Repair various failures in the test suite.

IPython/core/interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,2577 +1,2577 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Main IPython class."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 from __future__ import with_statement
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 
 import __builtin__ as builtin_mod
 import __future__
 import abc
 import ast
 import atexit
 import codeop
 import inspect
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 import tempfile
 import types
 from contextlib import nested
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import SingletonConfigurable
 from IPython.core import debugger, oinspect
 from IPython.core import history as ipcorehist
 from IPython.core import page
 from IPython.core import prefilter
 from IPython.core import shadowns
 from IPython.core import ultratb
 from IPython.core.alias import AliasManager, AliasError
 from IPython.core.autocall import ExitAutocall
 from IPython.core.builtin_trap import BuiltinTrap
 from IPython.core.compilerop import CachingCompiler
 from IPython.core.display_trap import DisplayTrap
 from IPython.core.displayhook import DisplayHook
 from IPython.core.displaypub import DisplayPublisher
 from IPython.core.error import TryNext, UsageError
 from IPython.core.extensions import ExtensionManager
 from IPython.core.fakemodule import FakeModule, init_fakemod_dict
 from IPython.core.formatters import DisplayFormatter
 from IPython.core.history import HistoryManager
 from IPython.core.inputsplitter import IPythonInputSplitter
 from IPython.core.logger import Logger
 from IPython.core.macro import Macro
 from IPython.core.magic import Magic
 from IPython.core.payload import PayloadManager
 from IPython.core.plugin import PluginManager
 from IPython.core.prefilter import PrefilterManager, ESC_MAGIC
 from IPython.core.profiledir import ProfileDir
 from IPython.external.Itpl import ItplNS
 from IPython.utils import PyColorize
 from IPython.utils import io
 from IPython.utils import py3compat
 from IPython.utils.doctestreload import doctest_reload
 from IPython.utils.io import ask_yes_no, rprint
 from IPython.utils.ipstruct import Struct
 from IPython.utils.path import get_home_dir, get_ipython_dir, HomeDirError
 from IPython.utils.pickleshare import PickleShareDB
 from IPython.utils.process import system, getoutput
 from IPython.utils.strdispatch import StrDispatch
 from IPython.utils.syspathcontext import prepended_to_syspath
 from IPython.utils.text import num_ini_spaces, format_screen, LSString, SList
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (Int, CBool, CaselessStrEnum, Enum,
                                      List, Unicode, Instance, Type)
 from IPython.utils.warn import warn, error, fatal
 import IPython.core.hooks
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # compiled regexps for autoindent management
 dedent_re = re.compile(r'^\s+raise|^\s+return|^\s+pass')
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def softspace(file, newvalue):
     """Copied from code.py, to remove the dependency"""
 
     oldvalue = 0
     try:
         oldvalue = file.softspace
     except AttributeError:
         pass
     try:
         file.softspace = newvalue
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         # "attribute-less object" or "read-only attributes"
         pass
     return oldvalue
 
 
 def no_op(*a, **kw): pass
 
 class SpaceInInput(Exception): pass
 
 class Bunch: pass
 
 
 def get_default_colors():
     if sys.platform=='darwin':
         return "LightBG"
     elif os.name=='nt':
         return 'Linux'
     else:
         return 'Linux'
 
 
 class SeparateUnicode(Unicode):
     """A Unicode subclass to validate separate_in, separate_out, etc.
 
     This is a Unicode based trait that converts '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'.
     """
 
     def validate(self, obj, value):
         if value == '0': value = ''
         value = value.replace('\\n','\n')
         return super(SeparateUnicode, self).validate(obj, value)
 
 
 class ReadlineNoRecord(object):
     """Context manager to execute some code, then reload readline history
     so that interactive input to the code doesn't appear when pressing up."""
     def __init__(self, shell):
         self.shell = shell
         self._nested_level = 0
         
     def __enter__(self):
         if self._nested_level == 0:
             try:
                 self.orig_length = self.current_length()
                 self.readline_tail = self.get_readline_tail()
             except (AttributeError, IndexError):   # Can fail with pyreadline
                 self.orig_length, self.readline_tail = 999999, []
         self._nested_level += 1
         
     def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
         self._nested_level -= 1
         if self._nested_level == 0:
             # Try clipping the end if it's got longer
             try:
                 e = self.current_length() - self.orig_length
                 if e > 0:
                     for _ in range(e):
                         self.shell.readline.remove_history_item(self.orig_length)
                 
                 # If it still doesn't match, just reload readline history.
                 if self.current_length() != self.orig_length \
                     or self.get_readline_tail() != self.readline_tail:
                     self.shell.refill_readline_hist()
             except (AttributeError, IndexError):
                 pass
         # Returning False will cause exceptions to propagate
         return False
     
     def current_length(self):
         return self.shell.readline.get_current_history_length()
     
     def get_readline_tail(self, n=10):
         """Get the last n items in readline history."""
         end = self.shell.readline.get_current_history_length() + 1
         start = max(end-n, 1)
         ghi = self.shell.readline.get_history_item
         return [ghi(x) for x in range(start, end)]
 
 
 _autocall_help = """
 Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if
 you didn't type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes 'str(43)'
 automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature, '1' for 'smart'
 autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more arguments on the line,
 and '2' for 'full' autocall, where all callable objects are automatically
 called (even if no arguments are present). The default is '1'.
 """
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main IPython class
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class InteractiveShell(SingletonConfigurable, Magic):
     """An enhanced, interactive shell for Python."""
 
     _instance = None
 
     autocall = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=1, config=True, help=
         """
         Make IPython automatically call any callable object even if you didn't
         type explicit parentheses. For example, 'str 43' becomes 'str(43)'
         automatically. The value can be '0' to disable the feature, '1' for
         'smart' autocall, where it is not applied if there are no more
         arguments on the line, and '2' for 'full' autocall, where all callable
         objects are automatically called (even if no arguments are present).
         The default is '1'.
         """
     )
     # TODO: remove all autoindent logic and put into frontends.
     # We can't do this yet because even runlines uses the autoindent.
     autoindent = CBool(True, config=True, help=
         """
         Autoindent IPython code entered interactively.
         """
     )
     automagic = CBool(True, config=True, help=
         """
         Enable magic commands to be called without the leading %.
         """
     )
     cache_size = Int(1000, config=True, help=
         """
         Set the size of the output cache.  The default is 1000, you can
         change it permanently in your config file.  Setting it to 0 completely
         disables the caching system, and the minimum value accepted is 20 (if
         you provide a value less than 20, it is reset to 0 and a warning is
         issued).  This limit is defined because otherwise you'll spend more
         time re-flushing a too small cache than working
         """
     )
     color_info = CBool(True, config=True, help=
         """
         Use colors for displaying information about objects. Because this
         information is passed through a pager (like 'less'), and some pagers
         get confused with color codes, this capability can be turned off.
         """
     )
     colors = CaselessStrEnum(('NoColor','LightBG','Linux'), 
                              default_value=get_default_colors(), config=True,
         help="Set the color scheme (NoColor, Linux, or LightBG)."
     )
     debug = CBool(False, config=True)
     deep_reload = CBool(False, config=True, help=
         """
         Enable deep (recursive) reloading by default. IPython can use the
         deep_reload module which reloads changes in modules recursively (it
         replaces the reload() function, so you don't need to change anything to
         use it). deep_reload() forces a full reload of modules whose code may
         have changed, which the default reload() function does not.  When
         deep_reload is off, IPython will use the normal reload(), but
         deep_reload will still be available as dreload().
         """
     )
     display_formatter = Instance(DisplayFormatter)
     displayhook_class = Type(DisplayHook)
     display_pub_class = Type(DisplayPublisher)
 
     exit_now = CBool(False)
     exiter = Instance(ExitAutocall)
     def _exiter_default(self):
         return ExitAutocall(self)
     # Monotonically increasing execution counter
     execution_count = Int(1)
     filename = Unicode("<ipython console>")
     ipython_dir= Unicode('', config=True) # Set to get_ipython_dir() in __init__
 
     # Input splitter, to split entire cells of input into either individual
     # interactive statements or whole blocks.
     input_splitter = Instance('IPython.core.inputsplitter.IPythonInputSplitter',
                               (), {})
     logstart = CBool(False, config=True, help=
         """
         Start logging to the default log file.
         """
     )
     logfile = Unicode('', config=True, help=
         """
         The name of the logfile to use.
         """
     )
     logappend = Unicode('', config=True, help=
         """
         Start logging to the given file in append mode.
         """
     )
     object_info_string_level = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=0,
                                     config=True)
     pdb = CBool(False, config=True, help=
         """
         Automatically call the pdb debugger after every exception.
         """
     )
 
     prompt_in1 = Unicode('In [\\#]: ', config=True)
     prompt_in2 = Unicode('   .\\D.: ', config=True)
     prompt_out = Unicode('Out[\\#]: ', config=True)
     prompts_pad_left = CBool(True, config=True)
     quiet = CBool(False, config=True)
 
     history_length = Int(10000, config=True)
     
     # The readline stuff will eventually be moved to the terminal subclass
     # but for now, we can't do that as readline is welded in everywhere.
     readline_use = CBool(True, config=True)
     readline_merge_completions = CBool(True, config=True)
     readline_omit__names = Enum((0,1,2), default_value=2, config=True)
     readline_remove_delims = Unicode('-/~', config=True)
     # don't use \M- bindings by default, because they
     # conflict with 8-bit encodings. See gh-58,gh-88
     readline_parse_and_bind = List([
             'tab: complete',
             '"\C-l": clear-screen',
             'set show-all-if-ambiguous on',
             '"\C-o": tab-insert',
             '"\C-r": reverse-search-history',
             '"\C-s": forward-search-history',
             '"\C-p": history-search-backward',
             '"\C-n": history-search-forward',
             '"\e[A": history-search-backward',
             '"\e[B": history-search-forward',
             '"\C-k": kill-line',
             '"\C-u": unix-line-discard',
         ], allow_none=False, config=True)
 
     # TODO: this part of prompt management should be moved to the frontends.
     # Use custom TraitTypes that convert '0'->'' and '\\n'->'\n'
     separate_in = SeparateUnicode('\n', config=True)
     separate_out = SeparateUnicode('', config=True)
     separate_out2 = SeparateUnicode('', config=True)
     wildcards_case_sensitive = CBool(True, config=True)
     xmode = CaselessStrEnum(('Context','Plain', 'Verbose'), 
                             default_value='Context', config=True)
 
     # Subcomponents of InteractiveShell
     alias_manager = Instance('IPython.core.alias.AliasManager')
     prefilter_manager = Instance('IPython.core.prefilter.PrefilterManager')
     builtin_trap = Instance('IPython.core.builtin_trap.BuiltinTrap')
     display_trap = Instance('IPython.core.display_trap.DisplayTrap')
     extension_manager = Instance('IPython.core.extensions.ExtensionManager')
     plugin_manager = Instance('IPython.core.plugin.PluginManager')
     payload_manager = Instance('IPython.core.payload.PayloadManager')
     history_manager = Instance('IPython.core.history.HistoryManager')
 
     profile_dir = Instance('IPython.core.application.ProfileDir')
     @property
     def profile(self):
         if self.profile_dir is not None:
             name = os.path.basename(self.profile_dir.location)
             return name.replace('profile_','')
 
 
     # Private interface
     _post_execute = Instance(dict)
 
     def __init__(self, config=None, ipython_dir=None, profile_dir=None,
                  user_ns=None, user_global_ns=None,
                  custom_exceptions=((), None)):
 
         # This is where traits with a config_key argument are updated
         # from the values on config.
         super(InteractiveShell, self).__init__(config=config)
 
         # These are relatively independent and stateless
         self.init_ipython_dir(ipython_dir)
         self.init_profile_dir(profile_dir)
         self.init_instance_attrs()
         self.init_environment()
 
         # Create namespaces (user_ns, user_global_ns, etc.)
         self.init_create_namespaces(user_ns, user_global_ns)
         # This has to be done after init_create_namespaces because it uses
         # something in self.user_ns, but before init_sys_modules, which
         # is the first thing to modify sys.
         # TODO: When we override sys.stdout and sys.stderr before this class
         # is created, we are saving the overridden ones here. Not sure if this
         # is what we want to do.
         self.save_sys_module_state()
         self.init_sys_modules()
         
         # While we're trying to have each part of the code directly access what
         # it needs without keeping redundant references to objects, we have too
         # much legacy code that expects ip.db to exist.
         self.db = PickleShareDB(os.path.join(self.profile_dir.location, 'db'))
 
         self.init_history()
         self.init_encoding()
         self.init_prefilter()
 
         Magic.__init__(self, self)
 
         self.init_syntax_highlighting()
         self.init_hooks()
         self.init_pushd_popd_magic()
         # self.init_traceback_handlers use to be here, but we moved it below
         # because it and init_io have to come after init_readline.
         self.init_user_ns()
         self.init_logger()
         self.init_alias()
         self.init_builtins()
 
         # pre_config_initialization
 
         # The next section should contain everything that was in ipmaker.
         self.init_logstart()
 
         # The following was in post_config_initialization
         self.init_inspector()
         # init_readline() must come before init_io(), because init_io uses
         # readline related things.
         self.init_readline()
         # We save this here in case user code replaces raw_input, but it needs
         # to be after init_readline(), because PyPy's readline works by replacing
         # raw_input.
         self.raw_input_original = raw_input
         # init_completer must come after init_readline, because it needs to
         # know whether readline is present or not system-wide to configure the
         # completers, since the completion machinery can now operate
         # independently of readline (e.g. over the network)
         self.init_completer()
         # TODO: init_io() needs to happen before init_traceback handlers
         # because the traceback handlers hardcode the stdout/stderr streams.
         # This logic in in debugger.Pdb and should eventually be changed.
         self.init_io()
         self.init_traceback_handlers(custom_exceptions)
         self.init_prompts()
         self.init_display_formatter()
         self.init_display_pub()
         self.init_displayhook()
         self.init_reload_doctest()
         self.init_magics()
         self.init_pdb()
         self.init_extension_manager()
         self.init_plugin_manager()
         self.init_payload()
         self.hooks.late_startup_hook()
         atexit.register(self.atexit_operations)
 
     def get_ipython(self):
         """Return the currently running IPython instance."""
         return self
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Trait changed handlers
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ipython_dir_changed(self, name, new):
         if not os.path.isdir(new):
             os.makedirs(new, mode = 0777)
 
     def set_autoindent(self,value=None):
         """Set the autoindent flag, checking for readline support.
 
         If called with no arguments, it acts as a toggle."""
 
         if not self.has_readline:
             if os.name == 'posix':
                 warn("The auto-indent feature requires the readline library")
             self.autoindent = 0
             return
         if value is None:
             self.autoindent = not self.autoindent
         else:
             self.autoindent = value
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # init_* methods called by __init__
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_ipython_dir(self, ipython_dir):
         if ipython_dir is not None:
             self.ipython_dir = ipython_dir
             return
 
         self.ipython_dir = get_ipython_dir()
 
     def init_profile_dir(self, profile_dir):
         if profile_dir is not None:
             self.profile_dir = profile_dir
             return
         self.profile_dir =\
             ProfileDir.create_profile_dir_by_name(self.ipython_dir, 'default')
 
     def init_instance_attrs(self):
         self.more = False
 
         # command compiler
         self.compile = CachingCompiler()
 
         # Make an empty namespace, which extension writers can rely on both
         # existing and NEVER being used by ipython itself.  This gives them a
         # convenient location for storing additional information and state
         # their extensions may require, without fear of collisions with other
         # ipython names that may develop later.
         self.meta = Struct()
 
         # Temporary files used for various purposes.  Deleted at exit.
         self.tempfiles = []
 
         # Keep track of readline usage (later set by init_readline)
         self.has_readline = False
 
         # keep track of where we started running (mainly for crash post-mortem)
         # This is not being used anywhere currently.
         self.starting_dir = os.getcwdu()
 
         # Indentation management
         self.indent_current_nsp = 0
 
         # Dict to track post-execution functions that have been registered
         self._post_execute = {}
 
     def init_environment(self):
         """Any changes we need to make to the user's environment."""
         pass
 
     def init_encoding(self):
         # Get system encoding at startup time.  Certain terminals (like Emacs
         # under Win32 have it set to None, and we need to have a known valid
         # encoding to use in the raw_input() method
         try:
             self.stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or 'ascii'
         except AttributeError:
             self.stdin_encoding = 'ascii'
 
     def init_syntax_highlighting(self):
         # Python source parser/formatter for syntax highlighting
         pyformat = PyColorize.Parser().format
         self.pycolorize = lambda src: pyformat(src,'str',self.colors)
 
     def init_pushd_popd_magic(self):
         # for pushd/popd management
         try:
             self.home_dir = get_home_dir()
         except HomeDirError, msg:
             fatal(msg)
 
         self.dir_stack = []
 
     def init_logger(self):
         self.logger = Logger(self.home_dir, logfname='ipython_log.py',
                              logmode='rotate')
 
     def init_logstart(self):
         """Initialize logging in case it was requested at the command line.
         """
         if self.logappend:
             self.magic_logstart(self.logappend + ' append')
         elif self.logfile:
             self.magic_logstart(self.logfile)
         elif self.logstart:
             self.magic_logstart()
 
     def init_builtins(self):
         self.builtin_trap = BuiltinTrap(shell=self)
 
     def init_inspector(self):
         # Object inspector
         self.inspector = oinspect.Inspector(oinspect.InspectColors,
                                             PyColorize.ANSICodeColors,
                                             'NoColor',
                                             self.object_info_string_level)
 
     def init_io(self):
         # This will just use sys.stdout and sys.stderr. If you want to
         # override sys.stdout and sys.stderr themselves, you need to do that
         # *before* instantiating this class, because io holds onto 
         # references to the underlying streams.
         if sys.platform == 'win32' and self.has_readline:
             io.stdout = io.stderr = io.IOStream(self.readline._outputfile)
         else:
             io.stdout = io.IOStream(sys.stdout)
             io.stderr = io.IOStream(sys.stderr)
 
     def init_prompts(self):
         # TODO: This is a pass for now because the prompts are managed inside
         # the DisplayHook. Once there is a separate prompt manager, this 
         # will initialize that object and all prompt related information.
         pass
 
     def init_display_formatter(self):
         self.display_formatter = DisplayFormatter(config=self.config)
 
     def init_display_pub(self):
         self.display_pub = self.display_pub_class(config=self.config)
 
     def init_displayhook(self):
         # Initialize displayhook, set in/out prompts and printing system
         self.displayhook = self.displayhook_class(
             config=self.config,
             shell=self,
             cache_size=self.cache_size,
             input_sep = self.separate_in,
             output_sep = self.separate_out,
             output_sep2 = self.separate_out2,
             ps1 = self.prompt_in1,
             ps2 = self.prompt_in2,
             ps_out = self.prompt_out,
             pad_left = self.prompts_pad_left
         )
         # This is a context manager that installs/revmoes the displayhook at
         # the appropriate time.
         self.display_trap = DisplayTrap(hook=self.displayhook)
 
     def init_reload_doctest(self):
         # Do a proper resetting of doctest, including the necessary displayhook
         # monkeypatching
         try:
             doctest_reload()
         except ImportError:
             warn("doctest module does not exist.")
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to injections into the sys module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def save_sys_module_state(self):
         """Save the state of hooks in the sys module.
 
         This has to be called after self.user_ns is created.
         """
         self._orig_sys_module_state = {}
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stdin'] = sys.stdin
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stdout'] = sys.stdout
         self._orig_sys_module_state['stderr'] = sys.stderr
         self._orig_sys_module_state['excepthook'] = sys.excepthook
         try:
             self._orig_sys_modules_main_name = self.user_ns['__name__']
         except KeyError:
             pass
 
     def restore_sys_module_state(self):
         """Restore the state of the sys module."""
         try:
             for k, v in self._orig_sys_module_state.iteritems():
                 setattr(sys, k, v)
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         # Reset what what done in self.init_sys_modules
         try:
             sys.modules[self.user_ns['__name__']] = self._orig_sys_modules_main_name
         except (AttributeError, KeyError):
             pass
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to hooks
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_hooks(self):
         # hooks holds pointers used for user-side customizations
         self.hooks = Struct()
 
         self.strdispatchers = {}
 
         # Set all default hooks, defined in the IPython.hooks module.
         hooks = IPython.core.hooks
         for hook_name in hooks.__all__:
             # default hooks have priority 100, i.e. low; user hooks should have
             # 0-100 priority
             self.set_hook(hook_name,getattr(hooks,hook_name), 100)
 
     def set_hook(self,name,hook, priority = 50, str_key = None, re_key = None):
         """set_hook(name,hook) -> sets an internal IPython hook.
 
         IPython exposes some of its internal API as user-modifiable hooks.  By
         adding your function to one of these hooks, you can modify IPython's 
         behavior to call at runtime your own routines."""
 
         # At some point in the future, this should validate the hook before it
         # accepts it.  Probably at least check that the hook takes the number
         # of args it's supposed to.
         
         f = types.MethodType(hook,self)
 
         # check if the hook is for strdispatcher first
         if str_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_s(str_key, f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
         if re_key is not None:
             sdp = self.strdispatchers.get(name, StrDispatch())
             sdp.add_re(re.compile(re_key), f, priority )
             self.strdispatchers[name] = sdp
             return
             
         dp = getattr(self.hooks, name, None)
         if name not in IPython.core.hooks.__all__:
             print "Warning! Hook '%s' is not one of %s" % \
                   (name, IPython.core.hooks.__all__ )
         if not dp:
             dp = IPython.core.hooks.CommandChainDispatcher()
         
         try:
             dp.add(f,priority)
         except AttributeError:
             # it was not commandchain, plain old func - replace
             dp = f
 
         setattr(self.hooks,name, dp)
 
     def register_post_execute(self, func):
         """Register a function for calling after code execution.
         """
         if not callable(func):
             raise ValueError('argument %s must be callable' % func)
         self._post_execute[func] = True
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the "main" module
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def new_main_mod(self,ns=None):
         """Return a new 'main' module object for user code execution.
         """
         main_mod = self._user_main_module
         init_fakemod_dict(main_mod,ns)
         return main_mod
 
     def cache_main_mod(self,ns,fname):
         """Cache a main module's namespace.
 
         When scripts are executed via %run, we must keep a reference to the
         namespace of their __main__ module (a FakeModule instance) around so
         that Python doesn't clear it, rendering objects defined therein
         useless.
 
         This method keeps said reference in a private dict, keyed by the
         absolute path of the module object (which corresponds to the script
         path).  This way, for multiple executions of the same script we only
         keep one copy of the namespace (the last one), thus preventing memory
         leaks from old references while allowing the objects from the last
         execution to be accessible.
 
         Note: we can not allow the actual FakeModule instances to be deleted,
         because of how Python tears down modules (it hard-sets all their
         references to None without regard for reference counts).  This method
         must therefore make a *copy* of the given namespace, to allow the
         original module's __dict__ to be cleared and reused.
 
         
         Parameters
         ----------
           ns : a namespace (a dict, typically)
 
           fname : str
             Filename associated with the namespace.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [10]: import IPython
 
         In [11]: _ip.cache_main_mod(IPython.__dict__,IPython.__file__)
 
         In [12]: IPython.__file__ in _ip._main_ns_cache
         Out[12]: True
         """
         self._main_ns_cache[os.path.abspath(fname)] = ns.copy()
 
     def clear_main_mod_cache(self):
         """Clear the cache of main modules.
 
         Mainly for use by utilities like %reset.
 
         Examples
         --------
 
         In [15]: import IPython
 
         In [16]: _ip.cache_main_mod(IPython.__dict__,IPython.__file__)
 
         In [17]: len(_ip._main_ns_cache) > 0
         Out[17]: True
 
         In [18]: _ip.clear_main_mod_cache()
 
         In [19]: len(_ip._main_ns_cache) == 0
         Out[19]: True
         """
         self._main_ns_cache.clear()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to debugging
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_pdb(self):
         # Set calling of pdb on exceptions
         # self.call_pdb is a property
         self.call_pdb = self.pdb
 
     def _get_call_pdb(self):
         return self._call_pdb
 
     def _set_call_pdb(self,val):
 
         if val not in (0,1,False,True):
             raise ValueError,'new call_pdb value must be boolean'
 
         # store value in instance
         self._call_pdb = val
 
         # notify the actual exception handlers
         self.InteractiveTB.call_pdb = val
 
     call_pdb = property(_get_call_pdb,_set_call_pdb,None,
                         'Control auto-activation of pdb at exceptions')
 
     def debugger(self,force=False):
         """Call the pydb/pdb debugger.
 
         Keywords:
 
           - force(False): by default, this routine checks the instance call_pdb
           flag and does not actually invoke the debugger if the flag is false.
           The 'force' option forces the debugger to activate even if the flag
           is false.
         """
 
         if not (force or self.call_pdb):
             return
 
         if not hasattr(sys,'last_traceback'):
             error('No traceback has been produced, nothing to debug.')
             return
 
         # use pydb if available
         if debugger.has_pydb:
             from pydb import pm
         else:
             # fallback to our internal debugger
             pm = lambda : self.InteractiveTB.debugger(force=True)
         
         with self.readline_no_record:
             pm()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython's various namespaces
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_create_namespaces(self, user_ns=None, user_global_ns=None):
         # Create the namespace where the user will operate.  user_ns is
         # normally the only one used, and it is passed to the exec calls as
         # the locals argument.  But we do carry a user_global_ns namespace
         # given as the exec 'globals' argument,  This is useful in embedding
         # situations where the ipython shell opens in a context where the
         # distinction between locals and globals is meaningful.  For
         # non-embedded contexts, it is just the same object as the user_ns dict.
 
         # FIXME. For some strange reason, __builtins__ is showing up at user
         # level as a dict instead of a module. This is a manual fix, but I
         # should really track down where the problem is coming from. Alex
         # Schmolck reported this problem first.
 
         # A useful post by Alex Martelli on this topic:
         # Re: inconsistent value from __builtins__
         # Von: Alex Martelli <[e-mail]>
         # Datum: Freitag 01 Oktober 2004 04:45:34 nachmittags/abends
         # Gruppen: comp.lang.python
 
         # Michael Hohn <[e-mail]> wrote:
         # > >>> print type(builtin_check.get_global_binding('__builtins__'))
         # > <type 'dict'>
         # > >>> print type(__builtins__)
         # > <type 'module'>
         # > Is this difference in return value intentional?
 
         # Well, it's documented that '__builtins__' can be either a dictionary
         # or a module, and it's been that way for a long time. Whether it's
         # intentional (or sensible), I don't know. In any case, the idea is
         # that if you need to access the built-in namespace directly, you
         # should start with "import __builtin__" (note, no 's') which will
         # definitely give you a module. Yeah, it's somewhat confusing:-(.
 
         # These routines return properly built dicts as needed by the rest of
         # the code, and can also be used by extension writers to generate
         # properly initialized namespaces.
         user_ns, user_global_ns = self.make_user_namespaces(user_ns,
                                                             user_global_ns)
 
         # Assign namespaces
         # This is the namespace where all normal user variables live
         self.user_ns = user_ns
         self.user_global_ns = user_global_ns
 
         # An auxiliary namespace that checks what parts of the user_ns were
         # loaded at startup, so we can list later only variables defined in
         # actual interactive use.  Since it is always a subset of user_ns, it
         # doesn't need to be separately tracked in the ns_table.
         self.user_ns_hidden = {}
 
         # A namespace to keep track of internal data structures to prevent
         # them from cluttering user-visible stuff.  Will be updated later
         self.internal_ns = {}
 
         # Now that FakeModule produces a real module, we've run into a nasty
         # problem: after script execution (via %run), the module where the user
         # code ran is deleted.  Now that this object is a true module (needed
         # so docetst and other tools work correctly), the Python module
         # teardown mechanism runs over it, and sets to None every variable
         # present in that module.  Top-level references to objects from the
         # script survive, because the user_ns is updated with them.  However,
         # calling functions defined in the script that use other things from
         # the script will fail, because the function's closure had references
         # to the original objects, which are now all None.  So we must protect
         # these modules from deletion by keeping a cache.
         # 
         # To avoid keeping stale modules around (we only need the one from the
         # last run), we use a dict keyed with the full path to the script, so
         # only the last version of the module is held in the cache.  Note,
         # however, that we must cache the module *namespace contents* (their
         # __dict__).  Because if we try to cache the actual modules, old ones
         # (uncached) could be destroyed while still holding references (such as
         # those held by GUI objects that tend to be long-lived)>
         # 
         # The %reset command will flush this cache.  See the cache_main_mod()
         # and clear_main_mod_cache() methods for details on use.
 
         # This is the cache used for 'main' namespaces
         self._main_ns_cache = {}
         # And this is the single instance of FakeModule whose __dict__ we keep
         # copying and clearing for reuse on each %run
         self._user_main_module = FakeModule()
 
         # A table holding all the namespaces IPython deals with, so that
         # introspection facilities can search easily.
         self.ns_table = {'user':user_ns,
                          'user_global':user_global_ns,
                          'internal':self.internal_ns,
-                         'builtin':__builtin__.__dict__
+                         'builtin':builtin_mod.__dict__
                          }
 
         # Similarly, track all namespaces where references can be held and that
         # we can safely clear (so it can NOT include builtin).  This one can be
         # a simple list.  Note that the main execution namespaces, user_ns and
         # user_global_ns, can NOT be listed here, as clearing them blindly
         # causes errors in object __del__ methods.  Instead, the reset() method
         # clears them manually and carefully.
         self.ns_refs_table = [ self.user_ns_hidden,
                                self.internal_ns, self._main_ns_cache ]
 
     def make_user_namespaces(self, user_ns=None, user_global_ns=None):
         """Return a valid local and global user interactive namespaces.
 
         This builds a dict with the minimal information needed to operate as a
         valid IPython user namespace, which you can pass to the various
         embedding classes in ipython. The default implementation returns the
         same dict for both the locals and the globals to allow functions to
         refer to variables in the namespace. Customized implementations can
         return different dicts. The locals dictionary can actually be anything
         following the basic mapping protocol of a dict, but the globals dict
         must be a true dict, not even a subclass. It is recommended that any
         custom object for the locals namespace synchronize with the globals
         dict somehow.
 
         Raises TypeError if the provided globals namespace is not a true dict.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         user_ns : dict-like, optional
             The current user namespace. The items in this namespace should
             be included in the output. If None, an appropriate blank
             namespace should be created.
         user_global_ns : dict, optional
             The current user global namespace. The items in this namespace
             should be included in the output. If None, an appropriate
             blank namespace should be created.
 
         Returns
         -------
             A pair of dictionary-like object to be used as the local namespace
             of the interpreter and a dict to be used as the global namespace.
         """
 
 
         # We must ensure that __builtin__ (without the final 's') is always
         # available and pointing to the __builtin__ *module*.  For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
 
         if user_ns is None:
             # Set __name__ to __main__ to better match the behavior of the
             # normal interpreter.
             user_ns = {'__name__'     :'__main__',
                        py3compat.builtin_mod_name: builtin_mod,
                        '__builtins__' : builtin_mod,
                       }
         else:
             user_ns.setdefault('__name__','__main__')
             user_ns.setdefault(py3compat.builtin_mod_name,builtin_mod)
             user_ns.setdefault('__builtins__',builtin_mod)
 
         if user_global_ns is None:
             user_global_ns = user_ns
         if type(user_global_ns) is not dict:
             raise TypeError("user_global_ns must be a true dict; got %r"
                 % type(user_global_ns))
 
         return user_ns, user_global_ns
 
     def init_sys_modules(self):
         # We need to insert into sys.modules something that looks like a
         # module but which accesses the IPython namespace, for shelve and
         # pickle to work interactively. Normally they rely on getting
         # everything out of __main__, but for embedding purposes each IPython
         # instance has its own private namespace, so we can't go shoving
         # everything into __main__.
 
         # note, however, that we should only do this for non-embedded
         # ipythons, which really mimic the __main__.__dict__ with their own
         # namespace.  Embedded instances, on the other hand, should not do
         # this because they need to manage the user local/global namespaces
         # only, but they live within a 'normal' __main__ (meaning, they
         # shouldn't overtake the execution environment of the script they're
         # embedded in).
 
         # This is overridden in the InteractiveShellEmbed subclass to a no-op.
 
         try:
             main_name = self.user_ns['__name__']
         except KeyError:
             raise KeyError('user_ns dictionary MUST have a "__name__" key')
         else:
             sys.modules[main_name] = FakeModule(self.user_ns)
 
     def init_user_ns(self):
         """Initialize all user-visible namespaces to their minimum defaults.
 
         Certain history lists are also initialized here, as they effectively
         act as user namespaces.
 
         Notes
         -----
         All data structures here are only filled in, they are NOT reset by this
         method.  If they were not empty before, data will simply be added to
         therm.
         """
         # This function works in two parts: first we put a few things in
         # user_ns, and we sync that contents into user_ns_hidden so that these
         # initial variables aren't shown by %who.  After the sync, we add the
         # rest of what we *do* want the user to see with %who even on a new
         # session (probably nothing, so theye really only see their own stuff)
 
         # The user dict must *always* have a __builtin__ reference to the
         # Python standard __builtin__ namespace,  which must be imported.
         # This is so that certain operations in prompt evaluation can be
         # reliably executed with builtins.  Note that we can NOT use
         # __builtins__ (note the 's'),  because that can either be a dict or a
         # module, and can even mutate at runtime, depending on the context
         # (Python makes no guarantees on it).  In contrast, __builtin__ is
         # always a module object, though it must be explicitly imported.
         
         # For more details:
         # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2001-April/014068.html
-        ns = dict(__builtin__ = __builtin__)
+        ns = dict(__builtin__ = builtin_mod)
         
         # Put 'help' in the user namespace
         try:
             from site import _Helper
             ns['help'] = _Helper()
         except ImportError:
             warn('help() not available - check site.py')
 
         # make global variables for user access to the histories
         ns['_ih'] = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['_oh'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
         ns['_dh'] = self.history_manager.dir_hist
 
         ns['_sh'] = shadowns
 
         # user aliases to input and output histories.  These shouldn't show up
         # in %who, as they can have very large reprs.
         ns['In']  = self.history_manager.input_hist_parsed
         ns['Out'] = self.history_manager.output_hist
 
         # Store myself as the public api!!!
         ns['get_ipython'] = self.get_ipython
         
         ns['exit'] = self.exiter
         ns['quit'] = self.exiter
 
         # Sync what we've added so far to user_ns_hidden so these aren't seen
         # by %who
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
 
         # Anything put into ns now would show up in %who.  Think twice before
         # putting anything here, as we really want %who to show the user their
         # stuff, not our variables.
         
         # Finally, update the real user's namespace
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
 
     def reset(self, new_session=True):
         """Clear all internal namespaces, and attempt to release references to
         user objects.
         
         If new_session is True, a new history session will be opened.
         """
         # Clear histories
         self.history_manager.reset(new_session)
         # Reset counter used to index all histories
         if new_session:
             self.execution_count = 1
         
         # Flush cached output items
         if self.displayhook.do_full_cache:
             self.displayhook.flush()
         
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         for ns in self.ns_refs_table:
             ns.clear()
 
         # The main execution namespaces must be cleared very carefully,
         # skipping the deletion of the builtin-related keys, because doing so
         # would cause errors in many object's __del__ methods.
         for ns in [self.user_ns, self.user_global_ns]:
             drop_keys = set(ns.keys())
             drop_keys.discard('__builtin__')
             drop_keys.discard('__builtins__')
             for k in drop_keys:
                 del ns[k]
                                         
         # Restore the user namespaces to minimal usability
         self.init_user_ns()
 
         # Restore the default and user aliases
         self.alias_manager.clear_aliases()
         self.alias_manager.init_aliases()
         
         # Flush the private list of module references kept for script
         # execution protection
         self.clear_main_mod_cache()
         
         # Clear out the namespace from the last %run
         self.new_main_mod()
     
     def del_var(self, varname, by_name=False):
         """Delete a variable from the various namespaces, so that, as
         far as possible, we're not keeping any hidden references to it.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         varname : str
             The name of the variable to delete.
         by_name : bool
             If True, delete variables with the given name in each
             namespace. If False (default), find the variable in the user
             namespace, and delete references to it.
         """
         if varname in ('__builtin__', '__builtins__'):
             raise ValueError("Refusing to delete %s" % varname)
         ns_refs = self.ns_refs_table + [self.user_ns,
                 self.user_global_ns, self._user_main_module.__dict__] +\
                 self._main_ns_cache.values()
         
         if by_name:                    # Delete by name
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 try:
                     del ns[varname]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
         else:                         # Delete by object
             try:
                 obj = self.user_ns[varname]
             except KeyError:
                 raise NameError("name '%s' is not defined" % varname)
             # Also check in output history
             ns_refs.append(self.history_manager.output_hist)
             for ns in ns_refs:
                 to_delete = [n for n, o in ns.iteritems() if o is obj]
                 for name in to_delete:
                     del ns[name]
                     
             # displayhook keeps extra references, but not in a dictionary
             for name in ('_', '__', '___'):
                 if getattr(self.displayhook, name) is obj:
                     setattr(self.displayhook, name, None)
     
     def reset_selective(self, regex=None):
         """Clear selective variables from internal namespaces based on a
         specified regular expression.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         regex : string or compiled pattern, optional
             A regular expression pattern that will be used in searching
             variable names in the users namespaces.
         """
         if regex is not None:
             try:
                 m = re.compile(regex)
             except TypeError:
                 raise TypeError('regex must be a string or compiled pattern')
             # Search for keys in each namespace that match the given regex
             # If a match is found, delete the key/value pair.
             for ns in self.ns_refs_table:
                 for var in ns:
                     if m.search(var):
                         del ns[var]        
         
     def push(self, variables, interactive=True):
         """Inject a group of variables into the IPython user namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         variables : dict, str or list/tuple of str
             The variables to inject into the user's namespace.  If a dict, a
             simple update is done.  If a str, the string is assumed to have
             variable names separated by spaces.  A list/tuple of str can also
             be used to give the variable names.  If just the variable names are
             give (list/tuple/str) then the variable values looked up in the
             callers frame.
         interactive : bool
             If True (default), the variables will be listed with the ``who``
             magic.
         """
         vdict = None
 
         # We need a dict of name/value pairs to do namespace updates.
         if isinstance(variables, dict):
             vdict = variables
         elif isinstance(variables, (basestring, list, tuple)):
             if isinstance(variables, basestring):
                 vlist = variables.split()
             else:
                 vlist = variables
             vdict = {}
             cf = sys._getframe(1)
             for name in vlist:
                 try:
                     vdict[name] = eval(name, cf.f_globals, cf.f_locals)
                 except:
                     print ('Could not get variable %s from %s' %
                            (name,cf.f_code.co_name))
         else:
             raise ValueError('variables must be a dict/str/list/tuple')
             
         # Propagate variables to user namespace
         self.user_ns.update(vdict)
 
         # And configure interactive visibility
         config_ns = self.user_ns_hidden
         if interactive:
             for name, val in vdict.iteritems():
                 config_ns.pop(name, None)
         else:
             for name,val in vdict.iteritems():
                 config_ns[name] = val
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to object introspection
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object in the available namespaces.
 
         self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic
 
         Has special code to detect magic functions.
         """
         oname = oname.strip()
         #print '1- oname: <%r>' % oname  # dbg
         if not py3compat.PY3:
             try:
                 oname = oname.encode('ascii')
                 #print '2- oname: <%r>' % oname  # dbg
             except UnicodeError:
                 print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.'
                 return dict(found=False)
 
         alias_ns = None
         if namespaces is None:
             # Namespaces to search in:
             # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
             # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
             namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.user_ns),
                            ('IPython internal', self.internal_ns),
-                           ('Python builtin', __builtin__.__dict__),
+                           ('Python builtin', builtin_mod.__dict__),
                            ('Alias', self.alias_manager.alias_table),
                            ]
             alias_ns = self.alias_manager.alias_table
 
         # initialize results to 'null'
         found = False; obj = None;  ospace = None;  ds = None;
         ismagic = False; isalias = False; parent = None
 
         # We need to special-case 'print', which as of python2.6 registers as a
         # function but should only be treated as one if print_function was
         # loaded with a future import.  In this case, just bail.
         if (oname == 'print' and not (self.compile.compiler_flags &
                                       __future__.CO_FUTURE_PRINT_FUNCTION)):
             return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace,
                     'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias, 'parent':parent}
 
         # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
         # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
         # declare success if we can find them all.
         oname_parts = oname.split('.')
         oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
         for nsname,ns in namespaces:
             try:
                 obj = ns[oname_head]
             except KeyError:
                 continue
             else:
                 #print 'oname_rest:', oname_rest  # dbg
                 for part in oname_rest:
                     try:
                         parent = obj
                         obj = getattr(obj,part)
                     except:
                         # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                         # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                         # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                         break
                 else:
                     # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                     found = True
                     ospace = nsname
                     if ns == alias_ns:
                         isalias = True
                     break  # namespace loop
 
         # Try to see if it's magic
         if not found:
             if oname.startswith(ESC_MAGIC):
                 oname = oname[1:]
             obj = getattr(self,'magic_'+oname,None)
             if obj is not None:
                 found = True
                 ospace = 'IPython internal'
                 ismagic = True
 
         # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
         if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
             obj = eval(oname_head)
             found = True
             ospace = 'Interactive'
 
         return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace,
                 'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias, 'parent':parent}
 
     def _ofind_property(self, oname, info):
         """Second part of object finding, to look for property details."""
         if info.found:
             # Get the docstring of the class property if it exists.
             path = oname.split('.')
             root = '.'.join(path[:-1])
             if info.parent is not None:
                 try:
                     target = getattr(info.parent, '__class__') 
                     # The object belongs to a class instance. 
                     try: 
                         target = getattr(target, path[-1])
                         # The class defines the object. 
                         if isinstance(target, property):
                             oname = root + '.__class__.' + path[-1]
                             info = Struct(self._ofind(oname))
                     except AttributeError: pass
                 except AttributeError: pass
 
         # We return either the new info or the unmodified input if the object
         # hadn't been found
         return info
 
     def _object_find(self, oname, namespaces=None):
         """Find an object and return a struct with info about it."""
         inf = Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces))
         return Struct(self._ofind_property(oname, inf))
         
     def _inspect(self, meth, oname, namespaces=None, **kw):
         """Generic interface to the inspector system.
 
         This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends."""
         info = self._object_find(oname)
         if info.found:
             pmethod = getattr(self.inspector, meth)
             formatter = format_screen if info.ismagic else None
             if meth == 'pdoc':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter)
             elif meth == 'pinfo':
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname, formatter, info, **kw)
             else:
                 pmethod(info.obj, oname)
         else:
             print 'Object `%s` not found.' % oname
             return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
 
     def object_inspect(self, oname):
         with self.builtin_trap:
             info = self._object_find(oname)
             if info.found:
                 return self.inspector.info(info.obj, oname, info=info)
             else:
                 return oinspect.object_info(name=oname, found=False)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to history management
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_history(self):
         """Sets up the command history, and starts regular autosaves."""
         self.history_manager = HistoryManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to exception handling and tracebacks (not debugging)
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_traceback_handlers(self, custom_exceptions):
         # Syntax error handler.
         self.SyntaxTB = ultratb.SyntaxTB(color_scheme='NoColor')
         
         # The interactive one is initialized with an offset, meaning we always
         # want to remove the topmost item in the traceback, which is our own
         # internal code. Valid modes: ['Plain','Context','Verbose']
         self.InteractiveTB = ultratb.AutoFormattedTB(mode = 'Plain',
                                                      color_scheme='NoColor',
                                                      tb_offset = 1,
                                    check_cache=self.compile.check_cache)
 
         # The instance will store a pointer to the system-wide exception hook,
         # so that runtime code (such as magics) can access it.  This is because
         # during the read-eval loop, it may get temporarily overwritten.
         self.sys_excepthook = sys.excepthook
 
         # and add any custom exception handlers the user may have specified
         self.set_custom_exc(*custom_exceptions)
 
         # Set the exception mode
         self.InteractiveTB.set_mode(mode=self.xmode)
 
     def set_custom_exc(self, exc_tuple, handler):
         """set_custom_exc(exc_tuple,handler)
 
         Set a custom exception handler, which will be called if any of the
         exceptions in exc_tuple occur in the mainloop (specifically, in the
         run_code() method.
 
         Inputs:
 
           - exc_tuple: a *tuple* of valid exceptions to call the defined
           handler for.  It is very important that you use a tuple, and NOT A
           LIST here, because of the way Python's except statement works.  If
           you only want to trap a single exception, use a singleton tuple:
 
             exc_tuple == (MyCustomException,)
 
           - handler: this must be defined as a function with the following
           basic interface::
 
             def my_handler(self, etype, value, tb, tb_offset=None)
                 ...
                 # The return value must be
                 return structured_traceback
 
           This will be made into an instance method (via types.MethodType)
           of IPython itself, and it will be called if any of the exceptions
           listed in the exc_tuple are caught.  If the handler is None, an
           internal basic one is used, which just prints basic info.
 
         WARNING: by putting in your own exception handler into IPython's main
         execution loop, you run a very good chance of nasty crashes.  This
         facility should only be used if you really know what you are doing."""
 
         assert type(exc_tuple)==type(()) , \
                "The custom exceptions must be given AS A TUPLE."
 
         def dummy_handler(self,etype,value,tb):
             print '*** Simple custom exception handler ***'
             print 'Exception type :',etype
             print 'Exception value:',value
             print 'Traceback      :',tb
             #print 'Source code    :','\n'.join(self.buffer)
 
         if handler is None: handler = dummy_handler
 
         self.CustomTB = types.MethodType(handler,self)
         self.custom_exceptions = exc_tuple
 
     def excepthook(self, etype, value, tb):
       """One more defense for GUI apps that call sys.excepthook.
 
       GUI frameworks like wxPython trap exceptions and call
       sys.excepthook themselves.  I guess this is a feature that
       enables them to keep running after exceptions that would
       otherwise kill their mainloop. This is a bother for IPython
       which excepts to catch all of the program exceptions with a try:
       except: statement.
 
       Normally, IPython sets sys.excepthook to a CrashHandler instance, so if
       any app directly invokes sys.excepthook, it will look to the user like
       IPython crashed.  In order to work around this, we can disable the
       CrashHandler and replace it with this excepthook instead, which prints a
       regular traceback using our InteractiveTB.  In this fashion, apps which
       call sys.excepthook will generate a regular-looking exception from
       IPython, and the CrashHandler will only be triggered by real IPython
       crashes.
 
       This hook should be used sparingly, only in places which are not likely
       to be true IPython errors.
       """
       self.showtraceback((etype,value,tb),tb_offset=0)
 
     def showtraceback(self,exc_tuple = None,filename=None,tb_offset=None,
                       exception_only=False):
         """Display the exception that just occurred.
 
         If nothing is known about the exception, this is the method which
         should be used throughout the code for presenting user tracebacks,
         rather than directly invoking the InteractiveTB object.
 
         A specific showsyntaxerror() also exists, but this method can take
         care of calling it if needed, so unless you are explicitly catching a
         SyntaxError exception, don't try to analyze the stack manually and
         simply call this method."""
         
         try:
             if exc_tuple is None:
                 etype, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
             else:
                 etype, value, tb = exc_tuple
 
             if etype is None:
                 if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
                     etype, value, tb = sys.last_type, sys.last_value, \
                                        sys.last_traceback
                 else:
                     self.write_err('No traceback available to show.\n')
                     return
     
             if etype is SyntaxError:
                 # Though this won't be called by syntax errors in the input
                 # line, there may be SyntaxError cases whith imported code.
                 self.showsyntaxerror(filename)
             elif etype is UsageError:
                 print "UsageError:", value
             else:
                 # WARNING: these variables are somewhat deprecated and not
                 # necessarily safe to use in a threaded environment, but tools
                 # like pdb depend on their existence, so let's set them.  If we
                 # find problems in the field, we'll need to revisit their use.
                 sys.last_type = etype
                 sys.last_value = value
                 sys.last_traceback = tb
                 if etype in self.custom_exceptions:
                     # FIXME: Old custom traceback objects may just return a
                     # string, in that case we just put it into a list
                     stb = self.CustomTB(etype, value, tb, tb_offset)
                     if isinstance(ctb, basestring):
                         stb = [stb]
                 else:
                     if exception_only:
                         stb = ['An exception has occurred, use %tb to see '
                                'the full traceback.\n']
                         stb.extend(self.InteractiveTB.get_exception_only(etype,
                                                                          value))
                     else:
                         stb = self.InteractiveTB.structured_traceback(etype,
                                                 value, tb, tb_offset=tb_offset)
                         
                         if self.call_pdb:
                             # drop into debugger
                             self.debugger(force=True)
 
                 # Actually show the traceback
                 self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
                 
         except KeyboardInterrupt:
             self.write_err("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
 
     def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb):
         """Actually show a traceback.
 
         Subclasses may override this method to put the traceback on a different
         place, like a side channel.
         """
         print >> io.stdout, self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb)
 
     def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None):
         """Display the syntax error that just occurred.
 
         This doesn't display a stack trace because there isn't one.
 
         If a filename is given, it is stuffed in the exception instead
         of what was there before (because Python's parser always uses
         "<string>" when reading from a string).
         """
         etype, value, last_traceback = sys.exc_info()
 
         # See note about these variables in showtraceback() above
         sys.last_type = etype
         sys.last_value = value
         sys.last_traceback = last_traceback
         
         if filename and etype is SyntaxError:
             # Work hard to stuff the correct filename in the exception
             try:
                 msg, (dummy_filename, lineno, offset, line) = value
             except:
                 # Not the format we expect; leave it alone
                 pass
             else:
                 # Stuff in the right filename
                 try:
                     # Assume SyntaxError is a class exception
                     value = SyntaxError(msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line))
                 except:
                     # If that failed, assume SyntaxError is a string
                     value = msg, (filename, lineno, offset, line)
         stb = self.SyntaxTB.structured_traceback(etype, value, [])
         self._showtraceback(etype, value, stb)
     
     # This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
     # the %paste magic.
     def showindentationerror(self):
         """Called by run_cell when there's an IndentationError in code entered
         at the prompt.
         
         This is overridden in TerminalInteractiveShell to show a message about
         the %paste magic."""
         self.showsyntaxerror()
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to readline
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_readline(self):
         """Command history completion/saving/reloading."""
 
         if self.readline_use:
             import IPython.utils.rlineimpl as readline
 
         self.rl_next_input = None
         self.rl_do_indent = False
 
         if not self.readline_use or not readline.have_readline:
             self.has_readline = False
             self.readline = None
             # Set a number of methods that depend on readline to be no-op
             self.set_readline_completer = no_op
             self.set_custom_completer = no_op
             self.set_completer_frame = no_op
             warn('Readline services not available or not loaded.')
         else:
             self.has_readline = True
             self.readline = readline
             sys.modules['readline'] = readline
             
             # Platform-specific configuration
             if os.name == 'nt':
                 # FIXME - check with Frederick to see if we can harmonize
                 # naming conventions with pyreadline to avoid this
                 # platform-dependent check
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_pre_input_hook
             else:
                 self.readline_startup_hook = readline.set_startup_hook
 
             # Load user's initrc file (readline config)
             # Or if libedit is used, load editrc.
             inputrc_name = os.environ.get('INPUTRC')
             if inputrc_name is None:
                 home_dir = get_home_dir()
                 if home_dir is not None:
                     inputrc_name = '.inputrc'
                     if readline.uses_libedit:
                         inputrc_name = '.editrc'
                     inputrc_name = os.path.join(home_dir, inputrc_name)
             if os.path.isfile(inputrc_name):
                 try:
                     readline.read_init_file(inputrc_name)
                 except:
                     warn('Problems reading readline initialization file <%s>'
                          % inputrc_name)
             
             # Configure readline according to user's prefs
             # This is only done if GNU readline is being used.  If libedit
             # is being used (as on Leopard) the readline config is
             # not run as the syntax for libedit is different.
             if not readline.uses_libedit:
                 for rlcommand in self.readline_parse_and_bind:
                     #print "loading rl:",rlcommand  # dbg
                     readline.parse_and_bind(rlcommand)
 
             # Remove some chars from the delimiters list.  If we encounter
             # unicode chars, discard them.
             delims = readline.get_completer_delims().encode("ascii", "ignore")
             for d in self.readline_remove_delims:
                 delims = delims.replace(d, "")
             delims = delims.replace(ESC_MAGIC, '')
             readline.set_completer_delims(delims)
             # otherwise we end up with a monster history after a while:
             readline.set_history_length(self.history_length)
             
             self.refill_readline_hist()
             self.readline_no_record = ReadlineNoRecord(self)
 
         # Configure auto-indent for all platforms
         self.set_autoindent(self.autoindent)
         
     def refill_readline_hist(self):
         # Load the last 1000 lines from history
         self.readline.clear_history()
         stdin_encoding = sys.stdin.encoding or "utf-8"
         for _, _, cell in self.history_manager.get_tail(1000,
                                                         include_latest=True):
             if cell.strip(): # Ignore blank lines
                 for line in cell.splitlines():
                     self.readline.add_history(py3compat.unicode_to_str(line,
                                                                 stdin_encoding))
 
     def set_next_input(self, s):
         """ Sets the 'default' input string for the next command line.
         
         Requires readline.
         
         Example:
         
         [D:\ipython]|1> _ip.set_next_input("Hello Word")
         [D:\ipython]|2> Hello Word_  # cursor is here        
         """
         if isinstance(s, unicode):
             s = s.encode(self.stdin_encoding, 'replace')
         self.rl_next_input = s
 
     # Maybe move this to the terminal subclass?
     def pre_readline(self):
         """readline hook to be used at the start of each line.
 
         Currently it handles auto-indent only."""
 
         if self.rl_do_indent:
             self.readline.insert_text(self._indent_current_str())
         if self.rl_next_input is not None:
             self.readline.insert_text(self.rl_next_input)
             self.rl_next_input = None
 
     def _indent_current_str(self):
         """return the current level of indentation as a string"""
         return self.input_splitter.indent_spaces * ' '
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to text completion
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_completer(self):
         """Initialize the completion machinery.
 
         This creates completion machinery that can be used by client code,
         either interactively in-process (typically triggered by the readline
         library), programatically (such as in test suites) or out-of-prcess
         (typically over the network by remote frontends).
         """
         from IPython.core.completer import IPCompleter
         from IPython.core.completerlib import (module_completer,
                                                magic_run_completer, cd_completer)
         
         self.Completer = IPCompleter(self,
                                      self.user_ns,
                                      self.user_global_ns,
                                      self.readline_omit__names,
                                      self.alias_manager.alias_table,
                                      self.has_readline)
         
         # Add custom completers to the basic ones built into IPCompleter
         sdisp = self.strdispatchers.get('complete_command', StrDispatch())
         self.strdispatchers['complete_command'] = sdisp
         self.Completer.custom_completers = sdisp
 
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'import')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', module_completer, str_key = 'from')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', magic_run_completer, str_key = '%run')
         self.set_hook('complete_command', cd_completer, str_key = '%cd')
 
         # Only configure readline if we truly are using readline.  IPython can
         # do tab-completion over the network, in GUIs, etc, where readline
         # itself may be absent
         if self.has_readline:
             self.set_readline_completer()
 
     def complete(self, text, line=None, cursor_pos=None):
         """Return the completed text and a list of completions.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
 
            text : string
              A string of text to be completed on.  It can be given as empty and
              instead a line/position pair are given.  In this case, the
              completer itself will split the line like readline does.
 
            line : string, optional
              The complete line that text is part of.
 
            cursor_pos : int, optional
              The position of the cursor on the input line.
 
         Returns
         -------
           text : string
             The actual text that was completed.
 
           matches : list
             A sorted list with all possible completions.
 
         The optional arguments allow the completion to take more context into
         account, and are part of the low-level completion API.
         
         This is a wrapper around the completion mechanism, similar to what
         readline does at the command line when the TAB key is hit.  By
         exposing it as a method, it can be used by other non-readline
         environments (such as GUIs) for text completion.
 
         Simple usage example:
 
         In [1]: x = 'hello'
 
         In [2]: _ip.complete('x.l')
         Out[2]: ('x.l', ['x.ljust', 'x.lower', 'x.lstrip'])
         """
 
         # Inject names into __builtin__ so we can complete on the added names.
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return self.Completer.complete(text, line, cursor_pos)
 
     def set_custom_completer(self, completer, pos=0):
         """Adds a new custom completer function.
 
         The position argument (defaults to 0) is the index in the completers
         list where you want the completer to be inserted."""
 
         newcomp = types.MethodType(completer,self.Completer)
         self.Completer.matchers.insert(pos,newcomp)
 
     def set_readline_completer(self):
         """Reset readline's completer to be our own."""
         self.readline.set_completer(self.Completer.rlcomplete)
 
     def set_completer_frame(self, frame=None):
         """Set the frame of the completer."""
         if frame:
             self.Completer.namespace = frame.f_locals
             self.Completer.global_namespace = frame.f_globals
         else:
             self.Completer.namespace = self.user_ns
             self.Completer.global_namespace = self.user_global_ns
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to magics
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_magics(self):
         # FIXME: Move the color initialization to the DisplayHook, which
         # should be split into a prompt manager and displayhook. We probably
         # even need a centralize colors management object.
         self.magic_colors(self.colors)
         # History was moved to a separate module
         from . import history
         history.init_ipython(self)
 
     def magic(self, arg_s, next_input=None):
         """Call a magic function by name.
 
         Input: a string containing the name of the magic function to call and
         any additional arguments to be passed to the magic.
 
         magic('name -opt foo bar') is equivalent to typing at the ipython
         prompt:
 
         In[1]: %name -opt foo bar
 
         To call a magic without arguments, simply use magic('name').
 
         This provides a proper Python function to call IPython's magics in any
         valid Python code you can type at the interpreter, including loops and
         compound statements.
         """
         # Allow setting the next input - this is used if the user does `a=abs?`.
         # We do this first so that magic functions can override it.
         if next_input:
             self.set_next_input(next_input)
             
         args = arg_s.split(' ',1)
         magic_name = args[0]
         magic_name = magic_name.lstrip(prefilter.ESC_MAGIC)
         
         try:
             magic_args = args[1]
         except IndexError:
             magic_args = ''
         fn = getattr(self,'magic_'+magic_name,None)
         if fn is None:
             error("Magic function `%s` not found." % magic_name)
         else:
             magic_args = self.var_expand(magic_args,1)
             # Grab local namespace if we need it:
             if getattr(fn, "needs_local_scope", False):
                 self._magic_locals = sys._getframe(1).f_locals
             with self.builtin_trap:
                 result = fn(magic_args)
             # Ensure we're not keeping object references around:
             self._magic_locals = {}
             return result
 
     def define_magic(self, magicname, func):
         """Expose own function as magic function for ipython 
     
         def foo_impl(self,parameter_s=''):
             'My very own magic!. (Use docstrings, IPython reads them).'
             print 'Magic function. Passed parameter is between < >:'
             print '<%s>' % parameter_s
             print 'The self object is:',self
     
         self.define_magic('foo',foo_impl)
         """
         im = types.MethodType(func,self)
         old = getattr(self, "magic_" + magicname, None)
         setattr(self, "magic_" + magicname, im)
         return old
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to macros
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def define_macro(self, name, themacro):
         """Define a new macro
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         name : str
             The name of the macro.
         themacro : str or Macro
             The action to do upon invoking the macro.  If a string, a new 
             Macro object is created by passing the string to it.
         """
         
         from IPython.core import macro
 
         if isinstance(themacro, basestring):
             themacro = macro.Macro(themacro)
         if not isinstance(themacro, macro.Macro):
             raise ValueError('A macro must be a string or a Macro instance.')
         self.user_ns[name] = themacro
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of system commands
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def system_piped(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess, piping stdout/err
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
           not supported.  Should not be a command that expects input
           other than simple text.
         """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             # We do not support backgrounding processes because we either use
             # pexpect or pipes to read from.  Users can always just call
             # os.system() or use ip.system=ip.system_raw
             # if they really want a background process.
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
         
         # we explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = system(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2))
     
     def system_raw(self, cmd):
         """Call the given cmd in a subprocess using os.system
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute.
         """
         # We explicitly do NOT return the subprocess status code, because
         # a non-None value would trigger :func:`sys.displayhook` calls.
         # Instead, we store the exit_code in user_ns.
         self.user_ns['_exit_code'] = os.system(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2))
     
     # use piped system by default, because it is better behaved
     system = system_piped
 
     def getoutput(self, cmd, split=True):
         """Get output (possibly including stderr) from a subprocess.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         cmd : str
           Command to execute (can not end in '&', as background processes are
           not supported.
         split : bool, optional
         
           If True, split the output into an IPython SList.  Otherwise, an
           IPython LSString is returned.  These are objects similar to normal
           lists and strings, with a few convenience attributes for easier
           manipulation of line-based output.  You can use '?' on them for
           details.
           """
         if cmd.rstrip().endswith('&'):
             # this is *far* from a rigorous test
             raise OSError("Background processes not supported.")
         out = getoutput(self.var_expand(cmd, depth=2))
         if split:
             out = SList(out.splitlines())
         else:
             out = LSString(out)
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to aliases
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_alias(self):
         self.alias_manager = AliasManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         self.ns_table['alias'] = self.alias_manager.alias_table,
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extensions and plugins
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_extension_manager(self):
         self.extension_manager = ExtensionManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
 
     def init_plugin_manager(self):
         self.plugin_manager = PluginManager(config=self.config)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to payloads
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_payload(self):
         self.payload_manager = PayloadManager(config=self.config)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the prefilter
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_prefilter(self):
         self.prefilter_manager = PrefilterManager(shell=self, config=self.config)
         # Ultimately this will be refactored in the new interpreter code, but
         # for now, we should expose the main prefilter method (there's legacy
         # code out there that may rely on this).
         self.prefilter = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines
 
     def auto_rewrite_input(self, cmd):
         """Print to the screen the rewritten form of the user's command.
 
         This shows visual feedback by rewriting input lines that cause
         automatic calling to kick in, like::
 
           /f x
 
         into::
 
           ------> f(x)
           
         after the user's input prompt.  This helps the user understand that the
         input line was transformed automatically by IPython.
         """
         rw = self.displayhook.prompt1.auto_rewrite() + cmd
 
         try:
             # plain ascii works better w/ pyreadline, on some machines, so
             # we use it and only print uncolored rewrite if we have unicode
             rw = str(rw)
             print >> io.stdout, rw
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             print "------> " + cmd
             
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to extracting values/expressions from kernel and user_ns
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _simple_error(self):
         etype, value = sys.exc_info()[:2]
         return u'[ERROR] {e.__name__}: {v}'.format(e=etype, v=value)
 
     def user_variables(self, names):
         """Get a list of variable names from the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         names : list of strings
           A list of names of variables to be read from the user namespace.
 
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed by the input names and with the repr() of each value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         for varname in names:
             try:
                 value = repr(user_ns[varname])
             except:
                 value = self._simple_error()
             out[varname] = value
         return out
         
     def user_expressions(self, expressions):
         """Evaluate a dict of expressions in the user's namespace.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         expressions : dict
           A dict with string keys and string values.  The expression values
           should be valid Python expressions, each of which will be evaluated
           in the user namespace.
         
         Returns
         -------
         A dict, keyed like the input expressions dict, with the repr() of each
         value.
         """
         out = {}
         user_ns = self.user_ns
         global_ns = self.user_global_ns
         for key, expr in expressions.iteritems():
             try:
                 value = repr(eval(expr, global_ns, user_ns))
             except:
                 value = self._simple_error()
             out[key] = value
         return out
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the running of code
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def ex(self, cmd):
         """Execute a normal python statement in user namespace."""
         with self.builtin_trap:
             exec cmd in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
 
     def ev(self, expr):
         """Evaluate python expression expr in user namespace.
 
         Returns the result of evaluation
         """
         with self.builtin_trap:
             return eval(expr, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
 
     def safe_execfile(self, fname, *where, **kw):
         """A safe version of the builtin execfile().
 
         This version will never throw an exception, but instead print
         helpful error messages to the screen.  This only works on pure
         Python files with the .py extension.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : string
             The name of the file to be executed.
         where : tuple
             One or two namespaces, passed to execfile() as (globals,locals).
             If only one is given, it is passed as both.
         exit_ignore : bool (False)
             If True, then silence SystemExit for non-zero status (it is always
             silenced for zero status, as it is so common).
         """
         kw.setdefault('exit_ignore', False)
 
         fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(fname))
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with open(fname) as thefile:
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 py3compat.execfile(fname,*where)
             except SystemExit, status:
                 # If the call was made with 0 or None exit status (sys.exit(0)
                 # or sys.exit() ), don't bother showing a traceback, as both of
                 # these are considered normal by the OS:
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit(0)'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # > python -c'import sys;sys.exit()'; echo $?
                 # 0
                 # For other exit status, we show the exception unless
                 # explicitly silenced, but only in short form.
                 if status.code not in (0, None) and not kw['exit_ignore']:
                     self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
 
     def safe_execfile_ipy(self, fname):
         """Like safe_execfile, but for .ipy files with IPython syntax.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         fname : str
             The name of the file to execute.  The filename must have a
             .ipy extension.
         """
         fname = os.path.abspath(os.path.expanduser(fname))
 
         # Make sure we can open the file
         try:
             with open(fname) as thefile:
                 pass
         except:
             warn('Could not open file <%s> for safe execution.' % fname)
             return
 
         # Find things also in current directory.  This is needed to mimic the
         # behavior of running a script from the system command line, where
         # Python inserts the script's directory into sys.path
         dname = os.path.dirname(fname)
 
         with prepended_to_syspath(dname):
             try:
                 with open(fname) as thefile:
                     # self.run_cell currently captures all exceptions
                     # raised in user code.  It would be nice if there were
                     # versions of runlines, execfile that did raise, so
                     # we could catch the errors.
                     self.run_cell(thefile.read(), store_history=False)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
                 warn('Unknown failure executing file: <%s>' % fname)
                 
     def run_cell(self, raw_cell, store_history=True):
         """Run a complete IPython cell.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         raw_cell : str
           The code (including IPython code such as %magic functions) to run.
         store_history : bool
           If True, the raw and translated cell will be stored in IPython's
           history. For user code calling back into IPython's machinery, this
           should be set to False.
         """
         if (not raw_cell) or raw_cell.isspace():
             return
         
         for line in raw_cell.splitlines():
             self.input_splitter.push(line)
         cell = self.input_splitter.source_reset()
         
         with self.builtin_trap:
             prefilter_failed = False
             if len(cell.splitlines()) == 1:
                 try:
                     # use prefilter_lines to handle trailing newlines
                     # restore trailing newline for ast.parse
                     cell = self.prefilter_manager.prefilter_lines(cell) + '\n'
                 except AliasError as e:
                     error(e)
                     prefilter_failed = True
                 except Exception:
                     # don't allow prefilter errors to crash IPython
                     self.showtraceback()
                     prefilter_failed = True
                 
             # Store raw and processed history
             if store_history:
                 self.history_manager.store_inputs(self.execution_count, 
                                                   cell, raw_cell)
 
             self.logger.log(cell, raw_cell)
             
             if not prefilter_failed:
                 # don't run if prefilter failed
                 cell_name = self.compile.cache(cell, self.execution_count)
             
                 with self.display_trap:
                     try:
                         code_ast = ast.parse(cell, filename=cell_name)
                     except IndentationError:
                         self.showindentationerror()
                         self.execution_count += 1
                         return None
                     except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError, TypeError,
                             MemoryError):
                         self.showsyntaxerror()
                         self.execution_count += 1
                         return None
             
                     self.run_ast_nodes(code_ast.body, cell_name,
                                        interactivity="last_expr")
             
                     # Execute any registered post-execution functions.
                     for func, status in self._post_execute.iteritems():
                         if not status:
                             continue
                         try:
                             func()
                         except:
                             self.showtraceback()
                             # Deactivate failing function
                             self._post_execute[func] = False
                 
         if store_history:
             # Write output to the database. Does nothing unless
             # history output logging is enabled.
             self.history_manager.store_output(self.execution_count)
             # Each cell is a *single* input, regardless of how many lines it has
             self.execution_count += 1
             
     def run_ast_nodes(self, nodelist, cell_name, interactivity='last_expr'):
         """Run a sequence of AST nodes. The execution mode depends on the
         interactivity parameter.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         nodelist : list
           A sequence of AST nodes to run.
         cell_name : str
           Will be passed to the compiler as the filename of the cell. Typically
           the value returned by ip.compile.cache(cell).
         interactivity : str
           'all', 'last', 'last_expr' or 'none', specifying which nodes should be
           run interactively (displaying output from expressions). 'last_expr'
           will run the last node interactively only if it is an expression (i.e.
           expressions in loops or other blocks are not displayed. Other values
           for this parameter will raise a ValueError.
         """
         if not nodelist:
             return
         
         if interactivity == 'last_expr':
             if isinstance(nodelist[-1], ast.Expr):
                 interactivity = "last"
             else:
                 interactivity = "none"
         
         if interactivity == 'none':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist, []
         elif interactivity == 'last':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = nodelist[:-1], nodelist[-1:]
         elif interactivity == 'all':
             to_run_exec, to_run_interactive = [], nodelist
         else:
             raise ValueError("Interactivity was %r" % interactivity)
             
         exec_count = self.execution_count
 
         try:
             for i, node in enumerate(to_run_exec):
                 mod = ast.Module([node])
                 code = self.compile(mod, cell_name, "exec")
                 if self.run_code(code):
                     return True
 
             for i, node in enumerate(to_run_interactive):
                 mod = ast.Interactive([node])
                 code = self.compile(mod, cell_name, "single")
                 if self.run_code(code):
                     return True
         except:
             # It's possible to have exceptions raised here, typically by
             # compilation of odd code (such as a naked 'return' outside a
             # function) that did parse but isn't valid. Typically the exception
             # is a SyntaxError, but it's safest just to catch anything and show
             # the user a traceback.
 
             # We do only one try/except outside the loop to minimize the impact
             # on runtime, and also because if any node in the node list is
             # broken, we should stop execution completely.
             self.showtraceback()
 
         return False
     
     def run_code(self, code_obj):
         """Execute a code object.
 
         When an exception occurs, self.showtraceback() is called to display a
         traceback.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         code_obj : code object
           A compiled code object, to be executed
         post_execute : bool [default: True]
           whether to call post_execute hooks after this particular execution.
 
         Returns
         -------
         False : successful execution.
         True : an error occurred.
         """
 
         # Set our own excepthook in case the user code tries to call it
         # directly, so that the IPython crash handler doesn't get triggered
         old_excepthook,sys.excepthook = sys.excepthook, self.excepthook
 
         # we save the original sys.excepthook in the instance, in case config
         # code (such as magics) needs access to it.
         self.sys_excepthook = old_excepthook
         outflag = 1  # happens in more places, so it's easier as default
         try:
             try:
                 self.hooks.pre_run_code_hook()
                 #rprint('Running code', repr(code_obj)) # dbg
                 exec code_obj in self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns
             finally:
                 # Reset our crash handler in place
                 sys.excepthook = old_excepthook
         except SystemExit:
             self.showtraceback(exception_only=True)
             warn("To exit: use 'exit', 'quit', or Ctrl-D.", level=1)
         except self.custom_exceptions:
             etype,value,tb = sys.exc_info()
             self.CustomTB(etype,value,tb)
         except:
             self.showtraceback()
         else:
             outflag = 0
             if softspace(sys.stdout, 0):
                 print
 
         return outflag
         
     # For backwards compatibility
     runcode = run_code
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to GUI support and pylab
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def enable_pylab(self, gui=None, import_all=True):
         raise NotImplementedError('Implement enable_pylab in a subclass')
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Utilities
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def var_expand(self,cmd,depth=0):
         """Expand python variables in a string.
 
         The depth argument indicates how many frames above the caller should
         be walked to look for the local namespace where to expand variables.
 
         The global namespace for expansion is always the user's interactive
         namespace.
         """
         res = ItplNS(cmd, self.user_ns,  # globals
                           # Skip our own frame in searching for locals:
                           sys._getframe(depth+1).f_locals # locals
                           )
         return str(res).decode(res.codec)
 
     def mktempfile(self, data=None, prefix='ipython_edit_'):
         """Make a new tempfile and return its filename.
 
         This makes a call to tempfile.mktemp, but it registers the created
         filename internally so ipython cleans it up at exit time.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - data(None): if data is given, it gets written out to the temp file
           immediately, and the file is closed again."""
 
         filename = tempfile.mktemp('.py', prefix)
         self.tempfiles.append(filename)
         
         if data:
             tmp_file = open(filename,'w')
             tmp_file.write(data)
             tmp_file.close()
         return filename
 
     # TODO:  This should be removed when Term is refactored.
     def write(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default output"""
         io.stdout.write(data)
 
     # TODO:  This should be removed when Term is refactored.
     def write_err(self,data):
         """Write a string to the default error output"""
         io.stderr.write(data)
 
     def ask_yes_no(self,prompt,default=True):
         if self.quiet:
             return True
         return ask_yes_no(prompt,default)
     
     def show_usage(self):
         """Show a usage message"""
         page.page(IPython.core.usage.interactive_usage)
         
     def find_user_code(self, target, raw=True):
         """Get a code string from history, file, or a string or macro.
         
         This is mainly used by magic functions. 
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         target : str
           A string specifying code to retrieve. This will be tried respectively
           as: ranges of input history (see %history for syntax), a filename, or
           an expression evaluating to a string or Macro in the user namespace.
         raw : bool
           If true (default), retrieve raw history. Has no effect on the other
           retrieval mechanisms.
         
         Returns
         -------
         A string of code.
         
         ValueError is raised if nothing is found, and TypeError if it evaluates
         to an object of another type. In each case, .args[0] is a printable
         message.
         """
         code = self.extract_input_lines(target, raw=raw)  # Grab history        
         if code:
             return code
         if os.path.isfile(target):                        # Read file
             return open(target, "r").read()
         
         try:                                              # User namespace
             codeobj = eval(target, self.user_ns)
         except Exception:
             raise ValueError(("'%s' was not found in history, as a file, nor in"
                                 " the user namespace.") % target)
         if isinstance(codeobj, basestring):
             return codeobj
         elif isinstance(codeobj, Macro):
             return codeobj.value
             
         raise TypeError("%s is neither a string nor a macro." % target,
                         codeobj)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to IPython exiting
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     def atexit_operations(self):
         """This will be executed at the time of exit.
 
         Cleanup operations and saving of persistent data that is done
         unconditionally by IPython should be performed here.
 
         For things that may depend on startup flags or platform specifics (such
         as having readline or not), register a separate atexit function in the
         code that has the appropriate information, rather than trying to
         clutter 
         """
         # Close the history session (this stores the end time and line count)
         # this must be *before* the tempfile cleanup, in case of temporary
         # history db
         self.history_manager.end_session()
         
         # Cleanup all tempfiles left around
         for tfile in self.tempfiles:
             try:
                 os.unlink(tfile)
             except OSError:
                 pass
         
         # Clear all user namespaces to release all references cleanly.
         self.reset(new_session=False)
 
         # Run user hooks
         self.hooks.shutdown_hook()
 
     def cleanup(self):
         self.restore_sys_module_state()
 
 
 class InteractiveShellABC(object):
     """An abstract base class for InteractiveShell."""
     __metaclass__ = abc.ABCMeta
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(InteractiveShell)

IPython/core/tests/tclass.py

@@ -1,35 +1,35 b''
 """Simple script to be run *twice*, to check reference counting bugs.
 
 See test_run for details."""
 
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 import sys
 
 # We want to ensure that while objects remain available for immediate access,
 # objects from *previous* runs of the same script get collected, to avoid
 # accumulating massive amounts of old references.
 class C(object):
     def __init__(self,name):
         self.name = name
         self.p = print
         self.flush_stdout = sys.stdout.flush
         
     def __del__(self):
         self.p('tclass.py: deleting object:',self.name)
         self.flush_stdout()
 
 try:
     name = sys.argv[1]
 except IndexError:
     pass
 else:
     if name.startswith('C'):
         c = C(name)
 
 #print >> sys.stderr, "ARGV:", sys.argv  # dbg
 
 # This next print statement is NOT debugging, we're making the check on a
 # completely separate process so we verify by capturing stdout:
-print 'ARGV 1-:', sys.argv[1:]
+print('ARGV 1-:', sys.argv[1:])
 sys.stdout.flush()

IPython/frontend/terminal/interactiveshell.py

@@ -1,592 +1,593 b''
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 """Subclass of InteractiveShell for terminal based frontends."""
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Fernando Perez. <[e-mail]>
 #  Copyright (C) 2008-2010  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import __builtin__
 import bdb
 from contextlib import nested
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 
 from IPython.core.error import TryNext
 from IPython.core.usage import interactive_usage, default_banner
 from IPython.core.interactiveshell import InteractiveShell, InteractiveShellABC
 from IPython.lib.inputhook import enable_gui
 from IPython.lib.pylabtools import pylab_activate
 from IPython.testing.skipdoctest import skip_doctest
+from IPython.utils import py3compat
 from IPython.utils.terminal import toggle_set_term_title, set_term_title
 from IPython.utils.process import abbrev_cwd
 from IPython.utils.warn import warn
 from IPython.utils.text import num_ini_spaces
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Int, CBool, Unicode
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Utilities
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def get_default_editor():
     try:
         ed = os.environ['EDITOR']
     except KeyError:
         if os.name == 'posix':
             ed = 'vi'  # the only one guaranteed to be there!
         else:
             ed = 'notepad' # same in Windows!
     return ed
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Main class
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class TerminalInteractiveShell(InteractiveShell):
 
     autoedit_syntax = CBool(False, config=True,
         help="auto editing of files with syntax errors.")
     banner = Unicode('')
     banner1 = Unicode(default_banner, config=True,
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed before the profile"""
     )
     banner2 = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="""The part of the banner to be printed after the profile"""
     )
     confirm_exit = CBool(True, config=True,
         help="""
         Set to confirm when you try to exit IPython with an EOF (Control-D
         in Unix, Control-Z/Enter in Windows). By typing 'exit' or 'quit',
         you can force a direct exit without any confirmation.""",
     )
     # This display_banner only controls whether or not self.show_banner()
     # is called when mainloop/interact are called.  The default is False
     # because for the terminal based application, the banner behavior
     # is controlled by Global.display_banner, which IPythonApp looks at
     # to determine if *it* should call show_banner() by hand or not.
     display_banner = CBool(False) # This isn't configurable!
     embedded = CBool(False)
     embedded_active = CBool(False)
     editor = Unicode(get_default_editor(), config=True,
         help="Set the editor used by IPython (default to $EDITOR/vi/notepad)."
     )
     pager = Unicode('less', config=True,
         help="The shell program to be used for paging.")
 
     screen_length = Int(0, config=True,
         help=
         """Number of lines of your screen, used to control printing of very
         long strings.  Strings longer than this number of lines will be sent
         through a pager instead of directly printed.  The default value for
         this is 0, which means IPython will auto-detect your screen size every
         time it needs to print certain potentially long strings (this doesn't
         change the behavior of the 'print' keyword, it's only triggered
         internally). If for some reason this isn't working well (it needs
         curses support), specify it yourself. Otherwise don't change the
         default.""",
     )
     term_title = CBool(False, config=True,
         help="Enable auto setting the terminal title."
     )
 
     def __init__(self, config=None, ipython_dir=None, profile_dir=None, user_ns=None,
                  user_global_ns=None, custom_exceptions=((),None),
                  usage=None, banner1=None, banner2=None,
                  display_banner=None):
 
         super(TerminalInteractiveShell, self).__init__(
             config=config, profile_dir=profile_dir, user_ns=user_ns,
             user_global_ns=user_global_ns, custom_exceptions=custom_exceptions
         )
         # use os.system instead of utils.process.system by default, except on Windows
         if os.name == 'nt':
             self.system = self.system_piped
         else:
             self.system = self.system_raw
         
         self.init_term_title()
         self.init_usage(usage)
         self.init_banner(banner1, banner2, display_banner)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the terminal
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     @property
     def usable_screen_length(self):
         if self.screen_length == 0:
             return 0
         else:
             num_lines_bot = self.separate_in.count('\n')+1
             return self.screen_length - num_lines_bot
 
     def init_term_title(self):
         # Enable or disable the terminal title.
         if self.term_title:
             toggle_set_term_title(True)
             set_term_title('IPython: ' + abbrev_cwd())
         else:
             toggle_set_term_title(False)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to aliases
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def init_alias(self):
         # The parent class defines aliases that can be safely used with any
         # frontend.
         super(TerminalInteractiveShell, self).init_alias()
 
         # Now define aliases that only make sense on the terminal, because they
         # need direct access to the console in a way that we can't emulate in
         # GUI or web frontend
         if os.name == 'posix':
             aliases = [('clear', 'clear'), ('more', 'more'), ('less', 'less'),
                        ('man', 'man')]
         elif os.name == 'nt':
             aliases = [('cls', 'cls')]
 
 
         for name, cmd in aliases:
             self.alias_manager.define_alias(name, cmd)
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to the banner and usage
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def _banner1_changed(self):
         self.compute_banner()
 
     def _banner2_changed(self):
         self.compute_banner()
 
     def _term_title_changed(self, name, new_value):
         self.init_term_title()
 
     def init_banner(self, banner1, banner2, display_banner):
         if banner1 is not None:
             self.banner1 = banner1
         if banner2 is not None:
             self.banner2 = banner2
         if display_banner is not None:
             self.display_banner = display_banner
         self.compute_banner()
 
     def show_banner(self, banner=None):
         if banner is None:
             banner = self.banner
         self.write(banner)
 
     def compute_banner(self):
         self.banner = self.banner1
         if self.profile and self.profile != 'default':
             self.banner += '\nIPython profile: %s\n' % self.profile
         if self.banner2:
             self.banner += '\n' + self.banner2
 
     def init_usage(self, usage=None):
         if usage is None:
             self.usage = interactive_usage
         else:
             self.usage = usage
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Mainloop and code execution logic
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def mainloop(self, display_banner=None):
         """Start the mainloop.
 
         If an optional banner argument is given, it will override the
         internally created default banner.
         """
         
         with nested(self.builtin_trap, self.display_trap):
 
             while 1:
                 try:
                     self.interact(display_banner=display_banner)
                     #self.interact_with_readline()                
                     # XXX for testing of a readline-decoupled repl loop, call
                     # interact_with_readline above
                     break
                 except KeyboardInterrupt:
                     # this should not be necessary, but KeyboardInterrupt
                     # handling seems rather unpredictable...
                     self.write("\nKeyboardInterrupt in interact()\n")
 
     def interact(self, display_banner=None):
         """Closely emulate the interactive Python console."""
 
         # batch run -> do not interact        
         if self.exit_now:
             return
 
         if display_banner is None:
             display_banner = self.display_banner
         
         if isinstance(display_banner, basestring):
             self.show_banner(display_banner)
         elif display_banner:
             self.show_banner()
 
         more = False
         
         # Mark activity in the builtins
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] += 1
         
         if self.has_readline:
             self.readline_startup_hook(self.pre_readline)
         # exit_now is set by a call to %Exit or %Quit, through the
         # ask_exit callback.
 
         while not self.exit_now:
             self.hooks.pre_prompt_hook()
             if more:
                 try:
                     prompt = self.hooks.generate_prompt(True)
                 except:
                     self.showtraceback()
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.rl_do_indent = True
                     
             else:
                 try:
                     prompt = self.hooks.generate_prompt(False)
                 except:
                     self.showtraceback()
             try:
                 line = self.raw_input(prompt)
                 if self.exit_now:
                     # quick exit on sys.std[in|out] close
                     break
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.rl_do_indent = False
                     
             except KeyboardInterrupt:
                 #double-guard against keyboardinterrupts during kbdint handling
                 try:
                     self.write('\nKeyboardInterrupt\n')
                     self.input_splitter.reset()
                     more = False
                 except KeyboardInterrupt:
                     pass
             except EOFError:
                 if self.autoindent:
                     self.rl_do_indent = False
                     if self.has_readline:
                         self.readline_startup_hook(None)
                 self.write('\n')
                 self.exit()
             except bdb.BdbQuit:
                 warn('The Python debugger has exited with a BdbQuit exception.\n'
                      'Because of how pdb handles the stack, it is impossible\n'
                      'for IPython to properly format this particular exception.\n'
                      'IPython will resume normal operation.')
             except:
                 # exceptions here are VERY RARE, but they can be triggered
                 # asynchronously by signal handlers, for example.
                 self.showtraceback()
             else:
                 self.input_splitter.push(line)
                 more = self.input_splitter.push_accepts_more()
                 if (self.SyntaxTB.last_syntax_error and
                     self.autoedit_syntax):
                     self.edit_syntax_error()
                 if not more:
                     source_raw = self.input_splitter.source_raw_reset()[1]
                     self.run_cell(source_raw)
                 
         # We are off again...
         __builtin__.__dict__['__IPYTHON__active'] -= 1
 
         # Turn off the exit flag, so the mainloop can be restarted if desired
         self.exit_now = False
 
     def raw_input(self, prompt=''):
         """Write a prompt and read a line.
 
         The returned line does not include the trailing newline.
         When the user enters the EOF key sequence, EOFError is raised.
 
         Optional inputs:
 
           - prompt(''): a string to be printed to prompt the user.
 
           - continue_prompt(False): whether this line is the first one or a
           continuation in a sequence of inputs.
         """
         # Code run by the user may have modified the readline completer state.
         # We must ensure that our completer is back in place.
 
         if self.has_readline:
             self.set_readline_completer()
         
         try:
             line = py3compat.str_to_unicode(self.raw_input_original(prompt))
         except ValueError:
             warn("\n********\nYou or a %run:ed script called sys.stdin.close()"
                  " or sys.stdout.close()!\nExiting IPython!")
             self.ask_exit()
             return ""
 
         # Try to be reasonably smart about not re-indenting pasted input more
         # than necessary.  We do this by trimming out the auto-indent initial
         # spaces, if the user's actual input started itself with whitespace.
         if self.autoindent:
             if num_ini_spaces(line) > self.indent_current_nsp:
                 line = line[self.indent_current_nsp:]
                 self.indent_current_nsp = 0
         
         return line
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Methods to support auto-editing of SyntaxErrors.
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def edit_syntax_error(self):
         """The bottom half of the syntax error handler called in the main loop.
 
         Loop until syntax error is fixed or user cancels.
         """
 
         while self.SyntaxTB.last_syntax_error:
             # copy and clear last_syntax_error
             err = self.SyntaxTB.clear_err_state()
             if not self._should_recompile(err):
                 return
             try:
                 # may set last_syntax_error again if a SyntaxError is raised
                 self.safe_execfile(err.filename,self.user_ns)
             except:
                 self.showtraceback()
             else:
                 try:
                     f = file(err.filename)
                     try:
                         # This should be inside a display_trap block and I 
                         # think it is.
                         sys.displayhook(f.read())
                     finally:
                         f.close()
                 except:
                     self.showtraceback()
 
     def _should_recompile(self,e):
         """Utility routine for edit_syntax_error"""
 
         if e.filename in ('<ipython console>','<input>','<string>',
                           '<console>','<BackgroundJob compilation>',
                           None):
                               
             return False
         try:
             if (self.autoedit_syntax and 
                 not self.ask_yes_no('Return to editor to correct syntax error? '
                               '[Y/n] ','y')):
                 return False
         except EOFError:
             return False
 
         def int0(x):
             try:
                 return int(x)
             except TypeError:
                 return 0
         # always pass integer line and offset values to editor hook
         try:
             self.hooks.fix_error_editor(e.filename,
                 int0(e.lineno),int0(e.offset),e.msg)
         except TryNext:
             warn('Could not open editor')
             return False
         return True
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to GUI support and pylab
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def enable_pylab(self, gui=None, import_all=True):
         """Activate pylab support at runtime.
 
         This turns on support for matplotlib, preloads into the interactive
         namespace all of numpy and pylab, and configures IPython to correcdtly
         interact with the GUI event loop.  The GUI backend to be used can be
         optionally selected with the optional :param:`gui` argument.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         gui : optional, string
 
           If given, dictates the choice of matplotlib GUI backend to use
           (should be one of IPython's supported backends, 'tk', 'qt', 'wx' or
           'gtk'), otherwise we use the default chosen by matplotlib (as
           dictated by the matplotlib build-time options plus the user's
           matplotlibrc configuration file).
         """
         # We want to prevent the loading of pylab to pollute the user's
         # namespace as shown by the %who* magics, so we execute the activation
         # code in an empty namespace, and we update *both* user_ns and
         # user_ns_hidden with this information.
         ns = {}
         gui = pylab_activate(ns, gui, import_all)
         self.user_ns.update(ns)
         self.user_ns_hidden.update(ns)
         # Now we must activate the gui pylab wants to use, and fix %run to take
         # plot updates into account
         enable_gui(gui)
         self.magic_run = self._pylab_magic_run
 
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Things related to exiting
     #-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def ask_exit(self):
         """ Ask the shell to exit. Can be overiden and used as a callback. """
         self.exit_now = True
 
     def exit(self):
         """Handle interactive exit.
 
         This method calls the ask_exit callback."""
         if self.confirm_exit:
             if self.ask_yes_no('Do you really want to exit ([y]/n)?','y'):
                 self.ask_exit()
         else:
             self.ask_exit()
             
     #------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Magic overrides
     #------------------------------------------------------------------------
     # Once the base class stops inheriting from magic, this code needs to be
     # moved into a separate machinery as well.  For now, at least isolate here
     # the magics which this class needs to implement differently from the base
     # class, or that are unique to it.
 
     def magic_autoindent(self, parameter_s = ''):
         """Toggle autoindent on/off (if available)."""
 
         self.shell.set_autoindent()
         print "Automatic indentation is:",['OFF','ON'][self.shell.autoindent]
 
     @skip_doctest
     def magic_cpaste(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Paste & execute a pre-formatted code block from clipboard.
         
         You must terminate the block with '--' (two minus-signs) alone on the
         line. You can also provide your own sentinel with '%paste -s %%' ('%%' 
         is the new sentinel for this operation)
         
         The block is dedented prior to execution to enable execution of method
         definitions. '>' and '+' characters at the beginning of a line are
         ignored, to allow pasting directly from e-mails, diff files and
         doctests (the '...' continuation prompt is also stripped).  The
         executed block is also assigned to variable named 'pasted_block' for
         later editing with '%edit pasted_block'.
         
         You can also pass a variable name as an argument, e.g. '%cpaste foo'.
         This assigns the pasted block to variable 'foo' as string, without 
         dedenting or executing it (preceding >>> and + is still stripped)
         
         '%cpaste -r' re-executes the block previously entered by cpaste.
         
         Do not be alarmed by garbled output on Windows (it's a readline bug). 
         Just press enter and type -- (and press enter again) and the block 
         will be what was just pasted.
         
         IPython statements (magics, shell escapes) are not supported (yet).
 
         See also
         --------
         paste: automatically pull code from clipboard.
         
         Examples
         --------
         ::
         
           In [8]: %cpaste
           Pasting code; enter '--' alone on the line to stop.
           :>>> a = ["world!", "Hello"]
           :>>> print " ".join(sorted(a))
           :--
           Hello world!
         """
         
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'rs:',mode='string')
         par = args.strip()
         if opts.has_key('r'):
             self._rerun_pasted()
             return
         
         sentinel = opts.get('s','--')
 
         block = self._strip_pasted_lines_for_code(
             self._get_pasted_lines(sentinel))
 
         self._execute_block(block, par)
 
     def magic_paste(self, parameter_s=''):
         """Paste & execute a pre-formatted code block from clipboard.
         
         The text is pulled directly from the clipboard without user
         intervention and printed back on the screen before execution (unless
         the -q flag is given to force quiet mode).
 
         The block is dedented prior to execution to enable execution of method
         definitions. '>' and '+' characters at the beginning of a line are
         ignored, to allow pasting directly from e-mails, diff files and
         doctests (the '...' continuation prompt is also stripped).  The
         executed block is also assigned to variable named 'pasted_block' for
         later editing with '%edit pasted_block'.
         
         You can also pass a variable name as an argument, e.g. '%paste foo'.
         This assigns the pasted block to variable 'foo' as string, without 
         dedenting or executing it (preceding >>> and + is still stripped)
 
         Options
         -------
         
           -r: re-executes the block previously entered by cpaste.
 
           -q: quiet mode: do not echo the pasted text back to the terminal.
         
         IPython statements (magics, shell escapes) are not supported (yet).
 
         See also
         --------
         cpaste: manually paste code into terminal until you mark its end.
         """
         opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'rq',mode='string')
         par = args.strip()
         if opts.has_key('r'):
             self._rerun_pasted()
             return
 
         text = self.shell.hooks.clipboard_get()
         block = self._strip_pasted_lines_for_code(text.splitlines())
 
         # By default, echo back to terminal unless quiet mode is requested
         if not opts.has_key('q'):
             write = self.shell.write
             write(self.shell.pycolorize(block))
             if not block.endswith('\n'):
                 write('\n')
             write("## -- End pasted text --\n")
             
         self._execute_block(block, par)
     
     def showindentationerror(self):
         super(TerminalInteractiveShell, self).showindentationerror()
         print("If you want to paste code into IPython, try the %paste magic function.")
 
 
 InteractiveShellABC.register(TerminalInteractiveShell)

IPython/testing/globalipapp.py

@@ -1,233 +1,233 b''
 """Global IPython app to support test running.
 
 We must start our own ipython object and heavily muck with it so that all the
 modifications IPython makes to system behavior don't send the doctest machinery
 into a fit.  This code should be considered a gross hack, but it gets the job
 done.
 """
 from __future__ import absolute_import
 from __future__ import print_function
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2009-2010  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 # stdlib
 import __builtin__ as builtin_mod
 import os
 import sys
 from types import MethodType
 
 # our own
 from . import tools
 
 from IPython.utils import io
 from IPython.frontend.terminal.interactiveshell import TerminalInteractiveShell
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class StreamProxy(io.IOStream):
     """Proxy for sys.stdout/err.  This will request the stream *at call time*
     allowing for nose's Capture plugin's redirection of sys.stdout/err.
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     name : str
         The name of the stream. This will be requested anew at every call
     """
     
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name=name
     
     @property
     def stream(self):
         return getattr(sys, self.name)
     
     def flush(self):
         self.stream.flush()
 
 # Hack to modify the %run command so we can sync the user's namespace with the
 # test globals.  Once we move over to a clean magic system, this will be done
 # with much less ugliness.
 
 class py_file_finder(object):
     def __init__(self,test_filename):
         self.test_filename = test_filename
         
     def __call__(self,name,win32=False):
         from IPython.utils.path import get_py_filename
         try:
             return get_py_filename(name,win32=win32)
         except IOError:
             test_dir = os.path.dirname(self.test_filename)
             new_path = os.path.join(test_dir,name)
             return get_py_filename(new_path,win32=win32)
     
 
 def _run_ns_sync(self,arg_s,runner=None):
     """Modified version of %run that syncs testing namespaces.
 
     This is strictly needed for running doctests that call %run.
     """
     #print('in run_ns_sync', arg_s, file=sys.stderr)  # dbg
     finder = py_file_finder(arg_s)
     return get_ipython().magic_run_ori(arg_s, runner, finder)
 
 
 class ipnsdict(dict):
     """A special subclass of dict for use as an IPython namespace in doctests.
 
     This subclass adds a simple checkpointing capability so that when testing
     machinery clears it (we use it as the test execution context), it doesn't
     get completely destroyed.
 
     In addition, it can handle the presence of the '_' key in a special manner,
     which is needed because of how Python's doctest machinery operates with
     '_'.  See constructor and :meth:`update` for details.
     """
     
     def __init__(self,*a):
         dict.__init__(self,*a)
         self._savedict = {}
         # If this flag is True, the .update() method will unconditionally
         # remove a key named '_'.  This is so that such a dict can be used as a
         # namespace in doctests that call '_'.
         self.protect_underscore = False
         
     def clear(self):
         dict.clear(self)
         self.update(self._savedict)
         
     def _checkpoint(self):
         self._savedict.clear()
         self._savedict.update(self)
 
     def update(self,other):
         self._checkpoint()
         dict.update(self,other)
 
         if self.protect_underscore:
             # If '_' is in the namespace, python won't set it when executing
             # code *in doctests*, and we have multiple doctests that use '_'.
             # So we ensure that the namespace is always 'clean' of it before
             # it's used for test code execution.
             # This flag is only turned on by the doctest machinery, so that
             # normal test code can assume the _ key is updated like any other
             # key and can test for its presence after cell executions.
             self.pop('_', None)
 
         # The builtins namespace must *always* be the real __builtin__ module,
         # else weird stuff happens.  The main ipython code does have provisions
         # to ensure this after %run, but since in this class we do some
         # aggressive low-level cleaning of the execution namespace, we need to
         # correct for that ourselves, to ensure consitency with the 'real'
         # ipython.
         self['__builtins__'] = builtin_mod
         
     def __delitem__(self, key):
         """Part of the test suite checks that we can release all
         references to an object. So we need to make sure that we're not
         keeping a reference in _savedict."""
         dict.__delitem__(self, key)
         try:
             del self._savedict[key]
         except KeyError:
             pass
 
 
 def get_ipython():
     # This will get replaced by the real thing once we start IPython below
     return start_ipython()
 
 
 # A couple of methods to override those in the running IPython to interact
 # better with doctest (doctest captures on raw stdout, so we need to direct
 # various types of output there otherwise it will miss them).
 
 def xsys(self, cmd):
     """Replace the default system call with a capturing one for doctest.
     """
     # We use getoutput, but we need to strip it because pexpect captures
     # the trailing newline differently from commands.getoutput
     print(self.getoutput(cmd, split=False).rstrip(), end='', file=sys.stdout)
     sys.stdout.flush()
 
 
 def _showtraceback(self, etype, evalue, stb):
     """Print the traceback purely on stdout for doctest to capture it.
     """
     print(self.InteractiveTB.stb2text(stb), file=sys.stdout)
 
 
 def start_ipython():
     """Start a global IPython shell, which we need for IPython-specific syntax.
     """
     global get_ipython
 
     # This function should only ever run once!
     if hasattr(start_ipython, 'already_called'):
         return
     start_ipython.already_called = True
     
     # Store certain global objects that IPython modifies
     _displayhook = sys.displayhook
     _excepthook = sys.excepthook
     _main = sys.modules.get('__main__')
 
     # Create custom argv and namespaces for our IPython to be test-friendly
     config = tools.default_config()
 
     # Create and initialize our test-friendly IPython instance.
     shell = TerminalInteractiveShell.instance(config=config, 
                                               user_ns=ipnsdict(),
                                               user_global_ns={}
                                               )
 
     # A few more tweaks needed for playing nicely with doctests...
     
     # remove history file
     shell.tempfiles.append(config.HistoryManager.hist_file)
     
     # These traps are normally only active for interactive use, set them
     # permanently since we'll be mocking interactive sessions.
     shell.builtin_trap.activate()
 
     # Modify the IPython system call with one that uses getoutput, so that we
     # can capture subcommands and print them to Python's stdout, otherwise the
     # doctest machinery would miss them.
     shell.system = MethodType(xsys, shell, TerminalInteractiveShell)
                        
 
     shell._showtraceback = MethodType(_showtraceback, shell,
                                       TerminalInteractiveShell)
 
     # IPython is ready, now clean up some global state...
     
     # Deactivate the various python system hooks added by ipython for
     # interactive convenience so we don't confuse the doctest system
     sys.modules['__main__'] = _main
     sys.displayhook = _displayhook
     sys.excepthook = _excepthook
 
     # So that ipython magics and aliases can be doctested (they work by making
     # a call into a global _ip object).  Also make the top-level get_ipython
     # now return this without recursively calling here again.
     _ip = shell
     get_ipython = _ip.get_ipython
-    __builtin__._ip = _ip
-    __builtin__.get_ipython = get_ipython
+    builtin_mod._ip = _ip
+    builtin_mod.get_ipython = get_ipython
     
     # To avoid extra IPython messages during testing, suppress io.stdout/stderr
     io.stdout = StreamProxy('stdout')
     io.stderr = StreamProxy('stderr')
 
     return _ip

IPython/zmq/session.py

@@ -1,703 +1,704 b''
 """Session object for building, serializing, sending, and receiving messages in
 IPython. The Session object supports serialization, HMAC signatures, and
 metadata on messages.
 
 Also defined here are utilities for working with Sessions:
 * A SessionFactory to be used as a base class for configurables that work with
 Sessions.
 * A Message object for convenience that allows attribute-access to the msg dict.
 
 Authors:
 
 * Min RK
 * Brian Granger
 * Fernando Perez
 """
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #  Copyright (C) 2010-2011  The IPython Development Team
 #
 #  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
 #  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Imports
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 import hmac
 import logging
 import os
 import pprint
 import uuid
 from datetime import datetime
 
 try:
     import cPickle
     pickle = cPickle
 except:
     cPickle = None
     import pickle
 
 import zmq
 from zmq.utils import jsonapi
 from zmq.eventloop.ioloop import IOLoop
 from zmq.eventloop.zmqstream import ZMQStream
 
 from IPython.config.configurable import Configurable, LoggingConfigurable
 from IPython.utils.importstring import import_item
 from IPython.utils.jsonutil import extract_dates, squash_dates, date_default
+from IPython.utils.py3compat import str_to_bytes
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import (CBytes, Unicode, Bool, Any, Instance, Set,
                                         DottedObjectName)
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # utility functions
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 def squash_unicode(obj):
     """coerce unicode back to bytestrings."""
     if isinstance(obj,dict):
         for key in obj.keys():
             obj[key] = squash_unicode(obj[key])
             if isinstance(key, unicode):
                 obj[squash_unicode(key)] = obj.pop(key)
     elif isinstance(obj, list):
         for i,v in enumerate(obj):
             obj[i] = squash_unicode(v)
     elif isinstance(obj, unicode):
         obj = obj.encode('utf8')
     return obj
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # globals and defaults
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 key = 'on_unknown' if jsonapi.jsonmod.__name__ == 'jsonlib' else 'default'
 json_packer = lambda obj: jsonapi.dumps(obj, **{key:date_default})
 json_unpacker = lambda s: extract_dates(jsonapi.loads(s))
 
 pickle_packer = lambda o: pickle.dumps(o,-1)
 pickle_unpacker = pickle.loads
 
 default_packer = json_packer
 default_unpacker = json_unpacker
 
 
 DELIM=b"<IDS|MSG>"
 
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Classes
 #-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 class SessionFactory(LoggingConfigurable):
     """The Base class for configurables that have a Session, Context, logger,
     and IOLoop.
     """
     
     logname = Unicode('')
     def _logname_changed(self, name, old, new):
         self.log = logging.getLogger(new)
     
     # not configurable:
     context = Instance('zmq.Context')
     def _context_default(self):
         return zmq.Context.instance()
     
     session = Instance('IPython.zmq.session.Session')
     
     loop = Instance('zmq.eventloop.ioloop.IOLoop', allow_none=False)
     def _loop_default(self):
         return IOLoop.instance()
     
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         super(SessionFactory, self).__init__(**kwargs)
         
         if self.session is None:
             # construct the session
             self.session = Session(**kwargs)
     
 
 class Message(object):
     """A simple message object that maps dict keys to attributes.
 
     A Message can be created from a dict and a dict from a Message instance
     simply by calling dict(msg_obj)."""
     
     def __init__(self, msg_dict):
         dct = self.__dict__
         for k, v in dict(msg_dict).iteritems():
             if isinstance(v, dict):
                 v = Message(v)
             dct[k] = v
 
     # Having this iterator lets dict(msg_obj) work out of the box.
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter(self.__dict__.iteritems())
     
     def __repr__(self):
         return repr(self.__dict__)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return pprint.pformat(self.__dict__)
 
     def __contains__(self, k):
         return k in self.__dict__
 
     def __getitem__(self, k):
         return self.__dict__[k]
 
 
 def msg_header(msg_id, msg_type, username, session):
     date = datetime.now()
     return locals()
 
 def extract_header(msg_or_header):
     """Given a message or header, return the header."""
     if not msg_or_header:
         return {}
     try:
         # See if msg_or_header is the entire message.
         h = msg_or_header['header']
     except KeyError:
         try:
             # See if msg_or_header is just the header
             h = msg_or_header['msg_id']
         except KeyError:
             raise
         else:
             h = msg_or_header
     if not isinstance(h, dict):
         h = dict(h)
     return h
 
 class Session(Configurable):
     """Object for handling serialization and sending of messages.
     
     The Session object handles building messages and sending them
     with ZMQ sockets or ZMQStream objects.  Objects can communicate with each
     other over the network via Session objects, and only need to work with the
     dict-based IPython message spec. The Session will handle 
     serialization/deserialization, security, and metadata.
     
     Sessions support configurable serialiization via packer/unpacker traits,
     and signing with HMAC digests via the key/keyfile traits.
     
     Parameters
     ----------
     
     debug : bool
         whether to trigger extra debugging statements
     packer/unpacker : str : 'json', 'pickle' or import_string
         importstrings for methods to serialize message parts.  If just
         'json' or 'pickle', predefined JSON and pickle packers will be used.
         Otherwise, the entire importstring must be used.
         
         The functions must accept at least valid JSON input, and output *bytes*.
         
         For example, to use msgpack:
         packer = 'msgpack.packb', unpacker='msgpack.unpackb'
     pack/unpack : callables
         You can also set the pack/unpack callables for serialization directly.
     session : bytes
         the ID of this Session object.  The default is to generate a new UUID.
     username : unicode
         username added to message headers.  The default is to ask the OS.
     key : bytes
         The key used to initialize an HMAC signature.  If unset, messages
         will not be signed or checked.
     keyfile : filepath
         The file containing a key.  If this is set, `key` will be initialized
         to the contents of the file.
     
     """
     
     debug=Bool(False, config=True, help="""Debug output in the Session""")
     
     packer = DottedObjectName('json',config=True,
             help="""The name of the packer for serializing messages.
             Should be one of 'json', 'pickle', or an import name
             for a custom callable serializer.""")
     def _packer_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if new.lower() == 'json':
             self.pack = json_packer
             self.unpack = json_unpacker
         elif new.lower() == 'pickle':
             self.pack = pickle_packer
             self.unpack = pickle_unpacker
         else:
             self.pack = import_item(str(new))
 
     unpacker = DottedObjectName('json', config=True,
         help="""The name of the unpacker for unserializing messages.
         Only used with custom functions for `packer`.""")
     def _unpacker_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if new.lower() == 'json':
             self.pack = json_packer
             self.unpack = json_unpacker
         elif new.lower() == 'pickle':
             self.pack = pickle_packer
             self.unpack = pickle_unpacker
         else:
             self.unpack = import_item(str(new))
         
     session = CBytes(b'', config=True,
         help="""The UUID identifying this session.""")
     def _session_default(self):
         return bytes(uuid.uuid4())
     
     username = Unicode(os.environ.get('USER',u'username'), config=True,
         help="""Username for the Session. Default is your system username.""")
     
     # message signature related traits:
     key = CBytes(b'', config=True,
         help="""execution key, for extra authentication.""")
     def _key_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if new:
             self.auth = hmac.HMAC(new)
         else:
             self.auth = None
     auth = Instance(hmac.HMAC)
     digest_history = Set()
     
     keyfile = Unicode('', config=True,
         help="""path to file containing execution key.""")
     def _keyfile_changed(self, name, old, new):
         with open(new, 'rb') as f:
             self.key = f.read().strip()
 
     pack = Any(default_packer) # the actual packer function
     def _pack_changed(self, name, old, new):
         if not callable(new):
             raise TypeError("packer must be callable, not %s"%type(new))
     
     unpack = Any(default_unpacker) # the actual packer function
     def _unpack_changed(self, name, old, new):
         # unpacker is not checked - it is assumed to be 
         if not callable(new):
             raise TypeError("unpacker must be callable, not %s"%type(new))
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
         """create a Session object
         
         Parameters
         ----------
 
         debug : bool
             whether to trigger extra debugging statements
         packer/unpacker : str : 'json', 'pickle' or import_string
             importstrings for methods to serialize message parts.  If just
             'json' or 'pickle', predefined JSON and pickle packers will be used.
             Otherwise, the entire importstring must be used.
 
             The functions must accept at least valid JSON input, and output
             *bytes*.
 
             For example, to use msgpack:
             packer = 'msgpack.packb', unpacker='msgpack.unpackb'
         pack/unpack : callables
             You can also set the pack/unpack callables for serialization
             directly.
         session : bytes
             the ID of this Session object.  The default is to generate a new 
             UUID.
         username : unicode
             username added to message headers.  The default is to ask the OS.
         key : bytes
             The key used to initialize an HMAC signature.  If unset, messages
             will not be signed or checked.
         keyfile : filepath
             The file containing a key.  If this is set, `key` will be 
             initialized to the contents of the file.
         """
         super(Session, self).__init__(**kwargs)
         self._check_packers()
         self.none = self.pack({})
 
     @property
     def msg_id(self):
         """always return new uuid"""
         return str(uuid.uuid4())
 
     def _check_packers(self):
         """check packers for binary data and datetime support."""
         pack = self.pack
         unpack = self.unpack
         
         # check simple serialization
         msg = dict(a=[1,'hi'])
         try:
             packed = pack(msg)
         except Exception:
             raise ValueError("packer could not serialize a simple message")
         
         # ensure packed message is bytes
         if not isinstance(packed, bytes):
             raise ValueError("message packed to %r, but bytes are required"%type(packed))
         
         # check that unpack is pack's inverse
         try:
             unpacked = unpack(packed)
         except Exception:
             raise ValueError("unpacker could not handle the packer's output")
         
         # check datetime support
         msg = dict(t=datetime.now())
         try:
             unpacked = unpack(pack(msg))
         except Exception:
             self.pack = lambda o: pack(squash_dates(o))
             self.unpack = lambda s: extract_dates(unpack(s))
     
     def msg_header(self, msg_type):
         return msg_header(self.msg_id, msg_type, self.username, self.session)
 
     def msg(self, msg_type, content=None, parent=None, subheader=None, header=None):
         """Return the nested message dict.
 
         This format is different from what is sent over the wire. The
         serialize/unserialize methods converts this nested message dict to the wire
         format, which is a list of message parts.
         """
         msg = {}
         header = self.msg_header(msg_type) if header is None else header
         msg['header'] = header
         msg['msg_id'] = header['msg_id']
         msg['msg_type'] = header['msg_type']
         msg['parent_header'] = {} if parent is None else extract_header(parent)
         msg['content'] = {} if content is None else content
         sub = {} if subheader is None else subheader
         msg['header'].update(sub)
         return msg
 
     def sign(self, msg_list):
         """Sign a message with HMAC digest. If no auth, return b''.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         msg_list : list
             The [p_header,p_parent,p_content] part of the message list. 
         """
         if self.auth is None:
             return b''
         h = self.auth.copy()
         for m in msg_list:
             h.update(m)
         return str_to_bytes(h.hexdigest())
     
     def serialize(self, msg, ident=None):
         """Serialize the message components to bytes.
 
         This is roughly the inverse of unserialize. The serialize/unserialize
         methods work with full message lists, whereas pack/unpack work with
         the individual message parts in the message list.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         msg : dict or Message
             The nexted message dict as returned by the self.msg method.
 
         Returns
         -------
         msg_list : list
             The list of bytes objects to be sent with the format:
             [ident1,ident2,...,DELIM,HMAC,p_header,p_parent,p_content,
              buffer1,buffer2,...]. In this list, the p_* entities are
             the packed or serialized versions, so if JSON is used, these
             are utf8 encoded JSON strings.
         """
         content = msg.get('content', {})
         if content is None:
             content = self.none
         elif isinstance(content, dict):
             content = self.pack(content)
         elif isinstance(content, bytes):
             # content is already packed, as in a relayed message
             pass
         elif isinstance(content, unicode):
             # should be bytes, but JSON often spits out unicode
             content = content.encode('utf8')
         else:
             raise TypeError("Content incorrect type: %s"%type(content))
         
         real_message = [self.pack(msg['header']), 
                         self.pack(msg['parent_header']), 
                         content
         ]
         
         to_send = []
 
         if isinstance(ident, list):
             # accept list of idents
             to_send.extend(ident)
         elif ident is not None:
             to_send.append(ident)
         to_send.append(DELIM)
         
         signature = self.sign(real_message)
         to_send.append(signature)
         
         to_send.extend(real_message)
 
         return to_send
         
     def send(self, stream, msg_or_type, content=None, parent=None, ident=None,
              buffers=None, subheader=None, track=False, header=None):
         """Build and send a message via stream or socket.
 
         The message format used by this function internally is as follows:
 
         [ident1,ident2,...,DELIM,HMAC,p_header,p_parent,p_content,
          buffer1,buffer2,...] 
 
         The serialize/unserialize methods convert the nested message dict into this
         format.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         
         stream : zmq.Socket or ZMQStream
             The socket-like object used to send the data.
         msg_or_type : str or Message/dict
             Normally, msg_or_type will be a msg_type unless a message is being 
             sent more than once. If a header is supplied, this can be set to
             None and the msg_type will be pulled from the header.
         
         content : dict or None
             The content of the message (ignored if msg_or_type is a message).
         header : dict or None
             The header dict for the message (ignores if msg_to_type is a message).
         parent : Message or dict or None
             The parent or parent header describing the parent of this message
             (ignored if msg_or_type is a message).
         ident : bytes or list of bytes
             The zmq.IDENTITY routing path.
         subheader : dict or None
             Extra header keys for this message's header (ignored if msg_or_type
             is a message).
         buffers : list or None
             The already-serialized buffers to be appended to the message.
         track : bool
             Whether to track.  Only for use with Sockets, because ZMQStream
             objects cannot track messages.
         
         Returns
         -------
         msg : dict
             The constructed message.
         (msg,tracker) : (dict, MessageTracker)
             if track=True, then a 2-tuple will be returned, 
             the first element being the constructed
             message, and the second being the MessageTracker
             
         """
 
         if not isinstance(stream, (zmq.Socket, ZMQStream)):
             raise TypeError("stream must be Socket or ZMQStream, not %r"%type(stream))
         elif track and isinstance(stream, ZMQStream):
             raise TypeError("ZMQStream cannot track messages")
         
         if isinstance(msg_or_type, (Message, dict)):
             # We got a Message or message dict, not a msg_type so don't
             # build a new Message.
             msg = msg_or_type
         else:
             msg = self.msg(msg_or_type, content=content, parent=parent, 
                            subheader=subheader, header=header)
 
         buffers = [] if buffers is None else buffers
         to_send = self.serialize(msg, ident)
         flag = 0
         if buffers:
             flag = zmq.SNDMORE
             _track = False
         else:
             _track=track
         if track:
             tracker = stream.send_multipart(to_send, flag, copy=False, track=_track)
         else:
             tracker = stream.send_multipart(to_send, flag, copy=False)
         for b in buffers[:-1]:
             stream.send(b, flag, copy=False)
         if buffers:
             if track:
                 tracker = stream.send(buffers[-1], copy=False, track=track)
             else:
                 tracker = stream.send(buffers[-1], copy=False)
 
         # omsg = Message(msg)
         if self.debug:
             pprint.pprint(msg)
             pprint.pprint(to_send)
             pprint.pprint(buffers)
         
         msg['tracker'] = tracker
         
         return msg
 
     def send_raw(self, stream, msg_list, flags=0, copy=True, ident=None):
         """Send a raw message via ident path.
 
         This method is used to send a already serialized message.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         stream : ZMQStream or Socket
             The ZMQ stream or socket to use for sending the message.
         msg_list : list
             The serialized list of messages to send. This only includes the
             [p_header,p_parent,p_content,buffer1,buffer2,...] portion of
             the message.
         ident : ident or list
             A single ident or a list of idents to use in sending.
         """
         to_send = []
         if isinstance(ident, bytes):
             ident = [ident]
         if ident is not None:
             to_send.extend(ident)
 
         to_send.append(DELIM)
         to_send.append(self.sign(msg_list))
         to_send.extend(msg_list)
         stream.send_multipart(msg_list, flags, copy=copy)
     
     def recv(self, socket, mode=zmq.NOBLOCK, content=True, copy=True):
         """Receive and unpack a message.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         socket : ZMQStream or Socket
             The socket or stream to use in receiving.
 
         Returns
         -------
         [idents], msg
             [idents] is a list of idents and msg is a nested message dict of
             same format as self.msg returns.
         """
         if isinstance(socket, ZMQStream):
             socket = socket.socket
         try:
             msg_list = socket.recv_multipart(mode)
         except zmq.ZMQError as e:
             if e.errno == zmq.EAGAIN:
                 # We can convert EAGAIN to None as we know in this case
                 # recv_multipart won't return None.
                 return None,None
             else:
                 raise
         # split multipart message into identity list and message dict
         # invalid large messages can cause very expensive string comparisons
         idents, msg_list = self.feed_identities(msg_list, copy)
         try:
             return idents, self.unserialize(msg_list, content=content, copy=copy)
         except Exception as e:
             # TODO: handle it
             raise e
     
     def feed_identities(self, msg_list, copy=True):
         """Split the identities from the rest of the message.
 
         Feed until DELIM is reached, then return the prefix as idents and
         remainder as msg_list. This is easily broken by setting an IDENT to DELIM,
         but that would be silly.
         
         Parameters
         ----------
         msg_list : a list of Message or bytes objects
             The message to be split.
         copy : bool
             flag determining whether the arguments are bytes or Messages
         
         Returns
         -------
         (idents, msg_list) : two lists
             idents will always be a list of bytes, each of which is a ZMQ
             identity. msg_list will be a list of bytes or zmq.Messages of the
             form [HMAC,p_header,p_parent,p_content,buffer1,buffer2,...] and
             should be unpackable/unserializable via self.unserialize at this
             point.
         """
         if copy:
             idx = msg_list.index(DELIM)
             return msg_list[:idx], msg_list[idx+1:]
         else:
             failed = True
             for idx,m in enumerate(msg_list):
                 if m.bytes == DELIM:
                     failed = False
                     break
             if failed:
                 raise ValueError("DELIM not in msg_list")
             idents, msg_list = msg_list[:idx], msg_list[idx+1:]
             return [m.bytes for m in idents], msg_list
     
     def unserialize(self, msg_list, content=True, copy=True):
         """Unserialize a msg_list to a nested message dict.
 
         This is roughly the inverse of serialize. The serialize/unserialize
         methods work with full message lists, whereas pack/unpack work with
         the individual message parts in the message list.
 
         Parameters:
         -----------
         msg_list : list of bytes or Message objects
             The list of message parts of the form [HMAC,p_header,p_parent,
             p_content,buffer1,buffer2,...].
         content : bool (True)
             Whether to unpack the content dict (True), or leave it packed
             (False).
         copy : bool (True)
             Whether to return the bytes (True), or the non-copying Message
             object in each place (False).
 
         Returns
         -------
         msg : dict
             The nested message dict with top-level keys [header, parent_header,
             content, buffers].
         """
         minlen = 4
         message = {}
         if not copy:
             for i in range(minlen):
                 msg_list[i] = msg_list[i].bytes
         if self.auth is not None:
             signature = msg_list[0]
             if not signature:
                 raise ValueError("Unsigned Message")
             if signature in self.digest_history:
                 raise ValueError("Duplicate Signature: %r"%signature)
             self.digest_history.add(signature)
             check = self.sign(msg_list[1:4])
             if not signature == check:
                 raise ValueError("Invalid Signature: %r"%signature)
         if not len(msg_list) >= minlen:
             raise TypeError("malformed message, must have at least %i elements"%minlen)
         header = self.unpack(msg_list[1])
         message['header'] = header
         message['msg_id'] = header['msg_id']
         message['msg_type'] = header['msg_type']
         message['parent_header'] = self.unpack(msg_list[2])
         if content:
             message['content'] = self.unpack(msg_list[3])
         else:
             message['content'] = msg_list[3]
         
         message['buffers'] = msg_list[4:]
         return message
 
 def test_msg2obj():
     am = dict(x=1)
     ao = Message(am)
     assert ao.x == am['x']
 
     am['y'] = dict(z=1)
     ao = Message(am)
     assert ao.y.z == am['y']['z']
     
     k1, k2 = 'y', 'z'
     assert ao[k1][k2] == am[k1][k2]
     
     am2 = dict(ao)
     assert am['x'] == am2['x']
     assert am['y']['z'] == am2['y']['z']