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1 | .. _overview: |
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1 | .. _overview: | |
2 |
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2 | |||
3 | ======== |
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3 | ======== | |
4 | Overview |
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4 | Overview | |
5 | ======== |
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5 | ======== | |
6 |
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6 | |||
7 | One of Python's most useful features is its interactive interpreter. |
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7 | One of Python's most useful features is its interactive interpreter. | |
8 | It allows for very fast testing of ideas without the overhead of |
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8 | It allows for very fast testing of ideas without the overhead of | |
9 | creating test files as is typical in most programming languages. |
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9 | creating test files as is typical in most programming languages. | |
10 | However, the interpreter supplied with the standard Python distribution |
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10 | However, the interpreter supplied with the standard Python distribution | |
11 | is somewhat limited for extended interactive use. |
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11 | is somewhat limited for extended interactive use. | |
12 |
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12 | |||
13 | The goal of IPython is to create a comprehensive environment for |
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13 | The goal of IPython is to create a comprehensive environment for | |
14 | interactive and exploratory computing. To support this goal, IPython |
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14 | interactive and exploratory computing. To support this goal, IPython | |
15 | has three main components: |
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15 | has three main components: | |
16 |
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16 | |||
17 | * An enhanced interactive Python shell. |
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17 | * An enhanced interactive Python shell. | |
18 |
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18 | |||
19 | * A decoupled :ref:`two-process communication model <ipythonzmq>`, which |
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19 | * A decoupled :ref:`two-process communication model <ipythonzmq>`, which | |
20 | allows for multiple clients to connect to a computation kernel, most notably |
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20 | allows for multiple clients to connect to a computation kernel, most notably | |
21 | the web-based notebook provided with `Jupyter <https://jupyter.org>`_. |
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21 | the web-based notebook provided with `Jupyter <https://jupyter.org>`_. | |
22 |
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22 | |||
23 | * An architecture for interactive parallel computing now part of the |
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23 | * An architecture for interactive parallel computing now part of the | |
24 | `ipyparallel` package. |
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24 | `ipyparallel` package. | |
25 |
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25 | |||
26 | All of IPython is open source (released under the revised BSD license). |
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26 | All of IPython is open source (released under the revised BSD license). | |
27 |
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27 | |||
28 | Enhanced interactive Python shell |
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28 | Enhanced interactive Python shell | |
29 | ================================= |
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29 | ================================= | |
30 |
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30 | |||
31 | IPython's interactive shell (:command:`ipython`), has the following goals, |
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31 | IPython's interactive shell (:command:`ipython`), has the following goals, | |
32 | amongst others: |
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32 | amongst others: | |
33 |
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33 | |||
34 | 1. Provide an interactive shell superior to Python's default. IPython |
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34 | 1. Provide an interactive shell superior to Python's default. IPython | |
35 | has many features for tab-completion, object introspection, system shell |
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35 | has many features for tab-completion, object introspection, system shell | |
36 | access, command history retrieval across sessions, and its own special |
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36 | access, command history retrieval across sessions, and its own special | |
37 | command system for adding functionality when working interactively. It |
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37 | command system for adding functionality when working interactively. It | |
38 | tries to be a very efficient environment both for Python code development |
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38 | tries to be a very efficient environment both for Python code development | |
39 | and for exploration of problems using Python objects (in situations like |
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39 | and for exploration of problems using Python objects (in situations like | |
40 | data analysis). |
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40 | data analysis). | |
41 |
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41 | |||
42 | 2. Serve as an embeddable, ready to use interpreter for your own |
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42 | 2. Serve as an embeddable, ready to use interpreter for your own | |
43 | programs. An interactive IPython shell can be started with a single call |
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43 | programs. An interactive IPython shell can be started with a single call | |
44 | from inside another program, providing access to the current namespace. |
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44 | from inside another program, providing access to the current namespace. | |
45 | This can be very useful both for debugging purposes and for situations |
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45 | This can be very useful both for debugging purposes and for situations | |
46 | where a blend of batch-processing and interactive exploration are needed. |
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46 | where a blend of batch-processing and interactive exploration are needed. | |
47 |
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47 | |||
48 | 3. Offer a flexible framework which can be used as the base |
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48 | 3. Offer a flexible framework which can be used as the base | |
49 | environment for working with other systems, with Python as the underlying |
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49 | environment for working with other systems, with Python as the underlying | |
50 | bridge language. Specifically scientific environments like Mathematica, |
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50 | bridge language. Specifically scientific environments like Mathematica, | |
51 | IDL and Matlab inspired its design, but similar ideas can be |
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51 | IDL and Matlab inspired its design, but similar ideas can be | |
52 | useful in many fields. |
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52 | useful in many fields. | |
53 |
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53 | |||
54 | 4. Allow interactive testing of threaded graphical toolkits. IPython |
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54 | 4. Allow interactive testing of threaded graphical toolkits. IPython | |
55 | has support for interactive, non-blocking control of GTK, Qt, WX, GLUT, and |
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55 | has support for interactive, non-blocking control of GTK, Qt, WX, GLUT, and | |
56 | OS X applications via special threading flags. The normal Python |
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56 | OS X applications via special threading flags. The normal Python | |
57 | shell can only do this for Tkinter applications. |
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57 | shell can only do this for Tkinter applications. | |
58 |
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58 | |||
59 | Main features of the interactive shell |
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59 | Main features of the interactive shell | |
60 | -------------------------------------- |
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60 | -------------------------------------- | |
61 |
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61 | |||
62 | * Dynamic object introspection. One can access docstrings, function |
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62 | * Dynamic object introspection. One can access docstrings, function | |
63 | definition prototypes, source code, source files and other details |
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63 | definition prototypes, source code, source files and other details | |
64 | of any object accessible to the interpreter with a single |
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64 | of any object accessible to the interpreter with a single | |
65 | keystroke (:samp:`?`, and using :samp:`??` provides additional detail). |
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65 | keystroke (:samp:`?`, and using :samp:`??` provides additional detail). | |
66 |
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66 | |||
67 | * Searching through modules and namespaces with :samp:`*` wildcards, both |
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67 | * Searching through modules and namespaces with :samp:`*` wildcards, both | |
68 | when using the :samp:`?` system and via the :samp:`%psearch` command. |
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68 | when using the :samp:`?` system and via the :samp:`%psearch` command. | |
69 |
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69 | |||
70 | * Completion in the local namespace, by typing :kbd:`TAB` at the prompt. |
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70 | * Completion in the local namespace, by typing :kbd:`TAB` at the prompt. | |
71 | This works for keywords, modules, methods, variables and files in the |
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71 | This works for keywords, modules, methods, variables and files in the | |
72 | current directory. This is supported via the ``prompt_toolkit`` library. |
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72 | current directory. This is supported via the ``prompt_toolkit`` library. | |
73 | Custom completers can be implemented easily for different purposes |
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73 | Custom completers can be implemented easily for different purposes | |
74 | (system commands, magic arguments etc.) |
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74 | (system commands, magic arguments etc.) | |
75 |
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75 | |||
76 | * Numbered input/output prompts with command history (persistent |
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76 | * Numbered input/output prompts with command history (persistent | |
77 | across sessions and tied to each profile), full searching in this |
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77 | across sessions and tied to each profile), full searching in this | |
78 | history and caching of all input and output. |
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78 | history and caching of all input and output. | |
79 |
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79 | |||
80 | * User-extensible 'magic' commands. A set of commands prefixed with |
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80 | * User-extensible 'magic' commands. A set of commands prefixed with | |
81 | :samp:`%` or :samp:`%%` is available for controlling IPython itself and provides |
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81 | :samp:`%` or :samp:`%%` is available for controlling IPython itself and provides | |
82 | directory control, namespace information and many aliases to |
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82 | directory control, namespace information and many aliases to | |
83 | common system shell commands. |
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83 | common system shell commands. | |
84 |
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84 | |||
85 | * Alias facility for defining your own system aliases. |
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85 | * Alias facility for defining your own system aliases. | |
86 |
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86 | |||
87 | * Complete system shell access. Lines starting with :samp:`!` are passed |
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87 | * Complete system shell access. Lines starting with :samp:`!` are passed | |
88 | directly to the system shell, and using :samp:`!!` or :samp:`var = !cmd` |
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88 | directly to the system shell, and using :samp:`!!` or :samp:`var = !cmd` | |
89 | captures shell output into python variables for further use. |
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89 | captures shell output into python variables for further use. | |
90 |
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90 | |||
91 | * The ability to expand python variables when calling the system shell. In a |
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91 | * The ability to expand python variables when calling the system shell. In a | |
92 | shell command, any python variable prefixed with :samp:`$` is expanded. A |
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92 | shell command, any python variable prefixed with :samp:`$` is expanded. A | |
93 | double :samp:`$$` allows passing a literal :samp:`$` to the shell (for access |
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93 | double :samp:`$$` allows passing a literal :samp:`$` to the shell (for access | |
94 | to shell and environment variables like :envvar:`PATH`). |
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94 | to shell and environment variables like :envvar:`PATH`). | |
95 |
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95 | |||
96 | * Filesystem navigation, via a magic :samp:`%cd` command, along with a |
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96 | * Filesystem navigation, via a magic :samp:`%cd` command, along with a | |
97 | persistent bookmark system (using :samp:`%bookmark`) for fast access to |
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97 | persistent bookmark system (using :samp:`%bookmark`) for fast access to | |
98 | frequently visited directories. |
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98 | frequently visited directories. | |
99 |
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99 | |||
100 | * A lightweight persistence framework via the :samp:`%store` command, which |
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100 | * A lightweight persistence framework via the :samp:`%store` command, which | |
101 | allows you to save arbitrary Python variables. These get restored |
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101 | allows you to save arbitrary Python variables. These get restored | |
102 | when you run the :samp:`%store -r` command. |
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102 | when you run the :samp:`%store -r` command. | |
103 |
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103 | |||
104 | * Automatic indentation and highlighting of code as you type (through the |
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104 | * Automatic indentation and highlighting of code as you type (through the | |
105 | `prompt_toolkit` library). |
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105 | `prompt_toolkit` library). | |
106 |
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106 | |||
107 | * Macro system for quickly re-executing multiple lines of previous |
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107 | * Macro system for quickly re-executing multiple lines of previous | |
108 | input with a single name via the :samp:`%macro` command. Macros can be |
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108 | input with a single name via the :samp:`%macro` command. Macros can be | |
109 | stored persistently via :samp:`%store` and edited via :samp:`%edit`. |
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109 | stored persistently via :samp:`%store` and edited via :samp:`%edit`. | |
110 |
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110 | |||
111 | * Session logging (you can then later use these logs as code in your |
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111 | * Session logging (you can then later use these logs as code in your | |
112 | programs). Logs can optionally timestamp all input, and also store |
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112 | programs). Logs can optionally timestamp all input, and also store | |
113 | session output (marked as comments, so the log remains valid |
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113 | session output (marked as comments, so the log remains valid | |
114 | Python source code). |
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114 | Python source code). | |
115 |
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115 | |||
116 | * Session restoring: logs can be replayed to restore a previous |
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116 | * Session restoring: logs can be replayed to restore a previous | |
117 | session to the state where you left it. |
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117 | session to the state where you left it. | |
118 |
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118 | |||
119 | * Verbose and colored exception traceback printouts. Easier to parse |
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119 | * Verbose and colored exception traceback printouts. Easier to parse | |
120 | visually, and in verbose mode they produce a lot of useful |
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120 | visually, and in verbose mode they produce a lot of useful | |
121 | debugging information (basically a terminal version of the cgitb |
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121 | debugging information (basically a terminal version of the cgitb | |
122 | module). |
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122 | module). | |
123 |
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123 | |||
124 | * Auto-parentheses via the :samp:`%autocall` command: callable objects can be |
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124 | * Auto-parentheses via the :samp:`%autocall` command: callable objects can be | |
125 | executed without parentheses: :samp:`sin 3` is automatically converted to |
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125 | executed without parentheses: :samp:`sin 3` is automatically converted to | |
126 | :samp:`sin(3)` |
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126 | :samp:`sin(3)` | |
127 |
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127 | |||
128 | * Auto-quoting: using :samp:`,`, or :samp:`;` as the first character forces |
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128 | * Auto-quoting: using :samp:`,`, or :samp:`;` as the first character forces | |
129 | auto-quoting of the rest of the line: :samp:`,my_function a b` becomes |
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129 | auto-quoting of the rest of the line: :samp:`,my_function a b` becomes | |
130 | automatically :samp:`my_function("a","b")`, while :samp:`;my_function a b` |
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130 | automatically :samp:`my_function("a","b")`, while :samp:`;my_function a b` | |
131 | becomes :samp:`my_function("a b")`. |
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131 | becomes :samp:`my_function("a b")`. | |
132 |
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132 | |||
133 | * Extensible input syntax. You can define filters that pre-process |
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133 | * Extensible input syntax. You can define filters that pre-process | |
134 | user input to simplify input in special situations. This allows |
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134 | user input to simplify input in special situations. This allows | |
135 | for example pasting multi-line code fragments which start with |
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135 | for example pasting multi-line code fragments which start with | |
136 | :samp:`>>>` or :samp:`...` such as those from other python sessions or the |
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136 | :samp:`>>>` or :samp:`...` such as those from other python sessions or the | |
137 | standard Python documentation. |
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137 | standard Python documentation. | |
138 |
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138 | |||
139 | * Flexible :ref:`configuration system <config_overview>`. It uses a |
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139 | * Flexible :ref:`configuration system <config_overview>`. It uses a | |
140 | configuration file which allows permanent setting of all command-line |
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140 | configuration file which allows permanent setting of all command-line | |
141 | options, module loading, code and file execution. The system allows |
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141 | options, module loading, code and file execution. The system allows | |
142 | recursive file inclusion, so you can have a base file with defaults and |
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142 | recursive file inclusion, so you can have a base file with defaults and | |
143 | layers which load other customizations for particular projects. |
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143 | layers which load other customizations for particular projects. | |
144 |
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144 | |||
145 | * Embeddable. You can call IPython as a python shell inside your own |
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145 | * Embeddable. You can call IPython as a python shell inside your own | |
146 | python programs. This can be used both for debugging code or for |
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146 | python programs. This can be used both for debugging code or for | |
147 | providing interactive abilities to your programs with knowledge |
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147 | providing interactive abilities to your programs with knowledge | |
148 | about the local namespaces (very useful in debugging and data |
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148 | about the local namespaces (very useful in debugging and data | |
149 | analysis situations). |
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149 | analysis situations). | |
150 |
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150 | |||
151 | * Easy debugger access. You can set IPython to call up an enhanced version of |
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151 | * Easy debugger access. You can set IPython to call up an enhanced version of | |
152 | the Python debugger (pdb) every time there is an uncaught exception. This |
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152 | the Python debugger (pdb) every time there is an uncaught exception. This | |
153 | drops you inside the code which triggered the exception with all the data |
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153 | drops you inside the code which triggered the exception with all the data | |
154 | live and it is possible to navigate the stack to rapidly isolate the source |
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154 | live and it is possible to navigate the stack to rapidly isolate the source | |
155 | of a bug. The :samp:`%run` magic command (with the :samp:`-d` option) can run |
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155 | of a bug. The :samp:`%run` magic command (with the :samp:`-d` option) can run | |
156 | any script under pdb's control, automatically setting initial breakpoints for |
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156 | any script under pdb's control, automatically setting initial breakpoints for | |
157 | you. This version of pdb has IPython-specific improvements, including |
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157 | you. This version of pdb has IPython-specific improvements, including | |
158 | tab-completion and traceback coloring support. For even easier debugger |
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158 | tab-completion and traceback coloring support. For even easier debugger | |
159 | access, try :samp:`%debug` after seeing an exception. |
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159 | access, try :samp:`%debug` after seeing an exception. | |
160 |
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160 | |||
161 | * Profiler support. You can run single statements (similar to |
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161 | * Profiler support. You can run single statements (similar to | |
162 | :samp:`profile.run()`) or complete programs under the profiler's control. |
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162 | :samp:`profile.run()`) or complete programs under the profiler's control. | |
163 | While this is possible with standard cProfile or profile modules, |
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163 | While this is possible with standard cProfile or profile modules, | |
164 | IPython wraps this functionality with magic commands (see :samp:`%prun` |
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164 | IPython wraps this functionality with magic commands (see :samp:`%prun` | |
165 | and :samp:`%run -p`) convenient for rapid interactive work. |
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165 | and :samp:`%run -p`) convenient for rapid interactive work. | |
166 |
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166 | |||
167 | * Simple timing information. You can use the :samp:`%timeit` command to get |
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167 | * Simple timing information. You can use the :samp:`%timeit` command to get | |
168 | the execution time of a Python statement or expression. This machinery is |
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168 | the execution time of a Python statement or expression. This machinery is | |
169 | intelligent enough to do more repetitions for commands that finish very |
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169 | intelligent enough to do more repetitions for commands that finish very | |
170 | quickly in order to get a better estimate of their running time. |
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170 | quickly in order to get a better estimate of their running time. | |
171 |
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171 | |||
172 | .. sourcecode:: ipython |
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172 | .. sourcecode:: ipython | |
173 |
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173 | |||
174 | In [1]: %timeit 1+1 |
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174 | In [1]: %timeit 1+1 | |
175 | 10000000 loops, best of 3: 25.5 ns per loop |
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175 | 10000000 loops, best of 3: 25.5 ns per loop | |
176 |
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176 | |||
177 | In [2]: %timeit [math.sin(x) for x in range(5000)] |
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177 | In [2]: %timeit [math.sin(x) for x in range(5000)] | |
178 | 1000 loops, best of 3: 719 µs per loop |
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178 | 1000 loops, best of 3: 719 µs per loop | |
179 |
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179 | |||
180 | .. |
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180 | .. | |
181 |
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181 | |||
182 | To get the timing information for more than one expression, use the |
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182 | To get the timing information for more than one expression, use the | |
183 | :samp:`%%timeit` cell magic command. |
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183 | :samp:`%%timeit` cell magic command. | |
184 |
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184 | |||
185 |
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185 | |||
186 | * Doctest support. The special :samp:`%doctest_mode` command toggles a mode |
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186 | * Doctest support. The special :samp:`%doctest_mode` command toggles a mode | |
187 | to use doctest-compatible prompts, so you can use IPython sessions as |
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187 | to use doctest-compatible prompts, so you can use IPython sessions as | |
188 | doctest code. By default, IPython also allows you to paste existing |
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188 | doctest code. By default, IPython also allows you to paste existing | |
189 | doctests, and strips out the leading :samp:`>>>` and :samp:`...` prompts in |
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189 | doctests, and strips out the leading :samp:`>>>` and :samp:`...` prompts in | |
190 | them. |
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190 | them. | |
191 |
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191 | |||
192 | .. _ipythonzmq: |
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192 | .. _ipythonzmq: | |
193 |
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193 | |||
194 | Decoupled two-process model |
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194 | Decoupled two-process model | |
195 | ============================== |
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195 | ============================== | |
196 |
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196 | |||
197 | IPython has abstracted and extended the notion of a traditional |
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197 | IPython has abstracted and extended the notion of a traditional | |
198 | *Read-Evaluate-Print Loop* (REPL) environment by decoupling the *evaluation* |
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198 | *Read-Evaluate-Print Loop* (REPL) environment by decoupling the *evaluation* | |
199 | into its own process. We call this process a **kernel**: it receives execution |
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199 | into its own process. We call this process a **kernel**: it receives execution | |
200 | instructions from clients and communicates the results back to them. |
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200 | instructions from clients and communicates the results back to them. | |
201 |
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201 | |||
202 | This decoupling allows us to have several clients connected to the same |
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202 | This decoupling allows us to have several clients connected to the same | |
203 | kernel, and even allows clients and kernels to live on different machines. |
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203 | kernel, and even allows clients and kernels to live on different machines. | |
204 | With the exclusion of the traditional single process terminal-based IPython |
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204 | With the exclusion of the traditional single process terminal-based IPython | |
205 | (what you start if you run ``ipython`` without any subcommands), all |
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205 | (what you start if you run ``ipython`` without any subcommands), all | |
206 | other IPython machinery uses this two-process model. Most of this is now part |
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206 | other IPython machinery uses this two-process model. Most of this is now part | |
207 | of the `Jupyter` project, which includes ``jupyter console``, ``jupyter |
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207 | of the `Jupyter` project, which includes ``jupyter console``, ``jupyter | |
208 | qtconsole``, and ``jupyter notebook``. |
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208 | qtconsole``, and ``jupyter notebook``. | |
209 |
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209 | |||
210 | As an example, this means that when you start ``jupyter qtconsole``, you're |
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210 | As an example, this means that when you start ``jupyter qtconsole``, you're | |
211 | really starting two processes, a kernel and a Qt-based client can send |
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211 | really starting two processes, a kernel and a Qt-based client which can send | |
212 | commands to and receive results from that kernel. If there is already a kernel |
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212 | commands to and receive results from that kernel. If there is already a kernel | |
213 | running that you want to connect to, you can pass the ``--existing`` flag |
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213 | running that you want to connect to, you can pass the ``--existing`` flag | |
214 | which will skip initiating a new kernel and connect to the most recent kernel, |
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214 | which will skip initiating a new kernel and connect to the most recent kernel, | |
215 | instead. To connect to a specific kernel once you have several kernels |
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215 | instead. To connect to a specific kernel once you have several kernels | |
216 | running, use the ``%connect_info`` magic to get the unique connection file, |
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216 | running, use the ``%connect_info`` magic to get the unique connection file, | |
217 | which will be something like ``--existing kernel-19732.json`` but with |
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217 | which will be something like ``--existing kernel-19732.json`` but with | |
218 | different numbers which correspond to the Process ID of the kernel. |
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218 | different numbers which correspond to the Process ID of the kernel. | |
219 |
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219 | |||
220 | You can read more about using `jupyter qtconsole |
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220 | You can read more about using `jupyter qtconsole | |
221 | <https://jupyter.org/qtconsole/>`_, and |
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221 | <https://jupyter.org/qtconsole/>`_, and | |
222 | `jupyter notebook <http://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_. There |
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222 | `jupyter notebook <http://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_. There | |
223 | is also a :ref:`message spec <messaging>` which documents the protocol for |
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223 | is also a :ref:`message spec <messaging>` which documents the protocol for | |
224 | communication between kernels |
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224 | communication between kernels | |
225 | and clients. |
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225 | and clients. | |
226 |
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226 | |||
227 | .. seealso:: |
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227 | .. seealso:: | |
228 |
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228 | |||
229 | `Frontend/Kernel Model`_ example notebook |
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229 | `Frontend/Kernel Model`_ example notebook | |
230 |
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230 | |||
231 |
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231 | |||
232 | Interactive parallel computing |
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232 | Interactive parallel computing | |
233 | ============================== |
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233 | ============================== | |
234 |
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234 | |||
235 |
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235 | |||
236 | This functionality is optional and now part of the `ipyparallel |
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236 | This functionality is optional and now part of the `ipyparallel | |
237 | <http://ipyparallel.readthedocs.io/>`_ project. |
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237 | <http://ipyparallel.readthedocs.io/>`_ project. | |
238 |
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238 | |||
239 | Portability and Python requirements |
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239 | Portability and Python requirements | |
240 | ----------------------------------- |
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240 | ----------------------------------- | |
241 |
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241 | |||
242 | Version 7.0+ supports Python 3.4 and higher. |
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242 | Version 7.0+ supports Python 3.4 and higher. | |
243 | Versions 6.x support Python 3.3 and higher. |
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243 | Versions 6.x support Python 3.3 and higher. | |
244 | Versions 2.0 to 5.x work with Python 2.7.x releases and Python 3.3 and higher. |
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244 | Versions 2.0 to 5.x work with Python 2.7.x releases and Python 3.3 and higher. | |
245 | Version 1.0 additionally worked with Python 2.6 and 3.2. |
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245 | Version 1.0 additionally worked with Python 2.6 and 3.2. | |
246 | Version 0.12 was the first version to fully support Python 3. |
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246 | Version 0.12 was the first version to fully support Python 3. | |
247 |
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247 | |||
248 | IPython is known to work on the following operating systems: |
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248 | IPython is known to work on the following operating systems: | |
249 |
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249 | |||
250 | * Linux |
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250 | * Linux | |
251 | * Most other Unix-like OSs (AIX, Solaris, BSD, etc.) |
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251 | * Most other Unix-like OSs (AIX, Solaris, BSD, etc.) | |
252 | * Mac OS X |
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252 | * Mac OS X | |
253 | * Windows (CygWin, XP, Vista, etc.) |
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253 | * Windows (CygWin, XP, Vista, etc.) | |
254 |
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254 | |||
255 | See :ref:`here <install_index>` for instructions on how to install IPython. |
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255 | See :ref:`here <install_index>` for instructions on how to install IPython. | |
256 |
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256 | |||
257 | .. include:: links.txt |
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257 | .. include:: links.txt |
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