agree.  There are a few tags which allow you to modify this
 behavior.
 
 The supported tags are:
 
 # <demo> --- stop ---
 
   Defines block boundaries, the points where IPython stops execution of the
   file and returns to the interactive prompt.
 
 # <demo> silent
 
   Make a block execute silently (and hence automatically).  Typically used in
   cases where you have some boilerplate or initialization code which you need
   executed but do not want to be seen in the demo.
   
 # <demo> auto
 
   Make a block execute automatically, but still being printed.  Useful for
   simple code which does not warrant discussion, since it avoids the extra
   manual confirmation.
 
 # <demo> auto_all
 
   This tag can _only_ be in the first block, and if given it overrides the
   individual auto tags to make the whole demo fully automatic (no block asks
   for confirmation).  It can also be given at creation time (or the attribute
   set later) to override what's in the file.
 
 While _any_ python file can be run as a Demo instance, if there are no stop
 tags the whole file will run in a single block (no different that calling
 first %pycat and then %run).  The minimal markup to make this useful is to
 place a set of stop tags; the other tags are only there to let you fine-tune
 the execution.
 
 This is probably best explained with the simple example file below.  You can
 copy this into a file named ex_demo.py, and try running it via:
 
 from IPython.demo import Demo
 d = Demo('ex_demo.py')
 d()  <--- Call the d object (omit the parens if you have autocall on).
 
 Each time you call the demo object, it runs the next block.  The demo object
 has a few useful methods for navigation, like again(), jump(), seek() and
 back().  It can be reset for a new run via reset() or reloaded from disk (in
 case you've edited the source) via reload().  See their docstrings below.
 
 #################### EXAMPLE DEMO <ex_demo.py> ###############################
 '''A simple interactive demo to illustrate the use of IPython's Demo class.'''
 
 print 'Hello, welcome to an interactive IPython demo.'
 
 # The mark below defines a block boundary, which is a point where IPython will
 # stop execution and return to the interactive prompt.
 # Note that in actual interactive execution, 
 # <demo> --- stop ---
 
 x = 1
 y = 2
 
 # <demo> --- stop ---
 
 # the mark below makes this block as silent
 # <demo> silent
 
 print 'This is a silent block, which gets executed but not printed.'
 
 # <demo> --- stop ---
 # <demo> auto
 print 'This is an automatic block.'
 print 'It is executed without asking for confirmation, but printed.'
 z = x+y
 
 print 'z=',x
 
 # <demo> --- stop ---
 # This is just another normal block.
 print 'z is now:', z
 
 print 'bye!'
 ################### END EXAMPLE DEMO <ex_demo.py> ############################
 
 WARNING: this module uses Python 2.3 features, so it won't work in 2.2
 environments.
 """
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2005 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #
 #*****************************************************************************
 
-import sys
 import exceptions
 import re
+import sys
 
 from IPython.PyColorize import Parser
 from IPython.genutils import marquee, shlex_split, file_read
 
 __all__ = ['Demo','DemoError']
 
 class DemoError(exceptions.Exception): pass
 
 def re_mark(mark):
     return re.compile(r'^\s*#\s+<demo>\s+%s\s*$' % mark,re.MULTILINE)
 
 class Demo:
 
     re_stop     = re_mark('---\s?stop\s?---')
     re_silent   = re_mark('silent')
     re_auto     = re_mark('auto')
     re_auto_all = re_mark('auto_all')
 
     def __init__(self,fname,arg_str='',auto_all=None):
         """Make a new demo object.  To run the demo, simply call the object.
 
         See the module docstring for full details and an example (you can use
         IPython.Demo? in IPython to see it).
 
         Inputs:
         
           - fname = filename.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - arg_str(''): a string of arguments, internally converted to a list
           just like sys.argv, so the demo script can see a similar
           environment.
 
           - auto_all(None): global flag to run all blocks automatically without
           confirmation.  This attribute overrides the block-level tags and
           applies to the whole demo.  It is an attribute of the object, and
           can be changed at runtime simply by reassigning it to a boolean
           value.
           """
 
         self.fname    = fname
         self.sys_argv = [fname] + shlex_split(arg_str)
         self.auto_all = auto_all
         
         # get a few things from ipython.  While it's a bit ugly design-wise,
         # it ensures that things like color scheme and the like are always in
         # sync with the ipython mode being used.  This class is only meant to
         # be used inside ipython anyways,  so it's OK.
         self.ip_showtb   = __IPYTHON__.showtraceback
         self.ip_ns       = __IPYTHON__.user_ns
         self.ip_colorize = __IPYTHON__.pycolorize
 
         # load user data and initialize data structures
         self.reload()
 
     def reload(self):
         """Reload source from disk and initialize state."""
         # read data and parse into blocks
         self.src     = file_read(self.fname)
         src_b        = [b.strip() for b in self.re_stop.split(self.src) if b]
         self._silent = [bool(self.re_silent.findall(b)) for b in src_b]
         self._auto   = [bool(self.re_auto.findall(b)) for b in src_b]
 
         # if auto_all is not given (def. None), we read it from the file
         if self.auto_all is None:
             self.auto_all = bool(self.re_auto_all.findall(src_b[0]))
         else:
             self.auto_all = bool(self.auto_all)
 
         # Clean the sources from all markup so it doesn't get displayed when
         # running the demo
         src_blocks = []
         auto_strip = lambda s: self.re_auto.sub('',s)
         for i,b in enumerate(src_b):
             if self._auto[i]:
                 src_blocks.append(auto_strip(b))
             else:
                 src_blocks.append(b)
         # remove the auto_all marker
         src_blocks[0] = self.re_auto_all.sub('',src_blocks[0])
 
         self.nblocks = len(src_blocks)
         self.src_blocks = src_blocks
 
         # also build syntax-highlighted source
         self.src_blocks_colored = map(self.ip_colorize,self.src_blocks)
 
         # ensure clean namespace and seek offset
         self.reset()
 
     def reset(self):
         """Reset the namespace and seek pointer to restart the demo"""
         self.user_ns     = {}
         self.finished    = False
         self.block_index = 0
 
     def _validate_index(self,index):
         if index<0 or index>=self.nblocks:
             raise ValueError('invalid block index %s' % index)
 
     def seek(self,index):
         """Move the current seek pointer to the given block"""
         self._validate_index(index)
         self.block_index = index
         self.finished = False
 
     def back(self,num=1):
         """Move the seek pointer back num blocks (default is 1)."""
         self.seek(self.block_index-num)
 
     def jump(self,num):
         """Jump a given number of blocks relative to the current one."""
         self.seek(self.block_index+num)
 
     def again(self):
         """Move the seek pointer back one block and re-execute."""
         self.back(1)
         self()
 
     def show(self,index=None):
         """Show a single block on screen"""
         if index is None:
             if self.finished:
                 print 'Demo finished.  Use reset() if you want to rerun it.'
                 return
             index = self.block_index
         else:
             self._validate_index(index)
         print marquee('<%s> block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                       (self.fname,index,self.nblocks-index-1))
         print self.src_blocks_colored[index],
 
     def show_all(self):
         """Show entire demo on screen, block by block"""
 
         fname = self.fname
         nblocks = self.nblocks
         silent = self._silent
         for index,block in enumerate(self.src_blocks_colored):
             if silent[index]:
                 print marquee('<%s> SILENT block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                               (fname,index,nblocks-index-1))
             else:
                 print marquee('<%s> block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                               (fname,index,nblocks-index-1))
             print block,
             
     def __call__(self,index=None):
         """run a block of the demo.
 
         If index is given, it should be an integer >=1 and <= nblocks.  This
         means that the calling convention is one off from typical Python
         lists.  The reason for the inconsistency is that the demo always
         prints 'Block n/N, and N is the total, so it would be very odd to use
         zero-indexing here."""
 
         if index is None and self.finished:
             print 'Demo finished.  Use reset() if you want to rerun it.'
             return
         if index is None:
             index = self.block_index
         self._validate_index(index)
         try:
             next_block = self.src_blocks[index]
             self.block_index += 1
             if self._silent[index]:
                 print marquee('Executing silent block # %s (%s remaining)' %
                               (index,self.nblocks-index-1))
             else:
                 self.show(index)
                 if self.auto_all or self._auto[index]:
                     print marquee('output')
                 else:
                     print marquee('Press <q> to quit, <Enter> to execute...'),
                     ans = raw_input().strip()
                     if ans:
                         print marquee('Block NOT executed')
                         return
             try:
                 save_argv = sys.argv
                 sys.argv = self.sys_argv
                 exec next_block in self.user_ns
             finally:
                 sys.argv = save_argv
             
         except:
             self.ip_showtb(filename=self.fname)
         else:
             self.ip_ns.update(self.user_ns)
 
         if self.block_index == self.nblocks:
             print
             print marquee(' END OF DEMO ')
             print marquee('Use reset() if you want to rerun it.')
             self.finished = True
 

IPython/genutils.py

@@ -1,1601 +1,1609
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 General purpose utilities.
 
 This is a grab-bag of stuff I find useful in most programs I write. Some of
 these things are also convenient when working at the command line.
 
-$Id: genutils.py 908 2005-09-26 16:05:48Z fperez $"""
+$Id: genutils.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $"""
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2004 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 from __future__ import generators # 2.2 compatibility
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>' % Release.authors['Fernando']
 __license__ = Release.license
 
 #****************************************************************************
-# required modules
+# required modules from the Python standard library
 import __main__
-import types,commands,time,sys,os,re,shutil
+import commands
+import os
+import re
 import shlex
+import shutil
+import sys
 import tempfile
+import time
+import types
+
+# Other IPython utilities
 from IPython.Itpl import Itpl,itpl,printpl
 from IPython import DPyGetOpt
 
 # Build objects which appeared in Python 2.3 for 2.2, to make ipython
 # 2.2-friendly
 try:
     basestring
 except NameError:
     import types
     basestring = (types.StringType, types.UnicodeType)
     True = 1==1
     False = 1==0
 
     def enumerate(obj):
         i = -1
         for item in obj:
             i += 1
             yield i, item
 
     # add these to the builtin namespace, so that all modules find them
     import __builtin__
     __builtin__.basestring = basestring
     __builtin__.True = True
     __builtin__.False = False
     __builtin__.enumerate = enumerate
 
 # Try to use shlex.split for converting an input string into a sys.argv-type
 # list.  This appeared in Python 2.3, so here's a quick backport for 2.2.
 try:
     shlex_split = shlex.split
 except AttributeError:
     _quotesre = re.compile(r'[\'"](.*)[\'"]')
     _wordchars = ('abcdfeghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
                   'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789_-.~*?'
                   'ßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþÿ'
                   'ÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ%s'
                   % os.sep)
     
     def shlex_split(s):
         """Simplified backport to Python 2.2 of shlex.split().
 
         This is a quick and dirty hack, since the shlex module under 2.2 lacks
         several of the features needed to really match the functionality of
         shlex.split() in 2.3."""
 
         lex = shlex.shlex(StringIO(s))
         # Try to get options, extensions and path separators as characters
         lex.wordchars = _wordchars
         lex.commenters = ''
         # Make a list out of the lexer by hand, since in 2.2 it's not an
         # iterator.
         lout = []
         while 1:
             token = lex.get_token()
             if token == '':
                 break
             # Try to handle quoted tokens correctly
             quotes = _quotesre.match(token)
             if quotes:
                 token = quotes.group(1)
             lout.append(token)
         return lout
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Exceptions
 class Error(Exception):
     """Base class for exceptions in this module."""
     pass
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class IOStream:
     def __init__(self,stream,fallback):
         if not hasattr(stream,'write') or not hasattr(stream,'flush'):
             stream = fallback
         self.stream = stream
         self._swrite = stream.write
         self.flush = stream.flush
 
     def write(self,data):
         try:
             self._swrite(data)
         except:
             try:
                 # print handles some unicode issues which may trip a plain
                 # write() call.  Attempt to emulate write() by using a
                 # trailing comma
                 print >> self.stream, data,
             except:
                 # if we get here, something is seriously broken.
                 print >> sys.stderr, \
                       'ERROR - failed to write data to stream:', stream
         
 class IOTerm:
     """ Term holds the file or file-like objects for handling I/O operations.
 
     These are normally just sys.stdin, sys.stdout and sys.stderr but for
     Windows they can can replaced to allow editing the strings before they are
     displayed."""
 
     # In the future, having IPython channel all its I/O operations through
     # this class will make it easier to embed it into other environments which
     # are not a normal terminal (such as a GUI-based shell)
     def __init__(self,cin=None,cout=None,cerr=None):
         self.cin  = IOStream(cin,sys.stdin)
         self.cout = IOStream(cout,sys.stdout)
         self.cerr = IOStream(cerr,sys.stderr)
         
 # Global variable to be used for all I/O
 Term = IOTerm()
 
 # Windows-specific code to load Gary Bishop's readline and configure it
 # automatically for the users
 # Note: os.name on cygwin returns posix, so this should only pick up 'native'
 # windows.  Cygwin returns 'cygwin' for sys.platform.
 if os.name == 'nt':
     try:
         import readline
     except ImportError:
         pass
     else:
         try:
             _out = readline.GetOutputFile()
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         else:
             # Remake Term to use the readline i/o facilities
             Term = IOTerm(cout=_out,cerr=_out)
             del _out
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Generic warning/error printer, used by everything else
 def warn(msg,level=2,exit_val=1):
     """Standard warning printer. Gives formatting consistency.
 
     Output is sent to Term.cerr (sys.stderr by default).
     
     Options:
     
     -level(2): allows finer control:
       0 -> Do nothing, dummy function.
       1 -> Print message.
       2 -> Print 'WARNING:' + message. (Default level).
       3 -> Print 'ERROR:' + message.
       4 -> Print 'FATAL ERROR:' + message and trigger a sys.exit(exit_val).
 
     -exit_val (1): exit value returned by sys.exit() for a level 4
     warning. Ignored for all other levels."""
     
     if level>0:
         header = ['','','WARNING: ','ERROR: ','FATAL ERROR: ']
         print >> Term.cerr, '%s%s' % (header[level],msg)
         if level == 4:
             print >> Term.cerr,'Exiting.\n'
             sys.exit(exit_val)
 
 def info(msg):
     """Equivalent to warn(msg,level=1)."""
 
     warn(msg,level=1)
 
 def error(msg):
     """Equivalent to warn(msg,level=3)."""
 
     warn(msg,level=3)
 
 def fatal(msg,exit_val=1):
     """Equivalent to warn(msg,exit_val=exit_val,level=4)."""
 
     warn(msg,exit_val=exit_val,level=4)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 StringTypes = types.StringTypes
 
 # Basic timing functionality
 
 # If possible (Unix), use the resource module instead of time.clock()
 try:
     import resource
     def clock():
         """clock() -> floating point number
 
         Return the CPU time in seconds (user time only, system time is
         ignored) since the start of the process.  This is done via a call to
         resource.getrusage, so it avoids the wraparound problems in
         time.clock()."""
         
         return resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF)[0]
     
     def clock2():
         """clock2() -> (t_user,t_system)
 
         Similar to clock(), but return a tuple of user/system times."""
         return resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF)[:2]
 
 except ImportError:
     clock = time.clock
     def clock2():
         """Under windows, system CPU time can't be measured.
 
         This just returns clock() and zero."""
         return time.clock(),0.0
 
 def timings_out(reps,func,*args,**kw):
     """timings_out(reps,func,*args,**kw) -> (t_total,t_per_call,output)
 
     Execute a function reps times, return a tuple with the elapsed total
     CPU time in seconds, the time per call and the function's output.
 
     Under Unix, the return value is the sum of user+system time consumed by
     the process, computed via the resource module.  This prevents problems
     related to the wraparound effect which the time.clock() function has.
     
     Under Windows the return value is in wall clock seconds. See the
     documentation for the time module for more details."""
 
     reps = int(reps)
     assert reps >=1, 'reps must be >= 1'
     if reps==1:
         start = clock()
         out = func(*args,**kw)
         tot_time = clock()-start
     else:
         rng = xrange(reps-1) # the last time is executed separately to store output
         start = clock()
         for dummy in rng: func(*args,**kw)
         out = func(*args,**kw)  # one last time
         tot_time = clock()-start
     av_time = tot_time / reps
     return tot_time,av_time,out
 
 def timings(reps,func,*args,**kw):
     """timings(reps,func,*args,**kw) -> (t_total,t_per_call)
 
     Execute a function reps times, return a tuple with the elapsed total CPU
     time in seconds and the time per call. These are just the first two values
     in timings_out()."""
 
     return timings_out(reps,func,*args,**kw)[0:2]
 
 def timing(func,*args,**kw):
     """timing(func,*args,**kw) -> t_total
 
     Execute a function once, return the elapsed total CPU time in
     seconds. This is just the first value in timings_out()."""
 
     return timings_out(1,func,*args,**kw)[0]
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # file and system
 
 def system(cmd,verbose=0,debug=0,header=''):
     """Execute a system command, return its exit status.
 
     Options:
 
     - verbose (0): print the command to be executed.
     
     - debug (0): only print, do not actually execute.
 
     - header (''): Header to print on screen prior to the executed command (it
     is only prepended to the command, no newlines are added).
 
     Note: a stateful version of this function is available through the
     SystemExec class."""
 
     stat = 0
     if verbose or debug: print header+cmd
     sys.stdout.flush()
     if not debug: stat = os.system(cmd)
     return stat
 
 def shell(cmd,verbose=0,debug=0,header=''):
     """Execute a command in the system shell, always return None.
 
     Options:
 
     - verbose (0): print the command to be executed.
     
     - debug (0): only print, do not actually execute.
 
     - header (''): Header to print on screen prior to the executed command (it
     is only prepended to the command, no newlines are added).
 
     Note: this is similar to genutils.system(), but it returns None so it can
     be conveniently used in interactive loops without getting the return value
     (typically 0) printed many times."""
 
     stat = 0
     if verbose or debug: print header+cmd
     # flush stdout so we don't mangle python's buffering
     sys.stdout.flush()
     if not debug:
         os.system(cmd)
 
 def getoutput(cmd,verbose=0,debug=0,header='',split=0):
     """Dummy substitute for perl's backquotes.
 
     Executes a command and returns the output.
 
     Accepts the same arguments as system(), plus:
 
     - split(0): if true, the output is returned as a list split on newlines.
 
     Note: a stateful version of this function is available through the
     SystemExec class."""
 
     if verbose or debug: print header+cmd
     if not debug:
         output = commands.getoutput(cmd)
         if split:
             return output.split('\n')
         else:
             return output
 
 def getoutputerror(cmd,verbose=0,debug=0,header='',split=0):
     """Return (standard output,standard error) of executing cmd in a shell.
 
     Accepts the same arguments as system(), plus:
 
     - split(0): if true, each of stdout/err is returned as a list split on
     newlines.
 
     Note: a stateful version of this function is available through the
     SystemExec class."""
 
     if verbose or debug: print header+cmd
     if not cmd:
         if split:
             return [],[]
         else:
             return '',''
     if not debug:
         pin,pout,perr = os.popen3(cmd)
         tout = pout.read().rstrip()
         terr = perr.read().rstrip()
         pin.close()
         pout.close()
         perr.close()
         if split:
             return tout.split('\n'),terr.split('\n')
         else:
             return tout,terr
 
 # for compatibility with older naming conventions
 xsys = system
 bq = getoutput
 
 class SystemExec:
     """Access the system and getoutput functions through a stateful interface.
 
     Note: here we refer to the system and getoutput functions from this
     library, not the ones from the standard python library.
     
     This class offers the system and getoutput functions as methods, but the
     verbose, debug and header parameters can be set for the instance (at
     creation time or later) so that they don't need to be specified on each
     call.
 
     For efficiency reasons, there's no way to override the parameters on a
     per-call basis other than by setting instance attributes. If you need
     local overrides, it's best to directly call system() or getoutput().
 
     The following names are provided as alternate options:
      - xsys: alias to system
      - bq: alias to getoutput
 
     An instance can then be created as:
      >>> sysexec = SystemExec(verbose=1,debug=0,header='Calling: ')
 
     And used as:
      >>> sysexec.xsys('pwd')
      >>> dirlist = sysexec.bq('ls -l')
     """
     
     def __init__(self,verbose=0,debug=0,header='',split=0):
         """Specify the instance's values for verbose, debug and header."""
         setattr_list(self,'verbose debug header split')
 
     def system(self,cmd):
         """Stateful interface to system(), with the same keyword parameters."""
 
         system(cmd,self.verbose,self.debug,self.header)
 
     def shell(self,cmd):
         """Stateful interface to shell(), with the same keyword parameters."""
 
         shell(cmd,self.verbose,self.debug,self.header)
 
     xsys = system  # alias
 
     def getoutput(self,cmd):
         """Stateful interface to getoutput()."""
 
         return getoutput(cmd,self.verbose,self.debug,self.header,self.split)
 
     def getoutputerror(self,cmd):
         """Stateful interface to getoutputerror()."""
 
         return getoutputerror(cmd,self.verbose,self.debug,self.header,self.split)
 
     bq = getoutput  # alias
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def mutex_opts(dict,ex_op):
     """Check for presence of mutually exclusive keys in a dict.
 
     Call: mutex_opts(dict,[[op1a,op1b],[op2a,op2b]...]"""
     for op1,op2 in ex_op:
         if op1 in dict and op2 in dict:
             raise ValueError,'\n*** ERROR in Arguments *** '\
                   'Options '+op1+' and '+op2+' are mutually exclusive.'
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def get_py_filename(name):
     """Return a valid python filename in the current directory.
 
     If the given name is not a file, it adds '.py' and searches again.
     Raises IOError with an informative message if the file isn't found."""
 
     name = os.path.expanduser(name)
     if not os.path.isfile(name) and not name.endswith('.py'):
         name += '.py'
     if os.path.isfile(name):
         return name
     else:
         raise IOError,'File `%s` not found.' % name
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def filefind(fname,alt_dirs = None):
     """Return the given filename either in the current directory, if it
     exists, or in a specified list of directories.
 
     ~ expansion is done on all file and directory names.
 
     Upon an unsuccessful search, raise an IOError exception."""
 
     if alt_dirs is None:
         try:
             alt_dirs = get_home_dir()
         except HomeDirError:
             alt_dirs = os.getcwd()
     search = [fname] + list_strings(alt_dirs)
     search = map(os.path.expanduser,search)
     #print 'search list for',fname,'list:',search  # dbg
     fname = search[0]
     if os.path.isfile(fname):
         return fname
     for direc in search[1:]:
         testname = os.path.join(direc,fname)
         #print 'testname',testname  # dbg
         if os.path.isfile(testname):
             return testname
     raise IOError,'File' + `fname` + \
           ' not found in current or supplied directories:' + `alt_dirs`
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def file_read(filename):
     """Read a file and close it.  Returns the file source."""
     fobj=open(filename,'r');
     source = fobj.read();
     fobj.close()
     return source
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def target_outdated(target,deps):
     """Determine whether a target is out of date.
 
     target_outdated(target,deps) -> 1/0
 
     deps: list of filenames which MUST exist.
     target: single filename which may or may not exist.
 
     If target doesn't exist or is older than any file listed in deps, return
     true, otherwise return false.
     """
     try:
         target_time = os.path.getmtime(target)
     except os.error:
         return 1
     for dep in deps:
         dep_time = os.path.getmtime(dep)
         if dep_time > target_time:
             #print "For target",target,"Dep failed:",dep # dbg
             #print "times (dep,tar):",dep_time,target_time # dbg
             return 1
     return 0
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def target_update(target,deps,cmd):
     """Update a target with a given command given a list of dependencies.
 
     target_update(target,deps,cmd) -> runs cmd if target is outdated.
 
     This is just a wrapper around target_outdated() which calls the given
     command if target is outdated."""
 
     if target_outdated(target,deps):
         xsys(cmd)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def unquote_ends(istr):
     """Remove a single pair of quotes from the endpoints of a string."""
 
     if not istr:
         return istr
     if (istr[0]=="'" and istr[-1]=="'") or \
        (istr[0]=='"' and istr[-1]=='"'):
         return istr[1:-1]
     else:
         return istr
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def process_cmdline(argv,names=[],defaults={},usage=''):
     """ Process command-line options and arguments.
 
     Arguments:
 
     - argv: list of arguments, typically sys.argv.
     
     - names: list of option names. See DPyGetOpt docs for details on options
     syntax.
 
     - defaults: dict of default values.
 
     - usage: optional usage notice to print if a wrong argument is passed.
 
     Return a dict of options and a list of free arguments."""
 
     getopt = DPyGetOpt.DPyGetOpt()
     getopt.setIgnoreCase(0)
     getopt.parseConfiguration(names)
 
     try:
         getopt.processArguments(argv)
     except:
         print usage
         warn(`sys.exc_value`,level=4)
 
     defaults.update(getopt.optionValues)
     args = getopt.freeValues
     
     return defaults,args
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def optstr2types(ostr):
     """Convert a string of option names to a dict of type mappings.
 
     optstr2types(str) -> {None:'string_opts',int:'int_opts',float:'float_opts'}
 
     This is used to get the types of all the options in a string formatted
     with the conventions of DPyGetOpt. The 'type' None is used for options
     which are strings (they need no further conversion). This function's main
     use is to get a typemap for use with read_dict().
     """
 
     typeconv = {None:'',int:'',float:''}
     typemap = {'s':None,'i':int,'f':float}
     opt_re = re.compile(r'([\w]*)([^:=]*:?=?)([sif]?)')
 
     for w in ostr.split():
         oname,alias,otype = opt_re.match(w).groups()
         if otype == '' or alias == '!':   # simple switches are integers too
             otype = 'i'
         typeconv[typemap[otype]] += oname + ' '
     return typeconv
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def read_dict(filename,type_conv=None,**opt):
 
     """Read a dictionary of key=value pairs from an input file, optionally
     performing conversions on the resulting values.
 
     read_dict(filename,type_conv,**opt) -> dict
 
     Only one value per line is accepted, the format should be
      # optional comments are ignored
      key value\n
 
     Args:
 
       - type_conv: A dictionary specifying which keys need to be converted to
       which types. By default all keys are read as strings. This dictionary
       should have as its keys valid conversion functions for strings
       (int,long,float,complex, or your own).  The value for each key
       (converter) should be a whitespace separated string containing the names
       of all the entries in the file to be converted using that function. For
       keys to be left alone, use None as the conversion function (only needed
       with purge=1, see below).
 
       - opt: dictionary with extra options as below (default in parens)
 
         purge(0): if set to 1, all keys *not* listed in type_conv are purged out
         of the dictionary to be returned. If purge is going to be used, the
         set of keys to be left as strings also has to be explicitly specified
         using the (non-existent) conversion function None.
 
         fs(None): field separator. This is the key/value separator to be used
         when parsing the file. The None default means any whitespace [behavior
         of string.split()].
 
         strip(0): if 1, strip string values of leading/trailinig whitespace.
 
         warn(1): warning level if requested keys are not found in file.
           - 0: silently ignore.
           - 1: inform but proceed.
           - 2: raise KeyError exception.
 
         no_empty(0): if 1, remove keys with whitespace strings as a value.
 
         unique([]): list of keys (or space separated string) which can't be
         repeated. If one such key is found in the file, each new instance
         overwrites the previous one. For keys not listed here, the behavior is
         to make a list of all appearances.
 
     Example:
     If the input file test.ini has:
       i 3
       x 4.5
       y 5.5
       s hi ho
     Then:
 
     >>> type_conv={int:'i',float:'x',None:'s'}
     >>> read_dict('test.ini')
     {'i': '3', 's': 'hi ho', 'x': '4.5', 'y': '5.5'}
     >>> read_dict('test.ini',type_conv)
     {'i': 3, 's': 'hi ho', 'x': 4.5, 'y': '5.5'}
     >>> read_dict('test.ini',type_conv,purge=1)
     {'i': 3, 's': 'hi ho', 'x': 4.5}
     """
 
     # starting config
     opt.setdefault('purge',0)
     opt.setdefault('fs',None)  # field sep defaults to any whitespace
     opt.setdefault('strip',0)
     opt.setdefault('warn',1)
     opt.setdefault('no_empty',0)
     opt.setdefault('unique','')
     if type(opt['unique']) in StringTypes:
         unique_keys = qw(opt['unique'])
     elif type(opt['unique']) in (types.TupleType,types.ListType):
         unique_keys = opt['unique']
     else:
         raise ValueError, 'Unique keys must be given as a string, List or Tuple'
 
     dict = {}
     # first read in table of values as strings
     file = open(filename,'r')
     for line in file.readlines():
         line = line.strip()
         if len(line) and line[0]=='#': continue
         if len(line)>0:
             lsplit = line.split(opt['fs'],1)
             try:
                 key,val = lsplit
             except ValueError:
                 key,val = lsplit[0],''
             key = key.strip()
             if opt['strip']: val = val.strip()
             if val == "''" or val == '""': val = ''
             if opt['no_empty'] and (val=='' or val.isspace()):
                 continue
             # if a key is found more than once in the file, build a list
             # unless it's in the 'unique' list. In that case, last found in file
             # takes precedence. User beware.
             try:
                 if dict[key] and key in unique_keys:
                     dict[key] = val
                 elif type(dict[key]) is types.ListType:
                     dict[key].append(val)
                 else:
                     dict[key] = [dict[key],val]
             except KeyError:
                 dict[key] = val
     # purge if requested
     if opt['purge']:
         accepted_keys = qwflat(type_conv.values())
         for key in dict.keys():
             if key in accepted_keys: continue
             del(dict[key])
     # now convert if requested
     if type_conv==None: return dict
     conversions = type_conv.keys()
     try: conversions.remove(None)
     except: pass
     for convert in conversions:
         for val in qw(type_conv[convert]):
             try:
                 dict[val] = convert(dict[val])
             except KeyError,e:
                 if opt['warn'] == 0:
                     pass
                 elif opt['warn'] == 1:
                     print >>sys.stderr, 'Warning: key',val,\
                           'not found in file',filename
                 elif opt['warn'] == 2:
                     raise KeyError,e
                 else:
                     raise ValueError,'Warning level must be 0,1 or 2'
 
     return dict
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def flag_calls(func):
     """Wrap a function to detect and flag when it gets called.
 
     This is a decorator which takes a function and wraps it in a function with
     a 'called' attribute. wrapper.called is initialized to False.
 
     The wrapper.called attribute is set to False right before each call to the
     wrapped function, so if the call fails it remains False.  After the call
     completes, wrapper.called is set to True and the output is returned.
 
     Testing for truth in wrapper.called allows you to determine if a call to
     func() was attempted and succeeded."""
     
     def wrapper(*args,**kw):
         wrapper.called = False
         out = func(*args,**kw)
         wrapper.called = True
         return out
 
     wrapper.called = False
     wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__
     return wrapper
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class HomeDirError(Error):
     pass
 
 def get_home_dir():
     """Return the closest possible equivalent to a 'home' directory.
 
     We first try $HOME.  Absent that, on NT it's $HOMEDRIVE\$HOMEPATH.
 
     Currently only Posix and NT are implemented, a HomeDirError exception is
     raised for all other OSes. """
 
     isdir = os.path.isdir
     env = os.environ
     try:
         homedir = env['HOME']
         if not isdir(homedir):
             # in case a user stuck some string which does NOT resolve to a
             # valid path, it's as good as if we hadn't foud it
             raise KeyError
         return homedir
     except KeyError:
         if os.name == 'posix':
             raise HomeDirError,'undefined $HOME, IPython can not proceed.'
         elif os.name == 'nt':
             # For some strange reason, win9x returns 'nt' for os.name.
             try:
                 homedir = os.path.join(env['HOMEDRIVE'],env['HOMEPATH'])
                 if not isdir(homedir):
                     homedir = os.path.join(env['USERPROFILE'])
                     if not isdir(homedir):
                         raise HomeDirError
                 return homedir
             except:
                 try:
                     # Use the registry to get the 'My Documents' folder.
                     import _winreg as wreg
                     key = wreg.OpenKey(wreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,
                                        "Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders")
                     homedir = wreg.QueryValueEx(key,'Personal')[0]
                     key.Close()
                     if not isdir(homedir):
                         e = ('Invalid "Personal" folder registry key '
                              'typically "My Documents".\n'
                              'Value: %s\n'
                              'This is not a valid directory on your system.' %
                              homedir)
                         raise HomeDirError(e)
                     return homedir
                 except HomeDirError:
                     raise
                 except:
                     return 'C:\\'
         elif os.name == 'dos':
             # Desperate, may do absurd things in classic MacOS. May work under DOS.
             return 'C:\\'
         else:
             raise HomeDirError,'support for your operating system not implemented.'
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # strings and text
 
 class LSString(str):
     """String derivative with a special access attributes.
 
     These are normal strings, but with the special attributes:
 
         .l (or .list) : value as list (split on newlines).
         .n (or .nlstr): original value (the string itself).
         .s (or .spstr): value as whitespace-separated string.
         
     Any values which require transformations are computed only once and
     cached.
 
     Such strings are very useful to efficiently interact with the shell, which
     typically only understands whitespace-separated options for commands."""
 
     def get_list(self):
         try:
             return self.__list
         except AttributeError:
             self.__list = self.split('\n')
             return self.__list
 
     l = list = property(get_list)
 
     def get_spstr(self):
         try:
             return self.__spstr
         except AttributeError:
             self.__spstr = self.replace('\n',' ')
             return self.__spstr
 
     s = spstr = property(get_spstr)
 
     def get_nlstr(self):
         return self
 
     n = nlstr = property(get_nlstr)
 
 class SList(list):
     """List derivative with a special access attributes.
 
     These are normal lists, but with the special attributes:
 
         .l (or .list) : value as list (the list itself).
         .n (or .nlstr): value as a string, joined on newlines.
         .s (or .spstr): value as a string, joined on spaces.
 
     Any values which require transformations are computed only once and
     cached."""
 
     def get_list(self):
         return self
 
     l = list = property(get_list)
 
     def get_spstr(self):
         try:
             return self.__spstr
         except AttributeError:
             self.__spstr = ' '.join(self)
             return self.__spstr
 
     s = spstr = property(get_spstr)
 
     def get_nlstr(self):
         try:
             return self.__nlstr
         except AttributeError:
             self.__nlstr = '\n'.join(self)
             return self.__nlstr
 
     n = nlstr = property(get_nlstr)
 
 def raw_input_multi(header='', ps1='==> ', ps2='..> ',terminate_str = '.'):
     """Take multiple lines of input.
 
     A list with each line of input as a separate element is returned when a
     termination string is entered (defaults to a single '.'). Input can also
     terminate via EOF (^D in Unix, ^Z-RET in Windows).
 
     Lines of input which end in \\ are joined into single entries (and a
     secondary continuation prompt is issued as long as the user terminates
     lines with \\). This allows entering very long strings which are still
     meant to be treated as single entities.
     """
 
     try:
         if header:
             header += '\n'
         lines = [raw_input(header + ps1)]
     except EOFError:
         return []
     terminate = [terminate_str]
     try:
         while lines[-1:] != terminate:
             new_line = raw_input(ps1)
             while new_line.endswith('\\'):
                 new_line = new_line[:-1] + raw_input(ps2)
             lines.append(new_line)
                 
         return lines[:-1]  # don't return the termination command
     except EOFError:
         print
         return lines
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def raw_input_ext(prompt='',  ps2='... '):
     """Similar to raw_input(), but accepts extended lines if input ends with \\."""
 
     line = raw_input(prompt)
     while line.endswith('\\'):
         line = line[:-1] + raw_input(ps2)
     return line
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def ask_yes_no(prompt,default=None):
     """Asks a question and returns an integer 1/0 (y/n) answer.
 
     If default is given (one of 'y','n'), it is used if the user input is
     empty. Otherwise the question is repeated until an answer is given.
     If EOF occurs 20 times consecutively, the default answer is assumed,
     or if there is no default, an exception is raised to prevent infinite
     loops.
 
     Valid answers are: y/yes/n/no (match is not case sensitive)."""
 
     answers = {'y':1,'n':0,'yes':1,'no':0}
     ans = None
     eofs, max_eofs = 0, 20
     while ans not in answers.keys():
         try:
             ans = raw_input(prompt+' ').lower()
             if not ans:  # response was an empty string
                 ans = default
             eofs = 0
         except (EOFError,KeyboardInterrupt):
             eofs = eofs + 1
             if eofs >= max_eofs:
                 if default in answers.keys():
                     ans = default
                 else:
                     raise
             
     return answers[ans]
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def marquee(txt='',width=78,mark='*'):
     """Return the input string centered in a 'marquee'."""
     if not txt:
         return (mark*width)[:width]
     nmark = (width-len(txt)-2)/len(mark)/2
     if nmark < 0: nmark =0
     marks = mark*nmark
     return '%s %s %s' % (marks,txt,marks)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class EvalDict:
     """
     Emulate a dict which evaluates its contents in the caller's frame.
 
     Usage:
     >>>number = 19
     >>>text = "python"
     >>>print "%(text.capitalize())s %(number/9.0).1f rules!" % EvalDict()
     """
 
     # This version is due to [e-mail] on c.l.py, and is basically a
     # modified (shorter) version of:
     # http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/66018 by
     # Skip Montanaro ([e-mail]).
 
     def __getitem__(self, name):
         frame = sys._getframe(1)
         return eval(name, frame.f_globals, frame.f_locals)
 
 EvalString = EvalDict  # for backwards compatibility
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def qw(words,flat=0,sep=None,maxsplit=-1):
     """Similar to Perl's qw() operator, but with some more options.
 
     qw(words,flat=0,sep=' ',maxsplit=-1) -> words.split(sep,maxsplit)
 
     words can also be a list itself, and with flat=1, the output will be
     recursively flattened. Examples:
 
     >>> qw('1 2')
     ['1', '2']
     >>> qw(['a b','1 2',['m n','p q']])
     [['a', 'b'], ['1', '2'], [['m', 'n'], ['p', 'q']]]
     >>> qw(['a b','1 2',['m n','p q']],flat=1)
     ['a', 'b', '1', '2', 'm', 'n', 'p', 'q']    """
 
     if type(words) in StringTypes:
         return [word.strip() for word in words.split(sep,maxsplit)
                 if word and not word.isspace() ]
     if flat:
         return flatten(map(qw,words,[1]*len(words)))
     return map(qw,words)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def qwflat(words,sep=None,maxsplit=-1):
     """Calls qw(words) in flat mode. It's just a convenient shorthand."""
     return qw(words,1,sep,maxsplit)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def list_strings(arg):
     """Always return a list of strings, given a string or list of strings
     as input."""
 
     if type(arg) in StringTypes: return [arg]
     else: return arg
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def grep(pat,list,case=1):
     """Simple minded grep-like function.
     grep(pat,list) returns occurrences of pat in list, None on failure.
 
     It only does simple string matching, with no support for regexps. Use the
     option case=0 for case-insensitive matching."""
 
     # This is pretty crude. At least it should implement copying only references
     # to the original data in case it's big. Now it copies the data for output.
     out=[]
     if case:
         for term in list:
             if term.find(pat)>-1: out.append(term)
     else:
         lpat=pat.lower()
         for term in list:
             if term.lower().find(lpat)>-1: out.append(term)
 
     if len(out): return out
     else: return None
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def dgrep(pat,*opts):
     """Return grep() on dir()+dir(__builtins__).
 
     A very common use of grep() when working interactively."""
 
     return grep(pat,dir(__main__)+dir(__main__.__builtins__),*opts)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def idgrep(pat):
     """Case-insensitive dgrep()"""
 
     return dgrep(pat,0)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def igrep(pat,list):
     """Synonym for case-insensitive grep."""
 
     return grep(pat,list,case=0)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def indent(str,nspaces=4,ntabs=0):
     """Indent a string a given number of spaces or tabstops.
     
     indent(str,nspaces=4,ntabs=0) -> indent str by ntabs+nspaces.
     """
     if str is None:
         return
     ind = '\t'*ntabs+' '*nspaces
     outstr = '%s%s' % (ind,str.replace(os.linesep,os.linesep+ind))
     if outstr.endswith(os.linesep+ind):
         return outstr[:-len(ind)]
     else:
         return outstr
     
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def native_line_ends(filename,backup=1):
     """Convert (in-place) a file to line-ends native to the current OS.
 
     If the optional backup argument is given as false, no backup of the
     original file is left.  """
 
     backup_suffixes = {'posix':'~','dos':'.bak','nt':'.bak','mac':'.bak'}
 
     bak_filename = filename + backup_suffixes[os.name]
 
     original = open(filename).read()
     shutil.copy2(filename,bak_filename)
     try:
         new = open(filename,'wb')
         new.write(os.linesep.join(original.splitlines()))
         new.write(os.linesep) # ALWAYS put an eol at the end of the file
         new.close()
     except:
         os.rename(bak_filename,filename)
     if not backup:
         try:
             os.remove(bak_filename)
         except:
             pass
     
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def get_pager_cmd(pager_cmd = None):
     """Return a pager command.
 
     Makes some attempts at finding an OS-correct one."""
     
     if os.name == 'posix':
         default_pager_cmd = 'less -r'  # -r for color control sequences
     elif os.name in ['nt','dos']:
         default_pager_cmd = 'type'
 
     if pager_cmd is None:
         try:
             pager_cmd = os.environ['PAGER']
         except:
             pager_cmd = default_pager_cmd
     return pager_cmd
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def get_pager_start(pager,start):
     """Return the string for paging files with an offset.
 
     This is the '+N' argument which less and more (under Unix) accept.
     """
 
     if pager in ['less','more']:
         if start:
             start_string = '+' + str(start)
         else:
             start_string = ''
     else:
         start_string = ''
     return start_string
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def page_dumb(strng,start=0,screen_lines=25):
     """Very dumb 'pager' in Python, for when nothing else works.
 
     Only moves forward, same interface as page(), except for pager_cmd and
     mode."""
 
     out_ln  = strng.splitlines()[start:]
     screens = chop(out_ln,screen_lines-1)
     if len(screens) == 1:
         print >>Term.cout, os.linesep.join(screens[0])
     else:
         for scr in screens[0:-1]:
             print >>Term.cout, os.linesep.join(scr)
             ans = raw_input('---Return to continue, q to quit--- ')
             if ans.lower().startswith('q'):
                 return
         print >>Term.cout, os.linesep.join(screens[-1])
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def page(strng,start=0,screen_lines=0,pager_cmd = None):
     """Print a string, piping through a pager after a certain length.
 
     The screen_lines parameter specifies the number of *usable* lines of your
     terminal screen (total lines minus lines you need to reserve to show other
     information).
 
     If you set screen_lines to a number <=0, page() will try to auto-determine
     your screen size and will only use up to (screen_size+screen_lines) for
     printing, paging after that. That is, if you want auto-detection but need
     to reserve the bottom 3 lines of the screen, use screen_lines = -3, and for
     auto-detection without any lines reserved simply use screen_lines = 0.
 
     If a string won't fit in the allowed lines, it is sent through the
     specified pager command. If none given, look for PAGER in the environment,
     and ultimately default to less.
 
     If no system pager works, the string is sent through a 'dumb pager'
     written in python, very simplistic.
     """
     
     # Ugly kludge, but calling curses.initscr() flat out crashes in emacs
     TERM = os.environ.get('TERM','dumb')
     if TERM in ['dumb','emacs'] and os.name != 'nt':
         print strng
         return
     # chop off the topmost part of the string we don't want to see
     str_lines = strng.split(os.linesep)[start:]
     str_toprint = os.linesep.join(str_lines)
     num_newlines = len(str_lines)
     len_str = len(str_toprint)
     
     # Dumb heuristics to guesstimate number of on-screen lines the string
     # takes.  Very basic, but good enough for docstrings in reasonable
     # terminals. If someone later feels like refining it, it's not hard.
     numlines = max(num_newlines,int(len_str/80)+1)
 
     screen_lines_def = 25 # default value if we can't auto-determine
 
     # auto-determine screen size
     if screen_lines <= 0:
         if TERM=='xterm':
             try:
                 import curses
                 if hasattr(curses,'initscr'):
                     use_curses = 1
                 else:
                     use_curses = 0
             except ImportError:
                 use_curses = 0
         else:
             # curses causes problems on many terminals other than xterm.
             use_curses = 0
         if use_curses:
                 scr = curses.initscr()
                 screen_lines_real,screen_cols = scr.getmaxyx()
                 curses.endwin()
                 screen_lines += screen_lines_real
                 #print '***Screen size:',screen_lines_real,'lines x',\
                 #screen_cols,'columns.' # dbg
         else:
                 screen_lines += screen_lines_def
 
     #print 'numlines',numlines,'screenlines',screen_lines  # dbg
     if numlines <= screen_lines :
         #print '*** normal print'  # dbg
         print >>Term.cout, str_toprint
     else:
         # Try to open pager and default to internal one if that fails.
         # All failure modes are tagged as 'retval=1', to match the return
         # value of a failed system command.  If any intermediate attempt
         # sets retval to 1, at the end we resort to our own page_dumb() pager.
         pager_cmd = get_pager_cmd(pager_cmd)
         pager_cmd += ' ' + get_pager_start(pager_cmd,start)
         if os.name == 'nt':
             if pager_cmd.startswith('type'):
                 # The default WinXP 'type' command is failing on complex strings.
                 retval = 1
             else:
                 tmpname = tempfile.mktemp('.txt')
                 tmpfile = file(tmpname,'wt')
                 tmpfile.write(strng)
                 tmpfile.close()
                 cmd = "%s < %s" % (pager_cmd,tmpname)
                 if os.system(cmd):
                   retval = 1
                 else:
                   retval = None
                 os.remove(tmpname)
         else:
             try:
                 retval = None
                 # if I use popen4, things hang. No idea why.
                 #pager,shell_out = os.popen4(pager_cmd)
                 pager = os.popen(pager_cmd,'w')
                 pager.write(strng)
                 pager.close()
                 retval = pager.close()  # success returns None
             except IOError,msg:  # broken pipe when user quits
                 if msg.args == (32,'Broken pipe'):
                     retval = None
                 else:
                     retval = 1
             except OSError:
                 # Other strange problems, sometimes seen in Win2k/cygwin
                 retval = 1
         if retval is not None:
             page_dumb(strng,screen_lines=screen_lines)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def page_file(fname,start = 0, pager_cmd = None):
     """Page a file, using an optional pager command and starting line.
     """
 
     pager_cmd = get_pager_cmd(pager_cmd)
     pager_cmd += ' ' + get_pager_start(pager_cmd,start)
 
     try:
         if os.environ['TERM'] in ['emacs','dumb']:
             raise EnvironmentError
         xsys(pager_cmd + ' ' + fname)
     except:
         try:
             if start > 0:
                 start -= 1
             page(open(fname).read(),start)
         except:
             print 'Unable to show file',`fname`
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def snip_print(str,width = 75,print_full = 0,header = ''):
     """Print a string snipping the midsection to fit in width.
 
     print_full: mode control:
       - 0: only snip long strings
       - 1: send to page() directly.
       - 2: snip long strings and ask for full length viewing with page()
     Return 1 if snipping was necessary, 0 otherwise."""
 
     if print_full == 1:
         page(header+str)
         return 0
 
     print header,
     if len(str) < width:
         print str
         snip = 0
     else:
         whalf = int((width -5)/2)
         print str[:whalf] + ' <...> ' + str[-whalf:]
         snip = 1
     if snip and print_full == 2:
         if raw_input(header+' Snipped. View (y/n)? [N]').lower() == 'y':
             page(str)
     return snip
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # lists, dicts and structures
 
 def belong(candidates,checklist):
     """Check whether a list of items appear in a given list of options.
 
     Returns a list of 1 and 0, one for each candidate given."""
 
     return [x in checklist for x in candidates]
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def uniq_stable(elems):
     """uniq_stable(elems) -> list
 
     Return from an iterable, a list of all the unique elements in the input,
     but maintaining the order in which they first appear.
 
     A naive solution to this problem which just makes a dictionary with the
     elements as keys fails to respect the stability condition, since
     dictionaries are unsorted by nature.
 
     Note: All elements in the input must be valid dictionary keys for this
     routine to work, as it internally uses a dictionary for efficiency
     reasons."""
     
     unique = []
     unique_dict = {}
     for nn in elems:
         if nn not in unique_dict:
             unique.append(nn)
             unique_dict[nn] = None
     return unique
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 class NLprinter:
     """Print an arbitrarily nested list, indicating index numbers.
 
     An instance of this class called nlprint is available and callable as a
     function.
     
     nlprint(list,indent=' ',sep=': ') -> prints indenting each level by 'indent'
     and using 'sep' to separate the index from the value. """
 
     def __init__(self):
         self.depth = 0
     
     def __call__(self,lst,pos='',**kw):
         """Prints the nested list numbering levels."""
         kw.setdefault('indent',' ')
         kw.setdefault('sep',': ')
         kw.setdefault('start',0)
         kw.setdefault('stop',len(lst))
         # we need to remove start and stop from kw so they don't propagate
         # into a recursive call for a nested list.
         start = kw['start']; del kw['start']
         stop = kw['stop']; del kw['stop']
         if self.depth == 0 and 'header' in kw.keys():
             print kw['header']
             
         for idx in range(start,stop):
             elem = lst[idx]
             if type(elem)==type([]):
                 self.depth += 1
                 self.__call__(elem,itpl('$pos$idx,'),**kw)
                 self.depth -= 1
             else:
                 printpl(kw['indent']*self.depth+'$pos$idx$kw["sep"]$elem')
 
 nlprint = NLprinter()
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def all_belong(candidates,checklist):
     """Check whether a list of items ALL appear in a given list of options.
 
     Returns a single 1 or 0 value."""
 
     return 1-(0 in [x in checklist for x in candidates])
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def sort_compare(lst1,lst2,inplace = 1):
     """Sort and compare two lists.
 
     By default it does it in place, thus modifying the lists. Use inplace = 0
     to avoid that (at the cost of temporary copy creation)."""
     if not inplace:
         lst1 = lst1[:]
         lst2 = lst2[:]
     lst1.sort(); lst2.sort()
     return lst1 == lst2
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def mkdict(**kwargs):
     """Return a dict from a keyword list.
 
     It's just syntactic sugar for making ditcionary creation more convenient:
     # the standard way
     >>>data = { 'red' : 1, 'green' : 2, 'blue' : 3 }
     # a cleaner way
     >>>data = dict(red=1, green=2, blue=3)
 
     If you need more than this, look at the Struct() class."""
 
     return kwargs
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def list2dict(lst):
     """Takes a list of (key,value) pairs and turns it into a dict."""
 
     dic = {}
     for k,v in lst: dic[k] = v
     return dic
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def list2dict2(lst,default=''):
     """Takes a list and turns it into a dict.
     Much slower than list2dict, but more versatile. This version can take
     lists with sublists of arbitrary length (including sclars)."""
 
     dic = {}
     for elem in lst:
         if type(elem) in (types.ListType,types.TupleType):
             size = len(elem)
             if  size == 0:
                 pass
             elif size == 1:
                 dic[elem] = default
             else:
                 k,v = elem[0], elem[1:]
                 if len(v) == 1: v = v[0]
                 dic[k] = v
         else:
             dic[elem] = default
     return dic
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def flatten(seq):
     """Flatten a list of lists (NOT recursive, only works for 2d lists)."""
 
     # bug in python??? (YES. Fixed in 2.2, let's leave the kludgy fix in).
 
     # if the x=0 isn't made, a *global* variable x is left over after calling
     # this function, with the value of the last element in the return
     # list. This does seem like a bug big time to me.
 
     # the problem is fixed with the x=0, which seems to force the creation of
     # a local name
 
     x = 0 
     return [x for subseq in seq for x in subseq]
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def get_slice(seq,start=0,stop=None,step=1):
     """Get a slice of a sequence with variable step. Specify start,stop,step."""
     if stop == None:
         stop = len(seq)
     item = lambda i: seq[i]
     return map(item,xrange(start,stop,step))
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def chop(seq,size):
     """Chop a sequence into chunks of the given size."""
     chunk = lambda i: seq[i:i+size]
     return map(chunk,xrange(0,len(seq),size))
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def with(object, **args):
     """Set multiple attributes for an object, similar to Pascal's with.
 
     Example:
     with(jim,
          born = 1960,
          haircolour = 'Brown',
          eyecolour = 'Green')
 
     Credit: Greg Ewing, in
     http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2001-May/040703.html"""
 
     object.__dict__.update(args)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def setattr_list(obj,alist,nspace = None):
     """Set a list of attributes for an object taken from a namespace.
 
     setattr_list(obj,alist,nspace) -> sets in obj all the attributes listed in
     alist with their values taken from nspace, which must be a dict (something
     like locals() will often do) If nspace isn't given, locals() of the
     *caller* is used, so in most cases you can omit it.
 
     Note that alist can be given as a string, which will be automatically
     split into a list on whitespace. If given as a list, it must be a list of
     *strings* (the variable names themselves), not of variables."""
 
     # this grabs the local variables from the *previous* call frame -- that is
     # the locals from the function that called setattr_list().
     # - snipped from weave.inline()
     if nspace is None:
         call_frame = sys._getframe().f_back
         nspace = call_frame.f_locals
 
     if type(alist) in StringTypes:
         alist = alist.split()
     for attr in alist:
         val = eval(attr,nspace)
         setattr(obj,attr,val)
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def getattr_list(obj,alist,*args):
     """getattr_list(obj,alist[, default]) -> attribute list.
 
     Get a list of named attributes for an object. When a default argument is
     given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't exist; without it, an
     exception is raised in that case.
 
     Note that alist can be given as a string, which will be automatically
     split into a list on whitespace. If given as a list, it must be a list of
     *strings* (the variable names themselves), not of variables."""
 
     if type(alist) in StringTypes:
         alist = alist.split()
     if args:
         if len(args)==1:
             default = args[0]
             return map(lambda attr: getattr(obj,attr,default),alist)
         else:
             raise ValueError,'getattr_list() takes only one optional argument'
     else:
         return map(lambda attr: getattr(obj,attr),alist)
     
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 def map_method(method,object_list,*argseq,**kw):
     """map_method(method,object_list,*args,**kw) -> list
 
     Return a list of the results of applying the methods to the items of the
     argument sequence(s).  If more than one sequence is given, the method is
     called with an argument list consisting of the corresponding item of each
     sequence. All sequences must be of the same length.
 
     Keyword arguments are passed verbatim to all objects called.
 
     This is Python code, so it's not nearly as fast as the builtin map()."""
 
     out_list = []
     idx = 0
     for object in object_list:
         try:
             handler = getattr(object, method)
         except AttributeError:
             out_list.append(None)
         else:
             if argseq:
                 args = map(lambda lst:lst[idx],argseq)
                 #print 'ob',object,'hand',handler,'ar',args # dbg
                 out_list.append(handler(args,**kw))
             else:
                 out_list.append(handler(**kw))
         idx += 1
     return out_list
 
 #----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Proposed popitem() extension, written as a method
 
 class NotGiven: pass
 
 def popkey(dct,key,default=NotGiven):
     """Return dct[key] and delete dct[key].
 
     If default is given, return it if dct[key] doesn't exist, otherwise raise
     KeyError.  """
 
     try:
         val = dct[key]
     except KeyError:
         if default is NotGiven:
             raise
         else:
             return default
     else:
         del dct[key]
         return val
 #*************************** end of file <genutils.py> **********************
 

IPython/iplib.py

@@ -1,1887 +1,1883
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """
 IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python
 
 Requires Python 2.1 or newer.
 
 This file contains all the classes and helper functions specific to IPython.
 
-$Id: iplib.py 957 2005-12-27 22:33:22Z fperez $
+$Id: iplib.py 958 2005-12-27 23:17:51Z fperez $
 """
 
 #*****************************************************************************
 #       Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]> and
 #       Copyright (C) 2001-2005 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #
 # Note: this code originally subclassed code.InteractiveConsole from the
 # Python standard library.  Over time, all of that class has been copied
 # verbatim here for modifications which could not be accomplished by
 # subclassing.  At this point, there are no dependencies at all on the code
 # module anymore (it is not even imported).  The Python License (sec. 2)
 # allows for this, but it's always nice to acknowledge credit where credit is
 # due.
 #*****************************************************************************
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Modules and globals
 
 from __future__ import generators  # for 2.2 backwards-compatibility
 
 from IPython import Release
 __author__  = '%s <%s>\n%s <%s>' % \
               ( Release.authors['Janko'] + Release.authors['Fernando'] )
 __license__ = Release.license
 __version__ = Release.version
 
 # Python standard modules
 import __main__
 import __builtin__
 import bdb
 import codeop
 import cPickle as pickle
 import exceptions
 import glob
 import inspect
 import keyword
 import new
 import os
 import pdb
 import pydoc
 import re
 import shutil
 import string
 import StringIO
 import sys
 import traceback
 import types
 
 from pprint import pprint, pformat
 
 # IPython's own modules
 import IPython
 from IPython import OInspect,PyColorize,ultraTB
 from IPython.ColorANSI import ColorScheme,ColorSchemeTable  # too long names
+from IPython.FakeModule import FakeModule
+from IPython.Itpl import Itpl,itpl,printpl,ItplNS,itplns
 from IPython.Logger import Logger
 from IPython.Magic import Magic,magic2python
-from IPython.usage import cmd_line_usage,interactive_usage
 from IPython.Struct import Struct
-from IPython.Itpl import Itpl,itpl,printpl,ItplNS,itplns
-from IPython.FakeModule import FakeModule
 from IPython.background_jobs import BackgroundJobManager
-from IPython.PyColorize import Parser
+from IPython.usage import cmd_line_usage,interactive_usage
 from IPython.genutils import *
 
-# Global pointer to the running 
-
 # store the builtin raw_input globally, and use this always, in case user code
 # overwrites it (like wx.py.PyShell does)
 raw_input_original = raw_input
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Some utility function definitions
 
 def esc_quotes(strng):
     """Return the input string with single and double quotes escaped out"""
 
     return strng.replace('"','\\"').replace("'","\\'")
 
 def import_fail_info(mod_name,fns=None):
     """Inform load failure for a module."""
 
     if fns == None:
         warn("Loading of %s failed.\n" % (mod_name,))
     else:
         warn("Loading of %s from %s failed.\n" % (fns,mod_name))
 
 def qw_lol(indata):
     """qw_lol('a b') -> [['a','b']],
     otherwise it's just a call to qw().
 
     We need this to make sure the modules_some keys *always* end up as a
     list of lists."""
 
     if type(indata) in StringTypes:
         return [qw(indata)]
     else:
         return qw(indata)
 
 def ipmagic(arg_s):
     """Call a magic function by name.
 
     Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and any
     additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
     ipmagic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
     prompt:
 
     In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
     To call a magic without arguments, simply use ipmagic('name').
 
     This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
     valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
     compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
     namespace upon initialization."""
 
     args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
     magic_name = args[0]
     if magic_name.startswith(__IPYTHON__.ESC_MAGIC):
         magic_name = magic_name[1:]
     try:
         magic_args = args[1]
     except IndexError:
         magic_args = ''
     fn = getattr(__IPYTHON__,'magic_'+magic_name,None)
     if fn is None:
         error("Magic function `%s` not found." % magic_name)
     else:
         magic_args = __IPYTHON__.var_expand(magic_args)
         return fn(magic_args)
 
 def ipalias(arg_s):
     """Call an alias by name.
 
     Input: a string containing the name of the alias to call and any
     additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
     ipalias('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
     prompt:
 
     In[1]: name -opt foo bar
 
     To call an alias without arguments, simply use ipalias('name').
 
     This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's aliases in any
     valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
     compound statements.  It is added by IPython to the Python builtin
     namespace upon initialization."""
 
     args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
     alias_name = args[0]
     try:
         alias_args = args[1]
     except IndexError:
         alias_args = ''
     if alias_name in __IPYTHON__.alias_table:
         __IPYTHON__.call_alias(alias_name,alias_args)
     else:
         error("Alias `%s` not found." % alias_name)
 
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Local use exceptions
 class SpaceInInput(exceptions.Exception): pass
 
 class IPythonExit(exceptions.Exception): pass
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Local use classes
 class Bunch: pass
 
 class InputList(list):
     """Class to store user input.
 
     It's basically a list, but slices return a string instead of a list, thus
     allowing things like (assuming 'In' is an instance):
 
     exec In[4:7]
 
     or
 
     exec In[5:9] + In[14] + In[21:25]"""
 
     def __getslice__(self,i,j):
         return ''.join(list.__getslice__(self,i,j))
 
 #****************************************************************************
 # Main IPython class
 class InteractiveShell(Logger, Magic):
     """An enhanced console for Python."""
 
     def __init__(self,name,usage=None,rc=Struct(opts=None,args=None),
                  user_ns = None,user_global_ns=None,banner2='',
                  custom_exceptions=((),None),embedded=False):
 
         # Put a reference to self in builtins so that any form of embedded or
         # imported code can test for being inside IPython.
         __builtin__.__IPYTHON__ = self
 
         # And load into builtins ipmagic/ipalias as well
         __builtin__.ipmagic = ipmagic
         __builtin__.ipalias = ipalias
 
         # Add to __builtin__ other parts of IPython's public API
         __builtin__.ip_set_hook = self.set_hook
 
         # Keep in the builtins a flag for when IPython is active.  We set it
         # with setdefault so that multiple nested IPythons don't clobber one
         # another.  Each will increase its value by one upon being activated,
         # which also gives us a way to determine the nesting level.
         __builtin__.__dict__.setdefault('__IPYTHON__active',0)
 
         # Do the intuitively correct thing for quit/exit: we remove the
         # builtins if they exist, and our own prefilter routine will handle
         # these special cases
         try:
             del __builtin__.exit, __builtin__.quit
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 
         # We need to know whether the instance is meant for embedding, since
         # global/local namespaces need to be handled differently in that case
         self.embedded = embedded
 
         # compiler command
         self.compile = codeop.CommandCompiler()
 
         # User input buffer
         self.buffer = []
 
         # Default name given in compilation of code
         self.filename = '<ipython console>'
 
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
         # Referenzen: 1
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
         
         if user_ns is None:
             # Set __name__ to __main__ to better match the behavior of the
             # normal interpreter.
             user_ns = {'__name__'     :'__main__',
                        '__builtins__' : __builtin__,
                        }
             
         if user_global_ns is None:
             user_global_ns = {}
 
         # Assign namespaces
         # This is the namespace where all normal user variables live
         self.user_ns = user_ns
         # Embedded instances require a separate namespace for globals.
         # Normally this one is unused by non-embedded instances.
         self.user_global_ns = user_global_ns
         # A namespace to keep track of internal data structures to prevent
         # them from cluttering user-visible stuff.  Will be updated later
         self.internal_ns = {}
 
         # Namespace of system aliases.  Each entry in the alias
         # table must be a 2-tuple of the form (N,name), where N is the number
         # of positional arguments of the alias.
         self.alias_table = {}
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user':user_ns,
                          'user_global':user_global_ns,
                          'alias':self.alias_table,
                          'internal':self.internal_ns,
                          'builtin':__builtin__.__dict__
                          }
 
         # The user namespace MUST have a pointer to the shell itself.
         self.user_ns[name] = self
 
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         if not embedded:
             try:
                 main_name = self.user_ns['__name__']
             except KeyError:
                 raise KeyError,'user_ns dictionary MUST have a "__name__" key'
             else:
                 #print "pickle hack in place"  # dbg
                 sys.modules[main_name] = FakeModule(self.user_ns)
 
         # List of input with multi-line handling.
         # Fill its zero entry, user counter starts at 1
         self.input_hist = InputList(['\n'])
 
         # list of visited directories
         try:
             self.dir_hist = [os.getcwd()]
         except IOError, e:
             self.dir_hist = []
 
         # dict of output history
         self.output_hist = {}
 
         # dict of things NOT to alias (keywords, builtins and some magics)
         no_alias = {}
         no_alias_magics = ['cd','popd','pushd','dhist','alias','unalias']
         for key in keyword.kwlist + no_alias_magics:
             no_alias[key] = 1
         no_alias.update(__builtin__.__dict__)
         self.no_alias = no_alias
                 
         # make global variables for user access to these
         self.user_ns['_ih'] = self.input_hist
         self.user_ns['_oh'] = self.output_hist
         self.user_ns['_dh'] = self.dir_hist
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories
         self.user_ns['In']  = self.input_hist
         self.user_ns['Out'] = self.output_hist
 
         # Store the actual shell's name
         self.name = name
 
         # Object variable to store code object waiting execution.  This is
         # used mainly by the multithreaded shells, but it can come in handy in
         # other situations.  No need to use a Queue here, since it's a single
         # item which gets cleared once run.
         self.code_to_run = None
         
         # Job manager (for jobs run as background threads)
         self.jobs = BackgroundJobManager()
         # Put the job manager into builtins so it's always there.
         __builtin__.jobs = self.jobs
 
         # escapes for automatic behavior on the command line
-        self.ESC_SHELL = '!'
-        self.ESC_HELP  = '?'
-        self.ESC_MAGIC = '%'
-        self.ESC_QUOTE = ','
+        self.ESC_SHELL  = '!'
+        self.ESC_HELP   = '?'
+        self.ESC_MAGIC  = '%'
+        self.ESC_QUOTE  = ','
         self.ESC_QUOTE2 = ';'
-        self.ESC_PAREN = '/'
+        self.ESC_PAREN  = '/'
 
         # And their associated handlers
         self.esc_handlers = {self.ESC_PAREN:self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_QUOTE:self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_QUOTE2:self.handle_auto,
                              self.ESC_MAGIC:self.handle_magic,
                              self.ESC_HELP:self.handle_help,
                              self.ESC_SHELL:self.handle_shell_escape,
                              }
 
         # class initializations
         Logger.__init__(self,log_ns = self.user_ns)
         Magic.__init__(self,self)
 
         # an ugly hack to get a pointer to the shell, so I can start writing
         # magic code via this pointer instead of the current mixin salad.
         Magic.set_shell(self,self)
 
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
-        pyformat = Parser().format
+        pyformat = PyColorize.Parser().format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str',self.rc['colors'])
 
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
         
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name))
 
         # Flag to mark unconditional exit
         self.exit_now = False
 
         self.usage_min =  """\
         An enhanced console for Python.
         Some of its features are:
         - Readline support if the readline library is present.
         - Tab completion in the local namespace.
         - Logging of input, see command-line options.
         - System shell escape via ! , eg !ls.
         - Magic commands, starting with a % (like %ls, %pwd, %cd, etc.)
         - Keeps track of locally defined variables via %who, %whos.
         - Show object information with a ? eg ?x or x? (use ?? for more info).
         """
         if usage: self.usage = usage
         else: self.usage = self.usage_min
 
         # Storage
         self.rc = rc   # This will hold all configuration information
         self.inputcache = []
         self._boundcache = []
         self.pager = 'less'
         # temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         self.tempfiles = []
 
         # Keep track of readline usage (later set by init_readline)
         self.has_readline = False
 
         # for pushd/popd management
         try:
             self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
         except HomeDirError,msg:
             fatal(msg)
 
         self.dir_stack = [os.getcwd().replace(self.home_dir,'~')]
 
         # Functions to call the underlying shell.
 
         # utility to expand user variables via Itpl
         self.var_expand = lambda cmd: str(ItplNS(cmd.replace('#','\#'),
                                                  self.user_ns))
         # The first is similar to os.system, but it doesn't return a value,
         # and it allows interpolation of variables in the user's namespace.
         self.system = lambda cmd: shell(self.var_expand(cmd),
                                         header='IPython system call: ',
                                         verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
         # These are for getoutput and getoutputerror:
         self.getoutput = lambda cmd: \
                          getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd),
                                    header='IPython system call: ',
                                    verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
         self.getoutputerror = lambda cmd: \
                               getoutputerror(str(ItplNS(cmd.replace('#','\#'),
                                                         self.user_ns)),
                                              header='IPython system call: ',
                                              verbose=self.rc.system_verbose)
  
         # RegExp for splitting line contents into pre-char//first
         # word-method//rest.  For clarity, each group in on one line.
 
         # WARNING: update the regexp if the above escapes are changed, as they
         # are hardwired in.
 
         # Don't get carried away with trying to make the autocalling catch too
         # much:  it's better to be conservative rather than to trigger hidden
         # evals() somewhere and end up causing side effects.
 
         self.line_split = re.compile(r'^([\s*,;/])'
                                      r'([\?\w\.]+\w*\s*)'
                                      r'(\(?.*$)')
 
         # Original re, keep around for a while in case changes break something
         #self.line_split = re.compile(r'(^[\s*!\?%,/]?)'
         #                             r'(\s*[\?\w\.]+\w*\s*)'
         #                             r'(\(?.*$)')
 
         # RegExp to identify potential function names
         self.re_fun_name = re.compile(r'[a-zA-Z_]([a-zA-Z0-9_.]*) *$')
         # RegExp to exclude strings with this start from autocalling
         self.re_exclude_auto = re.compile('^[!=()<>,\*/\+-]|^is ')
 
         # try to catch also methods for stuff in lists/tuples/dicts: off
         # (experimental). For this to work, the line_split regexp would need
         # to be modified so it wouldn't break things at '['. That line is
         # nasty enough that I shouldn't change it until I can test it _well_.
         #self.re_fun_name = re.compile (r'[a-zA-Z_]([a-zA-Z0-9_.\[\]]*) ?$')
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwd()
 
         # Attributes for Logger mixin class, make defaults here
         self._dolog = False
         self.LOG = ''
         self.LOGDEF = '.InteractiveShell.log'
         self.LOGMODE = 'over'
         self.LOGHEAD = Itpl(
 """#log# Automatic Logger file. *** THIS MUST BE THE FIRST LINE ***
 #log# DO NOT CHANGE THIS LINE OR THE TWO BELOW
 #log# opts = $self.rc.opts
 #log# args = $self.rc.args
 #log# It is safe to make manual edits below here.
 #log#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
 """)
         # Various switches which can be set
         self.CACHELENGTH = 5000  # this is cheap, it's just text
         self.BANNER = "Python %(version)s on %(platform)s\n" % sys.__dict__
         self.banner2 = banner2
 
         # TraceBack handlers:
         # Need two, one for syntax errors and one for other exceptions.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultraTB.ListTB(color_scheme='NoColor')
         # This one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always want to
         # remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own internal
         # code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultraTB.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1)
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Object inspector
-        ins_colors = OInspect.InspectColors
-        code_colors = PyColorize.ANSICodeColors
-        self.inspector = OInspect.Inspector(ins_colors,code_colors,'NoColor')
+        self.inspector = OInspect.Inspector(OInspect.InspectColors,
+                                            PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
+                                            'NoColor')
         self.autoindent = False
 
         # Make some aliases automatically
         # Prepare list of shell aliases to auto-define
         if os.name == 'posix':            
             auto_alias = ('mkdir mkdir', 'rmdir rmdir',
                           'mv mv -i','rm rm -i','cp cp -i',
                           'cat cat','less less','clear clear',
                           # a better ls
                           'ls ls -F',
                           # long ls
                           'll ls -lF',
                           # color ls
                           'lc ls -F -o --color',
                           # ls normal files only
                           'lf ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^-',
                           # ls symbolic links 
                           'lk ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^l',
                           # directories or links to directories,
                           'ldir ls -F -o --color %l | grep /$',
                           # things which are executable
                           'lx ls -F -o --color %l | grep ^-..x',
                           )
         elif os.name in ['nt','dos']:
             auto_alias = ('dir dir /on', 'ls dir /on',
                           'ddir dir /ad /on', 'ldir dir /ad /on',
                           'mkdir mkdir','rmdir rmdir','echo echo',
                           'ren ren','cls cls','copy copy')
         else:
             auto_alias = ()
         self.auto_alias = map(lambda s:s.split(None,1),auto_alias)
         # Call the actual (public) initializer
         self.init_auto_alias()
     # end __init__
 
     def set_hook(self,name,hook):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         resetting one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's behavior to
         call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
         setattr(self.hooks,name,new.instancemethod(hook,self,self.__class__))
 
     def set_custom_exc(self,exc_tuple,handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple,handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         runcode() method.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - exc_tuple: a *tuple* of valid exceptions to call the defined
           handler for.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
           LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
           you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple:
 
             exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
           - handler: this must be defined as a function with the following
           basic interface: def my_handler(self,etype,value,tb).
 
           This will be made into an instance method (via new.instancemethod)
           of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
           listed in the exc_tuple are caught.  If the handler is None, an
           internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
 
         assert type(exc_tuple)==type(()) , \
                "The custom exceptions must be given AS A TUPLE."
 
         def dummy_handler(self,etype,value,tb):
             print '*** Simple custom exception handler ***'
             print 'Exception type :',etype
             print 'Exception value:',value
             print 'Traceback      :',tb
             print 'Source code    :','\n'.join(self.buffer)
 
         if handler is None: handler = dummy_handler
 
         self.CustomTB = new.instancemethod(handler,self,self.__class__)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def set_custom_completer(self,completer,pos=0):
         """set_custom_completer(completer,pos=0)
 
         Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted."""
 
         newcomp = new.instancemethod(completer,self.Completer,
                                      self.Completer.__class__)
         self.Completer.matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def complete(self,text):
         """Return a sorted list of all possible completions on text.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - text: a string of text to be completed on.
 
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: __IP.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip']"""
         
         complete = self.Completer.complete
         state = 0
         # use a dict so we get unique keys, since ipyhton's multiple
         # completers can return duplicates.
         comps = {}
         while True:
             newcomp = complete(text,state)
             if newcomp is None:
                 break
             comps[newcomp] = 1
             state += 1
         outcomps = comps.keys()
         outcomps.sort()
         return outcomps
         
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame):
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     def post_config_initialization(self):
         """Post configuration init method
 
         This is called after the configuration files have been processed to
         'finalize' the initialization."""
 
         rc = self.rc
         
         # Load readline proper
         if rc.readline:
             self.init_readline()
 
         # Set user colors (don't do it in the constructor above so that it
         # doesn't crash if colors option is invalid)
         self.magic_colors(rc.colors)
 
         # Load user aliases
         for alias in rc.alias:
             self.magic_alias(alias)
 
         # dynamic data that survives through sessions
         # XXX make the filename a config option?
         persist_base = 'persist'
         if rc.profile:
             persist_base += '_%s' % rc.profile
         self.persist_fname =  os.path.join(rc.ipythondir,persist_base)
 
         try:
             self.persist = pickle.load(file(self.persist_fname))
         except:
             self.persist = {}
             
     def init_auto_alias(self):
         """Define some aliases automatically.
 
         These are ALL parameter-less aliases"""
         for alias,cmd in self.auto_alias:
             self.alias_table[alias] = (0,cmd)
 
     def alias_table_validate(self,verbose=0):
         """Update information about the alias table.
 
         In particular, make sure no Python keywords/builtins are in it."""
 
         no_alias = self.no_alias
         for k in self.alias_table.keys():
             if k in no_alias:
                 del self.alias_table[k]
                 if verbose:
                     print ("Deleting alias <%s>, it's a Python "
                            "keyword or builtin." % k)
     
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag, checking for readline support.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
 
         if not self.has_readline:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn("The auto-indent feature requires the readline library")
             self.autoindent = 0
             return
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     def rc_set_toggle(self,rc_field,value=None):
         """Set or toggle a field in IPython's rc config. structure.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle.
 
         If called with a non-existent field, the resulting AttributeError
         exception will propagate out."""
 
         rc_val = getattr(self.rc,rc_field)
         if value is None:
             value = not rc_val
         setattr(self.rc,rc_field,value)
 
     def user_setup(self,ipythondir,rc_suffix,mode='install'):
         """Install the user configuration directory.
 
         Can be called when running for the first time or to upgrade the user's
         .ipython/ directory with the mode parameter. Valid modes are 'install'
         and 'upgrade'."""
 
         def wait():
             try:
                 raw_input("Please press <RETURN> to start IPython.")
             except EOFError:
                 print >> Term.cout
             print '*'*70
 
         cwd = os.getcwd()  # remember where we started
         glb = glob.glob
         print '*'*70
         if mode == 'install':
             print \
 """Welcome to IPython. I will try to create a personal configuration directory
 where you can customize many aspects of IPython's functionality in:\n"""
         else:
             print 'I am going to upgrade your configuration in:'
 
         print ipythondir
 
         rcdirend = os.path.join('IPython','UserConfig')
         cfg = lambda d: os.path.join(d,rcdirend)
         try:
             rcdir = filter(os.path.isdir,map(cfg,sys.path))[0]
         except IOError:
             warning = """
 Installation error. IPython's directory was not found.
 
 Check the following:
 
 The ipython/IPython directory should be in a directory belonging to your
 PYTHONPATH environment variable (that is, it should be in a directory
 belonging to sys.path). You can copy it explicitly there or just link to it.
 
 IPython will proceed with builtin defaults.
 """
             warn(warning)
             wait()
             return
 
         if mode == 'install':
             try:
                 shutil.copytree(rcdir,ipythondir)
                 os.chdir(ipythondir)
                 rc_files = glb("ipythonrc*")
                 for rc_file in rc_files:
                     os.rename(rc_file,rc_file+rc_suffix)
             except:
                 warning = """
 
 There was a problem with the installation:
 %s
 Try to correct it or contact the developers if you think it's a bug.
 IPython will proceed with builtin defaults.""" % sys.exc_info()[1]
                 warn(warning)
                 wait()
                 return
 
         elif mode == 'upgrade':
             try:
                 os.chdir(ipythondir)
             except:
                 print """
 Can not upgrade: changing to directory %s failed. Details:
 %s
 """ % (ipythondir,sys.exc_info()[1])
                 wait()
                 return
             else:
                 sources = glb(os.path.join(rcdir,'[A-Za-z]*'))
                 for new_full_path in sources:
                     new_filename = os.path.basename(new_full_path)
                     if new_filename.startswith('ipythonrc'):
                         new_filename = new_filename + rc_suffix
                     # The config directory should only contain files, skip any
                     # directories which may be there (like CVS)
                     if os.path.isdir(new_full_path):
                         continue
                     if os.path.exists(new_filename):
                         old_file = new_filename+'.old'
                         if os.path.exists(old_file):
                             os.remove(old_file)
                         os.rename(new_filename,old_file)
                     shutil.copy(new_full_path,new_filename)
         else:
             raise ValueError,'unrecognized mode for install:',`mode`
 
         # Fix line-endings to those native to each platform in the config
         # directory.
         try:
             os.chdir(ipythondir)
         except:
             print """
 Problem: changing to directory %s failed.
 Details:
 %s
 
 Some configuration files may have incorrect line endings.  This should not
 cause any problems during execution.  """ % (ipythondir,sys.exc_info()[1])
             wait()
         else:
             for fname in glb('ipythonrc*'):
                 try:
                     native_line_ends(fname,backup=0)
                 except IOError:
                     pass
 
         if mode == 'install':
             print """
 Successful installation!
 
 Please read the sections 'Initial Configuration' and 'Quick Tips' in the
 IPython manual (there are both HTML and PDF versions supplied with the
 distribution) to make sure that your system environment is properly configured
 to take advantage of IPython's features."""
         else:
             print """
 Successful upgrade!
 
 All files in your directory:
 %(ipythondir)s
 which would have been overwritten by the upgrade were backed up with a .old
 extension.  If you had made particular customizations in those files you may
 want to merge them back into the new files.""" % locals()
         wait()
         os.chdir(cwd)
         # end user_setup()
 
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Saving of persistent data should be performed here. """
 
         # input history
         self.savehist()
 
         # Cleanup all tempfiles left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 os.unlink(tfile)
             except OSError:
                 pass
 
         # save the "persistent data" catch-all dictionary
         try:
             pickle.dump(self.persist, open(self.persist_fname,"w"))
         except:
             print "*** ERROR *** persistent data saving failed."
         
     def savehist(self):
         """Save input history to a file (via readline library)."""
         try:
             self.readline.write_history_file(self.histfile)
         except:
             print 'Unable to save IPython command history to file: ' + \
                   `self.histfile`
 
     def pre_readline(self):
         """readline hook to be used at the start of each line.
 
         Currently it handles auto-indent only."""
         
         self.readline.insert_text(' '* self.readline_indent)
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """Command history completion/saving/reloading."""
         try:
             import readline
         except ImportError:
             self.has_readline = 0
             self.readline = None
             # no point in bugging windows users with this every time:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn('Readline services not available on this platform.')
         else:
             import atexit
             from IPython.completer import IPCompleter
             self.Completer = IPCompleter(self,
                                             self.user_ns,
                                             self.user_global_ns,
                                             self.rc.readline_omit__names,
                                             self.alias_table)
 
             # Platform-specific configuration
             if os.name == 'nt':
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_pre_input_hook
             else:
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_startup_hook
 
             # Load user's initrc file (readline config)
             inputrc_name = os.environ.get('INPUTRC')
             if inputrc_name is None:
                 home_dir = get_home_dir()
                 if home_dir is not None:
                     inputrc_name = os.path.join(home_dir,'.inputrc')
             if os.path.isfile(inputrc_name):
                 try:
                     readline.read_init_file(inputrc_name)
                 except:
                     warn('Problems reading readline initialization file <%s>'
                          % inputrc_name)
             
             self.has_readline = 1
             self.readline = readline
             self.readline_indent = 0  # for auto-indenting via readline
             # save this in sys so embedded copies can restore it properly
             sys.ipcompleter = self.Completer.complete
             readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
 
             # Configure readline according to user's prefs
             for rlcommand in self.rc.readline_parse_and_bind:
                 readline.parse_and_bind(rlcommand)
 
             # remove some chars from the delimiters list
             delims = readline.get_completer_delims()
             delims = delims.translate(string._idmap,
                                       self.rc.readline_remove_delims)
             readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             # otherwise we end up with a monster history after a while:
             readline.set_history_length(1000)
             try:
                 #print '*** Reading readline history'  # dbg
                 readline.read_history_file(self.histfile)
             except IOError:
                 pass  # It doesn't exist yet.
 
             atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
             del atexit
 
         # Configure auto-indent for all platforms
         self.set_autoindent(self.rc.autoindent)
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
         """
         type, value, sys.last_traceback = sys.exc_info()
         sys.last_type = type
         sys.last_value = value
         if filename and type is SyntaxError:
             # Work hard to stuff the correct filename in the exception
             try:
                 msg, (dummy_filename, lineno, offset, line) = value
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
             else:
                 # Stuff in the right filename
                 try:
                     # Assume SyntaxError is a class exception
                     value = SyntaxError(msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line))
                 except:
                     # If that failed, assume SyntaxError is a string
                     value = msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line)
         self.SyntaxTB(type,value,[])
 
     def debugger(self):
         """Call the pdb debugger."""
 
         if not self.rc.pdb:
             return
         pdb.pm()
 
     def showtraceback(self,exc_tuple = None,filename=None):
         """Display the exception that just occurred."""
 
         # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input line,
         # there may be SyntaxError cases whith imported code.
         if exc_tuple is None:
             type, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
         else:
             type, value, tb = exc_tuple
         if type is SyntaxError:
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
         else:
             sys.last_type = type
             sys.last_value = value
             sys.last_traceback = tb
             self.InteractiveTB()
             if self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb and self.has_readline:
                 # pdb mucks up readline, fix it back
                 self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
 
     def update_cache(self, line):
         """puts line into cache"""
         self.inputcache.insert(0, line) # This copies the cache every time ... :-(
         if len(self.inputcache) >= self.CACHELENGTH:
             self.inputcache.pop()    # This doesn't :-)
 
     def mainloop(self,banner=None):
         """Creates the local namespace and starts the mainloop.
 
         If an optional banner argument is given, it will override the
         internally created default banner."""
         
         if self.rc.c:  # Emulate Python's -c option
             self.exec_init_cmd()
         if banner is None:
             if self.rc.banner:
                 banner = self.BANNER+self.banner2
             else:
                 banner = ''
         self.interact(banner)
 
     def exec_init_cmd(self):
         """Execute a command given at the command line.
 
         This emulates Python's -c option."""
 
         sys.argv = ['-c']
         self.push(self.rc.c)
 
     def embed_mainloop(self,header='',local_ns=None,global_ns=None,stack_depth=0):
         """Embeds IPython into a running python program.
 
         Input:
 
           - header: An optional header message can be specified.
 
           - local_ns, global_ns: working namespaces. If given as None, the
           IPython-initialized one is updated with __main__.__dict__, so that
           program variables become visible but user-specific configuration
           remains possible.
 
           - stack_depth: specifies how many levels in the stack to go to
           looking for namespaces (when local_ns and global_ns are None).  This
           allows an intermediate caller to make sure that this function gets
           the namespace from the intended level in the stack.  By default (0)
           it will get its locals and globals from the immediate caller.
 
         Warning: it's possible to use this in a program which is being run by
         IPython itself (via %run), but some funny things will happen (a few
         globals get overwritten). In the future this will be cleaned up, as
         there is no fundamental reason why it can't work perfectly."""
 
         # Get locals and globals from caller
         if local_ns is None or global_ns is None:
             call_frame = sys._getframe(stack_depth).f_back
 
             if local_ns is None:
                 local_ns = call_frame.f_locals
             if global_ns is None:
                 global_ns = call_frame.f_globals
 
         # Update namespaces and fire up interpreter
         self.user_ns = local_ns
         self.user_global_ns = global_ns
 
         # Patch for global embedding to make sure that things don't overwrite
         # user globals accidentally. Thanks to Richard <[e-mail]>
         # FIXME. Test this a bit more carefully (the if.. is new)
         if local_ns is None and global_ns is None:
             self.user_global_ns.update(__main__.__dict__)
 
         # make sure the tab-completer has the correct frame information, so it
         # actually completes using the frame's locals/globals
         self.set_completer_frame(call_frame)
         
         self.interact(header)
 
     def interact(self, banner=None):
         """Closely emulate the interactive Python console.
 
         The optional banner argument specify the banner to print
         before the first interaction; by default it prints a banner
         similar to the one printed by the real Python interpreter,
         followed by the current class name in parentheses (so as not
         to confuse this with the real interpreter -- since it's so
         close!).
 
         """
         cprt = 'Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.'
         if banner is None:
             self.write("Python %s on %s\n%s\n(%s)\n" %
                        (sys.version, sys.platform, cprt,
                         self.__class__.__name__))
         else:
             self.write(banner)
 
         more = 0
         
         # Mark activity in the builtins
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] += 1
 
         # compiled regexps for autoindent management
         ini_spaces_re = re.compile(r'^(\s+)')
         dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return')
 
         # exit_now is set by a call to %Exit or %Quit
         while not self.exit_now:
             try:
                 if more:
                     prompt = self.outputcache.prompt2
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.readline_startup_hook(self.pre_readline)
                 else:
                     prompt = self.outputcache.prompt1
                 try:
                     line = self.raw_input(prompt,more)
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.readline_startup_hook(None)
                 except EOFError:
                     if self.autoindent:
                         self.readline_startup_hook(None)
                     self.write("\n")
                     self.exit()
                 except IPythonExit:
                     self.exit()
                 else:
                     more = self.push(line)
                     # Auto-indent management
                     if self.autoindent:
                         if line:
                             ini_spaces = ini_spaces_re.match(line)
                             if ini_spaces:
                                 nspaces = ini_spaces.end()
                             else:
                                 nspaces = 0
                             self.readline_indent = nspaces
 
                             if line[-1] == ':':
                                 self.readline_indent += 4
                             elif dedent_re.match(line):
                                 self.readline_indent -= 4
                         else:
                             self.readline_indent = 0
 
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 self.write("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
                 self.resetbuffer()
                 more = 0
                 # keep cache in sync with the prompt counter:
                 self.outputcache.prompt_count -= 1
 
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.readline_indent = 0
 
             except bdb.BdbQuit:
                 warn("The Python debugger has exited with a BdbQuit exception.\n"
                      "Because of how pdb handles the stack, it is impossible\n"
                      "for IPython to properly format this particular exception.\n"
                      "IPython will resume normal operation.")
             
         # We are off again...
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] -= 1
 
     def excepthook(self, type, value, tb):
       """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
       GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
       sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
       enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
       otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
       which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
       except: statement.
 
       Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
       any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
       IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
       CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
       regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
       call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
       IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
       crashes.
 
       This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
       to be true IPython errors.
       """
       
       self.InteractiveTB(type, value, tb, tb_offset=0)
       if self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb and self.has_readline:
           self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.complete)
 
     def call_alias(self,alias,rest=''):
         """Call an alias given its name and the rest of the line.
 
         This function MUST be given a proper alias, because it doesn't make
         any checks when looking up into the alias table.  The caller is
         responsible for invoking it only with a valid alias."""
 
         #print 'ALIAS: <%s>+<%s>' % (alias,rest) # dbg
         nargs,cmd = self.alias_table[alias]
         # Expand the %l special to be the user's input line
         if cmd.find('%l') >= 0:
             cmd = cmd.replace('%l',rest)
             rest = ''
         if nargs==0:
             # Simple, argument-less aliases
             cmd = '%s %s' % (cmd,rest)
         else:
             # Handle aliases with positional arguments
             args = rest.split(None,nargs)
             if len(args)< nargs:
                 error('Alias <%s> requires %s arguments, %s given.' %
                       (alias,nargs,len(args)))
                 return
             cmd = '%s %s' % (cmd % tuple(args[:nargs]),' '.join(args[nargs:]))
         # Now call the macro, evaluating in the user's namespace
         try:
             self.system(cmd)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
 
     def runlines(self,lines):
         """Run a string of one or more lines of source.
 
         This method is capable of running a string containing multiple source
         lines, as if they had been entered at the IPython prompt.  Since it
         exposes IPython's processing machinery, the given strings can contain
         magic calls (%magic), special shell access (!cmd), etc."""
 
         # We must start with a clean buffer, in case this is run from an
         # interactive IPython session (via a magic, for example).
         self.resetbuffer()
         lines = lines.split('\n')
         more = 0
         for line in lines:
             # skip blank lines so we don't mess up the prompt counter, but do
             # NOT skip even a blank line if we are in a code block (more is
             # true)
             if line or more:
                 more = self.push((self.prefilter(line,more)))
                 # IPython's runsource returns None if there was an error
                 # compiling the code.  This allows us to stop processing right
                 # away, so the user gets the error message at the right place.
                 if more is None:
                     break
         # final newline in case the input didn't have it, so that the code
         # actually does get executed
         if more:
             self.push('\n')
 
     def runsource(self, source, filename="<input>", symbol="single"):
         """Compile and run some source in the interpreter.
 
         Arguments are as for compile_command().
 
         One several things can happen:
 
         1) The input is incorrect; compile_command() raised an
         exception (SyntaxError or OverflowError).  A syntax traceback
         will be printed by calling the showsyntaxerror() method.
 
         2) The input is incomplete, and more input is required;
         compile_command() returned None.  Nothing happens.
 
         3) The input is complete; compile_command() returned a code
         object.  The code is executed by calling self.runcode() (which
         also handles run-time exceptions, except for SystemExit).
 
         The return value is:
 
           - True in case 2
 
           - False in the other cases, unless an exception is raised, where
           None is returned instead.  This can be used by external callers to
           know whether to continue feeding input or not.
 
         The return value can be used to decide whether to use sys.ps1 or
         sys.ps2 to prompt the next line."""
 
         try:
             code = self.compile(source, filename, symbol)
         except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError):
             # Case 1
             self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             return None
 
         if code is None:
             # Case 2
             return True
 
         # Case 3
         # We store the code object so that threaded shells and
         # custom exception handlers can access all this info if needed.
         # The source corresponding to this can be obtained from the
         # buffer attribute as '\n'.join(self.buffer).
         self.code_to_run = code
         # now actually execute the code object
         if self.runcode(code) == 0:
             return False
         else:
             return None
 
     def runcode(self,code_obj):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Return value: a flag indicating whether the code to be run completed
         successfully:
 
           - 0: successful execution.
           - 1: an error occurred.
         """
 
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook,sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
         outflag = 1  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 # Embedded instances require separate global/local namespaces
                 # so they can see both the surrounding (local) namespace and
                 # the module-level globals when called inside another function.
                 if self.embedded:
                     exec code_obj in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
                 # Normal (non-embedded) instances should only have a single
                 # namespace for user code execution, otherwise functions won't
                 # see interactive top-level globals.
                 else:
                     exec code_obj in self.user_ns
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit:
             self.resetbuffer()
             self.showtraceback()
             warn("Type exit or quit to exit IPython "
                  "(%Exit or %Quit do so unconditionally).",level=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype,value,tb = sys.exc_info()
             self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
         else:
             outflag = 0
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print
         # Flush out code object which has been run (and source)
         self.code_to_run = None
         return outflag
         
     def push(self, line):
         """Push a line to the interpreter.
 
         The line should not have a trailing newline; it may have
         internal newlines.  The line is appended to a buffer and the
         interpreter's runsource() method is called with the
         concatenated contents of the buffer as source.  If this
         indicates that the command was executed or invalid, the buffer
         is reset; otherwise, the command is incomplete, and the buffer
         is left as it was after the line was appended.  The return
         value is 1 if more input is required, 0 if the line was dealt
         with in some way (this is the same as runsource()).
 
         """
         self.buffer.append(line)
-        source = "\n".join(self.buffer)
-        more = self.runsource(source, self.filename)
+        more = self.runsource('\n'.join(self.buffer), self.filename)
         if not more:
             self.resetbuffer()
         return more
 
     def resetbuffer(self):
         """Reset the input buffer."""
         self.buffer[:] = []
 
     def raw_input(self,prompt='',continue_prompt=False):
         """Write a prompt and read a line.
 
         The returned line does not include the trailing newline.
         When the user enters the EOF key sequence, EOFError is raised.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - prompt(''): a string to be printed to prompt the user.
 
           - continue_prompt(False): whether this line is the first one or a
           continuation in a sequence of inputs.
         """
 
         line = raw_input_original(prompt)
         # Try to be reasonably smart about not re-indenting pasted input more
         # than necessary.  We do this by trimming out the auto-indent initial
         # spaces, if the user's actual input started itself with whitespace.
         if self.autoindent:
             line2 = line[self.readline_indent:]
             if line2[0:1] in (' ','\t'):
                 line = line2
         return self.prefilter(line,continue_prompt)
         
     def split_user_input(self,line):
         """Split user input into pre-char, function part and rest."""
 
         lsplit = self.line_split.match(line)
         if lsplit is None:  # no regexp match returns None
             try:
                 iFun,theRest = line.split(None,1)
             except ValueError:
                 iFun,theRest = line,''
             pre = re.match('^(\s*)(.*)',line).groups()[0]
         else:
             pre,iFun,theRest = lsplit.groups()
 
         #print 'line:<%s>' % line # dbg
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun.strip(),theRest) # dbg
         return pre,iFun.strip(),theRest
 
     def _prefilter(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """Calls different preprocessors, depending on the form of line."""
 
         # All handlers *must* return a value, even if it's blank ('').
 
         # Lines are NOT logged here. Handlers should process the line as
         # needed, update the cache AND log it (so that the input cache array
         # stays synced).
 
         # This function is _very_ delicate, and since it's also the one which
         # determines IPython's response to user input, it must be as efficient
         # as possible.  For this reason it has _many_ returns in it, trying
         # always to exit as quickly as it can figure out what it needs to do.
 
         # This function is the main responsible for maintaining IPython's
         # behavior respectful of Python's semantics.  So be _very_ careful if
         # making changes to anything here.
 
         #.....................................................................
         # Code begins
 
         #if line.startswith('%crash'): raise RuntimeError,'Crash now!'  # dbg
 
         # save the line away in case we crash, so the post-mortem handler can
         # record it
         self._last_input_line = line
 
         #print '***line: <%s>' % line # dbg
         
         # the input history needs to track even empty lines
         if not line.strip():
             if not continue_prompt:
                 self.outputcache.prompt_count -= 1
             return self.handle_normal('',continue_prompt)
 
         # print '***cont',continue_prompt  # dbg
         # special handlers are only allowed for single line statements
         if continue_prompt and not self.rc.multi_line_specials:
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # For the rest, we need the structure of the input
         pre,iFun,theRest = self.split_user_input(line)
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun,theRest)  # dbg
 
         # First check for explicit escapes in the last/first character
         handler = None
         if line[-1] == self.ESC_HELP:
             handler = self.esc_handlers.get(line[-1])  # the ? can be at the end
         if handler is None:
             # look at the first character of iFun, NOT of line, so we skip
             # leading whitespace in multiline input
             handler = self.esc_handlers.get(iFun[0:1])
         if handler is not None:
             return handler(line,continue_prompt,pre,iFun,theRest)
         # Emacs ipython-mode tags certain input lines
         if line.endswith('# PYTHON-MODE'):
             return self.handle_emacs(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # Next, check if we can automatically execute this thing
 
         # Allow ! in multi-line statements if multi_line_specials is on:
         if continue_prompt and self.rc.multi_line_specials and \
                iFun.startswith(self.ESC_SHELL):
             return self.handle_shell_escape(line,continue_prompt,
                                             pre=pre,iFun=iFun,
                                             theRest=theRest)
 
         # Let's try to find if the input line is a magic fn
         oinfo = None
         if hasattr(self,'magic_'+iFun):
             oinfo = self._ofind(iFun) # FIXME - _ofind is part of Magic
             if oinfo['ismagic']:
                 # Be careful not to call magics when a variable assignment is
                 # being made (ls='hi', for example)
                 if self.rc.automagic and \
                        (len(theRest)==0 or theRest[0] not in '!=()<>,') and \
                        (self.rc.multi_line_specials or not continue_prompt):
                     return self.handle_magic(line,continue_prompt,
                                              pre,iFun,theRest)
                 else:
                     return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # If the rest of the line begins with an (in)equality, assginment or
         # function call, we should not call _ofind but simply execute it.
         # This avoids spurious geattr() accesses on objects upon assignment.
         #
         # It also allows users to assign to either alias or magic names true
         # python variables (the magic/alias systems always take second seat to
         # true python code).
         if theRest and theRest[0] in '!=()':
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         if oinfo is None:
             oinfo = self._ofind(iFun) # FIXME - _ofind is part of Magic
         
         if not oinfo['found']:
             if iFun in ('quit','exit'):
                 raise IPythonExit
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
         else:
             #print 'iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (iFun,theRest) # dbg
             if oinfo['isalias']:
                 return self.handle_alias(line,continue_prompt,
                                              pre,iFun,theRest)
 
             if self.rc.autocall and \
                    not self.re_exclude_auto.match(theRest) and \
                    self.re_fun_name.match(iFun) and \
                    callable(oinfo['obj']) :
                 #print 'going auto'  # dbg
                 return self.handle_auto(line,continue_prompt,pre,iFun,theRest)
             else:
                 #print 'was callable?', callable(oinfo['obj'])  # dbg
                 return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
         # If we get here, we have a normal Python line. Log and return.
         return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     def _prefilter_dumb(self, line, continue_prompt):
         """simple prefilter function, for debugging"""
         return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     # Set the default prefilter() function (this can be user-overridden)
     prefilter = _prefilter
 
     def handle_normal(self,line,continue_prompt=None,
                       pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Handle normal input lines. Use as a template for handlers."""
 
         self.log(line,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line)
         return line
 
     def handle_alias(self,line,continue_prompt=None,
                      pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Handle alias input lines. """
 
         theRest = esc_quotes(theRest)
         line_out = "%s%s.call_alias('%s','%s')" % (pre,self.name,iFun,theRest)
         self.log(line_out,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line_out)
         return line_out
 
     def handle_shell_escape(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                             pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Execute the line in a shell, empty return value"""
 
         #print 'line in :', `line` # dbg
         # Example of a special handler. Others follow a similar pattern.
         if continue_prompt:  # multi-line statements
             if iFun.startswith('!!'):
                 print 'SyntaxError: !! is not allowed in multiline statements'
                 return pre
             else:
                 cmd = ("%s %s" % (iFun[1:],theRest)).replace('"','\\"')
                 line_out = '%s%s.system("%s")' % (pre,self.name,cmd)
                 #line_out = ('%s%s.system(' % (pre,self.name)) + repr(cmd) + ')'
         else: # single-line input
             if line.startswith('!!'):
                 # rewrite iFun/theRest to properly hold the call to %sx and
                 # the actual command to be executed, so handle_magic can work
                 # correctly
                 theRest = '%s %s' % (iFun[2:],theRest)
                 iFun = 'sx'
                 return self.handle_magic('%ssx %s' % (self.ESC_MAGIC,line[2:]),
                                          continue_prompt,pre,iFun,theRest)
             else:
                 cmd = esc_quotes(line[1:])
                 line_out = '%s.system("%s")' % (self.name,cmd)
                 #line_out = ('%s.system(' % self.name) + repr(cmd)+ ')'
         # update cache/log and return
         self.log(line_out,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line_out)   # readline cache gets normal line
         #print 'line out r:', `line_out` # dbg
         #print 'line out s:', line_out # dbg
         return line_out
 
     def handle_magic(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                      pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Execute magic functions.
 
         Also log them with a prepended # so the log is clean Python."""
 
         cmd = '%sipmagic("%s")' % (pre,esc_quotes('%s %s' % (iFun,theRest)))
         self.log(cmd,continue_prompt)
         self.update_cache(line)
         #print 'in handle_magic, cmd=<%s>' % cmd  # dbg
         return cmd
 
     def handle_auto(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                     pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Hande lines which can be auto-executed, quoting if requested."""
 
         #print 'pre <%s> iFun <%s> rest <%s>' % (pre,iFun,theRest)  # dbg
         
         # This should only be active for single-line input!
         if continue_prompt:
             return line
 
         if pre == self.ESC_QUOTE:
             # Auto-quote splitting on whitespace
             newcmd = '%s("%s")' % (iFun,'", "'.join(theRest.split()) )
         elif pre == self.ESC_QUOTE2:
             # Auto-quote whole string
             newcmd = '%s("%s")' % (iFun,theRest)
         else:
             # Auto-paren
             if theRest[0:1] in ('=','['):
                 # Don't autocall in these cases.  They can be either
                 # rebindings of an existing callable's name, or item access
                 # for an object which is BOTH callable and implements
                 # __getitem__.
                 return '%s %s' % (iFun,theRest)
             if theRest.endswith(';'):
                 newcmd = '%s(%s);' % (iFun.rstrip(),theRest[:-1])
             else:
                 newcmd = '%s(%s)' % (iFun.rstrip(),theRest)
 
         print >>Term.cout, self.outputcache.prompt1.auto_rewrite() + newcmd
         # log what is now valid Python, not the actual user input (without the
         # final newline)
         self.log(newcmd,continue_prompt)
         return newcmd
 
     def handle_help(self, line, continue_prompt=None,
                     pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Try to get some help for the object.
 
         obj? or ?obj   -> basic information.
         obj?? or ??obj -> more details.
         """
 
         # We need to make sure that we don't process lines which would be
         # otherwise valid python, such as "x=1 # what?"
         try:
             codeop.compile_command(line)
         except SyntaxError:
             # We should only handle as help stuff which is NOT valid syntax
             if line[0]==self.ESC_HELP:
                 line = line[1:]
             elif line[-1]==self.ESC_HELP:
                 line = line[:-1]
             self.log('#?'+line)
             self.update_cache(line)
             if line:
                 self.magic_pinfo(line)
             else:
                 page(self.usage,screen_lines=self.rc.screen_length)
             return '' # Empty string is needed here!
         except:
             # Pass any other exceptions through to the normal handler
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
         else:
             # If the code compiles ok, we should handle it normally
             return self.handle_normal(line,continue_prompt)
 
     def handle_emacs(self,line,continue_prompt=None,
                     pre=None,iFun=None,theRest=None):
         """Handle input lines marked by python-mode."""
 
         # Currently, nothing is done.  Later more functionality can be added
         # here if needed.
 
         # The input cache shouldn't be updated
 
         return line
 
     def write(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default output"""
         Term.cout.write(data)
 
     def write_err(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default error output"""
         Term.cerr.write(data)
 
     def exit(self):
         """Handle interactive exit.
 
         This method sets the exit_now attribute."""
 
         if self.rc.confirm_exit:
             if ask_yes_no('Do you really want to exit ([y]/n)?','y'):
                 self.exit_now = True
         else:
             self.exit_now = True
         return self.exit_now
 
     def safe_execfile(self,fname,*where,**kw):
         fname = os.path.expanduser(fname)
 
         # find things also in current directory
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
         if not sys.path.count(dname):
             sys.path.append(dname)
 
         try:
             xfile = open(fname)
         except:
             print >> Term.cerr, \
                   'Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname
             return None
 
         kw.setdefault('islog',0)
         kw.setdefault('quiet',1)
         kw.setdefault('exit_ignore',0)
         first = xfile.readline()
         _LOGHEAD = str(self.LOGHEAD).split('\n',1)[0].strip()
         xfile.close()
         # line by line execution
         if first.startswith(_LOGHEAD) or kw['islog']:
             print 'Loading log file <%s> one line at a time...' % fname
             if kw['quiet']:
                 stdout_save = sys.stdout
                 sys.stdout = StringIO.StringIO()
             try:
                 globs,locs = where[0:2]
             except:
                 try:
                     globs = locs = where[0]
                 except:
                     globs = locs = globals()
             badblocks = []
 
             # we also need to identify indented blocks of code when replaying
             # logs and put them together before passing them to an exec
             # statement. This takes a bit of regexp and look-ahead work in the
             # file. It's easiest if we swallow the whole thing in memory
             # first, and manually walk through the lines list moving the
             # counter ourselves.
             indent_re = re.compile('\s+\S')
             xfile = open(fname)
             filelines = xfile.readlines()
             xfile.close()
             nlines = len(filelines)
             lnum = 0
             while lnum < nlines:
                 line = filelines[lnum]
                 lnum += 1
                 # don't re-insert logger status info into cache
                 if line.startswith('#log#'):
                     continue
                 elif line.startswith('#%s'% self.ESC_MAGIC):
                     self.update_cache(line[1:])
                     line = magic2python(line)
                 elif line.startswith('#!'):
                     self.update_cache(line[1:])
                 else:
                     # build a block of code (maybe a single line) for execution
                     block = line
                     try:
                         next = filelines[lnum] # lnum has already incremented
                     except:
                         next = None
                     while next and indent_re.match(next):
                         block += next
                         lnum += 1
                         try:
                             next = filelines[lnum]
                         except:
                             next = None
                     # now execute the block of one or more lines
                     try:
                         exec block in globs,locs
                         self.update_cache(block.rstrip())
                     except SystemExit:
                         pass
                     except:
                         badblocks.append(block.rstrip())
             if kw['quiet']:  # restore stdout
                 sys.stdout.close()
                 sys.stdout = stdout_save
             print 'Finished replaying log file <%s>' % fname
             if badblocks:
                 print >> sys.stderr, ('\nThe following lines/blocks in file '
                                       '<%s> reported errors:' % fname)
                     
                 for badline in badblocks:
                     print >> sys.stderr, badline
         else:  # regular file execution
             try:
                 execfile(fname,*where)
             except SyntaxError:
                 etype, evalue = sys.exc_info()[0:2]
                 self.SyntaxTB(etype,evalue,[])
                 warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
             except SystemExit,status:
                 if not kw['exit_ignore']:
                     self.InteractiveTB()
                     warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
             except:
                 self.InteractiveTB()
                 warn('Failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
 
 #************************* end of file <iplib.py> *****************************