##// END OF EJS Templates
Add test for hard reset.
Thomas Kluyver -
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@@ -1,425 +1,440 b''
1 """Tests for various magic functions.
1 """Tests for various magic functions.
2
2
3 Needs to be run by nose (to make ipython session available).
3 Needs to be run by nose (to make ipython session available).
4 """
4 """
5 from __future__ import absolute_import
5 from __future__ import absolute_import
6
6
7 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
7 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
8 # Imports
8 # Imports
9 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10
10
11 import os
11 import os
12 import sys
12 import sys
13 import tempfile
13 import tempfile
14 import types
14 import types
15 from cStringIO import StringIO
15 from cStringIO import StringIO
16
16
17 import nose.tools as nt
17 import nose.tools as nt
18
18
19 from IPython.utils.path import get_long_path_name
19 from IPython.utils.path import get_long_path_name
20 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
20 from IPython.testing import decorators as dec
21 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
21 from IPython.testing import tools as tt
22
22
23 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
23 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 # Test functions begin
24 # Test functions begin
25 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
26 def test_rehashx():
26 def test_rehashx():
27 # clear up everything
27 # clear up everything
28 _ip = get_ipython()
28 _ip = get_ipython()
29 _ip.alias_manager.alias_table.clear()
29 _ip.alias_manager.alias_table.clear()
30 del _ip.db['syscmdlist']
30 del _ip.db['syscmdlist']
31
31
32 _ip.magic('rehashx')
32 _ip.magic('rehashx')
33 # Practically ALL ipython development systems will have more than 10 aliases
33 # Practically ALL ipython development systems will have more than 10 aliases
34
34
35 yield (nt.assert_true, len(_ip.alias_manager.alias_table) > 10)
35 yield (nt.assert_true, len(_ip.alias_manager.alias_table) > 10)
36 for key, val in _ip.alias_manager.alias_table.iteritems():
36 for key, val in _ip.alias_manager.alias_table.iteritems():
37 # we must strip dots from alias names
37 # we must strip dots from alias names
38 nt.assert_true('.' not in key)
38 nt.assert_true('.' not in key)
39
39
40 # rehashx must fill up syscmdlist
40 # rehashx must fill up syscmdlist
41 scoms = _ip.db['syscmdlist']
41 scoms = _ip.db['syscmdlist']
42 yield (nt.assert_true, len(scoms) > 10)
42 yield (nt.assert_true, len(scoms) > 10)
43
43
44
44
45 def test_magic_parse_options():
45 def test_magic_parse_options():
46 """Test that we don't mangle paths when parsing magic options."""
46 """Test that we don't mangle paths when parsing magic options."""
47 ip = get_ipython()
47 ip = get_ipython()
48 path = 'c:\\x'
48 path = 'c:\\x'
49 opts = ip.parse_options('-f %s' % path,'f:')[0]
49 opts = ip.parse_options('-f %s' % path,'f:')[0]
50 # argv splitting is os-dependent
50 # argv splitting is os-dependent
51 if os.name == 'posix':
51 if os.name == 'posix':
52 expected = 'c:x'
52 expected = 'c:x'
53 else:
53 else:
54 expected = path
54 expected = path
55 nt.assert_equals(opts['f'], expected)
55 nt.assert_equals(opts['f'], expected)
56
56
57
57
58 def doctest_hist_f():
58 def doctest_hist_f():
59 """Test %hist -f with temporary filename.
59 """Test %hist -f with temporary filename.
60
60
61 In [9]: import tempfile
61 In [9]: import tempfile
62
62
63 In [10]: tfile = tempfile.mktemp('.py','tmp-ipython-')
63 In [10]: tfile = tempfile.mktemp('.py','tmp-ipython-')
64
64
65 In [11]: %hist -nl -f $tfile 3
65 In [11]: %hist -nl -f $tfile 3
66
66
67 In [13]: import os; os.unlink(tfile)
67 In [13]: import os; os.unlink(tfile)
68 """
68 """
69
69
70
70
71 def doctest_hist_r():
71 def doctest_hist_r():
72 """Test %hist -r
72 """Test %hist -r
73
73
74 XXX - This test is not recording the output correctly. For some reason, in
74 XXX - This test is not recording the output correctly. For some reason, in
75 testing mode the raw history isn't getting populated. No idea why.
75 testing mode the raw history isn't getting populated. No idea why.
76 Disabling the output checking for now, though at least we do run it.
76 Disabling the output checking for now, though at least we do run it.
77
77
78 In [1]: 'hist' in _ip.lsmagic()
78 In [1]: 'hist' in _ip.lsmagic()
79 Out[1]: True
79 Out[1]: True
80
80
81 In [2]: x=1
81 In [2]: x=1
82
82
83 In [3]: %hist -rl 2
83 In [3]: %hist -rl 2
84 x=1 # random
84 x=1 # random
85 %hist -r 2
85 %hist -r 2
86 """
86 """
87
87
88 def doctest_hist_op():
88 def doctest_hist_op():
89 """Test %hist -op
89 """Test %hist -op
90
90
91 In [1]: class b:
91 In [1]: class b:
92 ...: pass
92 ...: pass
93 ...:
93 ...:
94
94
95 In [2]: class s(b):
95 In [2]: class s(b):
96 ...: def __str__(self):
96 ...: def __str__(self):
97 ...: return 's'
97 ...: return 's'
98 ...:
98 ...:
99
99
100 In [3]:
100 In [3]:
101
101
102 In [4]: class r(b):
102 In [4]: class r(b):
103 ...: def __repr__(self):
103 ...: def __repr__(self):
104 ...: return 'r'
104 ...: return 'r'
105 ...:
105 ...:
106
106
107 In [5]: class sr(s,r): pass
107 In [5]: class sr(s,r): pass
108 ...:
108 ...:
109
109
110 In [6]:
110 In [6]:
111
111
112 In [7]: bb=b()
112 In [7]: bb=b()
113
113
114 In [8]: ss=s()
114 In [8]: ss=s()
115
115
116 In [9]: rr=r()
116 In [9]: rr=r()
117
117
118 In [10]: ssrr=sr()
118 In [10]: ssrr=sr()
119
119
120 In [11]: bb
120 In [11]: bb
121 Out[11]: <...b instance at ...>
121 Out[11]: <...b instance at ...>
122
122
123 In [12]: ss
123 In [12]: ss
124 Out[12]: <...s instance at ...>
124 Out[12]: <...s instance at ...>
125
125
126 In [13]:
126 In [13]:
127
127
128 In [14]: %hist -op
128 In [14]: %hist -op
129 >>> class b:
129 >>> class b:
130 ... pass
130 ... pass
131 ...
131 ...
132 >>> class s(b):
132 >>> class s(b):
133 ... def __str__(self):
133 ... def __str__(self):
134 ... return 's'
134 ... return 's'
135 ...
135 ...
136 >>>
136 >>>
137 >>> class r(b):
137 >>> class r(b):
138 ... def __repr__(self):
138 ... def __repr__(self):
139 ... return 'r'
139 ... return 'r'
140 ...
140 ...
141 >>> class sr(s,r): pass
141 >>> class sr(s,r): pass
142 >>>
142 >>>
143 >>> bb=b()
143 >>> bb=b()
144 >>> ss=s()
144 >>> ss=s()
145 >>> rr=r()
145 >>> rr=r()
146 >>> ssrr=sr()
146 >>> ssrr=sr()
147 >>> bb
147 >>> bb
148 <...b instance at ...>
148 <...b instance at ...>
149 >>> ss
149 >>> ss
150 <...s instance at ...>
150 <...s instance at ...>
151 >>>
151 >>>
152 """
152 """
153
153
154 def test_macro():
154 def test_macro():
155 ip = get_ipython()
155 ip = get_ipython()
156 ip.history_manager.reset() # Clear any existing history.
156 ip.history_manager.reset() # Clear any existing history.
157 cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n return a**2", "print(a,b())"]
157 cmds = ["a=1", "def b():\n return a**2", "print(a,b())"]
158 for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
158 for i, cmd in enumerate(cmds, start=1):
159 ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
159 ip.history_manager.store_inputs(i, cmd)
160 ip.magic("macro test 1-3")
160 ip.magic("macro test 1-3")
161 nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns["test"].value, "\n".join(cmds)+"\n")
161 nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns["test"].value, "\n".join(cmds)+"\n")
162
162
163 # List macros.
163 # List macros.
164 assert "test" in ip.magic("macro")
164 assert "test" in ip.magic("macro")
165
165
166 def test_macro_run():
166 def test_macro_run():
167 """Test that we can run a multi-line macro successfully."""
167 """Test that we can run a multi-line macro successfully."""
168 ip = get_ipython()
168 ip = get_ipython()
169 ip.history_manager.reset()
169 ip.history_manager.reset()
170 cmds = ["a=10", "a+=1", "print a", "%macro test 2-3"]
170 cmds = ["a=10", "a+=1", "print a", "%macro test 2-3"]
171 for cmd in cmds:
171 for cmd in cmds:
172 ip.run_cell(cmd)
172 ip.run_cell(cmd)
173 nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns["test"].value, "a+=1\nprint a\n")
173 nt.assert_equal(ip.user_ns["test"].value, "a+=1\nprint a\n")
174 original_stdout = sys.stdout
174 original_stdout = sys.stdout
175 new_stdout = StringIO()
175 new_stdout = StringIO()
176 sys.stdout = new_stdout
176 sys.stdout = new_stdout
177 try:
177 try:
178 ip.run_cell("test")
178 ip.run_cell("test")
179 nt.assert_true("12" in new_stdout.getvalue())
179 nt.assert_true("12" in new_stdout.getvalue())
180 ip.run_cell("test")
180 ip.run_cell("test")
181 nt.assert_true("13" in new_stdout.getvalue())
181 nt.assert_true("13" in new_stdout.getvalue())
182 finally:
182 finally:
183 sys.stdout = original_stdout
183 sys.stdout = original_stdout
184 new_stdout.close()
184 new_stdout.close()
185
185
186
186
187 # XXX failing for now, until we get clearcmd out of quarantine. But we should
187 # XXX failing for now, until we get clearcmd out of quarantine. But we should
188 # fix this and revert the skip to happen only if numpy is not around.
188 # fix this and revert the skip to happen only if numpy is not around.
189 #@dec.skipif_not_numpy
189 #@dec.skipif_not_numpy
190 @dec.skip_known_failure
190 @dec.skip_known_failure
191 def test_numpy_clear_array_undec():
191 def test_numpy_clear_array_undec():
192 from IPython.extensions import clearcmd
192 from IPython.extensions import clearcmd
193
193
194 _ip.ex('import numpy as np')
194 _ip.ex('import numpy as np')
195 _ip.ex('a = np.empty(2)')
195 _ip.ex('a = np.empty(2)')
196 yield (nt.assert_true, 'a' in _ip.user_ns)
196 yield (nt.assert_true, 'a' in _ip.user_ns)
197 _ip.magic('clear array')
197 _ip.magic('clear array')
198 yield (nt.assert_false, 'a' in _ip.user_ns)
198 yield (nt.assert_false, 'a' in _ip.user_ns)
199
199
200
200
201 # Multiple tests for clipboard pasting
201 # Multiple tests for clipboard pasting
202 @dec.parametric
202 @dec.parametric
203 def test_paste():
203 def test_paste():
204 _ip = get_ipython()
204 _ip = get_ipython()
205 def paste(txt, flags='-q'):
205 def paste(txt, flags='-q'):
206 """Paste input text, by default in quiet mode"""
206 """Paste input text, by default in quiet mode"""
207 hooks.clipboard_get = lambda : txt
207 hooks.clipboard_get = lambda : txt
208 _ip.magic('paste '+flags)
208 _ip.magic('paste '+flags)
209
209
210 # Inject fake clipboard hook but save original so we can restore it later
210 # Inject fake clipboard hook but save original so we can restore it later
211 hooks = _ip.hooks
211 hooks = _ip.hooks
212 user_ns = _ip.user_ns
212 user_ns = _ip.user_ns
213 original_clip = hooks.clipboard_get
213 original_clip = hooks.clipboard_get
214
214
215 try:
215 try:
216 # This try/except with an emtpy except clause is here only because
216 # This try/except with an emtpy except clause is here only because
217 # try/yield/finally is invalid syntax in Python 2.4. This will be
217 # try/yield/finally is invalid syntax in Python 2.4. This will be
218 # removed when we drop 2.4-compatibility, and the emtpy except below
218 # removed when we drop 2.4-compatibility, and the emtpy except below
219 # will be changed to a finally.
219 # will be changed to a finally.
220
220
221 # Run tests with fake clipboard function
221 # Run tests with fake clipboard function
222 user_ns.pop('x', None)
222 user_ns.pop('x', None)
223 paste('x=1')
223 paste('x=1')
224 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['x'], 1)
224 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['x'], 1)
225
225
226 user_ns.pop('x', None)
226 user_ns.pop('x', None)
227 paste('>>> x=2')
227 paste('>>> x=2')
228 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['x'], 2)
228 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['x'], 2)
229
229
230 paste("""
230 paste("""
231 >>> x = [1,2,3]
231 >>> x = [1,2,3]
232 >>> y = []
232 >>> y = []
233 >>> for i in x:
233 >>> for i in x:
234 ... y.append(i**2)
234 ... y.append(i**2)
235 ...
235 ...
236 """)
236 """)
237 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['x'], [1,2,3])
237 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['x'], [1,2,3])
238 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['y'], [1,4,9])
238 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['y'], [1,4,9])
239
239
240 # Now, test that paste -r works
240 # Now, test that paste -r works
241 user_ns.pop('x', None)
241 user_ns.pop('x', None)
242 yield nt.assert_false('x' in user_ns)
242 yield nt.assert_false('x' in user_ns)
243 _ip.magic('paste -r')
243 _ip.magic('paste -r')
244 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['x'], [1,2,3])
244 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['x'], [1,2,3])
245
245
246 # Also test paste echoing, by temporarily faking the writer
246 # Also test paste echoing, by temporarily faking the writer
247 w = StringIO()
247 w = StringIO()
248 writer = _ip.write
248 writer = _ip.write
249 _ip.write = w.write
249 _ip.write = w.write
250 code = """
250 code = """
251 a = 100
251 a = 100
252 b = 200"""
252 b = 200"""
253 try:
253 try:
254 paste(code,'')
254 paste(code,'')
255 out = w.getvalue()
255 out = w.getvalue()
256 finally:
256 finally:
257 _ip.write = writer
257 _ip.write = writer
258 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['a'], 100)
258 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['a'], 100)
259 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['b'], 200)
259 yield nt.assert_equal(user_ns['b'], 200)
260 yield nt.assert_equal(out, code+"\n## -- End pasted text --\n")
260 yield nt.assert_equal(out, code+"\n## -- End pasted text --\n")
261
261
262 finally:
262 finally:
263 # This should be in a finally clause, instead of the bare except above.
263 # This should be in a finally clause, instead of the bare except above.
264 # Restore original hook
264 # Restore original hook
265 hooks.clipboard_get = original_clip
265 hooks.clipboard_get = original_clip
266
266
267
267
268 def test_time():
268 def test_time():
269 _ip.magic('time None')
269 _ip.magic('time None')
270
270
271
271
272 def doctest_time():
272 def doctest_time():
273 """
273 """
274 In [10]: %time None
274 In [10]: %time None
275 CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
275 CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
276 Wall time: 0.00 s
276 Wall time: 0.00 s
277
277
278 In [11]: def f(kmjy):
278 In [11]: def f(kmjy):
279 ....: %time print 2*kmjy
279 ....: %time print 2*kmjy
280
280
281 In [12]: f(3)
281 In [12]: f(3)
282 6
282 6
283 CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
283 CPU times: user 0.00 s, sys: 0.00 s, total: 0.00 s
284 Wall time: 0.00 s
284 Wall time: 0.00 s
285 """
285 """
286
286
287
287
288 def test_doctest_mode():
288 def test_doctest_mode():
289 "Toggle doctest_mode twice, it should be a no-op and run without error"
289 "Toggle doctest_mode twice, it should be a no-op and run without error"
290 _ip.magic('doctest_mode')
290 _ip.magic('doctest_mode')
291 _ip.magic('doctest_mode')
291 _ip.magic('doctest_mode')
292
292
293
293
294 def test_parse_options():
294 def test_parse_options():
295 """Tests for basic options parsing in magics."""
295 """Tests for basic options parsing in magics."""
296 # These are only the most minimal of tests, more should be added later. At
296 # These are only the most minimal of tests, more should be added later. At
297 # the very least we check that basic text/unicode calls work OK.
297 # the very least we check that basic text/unicode calls work OK.
298 nt.assert_equal(_ip.parse_options('foo', '')[1], 'foo')
298 nt.assert_equal(_ip.parse_options('foo', '')[1], 'foo')
299 nt.assert_equal(_ip.parse_options(u'foo', '')[1], u'foo')
299 nt.assert_equal(_ip.parse_options(u'foo', '')[1], u'foo')
300
300
301
301
302 def test_dirops():
302 def test_dirops():
303 """Test various directory handling operations."""
303 """Test various directory handling operations."""
304 curpath = lambda :os.path.splitdrive(os.getcwdu())[1].replace('\\','/')
304 curpath = lambda :os.path.splitdrive(os.getcwdu())[1].replace('\\','/')
305
305
306 startdir = os.getcwdu()
306 startdir = os.getcwdu()
307 ipdir = _ip.ipython_dir
307 ipdir = _ip.ipython_dir
308 try:
308 try:
309 _ip.magic('cd "%s"' % ipdir)
309 _ip.magic('cd "%s"' % ipdir)
310 nt.assert_equal(curpath(), ipdir)
310 nt.assert_equal(curpath(), ipdir)
311 _ip.magic('cd -')
311 _ip.magic('cd -')
312 nt.assert_equal(curpath(), startdir)
312 nt.assert_equal(curpath(), startdir)
313 _ip.magic('pushd "%s"' % ipdir)
313 _ip.magic('pushd "%s"' % ipdir)
314 nt.assert_equal(curpath(), ipdir)
314 nt.assert_equal(curpath(), ipdir)
315 _ip.magic('popd')
315 _ip.magic('popd')
316 nt.assert_equal(curpath(), startdir)
316 nt.assert_equal(curpath(), startdir)
317 finally:
317 finally:
318 os.chdir(startdir)
318 os.chdir(startdir)
319
319
320
320
321 def check_cpaste(code, should_fail=False):
321 def check_cpaste(code, should_fail=False):
322 """Execute code via 'cpaste' and ensure it was executed, unless
322 """Execute code via 'cpaste' and ensure it was executed, unless
323 should_fail is set.
323 should_fail is set.
324 """
324 """
325 _ip.user_ns['code_ran'] = False
325 _ip.user_ns['code_ran'] = False
326
326
327 src = StringIO()
327 src = StringIO()
328 src.write('\n')
328 src.write('\n')
329 src.write(code)
329 src.write(code)
330 src.write('\n--\n')
330 src.write('\n--\n')
331 src.seek(0)
331 src.seek(0)
332
332
333 stdin_save = sys.stdin
333 stdin_save = sys.stdin
334 sys.stdin = src
334 sys.stdin = src
335
335
336 try:
336 try:
337 _ip.magic('cpaste')
337 _ip.magic('cpaste')
338 except:
338 except:
339 if not should_fail:
339 if not should_fail:
340 raise AssertionError("Failure not expected : '%s'" %
340 raise AssertionError("Failure not expected : '%s'" %
341 code)
341 code)
342 else:
342 else:
343 assert _ip.user_ns['code_ran']
343 assert _ip.user_ns['code_ran']
344 if should_fail:
344 if should_fail:
345 raise AssertionError("Failure expected : '%s'" % code)
345 raise AssertionError("Failure expected : '%s'" % code)
346 finally:
346 finally:
347 sys.stdin = stdin_save
347 sys.stdin = stdin_save
348
348
349
349
350 def test_cpaste():
350 def test_cpaste():
351 """Test cpaste magic"""
351 """Test cpaste magic"""
352
352
353 def run():
353 def run():
354 """Marker function: sets a flag when executed.
354 """Marker function: sets a flag when executed.
355 """
355 """
356 _ip.user_ns['code_ran'] = True
356 _ip.user_ns['code_ran'] = True
357 return 'run' # return string so '+ run()' doesn't result in success
357 return 'run' # return string so '+ run()' doesn't result in success
358
358
359 tests = {'pass': ["> > > run()",
359 tests = {'pass': ["> > > run()",
360 ">>> > run()",
360 ">>> > run()",
361 "+++ run()",
361 "+++ run()",
362 "++ run()",
362 "++ run()",
363 " >>> run()"],
363 " >>> run()"],
364
364
365 'fail': ["+ + run()",
365 'fail': ["+ + run()",
366 " ++ run()"]}
366 " ++ run()"]}
367
367
368 _ip.user_ns['run'] = run
368 _ip.user_ns['run'] = run
369
369
370 for code in tests['pass']:
370 for code in tests['pass']:
371 check_cpaste(code)
371 check_cpaste(code)
372
372
373 for code in tests['fail']:
373 for code in tests['fail']:
374 check_cpaste(code, should_fail=True)
374 check_cpaste(code, should_fail=True)
375
375
376 def test_xmode():
376 def test_xmode():
377 # Calling xmode three times should be a no-op
377 # Calling xmode three times should be a no-op
378 xmode = _ip.InteractiveTB.mode
378 xmode = _ip.InteractiveTB.mode
379 for i in range(3):
379 for i in range(3):
380 _ip.magic("xmode")
380 _ip.magic("xmode")
381 nt.assert_equal(_ip.InteractiveTB.mode, xmode)
381 nt.assert_equal(_ip.InteractiveTB.mode, xmode)
382
383 def test_reset_hard():
384 monitor = []
385 class A(object):
386 def __del__(self):
387 monitor.append(1)
388 def __repr__(self):
389 return "<A instance>"
390
391 _ip.user_ns["a"] = A()
392 _ip.run_cell("a")
393
394 nt.assert_equal(monitor, [])
395 _ip.magic_reset("-hf")
396 nt.assert_equal(monitor, [1])
382
397
383 def doctest_who():
398 def doctest_who():
384 """doctest for %who
399 """doctest for %who
385
400
386 In [1]: %reset -f
401 In [1]: %reset -f
387
402
388 In [2]: alpha = 123
403 In [2]: alpha = 123
389
404
390 In [3]: beta = 'beta'
405 In [3]: beta = 'beta'
391
406
392 In [4]: %who int
407 In [4]: %who int
393 alpha
408 alpha
394
409
395 In [5]: %who str
410 In [5]: %who str
396 beta
411 beta
397
412
398 In [6]: %whos
413 In [6]: %whos
399 Variable Type Data/Info
414 Variable Type Data/Info
400 ----------------------------
415 ----------------------------
401 alpha int 123
416 alpha int 123
402 beta str beta
417 beta str beta
403
418
404 In [7]: %who_ls
419 In [7]: %who_ls
405 Out[7]: ['alpha', 'beta']
420 Out[7]: ['alpha', 'beta']
406 """
421 """
407
422
408 def doctest_precision():
423 def doctest_precision():
409 """doctest for %precision
424 """doctest for %precision
410
425
411 In [1]: f = get_ipython().shell.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
426 In [1]: f = get_ipython().shell.display_formatter.formatters['text/plain']
412
427
413 In [2]: %precision 5
428 In [2]: %precision 5
414 Out[2]: '%.5f'
429 Out[2]: '%.5f'
415
430
416 In [3]: f.float_format
431 In [3]: f.float_format
417 Out[3]: '%.5f'
432 Out[3]: '%.5f'
418
433
419 In [4]: %precision %e
434 In [4]: %precision %e
420 Out[4]: '%e'
435 Out[4]: '%e'
421
436
422 In [5]: f(3.1415927)
437 In [5]: f(3.1415927)
423 Out[5]: '3.141593e+00'
438 Out[5]: '3.141593e+00'
424 """
439 """
425
440
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